THE 


HOME    CYCLOPEDIA, 

OK 

LIBRARY  OF  REFERENCE. 

IN  EIGHT  VOLUMES, 
EACH    COMPLETE    IN    ITSELF. 


I.  ITiSTOKT  AND  CHRONOLOGY.    The  World's  I'ro^ess.    By  G.  P.  Putnast. 

II.  General  Literature  and  the  Fixe  Arts.    By  George  Ripley  and  Bayard  Tayloe. 

III.  The  Useful  Arts — including  Agriculture,  Domestic  Economy,  &c.     By  Dk.  Antisell. 

IV.  Universal  Biography — a  Record  of  the  Names   of  Eminent  Persons.     By  Paekb 

GODWIX. 

V.   Universal  GEOGEAPinr — a  Compreliensive  Gazetteer  of  the  World.     By  T.  C.  C.vlli- 

cott. 
VI.    Science — including  Natural  History,  Botany,  Geology,  Mineralogy,  &e.      By  Profoesor 

Samuel  St.  John,  of  Western  Reserve  College.     In  fress. 
Til.    Architecture — Historical,    Descriptive,   Topographical,    Decorative,    Theoretical,    and 

Mechanical.     By  Robert  Stuart. 
V^III.   Cyclopedi.v  of  Europe — a  Manual  of  European  Geography — embracing  valuably  Sta- 
tistics concerning  every  important  place.    By  F.  L.  Ungewittee. 

*^*  These  volumes  are  intended  to  comprise  a  comprehensive  view  of  the  whole  circle  of  human  hnowledge  —  in 
othfltf  words,  to  form  a  General  Cyclopedia  in  a  portable  shape,  for  popular  reference,  for  Family  Libraries,  for 
Teachers  aod  School  Libraries,  and  for  the  general  reader. 


NEW  YORK: 
A.   S.   BARNES   «fe   CO.,   51   JOHN-STREET. 

CINCINNATI-  — H.  W.  DERBY. 
1855. 


THE  HOME  CYCLOPEDIA. 


CYCLOPEDIA 


OF 


UNIVERSAL  BIOGRAPHY: 


A    EEOOED    OF    THE    NAMES    OF 


THE  MOST  EMINENT  MEN  OF  THE  WORLD 


BY   PARKE   GODWIN. 


NEW  YOEK: 
A.  S.  BARNES  &  CO.,  51   JOHN-STREET. 

CINCINNATI:  — U.  W.  DERBT. 
1855. 


EsTEif  D,  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  tho  year  1831,  by 

GEORGE  P.  PUTNAM, 

in  mc  Qerk's  Office  of  the  District  Court  for  the  Southern  District  of  New-Yoiv. 


CT 
103 

(A  5t  ,- 


PREFACE. 

The  need  of  a  good  portable  Uiiivei-sal  Biograpliy  has  been  long  felt, 
not  only  by  literaiy  men  but  by  the  reading  public  in  general.  With 
the  exception  of  Maunder's  Biographical  Treasury,  published  in  London, 
there  is  none  extant.  The  small  -worl^  of  Jones,  Bellchambers,  Daven- 
port, &c.,  are  veiy  incomplete ;  and  as  they  are  only  brought  down  to 
the  time  of  their  publication,  quite  valueless  now.  Maimder's  book  is 
for  the  most  part  excellent,  condensing  a  vast  variety  of  biographical 
knowledge  A^ithin  a  small  compass,  and  coming  doAvn  to  the  year  1850; 
but  the  objections  to  it  are,  that  it  almost  wholly  ignores  American 
names,  and  is  quite  anti-repubhcan  in  its  sympathies.  Under  the  titles 
of  the  various  kings,  too,  it  furnishes  a  great  deal  of  matter  which  pro- 
perly belongs  to  history,  to  the  exclusion  of  more  appropriate  subjects. 

Tlie  compiler  of  the  present  volume,  therefore,  making  Maunder  the 
basis  of  his  work,  has  endeavored  to  preserve  the  compactness,  while  ho 
improved  upon  the  fidehty  and  comprehensiveness  of  his  original.  He 
has  re-wi-itten  most  of  the  articles,  either  to  enlarge  or  condense  them ; 
and  has  added  a  vast  number  of  names,  especially  of  American  men  of 
eminence,  and  those  who  have  died  since  former  works  were  prepared. 
In  all  cases  he  has  consulted  the  most  reliable  authorities,  and  given  as 
much  authentic  information  under  each  head  ;us  could  be  condensed 
into  the  allotted  sjiace. 

Of  course  a  Avork  of  this  kind  can  be  little  more  than  a  record  of 
names  and  dates ;  it  gives  no  scope  to  the  expression  of  opinions,  and  its 
merits,  if  it  has  any,  must  be  simply  those  of  accuracy  and  comprehen* 


VI  PREFACE. 

siveness.  In  these  respects,  therefore,  the  compiler  beheves  that  his 
work  is  the  best  now  oflfered  to  the  pubUc.  Many  names  are  doubtless 
omitted  which  ouglit  to  have  been  in  it,  and  many  are  in  it  which  might 
better  have  been  omitted ;  but  on  the  whole,  he  thinks  that  he  has  pre- 
sented as  large  a  variety  of  names,  and  said  as  much  about  each  of 
tliem,  as  will  be  required  by  ordinary  readei-s.  Students  and  investiga- 
tore  wll  always  have  at  hand  the  larger  works  of  Gorton,  Chalmei-s, 
Rose,  the  Biographie  Universelle,  and  the  Encyclopedias. 

It  should  be  added,  that  besides  Maunder,  the  compiler  has  con- 
sulted the  works  of  Allen,  Blake,  and  Aikin,  and  particularly  that  most 
vjduable  publication,  the  Encyclopedia  Americana  by  Prof.  Lieber,  with 
its  continuation  by  Professor  Vethake.  In  the  typographical  an-angement, 
in  order  to  save  room,  all  the  same  generic  names  are  treated  luider  one 
head,  in  the  manner  of  classical  dictionaiies,  and  the  initial  lettere  of  the 
words  "  born  "  and  "  died,"  which  so  often  occur,  are  commonly  used  in 
place  of  the  fidl  word.  P.  G. 


CYCLOPJEDIA   OF  BIOGRAPHY. 


AA,  Petek  Van  Dee,  an  eminent 
bookseller  of  Leyden.    D.  1730. 

AA,  Chaeles  Hexbt  Vander,  a  Lu- 
theran minister,  who  Tvas  among  the 
founders  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences, 
at  Harlem,  b.  at  Zwolle,  1718,  d.  1795. 
A  family  of  this  naine  was  distinguished 
in  the  annals  of  the  United  Provinces, 
for  tlicir  resistance  to  the  tyranny  of 
PhUip  II.  of  Spain. 

AAGAED,  Christian,  a  Danish  poet. 
B.  1616 ;  d.  1664. — Nicholas,  a  brother 
of  the  above,  b.  1612,  d.  1657,  was  a 
philosophical  writer. 

AALST,  Ever.vrd,  a  Dutch  painter 
of  fruit  pieces.  B.  1602;  d.  1653.— Ilis 
nephew,  Willlvm,  also  a  painter,  was  b. 
1620,  d.  1679. 

AAGESEN,  SvEXD,  a  Danish  histo- 
rian of  the  12th  century.  Sometimes 
called  Sueuo  Agonis. 

AARON,  St.,  a  Briton,  who  suffered 
martyrdom  under  Diocletian  in  803,  and 
was  canonized  ten  centuries  later. 

AAEON,  a  physician  and  priest  at 

Alexandria  in  the  12th   century;   the 

first  man  who  described  measles   and 

the  smaU-pox,  on  their  fii'st  appearance 

in  Esrypt. 

^^  AARON,  OF  Baeceloxa,  a  Spanish 

'       Jew,  who  wrote  a  book  called   "Pre- 

^        cepts  of  Moses,"  at  Venice,  in  1523. 

AARON  BEN  ASSER,  a  Jew,  who 
is  said  to  have  invented  the  points  in 
Hebrew  writing,  in  the  5th  ceuturv. 

AARSENS,  Francis  Van,  lord  of 
Someldyck  and  Spyck,  one  of  the 
greatest  ministers  for  negotiation  that 
the  United  Provinces  of  Holland  have 
at  any  time  possessed.  He  was  the 
first  person  ever  recognized  as  Dutch 
ambassador  by  the  French  court:  the 
first  of  three  extraordinary  ambassadors 
1 


sent  to  England  in  1620 ;  and  the  second 
in  1641,  who  were  to  treat  about  the 
marriage  of  Prince  "WUliam,  son  of  the 
prince  of  Orange.  Aarsens  died  at  an 
advanced  age  ;  and  left  behind  him  very 
accurate  and  judicious  memoirs  of  aU 
embassies  in  which  he  was  employed. 
B.  1572;  d.  1679. 

ABACO,  Av.vRisTO  Felice  _  D' All,  a 
musical  composer  and  vioUuist  of  Ve- 
rona. There  was  another  of  the  same 
name,  who  flourished  about  the  same 
time  m  1750. 

ABAGA,  an  emperor  of  the  ISIoguls, 
who  opposed  the  Crusaders  with  firm- 
ness and  warlike  skUl,  and  d.  in  128-1. 

ABARIS,  a  celebrated  character  of 
antiquity,  said  to  have  possessed  vast 
abilities,"  and  to  have  been  endowed 
with  the  power  of  performing  miracu- 
lous cures.    He  was  a  Scythian  by  birth. 

ABAS,  SciiAn,  surnamed  the  Great, 
7th  king  of  Persia.  D.  in  1629.— Ab.vs, 
Schah,  great  grandson  of  the  preceding, 
was  a  prince  remarkable  for  mildness 
and  humanity.    D.  in  1666. 

ABASCAL,  Dox  Jose  Fernando, 
viceroy  of  Peru  during  several  years  of 
the  South  American  war  of  indepen- 
dence, was  born  at  Oviedo  in  1743,  and 
having  entered  the  military  service  of 
Spain,  served  in  the  numerous   cam- 

Eaigns  of  that  countiy  during  the  latter 
alf  of  last  century  in  all  parts  of  the 
globe.  Appointed  viceroy  of  Peru  in 
1804,  he  governed  with  a  firm  but  gentle 
hand  tiUlSlti,  when  he  was  superseded 
by  General  I'eznela ;  and,  on  his  retire- 
ment, he  left  behind  liim  a  character  for 
ability  and  moderation  which  is  still 
held  in  grateful  remembrance.  D.  at 
Madrid,  1821. 
ABASSA,  or  ABBASSA,  sister  of  the 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[abd 


caliph  Haroun  al  Kasdiid,  who  gave  her 
in  inarrinLre  to  liis  vizier  Giafar,  on  con- 
dition that  their  marriage  should  never 
be  consummated;  liut  having  broken 
tlie  contract,  the  caliph  put  Gialiir  to 
death,  and  hanislicd  his  wife  fi-ora  the 
palace,  giving  orders  that  no  one  should 
afford  her  relict". 

ABATE,  Andrea,  a  Neapolitan  artist, 
■who  was  emjiloyed,  togetlier  witli  Luca 
Giordlo.  in  adorning  the  Escurial  for 
Charles  IT.  of  Sjiaui.     D.  17S2. 

ABAUZIT,  Fii:mi>-,  a  French  autlior 
of  great  merit  and  erudition.  He  was 
profoundly  learned,  and  acquired  the 
triendship  of  Voltaire,  Rousseau,  and 
Kewton.  B.  at  Uzes  in  1679,  and  d.  at 
Geneva  in  17G7. 

ABBADIE,  Jaiies,  an  eminent  Prot- 
estant divine,  who  accompanied  JSIar- 
sbal  Scliomherg  to  England  in  1688,  and 
was  present  when  that  great  commander 
fu'll  at  the  battle  of  the  ISoyne.  He  wrote 
many  works,  chiefly  theological  and  in 
the  French  language,  the  most  esteem- 
ed of  which  is  entitled  "Traite  dc  la 
Verity  de  la  Eeligion  Chretienne."  B. 
at  Berne  in  1058 ;"  d.  in  London,  1727. 

ABBAS,  the  miele  of  Mahomet,  of 
whom,  though  opposed  to  him  at  first, 
he  became  a  disciple,  and  served  in  his 
army  as  a  general.  D.  653. — Ebn  Abbas 
Abdallah,  son  of  the  foregoing ;  chief 
of  the  "  Sahabab,"  or  companions  of 
the  Prophet,  and  author  ot  a  "  Com- 
mentary on  the  Koran."  —  Hali  or 
Magus,  a  Persian  physician  of  the  10th 
century;  author  ot  a  pompous  book  on 
medicine,  called  "The  Royal  "Work," 
which  has  been  translated  into  Latin. 

ABBATI,  NicoLo,  an  Italian  painter 
in  fresco;  b.  at  Modena  in  1512. 

ABBATISSA,  Paul,  a  poet  of  Sicily, 
who  flourished  about  the  year  1570,  and 
translated  the  Hind  and  Odyssey  into 
Latin  verse. 

ABBE,  Louise,  a  French  poet  of  the 
17th  century,  surnamed  "La  Belle  Cor- 
donniere." 

ABBIATI,  FiLiTPO,  an  historical 
painter,  of  considerable  eminence.  B. 
at  Mila.n  in  1640;  d.  in  1715. 

ABBON,  or  ABBO,  Ckiinuus,  a  Nor- 
man monk  of  the  'Jth  century,  ■'.vho 
wrote,  in  Latin  verse,  an  account  of  the 
sietre  of  Paris  by  the  Normans. 

ABBO,  FLonfACF.NSLs,  a  learned  wTitcr 
of  ecelefiia'»tical  biographies,  who  was 
killed  in  1004. 

Al'BOT,  George,  archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury in  the  reign  of  .James  L  and 
Charles  I.,  and  one  of  the  most  active 
political  characters  of  that  period.    He 


was  born,  in  1562,  it  Guildford,  in  Sur- 
rey, where  his  fath?r  was  a  weaver  and 
clothworker.  He  raised  himself  gradu- 
ally till  he  became  primate  of  all  En- 
gland ;  was  the  autnor  of  several  the- 
ologioal  works ;  and  one  of  the  eight 
divines,  who,  in  1604,  by  the  order  of 
James  L,  translated  the  edition  of  the 
Bible  now  in  iise.  D.  at  Croydon  in 
1633. — Robert,  bishop  of  Salisbury,  the 
elder  brother  of  the  aoove,  was  an  emi- 
nent divine,  and  famous  for  his  skill  in 
conducting  polemical  discussions,  and 
vindicatmg  tne  sui^remaey  of  kings.  B. 
1560;  d.  1617. —  Maurice,  youngest 
brother  of  the  above,  was  an  eminent 
London  merchant,  knighted  by  Charles 
I.  Maurice's  son,  George,  was  the  au- 
thor of  a  Paraphrase  on  the  Book  of  Job. 
B.  1600;  d.  1648.— Hull,  a  respectable 
minister  of  Charlestown,  (Mass.)  B. 
1696;  d.  1774. — Samuel,  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  Andover  Theological 
Seminary.  B.  1732;  d.  1812.— Abdiel, 
a  preacher,  and  author  of  several  pub- 
lished sermons.  B.  at  Andover,  1770; 
d.  at  Staten  Island,  1828. — Charles,  was 
a  celebrated  statesman,  once  speaker  of 
the  house  of  commons,  and  subsequent- 
ly raised  to  the  peerage  as  Lord  Col- 
chester. B.  at  Abingdon,  1757  ;  d.  1829. 
— Citaeles,  a  distinguished  lawyer,  who, 
in  1818,  was  made  lord  chief  justice  or 
the  iCing's  Bencii,  and  during  the  pre- 
miership of  Mr.  Canning,  was  created  a 
g^er,  by  the  title  of  Lord  Tentcrden. 
.  17    ■;  d.  1832. 

ABBT,  Thomas,  a  German  writer  who 
wrote  a  clever  work,  called  "  Historia 
Vitas  Magistra,"  when  he  was  only  18 
years  of  age.  He  was  professor  of  phi- 
losophy at  Frankfort,  and  of  mathe- 
matics at  Ritelin ;  wrote  a  treatise  on 
"Merit,"  and  on  the  "Duty  of  Dying 
for  one's  Countrv."  B.  at  Ulm,  in 
Suabia,  1738;  d.  1766. 

ABTJALLAH,  a  camel  driver,  the 
father  of  Mahomet.  He  was  so  much 
esteemed  by  his  tribe,  that  the  stories 
relate  how  one  hundred  girls  broke  their 
hearts  on  the  night  of  his  wedding. 

ABDAS,  a  bishop  of  Persia,  who  in- 
stigated the  thirty  years'  persecution  of 
the  Christians,  under  Tneodosius  the 
Yountrer. 

ABDIAS,  author  of  a  legend  called 
"  llistoria  Certaminis  Apostilici,"  pub- 
lished at  Basle  in  1.571. 

ABDOLLATIPH,  a  Persian,  who 
wrote  the  history  of  Egvpt,  published 
in  Enrrland  in  IKOO.    B.  at  Bagdad  1161. 

ABDOLMAMEN,  a  potter's  son,  who 
became  a  general  and  conquered  Mo- 


=] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    RIOCUAPHT. 


I3CC0,  and  made  himself  monarcli.  D. 
1156. 

ABEEL,  John  Nelson,  an  eloquent 
preacher,  of  Neiv-York,  who  died  in 
1612,  acred  43. 

ABEILLE,  GjWpar,  a  French  dra- 
matic writer  of  extraordinary  versatility 
and  wit.  B.  104S;  d.  1718.— Scipio,  a 
brother  of  the  above,  wrote  a  "History 
of  the  Bones,"  and  the  "Complete 
Army  Surjreon."    ]).  1697. 

ABJiL,  Thomas,  teacher  of  grammar 
and  music  to  Queen  Catharine,  out  hav- 
ing opposed  Henry  VIII. 's  separation 
from  ner,  he  was  condemned  and  ex- 
ecuted, imder  a  pretence  of  denyinfj  the 
king's  supremacy,  in  1540. — G^vspar,  a 
German  historian.  B.  1675;  d.  1763. — 
Charles  Frederick,  a  famous  German 
composer,  and  player  on  tlie  viol  di 
gamba,  appointed  musician  to  Queen 
Charlotte.    D.  1787. 

ABEL  A,  JoHx  Francis,  a  commander 
of  the  order  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem, 
who  ■v\Tote  "  Malta  lUustrata,"  which 
was  published  in  Malta  in  1647. 

ABELAKD,  Peter,  a  native  of  Pa- 
lais, in  Brittany,  made  immortal  rather 
by  his  unfortunate  love,  than  by  his 
immense  and  varied  attainments.  He 
•was  educated  at  the  University  of  Paris, 
and  became  one  of  the  most  learned 
men  of  his  day.  He  opened  a  school 
of  theology  and  rhetoric,  which  was  so 
popular  that  it  attracted  more  than  three 
thousand  pupils.  But  in  the  midday 
of  his  fnme  he  fell  in  love  with  a  young 
and  beautiful  scholar,  called  Ileloise,  the 
niece  of  the  canon  of  Paris,  Fulbert. 
He  was  then  forty  and  she  but  fifteen, 
yet  the  attachment  grew  into  a  passion 
which  for  warmth  and  intensity  has 
never  been  surpassed.  Abelard  forgot 
his  lectures,  his  studies,  and  his  fame 
in  his  abandonment  to  the  raptures  of 
delight.  Yet  the  attachment  was  an 
unhappy  one  for  both ;  Fulbert  sepa- 
rated tlie  lovers  ;  when  Abelard  betook 
himself  to  the  residence  of  his  aunt  in 
Brittany,  whither  he  was  instantly  fol- 
lowed by  Holoise,  and  where  she  gave 
birth  to  a  son.  Abelard  would  have 
married  her  secretly,  but  she  disdained 
the  restniintaof  wedlock,  preferring  her 
free  attachment  to  him  to  a  relation 
sanctioned  and  enforced  by  law.  After 
a  while,  however,  she  reluctantly  con- 
sented to  marry  him,  yet  refused  to  con- 
fess the  marriage  in  public.  She  even 
denied  it  under  oath.  Her  uncle  was 
BO  incensed  at  this  conduct,  that  he 
treated  her  with  great  severity,  to  re- 
lease hei  from  which  Abelarcl  carried 


her  away  and  placed  her  in  the  convent 
of  Argenteuil.  Baffled  by  this  ma- 
noeuvre, Fulbert  was  so  enraged  that  he 
had  Abelard  ignominiously  mutilated, 
and  thereby  caused  him,  through  sor- 
row and  shame,  to  become  a  monk  of 
St.  Denis.  When  his  mortification  had 
somewhat  subsided,  he  began  to  lecture 
again,  but  his  enemies  charged  liim 
with  heterodoxy,  and  had  him  condemn- 
ed. He  tlien  erected  an  oratory,  called 
the  Paraclete,  in  the  diocese  of'Troyes, 
but,  being  still  pursued  by  bitter  per- 
secutions, after  a  few  years  of  vicissi- 
tude and  desertion,  died  at  the  priory 
of  St.  Marcel.  Ileloise,  then  abbess 
of  the  Paraclete,  did  not  desert  him  in 
de.atli,  but  had  his  ashes  removed  to  a 
place  where,  in  a  few  years  later,  she 
was  destined  to  sleep  by  his  side.  The 
remains  of  both  were  taken  to  Pere-la- 
Chaise,  in  1817,  by  oi'der  of  the  nation. 
Abelard  was  a  poet,  an  orator,  a  philos- 
opher and  a  mathematician — in  short,  a 
man  possessing  the  highest  qualities  of 
mind  and  heart — but,  while  his  works 
have  mostly  perished,  his  name  is  res- 
cued from  oblivion  by  the  story  of  his 
passion.  The  letters  which  passed  be- 
tween him  and  Heloise  have  been  made 
the  foundation  of  many  poems  and 
novels.  The  best  of  these  is  the  cele- 
brated version  of  Pope.  B.  1079 ;  d. 
1142. 

ABELL,  John,  a  musician  who  flour- 
ished at  the  court  of  Charles  II. 

ABELLI,  Louis,  bishop  of  Khodes, 
and  author  of  several  theological  works. 
B.  1604;  d.  16'J1. 

ABERCEOMBIE,  John,  M.  D.,  an 
eminent  Scotch  physician  and  author, 
was  born  at  Aberdeen,  Nov.  11,  1781. 
Having  taken  his  degree  at  Edinburgh 
in  1803,  he  permanently  fixed  his  resi- 
dence in  the  Scotch  metropolis,  where 
he  soon  gained  the  first  ranlv  as  a  prac- 
tising and  consulting  physician.  But 
the  writings  of  Dr.  Abercrombie  con- 
tributed more  to  his  fame  than  his  skill 
as  a  physician.  His  purely  professional 
works  are  meritorious,  but  the  most  per- 
manent monuments  to  his  memory  are 
his  "Inquiries  concerning  the  Intel- 
lectual Powers,  &e.,"  published  1830, 
and  the  "Philosophy  of  the  Jloral  Feel- 
ings," published  1833.  In  these  works 
he  has  brought  all  the  medical  facts  ac- 
cumulated in  the  course  of  his  extensive 
experience  and  research  to  bear  on  va- 
rious moral  and  metaphysical  systems. 
To  his  vdde  range  of  acquirement-)  he 
added  a  piety  as  genuine  as  it  was  un- 
assumuig,  and  he  will  long  be  remein- 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[abr 


bereJ  for  his  largo  but  unobtrusive  be- 
nevolcnou.     T>.  1844. 

ABEROKOMBY,  TnoiLvs,  a  Scotch 
author,  who  was  physician  to  James  II. 
D.  172t5. — Sni  Kali'ii,  a  British  general, 
who  served  in  the  Aoierieau  war,  in 
Flanders,  Holland,  the  West  Indies, 
Ireland,  and  in  Egypt,  near  Alexandria, 
where  nc  was  mortally  wounded,  after 
a  desperate  battle  with  the  French, 
whom  he  defeated.  He  was  one  of  the 
bravest  of  Britons,  but  of  great  modera- 
tion and  militarv  skill,  and  high  char- 
acter. B.  at  Tmiboi.Ue,  1738 ;  d.lSOl.— 
John,  a  horticultural  author,  who  pub- 
lished under  the  name  of  Mawe.  B. 
1724;  d.  1806. 

ABERLI,  John,  an  eminent  landscape 
painter,  of  Switzerland.  B.  at  Winter- 
then.  1723:  d.  178(3. 

ABERNETHY,  Jonx,  an  Irish  dis- 
senter and  divine,  of  whose  sermons 
there  are  two  volumes,  which  are  held 
in  considerable  esteem.  B.  atColeraine, 
1680 ;  d.  at  Dublin,  1740.— John,  F.R.S., 
a  surgeon  of  great  repute  and  extensive 
practice,  lle'was  brought  up  under  Sir 
Charles  Blick,  surgeon  of  St.  Bartholo- 
mew's Hospital,  and  was  acknowledged 
to  possess  very  considerable  talent  and 
originality;  though  he  doubtless  owed 
mifch  of  Ins  fame  to  a  blunt  eccentricity 
of  manner,  of  which  a  thousand  various 
anecdotes  are  stiU  current.  He  was  the 
author  of  "  Surgical  Observations," 
'•Phvsiological  Essays,"  &c.  B.  1764; 
d.  isbl. 

ABG  ARUS,  a  king  of  Edessa,  in  Mes- 
opotamia, cotemporary  with  our  Sa- 
viour, lo  w  hom  he  is  said  to  have  writ- 
ten a  letter  and  received  an  answer  to  it. 
Both  are  supposed  to  be  inventions. 

ABGILLUS,  sumamed  Prester  John, 
son  of  a  king  of  the  Frisi.  He  accom- 
panied Charlemagne  to  the  Holy  Laud ; 
and  after  liis  leader's  return  to  Europe 
made  vast  conquests  in  Abyssinia, 
which  was  long  called  "  Prester  John's 
Dominion."  lie  is  reputed  to  have 
written  an  account  of  Charlemagne's 
deeds  in  the  East. 

ABILDGAARD,  Philip  Christian,  a 
Danish  physician;  one  of  the  ablest 
naturalists  of  the  18th  century.— Nicho- 
las Abraham,  brother  of  the  above ;  a 
clever  historical  painter,  and  author  of 
some  equally  elcfrant  and  useful  essays 
on  taste  in  works  of  art.  B.  1744 ;  d. 
1809. 

ABINGTON,  Frances,  a  celebrated 
comic  actress.    B.  in  London,  1731 ;  d. 
in  Dublin,  1815. 
ABINGER,  LoED,  (James  Scarlett,)  a 


liberal  and  distinffuished  statesman  of 
Entrland,  who,  both  as  a  lawyer  and  a 
politician,  exhibited  a  high  order  of 
ability.  He  was  raised  to  the  bench  in 
1834  W  Sir  Robert  Peel.  B.  in  Jamaica, 
1769 ;  d.  1844. 

ABISBAL,  Henry  O'Donnell,  Count 
of,  a  celebrated  Spanish  general,  born  i)i 
Andalusia,  1770.  Having  entered  the 
royal  guards  at  the  age  of  fifteen,  he 
servecV  in  the  war  against  the  French 
republic;  and  on  Napoleon's  invasion 
of  Spain,  the  part  he  took  in  the  relief 
of  Gerona  in  1809,  led  to  his  promotion 
to  tlie  command  of  Catalonia,  where  he 
displayed  great  energy,  and  reaped  much 
success.  Though  defeated  in  the  plains 
of  Vich  by  General  Sonliam,  he  a  month 
afterwards  forced  Augereau  to  abandon 
Lower  Catalonia ;  and,  at  the  village  of 
Abisbal,  he  compelled  the  surrender  of 
a  whole  French  column  under  General 
Schwartz.  From  this  action  he  took  his 
title.  Towards  the  close  of  the  war,  he 
commanded  with  brilliant  success  at  the 
capture  of  Pancorvo.  In  1819  he  sup- 
pressed a  mutiny  of  tlie  troops  in  the 
isle  of  Leon ;  but  he  fell  into  disgrace 
on  suspicion  of  treachery,  and  it  was 
not  till  1823,  on  the  invasion  of  Spain 
by  the  French  under  the  Duke  d'An- 
gouleme,  that  he  recovered  his  position 
and  his  fame.  After  the  restoration  of 
Ferdinand  he  retired  to  France,  where 
he  resided,  almost  entirely  forgotten,  tOl 
his  death  in  1884. 

ABNEY,  Sir  TnoM.\s,  Lord  Mayor 
of  London,  in  1700,  and  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  Bank  of  England.  D. 
1722. 

ABRAHAM,  Nicholas,  a  learned 
Jesuit,  and  professor  of  theology  in  the 
university  of  Pont-^-Mousson ;  author 
of  a  Commentary  on  Virgil  and  some  of 
Cicero's  Orations.    B.  1589  ;  d.  1656.— 

A.  Sancta  Claiia,  a  native  of  Suabia, 
whose  real  name  was  Ulrich  Megerle. 
He  was  an  Augustine  friar,  and  ex- 
tremely atfected  and  eccentric  as  a 
preacher.  B.  1642;  d.  1709.— A  teacher 
of  music  at  Paris,  composer  of  airs  for 
the  clarionet,  and  author  of  a  method 
for  the  bassoon.     D.  1805. 

ABRASDATES,  king  of  Susa,  ren- 
dered memorable  by  the  affection  of  hia 
wife. 

ABRESCH,  Frederick  Louis,  a  cele- 
brated Dutch  critic  and  Greek  scholar. 

B.  at  Hamburgh,  1699 ;  d.  in  Switzer- 
land, 1782. 

ABRILOLA,  an  Arabian  poet.     B, 
973 ;  d.  1057. 
ABROSI,  John,  an  Italian  physician 


ACC] 


of  tho  leth  century;  author  of  a  Dia- 
lo2ruo  on  Astrolofry. 

"ABRUZZO,  Balthazar,  a  Sicilian 
philosopher  and  civilian.  B.  in  1601 ; 
a.  1660. 

ABSTEMIUS,  Laukentius,  an  Italian 
writer,  born  at  Macerata,  iu  La  Marca 
di  Aucona,  who  devoted  himself  early 
to  the  study  of  polite  literature.  lie 
published  under  the  pontifieate  of  Alex- 
ander VI.  a  treatise,  entitled  "  Heca- 
toinythium,"  from  its  containintr  100 
fables,  which  have  been  often  printed 
■with  those  of  Jisop,  Phajdi-us,  Gabrius, 
Avienus,  &c. 

ABUBEKER,  father-in-law  and  suc- 
cessor of  Mahomet.  His  original  name 
was  changed  to  that  of  Abubeker,  or 
"  Father  of  the  Virtfin,"  on  the  occasion 
of  his  dani^hter  Ayesha  becoming  the 
bride  of  Mahomet.  On  suceeeding_  his 
son-in-law  he  assumed  the  title  of  caliph, 
which  signifies  both  successor  and  vicar, 
and  which  was  first  borne  by  him.  He 
won  vast  territory  from  the  Syi'ians, 
Persians,  and  Greeks,    D.  634. 

ABULFARAGIUS,  Gregory,  son  of 
Aaron  a  physician,  born  in  1226,  in  the 
city  of  Malatia.  lie  wrote  in  Arabic  a 
history  which  consists  often  parts,  and 
is  an  epitome  of  universal  history  from 
the  creation  of  the  world  to  his  own 
time. 

ABULEEDA,  Ismael,  prince  of  Ha- 
mah,  in  Syria,  but  better  known  as  au- 
thor of  Tables  of  Geography  of  the 
Regions  beyond  the  River  Oxus.  He 
began  Ids  reign  in  the  74:3d  year  of  the 
licgira,  and  ended  it  three  years  after- 
wards, aged  72. 

ABULGARI,  Bay  ATM,  Khan  of  the 
Tartars,  and  writer  of  a  Tartar  history, 
which  has  been  translated  in  German 
and  French.  B.  at  Urgens,  1605;  d. 
1663. 

ABU,  Moslem,  a  governor  of  Koras- 
san,  put  to  death  in  759. 

ABD-NOWAS,  an  Arabian  poet.  B. 
762;  d.  810. 

ABU-OBIDA,  a  iViend  of  Mahomet, 
who  conquered  Palestine  and  Syria,  and 
died  of  pestilence  in  639. 

ABU-TEMAN,  an  Arabian  poet, 
whose  works  have  been  translated  into 
English.     D.  845. 

ACACIUS,  bishop  of  Berea,  an  op- 
ponent of  Chrysostom.  D.  436. — There 
was  another  bishop  of  the  same  name, 
who  flourished  at  Amida,  on  the  Tigris, 
in  the  5th  century,  and  who  is  known 
for  his  benevolence,  iu  having  sold  his 
church  plate  to  ransom  7000  Persians 
taken   prisoners    by   Theodosius    the 


CYCLOP.^iDIA    OF    BIOGRAPIIV. 


Younger. — Another  was  the  founder  of 
the  Acaciani  sect,  and  d.  about  365. 

ACADEMUS,  the  founder  of  tho 
Academic  sect  at  Athens,  and  of  the 
Academic  grove. 

ACAMPIXTLT,  the  first  Mexican 
king,  who  ruled  forty  years,  and  mtro- 
duced  many  good  laws.    D.  1420. 

ACCA,  St.,  an  Anglo-Saxon,  bishop 
at  Hexham,  who  wrote  "Sulfcrin^s  ot 
the  Saints,"  and  was  a  patron  ot  arts 
and  music.  D.  740. — Laurentl\,  the 
nurse  of  Romulus  and  Remus,  to  whom 
the  Romans  decreed  a  festival. 

ACOAIOLI — the  name  of  a  distin- 
guished Florentine  family  —  Donatds, 
was  a  translator  of  Plutarch,  and  a 
learned  commentator  on  Aristotle; 
Jonx,  was  an  author  and  public  lec- 
turer ;  Zexobio,  a  poet  and  critic,  who 
translated  Politian  s  epigrams,  d.  1520: 
Magd.vlena,  wrote  "David  Persecuted,'' 
and  other  poems,  d.  1610 ;  Renatus,  was 
a  general  of  the  14th  century,  who  con 
quered  Athens,  Corinth,  and  Boeotia. 

ACCIO,  Zucuio,  a  poet  of  Verona,  in 
the  15th  century. 

ACCIDS,  Lucius,  a  Latin  poet  and 
dramatist.  D.  about  180,  b.  c. — Tul- 
Lius,  prince  of  the  Volsci,  to  whom 
Coriolauus  resorted  for  aid  against 
Rome. 

ACCOLTI,  Benedict,  an  Italian  law- 
yer, born  at  Florence  in  1415,  and  au- 
thor of  many  works,  among  which  was 
a  narrative  of  the  wars  in  Palestine,  to 
which  Tasso  was  indebted  in  the  "  Jeru- 
salem DeUvered."  D.  1466. — Benedict, 
a  relation  of  the  preceding,  born  in 
1497,  was  so  perfect  a  master  of  the 
Latin  tongue,  that  he  was  called  the 
Cicero  of  the  age.  Clement  VII.  made 
him  a  cardinal.  D.  1549. — Peter,  son 
of  the  above,  as  cardinal  of  Ancona, 
composed  the  Papal  bull  against  Luther, 
D,  1532. — Bernard,  brother  of  the  last 
named,  a  poet  of  considerable  powers ; 
his  works  were  published  at  Florence, 
in  1513. — Francis,  uncle  of  the  above  ;  a 
lawyer  and  scholar  of  great  ability,  but 
even  more  remarkable  for  his  parsunony 
than  for  his  talents. — Benedict,  a  man 
of  violent  passions,  who  conspii-ed  with 
five  others  to  murder  Pius  IV,  He  suf- 
fered death  in  1564, 

ACCORSO,  Marlvxgelo,  a  native  of 
Aquila,  in  the  16th  century;  an  emi- 
nent critic  and  scholar.  He  published 
remarks  on  Ausonius  and  Ovid,  entitled 
"  Diatribte,"  and  an  edition  of  Ammia- 
nus  Marcellinus. 

ACCUM,  Frederick,  an  operative 
chemist  of  eminence,  wlio  wrote  several 


6 


CYCLOP-EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[agi 


books  of  science.     B.  iu  WcstphaJia, 
1769;  d.  183S. 

ACCURSIUS,  Fnxycia,  nn  eminent 
Italian  law-j-er,  born  at  Florence  in  11S2, 
and  died  in  1229.  This  individual  ren- 
dered himself  famous  by  his  "Perpet- 
iial  Commentary,"  or  "  Great  Gloss," 
in  illustration  of  the  code,  the  institutes, 
and  the  dicrests. 

ACf:RBI,  Joseph,  an  Italian ;  author 
of  '•  Vovuire  au  Cape  Nord,  par  la 
Suede,"  "in  1798. 

ACERBO,  Francis,  an  Italian  Jesuit 
and  poet  at  Naples,  in  1G66. 

ACH,  Van,  or  ACIIEN,  John,  an 
eminent  liistorioal  and  portrait  painter. 
B.  at  Coloirne,  156G ;  d.  1G21. 

ACII^L'S,  a  Greek  poet  and  satir- 
ist, cotcraporary  with  ilschylus.  Yet 
though  he  is  said  to  have  -svTitten  forty 
trage'dies,  nothing  but  a  few  fragments 
lit  present  exist. 

ACHARD,  Antiion-y,  a  learned  di- 
vine, B.  at  Geneva,  1966;  d.  1772.— 
Fkancis  Cii.vrles,  a  distinguished  Prus- 
sian chemist ;  known  as  the  tirst  fabri- 
cator of  beet-root  sugar,  in  1792;  and 
author  of  several  treatises  on  chemistry 
and  agriculture.    D.  1821. 

ACHARDS,  Eleazer,  bishop  of  Avig- 
non, remarkable  for  the  benevolent 
courage  he  displayed  when  the  plague 
raged  in  his  see.     D.  1741. 

ACIIEXWALL,  Godfrey,  a  lecturer 
on  history  and  jurisprudence,  in  the 
university  of  Gottingen.     D.  1772. 

ACHEk,  N.,  a  French  judge;  author 
of  an  "  Abrcge  des  Ilommes  lllustres 
de  Plutarque,"  1807. 

ACHERI,  Luo  d',  a  Benedictiue 
monk  ;  author  of  "  Lives  of  the  Saints," 
d-c.  B.  at  St.  Quintin,  in  Picardy, 
1609  ;  d.  at  Paris,  1685. 

ACHILLES  TATIUS,  a  native  of 
Alexandria,  who  lived  during  the  3d 
century,  and  in  liis  old  age  was  con- 
verted to  Christianity,  and  Ijccame  a 
bishop.  lie  originally  taught  rhetoric 
in  his  native  city,  and  wrote  a  "  Treatise 
on  the  Sphere';"  a  "History  of  Great 
Men ;"  and  a  romance,  entitled  "  The 
Loves  of  Clitophon  and  Leueippe." 

ACHILLINi,  Alexander,  a  Bolog- 
nese  physician,  known  by  his  publica- 
tions oil  anatomy  and  medicine,  D. 
1512. — John  Philotiieus,  brother  of  the 
above,  and  autlior  of  a  eulogistic  poem, 
entitled  "  Viridario."  D.  1538.— Claude, 
a  relation  of  the  above,  distinguished  for 
his  knowledge  of  medicijie,  theology, 
and  jurisprudence.  B.  at  Bologna, 
1574;  d.  1640. 
ACHMET  I.,  emperor  of  Turkey,  son 


and  successor  of  Mahomet  III.  B.  1583 ; 
d.  1617. — AchmetII.  succeeded  his  bro- 
ther Solyman  on  the  throne  of  Con- 
stantinople. D.  :I695.  —  AcHMET  III., 
sou  of  Mahomet  IV.,  was  placed  on  the 
throne  by  the  heads  of  a  taction  which 
had  deposed  his  brother,  Mustapha  II. 
He  was  afterwards  deposed,  and  his 
nephew,  Mahomet  V.,  exalted  to  the 
throne.    D.  in  prison,  1736. 

ACID  ALIUS,  Valens,  a  German  au- 
thor and  critic.    D.  1595. 

ACKERMANN,  Conrad,  a  German 
comedian,  and  founder  of  the  German 
theatre.  D.  1771. — John  Christian  Got- 
LiEB,  an  eminent  physician  and  author. 
B.  1756;  d.  1801. — Rudolph,  an  enter- 
prising tradesman,  who  went  to  En- 
gland "and  became  a  print-seller,  where 
he  published  the  "Forget  Me  Not," 
the  first  of  a  peculiar  class  of  annual 
books.  Ho  improved  the  lithographic 
art,  published  several  beautiful  editions 
of  histories,  and  was  the  first  person 
who  used  gas-lights  in  London.  B.  at 
Schneeberg,  in  Saxony,  1764;  d.  1834. 

ACKLAND,  a  British  major  in  the 
American  war.  He  was  taken  prisoner 
by  Arnold,  at  StUlwater,  Oct.  7,  1777. 
When  released  he  returned  to  England, 
where  he  was  shot  in  a  duel  by  Lieut. 
Lloyd,  to  whom  he  had  given  the  lie, 
when  Lloyd  charged  the  Americans 
with  cowardice.  Lady  Harriett,  his 
wife,  lost  her  senses  in  consequence. 

ACKMAN,  William,  a  Scotch  por- 
trait painter,  the  first  appreciator  and 
friend  of  the  poet  Thomson. 

ACOLUTHUS,  Andrew,  author  of 
"  De  Aqiiis  Amaris."     D.  1704. 

ACOSTA,  Joseph,  a  Jesuit  of  Peru, 
who  wrote  a  good  history  of  the  West 
Indies.    D.  1600. 

ACQUAVIVA,  Andrew  Matthew,  a 
learned  Neapolitan,  who  published  the 
first  Encyclopaedia.    B.  1456  ;  d.  1528. 

ACRON,  a  Sicilian  physician,  who 
expelled  the  plague  from  Athens,  by 
burning   certain    perfumes,   about  473 

'  ACROPOLITA,  George,  a  Byzantine 
historian,  learned  in  mathematics  and 
skilled  in  rhetoric.  B.  1220  ;  d.  1282.— 
CoNSTANTiNE,  SOU  of  thc  abovc,  was 
grand  chancellor  of  the  empire. 

ACTON,  Joseph,  a  Frenchman,  who 
entered  the  navy  of  the  Grand  Duke  of 
Tuscany,  and  rescued  4000  Spaniards 
from  tlie  Barbary  corsairs.  B.  1737 ;  d. 
1808. 

ACTUARIUS,  a  Greek  physician,  of 
the  13th  century,  M'ho  used  water  and 
mild  cathartics  as  his  principal  remedies. 


Ada] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    UIOGKAPHY. 


ACUNA,  Christopher,  a  Jesuit  mis- 
Bioiiary,  who  wrote  an  account  of  the 
"  Great  River  ofthe  Amazons."  B.  1597. 
— Fernando  de,  a  Spanish  poet.  D. 
tX  Grenada,  1G80. 

ADAIK,  Jami:3,  a  recorder  of  Lon- 
lon.  memlier  of  pariiament,  and  chicf- 
Hastiee  at  Chester.  D.  IT'JS. — Another 
James,  ^\■■<\H  a  trader  auionsj  the  North 
American  Indians,  in  1775,  who  wrote 
a  book  to  prove  them  descended  from 
the  Jews. 

ADALAED,  or  ADELARD,  a  Ger- 
man divine  and  theolofrical  writer,  tlie 
grandson  of  Charles  Martel,  and  cousin- 
gerraan  of  Charlemagne.  He  is  most 
distinguished  for  the  foundation  of  a 
distinct  abbey,  Cidlcd  New  Corbie,  as  a 
seminary  for  the  education  of  mission- 
aries, who  were  to  be  employed  in  the 
conversion  ofthe  northern  nations.  B. 
753 ;  d.  827. 

ADALBERT,  archbishop  of  Prague, 
In  the  10th  century.  He  was  one  of  tlie 
first  founders  of  the  Christian  religion 
in  Hungary  ;  and  also  preached  the  gos- 

Eel  in  Prussia,  and  in  Lithuania,  where 
e  was  murdered   by  Sego,   a  pagan 
priest. 

ADAM,  ScoTcs,  a  doctor  of  the  Sor- 
bonne,  in  the  12th  century,  and  author 
of  a  life  of  David  L  of  Scotland. — Alex- 
ander, a  learned  Scotch  schoolmaster, 
well  known  to  the  literary  and  scholastic 
world  by  his  "Latin  £exioou,"  "Ro- 
man Antiquities,"  &c.  B.  1741 ;  d. 
1809. — Lambert  Sigisuekt,  an  eminent 
French  sculptor,  many  of  whose  works 
were  executed  for  the  decoration  of  Vei- 
Bailles  and  St.  Cloud.  B.  1700 ;  d.  1759. 
— NicHOL.vs  Seb^vstian,  brother  of  the 
above,  and  eminent  in  the  same  profes- 
sion. He  executed  the  admired  statue 
of  "  Prometheus  Chained."  B.  1705  ;  d. 
1778. — Albert,  a  distinguished  painter 
of  battle-scenes,  born  at  Nordlingen,  in 
1786,  who  went  to  Russia  with  Eugene 
Beauharnais  in  1S12,  and  afterwards 
produced  many  of  tlie  pictures  in  the 
gallery  of  the  king  of  Bavaria. — Adol- 
PHUs  Cii.vRLEs,  a  musical  composer  of 
eminence,  author  of  the  "  PostUlion  of 
Lonjumeau,"  and  other  operas.  B.  at 
Paris,  1804. — Willlvit,  a  lawyer  and 
politician  of  Pitt's  time,  and  one  of  the 
managers  appointed  by  the  commons  to 
conduct  the  impeachment  of  Warren 
Hastings.  B.  1751 ;  d.  1S39. — Melchior, 
a  German  divine  and  biograpliicid  au- 
tlior  of  the  17th  century. — Nicholas,  a 
French  grammarian;  author  of  "The 
True  Mode  of  acquiring  a  Language 
whether  Livins  or  Dead,  bv  means  of 


the  French,"  and  other  works  of  con- 
siderable incfenuity.  B.  1716;  d.  1792.— 
Robert,  F.R.S.,  and  F.S.A. ;  a  celebra- 
ted architect,  much  employed  upon  the 
public  Ijuildings  and  noblemen  s  man- 
sions of  London.  One  of  his  works,  e.v- 
ecuted  in  conjunction  with  his  brother, 
is  the  noble  range  of  buildings  called 
the  "Adclphi,"  the  name  being  the 
Greek  word  for  "  Brothers."  He  at  one 
time  represented  the  county  of  Kinross 
in  parliament.  B.  at  Kirkaklv,  Fifeshirc, 
1728 ;  d.  1792.— James,  brother  of  the 
above,  and  his  coadjutor  in  most  of  his 
labors.  D.  1794. — Thomas,  an  English 
divine,  and  for  53  years  the  rector  of 
Wintringham,  in  Lincolnshire.  B.  at 
Leeds,  1701 ;  d.  1784. 

ADAMANTEO,  a  learned  Italian 
mathematician  and  orientalist;  author 
of  "Glossas  et  Interpretationes  in  Tal- 
mud Hcbraorum."     D.  1581. 

ADAMANTIUS,  a  Greek  physician 
of  the  5th  century ;  author  of  a  popular 
work  on  physiognomy. 

ADAMAiSTUS,  abbot  of  Icolmkil,  in 
the  8th  century ;  author  of  a  life  of  St. 
Columba. 

ADAMI,  Leonardo,  an  Italian  schol- 
ar, eminent  for  his  skill  in  the  Greek 
and  Oriental  languages,  and  librarian  to 
Cardinal  Imperiali.  B.  1690,  at  Bolsema, 
in  Tuscany ;  d.  1719. 

ADAMS,  John,  the  second  president 
of  the  United  States,  and  one  of  the 
most  able  men  America  has  produced, 
was  born  at  Braintree,  Oct.  19,  1735. 
He  was  descended  from  Henry  Adams, 
one  of  the  original  proprietors  of  the 
town  of  Braintree,  who  fled  from  En- 
gland with  the  Puritans,  in  the  year 
1630.  Early  in  life  he  manifested  great 
quickness  of  parts,  and  was  educated 
in  the  best  schools,  and  afterwards  sent 
to  Cambridge  College.  After  he  left 
college,  he  studied  law  with  Col.  James 
Putnam,  at  Worcester,  instructing  pu- 
pils in  the  Latin  and  Greek  lansruages 
at  the  same  time,  to  defray  the  expense. 
Subsequently  he  entered  the  otnce  of 
Jeremiah  Gridley.  In  1761  lie  was 
admitted  a  barrister-at-law,  and  com- 
menced practice.  The  attempts  of  En- 
gland to  coerce  the  colonies  nito  obedi- 
ence, which  had  exasperated  the  colo- 
nials into  most  bitter  indignation  and 
hatred,  were  opposed  by  ^Ir.  Adams 
from  the  outset,  and  on  all  the  questions 
which  arose  between  the  two  countries, 
he  was  on  the  side  of  the  \\Tongcd  and 
oppressed.  Yet  his  was  not  a  mere 
partisan  zeal,  but  the  just  excitement 
of  one  who  thought  and  felt  earnestly 


8 


CVCLOP/EDIA    OF    KIOGKAPHY. 


[ada 


and  deeply.  "When,  therefore,  the  re- 
sistance of  the  colonists  broke  out  into 
open  war,  Adams  -was  prepared  to  take 
an  intelligent  and  an  active  part  in  their 
defence.  ^  In  ITO-i  he  married  Alii^ail 
Smith,  second  daughter  of  AVilliara 
Smith,  of  Weymouth,  and  grand-daugh- 
ter of  Col.  Quincy,  of  "Wollaston,  a  wo- 
man of  tine  person;il  appearance,  good 
education,  noble  powers  of  mind,  and 
the  most  patriotic  devotion  to  the  colo- 
nies. A  year  afterwards  he  published 
an  Essay  on  Canon  and  Feudal  Law, 
which  was  reprinted  in  England  and 
much  commended.  In  1709  he  was 
appointed  chairman  of  the  committee, 
appointed  by  the  town  of  Boston,  to 
draw  up  histructions  to  its  represent- 
atives to  resist  Eritish  encroachments, 
at  the  very  time  the  town  M'as  invested 
by  an  armed  force  both  by  sea  and  by 
land.  In  1770  he  was  sent  to  the  legis- 
lature, where  he  took  a  prominent  part 
in  every  important  measure.  In  1774 
he  was  one  of  the  committee  who  pre- 

S\red  the  celebrated  resolutions  on  the 
oston  Port  Bill.  The  same  year  he 
was  elected  to  the  first  continental  con- 
gress, held  in  Philadelphia.  From  the 
outset  he  announced  hnnself  the  friend 
of  independence,  and  when,  therefore, 
in  1775,  the  first  blood  was  shed  at  Lex- 
ington and  Concord,  he  was  ready  for 
war,  and  suggested  the  name  of  George 
"Washinqrton,  as  commander-in-chief. 
In  1776  he  was  appointed,  with  Jeffcr- 
Bon,  Franklin,  Slierman,  and  Living- 
Bton,  on  the  committee  which  reported 
the  immortal  "  Declaration  of  Inde- 
pendence." In  Nov.  1777,  Mr.  Adams 
was  sent  as  commissioner  to  the  court 
of  Versailles,  but  treaties  of  commerce 
and  alliance  with  France  had  been  sign- 
ed before  he  arrived.  Three  months 
after  his  return  he  was  again  sent 
abroad,  to  negotiate  a  peace  and  a  com- 
mercial treaty  with  Great  Britain.  He 
did  not  succeed  in  the  former  object 
tUl  Jan.  14th,  1783.  In  1785  ho  was 
appointed  the  first  minister  to  England. 
Wnile  in  London,  ho  wrote  his  "  De- 
fence of  tlie  American  Constitution." 
After  his  return  he  was  elected  first 
vice-president  of  the  United  States,  and 
re-elected  in  1703.  He  discharged  the 
duties  of  the  office  till  March  4th,  1797, 
when  he  was  chosen  president.  His  ad- 
ministration was  a  vijrorous  and  im- 
portant one,  but  not  without  embarrass- 
ments and  opposition.  In  1801  ho  was 
defeated  by  Jefferson,  and  retired  to  his 
farm  at  Quincy.  He  was  chosen  to  one 
or  two  inconsiderable  posts  afterwards, 


and  died  on  the  4th  of  July,  1826.  Hig 
last  words  were,  "  It  is  the  glorious  4th 
of  July  ! — God  bless  it>— God  bless  you 
all !"  He  was  a  man  of  intrepid  and 
honest  character,  great  industry,  a  high 
order  of  talent,  and  the  most  elevated 
Christian  sentiments. — Samuel,  one  of 
the  foremost  patriots  of  the  American 
revolution,  was  born  at  Boston,  Sept. 
27th,  1722.  He  was  made  a  member  of 
the  legislature  in  17G6,  where  ho  con- 
tinueci  till  1774,  when  he  was  chosen  to 
the  first  congress  under  the  confedera- 
tion. He  was  a  signer  of  the  Declara- 
tion of  Independence.  In  1794  he  was 
elected  governor  of  Massachusetts,  .and 
held  the  office  three  years.  He  died  in 
1803,  imiversally  respected  as  a  man  of 
the  most  exalted  patriotism,  and  the 
most  inflexible  integrity. — John  Quincy, 
son  of  John,  and  the  sixth  president  of 
the  United  States,  was  born  July  11th, 
1767,  at  Quincy.  The  position  of  his 
lather  gave  him  erC'it  advantages  of 
education,  which  he  diligently  employ- 
ed. He  was  abroad  with  his  father 
before  1780.  He  studied  law  with  The- 
ophilus  Parsons,  at  Newburyport,  and 
attracted  attention  by  certain  essays  he 
published  in  the  newspaper.  Wash- 
ington appointed  him  minister  to  the 
Netherlands,  in  1794,  and  afterwards 
minister  to  Portugal,  when  his  father, 
who  had  become  president,  transferred 
him  to  Berlin.  In  1802  he  was  elected 
to  the  senate  of  Massachusetts,  and,  in 
1803,  to  the  senate  of  the  United  States. 
In  1806,  he  was  appointed  professor  of 
rhetoric  in  Harvard,  and  delivered  a 
course  of  lectures  on  "The  Art  of 
Speaking  "Well,"  M'hich  was,  also,  pub- 
lished in  a  book  form.  In  June,  1809, 
Madison  appointed  him  minister  to 
Russia.  He  was  employed  as  one  of 
the  commissioners  who  negotiated  the 
peace  between  the  United  States  and 
England,  at  Ghent,  in  1814.  Madison 
sent  him  as  minister  to  Great  Britain 
in  1815.  President  Monroe  made  him 
secretary  of  state  in  1817.  In  1825  he 
was  cliosen  president  by  the  house  of 
representatives,  no  choice  having  been 
made  by  the  people.  In  1829  he  re- 
tired to  private  life,  but,  in  1831,  was 
chosen  a  representative  to  congress, 
where  he  remained  till  1848,  when  he 
fell  into  a  fit  from  which  he  died  a  few 
hours  after.  "This,"  he  exclaimed  as 
he  fell,  "is  the  last  of  earth."  He 
was  an  eloquent  and  incorruptible  man, 
of  strong  prejudices,  but  independent, 
earnest,  and  true. — John,  a  poet  and 
preacher,  of  Newcort.  It.  L,  'whci  d.  in 


add] 


CYCLOP.'EDIA    OF    UIOGUAPin, 


1740. — Mjl  the-w,  a  tradesman  of  Bos- 
ton, who  aoquirod  some  distinction  as 
a  writer  in  the  time  of  Dr.  Franklin. — 
Andrew,  a  ehief-j notice  of  Connectiont. 
D.  17y7. — Sir  Thomas,  an  eminent  citi- 
zen of  London,  of  which  he  was  lord 
mayor  in  1645.  B.  at  Wem,  in  Shrop- 
sliii-e,  158G;  d.  1607.— William,  an  En- 
glish divine  of  the  18th  century  ;  autlior 
of  an  answer  to  Hume  on  the  Miracles. 
D.  1789. — Joseph,  an  able  English  phy- 
Bi'.'ian,  author  of  a  treatise  on  epilepsy, 
and  numerous  other  medical  works  of 
great  merit.  B.  1758;  d.  1818. — George, 
a  celebrated  maker  of  mathematical  in- 
struments; author  of  "  Mieographiaj 
Illustrata,"  and  other  scientilic  works. 
J).  1786. — George,  son  of  the  above,  and 
of  the  same  profession;  author  of  "  An 
Essay  on  Vision,"  &c.  B.  1750;  d.  1795. 
ADAMSON,  Patrick,  a  Scotch  arch- 
bishop of  the  time  of  Queen  Elizabeth, 
noted  for  his  violent  disputes  with  the 
Presbyters.    B.  1536  ;  d.  1599. 

ADAMUS,  DoTiENsus,  an  English  ab- 
bot of  the  13th  century,  who  wrote  on 
music. 

ADANSON,  Michael,  an  eminent 
French  naturalist,  who  sniftered  much 
during  the  French  Kevolution.  B.  at 
Aix,  1727  ;  d.  lSo6. 

ADDISON,  Launcelot,  an  Encflish 
Divine,  attached  to  the  Stuart  familv,  by 
whicli  he  was  made  dean  of  Lichfield. 
B.  1632;  d.  1703.-t-JosEPH,  one  of  the 
brierhtest  names  o!f  English  literature, 
was  b.  May  1st,  1672,  at^  Milstou,  Wilt- 
shire, at  which  place  his  father  was  a  rec- 
tor of  the  church.  He  was  graduated  at 
Queen's  College,  Oxford,  Feb.  14,  1693, 
where  he  had  already  achieved  consid- 
erable i-eputation  in  criticism  and  poetry, 
and  particularly  in  Latin  composition. 
In  1695  he  wrote  a  Latin  poem  to  King 
William,  and  in  1697  another  on  the 
peace  of  Kyswick.  Two  years  after- 
wards he  obtained  a  pension  of  £300, 
that  he  might  be  enabled  to  travel.  In 
Italy  he  wrote  his  "Dialogue  on  Med- 
als," and  also  the  Letter  to  Lord  Hal- 
ifax, which  is  among  the  most  elegant 
of  his  poems.  A  description  of  his 
"Travels,"  '\\Titten  after  his  return, 
gained  great  popularity.  Lord  Godol- 
phiu,  in  1704,  made  liim  under-secre- 
tary  of  state,  and  subsequently,  wheii 
^^'harton  was  made  lord-lieutenant  of 
Ireland,  Addison  accompanied  him,  and 
was  appointed  keeper  of  the  records 
in  Berniingliam's  Tower,  at  a  salary 
of  £300  per  annum.  It  was  while  he 
was  in  Ireland  that  Sir  Richard  Steele 
began  the  publication  of  the  "  Tatler." 


The  first  number  of  this  periodical  vras 
published  April  12,  I7|f9,  and  Addison's  ■ 
first  contribution  appeared  May  20.  To 
the  Tatlcr,  in  about  two  montlis,  suc- 
ceeded the  "Spectator,"  a  series  of  es- 
says of  the  same  kmd,  but  written  with 
less  levity,  upon  a  more  regular  plan, 
and  publislied  daily.  The  year  1713,  in 
whieli  "  Cato"  came  upon  the  stage,  was 
the  grand  climacteric  of  Addison's  rep- 
utation. The  whole  nation  was,  at  that 
time,  on  fire  with  faction.  The  Whigs 
applauded  every  line  in  which  liberty 
was  mentioned,  as  a  satire  on  the  To- 
ries ;  and  the  Tories  echoed  every  clap, 
to  show  that  the  satire  was  unfelt. 
Another  daily  paper,  called  the  "  Guar- 
dian," was  published  about  this  time, 
by  Steele,  to  which  Addison  gave  great 
assistance.  The  papers  of  Addison  are 
marked  in  the  Spectator  by  one  of  the 
letters  in  the  name  of  Clio,  and  in  the 
Guardian  by  a  hand.  It  was  not  known 
that  Addison  had  tried  a  comedy  on  the 
stage,  till  Steele,  after  his  death,  de- 
clared him  the  author  of  "The  Drum- 
mer;" this  play  Steele  carried  to  the 
theatre,  and  afterw^ards  to  the  press,  and 
sold  the  copy  for  fifty  guineas.  In  the 
midst  of  these  agreeable  employments, 
Mr.  Addison  was  not  an  indifferent 
spectator  of  public  affairs.  He  wrote, 
as  different  exigencies  required,  in  1707, 
"The  present  State  of  the  War,  &c." 
"  The  Whig  Examiner ;"  and  the  "  Trial 
of  Count  Tariff',''  «U  which  tracts,  being 
on  temporary  topics,  expired  with  the 
subjects  which  gave  them  birth.  When 
the' house  of  Hanover  took  possession 
of  the  throne,  it  was  reasonable  to  ex- 
pect that  the  zeal  of  Addison  would  be 
suitably  rewarded.  Before  the  arrival 
of  King  George  he  was  made  secretary 
to  the  regency,  and  was  required  by  his 
office  to  send'notice  to  Hanover  that  the 
queen  was  dead,  and  that  the  throne 
was  vacant.  To  do  tliis  would  not  have 
been  difficult  to  any  man  but  Addi- 
son, who  was  so  overwhelmed  with 
the  greatness  of  the  event,  and  so  dis- 
tracted by  choice  of  expressions,  that 
the  lords,"  who  could  not  wait  for  the 
niceties  of  criticism,  called  Mr.  South- 
well, a  clerk  in  the  house,  and  ordered 
bim  to  dispatch  the  message.  South- 
well readily  told  what  was  necessary,  in 
the  common  style  of  business,  and  val- 
ued himself  upon  having  done  what  was 
too  hard  lor  Addison.  He  was  better 
qualified  for  the  "Freeholder,"  a  paper 
Avhich  he  published  twice  a  week,  from 
Dec.  23,  1715,  to  the  middle  of  the  next 
year.    This  was  undertaken  in  defence 


10 


CYCLOP.EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHT. 


[ado 


of  the  established  government,  some- 
times •with  argument,  sometimes  with 
mirth.  In  argument  lie  had  many  equals, 
but  his  humor  was  singular  and  match- 
less. On  the  2d  of  August,  1716,  he  mar- 
ried the  countess  dowager  of  Warwick, 
whom  he  is  said  to  have  first  known  by 
becoming  tutor  to  her  son.  This  mar- 
riage, however,  made  no  addition  to  his 
happiness ;  it  neither  found  them  nor 
made  them  equal.  She  always  remem- 
bered her  own  rank,  and  thought  herself 
entitled  to  treat  with  very  little  ceremo- 
ny, the  tutor  of  her  son.  The  year  after, 
1717,  he  rose  to  his  highest  elevation, 
being  made  secretary  of  state ;  but  it  is 
universally  confessed  that  he  was  une- 
qual to  the  duties  of  his  place.  In  the 
house  of  commons  he  could  not  speak, 
and  therefore  was  useless  to  the  defence 
of  the  government.  In  the  office  he  could 
not  issue  an  order  without  losing  his 
time  in  quest  of  fine  expressions.  What 
he  gained  in  rank  he  lost  in  credit ;  and, 
findin?  himself  unequal  to  the  position, 
he  solicited  a  dismission  with  a  pension 
of  .-£1500  a  year.  He  subsemiently  wrote 
a  Defence  of  the  Christian  Keligion,  and 
d.  June  17th.  1710. 

ADf:LAIDE,  Mad.uie,  mother  of 
Louis  XVI.  of  France ;  fled  from  Paris 
during  the  Kevolutiou,  and  d.  in  Eus- 
sia,  in  1799. 

ADELAIDE,  queen  dowager,  wife  of 
William  IV.  of  Enrrland.     D.  1850. 

ADELARD,  a  monk  of  Bath  in  the 
12th  century ;  a  man  of  considerable 
learning.  lie  travelled  into  Egvpt  and 
Arabia,  and  translated  Euclid's  Ele- 
ments out  of  Arabic  into  Latin,  before 
any  Greek  copies  had  been  discovered. 
He  also  wrote  several  treatises  on  math- 
ematical and  medical  subjects,  which  re- 
main in  MS.  at  Oxford. 

ADELBOLD,  bishop  of  Utrecht,  the 
cathedral  of  which  he  founded.  He 
wrote  the  life  of  his  patron,  the  emperor 
Henry  II.    D.  1027. 

ADELER,  CcRTics,  named  also  Ser- 
visen,  an  eminent  naval  commander.  B. 
in  Norway,  1G22.  Ho  went  to  Venice, 
where  he  was  made  admiral ;  and,  after 
performing  many  g.illant  exploits  against 
the  Turks,  retired  to  Constantinople, 
where  he  ended  his  days  in  honor  and 
tranquillity,  being  made  admiral-in- 
chief  of  the  Danish  fleet,  and  created  a 
noble.    He  d.  in  1075. 

ADELIIEK,  or  ADELGER,  a  scho- 
lastic philosopher  and  theologian  of  the 
12th  century,  who  is  only  remarkable 
for  his  mode  of  conciliating  the  divine 
prescience  ■with  free  will.    See  hits  "Dc 


Libero  Arbitrio."  He  was  a  canon  o* 
Liege,  and  then  monk  of  Cluny. 

A'DELUNG,  Joim  Chektopher,  a 
German  philologist  of  great  merit ; 
chiefly  celebrated  for  his  "  Grammatical 
and  Critical  Dictionary,"  5  vols.  4to. 
B.  1734 ;  d.  1806. — Frederick,  his  neph- 
ew, an  historian  and  linguist;  president 
of  the  Asiatic  Society  at  St.  Petersburg. 
His  writinsfs  were  numerous  and  valu- 
able, relating  chiefly  to  language  and 
arts.    B.  1768. 

ADEMAR,  a  monk  of  the  10th  centu- 
ry, who  wrote  the  chronicles  of  France, 
published  by  Labbe. 

ADER,  William,  a  physician  of 
Toulouse,  who  wrote  a  book  in  1621, 
entitled,  "De  J5grotis  et  Morbis  Evan- 
geliois ;"  in  which  he  proves  that  the 
diseases  healed  by  our  Saviour  were  in- 
curable by  medicine. 

ADET,'P.  A.,  envoy  from  France  to 
the  United  States,  in  1796 ;  author  of 
several  chemical  works,  original  and 
translated,  and  of  a  design  for  new 
chemical  characters  and  nomenclature. 

ADHAD-EDDOULAT,  emperor  of 
Persia.  B.  about  935.  In  977  he  became 
master  of  Bagdad,  which  he  adorned 
with  hospitals,  mosques,  and  other  pub- 
lic works.  He  was  also  a  great  encour- 
ager  of  learning.     D.  982. 

ADHELME,  a  learned  prelate  under 
the  Saxon  Heptarchy,  and  nephew  to 
King  Ina.  He  was  the  first  Englishman 
who  wrote  in  Latin,  the  first  who 
brouffht  poetry  into  Britain,  and  the 
first  bishop  of  Sherborne.     D.  769. 

ADLER,  James  George,  a  learned 
Danish  orientalist,  b.  in  1756 ;  author 
of  "  Museum  Cuficum,"  some  works  on 
the  Jewish  lanaruago,  laws,  and  rites, 
and  several  philological  publications. — 
Philip,  a  German  engraver  of  the  16th 
century,  whose  style  of  etchins:  appears 
to  have  founded  a  school  which  gave 
rise  to  the  Hopfers  and  Hollar.    D.  1530. 

ADLERFELDT,  Gustavus,  a  Swedish 
historian  in  the  time  of  Charles  XII., 
whom  he  accompanied  throughout  his 
campaigns,  of  which  he  wrote  an  ac- 
count, continued  up  to  the  day  when  a 
cannon-ball  deprived  him  of  life,  at  the 
battle  of  Pultowa,  in  1709. 

ADLZEEITER,  John,  a  German  his- 
torian, and  chancellor  of  Bavaria.  D. 
about  1062. 

ADO,  archbishop  of  Vienne,  distin- 
guished bv  his  piety,  and  as  an  histo- 
rian.    D.  875. 

ADOLF  ATI,  an  Italian  composer  and 
author  of  several  operas. 

ADOLPHUS,  emperor  of  Germany, 


akgJ 


CYC'LOF.KUXA    OF    BIOGUAI'HT. 


11 


was  the  count  of  Nassau,  and  elevated 
to  the  imperial  tlirone  in  1202. — Adol- 
piujB,  comit  of  Cleves,  celebrated  by 
the  institution  of  the  Order  of  Fools,  in 
13S0,  which  consisted  of  tlic  principal 
noblemen  of  Cleves.— Feederio II.,  kinfj 
of  Sweden,  b.  in  1710,  and  succeeded 
his  father,  Frederick,  in  1751.  D.  1771. 
— John,  a  well-known  barrister  and  his- 
torian of  London,  who  wrote  histories 
of  Georg:e  III.,  of  England,  of  the 
French  Kcvolution,  and  a  memoir  of 
Bannister,  the  comedian. 

ADRETS,  Francis  ue  Beaumont,  Ba- 
ron des,  an  Hungarian  leader,  of  a  cruel, 
fiery,  and  entcrurising  spirit.  Eesent- 
meiat  to  the  Duke  of  "Guise  led  him  to 
side  with  the  Huguenot  party  in  1562; 
and  he  signalized  himself  by  many  able 
and  daring  exploits,  the  skill  and  bra- 
very of  which  were  soiled  with  the  most 
detestable  cruelty.     D.  1587. 

ADRI  A,  John  James,  a  Sicilian  writer, 
and  physician-general  to  Charles  \". 
D.  1560. 

ADEIAM,  Marie,  a  female,  who,  at 
the  ago  of  16,  fought  valiantly  during 
the  whole  time  that  her  native  town, 
Lyons,  was  besieged,  in  1793.  After 
the  engagement  she  was  arrested,  and 
being  asked  how  she  had  dared  to  use 
arms,  she  replied,  "I  used  thein  to 
servo  my  country,  and  deliver  it  from 
its  oppressors."  She  was  instantly  con- 
demned and  executed. 

ADRIAN,  or  HADRIAN,  Pcblius 
^Lius,  the  Roman  emperor.  B.  a.  d.  76. 
He  married  Sabina,  the  heiress  of  Tra- 
jan, whom  he  accompanied  in  his  expe- 
ditions, and  became  successively  prcetoi-, 
governor  of  Pannonia,  and  consul.  On 
the  death  of  Trajan,  in  117,  he  assumed 
the  government,  made  peace  with  the 
Persians,  and  remitted  the  debts  of  the 
Roman  people.  In  120  ho  visited  Gaul, 
and  thence  passed  over  to  Britain,  where 
he  built  a  wall,  80  miles  in  length,  from 
the  mouth  of  the  Tyne  to  Solway  Frith, 
to  secure  the  Roman  provinces  from  the 
incursions  of  the  Caledonians.  Ho  next 
travelled  into  Africa  and  Asia,  and,  on 
his  return,  was  initiated  into  the  Elcu- 
sinian  mysteries  at  Athens.  In  his 
reign  the  "Christians  suffered  a  dreadful 
persecution  ;  he  built  a  temple  to  Jujn- 
ter  on  Mount  Calvary,  and  d.  at  Baiic, 
13S. — There  are  several  popes  of  that 
name. — Adrian  I.,  a  Roman,  raised  to 
the  papal  chair,  and  was  a  patron  of  arch- 
itecture ;  embellished  St.  Peters,  I'ebuilt 
the  walls  of  Rome,  and  restored  the 
ancient  aqueducts.  D.  795. — Adrian 
II.  succeeded  to  the  pontificate  in  867, 


was  designing  and  ambitious,  and  d. 
872. — Adrian  III.  was  chosen  in  884, 
and  d.  the  next  year.  —  Adrian  IV. 
was  an  Englishman — the  only  one  who 
ever  beeaino  pope — named  Breakspear; 
in  his  youth  extremely  poor,  but  in  1148 
made  a  cardinal  by  JEugenius  III.  Ho 
was  then  sent  as  legate'  into  Denmark, 
and  in  1154  chosen  pope.  He  issued  a 
celebrated  bull  in  favor  of  Henry  II. 
of  England,  sanctioning  the  conquest  of 
Ireland,  and  in  1155  excommunicated 
the  king  of  Sicily,  for  ravaging  tlie  ter- 
ritories of  the  church.  "When  the  ar- 
mies of  Frederick  entered  Italy,  Adrian 
compehed  him  to  make  peace,  and  after- 
wards crowned  him  king  of  the  Romans. 
D.  1159. — Adrian  V.  was  a  Genoese, 
who  held  the  pontificate  only  a  month, 
in  1276. — Adrian  VI.  was  a  native  of 
Utrcelit,  of  mean  parentage,  but  who 
gradually  rose  from  one  ecclesiastical 
office  to  another,  till  he  was  made  pope 
in  1522.  He  attempted  to  reform  the 
papal  court,  and  opposed  classical  learn- 
ing, but  his  efforts  were  frustrated  by 
the  cardinals.  His  attempts  to  excite 
Zuinglius  and  Erasmus  against  Luther, 
were  also  without  success.  D.  1525. — 
Adri.vn  de  Costello,  a  Tuscan  of  great 
learning  and  ability,  who  received  the 
bishopries  of  Hereford,  Bath,  and  M'ells 
from  Henry  VII.  lie  sold  them  to  Car- 
dinal Wolscy,  and  retired  to  Italy,  where 
he  lived  in'  great  splendor  out  of  the 
revenues.  A  prophecv  that  an  Adrian 
should  succeed  Pope  Loo  X.,  betrayed 
him  into  a  conspiracy,  which  being  dis- 
covered, led  to  his  banishment.  What 
became  of  him  was  never  known. 

ADEIANI,  M^uRCEL  Vdjgil,  a  chan- 
cellor of  Florence,  who  translated  Dios- 
corides  out  of  Greek  into  Latin.  B.  1464 ; 
d.  1521. — John  Baptist,  secretary  of  the 
republic  of  Florence,  who  wrote  a  his- 
tory of  his  own  times.  B.  1513 ;  d.  1579. 
— Marcel,  his  son,  was  also  the  author 
of  some  works  as  professor  in  the  Acad- 
emy at  Florence.    D.  1604. 

ADRIANO,  a  Carmelite  friar,  who 
was  also  a  painter  in  Spain.    D.  1650. 

ADRICHOMIUS,  Ciiristlvn,  a  Dutch 
geographer  and  historian.  B.  1533  ;  d. 
1585. 

ADRY,  J.  F.,  a  French  professor  of 
rhetoric,  and  author  of  several  works, 
chiefly  histories.    B.  1749  ;  d.  1818. 

^DESIA,  a  female  philosopher  of  tho 
modern  Platonic  school,  wife  of  Ilcrmiab, 
and  mother  of  Ammouius.  She  was 
celebrated  for  her  beauty  and  virtue,  03 
well  as  her  devotion  to  philosophy. 

^GIDIUS,  CoLONNA,  a  Roman  mont, 


12 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    niOGRAPHY. 


[aer 


distingruishedas  the  scholastic  preceptor 
to  Philip  III.  of  France.  He  wrote  sev- 
eral able  metaphysical  Avorks,  such  as 
"  Tractatu  de  Esse  et  Essentia,"  and 
"  Quodlibota."  D.  151G.— Peter,  a  law- 
yer of  Antwerp,  educated  by  Erasmus, 
and  the  friond  of  Sir  Thomas  More. 
33.  1436;  d.  1533. 

^GIjS'ETA,  PArrrs,  a  medical  author, 
who  first  noticed  the  cathartic  A-irtues 
of  rhubarb.     1).  630. 

^(tINIIAKD,  a  German,  secretary  to 
Charlemaarne,  who  ivrote  the  annals  of 
his  reitrn  Yrom  741  to  889 ;  ftunous,  too, 
for  a  singular  love  adventure  with  the 
princess  "^Inmia,  daughter  of  Charle- 
magne ;  who,  carrying  him  across  a 
court-yard  from  her  chamber,  to  pre- 
vent the  traces  of  his  footsteps  in  the 
snow,  was  observed  by  the  emperor, 
who  generously  agreed  to  their  union. 

jELFKIC,  son  of  an  earl  of  Kent,  and 
archbishop  of  Canterbury  in  the  middle 
of  the  lOtli  century,  was  a  luminary  for 
the  age  in  wliich  he  lived.  He  became 
a  monk  of  the  Benedictine  order  at 
Abingdon,  nnder  the  abbot  Athelwold, 
who,  on  nis  promotion  to  the  see  of 
Wuichester,  took  yElfrio  with  him  to  in- 
struct youth  in  his  cathedral.  Here  he 
drew  up  his  "  Latin  Saxon  Vocabulary," 
which  was  published  at  Oxford  in  1659. 
He  also  translated  from  the  Latin  into 
the  Saxon  language  most  of  the  histori- 
cal books  of  the  Old  Testament,  as  well 
as  "  Canons  for  the  Kegulation  of  the 
Clergy,"  which  are  mserted  in  Spelman's 
Councils.  He  subsequently  became  ab- 
bot of  St.  Alban's,  and  composed  a 
liturgy  for  the  service  of  his  abbey, 
which  was  used  in  Leland's  time.  In 
989,  he  was  created  bishop  of  Wilton  • 
and,  in  904,  was  translated  to  the  see  of 
Canterbury.     D.  1005. 

^LL\N,  Claudius,  an  historian  and 
rhetorician,  was  born  in  Italy,  in  160. 
He  was  surnamed  Honeytongue,  on  ac- 
count of  the  sweetness  of  his  style. 

yELIANUS,  Meccius,  a  Greek  phy- 
sician of  the  second  century,  and  the 
master  of  Galen,  Avho  mentions  him  in 
terms  of  high  praise.  He  was  the  first 
who  made  use  of  the  theriaca  as  a  rem- 
edy and  preservative  against  the  plague. 

yELIUS,  Sextus  Poetus  Catus,  a  Ko- 
man  lawyer  who  was  made  consul  at  tlie 
close  of  the  second  Punic  war.  He  pub- 
lished a  collection,  entitled  "  Novella," 
which  were  called,  after  him,  the  iElian 
laws ;  and  was  author  of  "  Tripartite," 
the  oldest  treatise  on  jurisprudence  now 
known. 

^LST,  EvrninARD  van,  a  Dutch  paint- 


er. B.  at  Delft  in  1602 ;  d.  1658.  He 
was  famous  for  his  skiU  in  painting 
fruit  pieces  and  dead  game. — William, 
his  nephew,  also  distinguished  himself 
as  a  painter.     D.  1679. 

yEMlLIANI,  St.  Jekome,  a  Venetian 
nobleman,  who,  being  taken  prisoner  in 
his  youth,  made  a  vow  that,  on  his  re- 
lease, he  woidd  devote  his  life  to  the 
care  of  orphans.  In  pursuance  of  this 
pledge,  he  laid  the  foundation  of  a 
hospital  and  religious  order,  the  object 
of  which  was  to  instruct  young  persons, 
and  particularly  orphans,  in  religion. 
D.  1537. 

^MILIUS,  Paulus,  an  illustrious  Eo- 
man  general,  the  son  of  Paulus  Ji^milius, 
the  consul,  who  fell  at  Cannas,  was  b. 
about  228  b.  c.  He  greatly  enriched  his 
country  by  the  spoil  taken  in  his  war- 
fare with  Perses,  king  of  Macedon, 
whom  he  took  prisoner  to  Eome,  which 
was  so  great,  that  it  freed  the  Komans 
from  taxes  for  125  years. — Paulus,  an 
historian  of  great  celebrity,  b.  at  Verona. 
D.  1529. 

^NEAS,  or  iENGUS,  an  Irish  abbot 
or  bishop  of  the  8th  century,  who  com- 
piled a  curious  account  of  Irish  saints 
m  five  books,  and  also  wrote  the  history 
of  the  Old  Testament  in  verse.  D.  820.— 
Gazeus,  a  Platonic  philosopher,  who  em- 
braced Christianity  in  the  5th  century, 
and  wrote  a  book  on  the  Immortality  oi 
the  Soul,  «fcc. — Tacticus,  an  ancient 
Greek  writer,  who  flourished  about  860 
B.C.  He  is  one  of  the  oldest  authors  on. 
the  art  of  war. 

jEPINUS,  John,  a  Franciscan  friar, 
who  became  a  zealous  and  able  follower 
of  Luther,  and  pastor  of  the  church  of 
St.  Peter,  at  Ilamburgh.  B.  1499;  d. 
1553. 

^ESENS,  Peter,  called  by  the  Italians 
Pietro  Longo,  from  his  tallncss,  a  cele- 
brated painter,  b.  at  Amsterdam  in  1519. 
He  excelled  very  particularly  in  paint- 
ing kitchens  :  but  an  altar-piece  of  his, 
being  a  crucifix  representing  an  execu- 
tioner brealviug  with  an  iron  bar  the  legs 
of  the  thieves,  was  prodigiously  admired. 
This  noble  piece  was  destroyed  by  the 
rabble  in  the  time  of  the  insurrection, 
1566.  He  afterwards  complained  of  this 
to  the  populace  in  terms  of  such  sever- 
ity, that  more  than  once  they  were  going 
to  murder  him.    D.  1585. 

AEKTGEN,  a  painter  of  merit.  B.  at 
Leyden  in  1498.  It  was  a  custom  with 
this  painter  never  to  work  on  Mondays, 
but  to  devote  that  day  with  his  disciples 
to  the  bottle.  He  used  to  stroll  about 
the  streets  in  the  night,  playing  on  the 


AFU] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


i: 


Gormaia  flute ;  ami  iaone  of  those  frolics 
wus  drowned  in  1504. 

^■ESCIIINES,  u  philosopher  of  AUieaa, 
in  the  4tii  eeutury,  b.  c.  He  obtain- 
ed instruction  from  Socrates,  by  whom 
ho  was  much  esteemed. — yEscHiNEs,  a 
celebrated  orator,  b.  at  Athens  327  b.  c, 
and  d.  at  Samos,  atfcd  75.  lie  was  a  co- 
temporary  and  rival  of  Demosthenes. 

yESCli'YLUS,  one  of  the  most  famous 
trayic  writers  of  Gi'eece,  was  born  at 
Athens  about  500  years  b.  c.  His  mind 
very  early  received  an  impulse  from  the 
Doc'try  of  Homer ;  and,  before  his  25th 
year,  he  composed  pieces  for  public  rep- 
resentation. So  great  was  his  fertility, 
that  he  wrote  7u  tragedies,  of  which  ;i5 
trained  the  prize.  He  may  be  called  the 
father  of  tlie  Grecian  stage,  and  has 
never  been  surpassed,  unless  by  Shak- 
ppeare.  Jilian  relates  that  when  he  was 
once  charged  by  the  Athenians  with 
uttering  blasphemies,  and  condemned 
to  be  stoned  to  death,  they  were  just 
going  to  put  the  sentence  in  execution, 
when  Amiuias,  with  a  happy  presence 
of  mind,  throwing  aside  his  cloak, 
showed  his  arm  without  a  hand,  which 
he  had  lost  at  the  battle  of  Salamis  in 
defence  of  his  country.  This  sight 
made  such  an  impression  on  the  judges, 
that,  touched  with  the  remembrance  of 
his  valor,  and  the  friendship  he  showed 
for  his  brother,  thev  pardoned  Jisehy- 
lus.  After  having  lived  some  years  at 
Gela,  we  are  told  that  he  died  of  a  frac- 
ture of  his  skull,  caused  by  an  eagle's 
letting  fall  a  tortoise  on  his  head,  in  the 
C9th  year  of  his  age. 

Ji^SOP,  the  Phrygian,  lived  in  the 
time  of  Solon,  about  the  50th  Olympiad, 
under  the  reign  of  Croesus,  the  last  King 
of  Lydia.  St.  Jerome,  speaking  of  him, 
says,  he  was  unfortunate  in  his  birth, 
condition,  and  death,  hinting  thereby 
at  his  deformity,  servile  state,  and  tra- 
gical end.  His'  great  genius,  however, 
enabled  him  to  support  his  misfortunes ; 
and,  in  order  to  alleviate  the  hardships 
of  servitude,  he  composed  those  enter- 
taining and  instructive  fables  which 
have  acquired  him  so  much  reputation; 
and  he  is  generally  supposed  to  have 
been  the  inventor  of  that  kind  of  wri- 
ting. Having  had  several  masters,  for 
lie  was  born  a  slave,  ^Esop  at  length 
came  under  a  philosopher  named  Xan- 
thus,  and  it  was  in  Ins  service  that  he 
first  displayed  his  genius  I'or  fable.  He 
was  afterwards  sold  to  Idmon,  or  lad- 
mon,  the  philosopher,  who  enfranchised 
him.  After  he  had  recovered  his  lib- 
erty, he  soon  acquired  a  great  reputa- 
•2 


tion  amon^  the  Greeks ;  uo  that,  accord- 
ing to  Mczn-iac,  the  report  of  his  wisdom 
having  reached  Croesus,  this  l<iug  sent 
to  inquire  after  him,  and  engaged  him 
in  his  service.  He  travelled  tlu'ough 
Greece,  according  to  the  same  author ; 
but  whether  for  his  own  pleasure,  or 
upon  the  atfairs  of  Croesus,  fs  uncertain. 
Passing  by  Athens  soon  after  Pisistra- 
tus  had  usurped  the  sovereign  power, 
and  finding  that  the  Athenians  bore  the 
yoke  very  impatiently,  he  told  them  the 
fable  of  tlie  frogs  who  petitioned  Jupiter 
for  a  king.  Some  relate,  that  in  order 
to  show  that  the  life  of  man  is  full  of 
miseries,  ^Esop  used  to  say,  that  when 
Prometheus  took  the  clay  to  form  man 
he  tempered  it  with  tears.  jEsop  was 
put  to  death  at  Delphi.  The  inhabitants 
of  Delphi  contrived  an  accusation  of 
sacrilege  against  him,  and,  pretending 
that  they  had  convicted  him,  threw  him 
headlong  from  a  rock.  They  afterwards 
endeavored  to  make  an  atonement  by 
raising  a  pyramid  to  his  honor. — Clo- 
Dius,  a  celebrated  actor,  who  flourished 
about  the  670th  year  of  Eome.  He  and 
Eoseius  were  cotemporaries,  and  both 
friends  of  Cicero.  lie  left  a  fortune  of 
£1(50,000. 

iETlON,  a  Grecian  painter  of  Alex- 
ander's time. 

jtETIUS,  a  famous  Eoman  general 
under  Valcntinian  III.  —  Also,  a  phy- 
sician of  Mesopotamia,  who  was  the  first 
Christian  physician  whose  writings  have 
eome  down  to  us. 

AFEE,  DoMiTirs,  a  great  orator,  con- 
sul under  Caligula. 

AFFLITTO,  Matthew,  an  Italian 
lawver  and  writer  on  law,  who  died  in 
1678. 

AFFEY,  Louis  Augustine  Philip,  a 
Swiss  statesman  and  commander,  who 
bore  a  prominent  part  from  the  com- 
mencement of  the  i  rench  revolution  till 
his  death,  in  1810. 

AFEANIA,  of  Ferrara,  inventor  of 
the  bassoon,  in  the  IGth  century. 

AFEANIUS,  a  Latin  dramatist,  who 
flourished  100  b.  c. — A  Eoman  senator, 
who  wrote  a  satire  on  Nero,  for  which 
he  was  put  to  death. 

AFEICANUS,  JuLirs,  a  Christian 
historian,  of  221. 

AFEICANEE,  Christian,  a  Nama- 
qua  chief  of  South  Africa,  who,  after  a 
long  career  of  violence  and  bloodshed, 
was  converted  to  Christianity,  and  con- 
tinued to  aid  the  operations  of  the  mis- 
sionaries at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  till 
his  death  in  1823.  An  interesting  ac- 
cotmt  of  his  life  and  adventures  will  be 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY, 


[agi 


found  in  Moffat's  "Missionary  Labors 
and  Scenes  in  Southern  Africa." 

AFZELIUS,  Adam,  the  hist  pupil  of 
Linnieuis,  ii  liiiiruis^t  and  botanist  of  tlie 
university  of  Upsul. — Jonx  and  Peter, 
his  brotliers,  are  professors  at  the  same 
phice,  the  one  of  clicniistry,  the  other 
of  medicine. — Andkis  Eric,  a  near 
rehitive,  is  teacher  in  the  faculty  of  law, 
at  Abo. — Arvid  Augustus,  a  clergyman 
of  Enkopinsr,  who  has  published  much 
on  the  early  literature  of  the  North,  and 
written  dramas. 

AGAPETUS    I.,  pope  in  535,  who 

gawned  the  sacred  vessels  to  enable 
im  to  travel  to  Constantinople. — The 
second  of  the  name  was  chosen  in  941;. 

AGAKD,  Aktuur,  an  English  anti- 
quarian.    15.  1540;  d.  1G15. 

AGARDII,  Ch.\rles  Adolphus,  pro- 
fessor of  botany  in  the  univensity  of 
Lund,  Sweden. 

AGASIAS,  a  sculptor  of  Ephesus, 
who  nuide  the  immortal  gladiator  which 
was  found  with  the  Apollo  Belvidcre,  at 
Antium. 

AGASSIZ,  LouB,  one  of  the  most 
eminent  naturalists  of  the  day,  b.  at 
Orbc,  Switzerland,  in  1S07,  educated  at 
the  universities  of  Zurich,  Heidelberg, 
and  Munich,  has  published  extensively 
on  subjects  of  natural  history,  but 
chiefly  on  Fishes  and  Molluscs.  He  is 
now  "(1851)  a  professor  at  Cambridge, 
near  Boston. 

AGATIIO,  a  tragic  and  comic  writer 
lit  Athens,  in  935  b.  c. 

AGATIIO(^LES,  the  Sicilian  tyrant, 
was  b.  in  Rlicgium,  in  Italy,  and  became 
successively  a'  soldier,  centurion,  gen- 
eral, and  pirate.  After  defeating  the 
Carthaginians,  he  proclaimed  himself 
king  of  all  Sicily.  His  soldiers,  on  ac- 
count of  arrears,  obliged  him  to  fly  from 
his  camp,  and  murdered  bis  sons,  wliom 
he  had  left  behind.  Keturning  with  a 
strong  force,  he  put  to  death  the  muti- 
neers, with  their  wives  and  children. 
Unable  to  live  in  tranquillity  and  inac- 
tion, though  now  far  advanced  in  years, 
lie  made  an  expedition  into  Italy,  and 
thence  to  the  Lipari  Islands,  which  he 
laid  under  contrioution,  and  plundered 
of  all  the  treasures  of  the  temples.  After 
his  return  he  is  said  to  liave  been 
poisoned  by  means  of  an  envenomed 
toothpick,  aged  05. 

AGI^LAS,  an  admired  Greek  sculptor, 
who  lived  about  435  E.  c. 

AGELXOTH,  an  Ani.do-Sa.xon  pre- 
late, promoted  to  the  see  of  Canterbury 
in  1020.     D.  1038. 

AGELIUS,  AxTUONT,  a  learned  eccle- 


siastic of  Naples  in  the  16tli  ecnturj'.  D. 
1608. 

AGEE,  or  AGEEIUS,  Nicholas,  a 
physician  and  botanist  in  the  17th  cen- 
tury, and  professor  of  medicine  at  Stras- 
burgh. 

AGESANDER,  a  Ehodian  sculptor, 
supposed  to  have  lived  in  the  5th  cen- 
tury B.  c.  He  is  celebrated  by  having, 
in  conjunction  with  his  sons,  executed 
that  admirable  monument  of  Grecian 
art,  the  Laocoon,  which  was  discovered 
in  the  16th  century  in  the  baths  of  Titus. 
•  AGESILAUS,  "king  of  Sparta,  suc- 
ceeded his  brother  Agis.  He  acquired 
great  renown  by  his  exploits  against  the 
Persians,  and  also  against  the  Thebans 
and  Athenians,  but  was  defeated  by 
Epaminondas.     D.  360  b.  c. 

AGGAS,  Ealph,  a  surveyor  and  en- 
OTaver  of  the  16th  century,  who  first 
drew  a  plan  of  London,  which,  although 
referrecl  to  the  time  of  Henry  VIII.  and 
Edward  VI.,  appears  not  to  have  been 
made  on  wood  until  about  1560.  It  was 
republished  in  1618,  and  re-engraved  by 
Vertue  in  1748.     D.  1579. 

AGILULF,  king  of  the  Lombards, 
crowned  at  MUan  in  591.  Soon  after  his 
accession,  he  quitted  the  Arian  com- 
munion for  the  Catholic,  in  which  he 
was  Ibllowed  by  numbers  of  his  subjects, 
many  of  whom  had  hitherto  been  Pagans. 
D.  in  619. 

AGIS  III.,  king  of  Sparta,  succeeded 
his  father,  Arehidamus,  346  b.  o.  He 
was  a  prince  of  great  magnanimity  ;  and, 
though  he  detested  the  Macedonian 
domination,  he  would  not  expose  his 
country  to  ruin  by  resisting  it,  until 
Alexander  was  deeply  eno:aged  in  bis 
Persian  expedition;  when  he  raised  an 
army  of  20,000  men,  ■which  was  defeated 
by  Antipater,  governor  of  Macedou,  and 
Agis  himself  slain,  387  b.  c. — Agis  IV., 
king  of  Sjiarta,  was  the  son  of  Eudami- 
das,  and  celebrated  by  his  virtues  and 
death.  His  first  attempt  was  to  renew 
the  original  law  for  the  equal  division  of 
landed  property,  which  was  opposed  by 
a  ]>arty,  at  the  head  of  which  was  his 
colleague,  Leonidas.  The  latter  was 
deposed,  and  the  joint  sovereignty  de- 
volved to  his  son  Cleombrotns,  who 
entered  into  the  views  of  Agis.  Pre- 
viously, however,  to  a  partition  of  the 
lands,  Agesilaus,  uncle  to  Agis,  who  was 
deeply  in  debt,  proposed  the  abolition 
of  all  debts,  which  would  render  the 
former  measure  more  palatable.  This 
deed  accomplished,  the  influential  and 
wily  Spartan  found  means  to  postpone 
the   otner   equalizing    operation,   until 


agr] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOonAPIIV. 


15 


Acris  was  oblifred  to  march  on  an  cxpe- 
dhion.  During  liis  absence,  Agesiluus 
conducted  liiinscir  so  tyrannically,  tbat 
a  conspiracy  was  fonned  to  restoVe  tbe 
deposed  king,  Lconidas ;  which  suc- 
ceeding, Agis  and  his  colleague,  Cleom- 
brotus,  took  sanctuary  in  a  temple.  Tlie 
latter  was  iunucdiiitely  dragged  fortli 
fliii.l  banislied,  but  Agis  remained  a  con- 
siderable time  in  safety,  until  his  friends 
were  bi'ibed  to  betray  him,  and  he  was 
thrown  into  a  prison.  lie  suffered  death 
with  ereat  matrnanimitv,  241  b.  c. 

AGLIONBY,  EowARn,  an  old  English 
poet,  who  wrote  a  gencuilogy  of  Queen 
Eliziiheth,  for  which  she  granted  him  a 
pension. — -John,  a  learned  divine,  cliap- 
lain  to  Queen  Elizabeth  ;  was  concerned 
in  the  present  translation  of  tbe  New 
Testament,  and  d.  at  Islip,  in  1610. — 
AV'iLLiAM,  an  English  diplon\atist  and 
polite  writer,  of  the  17th  and  IStb  cen- 
turies ;  author  of  a  book  entitled  "Paint- 
ing Illustrated." 

AGNELLUS,  Andrew,  an  abbot  of 
Eavenna,  in  the  9th  centnrv,  often 
confounded  with  a  bishop  of  l^avenna 
of  the  same  name  in  the  6th  century. 
Agnellus  wrote  a  history  of  the  lives  of 
the  prelates  of  Eavenna,  which  is  often 
quoted  by  Jerome  Eubens,  and  is  full 
of  uninteresting  matter  but  deserved 
sarcasm  upon  the  debauchery  of  the 
monks. 

AGXEST,  Maria  Gaetana,  a  learned 
Italian  lady.  B.  at  Milan,  in  1718'.  In 
her  ninth  year  she  spoke  the  Latin  with 
correctness,  and  also  delivered  an  oration 
ill  this  language,  in  which  she  maintain- 
ed that  the  study  of  the  ancient  languages 
was  proper  for  females.  In  her  eleventh 
year,  she  is  said  to  have  spoken  Greek 
as  fluently  as  her  mother  tongue.  She 
now  proceeded  to  perfect  herself  in  the 
oriental  laiiguaijes,  so  that  she  was  usu- 
ally called  a  Uviny  polijglot.  She  next 
studied  geometry  and  speculative  phi- 
losophy. Shortly  subsequent  to  her 
twentieth  year  she  devoted  herself  to 
mathematies.  and  composed  a  treatise 
on  conic  sections ;  l)csiiles  which,  in  her 
thirtieth  year,  she  published  a  work  on 
the  rudiments  of  analysis,  which  has 
been  considered  as  the  best  introduction 
to  Enlcr.  This  gained  her  so  much  rep- 
utation, that  she  was  appointed,  in  her 
thirty-second  j'ear,  professor  of  math- 
ematics at  the  university  of  Bologna. 
But  her  deep  study  of  this  abstruse 
science  seems  to  have  cast  a  glooni  over 
her  spirits;  and,  secluding  herself  alto- 
gether from  society,  retired  to  the  strict 
order  of  blue  nuns,  and  d.  1799,  in  her 


ei,^hty-first  year. — Maria  Teresa,  sister 
of  the  above,  was  a  musician  of  much 
genius.  B.  at  Milan,  1750.  She  com- 
posed tliree  ojperas,  "  Sophonisba," 
"  Ciro,"  and  "  jSitocri." 

AGNOLO,  Baccio  d',  a  Florentine 
sculptor  and  architect  of  great  reputa- 
tion.    B.  1460;  d.  ir.43. 

AGOB.VED,  archbishop  of  Lyons, 
was  one  of  the  most  celebrated  prelates 
of  the  9th  century.  His  works  were 
buried  in  obscurity,  until  the  manuscript 
of  them  was  accidentally  found  in  a 
bookseller's  shop  at  Lyons.     D.  840. 

AGOP,  John,  a  learned  Armenian 
critic  and  grannnarian  of  the  17th  cen- 
tury. His  works  were  printed  at  Eome, 
1675. 

AGOEACEITES,  a  Grecian  statuary 
in  the  5th  century  b.c.  He  was  a  pupil 
of  Phidias,  and  one  of  the  most  skillul 
artists  of  his  time. 

AGOSTINI,  LioNARDo,  an  eminent 
antiquary  of  the  17th  century,  officially 
employed  by  Pope  Alexander  VII. 

AGOSTINO,  Paul,  of  Valerano,  a 
celebrated  musician.    B.  1593;  d.  1629. 

AGOULT,  William  d',  a  Provemjal 
poet.     D.  1181. 

AGEEDA,  Maria  d',  the  writer  of 
some  wild  legends,  was  b.  at  Agreda,  in 
Spain,  in  1602  ;  took  the  veil,  1620,  in  a 
convent  founded  by  her  father  and 
mother,  dedicated  to  the  "  Immaculate 
Conception,"  of  which  she  was  chosen 
superior,  1627,  and  d.  1665. 

AGEICOLA,  CxEirs  JrLirs,  an  em- 
inent Eoman  commander,  b.  a.  d.  40,  in 
the  reign  of  Caligula.  His  first  military 
service  was  under  Suetonius  Paulinus  in 
Britain ;  and,  on  his  return  to  Rome,  he 
was  made  quaestor  in  Asia,  and  became 
tribune  of  the  people  ond  pnctor  under 
Nero.  By  Vespasian,  whose  cause  he 
espoused,  he  was  made  a  patrician  and 
governor  of  Aquitania ;  the  dignity  of 
consul  followed;  and,  in  the  same  yeai, 
77,  he  married  his  daughter  to  Tacitus, 
the  historian,  who  has  so  admirably 
written  his  life.  Next  year  he  was  ap- 
pointed governor  of  Britain  ;  extended 
his  conquests  into  Scotland ;  and  built  a 
chain  of  torts  from  the  Clyde  to  the 
Frith  of  Forth,  to  prevent  the  incui-siona 
of  the  inhabitants  of  the  North.  He  de- 
feated Gali,^icus  on  the  Grampian  Hills, 
and  then  made  peace  with  the  Caledo- 
nians. On  the  accession  of  Domitian, 
Affricola  had  a  triumph  decreed  him, 
but  he  was  recalled,  and  sent  governor 
to  Syria,  where  he  d.  a.  n.  <io  ;  aged  54. 
• — George,  the  most  celebrated  metallur- 
gist of  his  time.  B.  at  Glaucheu,  Misnia, 


16 


CYCLOP.^DIA    OF    1310GRAPHV. 


[agtj 


in  149-i,  and  d.  1555. — Geokge  Andke-w, 
a  Gei'man  physician,  author  of  a  ciiriouis 
work  on  the  muUiplieation  of  trees  and 
phmts.  B.  at  Eatisbon,  1672,  and  d. 
17oS. — Jonx,  a  polemical  writer  of  ce- 
lebrity. B.  at  Esleben,  Saxony,  149-J, 
and  d.  at  Berlin,  150(3.  From  beino^  the 
friend  and  sciiolar,  he  became  the  antag- 
onist of  Martin  Luther,  against  whom, 
as  well  as  Melancthon,  he  maintained  a 
spirited  controversy,  advocating  the  doe- 
ti'inc  of  faith  in  opposition  to  the  works 
of  the  law,  whence  the  sect,  of  which  he 
became  leader,  received  the  name  of 
Antinomians. — Kodolphcs,  one  of  the 
most  learned  men  in  the  loth  century, 
spoken  of  both  by  Erasmus  and  Bayle 
with  great  respect.  B.  in  Fricslaud,  1442, 
and  d.  14S4.  lie  was  the  tirst  who  in- 
troduced the  Greek  language  into  Ger- 
many. 

AGRIPPA.  C.V1IILLE,  a  celebrated 
architect  of  Milan  in  the  16th  century, 
who,  under  the  pontificate  of  Gregory 
XIII.,  accomplished  the  removal  of  a 
vast  obelisk  to  St.  Peter's  Square.— 
EIenkt  Corxelics,  was  b.  in  14S6,  at 
Cologne,  of  a  noble  family.  He  became 
secretary  to  tlie  emperor  ^laximilian,  by 
whom  he  was  knighted  for  his  liravery 
in  the  Italian  wars.  He  next  travelled 
through  various  parts  of  Europe,  and, 
while  in  England,  wrote  a  commentary 
on  St.  Paul's^Epistles.  In  1518  he  set- 
tled at  Metz,  wliich  place,  howevei',  he 
was  obliged  to  quit,  at  the  instigation  of 
the  monks,  and  went  to  Cologne,  and 
thence  to  Geneva.  He  next  travelled  to 
Antwerp,  in  152S,  and  was  taken  into 
the  service  of  Margaret  of  Austria,  gov- 
erness of  the  Low  Countries.  In  15.30 
he  published  his  treatise  of  the  "Vanity 
of  the  Sciences,"  and  soon  afterwards 
his  "Oecidt  Philosophy."  In  15:55  he 
was  at  Lyons,  where  he  was  imprisoned 
for  defamiug  the  king's  mother,  but 
soon  obtained  his  discliar^e,  and  d.  the 
same  year  at  Grenoble.  All  his  works 
were  collected  and  printed  at  Lyons, 
1550,  in  3  vols. — I.,  IIeuod,  grandson  of 
Herod  the  Great.  He  trave  great  otfence 
to  Tiberius,  who  threw  him  into  prison ; 
but,  on  Caligula's  succession,  was  not 
only  released,  but  received  from  that 
emperor  a  golden  chain  equal  in  weight 
to  the  iron  one  he  had  worn  in  his  con- 
finement, as  also  the  kingdom  of  .Judca. 
He  commenced  a  persecution  of  the 
Christians,  in  which  the  apostle  St. 
James  perished ;  and  he  is  tiie  person 
represented  to  have  h-cn  eaten  by 
worms,  on  account  of  his  impiety  in  ac- 
cepting tlio  adoration  of  the  people. — 


IL,  Herod,  son  and  successor  of  the 
preceding,  was  the  seventh  and  last  of 
the  Jewish  monarchs  of  the  family  of 
Ilerod  the  Great.  It  was  before  thia 
prince  that  St.  Paul  pleaded  his  cause 
with  so  much  eloquence,  that  Agrippa 
acknowledged  he  had  almost  persuaded 
him  to  be  a  Christian.  lie  d.  at  Eome 
about  the  year  'J4. — Marcus  Vipsamus, 
the  celebrated  friend  and  general  of 
Augustus  Ciesar.  D.  12  b.  c. — Menenius, 
consul  of  Rome,  503  b.  c.  He  is  cele- 
brated for  having  appeased  a  commotion 
among  the  Romans,  by  the  political  fable 
of  the  belly  and  the  members  ;  and  d.  at 
an  advanced  age,  very  poor,  but  uni- 
versally esteemed  for  his  wisdom  and 
intcffrity. 

AGRiPPINA,  the  elder,  daughter  of 
Marcus  Agrmpa,  was  married  in  the  first 
instance  to  Tiberius,  who  divorced  her, 
and  she  became  the  wife  of  Germanicus 
Cajsar,  whom  she  accompanied  in  his 
military  expeditions.  On  the  death  of 
the  latter  at  Autioch,  a.  d.  19,  she  return- 
ed to  Rome.  Tiberius,  jealous  of  the 
atlection  of  the  i^eople  for  Agrippina, 
banished  her  to  a  small  island,  where 
she  d.  of  hunger,  in  35. — Agrippina,  the 
younger,  daughter  of  the  foregoing,  and 
mother  of  Nero,  was  at  once  cruel  and 
licentious.  After  losing  two  husbands, 
she  married  her  uncle,  the  emperor 
Claudius,  whom  she  poisoned  in  54,  to 
make  way  for  her  son  Nero,  who  caixsed 
her  to  be  assassinated,  and  exhibited  to 
the  senate  a  list  of  all  the  crimes  of 
which  she  had  been  guUtv. 

AGUESSEAU,  He.nry 'Francis  d',  the 
descendant  of  a  noble  fomily  of  Sain- 
tontre,  was  b.  at  Limoges,  1668,  and  after 
completing  his  education,  which  was 
begun  under  the  direction  of  his  father, 
he  cultivated  poetry  with  taste  and  ele- 
gance, and  acquired  the  esteem  and 
friendship  of  men  of  letters,  particularly 
of  Boileau  and  Racine.  In  the  office  of 
advocate-general  of  Paris,  in  1691,  and 
nine  years  after,  of  procurer-general,  he 
displayed  all  the  energies  of  his  nature ; 
he  gave  vigor  and  support  to  the  laws, 
banished  corruption  from  the  tribunals, 
and  distributed  justice  with  an  impartial 
hand.  His  attention  was  particularly 
directed  to  the  management  of  the  hos- 
pitals ;  and  in  the  enlarged  views  of  a 
benevolent  heart,  he  often  resisted  with 
boldness  and  success  the  intrigues  of 
royal  favorites,  and  even  the  prejudices 
of  Louis  XIV.  After  this  monarch's 
death  he  was  appointed  by  the  Duke  of 
Orleans,  the  regent,  to  succeed  Voisin 
as  chancellor,  and  by  his  eloquence  and 


aik] 


CYCLOPyEDIA    Ot'    13IOGRAPHV. 


17 


firmness  he  opposed  and  rejected  the 
Bchcmcs  of  Law,  whicli  were  afterwards 
loo  fatall}  adopted,  and  hurled  the  whole 
kinirdon)  into  nun  and  despondency. 
The  machinations  of  his  eneinies  were, 
liowever,  too  powerful  apainst  his  intp<r- 
rity  of  conduct,  and  A(,niesseau  was 
twice  ohliijcd  to  resitfii  the  seals,  and  re- 
tire in  dis<rrace,  and  twice  asjain  he  was 
solicited  by  the  rcffcnt  to  resume  a  situ- 
iilion  which  he  adorned  and  dit,'nified. 
His  moderation  and  equity  were  ever 
ai)])arcnt,  and  in  his  retirement  at 
Frcsncs,  where,  as  he  says,  he  passed 
the  fairest  days  of  his  life,  the  chancel- 
lor of  France  was  emp'oyed  in  the  edu- 
cation of  his  children,  in  literary  pursuits, 
and  often  amused  himself  in  ditrginir  the 
oTound.  Temperance  and  cheerfulness 
added  to  the  pleasures  of  science,  and 
contributed  to  the  health  of  the  body 
and  vigor  of  the  mind,  and  till  his  8i)th 
year  he  enjoyed  a  robust  constitution. 
At  this  advanced  age  infirmities  came 
upon  him,  he  resigned  the  office  of  chan- 
cellor, and  d.  soon  after,  on  the  9th  of 
February,  1751. 

AGUILLON,  Francis,  an  eminent 
mathematician,  was  a. Jesuit  of  Brussels, 
and  d.  at  Senile,  1G17. 

AGUIRRA,  Joseph  Saexs  d',  a  Span- 
ish Benedictine,  made  cardinal  by  In- 
nocent XI.  He  wrote  voluminously  on 
theology,  philosophy,  &c.     D.  1(599. 

AGUJAKI,  LucRKTiA,  a  celebrated 
singer  of  Parma,  who  received  a  sal- 
arv  of  £100  a-night  for  two  songs.  D. 
1783. 

AGYL^US,  IIenrt,  a  lavr^-er  and 
general  scholar.     B.  1533;  d.  1595. 

AIILWAET,  Peter,  a  learned  Ger- 
man, son  of  a  shoemaker  at  Greifswald, 
where  he  was  b.  in  1710,  and  d.  1791. 
He  was  the  founder  of -the  Society  of 
Abelites,  the  object  of  which  was  to  pro- 
mote sinceritv. 

AHMED-BEN-FAEES,  siirnamod  El 
Razi,  an  Arabian  lexicographer  and 
lawver.     D.  999. 

AHMED  -  IH>:N  -  MOHAMMED,  or 
ABOU  A:\IR0U,  a  Spanish  Moor,  who 
■wrote  poems  in  the  Eastern  style,  and  an 
historical  work  on  the  annals  of  Spain. 
D.  in  970. 

AHMED  RESMY  HA-II,  a  Turkish 
historian,  who  was  counsellor  of  the 
Divan,  and  chancellor  to  the  Sultan 
Mustapha  III. 

AHMED  SHATI  EL  ABDALY,  foun- 
der of  the  kingdom  of  Candahar  and 
Caubul.     D.  1773. 

AHRENDT,  or  ARENTS,  Martin 
Frkderic,  an  antiquary  and  paleograph- 


er, was  a  native  of  Holstein.  He  spctt 
forty  years  in  travelling  on  foot  through 
Norway,  Sweden,  Denmark,  Franco, 
Spain,  Italy,  and  other  parts  of  Europe, 
in  search  of  Scandinavian  antiquities  and 
Runic  monuments,  and  earned  on  an 
extensive  correspondence  with  his  learn- 
ed cotemporarics  relative  to  thS  objects 
of  his  investigation.     D.  1824. 

AIDAN,  a  monk,  who  converted  a 
large  portion  of  the  northern  part  of 
Britain  to  Christianity.     I).  051. 

AIGNAN,  Stephen',  a  F'rench  ^\Titer, 
and  a  member  of  the  Academy.  He  was 
a  zealous  republican,  and  at  the  early 
acre  of  19,  in  the  fiercest  time  of  the  rev- 
olution, was  appointed  to  an  official  sit- 
uation in  the  district  of  Oi-leans.  Ho 
subsequently  filled  ofiices  under  Napo- 
leon; and  also  distinguished  himself  as 
the  author  of  several  dramas  and  poems, 
as  well  as  by  the  translation  of  part  of 
the  works  of  Goldsmith  and  Pope.  B. 
1773;  d.  1825. 

AIKIN,  EoinjND,  an  architect,  and 
the  author  of  an  account  of  St.  Paul's 
Cathedral.  D.  1820.— Joiix,  M.  D.,  b. 
1747,  at  Kibworth,  Leicestershire,  was 
the  only  son  of  Dr.  T.  Aikin,  a  dissent- 
ing minister  and  schoolmaster.  Ho 
commenced  his  education  at  home  ;  from 
thence  he  went  to  the  dissenters'  acad- 
emy at  Warrington,  and  in  1764  became 
a  student  in  the  university  of  Edin- 
burgh ;  settled  in  Chester  as  a  surgeon, 
but  soon  removed  to  Warrington,  where 
he  remained  until  1784,  in  whicli  year 
he  proceeded  to  Leyden,  and  graduated 
as  a  physician.  On  his  return  he  went 
to  Yarmouth,  Norfolk,  where,  with  little 
interruption,  he  continued  till  1792, 
when  he  removed  to  London.  Dr. 
Aikin  devoted  himself  chiefly  to  liter- 
ature, in  which  he  was  eminently  suc- 
cessful. In  179G  he  became  the  editor 
of  the  Monthly  Magazine,  which  he 
superintended  from  its  commencement 
tiU  1800.  In  1799  he  published,  in  con- 
junction with  Dr.  Enfield,  the  first 
Volume  of  a  Genend  Biographical  Dic- 
tionarv,  in  4to,  which,  however,  was  not 
completed  till  1815.     D.  1822. 

AIRMAN,  WiLLiAii,  son  of  an  advo- 
cate of  Scotland  of  the  same  name,  was 
b.  1784,  and  brought  up  to  the  profes- 
sion of  his  father.  A  natural  bias  for 
the  arts,  however,  prevailed  upon  the 
son  to  relinquish  the  honors  of  tlie 
Scotch  bar  for  distinction  in  the  cultiva- 
tion of  painting  ;  and  an  absence  of  five 
years  in  visiting  Italy  and  Constantino- 
ple and  Smyrna,  served  to  improve  and 
adorn  his  uiind,  and  enlarge  and  con-oct 


18 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[ala 


hi3  taste.  As  his  fortune  was  indepen- 
dent he  did  not  court  the  patronage  of 
the  great  by  Hattery,  and  to  his  merit 
alone  he  Avas  indebted  for  the  esteem  of 
John  duke  of  Argyle,  and  of  the  earl 
of  Burlington,  and  for  the  aifectionate 
friendship  of  Allan  Kamsay,  Thomson, 
Switt,  P»pe,  Arbuthiiot,  Gay,  Somer- 
ville,  anrl  the  other  wits  of  the  age.  His 
genius  was  exerted  in  portrait  painting, 
and  many  of  those  who  then  shone  in 
rank  and  fashion  will  receive  more  ce- 
lebrity from  his  pencil  than  from  their 
own  merit.  A  picture  of  the  royal  fam- 
ily of  England,  now  in  possession  of  the 
duke  of  Devonshire,  and  several  por- 
traits of  the  earl  of  Buckingham's  tam- 
•ilv,  were  among  the  last  of  his  pieces. 
l5.  1V31. 

AILBY,  Peter  r>\  a  cardinal  and 
legate,  chancellor  of  the  university  of 
Paris,  and  president  of  the  famous 
Council  of  Constance,  which  condemned 
John  Hnss.     B.  1350 ;  d.  1419. 

AIXSWORTII,  llEXET,  a  biblical 
commentator  of  much  learning  and 
aeuteness,  who  was  among  the  most 
eminent  of  the  English  non-conformist 
divines  of  his  time.  D.  1622. — Eobert, 
a  grannnarian,  whose  Latin  dictionary 
is  well  known.  B.  at  Woodyale,  Lanca- 
shire, 1600;  d.  1743. 

AlEAULT,  Peter,  an  advocate  of 
Paris,  b.  at  Angers,  where  he  also  d., 
1001,  July  21st,  in  his  OSth  year.  As  a 
masistratc  he  behaved  with  firmness 
and  integrity,  and  was  deservedly  called 
the  rock  of  the  accused.  lie  left  ten 
children,  the  eldest  of  whom,  Eenc,  was 
intrusted  to  the  Jesuits  for  his  educa- 
tion, and  induced  to  enter  into  the  order, 
from  which  he  never  could  extricate 
liiinself,  though  his  father  procured  the 
interest  of  the  kincr  of  France  and  of  the 
pope.  Rene  d.  at  la  Fleche,  1064,  in  his 
7"th  year.  His  father  wrote  some 
treatises,  especially  on  the  power  of 
fathers,  (tc. 

ATTOX,  William,  a  botanist  of  Lan- 
arkshire, and  head-gardener  to  George 
ITT.  at  Kew.  He  formed  the  best  col- 
lection of  exotics  then  known,  and  pub- 
lished a  eataloorue  of  them.     T>.  1793. 

AITKEX,  Robert,  a  printer,  who  was 
imprisoned  by  the  British  during  the 
American  revolution,  for  his  attachment 
to  liberty.  He  published  a  magazine,  an 
edition  of  the  Bible,  and  the  Am.  Phil. 
Trans.     1).  1802. 

ATTZE^fA.  Leo,  of  Friesland,  -ttToto 
a  history  of  the  United  Provinces.  B. 
1600;  d.  1069. 

AK  ALI  A,  ^rARTix,  physician  to  TIenry 


III.,  and  author  of  several  medical  books. 
B.  1479  ;  d.  ir-,8S. 

AKBAH,  a  celebrated  Saracen,  who 
conquered  the  whole  of  Africa. 

AKBEE,  Mohammed,  a  descendant  of 
Tamerlane,  and  sultan  of  the  Moguls, 
who  ascended  the  throne  when  he  was 
only  14,  and  became  distinguished  as  a 
great  conqueror,  but  a  wise  and  clement 
monarch. 

AKENSIDE,  Mark,  a  physician  of 
note,  but  more  distinguished  as  a  poet. 
He  was  b.  at  Newcastle-upon-TjTic,  in 
1721.  and  educated  at  Edinburgh  and 
Leyden.  "When  only  23  years  of  age  he 
wrote  a  poem  on  the  "  Pleasures  of 
Imagination,"  which  gave  him  a  poeticid 
fame  which  has  lasted  to  the  present  day. 
He  also  wrote  several  odes,  a  satire,  and 
some  medical  books,  all  of  more  or  less 
merit.    D.  1770. 

AKERLAD,  Johx  David,  a  Swede, 
distinguished  as  an  orientalist  and  anti- 
quary.    D.  1819. 

AlvIBA,  a  Jewish  rabbi,  of  literary 
taste,  who  joined  Bareochebas,  a  pre- 
tended Messiah,  and  was  flayed  alive, 
at  the  age  of  120,  by  the  emperor  Ha- 
drian. 

ALABASTER,  William,  an  English 
divine,  author  of  a  Latin  tragedy  called 
Roxana,  and  a  pentaglot  dictionary.  D. 
1640. 

ALAIX,  Chartier,  author  of  the 
"  Chronicles  of  Charles  VH.,"  and  other 
French  works,  in  the  14th  century.— 
De  Lisle,  surnamed  the  Universal  Doc- 
tor, because  of  his  learning.     D.  1294. 

ALAMANXI,  Louis,  a  Florentine 
poet  and  statesman,  distinguished  for 
Iiis  love  of  philosophy  and  Greek  lite- 
rature. B.  149G ;  d.  15.56.  Two  others 
of  the  same  name  are  kno'^vn  in  the  lit- 
erary world. 

ALAN,  Willl\m,  sometimes  called 
Alleyn,  an  eminent  Catholic  divine.  B. 
in  1580.  He  was  educated  at  Oxford, 
but  changed  his  religion,  and  became 
archbishop  of  Mechlin  and  a  cardinal. 
It  was  at  his  suggestion  that  Philip  TI. 
undertook  the  invasion  of  England.  He 
was  supposed  to  have  been  poisoned  in 
1594. 

ALAND,  Sir  John  Fortescite,  (Lord 
Fortescue,)  a  baron  of  the  exchequer, 
and  a  puisne  judjrc  of  the  courts  of 
King's  Bench  and  Common  Pleas,  in  the 
reigns  of  George  I.  and  II.,  was  descend- 
ed from  the  famous  Sir  John  Fortescue  ; 
was  b.  in  1070 ;  was  an  able  lawyer,  and 
well  versed  in  Saxon  literature;  lived  in 
habits  of  intimacy  with  Pope,  and  the 
other  wits  of  the  day ;  and  wrote  the 


albJ 


CVCLOP-iEDIA    UV    UlOOKAPilV, 


19 


le£^al   burlesque    of  "  Stradlin::'   versus 
Styles." 

ALARD,  Fraxcls,  a  native  of  Bnis- 
Hcls,  was  bred  in  the  Koinan  clinreli ; 
but,  meeting;:  witli  the  works  of  Luther, 
ho  turned  Protestant,  and  escaped  to 
AV'ittemberfr.  Afcer  some  time  he  re- 
turned to  Brussels,  and  d.  in  1578. — 
WiLLi.vM,  son  of  the  above,  became  rec- 
tor of  the  college  of  Krempen.  D.  16i4. 
— Lambert,  son  of  the  last  named,  com- 
piled a  Greek  Lexicon,  wrote  some  the- 
ological works  and  Latin  poems,  and 
was  inspector  of  the  public  schools  of 
Brunswick.     D.  1672. 

ALARIO  L,  king  of  the  Visigoths, 
and  conqueror  of  Home,  was  descended 
i'rom  a  noble  family,  and  for  some  years 
served  in  the  imperial  armies  ;  but,  be- 
ing refused  preferment,  lie  revolted 
against  Areadius,  and  desolated  many 
of  the  provinces,  sparing  neither  age  nor 
sex.  In  the  year  400,  being  then  the 
acknowledged  sovereign  of  the  Visi- 
goths, he  invaded  Italy,  and  carried  otf 
immense  plunder.  In  402,  he  made  a 
second  irruption,  but  was  defeated  by 
tStilicho,  and  compelled  to  s>ie  for  peace. 
After  this,  he  was  employed  in  the  ser- 
vice of  the  emperor  Ilonorius,  but  soon 
violated  his  cnsagempnts,  and  again 
entered  the  Roman  territory,  and  laid 
siccre  to  the  capital.  His  terms  were 
complied  with,  and  he  retired  into  Tus- 
cany ;  but,  being  joined  by  his  brother, 
Ataulphus,  he  returned  again  to  Rome, 
wliich  he  sacked  in  410.  After  ravaging 
Italy,  he  sailed  for  Sicily,  where,  after 
taking  the  city  of  Cosenza,  he  d.  410. — 
Alario  II.,  king  of  the  Visigoths,  suc- 
ceeded bis  father  Euric  in  484,  and 
reigned  over  all  the  country  between  the 
Rhone  and  the  Garonne.  He  adapted 
to  his  states  the  Theodosiau  collection 
of  laws,  and  published  it  as  the  law  of 
the  Visigoths,  since  known  by  the  title 
of  the  code  of  Alaric.  He  was  slain  in 
a  battle  by  Clevis,  king  of  the  Franks, 
507. 

ALASCO,  Jonx,  uncle  to  Sigismund, 
king  of  Poland,  was  in  great  esteem  with 
most  of  the  learned  men  of  his  day,  and 
enjoyed  the  friendship  of  many  of  them, 
particularly  Erasmus  and  Zuinglius, 
through  whom  he  became  a  convert  to 
the  Protestant  faith  ;  to  which  he  was  so 
zealoun'.y  devoted  as  to  obtain  the  title 
of  the  Reformer  of  Poland.  B.  1499  ;  d. 
at  Frankfort,  15G0. 

ALBAN,  St.,  celebrated  as  the  first 
Christian  martyr  in  Great  Britain,  was 
b.  at  Vcrulam,  near  St.  Albau's,  Hert- 
fordshire, in  the  3d  centurv.     D.  003. 


ALBANEZE.  an  Italian  musician  of 
great  repute.     D.  1800. 

ALBANI,  Alexander,  a  cardinal  and 
virtuoso.  In  1762,  his  eoUection  of 
drawings  and  engravings,  consisting  cf 
300  volumes,  was  purchased  by  George 
III.  for  14,000  crowns.  B.  1692  ;  d.  1779. 
—John  Fk^vncis,  nephew  of  the  above, 
in  1747  was  ma(le  a  cardinal,  wliich  wa,^ 
followed  by  numerous  preferments.  Ho 
opposed  the  suppression  of  the  Jesuits, 
lie  imitated  his  uncle  in  his  encourage- 
ment of  letters  ;  but  the  French,  when 
they  entered  Rome,  eontiscated  his  es- 
tates, and  his  valuable  collection  was 
sent  olf  to  Paris.  B.  1720 ;  d.  1802.— 
Louisa  Maria  Cakoline,  countess  of, 
married  Charles  Stuart,  •'  the  Pretend- 
er." She  was  cousin  of  the  last  rciguLug 
prince  of  Stolberg-Gedera ;  married  in 
1772,  when  she  took  the  title  of  countess 
of  Albaiii ;  but  to  escape  from  the  bar- 
barity of  her  husband,  who  liveil  in  a 
continual  state  of  intoxication,  she  re- 
tired in  1780  to  a  cloister.  B.  1752  ;  d. 
1824. — John  Jerome,  a  civilian  and  the- 
ological writer,  b.  at  Bergamo  in  1504, 
arrived  at  the  dignity  of  a  cardinal  iu 
1570,  and  d.  iu  1591. 

ALBANO,  Francisco,  a  celebrated 
painter.  B.  at  Bologna.  1578,  and  d.  1660. 
Albaiio  excelled  in  deliueatiug  feminine 
and  infantine  beauty ;  and  his  pictures 
are  exceedingly  valuable.  —  Giov.vnni 
Baptista,  younger  brother  of  the  above, 
was  also  a  painter,  and  chiefly  excelled 
iu  landscape. 

ALBAIEGNI,  an  Arabian  chieftain 
and  astronomer.  He  lived  in  the  9th 
century,  and  wrote  a  work  entitled  "The 
Science  of  the  Stars." 

ALBERGATI,  Capacelli,  a  Bolog- 
nese  nuirquis,  dramatic  writer  and  ac- 
tor, and  called  the  Garrick  of  Italy. 
D.  1802. 

ALBERIC,  a  monkish  historian  of  the 
13th  century,  who  compiled  a  Chronicle 
of  Universal  History  up  to  1241. 

ALBERONI,  Giixio,  a  cardinal,  and 
minister  of  the  king  of  Spain,  was  tlie 
sou  of  a  gardener  ;  but  being  possessed 
of  uncommon  talents,  and  with  a  dispo- 
sition suited  to  the  intriguing  policy  of 
the  court,  he  obtained  patronage,  and 
rapidly  reached  the  highest  office  in  the 
state.  By  his  ability  and  activity  he 
created  a  naval  force,  reorganized  the 
army,  and  rendered  Spain  more  power- 
ful than  it  iuid  been  since  the  time  of 
Philip  II.  ;  but  he  was  eventually  foiled 
by  the  combined  efforts  of  England  and 
France,  who  made  his  dismissal  from 
the  councils  of  the  Spanish  monarch  the 


20 


CVCLOP/EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[alb 


chief  condition  of  peace.     B.  166i;  d. 
1752. 

ALBERT,  Er.^mus,  a  learned  Gor- 
man divine  of  tlie  IGtli  centiny,  who 
conijjosed  a  Latin  work  called  "  The 
Koran  of  tlie  Cordeliers."  D.  1551. — 
Albert  of  Aix,  or  Ai-burtus  Aquensl^,  a 
canon  of  Aix-la-Chapello  in  the  l'2th 
century.  He  wrote  in  Latin  what  is 
esteemed  an  accurate  "  History  of  the 
Expedition  to  Jerusalem,  under  Godfrey 
of  BiiUoyn,  and  other  Leaders,"  re- 
printed in  16G2. — Loris  Joseph  d',  son 
of  Louis  Charles,  duke  de  Luynes.  B. 
in  11)72,  and  d.  1753.  He  distinguished 
himself  in  several  liattles,  for  which 
he  was  appointed  field-marshal  by  the 
emperor  Cliarles  VIL,  who  sent  him 
amoassador  to  France,  and  created  him 
prince  of  Grimberghen. — Ai.dert,  of 
Stade,  a  monk  of  the  13th  century,  who 
wrote  SI  "  Chronicle  from  the  Creation  to 
1256." — Albert,  of  Strasburtr,  the  com- 
piler of  a  "  Chronicle  from  1273  to  137 'f." 
— Henrt  CiiRisTrvx,  a  professor  of  the 
Entrlisli  lan?ua!xe  at  the  uuiversity  of 
Hale,  Germany.'  D.  in  1800. — Albert  I., 
emperor  and  duke  of  Austria,  surnamed 
the  Triumphant,  was  son  of  the  emperor 
Eodolph  of  Ilapsburg,  and  a  competitor 
for  the  imperial  crown  with  Adolphus 
of  Nassau,  whom  he  defeated  and  kUled 
in  battle.  B.  124S  ;  d.  by  assassination, 
130S. — Albert  II.,  emperor  and  duke 
of  Austria,  was  son  of  Albert  the  foui-th 
duke  of  Austria,  and  succeeded  to  the 
kin<rdora  of  Hungary  and  Bohemia  on 
the  death  of  Sigismund,  whoso  daugh- 
ter he  had  married.  I).  1429. — Albert, 
archduke  of  Austria,  son  of  Maximilian 
IL,  was  b.  1559.  lie  was  at  first  des- 
tined for  the  church,  and,  when  very 
young,  was  created  cardinal  and  arch- 
bishop of  Toledo.  In  1.598,  Philip  II. 
of  Spain  contracted  his  daughter  Isabel- 
la to  Albert,  who  thereupon  renounced 
his  cardinalate  and  ecclesiastical  charac- 
ter. The  Netherlands,  and  the  prov- 
inces of  Burgundy  and  Charlcroi,  were 
lier  portion,  and  they  were  henceforth 
considered  as  joint  sovereigns  of  those 
countries.  D.  1621. — Jank  d',  daugh- 
ter of  Margaret,  queen  of  NavaiTC,  and 
the  mother  of  Henry  IV.  of  France.  D. 
1572. — Albert,  king  of  Sweden,  was 
cleetcd  to  the  throne  on  the  deposition 
of  Macrnus  IT.  in  1363.  The  latter,  sup- 
ported by  Denmark  and  Norway,  en- 
deavored to  recover  liis  crown,  but  was 
defeated  by  Albert,  and  taken  prisoner. 
Tl'.o  nobles,  however,  became  dissatisfied 
with  his  rule,  and  applied  for  aid  to 
iLargaret,  queen  of  Denmark  and  Nor- 


way, by  whom  he  was  defeated  in  a 
bloi)dy  battle,  t.iken  prisoner,  and  con- 
fined for  seven  years.  He  was  at  length 
liberated  on  condition  of  surrendering 
Stockholm  to  Margai-et ;  and  he  passed 
the  remainder  of  his  days  at  Mecklen- 
burg, where  he  d.  in  1412. — Albert, 
marquis  of  Brandenburg-Culmbach,  sur- 
named the  German  Alcibiades,  b.  in 
1522,  was  a  principal  actor  in  the  troubles 
of  Germany  during  the  reign  of  Charles 
v.,  against  whom  he  made  war.  D.  in 
indigence  and  exUe,  1558. — Charles  d', 
duke  of  Luynes.  B.  in  1578.  Henry 
IV.,  of  France,  who  was  his  god-father, 
placed  him  as  a  page  about  his  son, 
afterwards  Louis  XIII.,  over  whom,  by 
his  artful  manner,  he  gained  such  an 
ascendency  that  he  obtained  the  highest 
honors  in  the  state,  and  was  made  con- 
stable of  France  ;  but  his  ambition  and 
tyranny  rendered  him  odious  to  the 
people."    T>.  1021. 

ALBERTET,  a  mathematician  and 
poet  of  Provence  in  the  18th  century. 

ALBERT!,  Aristotile,  a  mechanic  of 
Bologna  in  the  15th  century.  It  is  said 
he  removed  entire  the  tower  of  St.  Mary 
del  Tempis  35  paces,  and,  at  Cento,  set 
upright  another  which  was  five  feet  out 
of  its  perpendicular. — Cherubino,  a 
tamous  Florentine  painter.  B.  1552  ;  d. 
1G15. — Giovanni,  brother  of  the  above, 
was  also  an  eminent  painter  at  Rome, 
and  greatly  admired  for  the  excellence 
of  his  perspective. — Dominico,  a  Ve- 
netian composer  and  harpsichord  player 
of  eminence  in  the  last  century.— George 
William,  a  learned  German  divine.  B. 
1725  ;  d.  1758. — John,  a  German  huvyer, 
who  abridged  the  Koran,  with  notes, 
and  also  published,  in  1556,  the  New 
Testament  inSyi'iac.  D.  1559. — Leander, 
a  Bolognese  monk,  author  of  a  history 
of  his  native  city,  and  one  of  Italy.  D. 
1552. — Leoni  Baptista,  an  eminent  arch- 
itect, painter,  sculptor,  and  scholar.  B, 
at  Venice  in  the  beginning  of  the  15th 
century.  At  the  a:rc  of  20  he  composed 
a  Latin  comedy,  entitled  "Philodoxius," 
which  many  learned  men  believed  at 
first  was  tlio  work  of  the  ancient  poet, 
Lepidus ;  and,  as  such,  it  was  printed 
by  the  younr/er  Aldus.  The  invention 
of  the  camera  obscura  has  been  attrib- 
uted to  liim.     D.  14S5. 

ALBERTI  Di  VILLANOVA,  Franci3 
d',  an  eminent  Italian  lexicographer.  B. 
1737;  d.  isci.3. 

ALBERTINI,  Franck,  an  ecclesiastic 
of  Florence,  and  an  able  antiquary,  in 
the  befcinning  of  the  lOtli  century ; 
author  of  several  valuable  works. — Paul, 


'] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    KIOGRAPHV, 


21 


(I  Venetian  priest  and  author,  who  was 
inta-usted  vyith  an  embassy  to  Turkey. 
]lis  preaching  and  his  writings,  chieny 
on  theology,  were  so  mucli  valued,  tliat 
at  his  death  a  medal  was  struck  to  liis 
meinorv.     1>.  14:50;  d.  1475. 

ALBERTUS,  Maoxus.  a  Dominican, 
and  one  of  the  most  celebrated  school- 
men of  the  VMi  century,  was  b.  at 
Laiiingon,  Suabia.  lie  was  successively 
vicar-general  and  provincial  of  liis  or- 
der; and  Ids  celebrity  as  a  public  pre- 
ceptor attracted  the  attention  of  Pope 
Alexander  IV.,  wlio  appointed  him  mas- 
ter of  the  lioly  palace.  In  1260,  he  was 
elected  bishop  of  Katisbon,  but  after- 
wards resigned  tins  dignity,  and  went  to 
Cologne,  where  lie  d.,  in  1280.  His 
works,  Avhich  were  voluminous,  and  on 
various  subjects,  were  published  at 
Lyons,  1651. 

ALBICUS,  archbishop  of  Prague, 
wliose  enconragement  of  John  IIuss 
caused  him  to  be  much  abused  by  the 
opponents  of  that  reformer. 

ALBINOVANUS,  C.  Pedo,  a  Latin 
poet  of  tlie  time  of  Augustus.  He  was 
the  friend  of  Ovid,  and  author  of  several 
poems,  &e. 

ALBINUS,  a  Eoman,  consul  ii.  the 
year  157  b.  c.  ;  and  author  of  a  history 
i)f  Rome,  written  in  Greek,  which  is 
commended  by  Cicero. — Berx.ujd  Sieg- 
I'Kicn,  one  of  the  ablest  anatomists  of 
mo  Icrn  times,  was  b.  at  Frankfort  in 
li;'.i6.  lie  was  a  pupil  of  the  celebrated 
Boerhaave,  and  became  a  professor  of 
anatomy  in  the  university  of  Leyden. 
1).  1770. — Christian  Beemaed,  brother 
of  tiie  above,  professor  of  anatomy  at 
Utrecht,  and  author  of  two  valuable 
works  on  that  science.     D.  1778. 

ALBO,  Joseph,  a  learned  Spanish 
rabbi,  wlio  assisted,  in  1412,  at  a  con- 
ference between  the  Christians  and 
•Tews,  and  wrote  a  book,  called  "  Sepher 
Hikkarim,"  against  the  gospels. 

ALBOIX,  king  of  the  Lombards  in 
the  6th  century.  He  succeeded  his  futlier, 
Audoin,  in  1561 ;  conquered  and  slew 
Cunimund,  king  of  the  Gcpids,  whose 
daughter,  Rosamond,  he  afterwards 
married.  He  subjugated  great  part  of 
Italy;  but  having  incurred  the  just  re- 
sentment of  his  wife,  by  sending  lier 
wine  in  a  cup,  wronrfht  from  t!ie  skull  of 
her  own  father,  and  forcing  her  to  drink 
from  it,  she  had  him  assassinated,  a.  d. 
574. 

ALBON,  Jaquks  d'.  Marquis  de  Fron- 
Bae,  and  Mareschal  do  St.  Andre,  a 
French  general,  who  acquired  great  rep- 
itatiou  about  the  middle  of  the  16th 


century.  Quesnoy,  St.  (iuentin,  Keiiti, 
cfec,  were  the  chief  scenes  of  liis  e.vploits. 
At  the  deatli  of  Henry  II.  he  was  cliosen 
one  of  the  regency  ;  and  fell  in  the  bat- 
tle of  Dreux,  1562. 

ALBKECIITSBERGER,  a  Germau 
musician,  and  one  of  the  most  learned  of 
modern  contrapuntists,  was  b.  at  Kloster 
Xeubar,  in  17^36  ;  became  court  organist 
and  a  member  of  the  academy  at  Vienna, 
and  was  the  instructor  of  Beethoven.  D. 
1800. 

ALBRET,  Charlotte  d',  sister  of  John 
d'Albret,  king  of  Navarre,  and  wife  of 
Ctesar  Borgia.  She  was  a  poetess  of  no 
mean  powers,  and  as  remarKable  for  vir- 
tue as  her  husband  was  for  vice.  D. 
1514. — Charles  d',  constable  of  France 
in  the  reign  of  Charles  VI.,  to  whom  he 
was  related  by  blood.  He  commanded 
the  French  army  at  the  famous  battle  of 
Agineourt,  in  whicli  he  lost  his  life, 
1514.— Jeanne  d',  daughter  of  Margaret, 
queen  of  Navarre,  and  mother  of  llcm-y 
of  Navarre,  afterwards  Henry  IV.,  of 
France.     D.  in  1572. 

ALBUQUERQUE,  MATTni:\s  d',  a 
Portuguese  general,  who  was  sent  to 
Brazil  in  1C28,  and  successfully  defend- 
ed the  province  of  Pernambuco  a^aiust 
the  Dutch.  He  was  made  commander 
of  the  army  in  1643,  when  he  gained  the 
decisive  victory  of  Campo  Major,  and 
was  created  a  grandee  of  Portugal. — 
Coelho,  Eowaed  d',  a  Portuguese  noble- 
man, in  the  17th  century,  who  fought 
with  great  bravery  against  t^.e  Dutch  in 
the  Brazilian  war,  of  whieL  he  wrote  a 
history.  D.  1688. — Alfonso,  a  native 
of  Lisbon,  whose  great  genius  laid  the 
foundation  of  the  Portuguese  power  in 
India.  He  was  sent  by  Emmanuel,  king 
of  Portugal,  in  1503,  with  his  brother 
Francis,  to  form  an  establishment  in  the 
East ;  and  by  his  spirited  bravery,  he 
supported  his  allies,  and  maintained  the 
superiority  of  his  nation.  He  gained 
large  possessions  on  the  coast  of  Cochin, 
which  was  secured  by  strong  and  im- 
pregnable fortifications.  His  return  to 
Europe  was  attended  by  the  death  of  his 
brother,  who  perished  in  the  voyage ; 
but  private  sorrow  gave  way  before  pub- 
lic concerns,  and  Albuquerque,  in  1508, 
invested  with  new  power  by  his  sover- 
eign, sailed  back  to  India.  In  his  way 
he  plundered  the  coast  of  Arabia  ;  with 
un]iaralle]ed  boldness,  having  a  corps  of 
only  470  men,  he  undertook  the  siesre  of 
Ormuz,  an  island  at  the  entrance  of  tht 
Persian  gulf,  subject  to  a  king  of  its  own, 
and  defended  by  numerous  forces  ;  and 
after  some  months'  obstinate  resistajice, 


22 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[alc 


the  place  submitted  to  the  conqueror, 
and  the  king  in  ilcspair  became  tributary 
to  Portugal.  His  arms  were  now  direct- 
ed against  Goa,  which  he  subdued  ;  and 
his  power  was  extended  over  the  whole 
coast  of  ilalabar.  Afterwards  he  sailed 
towards  the  cast,  and  made  the  islands 
of  Sumatra,  Mdacea,  and  the  neighbor- 
ing cities  tributary  to  the  Portuguese 
government.  On  his  return  to  Goa  he 
mediti\ted  fresh  conquests,  when  he  sud- 
denly fell  sick,  and  d.  1515,  in  his  63d 
year. 

ALBUTIUS,  Caius  Silu.s,  an  eloquent 
orator  in  Komc,  in  the  age  of  Augustus. 
He  starved  himself  to  death  because  of 
an  insult  which  had  been  inflicted  upon 
Lim. 

ALCAMENES,  a  disciple  of  Phidias, 
who  afterwards  became  a  rival. 

ALCiEUS,  an  ancient  lyrie  poet  of 
renown,  who  flourished  at  Mytelene 
alDoat  000  years  before  Christ.  Horace 
gives  him  il  high  position,  lie  lived  at 
Lesboe,  and  was  a  lover  of  Sappho.— 
There  was  also  an  Athenian  poet  of  the 
Kanie  name. 

AL(,'I  ATI,  Andrew,  a  lawj'er  of  emi- 
nence at  Lilian,  wlio  d.  1550. — Fkancis, 
nephew  of  Andrew,  also  an  eminent 
lawyer,  whom  Pope  Pius  VI.  made  a 
cardinal. — Terexce,  a  Jesuit,  who  aided 
Cardinal  Pallavicino  in  writing  the  his- 
torv  of  the  Council  of  Trent. 

ALCIBIADP:s,  a  iamous  Greek,  sou 
of  Clineas  and  Diuomache,  who  lost  his 
father  in  the  battle  of  Cha?ronea,  and 
was  educated  by  Pericles,  his  grand- 
father by  the  mother's  side.  lie  early 
excelled,  both  in  mental  and  l)odily  ex- 
ercises, wliile  his  beauty,  his  liirth,  and 
the  favor  of  Pericles,  gained  him  position 
and  popularity.  lie  became  a  friend  of 
Socrates,  who  instructed  him  in  knowl- 
edge and  virtue.  But  so  long  as  Cleon 
lived  lie  was  luxurious  and  prodigal,  and 
it  was  only  after  tlie  death  of  that  dem- 
agogue tliat  he  began  to  take  part  in 
public  atlairs.  lie  commanded  tlic 
Atlienian  fleets  which  devastated  the 
Peloponnesus,  and  was  afterwards  sent 
on  the  expedition  agriinst  Sicily,  but  du- 
ring the  jireparations,  all  the  statues  of 
Ilermes  havnig  been  broken  one  night, 
he  was  accused  of  the  impiety,  recalled, 
and  condemned  to  death.  lie  did  not 
return  to  Atliens,  but  went  to  Sparta, 
where  he  excited  the  Lacedemonians  to 
ally  themselves  with  the  Persian  king 
against  his  native  country,  then  engaged 
vith  Chios.  lie  ne.xt  jiassed  into  Asia 
Minor  and  roused  all  Ionia  against 
A.thens.    After  being  reconciled  to  his 


countrymen,  he  made  war  upon  the 
Lacedemonians  and  the  Persians,  and 
was  successful  both  by  sea  and  land.  At 
the  instance  of  Lysander,  who  was  him- 
self instigated  by  the  thirty  tyrants,  he 
was  burnt  to  death  in  the  house  of  his 
mistress  Timandra,  in  Phrygia.  He  was 
a  man  of  rare  personal  address,  great 
eloquence  and  audacity,  and  command- 
ing talents,  but  dissolute  in  his  life,  and 
without  elevation  or  dignity  of  soul.  B. 
450  B.  c.  ;  d.  404  li.  c. 

ALCIDAMUS,  a  Greek  orator,  who 
lived  about  400  b.  c. 

ALCINOUS,  a  commentator  on  Plato, 
who  flourished  in  the  2d  century. 

ALCIPHEON,  an  epistolary  writer 
among  the  Greeks,  who  has  given  some 
charming  descriptions  of  the  manners 
and  customs  of  liis  times. 

ALCM^'EON,  the  first  anatomist,  and 
a  disciple  of  Pythagoras.  He  lived  at 
Crotona. 

ALCMAN,  a  Grecian  lyric  poet,  who 
lived  672  b.  c. 

ALCOCK,  John,  a  learned  English 
bishop  of  the  time  of  Edward  IV.,  who 
raised  him  to  great  dignities.  D.  1500. — 
John,  author  of  some  choral  music.  T>. 
180o. — Nathan,  a  celebrated  physician 
of  the  last  century,  who  lectured  at  Ox- 
ford on  anatomy, 

ALCUINUS,'FLACcrs,  an  English  pre- 
late, a  pupil  of  Bede,  and  a  teacher  of 
Charlemagne.  His  writings,  most  of 
which  are  extant,  are  numerous  •  his 
style  is  elegant  and  sprightly,  and  his 
language  sufficiently  pure  for  the  age ; 
and  he  may  be  considered  as  one  of  the 
learned  few  whose  genius  dissipated  the 
gloom  of  the  8th  century.  Andrew  du 
Chesne  published  his  works  in  one  vol- 
ume, folio,  1617.     D.  at  Tours,  804. 

ALCYONIUS,  Peter,  an  Italian,  for 
some  time  corrector  of  the  press  for 
Aldus  Manutius,  and  author  of  some 
learned  jiublications.  He  translated 
some  of  Aristotle's  treatises,  and  was 
severely  censured  by  Sepulveda  for  in- 
accuracy. In  his  work  on  banishment 
he  displayed  such  a  mixture  of  elegant 
and  barbarous  words,  that  he  was  sus- 
pectcil(.flaru^-ly  borrowiiiLT  from  Cicero's 
trealisc  dc  (Jhiria;  and  it  is  said  tliat  to 
avoid  dftcctinii  iif  this  illilieral  dceil,  he 
burnt  the  only  extant  manuscript  of 
Cicero,  which  liad  been  given  by  Ber- 
nard to  the  library  of  a  nunnery,  of 
which  Alcyonius  was  ])hysician.  At 
Florence  he  was  promoted  to  a  profess- 
or's chair,  but  the  aml>ition  of  rising  to 
higher  eminence  drew  him  to  Kome, 
where  he  lost  all  his  property  during  the 


0 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OK    iilOUHAl'UV. 


23 


insurrection  of  the  Colonnas.  Wlien 
the  imperial  troops  took  the  city,  1527, 
he  espoused  the  cause  of  tlie  pope,  and 
thoujfh  wounilcd,  joined  liim  in  tlie 
castle  of  St.  Angelo,  and  afterwards  in 
l)old  and  elei^ant  htnguage  he  arraij^ned, 
in  two  orations,  tlie  injustice  of  Charles 
V.  and  the  barbarity  of  his  soldiers. 

ALDE(JKAEK,  a  Westphalian  paint- 
er and  en.fjravcr.     B.  1502. 

ALDEis',  John,  a  nia.i^istrato  of  I'lym- 
outh  colony,  one  of  the  tirst  company 
wlio  settled  in  New  Enjjland.     D.  1687. 

ALDEKETE,  Diego  Geatian  de,  a 
Siianish  author,  who  translated  the 
Greek  classic's.  D.  1580. — BiiRXiiARn,  a 
Spanish  Jesuit,  who  was  the  tirst  to  be 
made  a  doctor  by  the  university  of  Sal- 
amanca.    D.  1657. 

ALDIIELM,  St.,  an  En,2;lish  prelate, 
b.  at  Malinesbnry,  wliere  he  founded  u 
monasterv.     D.  709. 

ALDH'UN,  an  English  bishop  of  tlie 
10th  century,  the  founder  of  the  bishopric 
of  Durham.     D.  1018. 

ALOIS,  Asa,  an  eminent  lawyer  of 
Vermont,  and  chief  justice  in  1S16.  B. 
1770  ;  d.  1847. 

ALDOBKANDINI,  Sylvester,  a  Flo- 
rentine lawyer  and  writer,  appointed  ad- 
vocate of  tlie  treasury  by  Pope  Paul  III. 
D.  1558. — Clement,  son  of  the  preced- 
inff,  became  pope  under  tlie  name  of 
Clement  VIII. — Anthont,  a  Bolojruese 
hiwyer  and  statesman.  B.  1756. — John, 
his 'brother,  a  professor  of  natural  phi- 
losophy at  Boloi^na.  He  invented  a 
mctliotl  of  securinix  the  liuman  body 
aijjainst  tire,  now  superseded  bv  that  of 
Paulin.  B.  1702;  d.  1834.— Toblw,  a 
physician  and  botanist  of  Cesena,  was 
superintendent  of  the  Farnesian  irardcn 
at  liome,  on  whicli  account  his  name 
was  prefixed  to  the  description  of  it 
written  bv  Peter  Cashell. 

ALDKED,  the  first  English  bishop 
who  visited  Jerusalem.  On  the  death 
of  Edward  he  crowned  Harold,  and 
iicrformed  the  same  ceremony  for  "Wil- 
liam.    D.  106S. 

ALDKICII,  Henry,  b.  in  "Westmin- 
ster, 1647.  From  Westminster-school 
he  went  to  Clirist  Church,  Oxford,  and 
was  elected  student,  and  afterwards 
/anon  and  dean.  He  built  an  elejrant 
rba)K'l  to  Trinity  collepre,  and  the  beau- 
tii'ul  church  of  AH  Saints.  He  had  also 
great  skill  in  music,  and  composed  many 
services  tor  the  church.  D.  1710. — 
PoiiERT,  a  native  of  BuckinLdiamshirc, 
who  became  master  and  provost  of  Eton. 
In  1537  he  was  made  bishop  of  Carlisle. 
V.  1555. 


ALDROVANDUS,  L'lysses,  a  cele- 
brated natural  historian.  B.  at  Bologna, 
1522.  He  was  a  great  traveller,  and 
Ibrmcd  a  most  superb  collection  of  min- 
erals, plants,  animals,  &c.j  by  which  ho 
ruined  his  fortune,  and  d.  lu  an  hospital, 
1605. 

ALDRUDE  countess  of  Bertinoro,  is 
celebrated  in  Italy  for  her  courage  and 
her  eloquence.  \Vhcn  Ancona  was  be- 
sieged iiy  the  arms  of  the  Venetians,  and 
of  the  emperor  Frederic  I.  in  1172,  she 
pitied  the  situation  of  the  d. stressed  in- 
liabitants,  and  with  heroic  intrepidity 
tlew  to  their  relief,  at  the  head  of  her  de- 
pendants and  friends,  and  supported  by 
AVilliam  Degli  Adclardi,  of  Fcrrara.  Her 
troops  were  animated  by  her  eloquence 
and  her  example,  and  the  enemy  lied  at 
her  approach  ;  and  though  on  her  return 
home  she  was  attacked  by  some  parties 
of  the  enraged  besiegers,  she  routed 
them  in  every  encounter,  and  added 
fresh  laurels  to  her  fame.  The  history 
of  that  mcnionible  siege  has  been  pub- 
lished by  Buon-Campiagnouo  of  Flo- 
rence. 

ALDUS,  MAinrrius,  a  native  of  Bas- 
sano,  illustrious  as  a  correct  printer,  and 
as  the  restorer  of  the  Greek  and  Latin 
languages  to  Europe.  He  is  the  inven- 
tor of  the  Italic  letter,  and  was  alone 
permitted  by  the  pope  the  use  of  it.  D. 
at  Venice,  1516. 

ALEANDER,  Jerome,  a  cardinal,  b. 
in  1480,  distinguished  himself  in  the  16th 
century  as  a  violent  opposer  of  Luther 
and  tiie  reformation.  D.  1542. — His 
trreat  nephew,  of  the  same  name,  inher- 
ited the  ability  of  bis  ancestor,  and  was 
eminent  as  a  scholar  and  an  antiquary. 

ALEMAN,  a  cardinal  of  the  18th 
century.  He  was  degraded  from  the 
purple  for  his  opposition  to  Eugenius 
IV.  The  sentence  was  reversed  by 
Nicholas  V. ;  and  after  the  cardinal's 
death,  in  Moo,  he  was  canonized. — 
Matthew,  a  Spaniard  ;  author  of  "  Guz- 
man de  Alfaraehe,"  or  the  "  Spanish 
Rogue." 

ALEMANNI,  Nicholas,  a  learned 
Greek  nutiquiiry,  b.  1583,  and  became 
keeper  of  the  Vatican  library  at  Rome. 
D.  1626. 

ALE.MBERT,  Jean  la  Ronde  d',  one 
of  the  most  famous  pliilosophers  and 
mathematicians  that  France  has  pro- 
clucod.  He  was  b.  at  Paris  in  1717.  but 
was  exposed  by  his  parents,  Madame  de 
Teueiii,  and  th'e  poet  Destouehes,  at  the 
chui'ch  of  le  Ronde.  from  whicli  he  took 
part  of  his  name.  His  talents  were  pre- 
cocious, and  at  4  years  of  age  was  sent 


24 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[ale 


to  scbool,  tlie  principal  of  which  de- 
clared, -when  his  pupil  was  only  10  years 
old,  tliat  he  could  teach  him  no.  more. 
He  entered  Mazarin  College  at  the  ag'e  of 
12.  He  wrote,  in  his  curliest  vcars,  a 
commentary  on  the  epistle  of  Paul  to 
the  Komans.  lie  studied  law,  but  did 
not  cease  to  occupy  himself  with  math- 
ematics. Some  pliilosophieal  papcrSj 
wliich  he  wrote,  made  him  a  member  ot 
the  academy  in  1741.  lie  soon  after 
wrote  a  book  on  Dynamics,  anotlier  on 
i-'J'iids,  and  a  Theory  of  the  Mind,  and 
assisted  Euler  and  Newton  in  their  sci- 
entific researches,  llis  astronomical 
publications  were  also  valuable.  But  in 
the  latter  part  of  his  life  he  devoted 
himself  to  Belles  Lettres,  and  became 
one  of  the  writers  of  the  "Encyelo- 
paedie."  His  literary  M'orks  were  dis- 
tinjruished  by  purity  of  language,  as  well 
as  vigor  of  thought.  Though  a  man  of 
moderate  means,  he  was  noted  for  his 
beneficence.  He  was  u  friend  of  Vol- 
taire, Madame  L'Espinasse,  to  whom  he 
was  attached,  Frederick  II.,  and  otlier 
distinguished  persons,  but  lived  in  mod- 
est retirement.  His  opinions  were  de- 
istical.     D.  1783. 

ALEN,  JoHM  Van,  an  eminent  Dutch 
landscape  painter.    D.  1008. 

ALEKIO,  Julius,  a  Jesuit  of  Brescia, 
who  rendered  himself  distinguished  by 
his  zeal  in  propagating  Christianity  in 
China.    D.  164y. 

ALER,  Paul,  a.  learned  French  Jes- 
uit. D.  1727.  His  "  Gradus  ad  Parnas- 
Bum"  has  been  long  in  established  use 
in  all  the  public  schools  of  Europe. 

ALES,  Alexander,  a  native  of  Edin- 
burgh, who  warmly  opposed  the  tenets 
of  Luther,  which  he  afterwards  as  ea- 
gerly embraced,  when  ho  had  suffered 
persecution  for  liis  religion,  and  seen  the 
firmness  with  whicli  his  countryman, 
Patrick  Hamilton,  was  burnt  to  death, 
by  Beaton,  archbishop  of  St.  Andrews, 
for  Protestantism.  He  came  back  to 
London  from  Germany,  when  Henry 
VIII.  abolished  the  papal  power  in  En- 
gland, and  he  there  enjoyed  the  fviend- 
Bhip  of  Cranmer,  Cromwell,  and  Lati- 
mer. He  afterwards  retired  to  Germany, 
and  was  appointed  to  a  professional  chair 
at  Frankfort  upon  Oder,  but  persecuted 
by  the  court  of  Bradenburg,  at  Leipsie; 
he  d.  1565,  in  his  sixty-fifth  year.  lie 
wrote  a  commentary  on  the  writings  of 
St.  John,  on  the  epistle  to  Timothy,  and 
on  the  Psahns. 

ALESIO,  Matthew  Perez  d',  a  paint- 
er and  engraver  at  Kome,  whose  figure 
of  St.   Christopher,   in  fresco,   in    the 


great  church  of  Seville,  is  much  admired. 
D.  IC.OO. 

ALESSI,  Galeas,  an  architect,  b.  at 
Perusia,  whose  works  are  spread  over 
Germany  and  the  south  of  Europe  ;  but 
his  fame  principally  rests  on  the  monas- 
tery and  eliurch  of  the  Escurial.   D.  1572. 

ALEXANDER  THE  GREAT,  was 
the  son  of  Philip,  king  of  Macedon,  by 
Olympias,  daughter  of  Neoptolennis, 
king  of  Epirus,  and  b.  356  b.  c.  ;  the 
same  year  m  which  the  temple  of  Diana 
at  Epnesus  was  destroyed.  Alexander 
received  his  education  under  Lysima- 
ehus  and  Aristotle,  and  gave  several 
proofs  of  manly  -skill  and  courage  while 
very  young;  one  of  which,  the  breaking 
in  of  his  fiery  steed,  Bucephalus,  is  men- 
tioned by  all  his  historians  as  an  incident 
which  convinced  his  father  of  his  future 
unconquerable  spirit.  Alexander  was 
much  attached  to  his  mother,  and  sided 
with  her  in  the  disputes  which  led  to 
her  divorce  from  Philip.  Wliile  the  lat- 
ter was  making  j)reparatious  for  his 
grand  expedition  into  Asia,  he  was  as- 
sassinated by  Pausanias ;  anri  Alexander 
succeeded  to  the  throne  .n  his  20th 
year.  His  youth  at  first  excited  an  in- 
clination in  several  of  the  states  of 
Greece  to  throw  otf  the  yoke  of  the 
Macedonian  usurpation ;  but  he  soon 
quelled  the  design,  and  was  acknowl- 
edged general  of  Greece.  He  then 
marched  into  Thrace,  and  gained  sev- 
eral conquests.  During  his  absence 
Thebes  revolted ;  and  wlien  Alexander 
returned,  he  took  that  city  by  storm, 
made  a  dreadful  carnage  of  the  inhabi- 
tants, and  destroyed  all  the  buildings 
except  the  residence  of  Pindar  the  poet. 
This  severe  example  had  its  eti'ect  on 
the  other  states ;  and  even  Athens  dis- 
tinguished itself  by  a  servile  submission 
to  tlie  conqueror.  Alexander  next  turned 
llis  arms  against  Darius,  king  of  Persia; 
and,  at  22,  crossed  the  Hellespont,  at 
the  head  of  40,000  men.  With  this 
force  he  defeated  the  Persians  at  the 
Granieus,  and  made  himself  master  of 
numerous  places.  At  Gordium,  where 
he  assembled  his  army,  he  is  said  to 
have  cut  the  famous  knot  on  which  the 
fiite  of  Asia  depended.  Shortly  after 
this,  he  again  defeated  the  king  of  Per- 
sia near  Issus,  and  took  immense  treas- 
ures and  many  prisoners ;  among  whom 
were  the  mother,  wife,  and  children  of 
Darius.  This  victory  was  followed  by 
the  conquest  of  Phainicia,  Damascus, 
and  several  other  states.  Alexander 
next  besieged  Tyre,  whicli  long  resisted 
him,   and,   in    revenge,   he   committed 


ale] 


CVCLOP.EDIA    OF    BIOOrvAPHY. 


25 


horriblo  cruelties  on  the  inhabitants. 
He  then  went  to  Jerusalem,  passed  into 
Ejjypt,  siihdued  it,  and  founded  tlie 
city  of  Alexandria.  Darius  now  collect- 
ed another  army,  and  was  defeated  at 
Arbela,  which  decided  the  fate  of  West- 
ern Asia.  Tills  great  battle  was  followed 
by  the  capture  of  Susa  and  Persepolis  ; 
the  last  ot  wiiicli  Alexander  destroyed  at 
the  instigation  of  his  mistress.  He  now 
](repared  for  an  expedition  to  India ; 
and,  after  a  periloiis  march,  reached  the 
Indus,  327  B.  c,  which  he  crossed  at  the 
part  where  the  city  of  Attock  now 
stands.  Alexander  received  the  sub- 
mission of  several  of  the  petty  princes 
of  the  country,  but  was  opposed  by 
Ponis,  who  valiantly  withstood  tlie  in- 
vader; and,  although  conquered  and 
made  prisoner,  the  victor,  pleased  with 
his  spirit,  restored  him  his  dominions, 
and  made  him  an  ally.  The  conqueror 
next  entered  the  fertile  plains  now  called 
the  Punjab,  took  the  city  of  Saugala, 
and  directed  liis  course  to  the  Ganges  ; 
from  which  object,  however,  he  was 
diverted  by  the  rainy  season,  and  the 
disaffection  of  his  own  troops.  He  ac- 
cordingly erected  twelve  altars  of  an  ex- 
traordinary size  to  mark  the  limits  of  his 
progress,  remnants  of  which  are  said  to 
1)0  still  in  existence.  Alexander,  there- 
fore, retraced  his  steps  to  the  llydaspes, 
on  tlie  banks  of  which  he  b'uUt  two 
cities,  Kicaja  and  Bucephala;  and  em- 
barked, with  his  light  troops,  on  board 
a  fleet  he  had  constructed,  leaving  the 
main  army  to  march  by  land.  After  a 
severe  contest  with  the  Mallii,  in  which 
he  was  wounded  and  his  whole  army 
nearly  lost,  he  proceeded  down  the  river 
to  Patala;  and,  having  entered  the  In- 
dian Ocean,  and  pei-formed  some  rites 
in  honor  of  Neptune,  he  left  his  fleet ; 
(living  orders  to  Nearchus,  who  had  the 
command,  to  sail  to  the  Persian  Gulf, 
and  thence  up  the  Tigris  to  Mesopota- 
mia. Alexander  then  prepared  to  march 
to  Babvlon,  towards  which  capital  he 
proceerted  in  a  triumphal  progress. 
Reaching  Susa,  ho  began  to  give  way  to 
.1  passion  for  pleasure  and  joviality,  and 
narricd  Statira,  the  daughter  of  Darius. 
At  length  he  reached  Bal>ylon,  wliere  he 
^rave  orders  indicating  future  underta- 
kings of  great  macfnitude;  when  he  was 
seized  with  an  illness,  in  consequence 
of  indulging  in  habits  of  intemperance, 
and  d.  of  a  fever,  in  tiie  loth  year  of  his 
eventful  rcitrn,  and  tlui  3:3d  of  his  life, 
323  B.  c.  When  required  to  name  his 
successor,  he  is  said  to  h.avo  replied, 
''To  the  most  worth  v.''     Pursuant  to 


his  own  direction,  his  body  was  con- 
veyed lo  Alexandi-ia  in  a  golden  coffin, 
inclosed  in  a  sumptuous  sarcophagus, 
supposed  to  bo  now  in  the  British  Mu- 
seum.— SKVEiiUi^  emperor  of  Kome,  was 
b.  at  Acre,  in  Phcenicia.  in  205.  The 
principid  public  event  ot  his  reign  was 
the  war  witli  Artaxerxes,  king  of  Persia, 
over  whom  he  gained  a  great  victory  in 
person,  and  on  his  return  to  Eomc  was 
honored  with  a  triumph.  He  next 
marched  against  the  Germans,  who  had 
invaded  Gaul;  and  while  there,  a  sedi- 
tion broke  out  in  his  army,  headed  by 
Maximln,  and  the  emperor  and  his 
mother  were  murdered,  235. — Kino:  of 
I'oland,  elected  on  the  death  of  his  bro- 
ther. John  Albert,  in  15ul.  T>.  150'). — 
I.,  bishop  of  Kome,  succeeded  Evaristus 
in  the  tenth  year  of  Trajan,  and  sulfered 
martyrdom  under  Hadrian,  in  119.  This 
pontiff  is  said  to  be  the  first  who  intro- 
duced the  use  of  holy  water  into  the 
Catholic  church. — II.,  elected  to  the 
papal  throne  in  1061.  J).  1073.— III. 
succeeded  Adrian  IV.  in  1159.  D.  at 
Rome,  1181. — IV.,  ascended  the  papal 
throne  in  1254.  D.  1201.— V.,  originally 
a  Greek  monk  from  Candia,  was  raiseH 
to  the  papal  throne  in  1400  by  the  coun- 
cil of  Pisa.  His  munificence,  during 
his  pontificate,  was  so  unbounded,  that 
he  vised  to  say,  "When  I  became  a 
bishop,  I  was  rich;  when  a  cardinal, 
jioor;  and  when  a  pope,  a  begcrar."  D. 
1410. — VI.,  a  native  of  Valencia,  in 
Spain,  was  raised  to  the  popedom  in 
1492.  As  an  ecclesiastic,  Alexander  was 
in  the  highest  degree  ambitious,  bigoted, 
and  intolerant;  and  formed  alliances 
with  all  the  princes  of  his  time  only  to 
break  them.  This  pontiff  j)ursuod'  his 
profligate  career,  till  1503,  when  he  was 
cut  off  by  the  same  means  he  had  used 
fur  the  ruin  of  others.  At  a  banquet 
which  he  and  his  son,  the  infamous 
C'Ksar  Borgia,  had  prepared  for  some 
newly  created  cardinals,  the  poison  in- 
tended for  them  was  by  some  mistake 
administered  to  the  contrivers  of  the 
plot ;  and  Alexander  died  the  next  day 
in  great  agony.— VII.  This  pontiff  ex- 
pended vast  sums  in  improving  and 
embellishing  the  city  of  Kome,  and  was 
a  great  friend  to  the  tine  arts  and  lit- 
erature. B.  at  Sienna,  in  1559,  elected 
to  the  popedom  in  1605,  and  d.  in  1667. 
— VIII.,  the  last  pope  of  that  name,  was 
elected,  1689,  at  the  advanced  age  of  60 ; 
and  d.  two  vears  afterwards. 

ALEXANDER,  I.  king  of  Scotland, 
son  of  Malcolm  III.,  ascended  the  throne 
in  1107 ;  and  merited  bv  the  vigor  and 


26 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[alb 


inipetuosltv  of  his  character,  the  appel- 
lation oi  1  he  Fierce.  D.  1124. — II.,  son 
ot'  Williiiiu  the  Lion,  was  raised  to  the 
throne  of  Scotland,  1214,  being  then  in 
his  liith  year.  In  1221,  he  married 
Joan,  sister  of  Henry  III.  of  England; 
bv  which  peace  was  restored  to  tLe  two 
kingdoms.  D.  1249. — III.,  son  of  the 
preceding,  succeeded,  1249,  when  only 
8  years  of  a^re.  He  married  Margaret, 
dau-rhter  of  Henry  III.  of  England,  and 
lived  upon  terms  of  close  friendship 
with  his  father-in-law,  whom,  in  his 
wars  Avith  the  barons,  he  assisted  with 
5000  men ;  accidentally  killed  while 
hmitinir,  in  12S5. — A  SiciUan  abbot  of 
the  12th  century;  author  of  a  memoir 
of  Eoger,  king  of  Sicily. — Ab  Alexan- 
DRO,  a  iSeapolitan  jurisconsult  of  the 
12th  century.  lie  was  much  attached 
to  the  belles  lettrcs,  and  is  chiefly  known 
by  a  work  entitled  "  Dies  Geniales,"  an 
imitation  of  the  Noctes  Atticae  of  Gel- 
hus. — Tkalliams,  a  Greek  physician 
of  tlie  Gth  century.  His  works  are  con- 
sidered the  best  after  those  of  Hippo- 
crates.— Bishop  of  Alexandria,  who  op- 
posed Arius,  and  condemned  his  errors 
at  the  coun'cil  of  Nice.  D.  326. — Bishop 
of  Hierapolis,  in  the  5th  century,  who 
espouse<l  the  doctrine  that  there  were 
tvro  dilferent  natures  in  Christ;  for 
which  he  was  banished  by  the  councO  of 
Ephesus. — Of  -lEgea,  the  tutor  of  Nero, 
whom  he  is  said  to  have  corrupted  by 
his  instructions. — De  Medici,  a  licen- 
tious duke  of  Florence,  assassinated  by 
Lorenzo  de  Medici,  a  relation,  at  the  in- 
stigation of  Strozzi,  a  republican,  1537. — 
An  English  abbot,  wlio  supported  the 
rights  of  his  master,  Henry  III.,  at  the 
court  of  Rome,  with  such  boldness,  that 
Pandulphus,  the  pope's  legate  in  En- 
eland,  excommunicated  and  imprisoned 
Jiini.  1).  1217. — Noel,  a  Dommican,  a 
Liborious  writer.  B.  at  Rouen,  1G;39,  and 
d.  at  Taris,  1724.  His  most  celebrated 
■work  is  a  Latin  Church  History,  in  26 
vols. — Of  Paris,  a  Norman  poet  of  the 
12th  century,  who  wrote  a  metrical 
poem  called  "  Alexander  the  Great,"  in 
ver.ses  of  twelve  syllables,  which  meas- 
ure has  ever  since  been  culled  "  Alexan- 
drine."— Neuskoi,  grand  duke  of  Rus- 
sia. B.  1218.  The  most  noted  action  of 
his  life  was  a  great  victory  he  obtained 
o\er  the  more  northern  tribes  on  the 
banks  of  the  Neva.  1).  1263.— .Sir  Wil- 
liam, earl  of  Stirling,  an  eminent  Scot- 
tish .-statesman  and  poet  in  tlie  reigns 
of  .James  1.  and  Charles  I.  D.  1640. — 
\S'iLLiAM,  a  major-general  in  the  Amer- 
ican armv  of  the  revolution.    He  was  b. 


in  New  York,  1726 ;  received  a  classical 
education ;  and  was  distinguished  for 
his  knowledge  of  mathematics  ai:d  as- 
tronomy. His  father  was  a  native  of 
Scotland,  and  he  was  the  reputed  right- 
ful heir  to  an  earldom  in  that  country  : 
on  which  account  he  was  usually  callea 
Lord  Stirling ;  but  was  unsuccessful  in 
his  ettbrts  to  obtain  from  the  govei'n- 
ment  the  acknowledgment  of  his  claim. 
At  the  commencement  of  the  revolution 
he  joined  the  American  army,  and  in 
the  battle  on  Long  Island,  August  27, 
1776,  was  taken  prisoner,  after  having, 
by  attacking  Cornwallis,  secured  to  a 
part  of  the  detachment  an  opportunity 
to  escape.  He  was  always  warmly  at- 
tached to  General  Washington,  and  the 
cause  which  he  had  espoused.  D.  at 
Albany,  1783. — William,  an  able  artist. 
B.  at  Maidstone,  1768.  His  fatlier,  who 
was  a  coachraaker,  gave  him  a  good 
education,  and  sent  him  at  an  early  age, 
to  study  the  tine  arts  in  London,  which 
he  did  with  so  much  success,  that  he 
was  selected  to  accompany  the  embassy 
of  Lord  Macartney  to  China.  On  his 
return,  besides  his  drawings  in  illustra- 
tion of  the  work  of  Sir  George  Staunton, 
he  published  a  splendid  one  of  his  own, 
entitled,  "The  Costume  of  China,"  which 
obtained  so  much  notice  that  he  was  in- 
duced to  publish  a  second  part.  At  the 
time  of  Ins  death,  in  1816,  he  was  keeper 
of  the  antiquities  at  the  British  Museum. 
— -James,  a  native  of  Scotland,  who  came 
to  New  York  in  1715.  He  was  bred  to 
the  law,  and  became  eminent  in  his 
profession.  By  honest  practice  and  un- 
wearied application  to  business,  he  ac- 
quired a  great  estate.  For  many  years 
he  was  a  member  of  the  legislature,  and 
of  the  council.  In  1721,  he  was  ap- 
jiointed  attorney-general ;  and  after- 
wards was  secretary  of  the  province. 
His  death  took  place  in  the  beginning 
of  1756. — Nathamel,  a  governor  of 
North  Carolina.  He  received  his  col- 
legiate education  at  Princeton,  N.  J,, 
obtained  his  first  degree  in  1776,  and 
afterwards  studied  medicine.  Subse- 
quently he  entered  the  army ;  but  at  the 
C'lose  of  the  war  pursued  his  profession 
in  the  state  of  wliich  he  became  chief 
magistrate  in  1806.  In  all  his  public 
stations  he  had  the  reputation  ct  con- 
ducting with  ability  and  firmnefs.  D, 
1808,  iujed  .52  vears. — Caleb,  D.D.,  b. 
in  Nortlifield,  Mass.,  and  graduated  at 
Yale  College  in  1777.  He  vv'as  first  set- 
tled, as  a  Congregational  minister  at 
New  Marlborough;  and,  afterwards,  at 
Mendon,  in  his  native  state.    His  con- 


ale] 


CYCLOPuKDIA    OF    UIOORAI'IIY. 


27 


tinuancc  in  each  of  these  situations  was 
less  than  two  years.  The  remaining 
part  of  his  lile  was  spent  in  teaching, 
und  in  otlier  kindred  pursuits.  He 
published  a  Latin  Grammar,  an  En- 
f^lish  Grammar,  and  some  other  small 
works.  1).  1828. — Tho.mas,  earl  of  Sel- 
kirk, known  as  the  founder  of  a  colony  in 
Canada,  and  for  his  writings  on  politics 
and  statistics.  D.  in  1820.— I.,  emperor 
of  Russia  and  king  of  Poland,  eldest  son 
of  Paul  I.,  was  b.  Dec.  22,  1777 ;  suc- 
ceC'led,  March,  1801 ;  and  was  crowned 
at  JIoscow,  September  following.  In 
1803,  Alexander  ottered  his  mediation 
to  elfcct  a  reconciliation  between  En- 
gland and  France ;  and  in  180.5,  a  con- 
vention was  entered  into  between  Kus- 
sia,  England,  Austria,  and  Sweden,  for 
the  purpose  of  resisting  the  encroach- 
ments of  the  French  on  the  territories 
of  independent  states.  On  the  2d  of 
December,  the  battle  of  Austerlitz  took 
place,  at  which  Alexander  appeared  at 
the  head  of  50,000  men,  but  was  defeat- 
ed, and  compelled  to  retreat  to  his  do- 
minions. On  Kovcmber  26,  1806,  was 
fought  the  battle  of  Pultusk ;  and  on 
the  7th  and  8th  February,  1S07,  that  of 
Eylau;  on  the  l-4th  .huie  the  Kussians 
were  completely  defeated  at  Friedland, 
by  Napoleon.  'I'he  result  of  this  victory 
was  an  interview  between  the  two  em- 
perors, which  led  to  the  treaty  of  Tilsit. 
The  seizure  of  the  Danish  tleet  by  the 
English  occiisioned  a  declaration  of  war 
from  Kussia ;  but  hostilities  only  ex- 
tended to  the  cessation  of  trade  between 
the  two  nations.  A  second  meeting  of 
the  French  and  Russian  sovereigns  took 
place  at  Erfurt,  Sept.  27,  1808 ;  Bona- 
parte being  anxious  to  secure  the  friend- 
ship of  Alexander  previously  to  his 
meditated  subjugation  of  Spain.  The 
interruption  of  commerce  with  England 
now  began  to  be  severely  felt  by  Russia ; 
and  Alexander  determined  to  throw  olf 
the  French  yoke.  On  the  23d  March, 
1812,  an  imperial  ukase  was  issued,  or- 
dering a  levy  of  two  men  out  of  every 
500  tiirougliout  the  Russian  empire,  and 
all  matters  of  dispute  with  Great  Britain 
were  paeilically  arranged.  On  joining 
his  army  in  Poland,"  February,  1813, 
Alexander  published  the  famovis  niani- 
fcsto.  which  served  as  the  basis  of  tlie 
coalition  of  the  other  European  powers 
against  tlie  French  emperor.  Germany, 
and  then  France,  became  the  scene  of 
hostilities ;  and  the  cajiture  of  Paris, 
April  30,  1814,  was  followed  by  the  ab- 
dication of  Bonaparte,  and  the  restora- 
tion of  the  Bourbons.    After  the  con- 


clusion of  peace,  Alexander  visited  En- 
gland, in  eompany  with  the  king  of 
Prussia.  Ilis  death  took  place  at  Tag- 
anrock,  in  the  Crimea,  Dec.  1,  1825: 
and  ho  was  succeeded  by  his  second 
brother,  Nicholas,  agreeable  to  a  docu- 
ment signed  by  his  eldest  brother,  Con- 
stantiue,  resigning  to  him  the  right  of 
succession. 

ALEXANDRINI,  Julius,  a  physician 
of  Trent,  in  the  16th  century,  lie  was 
the  first  who  endeavored  to  prove  tho 
connection  of  bodily  diseases  with  the 
passions. 

ALEXIS,  a  Greek  comic  poet,  uncle 
and  instructor  of  Alexander. 

ALEXIS,  MicnAELOvrrscii,  czar  ofRus- 
sia.  B.  in  1630;  succeeded  his  father 
Michael  in  1646  ;  d.  1677.  He  was  the 
father  of  Peter  the  Great,  and  the  first 
Russian  monarch  who  acted  on  the 
policy  of  a  more  intimate  connection 
with  the  other  European  states. — Petro- 
vrrscH,  only  son  of  Peter  the  Great.  B. 
16110.  This  unhappy  prince  opposed  the 
new  policy  of  his  lather,  and  expressed 
an  unalterable  attachment  to  the  ancient 
barbarous  usages  and  customs  of  his 
country  ;  for  which  the  czar  resolved  to 
disinherit  him.  Alexis  fled  to  his 
brother-in-law,  the  emperor  of  Ger- 
many, and  lay  concealed  for  some  time 
at  Vienna,  until  his  retreat  was  discov- 
ered by  his  father,  before  whom  he  was 
conducted  as  a  criminal,  and  compelled 
formally  to  renounce  the  succession ; 
after  tliis  he  was  tried  by  secret  judges, 
and  condemned  to  death,  1719. — Del 
j  Aroo,  a  Spanish  painter.  B.  at  Madrid, 
in  1625.  lie  was  deaf  and  dumb  ;  but 
his  reputation  as  a  portrait  painter  was 
considerable.     D.  in  1700. 

ALEXIUS  L,  CoMNENus,  emperor  of 
the  East.  B.  at  Constantinople,  1048.  He 
signalized  himself  in  the  wars  with  the 
Turks  and  Saracens,  was  bountiftd  to  his 
friends  and  element  to  his  enemies,  a 
lover  of  letters,  and  equally  versed  in  the 
arts  of  government  and  of  war.  D.  1118. 
— IL,  CosixENfs,  succeeded  his  father 
Michael  on  the  throne  of  Constantinople 
in  1180,  when  only  12  years  of  age  ;  and, 
with  his  mother,  was  murdered  two 
years  afterwards  by  Andronicus,  who 
usurped  the  crown. — III.,  Angelvs, 
emperor  in  1195,  gained  that  station  by 
the  basest  perfidy  towards  his  brother, 
Isaac  Angelus,  whom  he  conlined  in 
prison,  and  then  caused  his  eyes  to  be  put 
out.  His  ert'eminate  reign  rendered  him 
despicable,  and  his  capital  was  besieged 
and  taken,  1203,  by  an  army  of  Venetian 
and  French  crusaders,  headed  by  his 


28 


CYCI.0P.CD1A    OF    BIOGKAPHY. 


[alf 


nephew.  Alexius,  son  of  Isaac.  The 
usurper  received  tlic  same  punishment 
he  liad  iullictcd  on  Ms  brother,  and  d.  a 
tow  years  afterwards  in  a  monastery  at 
Kiee';  i>nd  the  conqueror  phieed  his 
blind  father  on  the  throne,  with  whom 
he  reigned  as  iVlexius  IV. ;  but  liis  elc- 
vatioir  was  succeeded  by  a  rcbelhon,  and 
he  was  deposed,  imprisoned,  and  put  to 
death,  1204.  —  V.,  Ducas,  surnamcd 
Murtzuffle,  from  his  black  shagi^y  eye- 
brows, was  raised  to  the  throne  after  the 
murder  of  Alexius  IV.,  but  deposed  by 
the  crusaders,  who  attacked  and  took 
his  capital,  and  he  was  put  to  an  igno- 
minious death. 

ALEYN,  Chaeles,  an  English  histor- 
ical poet.     D.  1G40. 

ALFAliABI,  an  eminent  Arabian 
philosopher  in  the  10th  ccnturv,  who 
obtained  much  reputation  in  his  day, 
both  as  a  great  traveller,  and  as  a  master 
of  70  languages.  Among  his  works  is 
an  Encyclopajdia,  the  manuscript  of 
which  is  in  the  Escurial. 

ALFAEO  Y  GAMON,  Juan  de,  a 
distincfuished  Spanish  painter.   B.  16-10. 

AL£'ENUS..VARUS,  Fubi.ius,  a  Ro- 
man civilian,  who  became  consul,  and  is 
mentioned  by  Horace  and  Virgil  with 
gratitude. 

ALFIEEI,  Vittokia,  count,  was  b.  at 
Asti,  in  riedmont,  in  1749,  of  a  rich  and 
distinguislied  family.  His  early  educa- 
tion was  defective ;  for,  though  sent  to 
the  academy  of  Turin,  he  leai'ncd  noth- 
ing. He  afterwards  travelled  over  Italy, 
France,  England,  Spain,  Portugal,  Ger- 
many, Kussia,  and  Holland,  returned, 
tried  to  study  history,  and  then  became 
a  wanderer  again  for  three  years,  l^rom 
pure  listlessness  lie  took  to  writing  dra- 
matic poetry,  at  the  age  of  27,  and  de- 
voted the  rest  of  life  to  becoming  a  tragic 
poet.  He  first  studied  Latin  and  Tus- 
can, for  which  purpose  he  went  to 
Tuscany ;  meeting  on  the  journey  the 
Countess  of  Albany,  consort  of  the  En- 
glish pretender,  he  became  attached  to 
her,  and  lived  alternately,  leading  an 
irregular  and  roving  life,  in  Enghmd, 
France,  and  Italy.  He  composed  '21  tra- 
gedies and  6  comedies,  and  is  regarded 
as  the  great  tragic  poet  of  his  native 
land.  Above  the  degeneracy  of  his 
times,  cherishing  an  ardent  hatred  of 
despotism^  and  possessing  a  free,  proud, 
and  passionate  heart,  his  works  are  per- 
vaded by  a  dfcided  ])o]itical  Kj)irit.  His 
Btvle  was  stiff  and  unadorned,  but  bold, 
lofty,  and  correct.     1).  180:?. 

ALF(JKD,MicHAEi,,an  English  Jesuit. 
B.  in  London,  1587.  He  d.  at  St.  Omer's, 


1652,  leaving  behind  him  two  celebrated 
works,  "Britannia  Ulustrata,"  and  "  An- 
nales  Eeelesiastici  Britannorum." 

ALFEAG  AN,  or  AHMED  BEN  FER- 
GAN,  an  Arabian  astronomer  of  the 
9th  century  ;  author  of  an  "  Introduc- 
tion to  Astronomy,"  and  other  scientific 
works. 

ALFRAGO,  Andrew,  an  Italian  phy- 
sician ;  author  of  a  history  of  Arabian 
physicians  and  philosophers,  and  other 
works  connected  with  the  East,  where 
he  resided  for  some  years.  D.  at  Padua, 
1520. 

ALFRED  THE  GREAT.  This  mon- 
arch was  the  youngest  son  of  Ethelwolf, 
king  of  the  West  Saxons,  and  was  b.  at 
Wantage,  Berks,  in  849.  On  the  death 
of  his  brother  Ethelred,  Alfred  suc- 
ceeded to  the  throne  of  England,  871,  at 
a  time  when  his  kingdom  was  a  prey  to 
domestic  dissensions,  and  to  the  inva- 
sions of  the  Danes,  with  whom,  after  a 
disastrous  engagement,  ho  was  forced  to 
conclude  a  treaty  on  disadvantageous 
terms.  The  Danes  soon  violated  their 
engagement,  and  renewed  their  hostility 
with  such  success,  that,  in  877,  the  king 
was  under  the  necessity  of  concealing 
himself  in  the  cottage  of  one  of  his 
herdsmen.  He  afterwai'ds  retired  to  the 
island  of  Athelney,  and  there  received 
information  that  one  of  his  chiefs  had 
obtained  a  great  victory  over  the  Danes. 
Alfred  then  disguised  himself  as  a  harp- 
er, entered  the  Danish  camp,  and  gained 
a  knowledge  of  the  state  of  the  enemy. 
After  this,  lie  directed  his  nobles  to  meet 
him  at  Selwood,  with  their  vassals,  which 
was  done  so  secretly,  that  the  Danes 
were  surprised  at  Eddington,  and  com- 
pletely routed.  He  now  put  his  king- 
dom into  a  state  of  defence,  increased 
his  navy,  and  brought  London  into  a 
flourishing  state  ;  but,  after  a  rest  of 
some  years,  an  immense  number  of 
Danish  forces  landed  in  Kent,  and  com- 
mitted great  ravages  ;  they  were,  how- 
ever, soon  defeated  by  Xlfred,  who 
caused  several  of  the  leaders  to  be  ex- 
ecuted at  Winchester.  Thus  he  secured 
the  peace  of  his  dominions,  and  struck 
terror  into  his  enemies,  after  56  battles 
by  sea  and  land,  in  all  of  which  he  was 
personally  engaged.  But  the  warlike 
exploits  (if  Alfred  formed,  perhaps,  the 
least  of  the  services  he  rendere<l  his 
country.  He  composed  a  body  of  stat- 
utes, instituted  the  trial  by  jury,  and 
divided  the  kingdom  into  sliircs  and 
hundreds ;  was  so  exact  in  his  govern- 
ment, that  robbery  was  unheard  of,  and 
valuable  goods  might  be  left  ou  the  high 


I] 


CYCLOI'.KUIA    OF    UIOGRAIMIY. 


29 


roads.  His  great  council,  consisting  of 
bishops,  earlri,  aldermen,  and  thaues, 
was,  by  an  express  law,  called  together 
twice  a-year  in  London,  for  the  better 
government  of  the  realm.  The  state  of 
learning  in  liis  time  was  so  low,  that, 
from  tlie  Thames  to  the  Ilumber,  scarce- 
ly a  man  could  be  found  who  understood 
t"lic  service  of  the  church,  or  could  trans- 
late a  single  sentence  of  Latin  into  En- 
glish. To  remedy  this  evil,  he  invited 
men  of  learning  from  all  quarters,  and 
placed  them  at  the  head  of  seminaries  in 
various  parts  of  his  kingdom  ;  and,  if  he 
was  not  the  founder  of  the  university  of 
<)xford,  it  is  certain  he  raised  it  to  a 
reputation  whieh  it  had  never  before 
enjoyed.  Alfred  himself  wrote  several 
works,  and  translated  others  from  the 
Latin,  particularly  "  Orosius's  History 
of  the  Fagans,"  and  "  Boethius's  Con- 
solations of  Philosophy."  England  is 
indebted  to  him  for  the  foundation  of  her 
naval  establishment,  and  he  was  the  first 
who  sent  out  ships  to  make  the  discov- 
ery of  a  northeast  passage.  To  crown 
his  great  public  character,  Alfred  is  de- 
scribed as  one  of  the  most  mild  and  ami- 
able men  in  private  life ;  of  a  temper 
serene  and  cheerful,  and  not  averse  to 
society,  or  to  innocent  recreation ;  he 
was  also  personally  well-tavored,  pos- 
sessing a  handsome  and  vigorous  form, 
and  a  dignified  and  engaging  aspect.  D. 
DOO. — "  The  Philosopher,"  an  English- 
man, was  greatly  esteemed  at  the  court 
of  Rome,  and  wrote  five  books  on  the 
"  Consolations  of  Bocthius."  D.  1270.— 
An  English  bishop  of  the  lOtli  century  ; 
author  of  a  "History  of  the  Abbey  of 
Malmsbury,"  a  treatise  "  Dc  Naturis 
Kcrum,"  &c. 

ALGARDI,  Alexander,  a  Bolognese 
sculptor  of  the  17th  century. 

ALGAROTTL  Fkancis,  an  eminent 
Italian  writer.  13.  at  Venice,  1712;  d. 
1704. 

ALHAZEN,  an  Arabian  mathema- 
tician, who  was  the  first  that  showed  the 
infportance  of  refractions  in  astronomy. 
D.  at  Cairo,  in  1038. 

ALI,  cousin,  son-in-law,  and  vizier  of 
Mahomet,  and  one  of  the  main  pillars  of 
the  new  faith.  He  obtained  tlie  name 
of  the  Lion  of  God,  always  victorious ; 
but  was  opposed  in  his  succession  to  the 
caliphate  by  Omar  and  Othman,  and  re- 
tired into  Arabia,  and  made  a  collection 
of  the  sayings  of  the  prophet.  There  he 
laid  the  foundation  of  a  new  sect,  and, 
after  the  death  of  Othman,  he  w.as  de- 
clared caliph,  655  ;  but  W'as  murdered 
four  years  afterwards  in  the  mosque. 


ALI  BEG,  a  man  of  extraordinary 
learning  and  attainments,  b.  in  Poland 
of  Cliristian  parents,  but  who  was  kid- 
napped in  his  infancy  by  a  lionle  of  Tar- 
tars, and  sold  to  the  Turks,  in  whose 
language  and  religion  he  was  educated. 
His  skill  in  languages  procured  him  tlie 
post  of  chief  interpreter  to  the  grand 
signior ;  while  his  leisure  hours  were 
employed  in  translating  the  Bible  and 
the  catechism  of  the  Church  of  England 
into  the  Turkish  language.     D.  1675. 

ALI  BEY,  a  Greek,  son  of  a  Natolian 
priest.  B.  1728.  He  fell,  when  a  child, 
into  the  hands  of  robbers,  who  carried 
him  to  Cairo,  and  sold  him  to  Ibrahim, 
lieutenant  of  the  Janizaries,  who  adopt- 
ed him.  All  soon  rose  to  the  rank  of 
sangiak,  or  member  of  the  council ;  and 
when  his  patron  was  assassinated  by 
Ibrahim,  the  Circassian,  he  avenged  his 
death,  and  slew  the  murderer  with  his 
own  hand.  This  action  raised  him 
numerous  enemies,  and  he  was  obliged 
to  fly  to  Jerusalem,  and  thence  to  Acre  ; 
but  in  time  he  was  recalled  by  the  peo- 
ple, and,  being  placed  at  the  head  ot  the 
government,  Egypt  began  to  recover  its 
former  splendor.  In  a  battle  fought 
against  the  troops  of  a  rebellious  Mame- 
luke, All  was  cut  down,  after  defending 
himself  with  a  degree  of  desperate  v.alor, 
and  d.  of  his  wounds  eight  davs  after, 
in  1773. 

ALI  PACHA,  an  Albanian,  bom  at 
Zepelina,  1744,  who,  by  fifty  years  of 
constant  warfare,  brought  under  his 
sway  a  large  extent  of  territory,  which 
the  Porte  sanctioned.  He  took  the 
title  of  Pacha  of  Jannina,  and  received 
agents  from  foreign  powers.  But  the 
I'orte  was  made  jealous  by  his  intrigues 
with  England,  Russia,  and  France,  and 
finally  had  him  shot. 

ALIAMET,  J.\jiEs,  a  Erencli  engraver 
of  the  last  century. 

ALIPAC,  J.,  a  French  minor  poet. 
B.  1796. 

ALISON,  ARcniB.\LD,  a  clergyman 
of  Edinburgh,  educated  at  Oxford,  and 
afterwards  preferred  to  various  livings 
in  the  church  of  England.  In  17S0  he 
published  his  famous  "  Essay  on  th" 
Nature  and  Principles  of  Taste."  He 
subsequently  published  two  sermons, 
and  a  memoir  of  Lord  Woodhousic. 
B.  1757;  d.  1839.  — There  is  .another 
of  the  same  name,  distinguished  for  his 
"  Treatise  on  Population,"  and  his 
"  History  of  Europe,"  still  living.— 
Ricii.uu),  one  of  the  ten  composers  who 
set  the  psalms  to  music,  at  the  order  of 
Queen  Elizabeth. 


30 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPIIV. 


[au 


ALIX,  Petek,  a  French  abbot  and 
authoi-,  of  the  17th  century. 

Al^KE.MADE,  Cohnelics  Van,  a 
Dutch  antiquary  and  writer.     D.  107G. 

ALKMAAK,  IltNisv  d',  a  German 
poet  of  the  l&th  century,  the  I'eputed 
author  of  that  exquisite  satire  called 
"  Keynard  the  Fox." 

ALLAINN'AL.  Leoxor  Soclas  d',  a 
French  abbot  and  dramatic  poet.  D.  at 
Paris,  1753. 

ALLAINE,    DE   LA   COURTIEEE,   J.,    a 

French  author.    B.  1750. 

ALLAIS,  Denus  Vaikasse,  a  French 
author  of  the  17th  century. 

ALLAN.  Davu),  a  (Scotch  painter, 
born  at  Edinburgh.  B.  1744 ;  d.  1796. 
He  was  c;illed  the  Scottish  Hogarth. — 
George,  son  of  David,  a  literary  man, 
who  was  elected  to  parliament  for  the 
city  of  Durham.  B.  1768  ;  d.  1S2S. — 
George,  an  attorney  and  antiq\iary.  D. 
1800. — Sir  WiLLLVM,  an  eminent  histor- 
ical painter,  was  born  at  Edinburgh  in 
17S2.  Uf  humble  parentage,  he  at  an 
early  age  evinced  a  decided  predilection 
for  art ;  and,  when  still  a  young  man, 
he  pursued  his  favorite  study  with 
equal  enterprise  and  ability,  visiting 
Morocco,  Greece,  and  Spain,  and  pene- 
trating the  remote  and  semi-barbarous 
territories  of  Itussia  and  Turkey,  that 
he  might  familiarize  himself  with  the 
rude  and  picturesque  aspects  there  pre- 
sented. "  The  Polish  Captives,"  "  The 
Slave  Market  at  Constantinople,"  and 
various  kindred  subjects,  testify  to  his 
skill  in  this  department  of  art ;'  but  he 
did  much  also  to  illustrate  the  historic 
lore  of  his  own  land,  as  his  vivid  repre- 
sentation of  Mary  and  of  Kizzio,  the 
murder  of  Archbishop  Sharpe,  and  tlie 
Battle  of  Waterloo,  amply  testify.  He 
was  an  old  and  attached  friend  of  Sir 
Walter  Scott ;  and  his  amiable,  unas- 
suming manners,  and  his  vast  fund  of 
anecdote,  procured  him  general  love 
and  esteem.  In  1841  he  succeeded  Sir 
D.  Williie  as  president  of  the  Eoyal 
Scottish  Academy,  and  was  soon  after- 
wards knighted."   D.  1850. 

AJ^LAIil),  Guy,  a  French  writer  on 
geological  history.  D.  at  Dauphiny, 
1716. — .Ieax  Fraxcoise,  a  French  gen- 
eral officer,  distinguished  during  the 
emperorship  of  Napoleon,  who  after- 
wards entered  the  Egyptian  and  Per- 
sian service,  and  finally  became  an  aid 
of  Kunjeet-Singh.     B.  1785;  d.  18;}9. 

ALLATIUS,  Leo,  a  native  of  the 
Island  of  Scio,  who  studied  belles  lettres 
and  the  ]an<fuage3  at  liome.  After 
visiting  Naples  and  his  native  country, 


he  returned  to  Eome,  where  he  applied 
himself  to  physic,  in  which  he  took  a 
degree,  but  literature  was  his  favorite 
pursuit,  and  as  his  erudition  was  great, 
he  distinguished  himself  as  a  teacher  in 
the  Greek  college  at  Eome.  He  was  af- 
terwards employed  by  Pope  Gregory 
XV.  to  remove  the  elector  palatine's 
library  from  Germany  to  the  Vatican, 
in  reward  for  which  service,  though  for 
a  while  neglected,  he  was  appointed  li- 
brarian. Though  bred  and  cmplnyed 
among  ecclesiastics,  he  never  entered 
into  orders  because,  as  he  told  the  pope, 
he  wished  to  retain  the  privilege  of 
marrying  if  he  pleased.  His  publica- 
tions were  numerous  but  chietiy  on  di- 
vinity, and,  though  full  of  learning  and 
good  sense,  remarkable  for  unnecessary 
digressions.  In  the  controversy  of  the 
gentlemen  of  the  Port  Koy'al  with 
Claude  concerning  the  eucharist,  he 
greatly  assisted  the  former,  for  which 
he  was  severely  abused  by  their  bold 
antagonist.  It  is  said  by  Joannes  Pa- 
tricius  that  he  wrote  Greek  for  forty 
years  with  the  same  pen,  and  that  when 
he  lost  it,  he  expressed  his  concern 
even  to  the  shedding  of  tears.  D.  at 
Eome,  in  his  Sod  year,  1669. 

ALLEGE.3i;iN,  Christopher  Gabriel, 
a  French  sculptor.     D.  1795. 

ALLEGEI,  Alexaxuer,  an  Italian 
satirical  poet,  who  flourished  at  Flor- 
ence at  the  end  of  the  16th  century. — 
Gregorio,  an  eminent  composer,  wliose 
works  are  still  used  in  the  pope's  chapel 
at  Eome.  His  "Miserere"  is  always 
used  on  Good  Friday,  and  is  much  ad- 
mired. Clement  XIV.  sent  a  copy  of 
this  beautiful  composition  to  George  III. 
in  1773.  To  his  extraordinary  merit  as 
a  composer  of  church  music,  he  is  said 
to  have  joined  a  devout  and  benevo- 
lent disposition,  and  an  excellent  moral 
character.  His  famous  Miserere  was  at 
one  time  thought  so  sacred,  that  it  was 
forbidden  to  be  copied  on  pain  of  ex- 
eounnunieation.  But  ^lozart  disregard- 
ed the  injunction,  and  it  has  sincebeen 
published.     B.  at  Eome,  1590  ;  d.  1652. 

ALLEIN,  Joseph,  a  non-conformist 
minister,  who  wrote  the  celebrated 
"  Alarm  to  Unconverted  Sinners," 
which  has  been  so  frequently  repub- 
Ushcd.     B.  at  Devizes,  1623  ;  d.  1688. 

ALLEN,  Ethax,  one  of  the  most  dis- 
tinguished of  the  generals  of  the  Amer- 
ican revolution.  He  was  born  at  Salis- 
bury, Connecticut,  and  educated  in 
Vermont.  He  early  took  a  part  with 
the  "  Green  Mountain  Boys,"  against 
the  royal  authorities.      In  1775,  soon 


all] 


CYCLOP-iiUIA    OF    RIOGUAI'HY. 


31 


nfter  the  battle  of  Lexington,  at  the  re- 
que^<t  of  the  legislature  of  Conneetient, 
he  raised  a  body  of  2o0  men,  and  as- 
saulted and  took  the  fortress  of  Tloon- 
deroga.  As  he  approached  De  Lsi  Place, 
the  commander,  lie  demanded  its  sur- 
render '*in  the  name  of  Jehovah  and 
the  continental  congress."  The  same 
year,  he  was  taken  prisoner  in  an  at- 
tempt to  reduce  Montreal.  lie  was 
sent  to  England  and,  after  being  cruelly 
maltreated  on  the  voyage,  was  confined 
in  I'endcnnis  castle,  near  Falmouth. 
He  was  next  returned  to  Halifax  and 
then  imprisoned  live  months  in  New 
York.  In  1778  he  was  exchanged  for 
Col.  Campbell  and  returned  to  Ver- 
mont, where  lie  was  welcomed  with 
great  joy.  Allen  was  a  man  of  strong 
mind,  earnest  and  eccentric  character, 
devoted  patriotism,  and  audacious  bra- 
verv.  He  jnihlished,  besides  a  narrative 
of  liis  captivity,  a  "  Vindication  of  the 
Colonies,  and  a  work  on  theologv. 
B.  1743 ;  d.  1789.— Ira,  a  brother  of 
Ethan,  was  the  lirst  secretary  of  Ver- 
mont. He  took  an  active  part  in  the 
war  on  the  lakes  in  1775,  was  a  com- 
missioner to  congress,  became  agent  of 
the  state,  in  Europe,  for  the  purchase 
of  arras,  was  captured  and  imprisoned 
in  Enirland,  and  afterwards  in  France  ; 
but  after  tedious  litigation  was  released. 
r>.  1752  ;  d.  ISU. — There  were  seven 
brothers  of  this  family,  all  more  or  less 
distingiushed  in  the  colonial  annals. — 
John,  a  chancellor  of  Ireland,  who  was 
basely  as^iissinated  by  the  earl  of  Kil- 
dare  in  1534. — Joax,  first  minister  of 
Dedham,  Massachusetts.  B.  1590. — 
Thomas,  an  eminent  scholar  and  mathe- 
matician of  Elizabeth's  time.  B.  1542  ; 
d.  1G32. — Thomas,  an  antiquarian  and 
historical  writer,  who  compiled  the 
"  History  and  Antiquities  of  London," 
etc.  B.  1S03;  d.  1833. — Matthew,  one 
of  the  first  settlers  of  Connecticut,  in 
1692. — William,  chief-justice  of  Penn- 
sylvania, an  early  friend  to  Benjamin 
West,  and  an  acquaintance  of  Frank- 
lin. D.  1780.  —  Soi-oMON',  a  major  in 
tlie  revolutionary  war,  who,  after  the 
seizure  of  Andre,  conducted  him  to 
West  Point.  He  was  also  concerned  in 
quelling  Shay's  insurrection,  and  after- 
wards became  a  successful  preacher. — 
James,  an  eccentrie  poet  of  Boston.  B. 
1739;  d.  1808.  —  A\  illiam  llt;xin',  a 
naval  otlicer  of  the  U.  S.  who  was  en- 

fai^ed  during  the  war  of  1812,  and  was 
illed  in  an  action  between  the  Argus 
and  the  Pelican  in  the  British  Channel. 
B.  1784;    d.  1813.— Paul,  a  poet  and 


legislator  of  Rhode  Island,  who  wrote 
for  the  Port  I'olio  and  United  States 
Gazette.     B.  1775  ;  d.  1820. 

ALLERSTAIN,  a  German  .Jesuit  and 
astronomer,  who  died  as  a  missionary 
in  China,  in  1778. 

ALLERT(JN,  Ib.u.c,  one  of  the  first 
settlers  of  Plymouth,  who  came  over  in 
the  Mayflower. 

ALLESTKY,  Richaed,  an  English 
divine.     B.  1619  ;  d.  1680. 

ALLEY,  bishop  of  Exeter  under 
Elizabeth.     D.  1570. 

ALLEYN,  Edward,  an  English  aeior 
in  the  reigns  of  Elizabeth  and  James  I., 
but  principally  known  as  the  founder 
of  Dulwich  college,  was  born  at  St.  Bo- 
tolph,  London,  Sept.  1,  1566.  He  was 
one  of  the  original  actors  in  Shak- 
speare's  plays,  and  his  popularity  pro- 
cured him  not  only  friends,  but  opu- 
lence, lie  built  at  his  own  expense  the 
Fortune  playhouse,  Moorfields,  and  still 
added  to  his  income  by  being  keeper  of 
the  king's  wild  beasts,  with  a  salary  of 
£500  per  annum.  His  erection  of  Dul- 
wich college  is  attributed  to  a  supersti- 
tious cause.  Whilst  with  six  others  he 
was  acting  the  part  of  a  demon  in  one 
of  Shakspeare's  plays,  he  is  said  to 
have  been  territied  by  the  real  appear- 
ance of  the  devil,  and'  the  power  of  the 
imagination  was  so  great  tnat  he  made 
a  solemn  vow  to  build  the  college, 
which,  in  1614,  was  begun  under  the 
direction  of  Inigo  Jones,  and  in  three 
vears  finislied  at  the  expense  of  £10,000. 
*riiis  noble  editiee,  destined  to  attbrd  an 
asylum  to  indigence  and  infinnity,  Avas 
solemnly  appropriated  on  the  13th  Sept. 
1619,  to  the  humane  purposes  of  the 
founder,  who  appointea  himself  its  first 
master.  The  original  endowment  was 
£800  per  annum,  for  the  maintenance 
of  one  master,  one  warden,  always  to 
be  unmarried  and  of  the  name  of  Alleyn, 
four  fellows,  three  of  whom  are  in  or- 
ders, and  the  fourth  an  organist,  besides 
six  poor  men,  and  six  women,  and 
twelve  boys  to  be  educated  till  the  age 
of  fourteen  or  sixteen,  and  then  to  be 
apprenticed.     D.  1626, 

ALLIONI,  Charles,  a  celebrated  phy- 
sician, writer,  and  professor  of  botany  in 
the  university  of  Turin.    B.  1725*;  d. 
|.  1804. 

ALLIX,  Peter,  a  learned  divine,  b. 
at  Alencon,  in  France,  1644,  minister 
of  the  Reformed  Church  at  Kouen  and 
Charenton.  who  went  to  Enirland,  wa3 
created  D.D.  at  Oxford,  and  made  treas- 
urer of  the  church  at  Salisbury.  D.  in 
London.  1717. 


32 


CrCLOP.EDIA    OF    CIOGKAPHi', 


|_ALM 


ALLOISI,  BalIiIazar,  a  Boloffnese 
historical  ami  portrait  painter,  who  ob- 
tained the  name  of  Galanino.     D.  1038. 

ALLOKI,  Ai-EXANDiiu,  a  Florentine 
painter,  who  excelled  in  naked  tiirarcs. 
JD.  1607. — CnRisToniANO,  the  son  of  the 
above,  was  also  an  eminent  painter. 
D.  1619. 

ALLSTOX,  "W^vsHiNGTON,  tlie  createst 
historical  painter  that  America  has  pro- 
duced, was  a  native  of  Charleston,  S.  C, 
but  at  the  age  of  7  was  sent,  by  the  ad- 
vice of  physicians,  to  Newport,  R.  I.  He 
early  discovered  a  taste  for  imitative  art, 
a  taste  which  was  fostered  by  his  ac- 
quaintance with  Malbone,  who  became 
a  ^li^ti^L^uishcd  miniature  pointer.  In 
17 '.'0  he  entered  Harvard  College,  where 
he  was  not'Cd  for  the  elecranee  of  his 
compositions ;  but  his  leisure  hours 
■were  chiefly  devoted  to  the  pencil.  An 
old  rich-toned  Italian  landscape,  some 
pictures  by  Fine,  and  a  copy  of  Van- 
dyke's head  of  Cardinal  Bentivoglio, 
were  his  models.  He  ■\;ent  to  London 
in  1801,  and  entered  as  a  student  in  the 
Eoyal  Academy,  lie  there  made  the  ac- 
quaintance of  West  and  Fuseli,  and  ex- 
hibited some  of  his  pictures  at  Somerset 
House  in  1802.  He  next  visited  France, 
and  afterwards  Italy.  He  pursued  the 
study  of  art  at  Eome  for  four  years, 
where  he  distinguished  himself  by  his 
coloring,  which  acquired  for  him  the 
name  of  the  American  Titian,  and  also 
entered  into  relations  of  intimate  friend- 
ship with  Thorwaldsen,  Coleridge,  and 
other  men  of  note.  In  1809  he  "visited 
America,  and  married  the  sister  of  Dr. 
Clianning.  In  1811  he  resumed  his  resi- 
dence in  London,  where  his  first  histor- 
ical picture,  the  "  Dead  Man  Revived," 
obtamed  for  him  the  first  prize  of  the 
British  Institution.  A  small  volume  of 
poems,  called  the  "  Sylph  of  the  Season, 
and  other  poems,"  was  published  by 
him  in  1813.  His  wife  died  in  1815,  ani 
three  years  after  he  came  home,  bring- 
ing with  him  the  "  Elijah  in  the  Wil- 
derness," having  disposed  of  several 
large  and  fine  pictures  before  he  quilted 
England,  such  as  Uriel  in  the  Sun, 
Jacob's  Dream,  and  St.  Peter  liberated 
by  the  Angel.  The  Elijah  was  after- 
wards purchased  and  taken  back  to 
England.  During  the  next  12  years, 
while  he  resided  in  Boston,  he  painted 
several  of  his  finest  works,  among  others 
his  Jeremiali,  Saul  and  the  Witch  of 
Endor,  Miriam,  singing  the  song  of  tri- 
umph, Dante's  Beatrice,  and  the  Valen- 
tine. In  1830  he  was  married  a  second 
time  to  the  daughter  of  the  late  Chief 


Justice  Dana,  of  Cambridge,  wlierc  he 
then  took  up  his  residence,  and  be»an 
tlie  largest  and  most  ambitious  of  liis 
pictures,  the  Feast  of  Belshazzar.  This 
work,  owing  to  various  hindrances,  was 
never  finished,  but  what  was  done  of  it 
will  remain  for  ever  a  monument  of  his 
surpassing  genius  and  skill.  In  1836 
Mr.  AUston  was  asked  by  congress  to 
fill  two  of  the  four  vacant  panels  in  the 
Rotunda  at  Washington,  but  he  declined 
the  request,  in  order  that  he  might  de- 
vote his  undivided  energies  to  the  com- 
pletion of  his  Belshazzar.  His  friends, 
in  1S39,  made  a  collection  of  more  than 
fifty  of  his  pictures,  which  were  publicly 
exhibited  in  Boston,  and  gave  to  all  who 
saw  them  the  rarest  delight.  Never  be- 
fore, we  venture  to  say,  on  the  continent 
of  America,  had  there  been  such  an  ex- 
hibition. Two  years  afterwards  Mr. 
Allston  published  a  highly  successful 
tale,  called  Monaldi,  and  thus,  amidst 
days  passed  in  the  exercise  of  his  beau- 
tiful art,  and  evenings  of  refined  social 
enjoyment,  he  enjoyed  a  happy  old  age, 
rich' in  the  possession  of  the  highest 
genius,  and  in  the  attachment  of  the 
most  accomplished  friends.  His  char- 
acter was  without  reproach,  his  feelings 
tender,  his  conduct  dignified,  and  his 
attachments,  as  well  as  his  opinions,  in-o- 
found  and  sincere.  He  d.  suddenly,  on 
9th  of  July.  1843. 

ALLY,  Vizier,  ex-nabob  of  Oude,  was 
the  adopted  son  of  the  former  nabob  of 
Oude,  \  usuf  ab  Dowlah,  who  declared 
him  successor.  The  English  govern- 
ment, however,  deposed  him  in  favor  of 
the  brother  of  Yusuf,  but  settled  on  him 
a  pension  of  £25,000.  While  engaged 
with  the  agents  of  the  East  India  Com- 
pany, who  had  been  sent  to  meet  him  at 
Benares  for  the  purpose  of  making  ar- 
rangements for  his  future  residence,  he 
gave  a  signal,  on  which  his  armed  fol- 
lowers rushed  in  and  treacherously  mur- 
dered the  Company's  officers.  For  a 
time  he  made  his  escape,  but  surrender- 
ed on  condition  that  liis  life  should  be 
spared.  D.  in  prison,  1S17,  aged  only  36. 

ALMAGRO,  DiEoo  n',  a  Spaniard  of 
low  origin,  who  accompanied  Pizarro  in 
the  expedition  against  Peru,  in  which 
his  valor,  profligacy,  and  cruelty  were 
equally  displayed.  In  1525  he  took 
Cuzco,  the  capital  of  Chili,  by  storm,  and 
put  Atahualjia,  the  last  of  tlic  Incas,  to  a 
most  horrid  death  ;  but  quarrelling  with 
the  brothers  of  Pizarro  about  the  divi- 
sion of  their  spoil,  a  schism  ensued,  and 
Alinagro  was  eventually  taken  prisoner 
and  strangled,  1533. 


alp] 


CYCLOP.f:DI.V    OF    DIOGRAPIir. 


33 


ALMAMON,  or  ABB  ALLAH,  a  ca- 
liph of  Biig-dad,  son  of  Ilarouu  al  Kas- 
chii.1,  who  founded  the  academy  of 
Bii^dad,  and  was  a  patron  of  science. 
D.  ^-.y-i. 

ALiMANASOE,  Jacob,  a  calipli  of 
the  Saracens  in  Africa,  who,  after  cou- 
qucrhii^  a  larfre  territory,  became  a  ba- 
ker at  Alc\;indria,  where  he  died,  I'JUo. 

AJj.MANZOK,  surnamed  the  Victo- 
rious, the  second  calipli  of  the  house  of 
Abas,  succeeded  to  the  throne  in  753. 

ALMAKUS,  abbot  of  the  monastery 
of  St.  Austin,  Canterbury,  made  bishop 
of  Sherborne,  1022. 

ALMEIDA,  Fkancisco,  a  Portuguese, 
appointed,  in  150'),  tlie  lirst  viceroy  of 
India.  Aftiir  a  perilous  voyage,  he 
crossed  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  and 
])roceeded  along  the  coast  of  Africa, 
s]ireading  terror  and  desolation,  but 
was  killed  on  his  return  in  a  quarrel 
with  the  natives  at  the  Cape,  in  1509. — 
Lorenzo,  sou  of  Francisco,  was  also  an 
enterprising  commander  and  navigator, 
by  whom  Cevlon  was  made  tributary  to 
Portugal.  lie  lost  his  life  in  an  engage- 
ment with  the  Egyptian  fleet  in  the  bay 
of  Cambaya. 

ALMEL()VEEN,  Theodore  Jansex 
Van,  a  most  learned  physician,  born  near 
Utrecht,  prot'essor  ot  history,  the  Greek 
lanauage,  and  medicine,  at  Ilarderwiek. 
D.  1741'. 

ALMINARA,  Marqum,  Spanish  en- 
voy to  France  from  Charles  iV. ;  diplo- 
matist, and  the  author  of  an  able  "  JKe- 
jily  to  Ccvallos,"  respectino:  the  former's 
abdication,  and  of  "  A  History  of  the 
Liquisition." 

ALMON,  John,  a  political  writer  and 
publisher,  and  the  friend  of  Wilkes. 
In  1774  he  commenced  the  Parliament- 
ary Register  ;  he  was  also  the  author  of 
a  ''  Life  of  Lord  Chatham,"  and  various 
biographical,  political,  ancl  literary  anec- 
dotes.    B.  nuS  ;  d.  1805. 

ALOADDIN,  commonly  called  the 
Old  Man  of  the  Mountains.  He  was  the 
sheik  of  a  Syrian  tribe  professing  the 
Mahometan  religion,  called  the  Arsa- 
cides.  He  lived  in  a  castle  between 
Damascus  and  Antioch,  and  was  sur- 
rounded by  a  number  of  intrepid 
youths,  whom  he  intoxicated  with 
pleasures,  and  rendered  subservient  to 
liis  views,  by  promising  still  greater 
voluptuousness  in  the  next  world.  As 
these  were  too  successfully  employed 
to  stab  his  enemies,  he  was  dreaded  by 
tlie  iK-igliboring  princes.  From  the 
name  and  character  of  his  followers  the 
word  assassin  is  derived. 


ALOMPKA,  the  founder  of  the  Bnr- 
mau  empire,  a  man  of  obscure  birth, 
bat  who  established  a  new  dynasty 
about  the  middle  of  the  ISlh  century. 

ALONZO  DE  VIADO,  a  SpaiiLsh 
liberal  and  writer.     B.  1775. 

ALPAGO,  Andrew,  an  Italian  phy- 
sician, who  visited  the  East,  and  some 
time  resided  at  Damascus.  On  his  re- 
turn he  was  made  professor  of  medicine 
at  Venice,  where  he  translated  Avicen- 
na,  Averroes,  and  Ser.apion,  and  en- 
riched the  work  with  notes,  some  of 
which  now  remain  in  manuscript.  D. 
1555. 

ALPHANUS,  Benedict,  archbishop 
of  Palermo,  better  known  as  a  physician 
and  a  poet.  He  was  the  author  of  the 
lives  of  some  saints  in  verse.     D.  1086. 

ALPHERY,  Mekepper  or  Nicepuo- 
Rcs,  a  native  of  Russia,  descended  from 
the  imperial  family.  During  the  civil 
dissensions  of  his  country  he  removed 
to  England  and  studied  at  Oxford. 
In  IGls  he  succeeded  to  the  living 
of  Wooley,  in  Huntingdonshire,  and 
though  he  was  twice  invited  to  return 
to  Russia  with  the  certainty  of  being 
placed  on  the  throne,  he  preferred  the 
character  of  a  parish  priest  in  Ensrland 
to  the  splendor  of  the  purple.  He  was 
ejected  from  his  living  during  the  civil 
wars,  and  ill  treated  by  the  republican 
soldiers,  though  his  Presbyterian  suc- 
cessor behaved  towards  him  with  hu- 
manity. He  saw  the  restoration,  and 
was  replaced  in  his  living,  but  retired 
to  Hammersmith,  where  his  son  had 
settled,  and  there  died,  aged  about  80. 
The  last  descendant  of  this  family  mar- 
ried a  Johnson,  a  cutler,  at  Huntingdon, 
by  whom  she  had  eight  children."  She 
was  living  in  1764. 

ALPHONSO  I.,  or  ALONZO  EN- 
RIQUEZ,  tirst  king  of  Portugal,  son  of 
Henry  of  Burgundy,  count  of  Portugal. 
He  fought  suecessfidly  against  "the 
Jloors,  and  raised  his  countiy  to  a  pow- 
erful monarchy.  D.  1185. — III.,  the 
Great,  king  of  the  Asturias,  b.  847,  suc- 
ceeded his  father  Ordogeno,  865,  and  d. 
at  Zamora,  912.  He  conquered  many 
places  from  the  Moors,  was  a  patron  of 
learned  men,  and  distinguished  himself 
for  piety  and  justice. — ^IV.,  surnamed 
the  Brave,  son  of  king  Denis,  whom 
lie  succeeded,  1324,  was  an  .able  and 
impartial  sovereign,  and  d.  1357. — V.. 
surnamed  the  Magn.animous,  king  ot 
Arragon,  b.  13S4,  succeeded  his  father, 
Ferdinand  the  Just,  141  •',  and  d.  .at 
Naples,  1458,  leaving  his  Neapolitan  do- 
minions to  his  natural  son  lerdinimd. 


34 


CYCLOP.EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[alt 


and  those  of  Spain,  Sardinia,  and  Sicily 
to  his  brother  Juan,  king  ot"  Niiyarre. 
This  mouaroli  was  accounted  tlie  most 
accomplished  prince  of  his  time ;  he  gave 
sheher  to  the  Greek  literati  expelled 
from  Constantinople,  and  was  in  other 
respects  a  great  patron  of  learning. — X., 
called  the  Wise,  king  of  Leon  and  Cas- 
tile, succeeded  his  father,  Ferdinand 
III.,  12.51,  and  d.  12Si,  aged  81.  As  a 
ruler,  Alphonso  was  misguided  and  un- 
fortunate ;  but  as  a  patron  and  an  en- 
courager  of  the  sciences,  he  obtained 
much  reputation.  lie  completed  a  code 
of  laws,  began  by  his  father,  still  known 
under  the  title  of  "  Las  Partidas,"  and 
preceded  the  other  nations  of  Europe  in 
substituting  the  vernacular  tongue  for 
the  Latin  in  law  proceedings.  His  fa- 
vorite pursuit,  however,  was  astronomy, 
and  he  employed  the  most  famous  as- 
tronomers to  draw  up  the  celebrated 
tables  called  after  him  the  Alphonsine 
Tables,  wiiich  were  first  published  at 
Venice.  1483. 

ALPHONSUS,  Ta-stadus,  bishop  of 
Avila.  a  voluminous  Spanish  writer, 
who  nourished  during  the  1.5th  century. 

ALPINI,  Prospero,  a  Venetian  phy- 
Bician.  B.  1553,  and  d.  1617.  He  was  the 
greatest  botanist  of  his  day,  the  first  who 
e.xplained  the  impregnation  and  genera- 
tion of  plants  by  the  se.xual  system,  and 
the  autnor  of  many  valuable  works  on 
his  favorite  pursuit. 

ALSOP,  Anthony,  an  eminent  En- 
glish divine  and  scholar,  who  d.  1720. 
His  principal  work  was  a  selection  from 
jEsop,  entitled  "  Fabularum  ^Esopica- 
rnm  Delectus,"  published  in  16^8. — 
Vincent,  a  nonconformist  divine  of  the 
17th  century,  b.  in  Northamptonshire. 
D.  1703. — KicHARD,  a  native  of  Middle- 
town,  in  Connecticut ;  a  miscellaneous 
writer,  and  the  translator  of  various 
works  from  the  French  and  Italian ; 
araont;  which  was  the  "  Natural  and 
Civil  History  of  Chili,"  from  the  Italian 
of  Moliiiii.    "P..  1759  ;  d.  181.5. 

ALSTEDIUS,  John  Henrv,  a  Ger- 
man philosoplier  and  Protestant  divine. 
B.  15Ss;  d.  1038. 

ALSTON, Charles,  an  eminent  Scotch 
physician  and  botanist ;  author  of  "  Tiro- 
cinium Botanicum  E  linVmrgensc,"  &c. ; 
and  public  lecturer  at  EdinliurLdi.  B. 
1CS3 ;  d.  1700. — Joseph,  governor  of 
South  Carolina,  after  liaviu.f  been  for 
several  years  a  distinLTuished  member 
of  the  legislature  of  that  state,  was  elect- 
ed chief  magistrate  in  1S12.  He  married 
the  daughter  of  Aaron  Burr,  and  in  con- 
eequcnce  of  that  connection  was  unjust- 


ly suspected  of  being  concerned  in  the 
reputed  treasonable  enterprises  of  that 
individual.  Mrs.  Alston  was  lost  on  her 
passage  from  Charleston  to  New  York 
m  1812.  B.  1778  ;  d.  1810.— William, 
a  volunteer  of  the  revolutionary  war, 
who  served  as  captain  under  Marion. 
He  was  for  several  years  member  of  the 
senate  of  South  Carolina.  B.  1756 ;  d, 
1839. 

ALSTROEMER,  Jonas,  a  distinguish- 
ed Swede,  b.  of  poor  parents  at  Alingas, 
West  Gothland,  in  16S5.  After  strug- 
gling with  poverty  for  a  long  time,  he 
visited  London,  and  paying  particular 
attention  to  the  commercial  and  manu- 
facturing sources  of  British  prosperity, 
he  returned  to  Sweden  in  1723,  resolv- 
ing to  carry  the  plans  he  had  formed 
into  execution.  Having  obtained  a  li- 
cense to  establish  manufactures  in  the 
town  in  which  he  was  born,  it  soon  be- 
came the  seat  of  industry  and  activity, 
which  afforded  an  example  to  the  whole 
kingdom.  He  established'a  sugar-house 
at  Gottenburgh,  and  traded  to  tlie  Indies 
and  the  Levant ;  improved  rural  econo- 
my ;  cultivated  plants  proper  for  dyeing ; 
and  improved  the  wool  trade,  by  import- 
ing sheep  from  Spain  and  England,  and 
the  goat  from  Aurora.  For  these  im- 
portant lienefits,  A'l&troeraer  received  a 
patent  of  nobility,  was  made  Knight  of 
the  Polar  Star,  and  honored  with  the 
title  of  Chancellor  of  Commerce ;  the 
Academy  of  Sciences  chose  him  a  mem- 
ber, and  the  national  states  decreed  him 
a  statue  to  be  erected  to  his  memory  on 
the  Exchanare  of  Stockholm.     D.  1761. 

ALTAEMPS,  M.\rk,  a  nephew  of 
Pope  Pius  IV.,  memorable  as  one  of  the 
cardinals  in  the  council  of  Trent. 

ALTER,  Francis  Charles,  ii  German 
Jesuit  and  laborious  critic ;  Greek  teach- 
er in  the  school  of  St.  Anne  at  Vienna. 
D.  1804. 

ALTHAMERUS,  a  divine  of  Nurem- 
berg ;  author  of  various  theologiciil 
works,  and  a  principal  promoter  of  the 
Reformation  iu  Berne,  Switzerland.  D. 
1450. 

ALTHUSEN,  or  ALTHUSIUS,  John, 
a  German  civilian,  was  b.  about  the 
middle  of  the  16th  century,  and  d.  in  the 
17th.  He  was  professor  of  law  at  Iler- 
born,  and  syndic  of  Bremen.  In  1003 
he  published  his  "Politica  Methodico 
Digesta,"  in  which  he  boldly  taught  that 
kings  arc  nothing  more  than  magis- 
trates, that  to  the  people  belongs  the 
sovereignty,  and  that,  as  a  natural  con- 
sequence, they  may  change  and  even 
nuuish  their  rulers.     AJthusen  was  the 


ALVJ 


CYCLOP-'KDIA    OF    BIOGRAl'IIV, 


35 


autlior  of  several  other  works,  the  prin- 
cipal of  whii;h  is  a  Latia  Treatise  on 
lioman  Jurisprudence. 

ALTICOZZI,  LoRiiNEO,  a  Jesuit  au- 
thor and  polemic,  wlio  wrote  the  "Sum 
of  St.  Augustine,"  B.  at  Cortona,  1689 ; 
d.  1777. 

ALTILIO,  Gabuiel,  a  Neapolitan ; 
author  of  some  Latin  poems  of  great 
beauty.     D.  l.'xH. 

ALTING,  IIen-ry,  an  eminent  Ger- 
man divine,  distinj/uislicd  himself  at  tlie 
synod  of  Dort.  as  tleputy  from  tlie  Pal- 
atinate, and  did  much  in  advancement 
of  the  Protestant  interest  in  Germany. 
B.  1583;  d.  1044. — James,  sou  of  the 
above,  was  educated  at  Groningen,  and 
went  to  England,  where  he  was  ordain- 
ed a  priest  of  the  church  by  the  Bishop 
of  W  oreester.  In  1643  he  was  chosen 
Hebrew  professor  at  Groningen,  and 
afterwards  professor  of  divinity.  B. 
1618  ;  d.  1679. — Menson,  a  burgomaster 
of  Groningen,  author  of  the  best  descrip- 
tion of  the  Low  Countries  now  extant. 
D.  1713. 

ALTISSIMO,  the  poetical  surname  of 
an  Italian  poet  named  Christopher.  His 
surname  and  a  poetic  crown  were  given 
to  him  on  account  of  his  great  popular- 
ity as  an  improvisatore. 

ALTMAN,  Jon>f  George,  a  Swiss 
historian  and  divine,  curate  of  Inns  in 
the  same  canton,  and  professor  of  moral 
philosophy  and  Greek  at  Berne.  B.  1697 ; 
d.  1758. 

ALTOKF,  Albert,  a  Bavarian  painter, 
architect,  and  engraver.  He  raised  him- 
self by  his  merits  to  the  rank  of  senator 
of  Ratisbon,  which  city  he  adorned  with 
many  handsome  edifices.  B.  1488 ;  d. 
1578. 

ALTON,  EicHARD,  count  d',  an  Aus- 
trian general,  who  had  the  command  of 
the  Low  Countries  in  1787.  Though 
a  strict  disciplinarian  and  a  man  of 
bravery,  he  betrayed  weakness  during 
the  insurrections  in  Brabant,  1789,  for 
which  he  was  sent  for  to  Vienna,  to  clear 
liis  character.  He  d.  on  the  journey. — 
His  brother  distinguished  himself  against 
the  Turks,  and  also  against  the  French 
at  the  siege  of  Valenciennes.  He  was 
killed  near  Dunkirk,  1793,  much  regret- 
te<l  as  a  good  soldier  and  an  amiable 
man. 

ALUEED,  an  ancient  English  his- 
torian, who  flourislied  in  the  begiuning 
of  the  12th  century.  His  annals  are 
very  valuable,  and  comprise  the  history 
of  the  Britons,  Saxons,  and  Normans, 
do^^m  to  his  own  time,  1129. 

ALVA,  Ferdinand  Alvarez,  duke  of, 


the  descendant  of  an  illustrious  family 
in  Spain,  was  a  famous  general  under 
the  emperors  Charles  V.  and  Philip  II. 
He  made  his  first  campaign  at  the  battle 
of  Pavia.  At  the  siege  of  Metz  he  per- 
formed prodigies  of  valor ;  and  in  the 
war  with  the  pope  he  was  completely 
successful ;  but  he  was  as  cruel  as  he 
was  brave.  In  1567,  Philip  sent  him  to 
reduce  the  Low  Countries,  then  in  a 
state  of  revolt.  Here  he  landed  witli 
10,000  men,  and  immediately  eomn.eneed 
a  series  of  cruelties  almost  unparalleled 
in  the  annals  of  liistory,  annihilating 
every  remaining  privilege  of  the  people. 
He  was  subsei|uunlly  employed  agamst 
Don  Antonio,  wlio  had  assinned  the 
crown  of  Portugal,  and  drove  him  from 
that  kingdom,  the  whole  of  which  he 
I'educed  to  Philip's  authority.  B.  1515 ; 
d.  1589. 

ALVAEADO,  Don  Pedro,  one  of  the 
rapacious  conquerors  of  Spanish  Amer- 
ica, wlio  accompanied  Cortes  to  America. 
He  was  appointed  to  the  government  of 
Guatimala,  and  was  slain  in  1541. — Al- 
PHONso  d',  a  Spanish  adventurer,  who 
accompanied  Pizarroinhis  expedition  to 
Peru ;  and  wlio  was  equally  distinguish- 
ed for  lus  braverv  and  his  cruelty.  D. 
15.53. 

ALVAEEZ,  EiiANTEL,  a  distinguished 
Portuguese  grammarian.  B.  at  Madeira, 
1526 ;  d.  at  the  college  of  Evora,  of 
which  he  was  rector,  1582. — Francis,  a 
Portuguese  divine,  b.  at  Coimbra,  to- 
wards'the  end  of  the  loth  century,  and 
d.  1540,  leaving  behind  hiiii  in  Portu- 
guese an  account  of  his  embassy  to 
David,  king  of  Abyssinia,  and  a  de- 
scription of  Ethiopian  manners  and  cus- 
toms, whicli  is  deemed  the  first  accurate 
accoimt  of  Abvssinia. — Gomez,  a  Spanish 
poet.  The  chief  of  his  works,  wliich 
were  written  in  Latin,  is  a  poem  on  the 
Order  of  the  Golden  Fleece.  B.  1488 ; 
d.  1538. — Don  Jose,  one  of  the  most 
eminent  sculptors  of  the  19th  century, 
was  b.  near  Cordova  in  Spain,  1768. 
Patronized  by  Charles  IV.,  he  proceeded 
to  Paris  in  1799,  with  a  view  of  jiros- 
ecuting  his  studies ;  and  he  soon  gained 
himself  a  name  in  the  French  metropo- 
lis. Napoleon  presented  him  with  a 
gold  medal ;  but  the  great  captain's  sub- 
sequent conduct  towards  Spain  inspired 
the  artist  with  such  aversion  for  liim, 
that  he  would  never  model  his  bust.  He 
was  afterwards  imprisoned  for  refusing 
to  take  the  oath  of  allegiance  to  Joseph 
Bonaparte,  when  proclaimed  king  of 
Spain.  Manv  of  his  best  works  arc  at 
Madrid.    D."l827. 


36 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[ama 


ALVATWTTO,  James,  a  lawyer  of 
Padua,  distinguished  for  liis  attain- 
ments both  intlic  civil  and  canon  law  ; 
author  of  "  Coramentaria  in  Libros  Fcu- 
doriim."     B.  1474;  d.  ir,42. 

ALVENSLEBEX,  Piiii.tp  Cn-ujLES, 
count  of,  son  of  a  counsellor  of  war  at 
Hanover,  was  a  distini^uishcd  diplo- 
matist, and  in  1701  was  placed  at  the 
liead  of  the  department  for  foreign  af- 
fairs at  Hanover,  in  which  he  gave  gen- 
eral satisfaction.  The  count  wrote  a 
"  History  of  the  War  from  the  Peace  of 
Munster  to  that  of  Hubertsbourg."  B. 
174o ;  d.  1802. 

ALVIANO,  Bartholomew,  an  emi- 
nent Venetian  general,  whose  exertions 
against  the  Emperor  Maximilian,  in 
150S,  caused  the  republic  to  decree  him 
triumphal  lionors.  In  the  siege  of  Pa- 
dua by  the  emperor,  and  at  the  battles 
of  La  Motte  and  Alariguano,  Alviano 
displayed  the  most  heroic  qualities. 
His  death  was  occasioned  by  excessive 
fatigue  while  laving  siege  to  Brescia. 
B.  145.-:  d.  1515." 

ALXINGEK,  JonK  Baptist  t>\  a 
German  poet,  born  at  Vienna,  in  1755, 
of  a  ricli  family,  early  acquired  a 
thorough  knowledge  of  the  classics. 
Though  he  became  a  doctor  of  laws, 
and  held  the  title  of  court  advocate,  he 
availed  himself  of  his  legal  station  only 
to  make  np  disputes,  or  plead  for  the 
poor.  Poetry  was  his  favorite  pursuit. 
Besides  minor  pieces,  he  wrote  "Doolin 
of  Mentz,"  and  "  ]51iombcris,"  two 
chivalresque  epics,  in  Wieland's  style. 
Alxinsrer  was  liberal,  and  firmly  attached 
to  his  friends.     D.  1797. 

ALYPIUS,  an  architect  of  Antioeh, 
employed  by  Julian  in  his  attcnipt  to 
rebuild  the  temple  of  Jerusalem.  He 
was  subsequently  Ixinished,  on  a  charge 
of  practising  the  black  art,  and  died  in 
e.xile.  Alypius  wrote  a  "  Geograiihical 
Description  of  the  World,"  published 
in  1628  at  Geneva. — Bishop  or  Tagasta, 
Africa,  the  friend  of  St.  AuLMistinc,  with 
whom  he  was  baptized  at  Milan,  in  3"^S. 
He  opposed  the  Donatists  and  Pelagians 
with  great  zeal ;  and  died  in  430. 

AM.\I)EDDULAT,  first  sultan  of  the 
Buiyan  dynasty,  was  the  son  of  a  fisher- 
man of  JJilem,  on  the  Caspian  Sea.  He 
rose  to  distinction  in  the  armies  of 
Makan,  Bultan  of  Dilem,  and  subse- 
quently gained  possession  of  Persia 
Proper,  Persian  Irak,  and  Kerman,  of 
which  lie  assumed  tlie  sovereignty,  and 
fixed  the  seat  of  his  government  at  Shi- 
raz,  in  933.  He  died,  949,  and  left  his 
crown  to  his  nephew,  Adadeddulat. 


AMADEUS  v.,  count  of  Savoy,  suc- 
ceeded to  the  sovereignty  of  that  state, 
1285,  and  died  at  Avignon,  1323.  Al- 
thougli  a  prince  of  such  small  domin- 
ions, he  acquired  the  surname  of  Great, 
from  his  wisdom  and  success.— VIII., 
count  of  Savoy,  elected  1391.  He  was 
one  of  the  most  singular  men  of  his 
time,  and  acquired  the  name  of  Pacific. 
— IX.,  count  of  Savoy,  who  married 
Jolande  of  France,  and  distinguished 
himself  by  his  good  deeds,  so  that  his 
subiects  called  him  the  Blessed.  T>. 
1472. 

AMATA,  Francls,  a  Spanish  lawyer 
of  much  reputation,  and  professor  of 
legal  science  at  Salamanca.     D.  1640. 

AMAK,  or  ABU  LN  AG  IE  AL  BOK- 
HARI,  a  Persian  poet  of  the  5th  cen- 
tury, entertained  at  the  court  of  sultan 
Khedar  Khan,  who  instituted  an  acad- 
emy of  poets,  of  which  he  made  Amak 
president.  His  chief  poem  is  the  "His- 
tory of  the  Loves  oi  Joseph  and  Zo- 
leiskah." 

AMALAEIUS,  Fortun'-vtus,  arch- 
bishop of  Treves  in  810.  He  established 
Christianity  in  Saxony,  consecrated  a 
church  at  Hamburgh,  and  was  sent  am- 
bassador in  813  to  Constantinople  by 
Charlemagne.     D.  814. 

AMAL'THEUS,  Attilius,  archbishop 
of  Athens.  D.  1600. — Jerome,  an  Italian 
physician  and  poet  of  some  repute.'  B. 
1507 ;  d.  1574. — Joiix  Baptlst,  brother 
of  the  above,  was  born,  1525 ;  attended 
the  Venetian  ambassador  to  England, 
and,  on  his  return,  was  made  secretary 
to  Pope  Pius  IV.  His  Latin  poems 
were  printed,  1550  ;  and  he  died,  1573. 
— CoRXELius,  another  brother  of  tho 
above,  was  also  eminent  in  physic  and 
poetry. 

AMAND,  M.VRK  Anthony  Gerard, 
Sieur  de  St.,  a  French  poet.  B.  at 
Rouen,  1594;  d.  1661.  He  was  one 
of  the  first  members  of  the  French 
acadcmv. 

AMAR  DURIVIER,  J.  A.,  author  of 
a  great  variety  of  literary  works,  trans- 
lations from  Gay,  Terence,  Lucan,  &c. 
B.  1765. 

AMAEA-SINGHA,  a  Hindoo  author 
of  great  antiquity,  who  compiled  a  dic- 
tionary of  the  Sanscrit  language,  part  of 
which  was  published  at  Rome,  1798. 

AMARprrrr,  Abb,i  C,  a  Milanese 
mineralogist,  born  in  1743;  author  of 
"Viaggio  di  Trilaghi,"  "Memoirs  of 
Leonardo  di  Vinci,"  &c.,  &c.  He  was 
a  knight  of  Napoleon's  order  of  the 
Iron  Crown. 

,\MASEO,     RoMui.rs,     nn     eminent 


^] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OK    lilOGKAPIIi'. 


37 


teacher  of  tlio  bellea  lettres  at  Padua. 
His  oclcbrity  caused  him  to  be  iavitod 
to  Rome  by  Paul  III.,  liy  whom  he  was 
employed  in  various  einbassies ;  and  by 
Jidius  III.  he  was  appointed  secretary 
of  the  briefs.  lie  translated  Pausanias 
and  the  Cyrus  of  Xenophon  into  Latixi ; 
and  publislied  a  volume  of  his  own 
Latin  speeches.     B.  1-lb'J  ;  d.  lbo2. 

AMATI,  a  celebrated  violin  maker  of 
Cremona,  about  the  year  IGuO. 

AMATU8,  a  Portuyueso  .Jew,  l)orn 
1511,  at  Castel  Bianco.  He  studied 
medicine  with  success  at  the  university 
of  Salamanca,  and  afterwards  ,tca\  e  lec- 
tures on  the  science  at  Ferrura,  Ancona, 
and  other  places. 

AMAUEI,  DE  Chartres,  a  French 
visionary  of  the  13th  century,  who 
maintained  the  eternity  of  matter,  and 
that  religion  had  three  epochs,  ajjree- 
al lie  to  the  three  persons  of  the  Trinity. 
Ilis  opinions  were  condemned  by  the 
council  of  Paris,  1209,  and  some  of  his 
followers  burnt.  To  avoid  a  similar 
fate,  he  renounced  his  errors,  but  died 
of  vexation. 

AMBERGEE,  Christopher,  a  painter 
of  XurcmberiT,  in  the  IGth  centurv,  was 
a  disciple  of  Ilans  Holbein.  Ho  was 
lilcewise  a  good  engraver  on  wood.  D. 
1550. 

AMBOISE,  Francis,  a  French  ^Titer, 
educated  in  the  college  of  Navarre,  and 
afterwards  an  advocate  in  the  parlia- 
ment of  Paris,  and  counsellor  of  state. 
lie  published  several  poetical  pieces  in 
French  and  Latin,  but  is  chiefly  known 
as  the  collector  and  editor  of  the  works 
of  the  celebrated  Abelard.  D.  1612.— 
George  u',  a  French  cardinal  and  min- 
ister of  state,  born  of  a  noble  family, 
14(i0.  He  became  soccessivelv  bishop 
of  Miintauban,  archbishop  of  N'arbonne, 
and  lastly  of  Rouen.  Louis  XII.  made 
him  ■i-)rime  minister,  and  he  soon  ac- 
quircil  great  popularity  by  taking  oil' 
the  taxes  which  had  been  usually  levied 
on  the  people  at  the  accession  of  every 
new  monarch.  The  king,  by  his  ad- 
vice, undertook  the  conquest  of  the 
Milanese,  which  succeeded.  Soon  after 
this,  he  was  appointed  the  pope's  legate 
in  France,  with  the  dignity  of  cardinal, 
and  in  that  capacity  eiffeeted  a  great  re- 
form among  the  religious  orders.  He 
d.  1510. — Amekv  d',  a  famous  French 
admiral,  and  brother  of  the  above,  who 
gained  a  splendid  victory  over  the  sul- 
tan of  Egypt,  in  1510.— Michael  d',  a 
natural  son  of  Amboise,  admiral  of 
France,  born  at  Naples.  Ho  was  the 
author  of  nun\erous  poems  in  the 
4 


French  language,  which  he  published 
under  the  name  of  the  Signior  de  Cha- 
villon.     I).  1547. 

AMBROGI,  AxToiNE,  a  Roman  Jesuit 
and  poet.  He  translated  Virgil  and 
some  of  the  works  of  Voltnirc  mto  Ital- 
ian.   B.  1712;  d.  1788. 

AMBROGIO,  Tesco,  one  of  the  most 
celebrated  among  the  early  Italian  ori- 
entalists.    B.  at  Pavia.  14ij'J  ;  d.  1540. 

AMBROSE,  St.,  bishop  of  Milan,  was 
born,  340,  at  Aries,  m  Gallia  Narbon- 
cnsis,  of  which  province  his  father  was* 
lieutenant.  "Wliile  yet  a  youth,  he 
pleaded  eatises  with  so  much  eloquence, 
that  Probus,  prefect  of  Itiily,  chose  him 
one  of  his  council,  and  afterwards  nom- 
inated him  governor  of  Milan,  which 
office  he  helcl  5  years.  In  374,  Auxen- 
tius,  bishop  of  Milan,  died ;  and  so 
fierce  was  the  contest  in  the  election  of 
a  successor  to  the  vacant  see,  that  the 
governor  was  called  upon  to  quell  the 
tumult.  This  he  attempted  by  per- 
suasion in  the  great  church  ;  and  at  the 
conclusion  of  his  address,  a  voice  in  the 
crowd  exclaimed,  "  Ambrose  is  bishop." 
This  circumstance  was  considered  as  of 
divine  direction,  and  Ambrose  was  de- 
clared to  be  the  object  not  only  of  the 
popular  choice,  but  of  divine  selection. 
His  first  efforts  were  directed  to  the  ex- 
termination of  Arianism,  which  was 
then  making  great  progress.  He  also 
successfully  resisted  the  Pa,gans,  who 
were  attempting  to  restore  their  ancient 
worship.  \Vhcn  Maximinus  invaded 
Italy,  and  actually  entered  Milan,  Am- 
brose remained  at  his  post,  to  assuage 
the  calamities  produced  by  the  invading 
army.  When,  in  consequence  of  a  tu- 
mult at  Thessaloniea,  Tneodosius  sent 
an  order  for  a  general  massacre,  Am- 
brose repaired  to  the  emperor,  remon- 
strated with  him  on  his  barbarity,  and 
prevailed  on  him  to  promise  that  the 
command  should  be  revoked.  The 
mandate  was,  however,  carried  into  ex- 
ecution, and  7000  persons  were  slaugh- 
tered in  cold  blood.  Shortly  afterwards, 
when  Theodosius,  in  the  anguish  of 
self-reproaeh,  was  about  to  enter  the 
great  church  of  Lilian,  Ambrose  met 
him  at  the  porch  and  sternly  forbade 
him  to  appear  in  the  holy  place.  The 
emperor  ])lcaded  the  example  of  David: 
— "  You  have  imitated  David  in  his 
crime,  imitate  him  in  his  repentance," 
was  the  reply;  and  Theodosius  was 
compelled,  not  only  to  perform  a  pen- 
ance, but  to  sign  "an  edict,  which  or- 
dained that  an  interval  of  tliirty  daya 
should    pass   before   any   sentence    of 


S2ii)rjA 


38 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPIIV. 


[A 


dcatli  or  of  coflfiscation  should  be  ex- 
ecuted.    D.  at  Milan,  in  3'J7. 

AMBKOSINI,  Ambrozio,  a  Femirese : 
author  of  several  oratorios,  ennzoni,  and 
sonnets.  D.  1700. — Giuno,  a  Mantuan, 
author  of  a  work  on  "  Demonology." 
B.  1.^80. 

AMEILHON.  Hubert  Pascal,  a 
learned  Frenchman,  author  of  '•  Ilis- 
toire  du  Bas  Empire,"  of  a  celebrated 
work  on  the  "Commerce  of  the  Egyp- 
tians," and  of  "Eesearches  into  "the 
Mechanical  Arts  of  the  Ancients."  B. 
1730;  d.  ISU. 

AMELIA,  Anne,  princess  of  Prussia, 
sister  of  Frederic  the  Great.  She  was 
distinguished  by  her  taste  for  the  arts, 
and  set  to  music  "The  Death  of  the 
Messiah,"  by  IJamler.  B.  1723;  d.  1787. 
— Duchess  dowager  of  Saxe  Weimar, 
duchess  of  Brunswick  and  Luneburg, 
wlio  liberally  patronized  men  of  learn- 
ing and  genius,  among  whom  were 
Wieland,  Goi-the,  Schiller,  and  Herder. 
B.  1739;  d.  18o7.— Youngest  child  of 
George  HI.  and  Queen  Charlotte ;  a 
princess  who  in  mind  and  manners  was 
amiable  and  accomplished.  B.  1783 ; 
d.  1810. 

AMELOT,  Nicolas,  a  French  minister 
of  state  in  1788,  who  was  accused  of  per- 
secuting one  Latude,  as  the  agent  of  M. 
Pompadour,  during  the  ancient  regime. 
For  some  otfence  to  the  republicans,  he 
was  imprisoned  in  the  Luxemburor, 
where  his  life  was  saved  and  prolonged 
by  a  young  female,  who  avowed  a  pas- 
sion for  him ;  but  at  length  he  died  in 
the  prison.  His  victim,  I/itudc,  on 
escaping  from  the  Bastile,  brought  an 
action  of  damages,  and  recovered  from 
Amelot's  heirs. 

AMELOT  DE  LA  HOUSSAYE, 
Nicholas,  a  French  historian  of  the  17th 
century.  He  resided  for  some  time  at 
Venice,  as  secretary  to  the  French  em- 
bassy, and  wrote  a  liistory  of  its  gov- 
ernment. He  also  translated  "The 
Prince,"  by  Maehiavcl,  and  other  Italian 
works  into  French.     D.  1700. 

AMELUNGHI,  Jerome,  a  Pisan 
poet,  preceding  Tasso  in  the  mock- 
iicroic  style  ;  author  of  "  La  Gigantea 
del  Fora))osco,"  in  1547. 

AMENTA,  N.,  an  admired  Neapolitan 
poet.    B.  Ifi.'iy. 

AMflKBACII,  Joiiy,  a  printer  of 
Basil,  in  the  l.")th  century;  the  first  who 
used  the  Roman  type  instead  of  (iotliie 
ond  Italian.  D.  l.')15. — Boniface,  son 
of  the  above,  syndic  of  Basil ;  and  inti- 
mate friend  of  Erasmus.  I).  1502.-— 
VrTAS,  a  learned  professor  at  Wittem- 


burg,  in  the  16th  century ;  editor  of  the 
orations  of  Isocrates  and  Demosthenes ; 
and  translator  of  selections  from  Epi- 
phanius  and  Chrvsostom. 

AMERICUS  VESPUCIUS,  or,  more 
properly,  Amerigo  Vespucci,  an  eminent 
navigatoi',  was  born  at  Florence,  in  14.t1, 
After  receiving  a  liberal  education,  ho 
was  sent  by  his  fiither  to  SiJain  for  the 
purpose  of  conducting  his  commercial 
alfairs ;  and,  being  at  Seville  when  Co- 
lumbus was  making  preparations  for  his 
second  voyage,  he  resolved  to  quit  mer- 
cantile pursuits,  and  enter  on  the  career 
of  discovery.  His  first  expedition  to 
the  new  continent  was  in  1499,  under 
the  command  of  Ojeda,  a  year  after  the 
discovery  and  examination  of  that  part 
of  the  coast  by  Columbus.  After  this 
he  entered  the  service  of  King  Emman- 
uel of  Portugal,  and  made  two  voyages 
in  Portuguese  ships  :  the  first  in  1501 ; 
the  second  in  1503.  The  object  of  this 
last  voyage  was  to  find  a  westerly  pas- 
sage to  Malacca.  He  arrived  at  Brazil, 
and  discovered  the  Bay  of  All  Saints. 
In  1505  he  again  entered  the  service  of 
the  king  of  Spain,  but  made  no  more 
voyages,  as  appears  from  memoranda, 
showing  that  he  was  at  Seville  till  1508, 
at  which  time  he  was  appointed  prin- 
cipal pilot.  His  duties  were  to  prepare 
charts,  and  prescribe  routes  for  vessels 
in  their  voyages  to  the  new  world, 
which  took  his  name,  though  the  honor 
clearly  belonged  to  Columbus,  whose 
priority  of  discovery  is  not  to  be  ques- 
tioned.    D.  1516. 

AMES,  William,  a  native  of  Norfolk, 
who,  after  being  educated  at  Christ's  col- 
lege, Cambridge,  left  his  country,  where 
his  Calvinistical  tenets  were  becoming 
unpopular,  and  settled  as  professor  in 
the  university  of  Franeker,  in  Holland. 
Here  he  enjoyed  fame  and  independ- 
ence ;  V)Ut  as  the  air  of  the  place  was  too 
sharp  for  his  asthmatic  constitution,  he 
removed  to  Rotterdam,  with  the  inten- 
tion of  passing  into  New  Euglaud.  He, 
however,  d.  At  Rotterdam,  1603,  aged  57. 
He  was  a  learned  divine,  and  his  wri- 
tings were  voluminous,  his  principal 
Work  being  "  Medulla  Thcologica." — Jo- 
seph, a  ship-chandler  of  Waj^ping,  who, 
in  an  advanced  period  of  lite,  studied 
antiquities,  and  rose  by  his  genius  and 
application  to  consequence,  and  to  the 
secretaryship  of  the  Society  of  Antiqua- 
ries, lie  published  an  account  of  the 
earliest  printers,  with  a  rejcister  of  the 
Ijooks  which  they  printed,  in  quarto, 
1749,  besides  the  list  of  English  heads 
engraved  in  mezzotinto,   &c.,   in  8vo. 


ami) 


CYCLOP.r.DIA    OF    HIOCKAril^ 


39 


IIo  also  compiled  the  "Parentalia," 
from  Wren's  papers.  He  d.  Out.  7lh, 
17'>9,  and  the  lollowiiiir  year  liis  curious 
collection  ot"  fossils,  shells,  medals,  &c., 
was  sold  by  public  auction.  His 
daughter  married  Captain  Dampier,  in 
the  East  India  sca-serviec.  —  Fismer, 
LL.  D.,  one  of  the  most  eloquent  of 
American  statesmen  and  writers,  was  b. 
at  Dedham,  in  Massachusetts,  April  'J, 
17")S.  lie  was  educated  at  Harvard  uni- 
versity, where  he  received  his  degree  in 
1774.  He  studied  law  in  Boston,  and 
conunenced  the  |iracticc  of  it  in  liis 
native  village.  But  the  atfairs  of  the 
revolution  soon  drew  his  attention  to 
politics,  and  he  became  conspicuous  by 
his  speeches,  and  by  his  animated  and 
l)eautiful  style  as  an  essay  writer.  He 
distinguished  himself  as  a  member  of  the 
^tassachusetts  convention  for  ratitying 
the  constitution,  in  17SS,  and  from  this 
body  passed  to  the  house  of  representa- 
tives in  tlie  state  legislature.  Soon  after 
he  was  elected  the  representative  of  the 
Suffolk  district  in  the  congress  of  the 
United  States,  where  he  remained  with 
the  Iiigliest  honor  during  the  eight  years 
of  Washington's  administration.  On 
the  retirement  of  Washington,  i[r.  A. 
returned  to  his  residence  at  Dedham, 
where  he  occupied  himself  with  the 
management  of  nis  farm  and  the  prac- 
tice of  the  law.  The  latter  lie  relin- 
quislicd,  a  few  years  afterwards,  in  eon- 
seq\ience  of  his  declining  health ;  but 
he  felt  too  deep  an  interest  in  the  wel- 
fare of  his  country  to  withdraw  his 
mind  and  pen  from  politics.  He  wrote 
much  in  the  public  papers,  relating  to 
the  contest  between  Great  Britain  and 
revolutionary  France,  as  it  might  aftect 
the  liberty  and  prosperity  of  America. 
In  180-4  ho  was  chosen  president  of 
Harvard  college — an  honor  which  he 
decrmed.  He'd.  July  4th,  1803.  His 
writings,  in  the  following  year,  were 
publislied  in  one  volume  octavo,  pre- 
faced by  a  memoir  of  his  life,  from  the 
pen  nf  the  Rev.  Dr.  Kirkland. 

AMIIEKST,  .Tkfkuky,  Lord,  an  En- 
glisli  general  of  considerable  celebrity, 
descended  from  an  ancient  family  seated 
at  Sovenoaks,  in  Kent.  He  was  b.l727, 
and  at  the  age  of  fourteen  embraced  the 
military  jirofession.  In  1741  he  was 
aid-de-eamp  to  (icneral  Ligonier,  at  the 
battles  of  Dc-ttiniren,  Fontenoy,  and  Ko- 
coux,  and  in  17ri0  obtained  the  colo- 
nelcy of  the  15th  regiment  of  foot.  His 
abilities  and  experience  were  now  called 
into  action;  lie  was  employed,  1758,  at 
the  siege  of  Louisbourg,  and  was  made 


governor  of  Virt.inia,  and  commander- 
in-chief  of  the  forces  in  America;  and, 
in  this  part  of  the  world,  the  tall  of  Ni- 
agara, Ticonderoga,  Quebec,  and  Mon- 
treal, with  the  submission  of  all  Canada, 
nuirked  the  progress  of  his  judicious 
and  successful  measures.  His  great  ser- 
vices were  honoraltly  rewarded  by  the 
court;  he  was  made  a  knight  of  the 
Bath,  in  1771,  appointed  governor  of 
Guernsej',  the  ne.\t  year  lieutenant-gen- 
eral of  the  ordnance,  and  in  177(5,  created 
baron  Amherst  of  Holnisdale.  In  177S 
he  was  made  commander-in-chief,  and 
though  upon  the  change  of  ministry 
these  offices  were  withdrawn,  he  was 
again  reinstated  in  1793,  when,  two  years 
after,  he  resigned  the  command  of  the 
forces  to  the  duke  of  York,  and  was 
raised  to  the  rank  of  field-marshal.  D. 
1797. 

AMHURST,  NicnoLAS,  an  English 
political  and  miscellaneous  writer.  B. 
at  Marden,  Kent.  1701,  and  d.  1742.  He 
was  author  of  the  "  Terras  Filius,"  a 
satirical  work  on  the  university  of  Ox- 
ford ;  and  published,  with  the  assistance 
of  Pulteney  and  Lord  Bolinsbroke,  the 
work  bv  which  he  is  most  known,  en- 
titled "'Tlie  Craftsman." 

AMICO,  Antonio,  a  Sicilian  priest, 
and  canon  of  the  cathednd  of  Palermo, 
distinguished  by  some  considerable 
works  in  history,  for  which  Philip  IV. 
of  Spain  made  him  historiographer 
royal.  D.  1641. — Vito  Makia,  a  pro- 
fessor of  theology  in  the  ISth  century  ; 
principally  known  by  his  Sicilian  an- 
tiquities. 

AMICOXr,  GiAcoMo,  a  Venetian  his- 
torical and  portrait  painter,  who  visited 
England  in  1729.  He  afterwards  went 
to  Spain,  and  was  appointed  portrait 
painter  to  the  king.     D.  1752. 

AMILCAR,  a  Carthaginian  general, 
of  great  valor,  was  descended  from  tlie 
ancient  kings  of  Tyre  ;  and  being  early 
intrusted  with  military  command,  he 
distini;-uished  himself  in  the  wars  of 
Carthage,  ]iarticularly  against  the  Ro- 
mans, towards  whom  he  bore  an  im- 
placable hatred.  He  was  the  father  of 
Hannibal. 

AMIOT,  Father,  one  of  the  most 
learned  of  the  French  missionaries  to 
China.  B.  at  Toulon,  171S,  and  d.  at 
Pekin,  1794.  This  zealous  Jesuit,  who 
arrived  at  Macao  in  1750,  was  invited 
to  Pekin,  in  1751,  by  the  emperor  of 
China,  and  remained  in  that  capital  4-5 
years.  By  continued  application  he  be- 
came acquainted  with  the  Chinese  and 
Tartar  languages  ;    and,  ft-om   time   to 


40 


cyclop.*:dia  of  biogkapiiv. 


[amo 


time,  remitted  to  France  tlie  result  of 
flis  labors,  which  jitterwards  appeared 
in  several  publicatious. 

AMINTA,  T.,  author  of  the  mock- 
heroic  poem,  '•  La  Nauen,"  in  156G. 

AMMAN,  John  Conrad,  a  native  of 
Sohatfliauscn.  B.  1GG9  ;  d.  172-i,  iu  the 
Netherlands,  lie  was  chiefly  distin- 
guished by  his  success  in  teacliing  per- 
sons born  deaf  and  dumb  to  speak. — 
John,  his  son,  was  a  fellow  of  the  Eoyal 
Society  in  London,  and  a  member  of  the 
Academy  of  Sciences  at  Petersburgh, 
where  he  lectured  on  botany,  and  ac- 
quired preat  reputation.  1).'  1740. — 
I'ai'l,  was  a  native  of  Breslaw,  who  set- 
tled in  1674  at  Leipsic,  wliere  he  (rave 
lectures  on  physioloiry,  natural  history, 
and  botany,  t).  IG'Jl. — ^Jistus,  a  famous 
enfjraver  and  painter  at  Zuiieh,  in  the 
16th  century.  He  painted  with  irreat 
brilliancy  on  plass,  out  excelled  chiefly 
in  ensraving,  both  on  wood  and  copper. 
D.  1591. 

_  AMMAXATI,  Bartolomeo,  a  Floren- 
tine architect  and  sculptor  in  the  ICtli 
century,  wliose  chief  performances  are 
the  colossal  statue  of  Neptune  at  Venice 
and  the  statue  of  Hercules  at  Padua. 

AMML\NUS,  M.VRCELLiNrs,  a  Latin 
historian  of  the  4th  century,  b.  at  Anti- 
och.  He  wrote  the  Koman  history  from 
the  reign  of  Nerva  to  the  death  of  Valens, 
in  31  books,  of  which  only  18  are  extant. 
V.  about  890. 

AMMIRATO,  Scipio,  an  esteemed 
Neapolitan  poet,  b.  in  1531  ;  author  of 
a  "  History  of  Florence,"  which  he  wrote 
at  the  instance  of  the  Grand-Duke 
Cosmo  ;  of  the  "  Argomenti"  to  "  Or- 
lando Fiirioso  ;"  and  of  numerous  prose 
tracts,  political  and  historical.     D.  1001. 

AMMON,  Ani>i:k.\s,  a  Latin  poet,  b. 
»t  Lucca,  in  Italy,  of  whose  genius  Eras- 
mus made  frequent  and  honorable  men- 
tion. He  was  sent  to  England  in  an 
oflieial  character. 

AM.MdX  I U^;,  a  surgeon  of  Alexandria, 
who  invented  a  metliod  of  extracting  tlie 
stone  from  the  bladder,  which  procured 
him  the  surname  of  the  Lithotoinist. — 
Levincs,  a  monk  of  Flanders,  much 
esteemed  by  Erasmus  for  his  learning 
and  piety.  "D.  1.556. — Sacoas,  a  philos- 
opher of  the  3d  century,  founder  of 
the  neo-platonic  sect,  wiio  <1.  about  243. 
— Andrew,  a  learned  native  of  Lucca, 
who  settled  in  En-.'land.  He  lived  some 
time  in  Sir  Thomas  More's  house,  and 
afterwards  in  St.  Tiiomas's  collcfre ;  for 
he  was  not  in  clreumstances  sufficient  to 
hire  or  keep  a  house  of  his  own.  There 
•ubsisted  a  strong  friendship  and  close 


correspondence  between  him  and  Eras- 
mus. The  advice  which  Erasmus  givea 
him  in  regard  to  pushing  his  fortune, 
has  a  good  deal  of* humor  in  it,  and  was 
certainly  intended  as  a  satire  on  the  art- 
ful mctliods  generally  practised  by  the 
selfish  and  ambitious  part  of  mankind. 
"  In  the  first  place  (says  he)  throw  off 
all  sense  of  shame ;  thrust  yourself  into 
every  one's  business,  and  elbow  out 
whomsoever  j-ou  can ;  neither  love  nor 
hate  any  one  ;  measure  every  thing  by 
your  own  advantage ;  let  this  be  the 
scope  and  drift  of  all  your  actions.  Give 
nothing  but  what  is  "to  be  returned  with 
usury,  and  be  complaisant  to  every  body. 
Have  always  two  strings  to  your  bow. 
Feign  that  you  are  solicited  by  many 
from  abroad,  and  get  every  thing  ready 
for  your  departure.  Show  letters  in- 
viting you  elsewhere,  with  great  prom- 
ises." Fortune,  at  lengtli,  began  to 
smile  upon  Ammonius,  for  he  was  ap- 
pointed secretary  to  Henr\'  VIII.,  and 
honored  by  Pope  Leo  X.  with  a  public 
character  at  the  court  of  that  prince ; 
and  in  all  appearance  he  would  have 
soon  risen  higher,  had  not  death  carried 
him  off  when  he  was  but  of  a  middle 
age.  He  d.  of  the  sweating  sickness  iu 
1517.  Ammonius  wrote  several  Latin 
poetiCid  pieces. 

AMOiSTONS,  "William,  was  b.  in 
Normandy,  1603.  He  was  in  the  third 
form  of  the  Latin  school  at  Paris,  when, 
after  a  dangerous  iUness,  he  contracted 
such  a  deafness  as  obliged  him  to  re- 
nounce almost  all  conversation  with 
mankind.  In  this  situation  he  began  to 
think  of  employing  himself  in  the  in- 
vention of  machines  ;  he  applied,  there- 
fore, to  the  study  of  geometry;  and,  it 
is  said,  that  he  would  not  try  any  reme- 
dy to  cure  his  deafness,  either  because 
he  thought  it  incurable,  or  because  it  in- 
creased his  attention.  He  studied  with 
great  care  the  nature  of  barometers  and 
thermometers;  and,  in  1087,  presented 
a  new  hygroscope  to  the  Eoyal  Academy 
of  Sciences,  which  was  very  much  ap- 
proved. Amontons  found  out  a  method 
to  acquaint  people  at  a  great  distance,.in 
a  very  little  time,  witli  whatever  one 
pleased.  This  metliod  was  as  follows : 
Let  there  be  people  placed  in  several 
stations,  at  such  a  distance  from  one 
another,  that,  by  the  help  of  a  telescope, 
a  man  in  one  station  may  see  a  signal 
made  by  the  next  before  Iiim;  he  must 
immediately  make  the  same  signal,  that 
it  may  be  seen  by  persons  in  the  station 
next  after  hiin,  who  are  to  communicate 
it  to  those  iu  the  following  stations,  and 


amy] 


CVC'LOP.EDIA    OF    BIOGKAIMIV. 


41 


80  on.  In  this  probably  orijrhiated  the 
moilern  tolc<:fraph.  When  tho,  R<iynl 
Acnck-my  was  newly  i-ej^uhitcd  in  Itj'.m, 
Aniontons  was  admitted  a  member  of  it, 
iiiid  read  there  his  "  Now  Theory  of 
Friction,"  in  which  he  happily  cleared 
up  a  very  important  part  of  mechanics. 
J).  170.-)." 

AMORE,  S.  D.,  a  Sicilian  poet,  author 
of  "  L'An^jjnsto,"  and  "II  Sesostri," 
trau'edies.     B.  1644. 

AMORETTI,  CiiAKLEs,  a  mineraloi^ist. 
lie  became  one  of  the  keepers  of  the 
Ambrosian  library,  at  Milan,  and  pub- 
lished, in  Italian,  "A  Tour  from  Milan 
to  the  Three  Lakes  of  Como,  Lugano, 
and  Major."     B.  1740;  d.  1S16. 

AMO'RY,  TnoM.v?,  D.  D.,  was  son  of 
a  irroccr  at  Taunton  in  Somersetshire, 
and  distinij^uished  himself  as  a  preacher 
amoiiLC  the  dissenters.  After  passintf 
the  greatest  ]iart  of  his  life  near  the  place 
of  his  nativity,  as  public  teacher,  and  as 
iistruetor  of  youth,  he  removed  to  Lon- 
•lon,  where  he  formed  an  intimate  ac- 
quaintance with  tho  most  respectable 
members  of  his  persuasion.  lie  was  a 
hold  asserter  of  toleration,  and,  there- 
fore, warmly  espoused  the  cause  of  those 
who  solieiti'cl  the  repeal  of  the  test  act. 
His  discourses  from  the  puljiit  were  ex- 
cellent, and  his  writings,  wiiich  were 
mostly  on  theological  subjects,  have 
been  enumerated  bv  Dr.  Kippis,  Biogr. 
Brit.  I.  p.  178.  'B.  1700;  d.  1774.— 
TnoMAs,  an  eccentric  character,  son  of 
counsellor  Amory,  who  went  vnth  king 
WiUiam  to  Ireland,  and  acquired  con- 
siderable property  in  the  county  of  Clare. 
Young  Amory  was  not  born  in  Ireland, 
though  he  resided  there,  and  frequently 
accompanied  Dean  Swit't  in  his  walks 
and  excursions  round  Dublin.  He  shun- 
ned all  company,  and  only  walked  abroad 
during  the  niglit.  The  most  remarkable 
of  his  publications  are  Ids  "  Memoirs  on 
the  lives  of  several  ladies,"  and  his  life 
of  John  Buucle,  Esq.  In  this  last  he  is 
supposed  to  give  a  description  of  him- 
self, lie  is  said,  by  a  person  who  knew 
him,  to  have  had  a  peculiar  look,  though 
not  without  the  deportment  of  the  gen- 
tleman. His  application  to  his  studies 
was  intense,  an<l  his  walks  through  the 
most  crowded  streets  exhibited  him 
wrapped  in  the  deepest  meditation,  and 
iufiltcntive  to  wliat  surrounded  him.  B. 
IGO-J:  d.  17-^9. 

AMPERE,  AxnRE  Marie,  whose  name 
is  imperishablycoimeeted  with  the  great 
discoveries  in  electro-magnetism,  was  b. 
at  Lyons,  1775.  In  1804  he  was  nomi- 
nated professor  in  the  Polytechnic  School 
4* 


of  Paris ;  and  licre,  in  connection  with 
Oersted,  Faraday,  and  other  distinguish- 
ed men  of  science,  with  whom  lie  was  in 
constant  correspondence,  he  paved  the 
way  for  those  brilliant  discoveries  that 
have  already  issued  in  the  eleetrie  tele- 
graph, and  promise  an  illimitable  exten- 
sion of  the  boundaries  of  science.  D. 
1836. 

AMSDORF,  Nichol,^.,  a  spirited  fol- 
lower of  Luther,  and  bishop  of  Nurcm- 
bnrg.  He  d.  at  Magdeburg,  ir)41,  and 
the  sect  who  adhered  to  his  tenets,  and 
maintained,  in  opposition  to  Melanethon, 
that  good  works  are  not  necessary  to 
salvation,  were  called  Amsdorfians. 

AJIUR.'VTII  I.,  an  Ottoman  emperor, 
who  succeeded  his  fother  Orchan,  and 
was  known  for  his  cruelties  towards  his 
son,  and  those  who  espoused  his  cause. 
He  was  a  great  warrior,  and  obtained  37 
Tictories,  in  the  last  of  which  he  perish- 
ed, 1389,  aged  71,  by  the  hand  of  a  sol- 
dier. He  was  the  tirst  who  established 
the  formidable  force  of  the  Janizaries. — 
II.,  emperor  of  the  Turks,  was  son  of 
Mahomet  I.,  ^vhom  he  succeeded  in  1421. 
He  was  an  exceedingly  warlike  prince, 
and  among  his  numerous  victories  was 
that  of  Varna,  in  1444,  when  the  Chris- 
tians were  defeated,  and  numbered 
among  their  slain  the  king  of  Hungary. 
George  Castriot,  celebrated  by  the  name 
of  Scanderbeg,  at  length  put  a  period  to 
the  career  of  Anuirath,  who  d.  of  chagrin 
at  his  reverses,  in  1451. — III.  succeeded 
his  father,  Selim  II.,  in  1575.  On  his 
accession,  he  caused  his  five  brothers  to 
be  murdered.  D.  1596. — IV.  succeeded 
his  imele  Mustapha  in  1622.  He  recov- 
ered Bagdad  from  the  Persians  in  1637 ; 
after  which  he  put  30,000  of  his  prison- 
ers to  the  sword.    D.  1640. 

AMYN  AHMED,  a  learned  Persian 
of  the  I7th  century,  who  wrote  an  elab- 
orate work,  entitled,  "The  Seven  Cli- 
mates, or  a  Geograijliical  Description  of 
the  East." 

AMYOT,  .lAJres,  was  b.  at  Milan,  1513, 
of  an  obscure  family ;  but  though  of  a 
dull  understanding,  he  improved  him- 
self Viy  indefatiirable  application,  and 
after  sttulying  at  Paris,  ne  acquired  in- 
dependence and  reputation,  as  tutor  to 
the  children  of  persons  of  respectability. 
His  merit  reconnnended  him  to  ^Margaret 
of  Berri,  sister  to  Francis  I.,  and  he  was 
promoted  to  a  public  professorship  in 
the  tuiiversity  of  l^ourges.  His  time 
was  here  usefully  devoted  to  literature, 
and  he  published  translations  of  the 
loves  of  Theagenes  and  Chariclea,  be- 
sides Plutarch's  lives  and  morals.    Ho 


42 


CVCLOP.EDIA    OF   BIOGRAPHT. 


[ana 


visited  Venice  and  Eome,  and  on  his  re- 
turn to  France  he  was,  at  the  reeora- 
nieuJation  of  cardinal  do  Tournon, 
intrusted  with  tlic  care  of  the  kiu<jr'stwo 
younger  sous,  and  for  liis  meritorious 
services  was  raised  to  tlie  bishopric  of 
Auxcrre,  the  abbey  of  Corneluis  de 
Conipiegne,  the  hitrli  office  of  great  al- 
moner alid  curator  of  tlie  university  of 
Paris,  and  commander  of  the  order  of 
the  Holy  Ghost.  Among  his  various 
works,  chiefly  translations,  the  most 
celebrated  is  his  version  of  Plutarch, 
which  remains  unsurpassed  in  the 
French  lantruaore.    B.  1514;  d.  1593. 

AMYKAULT,  Moses,  a  French  Prot- 
estant divine.  13.  at  Bourgucil  in  Tou- 
raine,  lotitj.  lie  at  lirst  studied  the  law, 
but  afterwards  entered  the  church  ami 
was  divinity  professor  at  Saumur,  and 
distinguished  himself  by  his  zeal  and 
activity  so  much,  that  be  was  deputed 
by  the  national  council  of  Charcnton  to 
present  an  address  to  the  French  king, 
concerning  the  inspection  of  edicts  in 
favor  of  the  Protestants,  without,  bow- 
ever,  paying  homage  upon  his  knees. 
Kichebeu,  who  was  present  at  this  inter- 
view, siiw  and  admired  the  bold  char- 
acter of  Amyi'aidt,  and  wished  to  use 
his  abilities  to  procure  a  reconciliation 
between  the  Roman  church  and  the 
Protestants,  but  in  vain.  His  life  was 
passed  in  the  midst  of  theological  dis- 
putes, and  his  works,  which  are  verj' 
numerous,  are  chiefly  theological.  D. 
1604. 

AMYRUTZES,  a  philosopher  of  Treb- 
izond,  who  was  carried  to  Constantino- 
ple with  David,  emperor  of  Trebizond, 
when  that  city  was  reduced,  1461.  lie 
renounced  the  Christian  faith  for  Ma- 
hometanisin,  and  assiuned  the  name  of 
Mahomet  Beg.  He  translated  several 
books  into  Arabic,  at  the  desire  of  Ma- 
liomot  II.,  whose  favor  he  enjoved. 

ANACHAESIS,  an  illustrious  Scythi- 
an philosopher.  He  travelled  to  Athens 
in  tlie  time  of  Solon,  witli  whom  he  con- 
traeteil  an  intimate  friendship;  and  Solon 
not  only  instructcil  liim,  but  sought  all 
opportunities  of  doing  him  honor.  He 
had  a  quick  and  lively  genius,  a  strong 
and  masterly  eloquence  ;  and  there  was 
eomethiiig  so  determined  and  resolute 
in  his  manner,  that  tiiose  who  imitated 
him  were  said  to  speak  in  the  Scythian 
Ptyle.  He  was  extremely  fond  of  jwetry, 
and  wrote  upon  certain  laws  of  the 
Scythians  and  Greeks,  (.'roesns  invited 
him  to  Sardis,  and  offered  him  money  : 
but  the  pliilosopher  answered,  "  that  he 
was  come  to  Greece  to  learn  the  laws 


and  manners  of  that  country ;  that  he 
had  no  occasion  for  gold  or  silver  ;  and 
that  it  would  suffice  for  him  to  return  to 
ScN-thia  a  wiser  and  more  intelligent  man 
than  he  came  from  thence."  After  stay- 
ing long  in  Greece,  be  prepared  to  retui'n 
home :  and  passing  through  Cyzicum, 
he  found  that  city  celebrating  very 
solemnly  the  feast  of  Cybele,  and  vowed 
to  do  the  same,  if  he  should  get  home  in 
safety.  Upon  his  arrival  in  Scythia,  he 
attempted  to  change  the  ancient  customs 
of  his  country,  and  to  establish  those  of 
Greece,  which  proved  extremely  dis- 
agreeable to  the  Scythians,  and  at  len.^th 
destructive  to  himself.  For  entering 
one  day  a  thick  wood,  to  perform  his 
vow  to  Cybele  as  secretly  as  might  be, 
he  was  cliscovered  in  the  midst  of  the 
solemnity,  and  shot  dead  with  an  arrow 
by  the  king  himself.  There  are  many 
beautiful  apophthegms  of  this  philoso- 
pher preserved  byLaertius,  Plutarch, 
and  other  writers. 

ANACLETUS,  or  CLETUS,  reckoned 
by  Koman  Catholics  the  third  pope,  suc- 
ceeded Sinus,  as  bishop  of  the  church 
of  the  Romans,  in  79,  and  held  that  of- 
iice  till  his  death  in  92,  when  he  was 
enrolled  anions  the  saints  and  martvrs. 
ANACREON,  a  Greek  poet,  b".  at 
Teos,  a  seaport  of  Ionia,  flourished 
about  the  62d  Olympiad.  This  poet 
had  a  most  delicious  wit,  and  love  and 
wine  had  the  disposal  of  all  his  hours. 
The  manner  of  his  death,  which  hap- 
pened at  Abdera,  is  said  to  have  been 
very  extraordinary ;  for  they  tell  ns,  he 
was  choked  with  a  grape-stone,  wliich 
he  swallowed  as  he  was  regaling  on 
some  new  wine.  A  small  part  onl>:  of 
Anaereon's  works  remains ;  and  tliese 
consist  chiefl.y  of  bacchanalian  songs  and 
love  sonnets.  "  The  odes  of  Anacreon 
(says  Rapin)  are  flowers,  beauties,  and 
perpetual  graces." 

ANARIA,  G.  L.,  a  noble  Cdabrian 
cosmographer.  B.  1561 ;  author  of  a 
celebrated  work  on  demonology,  pub- 
lished at  Venice,  "apnd  Aldum."  D. 
15S9. 

ANASTASIUS  I.,  emperor  of  the 
East.  B.  at  Illyricum,  480,  and  d.  518. 
He  was  elevated  to  the  throne  in  491. — 
II.,  raised  to  the  throne  of  Constantino- 
ple from  the  condition  of  secretary,  713, 
was  a  man  of  learning,  and  a  zealous 
Catholic,  vet  he  did  not  neglect  the  de- 
fence of  tVie  empire,  then  threatened  by 
the  Saracens.  lie  was  put  to  death  by 
Leo,  who  had  usurped  tlie  crown. 

ANASTASIUS  I.,  pope,  a  Roman, 
succeeded  Siricius  in  o28,  and  d.  402. 


ANC] 


CVCLOl'/EDJA    OK    IJIOCIUAI'IIV. 


43 


Ilis  epistle  to  John,  bishop  of  Jeras.i- 
Ifiii,  who  Jiad  wiitleu  to  hiiii  in  behalf 
ofKullimis,  a  yiresbyter  of  Aciuileia,  is 
extant,  tof,'ethcr  with  Kuttiiiiis'  apolojry- 
— II.,  son  of  a  Konian  citizen,  sueececled 
Pope  Gclasiiis  in  496,  and  d.  in  41*8. — 
III.,  a  Konian  by  birth,  wa.s  raised  to 
the  papal  chair,  after  Sergius,  911,  and 
(1.  two  years  afterwards. — IV'.,  succeed- 
ed Eugenius  III.,  1153,  and  tl.  tlic  fol- 
lowing year.  Ten  letters  of  this  pope 
arc  preserved  in  the  Collections  of  Conn- 
eils  by  Labbe  and  Ilarduin,  and  in  L)u 
Chcsnc's  History  of  France. — Tiieopou- 
TAM-s,  bishop  of  Antioch  in  the  6th 
century,  banished  by  Justin  the  Young- 
er for  iioldiug  the  oj/niion  that  the  body 
of  Christ  was  incapable  of  sulfcringeveii 
betbre  the  resurrection.  lie  was  after- 
wards restored  to  his  see  by  Mauritius. 
D.  5'jO. — BiBLioTiiECARius,  a'  Koman  aV)- 
bot.  of  Greek  origin,  of  the  9th  century ; 
author  of  "  Liber  rontiiiealis."  lie  was 
principal  librarian  in  the  Vatican. 

AN  AX  AGOK  AS,  of  Clazomenre,  a  cel- 
ebrated philosopher.  E.  ooo  b.  c.  lie 
inherited  a  considerable  estate  in  his 
own  country,  which  he  relinquished  to 
indulge  his  thirst  for  knowledge  at 
Athens,  where  he  applied  to  the  study 
of  poetry  and  eloquence,  and  taught 
phil(>soi)hy,  having  had  among  his  pu- 
j)ils  Euripides,  the  tragedian,  and  Peri- 
cles, the  orator.  Ilis  reputation,  how- 
ever, created  him  enemies,  and  he  was 
condemned  to  death  on  a  charge  of 
atheism,  but  the  sentence  was  com- 
muted into  banishment.  Anaxagoras 
then  withdrew  to  Lanipsacus,  where  he 
taught  philosophy  undisturbed  until  his 
dea.tli,  which  happened  in  his  72d  year, 
428  B.  c. 

ANAXANDRIDES,  a  Greek  comic 
poet,  said  to  liave  been  the  first  who  in- 
troduced love  adventures  on  the  stage. 
He  was  a  native  of  Khodes.  and  starved 
to  death  at  Athens,  for  libelling  the  gov- 
ernment.    B.  400  B.  c. 

ANAXAKCIIUS,  a  Grecian  philoso- 
pher of  the  Eleatic  sect  of  Leueippus. 
lie  was  the  friend  and  companion  of 
Alexander  the  Great. 

ANAXIMANDEK,  the  friend  and 
disciple  of  Tiiales,  of  Miletus.  B.  610 
n.  c.  He  had  a  considerable  knowledge 
of  astronomy  and  geography,  and  was 
the  iirst  who  noticed  "the  obliouity  of 
the  ecliptic:  lie  also  taught  tliat"  the 
moon  receives  her  light  from  tlie  sun, 
and  that  the  earth  is  globular;  and  to 
him  is  ascribed  the  invention  of  the 
sphere  and  geographical  charts. 

ANAXIMENES,  the  pupil  and  suc- 


cessor of  Anaximander.     ITo  maintiiined 

that  air  is  the  first  prinei])lc  of  all  things; 
and  Pliny  attributes  to  him  the  inven- 
tion oftlie  sun-dial. — A  Greek  historian 
and  philosopiier  of  Lampsacus,  son  of 
Aristodes.  lie  was  one  of  the  preceptors 
of  Alexander  the  Great,  whom  he  ac- 
companied in  most  of  his  campaigns, 
and  afterwards  wrote  the  history  of  his 
reign,  and  that  of  his  father  Philip. 

ANCHIETA,  Jos.,  a  Portuguese  Jes- 
uit, surnamed  tlie  Apostle  of  the  New 
World.  B.  at  Tenerilie,  15-38,  and  d. 
1597.  At  the  age  of  28  he  went  to  Bra- 
zil, where  he  founded  the  first  college 
for  the  conversion  of  the  savage  natives. 
_  ANCIIWITZ,  N.,  the  Craeovian  nun- 
cio to  the  Polish  Diet ;  a  man  as  talented 
as  base ;  who  sold  Poland  to  Russia  and 
her  partitionary  colleagues,  in  1782,  and 
was  hanged  the  year  after,  in  an  insur- 
rection of  the  people. 

ANCILLON.  David,  a  Protestant  di- 
vine. B.  at  ]SIetz,  who  in  his  youth 
refused  to  sacrifice  his  religion  to  the 
solicitations  of  the  Jesuits.  He  studied 
divinity  and  philosophy  at  Geneva,  un- 
der Du  Pin,  Spanbeiin,  the  Deodati, 
&e.,  and  deserved  to  be  recommended 
liy  the  .«ynod  of  Charenton  to  the  church 
of  Meaux.  After  the  revocation  of  the 
edict  of  Nantes,  he  retired  to  Frankfort, 
and  settled  at  Ilanan,  where  his  dis- 
courses M-erc  heard  and  admired  by  the 
most  crowded  audiences.  His  colleagues 
in  the  ministry,  however,  were  jealous 
of  his  iiopularity,  and  their  little  in- 
trigues forced  him  to  abandon  the  place. 
He  went  to  settle  at  Berlin,  where  he 
was  received  with  kindness  by  the  court, 
and  had  the  satisfaction  to  see  his  family 
promoted  to  places  of  honor  and  trust. 
As  his  learning  was  very  extensive,  he 
published  several  nseful  works,  and 
from  the  affluence  of  his  circumstances, 
he  made  so  Judicious  a  collection  of 
books,  that  it  was  frequently  visited  as 
a  curiosity  by  foreigners  wl'io  travelled 
thsough  Metz.  The  best  known  of  liis 
works  are,  "A  relation  of  the  contro- 
versy concerning  traditions,  1657;" 
"An  apoloffv  tor  Luther,  Zuinelius, 
and  Beza,  1G66;"  "The  Life  of  William 
Farel;"  "Conversations;"  two  volumes, 
12mo.  published  by  his  son.  I).  1092. — 
Chakles,  eldest  son  of  the  foregoing, 
was  b.  at  Metz,  July  29th,  1659,  and  wiis 
made  inspector  of  ihe  French  courts  of 
justice,  in  Berlin,  and  historiographer 
to  the  king.  He  wrote  on  the  edict  of 
Nantes,  and  the  persecution  of  the 
Protestants.  <S:c.     1).  at  Berlin,  1751. 

ANConiT.    Florknt   Carton    v\   a 


44 


CVCLOP.EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


French  notor  and  dramatic  vrriter.  B.  at 
Fontniubleaii,  1(301.  The  Jesuits  tried  to 
pain  him  into  their  society,  but  lie  pre- 
ferred the  study  of  philosopliy  and  law  to 
divinity,  and  at  last  turned  his  thoughts 
to  the  staire  by  niarryiuff  an  actress.  In 
tliis  attempt  he  obtained  credit  to  him- 
self and  wealth  to  the  .ictors.  His  con- 
versation was  so  agreeable  that  he  was 
universally  courted,  and  Louis  XIV.  be- 
stowed many  marks  of  his  favor  upon 
him,  as  also  the  duke  of  Bavaria,  whose 
arrival  at  Paris  was  celebrated  by  the 
poet,  by  a  particular  entertainment  writ- 
ten on  the  occasion.  Ancourt  retired,  in 
1713,  to  his  estate  at  Courcclles  le  Koy, 
in  Berry,  that  he  might  devote  himself 
to  religion,  lie  there  translated  the 
Psalms  into  verse,  and  wrote  a  sacred 
trasedy,  never  )irinted.  lie  d.  6th  De- 
cember, 1726,  in  his  sixty-fifth  year. 
His  plavs  were  fiftv-two  in  number. 

ANGUS  MAET'IUS,  fourth  king  of 
Rome,  elected  on  the  death  of  Tullus 
Hostilius,  634  u.  c.  During  his  reicrn, 
Kome  was  enlarged  by  taking  in  the 
walls  of  the  Aventine  Ilill,  and  occupy- 
ing the  hill  Janiculum,  beyond  the  Ti- 
ber. He  also  built  the  bridge  called 
Sublicius,  erected  a  public  prison  in  the 
forum,  extended  the  territories  of  Rome 
quite  to  the  sea,  and  built  the  town  and 
port  of  Ostia,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Tiber. 
Ancus  died  after  a  prosperous  reign  of 
24  vears. 

AXDEESON,  AiMM,  a  native  of  Scot- 
land, was  for  many  years  a  managing 
clerk  in  the  South-Sea  House,  a  trustee 
for  the  settlements  in  Georgia,  and  in 
the  court  of  the  Scotch  corporation  in 
London.  He  wrote  a  work  on  the  "  His- 
torical and  Ghronological  Deduction  of 
Trade  and  Commerce."  B.  1695;  d. 
1765.— Alex.vnder,  an  eminent  scholar 
of  the  17lh  century,  born  at  Aberdeen, 
and  afterwards  professor  of  mathematics 
at  Paris;  author  of  various  treatises 
principally  comiected  with  his  favorite 
science. — Sir  EnMUNi),  lord  chief-justice 
of  the  Common  Pleas  under  (iueen  Eliz- 
abeth, to  which  situation  he  was  pro- 
moted in  1582.  He  sat  on  the  trials  of 
the  u  n  tort  un  ate  Mary,  queen  of  Scots, 
and  of  Davidson,  the  secretary,  for 
issuing  the  warrant  under  which  she 
was  executed.  "  Anderson's  Keports," 
folio,  1644,  is  still  ti  book  of  authority. 
D.  1605. — George,  a  native  of  Tundern, 
Sleswick.  During  1644,  and  the  six  fol- 
lowing years,  he  spent  his  time  in  trav- 
elling through  the  East,  and  visited  the 
Arabias,  Persia,  India,  China,  the  Ja- 
panese Islands,  Tartary,  and  the  Holy 


Land.  The  Duke  of  Holstein-Gottorp, 
on  his  return,  having  vainly  endeavored 
to  induce  him  to  connnit  his  adventures 
to  writing,  employed  his  librarian,  Ole- 
arius,  to  take  down  the  account  from  his 
own  mouth  as  he  related  them  to  his 
highness,  the  scribe  being  concealed 
behind  the  tapestry  of  the  apartment. 
This  work  was  atterwards  published  in 
Sleswick,  1669. — George,  a  young  man 
of  extraordinary  talents,  born  at  Wes- 
ton, Buckinghamshire,  in  1760.  His 
parents  were  peasants,  and  he  worked 
as  a  day-laborer  in  the  fields  ;  his  genius, 
however,  overcame  every  difficulty,  and 
he  attained  of  himself  so  great  a  knowl- 
edge of  the  mathematics,  as  procured 
him  a  clerk's  place  at  the  Board  of  Con- 
trol, and  afterward  the  situation  of  head- 
accomptant.  Mr.  Anderson  published 
a  "  General  View  of  the  Aftairs  of  the 
East  India  Company,  since  the  conclu- 
sion of  the  War  in  1784 ;"  and  translated 
from  the  Greek  of  Archimedes,  "  Are- 
jiarius,  or  a  Treati.sc  on  numbering  the 
Sand."  D.  1796. — .James,  an  advocate 
at  the  Scottish  bar,  eminent  for  his 
learning  and  antiquarian  research.  B. 
at  Edinburgh,  1662.  His  first  work, 
"  An  Essay,  proving  the  Independence 
of  the  Crown  of  Scotland,"  published 
1705,  procured  him  the  thanks  of  the 
Scottish  parliament,  under  whose  aus- 
pices he  subsequently  produced  a  series 
of  the  "Charters  and  Seals  of  the  Scot- 
tish Monarchs  from  the  earliest  Anti- 
fiuity  down  to  the  Union  with  EnErland." 
But  the  book  which  gained  him  the 
greatest  reputation  was,  "Sclectus  Di- 
])lomatum  et  Numismatum  Scotise  The- 
saurus." D.  1798. — James,  a  Scottish 
miscellaneous  writer.  B.  at  Hernnston, 
near  Edinburgh,  1739.  He  published 
a  series  of  "Essays  on  Plantinar," 
which  procured  him  much  reputation 
as  an  agriculturist;  and,  in  1780,  tho 
university  of  Aberdeen  conferred  on 
him  the  degree  of  LL.D.  In  1783  he 
removed  to  Edinburiih,  and  projected 
the  establishment  of  the  North  British 
Fisheries ;  for  which  purpose  he  was 
employed  by  (rovernment  to  survey  the 
coast  of  Scotland,  and  received  great 
commendation  for  his  services.  Dr. 
Anderson  was  the  author  of  a  number 
of  ]iublications  cliiefiy  on  agricidtural 
affairs ;  he  also  wrote  for  the  Eneyclo- 
pffidia  Britannica,  and  was  a  monthly 
reviewer.  D.  1808.  — John,  F.E.s!', 
professor  ('f  natural  philosophy  in  the 
university  of  Glasjrow,  and  founder  of 
the  useful  institution  in  that  city  bear- 
ing his  name,  was  born  in  1726,  at  Rose- 


and] 


CYCLOP/EDIA    OF    BIUCKAIMl V. 


45 


nenth,  in  Dumbartonshire.  His  ^'rcat 
ehanicteristie  was  an  ardent  desire  for 
tlie  instruction  of  liis  fcllow-nu'ii,  and 
ho  was  inilefatiijahle  in  stiulyiiijj  and 
c'.\eniplifyiii<f  tlie  ai>|)lication  of  soienco 
to  nieclianical  ])ractice;  for  wliicli  pur- 
iiose,  in  addition  to  his  academical 
labors,  he  tnnudit  liis  anti^toffa-chiss,  as 
l;c  called  it,  twice  every  -week,  durins^ 
tlie  session,  to  the  enil  of  his  life.  lie 
died  in  17'Ji',,  directinir  by  his  will  that 
tlie  wiiole  of  his  property  should  be  dc- 
\ dted  to  the  establishment  of  an  educa- 
tional institution  in  Glastfow,  to  be  de- 
nominated Anderson's  University,  for 
the  use  of  the  nnacademieal  classes ; 
which  may  justly  be  considered  as  the 
]iarcut  of  the  various  Mechanics'  Insti- 
tutions which  have  of  late  years  arisen 
tlu'ouii'hout  tlie  country. — Jonx,  son  of 
a  merchant  at  JIambursh,  of  which  city 
he  liimsclf  became  principal  magistrate 
in  17J5.  He  was  employed  in  various 
ncijoiiations  to  dilterent  European 
rourts;  and  during  his  residence  there, 
he  cultivated  an  acquaintance  with  all 
whom  he  found  distniguished  for  their 
literary  attainments,  and  kept  up  a  vo- 
luminous correspondence  with  thcni 
after  his  return.  His  principal  work 
is,  "The  Natural  History  of  Greenland, 
Davis's  Straits,  and  the  Countries  situ- 
ated in  the  Arctic  Circle."  D.  1743.— 
Lawkexce,  one  of  the  chief  promoters 
of  the  reformation  of  religion  in  Sweden, 
lie  was  chan- ellor  to  Gustavus  Vasa; 
but  having  engaged  in  a  conspiracy,  he 
IKissed  the  years  of  lit'c  left  to  him  by 
the  king's  cieniency,  in  retirement.  D. 
1552. — RoBEKT,  M.  D.,  a  native  of  Carn- 
wath,  in  Lanarkshire ;  author  of  nu- 
merous works,  critical  and  biographical. 
Of  those  most  highly  valued  arc  the  fol- 
lowing: ''Lives  of  the  British  I'oets," 
in  14  vols.,  published  in  1795  ;  "  Works 
:uul  Life  of  Tobias  Smollett ;"  and  the 
"  Life  of  Sanuiel  Johnson.''  He  was 
the  friend  and  patron  of  genius,  where- 
cver  it  appeared.  As  it  w^^s  chiefly 
owing  to  him  that  Campbell's  "I'lcas- 
iires  of  Hope"  was  brouirlit  out.  the 
poem  was  dedicated  to  him.     D.  1830. 

ANDKADA,  Diego  de  Payv.v  d',  a 
learned  Portuguese  divine,  distinguish- 
ed by  his  eloquence  at  the  council  of 
Trent.  D.  1575, — Fhancls,  his  brother, 
wrote  the  history  of  .John  ITL,  king  of 
Portugal.  —  TnoMAP,  another  brother, 
was  an  Augustin  friar,  who  wrote  the 
"  Sufferings  of  Jesus." 

ANDR.VL,  William,  an  eminent 
French  physician,  first  brought  into 
notice  bv  ^lurat.     He  was  l>orn  at  Es- 


pedaillac,  in  1769. — Gabriel,  his  eon, 
equally  eminent  in  the  same  prolbssioni 
He  was  the  professor  of  Hvgienc  in  thfj 
faculty  at  Paris.  B.  17!i7'."  His  "  Cli- 
niquc  Mcdicale,"  and  "  Precis  d'Anato- 
mie  Pathologique,"  had  a  great  intln- 
encc  in  undermining  the  system  of 
Broussais. 

ANDKE,  C.  C,  a  German  writer  on 
science,  and  editor  of  the  "Compcn- 
dione  Bibliothek."  B.  17il3.— There 
was  a  German  composer  of  the  name  of 
Andre,  whose  son,  J.  A.  Andue,  tirst 
applied  lithography  to  the  printing  of 
music— John,  an  adjutant-general  in 
the  British  army  during  the  American 
war.  He  was  originally  a  merchant's 
clerk  ;  employed  to  negotiate  tin;  treason 
of  General  Arnold,  who  proposed  to 
surrender  the  American  works  at  West 
Point.  He  was  seized  in  disguise  and 
sent  prisoner  to  the  commander-in- 
chief.  General  Washington.  His  case 
was  submitted  to  a  board  of  general 
otlicers,  by  \vhom  he  was  condemned  to 
death,  as  a  spy,  and  hung,  Oct.  2,  1780. 
His  youth,  his  accomplishments,  and  his 
character,  created  a  great  deal  of  sym- 
pathy in  his  behalf.  A  monument  to 
liis  memory  has  been  erected  in  West- 
minster Abbey. — Yves  iL\Ri,  a  Frenfh 
Jesuit  and  mathematical  writer.  B. 
1675;  d.  1764. 

ANDREA,  Caval  Canti,  an  Italian 
writer  of  novels  and  poetry,  whose  style 
was  admired  for  its  elegance.  D.  1672. 
— Cecchini,  a  Tuscan  poet,  who  pub- 
lished a  tragedy,  called  "Troja  De- 
strutta,"  in  1663. — Salvadoke,  another 
Tuscan  poet,  who  flourished  at  the  be- 
ginning of  the  17th  centurv.     B.  16on. 

ANDREAADA,  Feruinan-d,  a  Por- 
tuguese admiral,  who  led  the  first  Eu- 
ropean fleet  that  visited  China.  He 
reached  the  coast  in  1518. 

ANDREAL,  John  Reinharp.  a  Han- 
overian naturalist.     B.  1724;  d.  17y3. 

ANDREAS,  James,  a  reformer  of- 
Wirtemberir,  and  clianeellor  of  the  uni-' 
versify  of  Tubingen.  B.  1528;  d  .15!i0.  ; 
— John,  a  bishop  of  Aleria,  in  Corsica, 
and  a  great  promoter  of  the  art  of  print- 
ing. B.  1417  ;  d.  1475. — John,  a  liiinous 
caiionist  of  Florence.  His  austerity  was 
such  that  he  was  said  to  have  laid  u]>on 
the  bare  ground  for  twenty  years,  with 
nothing  to  cover  him  but  a  bear-skin. 
He  had  a  daughter,  of  great  beauty  and 
learning,  who  was  accustomed  to  lecture 
to  his  students  durir^ghis  absence.  Her 
name  was  Novella,  and  in  her  honor  he 
called  one  of  his  commentaries  "  The 
Novellae."     i>.  of  the  plague  in  1348. — 


46 


CYCLOP.EUIA    OF    HIOGRAPIIV. 


[and 


Jorrx  was  b.  a  Mahometan,  at  Xativa, 
ill  the  kinirdora  of  ^'a]elK■ia,  and  suc- 
ceeded )us  lather  in  the  diijuity  of  alfaqui 
of  that  city.  lie  was  enlightened  witli 
the  knowledfire  of  the  Christian  religion, 
by  being  present  at  a  sermon  in  the  great 
ciiureh  ot  Valencia  on  the  day  of  the  As- 
sumption of  the  blessed  Virgin,  in  1417. 
L'pon  this  he  desired  to  be  baptized ; 
and  in  memory  of  the  calling  of  St.  John 
and  St.  Andrew,  he  took  the  names  of 
John  Andreas.  At  the  desire  of  Martin 
Garcia,  bislion  of  Barcelona,  he  under- 
took to  translate  from  the  Arabic,  into 
tlie  language  of  Arragon,  the  whole  law 
of  the  Moors ;  and  after  having  finished 
this  iindertaking,  he  comijosed  liis  fa- 
mous work  of  "  The  Confusion  of  the 
Sect  of  Mahomet :"  it  contains  12  chap- 
ters, wlierein  he  lias  collected  tlic  fabu- 
lous stories,  absurdities,  impossibilities, 
lies,  and  contradictions,  which  Mahomet 
has  dispersed  in  the  Koran.  This  book, 
which  was  puljlished  at  first  in  Spanish, 
has  been  translated  into  several  lan- 
guaffes;  and  all  those  who  write  against 
tlie  Mahometans  quote  it  very  much. 

ANDREINI,  Isabella,  a* native  of 
Padua,  an  excellent  poetess  and  most 
celebrated  actress  toward  the  beginning 
of  the  17th  century.— Francis,  a  cel- 
ebrated eoinie  writer  of  Pistoa.  D.  161*5. 
— John  Baptiste,  his  son,  a  dramatic 
writer,  whose  "  L'Adamo"  is  said  to 
have  suggested  to  Milton  his  "Paradise 
Lost." 

ANDKELINI,  Publio  Festo,  an  Ital- 
ian, who  was  poet-laureate  to  Louis  XII. 
D.  1518. 

AXDREOSSI,  AxTnoxr  Francis,  a 
count  of  France,  distinguished  as  a  mU- 
itarv  officer  and  diplomatist,  who  served 
nnder  Napoleon,  both  in  Italy  and  Egypt. 
He  was  afterwartls  au  ambassador  to 
London,  Vienna,  and  Constantinople, 
and  autiior  of  several  military  memoirs. 
B.  1701 ;  d.  1828. — Francb,  a  French 
engineer,  who  assisted  in  forming  the 
canal  of  Laaeruedoc.    1).  1688. 

AXDKEOZZI,  a  celebrated  Italian 
comrioser.    B.  1767. 

ANDRES,  DoK  Juan,  a  Spanish  au- 
thor, who  wrote  on  the  "  Origin  of  Let- 
ters." 

ANDRE  Df:S  VOSGES,  J.  F.,  author 
of  "  Lc  Tartarc  ;"  "  Paris."     B.  1744. 

ANDREW,  John,  a  iearned  bishop  of 
Aleria,  in  Corsica;  and  editor  of  the 
works  of  Herodotus,  Livv,  and  other 
classics.  D.  1493.— Bishop  of  Crete.  B. 
at  Damascus,  and  d.  about  720.  lie 
wrote  commentaries  on  the  Scriptures, 
(fee,  published  at  Paris,  1044.— of  Ratis- 


bon,  an  historian  of  the  15th  centniy, 
who  wrote  a  chronicle  of  the  dukes  of 
Bavaria,  and  a  history  of  Bohemia. — Of 
Pisa,  a  sculptor  and  architect.  B.  1270 ; 
d.  1345.  He  built  several  grand  struc- 
tures at  Florence  and  Venice ;  and  also 
obtained  great  reputation  as  a  painter, 
poet,  and  musician. — Of  Cyrenc,  an  im- 
postor who,  in  the  reign  of  Trajan,  had 
the  art  to  deceive  his  fellow-countrymen, 
the  Jews,  into  a  belief  that  he  was  or- 
dained to  be  their  liberator.  They  ac- 
cordingly revolted,  and  horrible  cruelties 
were  committed  on  both  sides  before 
tliev  were  reduced  to  obedience. 

ANDREWS,  Henry,  a  self-taught 
mathematician.  B.  of  poor  parents  at 
Frieston,  near  Grantham,  1774,  and  d. 
Jan.  20, 1820.  Having,  while  in  a  menial 
employment,  occupied  his  leisure  mo- 
ments" in  the  study  of  astronomical  sci- 
ence, he  attained  therein  great  proficien- 
cy, and  for  more  than  40  years  was  a 
computer  of  the  Nautical  Ephemeris, 
and  the  calculator  of  Moore'fc  Almanac. 
— James  Pettit,  an  English  miscellane- 
ous writer,  youngest  sou  of  Joseph  An- 
drews, Esq.,  of  Newbury,  Berks,  where 
he  was  b.  1737,  and  d.  at  Brompton,  1797. 
— Lancelot,  an  eminent  English  divine, 
bishop  of  "Winchester  in  the  reigns  of 
James  I.  and  Charles  I.  B.  in  London, 
1505.  There  is  a  pleasant  story  related 
of  him,  in  the  life  of  Waller  the  poet, 
who,  going  to  see  the  king  at  dinner, 
overheard  a  verv  extraordinary  conver- 
sation between  iiis  majesty,  the  bishop 
of  "Winchester,  and  Neale,  bishop  of 
Durham.  These  two  prelates  standing 
behind  the  king's  chair,  his  majesty 
asked  them,  "  My  lords,"  said  he,  "  can- 
not I  take  my  subjects'  money  when  I 
want  it,  without  all  this  formality  in  par- 
liament V  The  bishop  of  Durham  readi- 
ly answered,  "  God  lorbid,  sir,  but  you 
should;  you  are  the  breath  of  our  nos- 
trils." Whereupon  the  king  turned, 
and  said  to  the  bishop  of  "Winchester, 
"  Well,  my  lord,  what  say  you  ?"  "  Sir," 
replied  the  bishop,  "I  "liave  no  skill  to 
judge  of  parliamentary  cases."  The 
king  answered,  "  No  put-offs,  my  lord  ; 
answer  nic  presently."  "  Tlien,  sir," 
said  he,  "  I  think  it  lawful  for  you  to 
take  my  brother  Neale's  money,  for  he 
offers  it."  This  prelate  d.  September 
27,  1620,  having  written  many  tracts, 
particularly  "  A  Manual  of  Private  De- 
votions and  i^Ieditations  for  every  Day 
in  the  "Week;''  "A  Manual  of  Direc- 
tions tor  the  Visitation  of  the  Sick,"  and 
"  Tortura  Torti." — Louing,  an  editor  of 
Boston.     D.  1805. — John,  provost  of  the 


anf] 


CVCLOl'.KDIA    OF    RIUCiKAPlIV. 


4T 


univorsitv  of  Pennsylvania,  distingulsli- 
od  as  a  scholar.     B.'l74G  ;  J.  ISl?. 

ANDRIEN,  Bektkand,  of  Bordeaux, 
the  restorer  of  the  art  of  enfrraviiij^  med- 
als, which  had  declined  after  the  reign 
of  Louis  XIV.     B.  1701;  d.  1822. 

AXDKIKUX,  Frkdf.rick  Wiixi.^m 
John  .Stanislaus,  a  fertile  dramutie  poet 
of  France,  whose  works  have  great  pop- 
ularjty.  lie  was  a  deputy  in  1798,  and 
distinguished  himself  by  his  speeches 
in  favor  of  primary  schools  and  the 
liberty  of  the  press.  He  opposed  the 
measures  of  Napoleon  when  lie  was  first 
consul,  but  the  emperor  gave  him  the 
legion  of  honor,  and  made  him  a  profes- 
sor in  the  college  of  France.  His  prin- 
cipal works  are  "  Anaximander,"  "  Les 
Etourdes,"  "  Decade  Philosophique," 
"  Moliere  avcc  scs  Amis,"'  "Brutus," 
and  the  "  Examen  Critique  du  Theatre 
des  Grees."     B.  1759  ;  d.  1833. 

ANDRIOLI,  M.  A.,  a  Veronese  phy- 
sician ;  author  of  a  work  on  "  Platonic 
Love,"'  107(J. 

ANDKISCUS,  a  man  of  mean  extrac- 
tion, who,  pretending  to  be  the  son  of 
Perseus,  the  last  king  of  Macedonia, 
took  the  name  of  Philip,  and  was  called 
Pseudo  Philippus.  Having  obtained  a 
signal  victory  over  Juvcntus,  the  Roman 
pra'tor,  he  assumed  the  kingly  power ; 
out  in  the  end  was  conquerecl  bv  Me- 
telhis.  before  whom  he  walked  in  chains. 

ANDKOMACIIUS,  of  Crete,  physi- 
cian to  Nero ;  he  wrote,  in  elegiac  verse, 
a  description  of  the  Theriaca,  a  medi- 
cine which  he  invented. — Of  Cyresthes, 
a  Greek  architect,  who  built  the  famous 
octagonal  Temple  of  the  Winds,  at 
Athens,  which,  till  lately,  was  used  as 
a  mosque  by  the  Turks.  He  is  also  said 
to  be  the  inventor  of  tlie  weathercock. 
— Livius,  the  oldest  dramatic  author  in 
the  Latin  language,  who  flourished 
about  240  years  r..c. — Of  Rhodes,  a  fol- 
lower of  Aristotle',  ind  to  whom  we  arc 
indebted  for  restoring  and  publishing 
the  works  of  that  philosopher,  63  b.  c. — 
OfThessalonica,  a  learned  Greek  of  the 
l.">th  century.  J).  Ii78. — I.,  emperor  of 
of  the  East,  was  the  son  of  Isaac,  and 
grandson  of  Alexis  Connienus.  lie  was 
of  an  active  martial  mind,  and  eloquent: 
but  had  many  vices.  On  the  death  of 
his  cousin,  the  emperor  ilanuel,  in  1163, 
he  was  chosen  partner  in  the  govern- 
ment with  Alexis  II.,  who,  being  a  mere 
youth,  soon  fell  a  sacrifice  to  his  coad- 
jutor's thirst  for  power;  but  tlie  people, 
exasperated  at  his  various  cruelties,  pro- 
claimed Isaac  Angelus  emperor,  put  out 
the  eyes  cfAndronicus,  led  him  tlirongh 


the  streets   in  derision,  and  at  Icn^L 
stabbed  him,  aared  73.     a.  p.  118.5. 

ANDRONICUS  PAL/EOLOGL'S  II., 
surnamed  the  Elder,  succeeded  Miehaci 
VIII.,  in  1283;  but  was  glad  to  find 
refuge  in  a  cloister,  in  132."),  Jiis  grand- 
son iiaviiiir  driven  liim  from  the  throne. 

ANDROUET  DU  CEKCEAU,  James, 
an  eminent  French  architect  of  the  16th 
century,  who  designed  tlie  Pont  Neuf, 
and  commenced  the  building  of  it  in 
1578.  He  was  also  employed,  in  15',t6, 
to  continue  the  gallerv  of  the  Louvre ; 
but  was  obliged  to  quit  France  during 
the  persecution  of  the  Protestants. 

ANDROS,  Edmund,  a  governor  of  the 
province  of  New  York  in  1674,  and  sub- 
sequently of  New  England.  He  was  g, 
tyrant  and  a  bigot,  who  restrained  tho 
press,  imposed  taxes,  proliibited  mar- 
riage, according  to  his  will.  At  length 
his  capricious  and  arbitrary  conduct 
roused  the  people  into  revolt.  On  the 
morning  of  April  18,  1680,  the  peo[)le 
of  Boston  took  up  arms  against  him, 
assisted  by  some  from  the  country, 
seized  both  the  council  and  the  gov- 
ernor and  had  them  confined.  In  the 
February  following  he  was  sent  to  En- 
gland for  trial,  but  the  case  involved  the 
government  in  such  a  dilemma  that 
tliey  dismissed  it  without  coining  to  a 
final  decision.  In  1692  he  was  made 
governor  of  Virginia,  where  he  con- 
ducted himself  with  more  discretion. 
He  died  in  London,  in  1714.  Fort  An- 
droscoiririn  was  named  after  him. 

ANDRUS,  Joseph  Y.,  one  of  the  first 
agents  of  the  Colonization  Society^,  who 
died  at  Sierra  Leone,  in  1821. 

ANDRY,  Nicholas,  a  physician  and 
medical  author,  of  Lyons,  in  the  17th 
century ;  afterwards  dean  of  the  faculty 
of  medicine  in  the  royal  college  of  Paris 
where  he  also  filled  a  professor's  chair. 
D.  1742. 

ANEURIN,  a  British  poet  and  chief- 
tain of  the  6th  century,  supposed  by 
some  authors  to  be  the  same  with  Gil- 
das,  the  historian ;  he  took  part  in  the 
battle  of  ( 'attraeth,  which  he  made  the 
subject  of  a  poem  ;  this,  and  "  Odes  of 
the  ^Months,'"  form  the  whole  of  his 
known  works:  and  are  to  be  found  iu 
the  ■Welsh  Archeology.     D.  57^. 

ANFOSSI,  Pasquale.  an  Italian  mu- 
sician, b.  at  Naples,  who  was  compo- 
ser to  tlie  theatre  at  Rome,  and  after- 
wards travelled  to  Paris,  where  he  per- 
formed his  "  Persecuted  Unknown, "^ 
but  the  delicate  and  beautiful  music  of 
the  piece  did  not  find  the  warmest  re- 
ception.    l''rom  France  he  went  to  Lon- 


48 


OYCLOP-tDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[ang 


don,  where  lie  was  director  of  the  Italian 
theatre  iu  17Su.  He  returned  to  Eome 
in  1795,  and  brought  out  several  pieces, 
whose  success  compensated  him  for  his 
many  disappohitments.  He  frequently 
reminds  ns  of  Sacchini  and  Picciui,  his 
masters,  after  whom  he  formed  his 
style;  out  his  taste,  expression,  and 
style  of  progression  are  extraordinary. 
His  principal  works  are,  "La  Fruta 
Gardinieri,"  "II  Geloso  cli  Cimeuto," 
•'  Avaro,"  "  II  Carioso  Indiscreto," 
'•  Vias:rgiatori  Felici,"  &e.,  which  arc 
mostly  comic  operas.  He  wrote,  be- 
sides, several  oratorios  and  psalms.  B. 
1729 ;  d.  1795. 

ANGE,  Fkancis,  a  planter  of  Penn- 
svlvania.  Mho  lived  till  he  was  134  years 
old.  He  remembered  the  death  of 
Charles  I.,  and  at  130  was  in  good 
health  and  sound  mind.     D.  17G7. 

ANGE  DE  ST.  .JOSEPH,  i.e  Peee,  a 
Carmelite  of  Toulouse,  whose  real  name 
was  la  Brosse.  He  travelled  into  Per- 
sia as  missionary,  and  translated  the 
Persian  pharmacopoeia  into  Latin,  be- 
sides writing  a  treatise  on  the  language 
of  the  country,  a  useful  and  very  \-alua- 
ble  performance.  He  d.  at  Perpignan, 
1697. 

ANGELI,  BoNAVENTURA,  a  celebrated 
historian,  of  Parma.  D.  1576. — Peter, 
a  distinguished  modern  Latin  poet.  B. 
at  Barara,  Tuscany,  1517  ;  d.  1596. 

ANGELICO,  JuH.v,  an  ItaUan  Domin- 
ican, who  painted  tlie  chapel  of  Nicholas 
V.     D.  144S. 

ANGELIS,  Stephen  de,  au  Italian 
mathematician  of  the  17th  century ;  he 
was  for  some  time  a  Jesuit,  but  quitted 
the  order,  and  became  a  teacher  of 
mathematics  at  Padua. 

ANGELO,  FioRiozzoLi,  a  Florentine 
poet,  honored  by  Clement  Vllth's  friend- 
ship, and  much  esteemed;  author  of 
"Discorso  degli  Animali,"  "I  Lucidi," 
and  "La  Trinuzzia,"  comedies,  and  a 
great  variety  of  other  works.  lie  is 
chiefly  admired  by  his  countrymen  for 
the  purity  and  beauty  of  his  diction. 
T).  154S.— PouciANO,  b.  in  1454;  author 
of  numerous  works,  in  prose  and  verse, 
translations  from  Greek  and  Latin: 
"Rusticus,"  "Orfeo  Favola,"  &e. — Mi- 
chael BuosAKOTTi,  the  greatest  of  Italian 
artists,  alike  eminent  in  painting,  sculp- 
ture, and  architecture,  no  bad  poet,  and 
a  noble-hearted  man.  He  was  descend- 
ed from  an  ancient  family  of  the  counts 
of  Canosa,  and  was  b.  at  Caprese  or 
Chiusi,  in  1474.  It  is  said  that  he  was 
suckled  by  a  woman  of  Settinianno,  who 
was  the  wife  of  a  distinguished  sculp- 


tor, so  that  he  drank  in  the  influences 
of  one  of  the  great  arts  in  which  he  was 
destined  to  excel  with  his  milk.  He 
gave  evidence  of  genius  at  an  early  age, 
so  much  so  as  to  excite  the  jealousy^  or 
his  young  rivals,  one  of  whom,  Forrigi- 
ano'  gave  him  a  blow,  the  marks  of 
which  he  carried  to  his  grave.  Per- 
haps, however,  the  impetuous  boldness 
of  Michael  was  as  much  the  cause  of 
their  encounter  as  his  genius.  Ghirlan- 
daio  was  his  first  master  in  drawing, 
and  Bertholdo  in  statuarv.  Before  ho 
was  16  he  copied  the  head  of  a  satyr  in 
marble  with  such  skill  as  to  excite  uni- 
versal admiration.  Attracting  no  less 
attention  as  a  painter,  he  was  commis- 
sioned, in  connection  with  Leonardo  da 
Vinci,  to  decorate  the  senate  hall  of  Flo- 
rence. In  the  prosecution  of  this  order, 
he  sketched  his  famous  cartoon  of  a 
scene  from  the  Pisan  war.  Pope  Julius 
II.  then  invited  him  to  Rome,  and  in- 
trusted him  with  the  erection  of  his  se- 
pulchral monument.  This  work  was 
twice  interrupted,  once  by  the  _  artist 
himself,  whose  pride  had  been  otfended 
by  the  pope,  and  a  second  time  by  the 
petty  envy  of  his  cotemporary.  Bra- 
mante  and  Juliano  du  San  Goello  per- 
suaded the  pope  to  get  Michael  to  paint 
the  dome  of  tlie  Sistine  chapel,  in  the 
hope  that  ho  would  fail,  and  so  abandon 
the  favor  of  his  patron.  Angelo  refused 
the  task,  but  being  ordered  to  undertake 
it,  he  executed  the  frescoes  with  such 
masterly  genius  that  they  excited  gen- 
eral wonder  and  praise.  The  chapel  is 
to  this  day  one  of  the  grandest  monu- 
ments of  art.  Michael  tlien  returned  to 
his  labors  tor  the  sepulchre,  when  Jidius 
died.  But  Adrian  VI.  commissioned 
him  to  complete  the  work,  which  he 
did,  making  many  statues  for  it,  and 
particularly  the  statues  of  Moses  and 
Christ,  which  were  afterwards  placed  in 
the  church  "dclla  ]\Iinerva,"  at  Rome. 
Under  Clement  VII.  he  finished  the  new 
Sacristy,  and  Laurent  indan  library  at 
Florence.  In  the  first  the  monuments 
of  the  Medici  are  by  him,  e.  g.,  the  fig- 
ures of  Day  and  Night.  Tumultuous 
times  followed  in  Italy,  which  separated 
him  from  his  public'labor  for  a  while, 
but  when  these  had  passed,  he  was  en- 
gag(-d  to  paint  the  Last  Judgment  for 
the  Sistine  chapel.  He  was  already  sixty 
years  of  age,  and  hesitated  about  under- 
taking a  work  which  might  hazard  his 
fame.  But  tlie  subject  Was  one  con- 
genial to  Ids  own  profound  and  lofty 
tone  of  thought.  How  he  accomplished 
it,  the  gr.and'and  gigantic  picture  which 


ang] 


CYCLUP.KDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY, 


49 


has  ever  since  been  alike  the  worship 
and  tlie  dcsniiir  of  sueccodinij  artists,  is 
the  proof.  J  lis  sublime  and  inexhausti- 
ble mind  poured  over  the  Ijroad  and 
hiyh  walls  of  tbe  chapel  the  profoundest 
studies,  the  richest  experience,  and  the 
holiest  sentiments  of  the  man.  At  a 
later  day  he  jiainted  a  "Conversion  of 
St.  Paul,"  and  a  "Crucilixion  of  St. 
Fcter,"'  and  he  sculptured  a  jjround  of 
the  "  Descent  of  (.'hrist  into  Ilell,"  and 
a  Bacchus,  which  Raphael  said  was  equal 
to  the  masterpieces  of  Phidias  and 
Praxiteles.  In  1546  he  was  compelled 
to  continue  the  building  of  St.  Peter's, 
the  plans  of  which  he  recovered  from 
tbeir  confusion,  and  corrected.  Tlie 
capitol  of  the  Farncse  palace  and  other 
edifices  were  the  work  of  his  hands. 
His  stvle  in  architecture  was  grand  and 
iniposmar,  full  of  untamed  imagination 
and  native  original  strength.  Indeed, 
till  his  works,  his  poetical  and  prose 
writing  as  well  as  his  statues,  partook 
of  the  character  of  the  man,  who  was 
ardent,  severe,  firm,  and  haughty,  but 
profound,  original,  and  true.  1).  at 
Kome  in  1564. — MicnAEL,  another  of  the 
name,  but  better  known  as  Caravaggio, 
from  the  place  of  his  birth,  was  at  first 
no  other  than  a  day-laborer  ;  but  having 
seen  some  painters  at  work  upon  a  brick 
wall  which  he  had  helped  to  raise,  he 
was  so  cliarmed  with  their  art,  that  he 
innnediatcly  applied  himself  to  the  study 
of  it,  and  in  a  few  years  made  so  con- 
siderable a  progress,  that  in  Venice, 
Kome,  and  other  parts  of  Italy,  ho  was 
cried  up  and  admired  as  the  author  of  a 
new  style  in  painting.  His  pieces  are 
to  be  met  with  in  most  of  the  cabinets 
in  Europe ;  and  one  picture  of  his 
drawing  is  in  the  Dominican  church  at 
Antwerp,  which  Kubciis  used  to  call 
his  master.    B.  1569  ;  d.  1609. 

ANGELONI,  Francesco,  an  Italian 
historian,  principally  known  by  an  elab- 
orate woi-k  on  the  history  of  Kome, 
wliich  he  illustrated  by  a  reference  to 
ancient  medals.  D.  1652. — Luioi,  a  dis- 
tinguished Italian  writer,  who  lived  at 
Paris. 

ANGELUCCI,  Theodore,  an  Italian 
poo\.  and  physician,  who  held  a  profes- 
Korshiii  at  Padua,  was  a  member  of  the 
academy  of  Venice,  and  principal  phy- 
sician  at  Montagnana,  where  he  d.  1600. 

ANGELUS,  CiiiiisTOPnER,  a  Greek, 
who,  being  driven  from  his  own  country 
by  the  Turks,  found  an  asylum  in  En- 
gland in  160S;  and,  under  the  patrou- 
acre  of  the  bishop  of  Norwich,  he  was 
placed   in   Trinity   eollecro,  rauibridge, 


whence  he  removed  to  Baliol  college, 
Oxford,  where  he  was  of  great  service 
to  the  junior  students,  and  where  he  d. 
16SS.  He  published  many  works  in 
Greek.  English,  and  Latin. 

ANGEKSTKIN,  Johx  Jclics,  a  dis- 
tinguished patron  of  the  fine  arts.  B.  at 
St.  Petersburg,  1735;  d.  at  Blackhcalh, 
Jan.  22,  1822.  He  removed  to  EuLdand 
under  the  patronage  of  the  late  Andrew 
Thompson,  and  was  the  first  who  pro- 
posed a  reward  of  £2000  from  the  fund 
at  Lloyd's  to  the  inventor  of  the  life- 
boats.' His  celebrated  collection  of 
paintings,  esteemed  inferior  to  none  of 
the  same  extent  in  Europe,  was  pur- 
cliased  by  the  English  government  for 
£60,000,  and  forms  the  nucleus  of  a 
national  gallery. 

ANGHIERA,  Peter  Martyr  d',  an 
Italian  scholar  of  a  noble  Milanese  fam- 
ily. B.  1455  ;  d.  1526,  at  Grenada,  leav- 
ing several  historical  works,  which  are 
usually  quoted  under  the  name  of  Peter 
Martvr. 

ANGILBERT,  St.,  the  son-in-law  of 
Cliarlemagne,  and  afterwards  abbot  of 
St.  Kiquier.  He  had  a  great  taste  for 
poetry,  but  nothing  remains  of  him  ex- 
cept a  history  of  his  monastery.  He  d. 
814. 

_  ANGIOLELLO,  John  Mario,  a  Vene- 
tian historian  of  the  15th  century,  taken 
captive  by  the  Turks,  and  made'slave  to 
sultan  Mustapha,  whom  he  attended  in 
an  expedition  to  Persia,  1473,  and  wrote 
the  history  of  Mahomet  II.,  in  the  Turk- 
ish and  Italian  languages  ;  also  the  his- 
tory of  Ussun  Cassan.   He  d.  about  1530. 

ANGLES,  Count  Boissy  d',  one  of  the 
committee  of  Public  Safety  durinir  thu 
French  revoliition.    B.  1756;  d.  1824. 

ANGLESEA,  Henry  William  Paget, 
marquis  of,  and  earl  of  Uxbridgc,  a  Brit- 
ish general  of  cavalry,  who  lost  a  leg  at 
Waterloo,  and  became  lord-lieutenant  of 
Ireland  in  1828. 

ANGLUS,  TnoM.vs,  an  English  priest, 
the  friend  of  Sir  Kenelm  Digby,  known 
by  the  several  names  of  Albius  Cnndidus, 
Bianchi,  Kichworth,  White,  and  Vitus, 
which  he  assumed  in  the  different  coun- 
tries of  Europe,  where  he  spent  the 
greatest  part  of  his  life.  He  distinguish- 
ed himsf'lf  by  his  learnintj  and  genius, 
but  his  lai^duess  lor  the  Peripatetic  phi- 
losophy, and  his  attempts  to  apply  the 
principles  of  Aristotle  to  explain  the 
mysteries  of  religion,  created  liim  many 
enemies,  who  procured  the  condemna- 
tion of  his  writings,  both  at  Douay  and 
at  Rome.  He  d.  at^er  the  restoration  of 
(diaries  II.,  but  the  year  is  unknown. 


50 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BlOGRAl'HV. 


L\NN 


AXGOULEME,  Charles  de  Valois, 
duke  d',  natunil  sou  ot" Charles  IX.  B. 
1675;  d.  1G50.  Catherine  de  Medicis 
be([U>jathed  to  him  her  estates,  but  tlie 
will  was  set  aside  iu  fa\or  of  Margaret 
de  Valois.  Charles,  however,  retained 
the  title  of  oouut  d'Auvergue,  aud  in 
1(519  wad  ma.le  duke  d'Augoulenio.  He 
g-.iiued  great  reputation  as  a  military 
eommander,  but  was  twice  charged  with 
treason,  and  the  second  time  condemned 
to  death,  which  sentence  was  changed 
into  perpetual  imprisonment.  He  was, 
however,  once  more  pardoned,  and  em- 
ployed both  in  a  military  capacity  aud  in 
various  embassies ;  he  also  wrote  his 
owr  memoirs.— Louis  Antoine  de  Bour- 
bon, duke  d',  nephew  of  Louis  XVI I L, 
who  fought  against  Bonaparte,  aud  after 
the  downfall  of  that  leader,  was  president 
of  the  electoral  college  in  the  department 
of  the  Gironde.  B.  177-5. — M.vria  Teresa 
Charlotte,  duchess  d',  daughter  of 
Louis  X\'L,  a  princess  of  understanding 
and  character.     B.  1778. 

AXGUIEK,  Francis  and  Michael, 
two  sculptors,  natives  of  Eu,  Normandy. 
Francis,  the  eldest,  was  keeper  of  the 
royal  cabinet  of  antiquities,  and  executed 
several  great  works,  particularly  the 
mausoleum  of  the  duke  of  Moutinorcncy. 
Michael's  best  piece  was  a  cruciti.K  over 
the  altar  of  the  church  of  the  Sorbonne. 
The  former  d.  1069  ;  the  latter,  16S6. 

AXGUILLAKA,  .John- Andrew  Dell', 
one  of  the  most  celebrated  Italian  poets 
of  the  IGth  century,  was  b.  at  Sutri,  in 
Tuscany,  about  1.517.  His  principal 
work  is  his  translation  of  Ovid  s  Meta- 
morphoses, which,  though  often  un- 
faithful, aud  sinning  against  good  taste, 
has  great  merit.  For  the  representation 
of  his  tragedy  of  (Edipus,  a  theatre  was 
built  at  Vincenza  by  the  celebrated  I'al- 
iadio.  An.ruillara,  however,  lived  and 
died  in  poverty.     D.  1561. 

AXGCSCIULA,  Sopiionisba,  a  native 
of  Almona  in  Italy,  eminent  for  her  his- 
torical and  portrait  paintings,  and  also  a 
writer  of  some  repute.  She  bestowed 
such  attention  toiler  profession  that  she 
became  blind,  ller  sisters  Lucia  and 
Europa  also  excelled  in  the  execution  of 
the  pencil.     B.  1550;  d.  1626. 

ANICII,  Peter,  son  of  a  turner,  was 
b.  at  Oberpersuf,  near  Inspruek,  1723, 
and  afcer  being  employed  as  a  laborer 
and  a  shepherd,  his  genius  for  mechan- 
ics burst  forth,  and  was  improved  and 
corrected  by  the  friendly  assistance  of 
Father  Hill,  a  Jesuit.  He  was  admired 
for  his  knowledge  of  astronomy,  for  the 
elegance  and  accuracy  of  the  maps  and 


charts  which  be  drew ;  aud  for  this  supe- 
rior beauty  of  the  pair  of  globes  which 
he  made  for  the  university  of  Inspruek. 
D.  1766. 

AXICHINI,  Lewis,  a  Venetian  en- 
graver, niuch  celebrated  for  the  delicacy 
and  precision  with  which  he  engraved 
even  the  minutest  objects.  It  was  at 
the  sight  of  his  pieces  that  Michael  An- 
gelo  exclaimed,  that  the  art  of  engraving 
under  his  hand  had  reached  the  summit 
of  perfection.  His  best  pieces  was  a 
medal  of  iUexauder  the  Great,  pros- 
trating himself  before  the  high-priest  at 
Jerusalem,  the  head  of  Pojje  Paul  HI, 
and  Henry  III.  of  France  on  the  reverse. 

ANKEKSTRUEM,  Joh.n  Jajies,  a 
Swedish  otiicer,  who,  in  the  war  carried 
on  by  Sweden  against  Eussia,  took  part 
against  his  country  because  of  an  ani- 
mosity he  cherished  against  the  kiug. 
He  was  discovered  and  sentenced  to 
death,  but  the  pardon  of  the  king,  in- 
stead of  producing  gratitude  and  loyalty, 
rendered  his  hatred  inore  inveterate.  lie 
conspired  with  the  counts  Horn  aud 
Eibbing,  barons  Badke  aud  Pechliu,  aud 
Col.  Liljehorn,  anl  others,  against  Gus- 
tavus,  and  as  the  unsuspecting  monarch 
entered  a  room  where  a  masked  ball 
v/as  assembled,  the  assassin  discharged 
at  him  a  pistol  containing  two  balls  aud 
some  nails.  The  wound  was  mortal, 
and  the  king  expired,  2yth  March,  1702. 
The  27th  of  April  following  the  mur- 
derer was  led  to  execution,  but  instead 
of  repenting  he  gloried  iu  his  deed. 
His  right  hand  and  his  head  were  cut 
olf.     The  others  were  banished. 

ANNA  COMNENA,  daughter  of 
Alexis  Comnenus,  emperor  of  Constan- 
tinople, and  celebrated  for  the  Greek 
history  which  she  has  written,  iu  which, 
with  great  elegance  aud  spirit,  though 
often  with  partiality,  she  records  the 
events  which  distinguished  her  father's 
reign.     D.  1148. 

ANNA  IVANOVNA,  daughter  of 
Ivan  Alexiovitch,  emperor  of  Russia, 
married  in  1710  Frederic  William,  duko 
of  Courland,  and  succeeded  Peter  II.  on 
the  throne,  1730.  At  the  death  of  her 
husband,  171'J,  she  took  for  her  favorite, 
Bircu,  a  person  of  low  birtii,  but  great 
duplicity  ;  and  when  raised  to  the  throne 
her  subjects  were  ruled  by  this  capri- 
cious and  cruel  minion,  who,  it  is  said, 
bauisiied  no  less  than  20,000  persons  to 
Siberia  through  pique,  malice,  and  re- 
venge.    Anna  d.  1740,  aged  47. 

AXNAXD,  William,  A.M.,  a  uatlvo 
of  Edinburgh,  who  was  chosen  one  of 
the  ministers    and    became  a  popular 


lnqJ 


Ci'CLOP.IiUl.V    OK    UIUtjiKAPIlV, 


51 


preacher  there.  He  behaved  with  grcaC 
kHulncss  towards  the  persecuted  Pres- 
byterians, and  opposed  James  wlieii  he 
wished  to  disi)ense  with  the  penal  hiws. 
At  the  revokition  lie  was  made  dean  of 
liaphoe,  in  Ireland,  where  he  died,  1710, 
a;?ed  G-4.  He  wrote  a  volume  of  valu- 
able sermons,  little  known. 

ANNAT,  Fk.vncis,  a  native  of  Kou- 
er^ue,  of  the  order  of  the  Jesuits, 
teaeiier  of  jihilnsopliy  at  Toulouse,  and 
at'terwurds  eui)rloyect  at  Kome  and  in 
France,  in  the  service  of  the  pope.  He 
was  made  confessor  to  the  French  kinir 
1054,  which  office  he  held  IG  years,  and 
tlu-n  solicited  his  dismission  from  in- 
cTca>in,i^  intlrmities.  He  is  known  for 
his  ixiwiit  zeal  in  opposing  the  Jansen- 
ibts."   D.  1670. 

ANNE,  of  Austria,  queen  of  France, 
eldest  daughter  of  Fhilip  HI.  of  Spain ; 
married  Louis  XIII.  of  France,  IGlo,  at 
whose  death,  1043,  she  was  declared  sole 
icgent  durinir  the  minority  of  her  son, 
Louis  XI\'.,  who  assumed  the  reins  of 
Kovernment,  16G1.     Anne  then  retired, 
passing   the  remainder    of  her  life   in 
pious  exercises.      B.   1604;    d.  1666. — 
An.nk,  of  Beaujeu,   daughter  of  I^ouis 
XI.  of  France,  and  wife^af  Teter  Beau- 
jeu, duke  of  Bourbon ;    appointed  by 
iier  father's  will  gouvernante  during  the 
minority  of  his  son,  Charles  Vlll.   This 
preference  excited   a  civil   commotion, 
which  was  terminated  by  the  defeat  of 
the  insurgent  nobles,  1488.     The  prin- 
cess held^he  reins  with  much  firmness, 
and   in  general  acted   prudently.       D. 
1522.  —  AxsE,    of   Brittany,    queen    of 
France,  daughter  and  heiress  of  Francis 
IL,  duke  of  Brittanv ;  married  to  Charles 
VIII. ,    of   France,"  1491;    and.    on   his 
death,  1499,  to  Louis  XII.    This  prin- 
cess first  instituted  the  order  of  maids 
of  honor  to  the  queen  ;  first  had  the  jire- 
rogative  of  guartls  ancl  gentlemen  ot  her 
own,  and  was  the  first  who  gave  audi- 
ence to  foreign  ambassadors.     B.  1476 ; 
,1.  1514. — Anne,  of  Cleves,  daughter  of 
Jolm,  third  duke  of  Cleves,  and  wife  of 
Henry  Vlll.  <A'  England,  who  divorced 
her.     1).  1557. — Anni:,   queen  of  Great 
Britain,  second  daughter  of  James  II., 
by  his  first  wite,  Aimc  Hyde,  was  born 
in  1664;   married  to  Prince  George  of 
Denmark,  1683  ;  succeeded  to  the  crown 
on  the  death  of  William  III.,  1702;  and 
died,  1714,  aged  50.    The  contention  of 
parties  during  the  reign'  of  Anne  was 
extremely  violent,  in  consequence  of  the 
hopes  entertiiined  by  the  Jacobites  that 
she  would  be  induced  by  naturd  feel- 
incts  to   favor    the    succession    of   her 


brother,  the  Pretender.  Her  reign  was 
also  nuich  distinguished  for  leurning; 
and  the  numljcr  of  eminent  writers  who 
fiourished  under  her,  several  of  whom 
rose  to  high  stations,  has  rendered  it  a 
sort  of  Augustan  age  of  English  litera- 
ture, though  her  own  acquirements  had 
no  share  in  making  it  such. 

ANNESLEY,  Arthuk,  earl  of  An- 
glesea,  born  at  Dublin,  1614.  At  the 
ecimmencement  of  the  civil  wars  he 
jciincil  tlie  royal  party,  and  sat  in  the 
parliament  at  'Oxford,'  1643  ;  but  hav- 
uig  made  peace  with  the  republicans,  he 
was  sent  commissioner  to  Ulster,  1645. 
He,  however,  took  an  active  part  in  the 
restoration  of  the  king,  for  which  ho 
was  created  carl  of  Anglesea,  made 
treasurer  of  the  navy,  and,  shortly  after- 
wards, lord  privy  seal.  _  D.  1686.— 
Samuel,  an  English  divine,  born  in 
Warwickshire  about  1620;  d.  1696.  At 
the  time  of  the  rebellion,  he  preached 
some  violent  sermons  against  the  crown 
and  church,  for  which  he  received  the 
vicarage  of  St.  Gile_s,  Cripplegate ;  but, 
in  1662,  he  was  ejected  from  it  for  non- 
conformity. 

ANNET,  Peter,  a  deistieal  writer  of 
the  18th  century;  author  of  "The  Free 
Enquirer,"'  and  other  works  of  a  skep- 
tical turn.  He  was  a  native  of  Liver- 
pool.    1).  1778.. 

ANNIUS,  of  Yiterbo,  a  Dominican 
monk,  who  wrote  various  books  which 
he  pretended  were  the  remains  of  emi- 
nent ancient  authors,  particularly  Ma- 
netho,  Archilochus,  andXenophon.  For 
a  time  the  imposture  succeeded,  and 
they  were  printed  in  1498.     D.  1502. 

ANNO,  archbishop  of  Cologne  in  the 
11th  century.  He  was  chancellor  to  the 
emperor  Henry  III.,  and  regent  during 
the  minority  of  Henry  IV. ;  and  from 
the  exemplary  conduct  he  displayed  in 
those  situations,  as  well  as  from  tlie 
sanctity  of  his  life,  he  acquired  the  title 
of  Saint. 

ANQUETIL,  Louis  Pierke,  a  cele- 
brated historian,  writer  of  a  "Universal 
History."  B.  at  Paris,  1728;  d.  1803. 
— Df  Perkon-,  Abu.miam  Hyacinthe, 
brother  of  the  preceding,  was  born  at 
Paris,  1731.  In  order  to  gratify  his 
taste  for  oriental  literature,  he  joined 
tiie  expedition  fitting  out  for  India,  in 
1574,  as  a  private  soldier ;  employed 
everv  moment  of  his  leisure  ni  the 
study  of  the  Sanscrit;  and  made  suf- 
ficient proirress  in  that  tongue  to  traii.s- 
late  the  "  X'endidade  Sade."  a  dietion- 
arv  of  the  language.  On  the  taking  of 
Pondicherrr  bv  the  Eufflish,  he  returned 


52 


CYCLOPAEDIA  OF  IJIOGRAPHY. 


[ant 


to  Europe,  visited  London  and  Oxford, 
and  conveyed  tlie  various  MSS.  he  had 
obtained  to  Taris.  He  was  then  aj)- 
poiuted  oriental  interpreter  in  the  king's 
library,  with  a  pension,  and  devoted 
liinise'lf  to  tlie  publication  of  his  re- 
searehcs.     I).  1805. 

ANSALDI,  C.  J.,  a  celebrated  man  of 
learning,  of  J'iacenza.  15.  in  1700.  His 
best  antiquarian  treatises  are  in  Latin. 

ANSAKT,  Andrew  Joseph,  a  French 
historian  and  ecclesiastical  writer.  He 
became  a  Benedictine,  but,  being  ap- 
pointed to  a  place  of  trust  in  his  order, 
lie  decamped  with  the  funds,  and  joined 
the  order  of  Malta.     B.  1729  ;  d.  1790. 

ANSCAKIUS,  bishop  of  Hamburgh 
and  Bremen.  B.  in  France,  801 ;  d.  shi. 
He  preached  the  gospel  to  the  Danes 
and  Swedes,  and  was  very  instrumental 
in  converting  the  northern  nations  to 
Christianity. 

ANSELii,  archbishop  of  Canterbury 
in  the  reigns  of  William  Eufus  and 
Henry  L,  born  at  Aost,  Piedmont,  lOo-S: 
died  at  Canterbury,  llo'j,  and  canonized 
in  the  rcisrn  of  Henry  VIL 

ANSELME,  of  Paris,  an  Augustine 
monk,  the  original  compiler  of  the  "His- 
torical Genealogies  of  the  House  of 
France."  B.  16l'5  ;  d.  1G91.— George. 
There  were  two  of  this  name  :  the  elder, 
a  mathematician  of  some  eminence  in 
the  earlv  part  of  the  10th  century.  D. 
IMO.  'The  latter,  his  grandson,  who 
assumed  the  name  of  Nepos,  was  phy- 
sician at  Parma,  of  which  city  he  was  a 
native.    1).  1528. 

ANSON,  George,  Lord,  a  British 
commander,  who  managed  the  fleet  of 
ships  sent  out  during  the  Spanish  war, 
to  attack  the  enemy  on  the  coast  ot 
Bouth  Carolina,  wliere  lie  landed  and 
founded  a  town.  But  he  did  not  ac- 
quire celebrity  till  he  was  placed  at  the 
head  of  an  expedition  to  the  South  Sea, 
in  1740.  After  losing  all  his  ships  but 
one,  and  encountering  many  difficulties, 
but  not  witliout  having  severely  har- 
assed the  Spanish  settlements,  he  was 
so  fortunate  as  to  capture  a  rich  galleon, 
on  lier  passage  from  Aeapulco  to  Ma- 
nilla, and  to  reach  England  in  safety, 
after  an  absence  of  nearly  four  vears. 
He  was  successively  made  rear-admiral 
of  the  blue,  a  lord  of  the  admiralty,  rear- 
admiral  of  the  wliite,  and  vicc-a^lmiral 
of  the  blue.  In  1747  he  defeated  a 
French  squadron,  and  captured  six  men 
of  war  and  four  East  Indianien.  He 
was  rewarded  with  a  barony,  and  rose 
through  all  the  intermediate  ranks  of 
the  navv  till  lie  became  admiral,  and 


commander-in-chief  of  the  British -fleet. 
D.  1762. — Peter  Hubert,  a  miscellane- 
ous French  writer.     B.  1744:  d.  1810. 

ANSPACH,  Elizabeth,  Margravine 
of,  was  the  youngest  daughter  of  the 
earl  of  Berkeley.  When  little  more  than 
sixteen,  she  murried  Mr.  (afterwards 
earl  of)  Craven,  by  whom  she  had 
seven  children;  but  after  living  to- 
gether thirteen  years,  they  separated 
from  mutual  feelings  of  dissatisfaction. 
Lady  Craven  made'a  tour,  and  took  up 
her  residence  in  the  court  of  Anspach, 
where  she  established  a  theatre,  wrote 
plays,  directed  the  performance,  and 
became  a  principal  personage  with  the 
mar<rrave. 

ANSTEY,  Christopher,  a  poet,  was 
born  in  1724 ;  studied  at  Eton  and 
Cambridge  ;  and  on  succeeding  to  some 
patrimonial  property,  resided  principally 
at  Bath.  He  blended  the  avocations  of 
a  country  gentleman  with  literary  pur- 
suits, and,'  among  many  other  thiiitrs, 
produced  that  hmnorous  poem,  "The 
New  Bath  Guide,"  which  obtained  a 
rapid  and  deserved  popularity.  D.  180."). 

ANSTIS,  John,  an  antiquary,  and  the 
author  of  various  heraldic  works,  was 
born  at  St.  Neots,  Cornwall,  in  16i3',i,  and 
educated  at  Oxford.  He  was  member 
for  St.  Germains,  and  in  1713  appointed 
garter  king  at  arms.     D.  1744. 

ANTAE,  an  Arabian  chief  and  dis- 
tinguished poet,  who  lived  in  tlie  6th 
century.  His  works,  which  form  a  por- 
tion of  the  famous  Moallakah,  are  de- 
voted to  the  description  of  his  warlike 
deeds,  and  his  love  for  the  fair  Abla. 
The  celebrated  Arabian  romance,  en- 
titled "Antar,"  by  Asmai,  affords  a 
perfect  idea  of  the  manners,  opinions, 
and  superstitions  of  the  early  Arabians  ; 
and  of  this  there  is  an  English  version, 
entitled  "  Antar,  a  Bedoueen  Komance, 
translated  from  the  Arabic  by  Terrick 
Hamilton,"  in  4  vols.  12nio. 

ANTJIEMIUS,  Procopius,  of  the 
family  of  the  tyrant  Procopius,  married 
Flavi'a  Eupheii'iia,  daughter  of  Mareian. 
His  alliance  as  well  as  his  valor  pro- 
cured hiui  the  title  of  Augustus,  467. 
He  gave  his  daughter  in  marriage  to 
Kicimer,  a  general,  who  soon  after  at- 
tacked Kome  and  imbrued  his  hands  in 
the  blood  of  his  father-in-law,  472.— A 
Lydian,  eminent  as  an  architect,  sculp- 
tor, and  mathematician.  He  ^yas  cni- 
ploved  by  the  Emperor  Justinian.  1). 
5341 

ANTHING,  Frederic,  the  com- 
panion in  arms  and  biograplier  of  the 
famous  Marshal    Siuvarrow,    was   born 


ant] 


CVCLOP^DIA    OF    BIOGKAPllV, 


53 


at  Gotha,  in  Saxony,  and  died  at  St. 
Pete risl.u  1-1,',  in  iso.j. 

ANTHONY,  Saint,  the  founder  of 
monastic  life,  was  born  at  Coma,  in 
Egypt,  251.  lie  sold  liis  possessions, 
wliicii  he  distributed  to  tiie  poor,  antl 
retired  into  the  desert,  where,  for  20 
years,  his  virtue  was  exposed  to  the 
greatest  tcinjitations  from  tlie  wiles  of 
Satan,  till  he  prevailed,  and  saw  himself 
at  last  surrounded  by  a  erowd  of  fol- 
lowers, zealous  to  merit  his  l^lessings 
and  to  imitate  liis  piety.  He  twiee 
visited  Alexandria  to  give  assistance  to 
the  suli'ering  Christians  under  the  per- 
secution of  Arius.  He  died  356,  in  the 
105th  year  of  liis  age. — FI;A^•CIs,  was 
born  in  London,  1550,  and  studied  at 
Cambridge,  where  he  laid  the  fo\uida- 
tion  of  that  chemical  knowledge  which 
enabled  him  to  impose  upon  the  credu- 
lous and  the  nnwary,  by  selling  his 
panacea  of  potable  gold,  on  which  a 
treatise  was  printed  at  Hamburgh,  1598. 
His  success  as  an  empiric  was  great,  but 
he  was  violently  opposed  by  Drs. 
Gwinne  and  Cotta,  and  it  was  con- 
fidently asserted  that  his  nostrum  was 
Eoisonous,  and  many  on  their  death 
cd  attributed  their  death  to  it.  The 
inotfensiveness  of  his  manners,  liis 
learning  and  his  private  virtues,  how- 
ever, stemmed  the  torrent  of  unpopu- 
larity, and  though  lie  was  fined  and 
imprisoned  for  practising  without  a 
license,  his  reputation  and  his  fortune 
increased.  D.  1623. — King  of  Navarre, 
was  son  of  Charles  of  Bourbon,  duke 
of  Vendome,  and  married  Joan  d'Al- 
bret,  154S,  who  brought  him  the  prin- 
cipality of  Bearne  and  tlie  kingdom  of 
Navarre.  He  was  a  weak  and  irresolute 
prince.  He  abandoned  the  Protestant 
tenets  for  the  Catholic  faith,  and  then 
formed,  with  the  dulvc  of  Guise  and  the 
constable  ^Montmorency,  the  famous 
league  called  triumvirate.  During  the 
civil  wars,  in  1562,  he  took  the  com- 
mand of  the  army,  and  Blois,  Tours, 
and  Eoucn  surrendered  to  his  arms. 
He  was  wounded  on  the  shoulder  at  the 
siege  of  this  last  place,  and  died  35  days 
after  at  Andcli,  17th  Nov.,  1562.  liis 
son  was  afterwards  the  celebrated 
Henry  lY.,  of  France.— A  titular  king  of 
Portugal,  was  son  of  Lewis,  the  second 
son  of  King  Emanuel.  His  pretensions 
to  the  throne  were  opposed  by  Philip 
IL  of  Spain,  who  sent  the  duke  of  Alva 
against  him,  1580,  and  obliged  him  to 
tly  from  his  dominions.  Anthony  was 
a  wretched  fugitive  in  H*  "'and,  France, 
and  P]ngland.    D.  at  Pari;,,  1595. 


ANTIGNAC,  a  popular  French  song 
writer.     B.  1770. 

ANTIGONUS,  one  of  the  generals  of 
Alexander  the  Great,  the  most  pcjwerful 
who  shared  the  Grecian  empire,  i-lain  al, 
the  battle  of  Ipsus,  3ol  b.  c. 

ANTLMACHU,  ALuek  Anthony,  an 
Italian  author,  who  translated  much 
from  the  Greek.     B.  1472  ;  d.  1552. 

ANTINE,  Maur  Fkancois  n',  a 
French  Benedictine  monk ;  author  of 
an  "  Essay  on  the  Art  of  verifying 
Dates,"  &c.     B.  1688 ;  d.  1748. 

ANTIiJCHL'S  THE  GKEAT,  king 
of  Syria  and  Asia.  He  conquered  tlie 
greatest  part  of  Greece,  of  wliich  some 
cities  implored  the  aid  of  Konie ;  and 
Hannibal,  who  had  taken  refuge  al  his 
court,  encouraged  him  to  make  war 
against  Italy ;  but  his  measures  were 
not  agreeable  to  the  advice  of  Hannibal, 
and  he  was  conquered  and  obliged  to 
retire  beyond  Mount  Taurus,  and  pay 
a  yearly  fine  of  2000  talents  to  the  iio- 
mans.  His  revenues  being  unable  to 
pay  the  fine,  he  attempted  to  plunder 
the  temple  of  Belus  in  Susiana,  which 
so  incensed  the  inhabitants,  that  they 
killed  him  with  his  followers,  187  b.  c. 
— Of  Asealon,  a  philosopher,  and  dis- 
ciple of  Philo,  the  Platonist. — A  monk 
of  Seba,  Palestine,  who  wrote  in  the  7th 
century  190  homilies  on  the  Scriptures, 
still  extant. 

ANTIPATEE,  a  native  of  Macedon, 
pupQ  of  Aristotle,  and  the  faithful  min- 
ister of  Philij)  and  Alexander.  While 
Alexander  was  abroad,  he  left  Antipatcr 
in  the  government  of  Macedon  ;  and  bv 
his  prudent  management  he  kept  all 
Greece  in  order.  On  the  death  of  his 
master,  in  the  distribution  of  his  ter- 
ritories, Antipatcr  obtained  the  Euro- 
pean provinces.  Not  long  after  the 
confederate  states  of  Greece  attacked 
him,  but  he  subdued  them,  and  sub- 
verted their  democratic  forms  of  govern- 
ment, on  which  he  was  called  the  father 
of  Greece.  He  died  318  b.  c. — L^tivs 
C.«Tit:s,  a  Koman  historian,  who  lived 
in  the  time  of  Gracchus,  and  wrote  an 
account  of  the  Second  Punic  War.  —Of 
Sidon,  a  Stoic  philosopher  and  poet, 
much  praised  by  Cicero  and  Seneca. 
He  lived  about  140  b.  c. 

ANTIPANES,  a  Greek  comic  poet, 
in  the  time  of  Alexander,  who  gained 
three  prizes  at  the  Olvinpic  games. 

ANTIPIIILUS,  a 'painter,  rival  of 
Apelles ;  celebrated  for  a  tine  drawiii" 
representing  a  youth  blowing  a  spark 
of  fire. 

ANTIPHON,    the    Khamnusian,   an 


54 


CyCLOP.'EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHT. 


[ant 


Athcniau  orator,  who  flourished  430  B.C. 
He  was  the  first  who  laid  down  tlio  rides 
of  oratory,  and  assisted  in  establishiiiij 
the  tyraiiiiy  of  the  four  hundred  ;  for 
which  lie  was  put  to  death,  411  b.  o. 

ANTIQU.VKIOUS,  J.^MEs,  a  learned 
Italian  sriiolar  of  Canipanus.     D.  lol2. 

ANTISTIIEXE.S,  founder  of  the  sect 
of  the  Cynies,  by  whose  means  ilelitus 
was  put  to  deatli,  and  Anytus  banished, 
for  tlieir  persecution  of  Socrates.  He 
was  born  at  Athens,  4-23  b.  c. 

ANTOINETTE,  Marie,  of  Lorraine, 
archduchess  of  Austria  and  queen  of 
Frani'c,  born  at  Vienna,  in  1755,  was 
the  dauiz:hter  of  the  Emperor  Francis  I. 
and  Maria  Theresa.  lu  1770,  when  only 
15  years  of  age,  she  was  married  to 
Louis  XVI. ;  and  when  her  husband 
ascended  the  throne  she  gained  the  af- 
fections of  the  people  by  repeated  acts 
of  generosity.  It  was,  however,  soon 
observed  that  her  natural  liveliness 
brought  upon  her  the  scandal  of  her 
enemies  about  the  court,  who  attributed 
the  undisguised  frankness  and  cheer- 
fulness of  her  uatui-e  to  levity  and  indis- 
cretion. An  extraordinary  occurrence 
added  fuel  to  the  flame  of  calumny, 
while  it  subjected  the  name  of  the 
queen  to  a  disgraceful  law-suit.  Two 
jewellers  demanded  the  payment  of  an 
immense  price  for  a  necklace,  which 
had  been  purchased  in  the  name  of  the 
queen.  In  the  examination  which  she 
demanded,  it  was  proved  that  she  had 
never  ordered  the  purchase.  A  lady  of 
her  size  and  complexion  had  impudently 
passed  herself  otf  for  the  ijueen,  and  at 
midnight  had  a  meeting  with  a  cardinal 
in  the  park  of  Versailles.  She  was  be- 
headed during  the  revolution  of  1792. 
ller  fate  ]>rodiiced  a  profound  impres- 
sion on  the  world. 

ANTON ELLE,  Petek  Aktoxy,  Mar- 
quis d' ;  a  conspicuous  character  in  the 
French  revolution.  He  voted  for  the 
death  of  the  queen,  and  for  the  destruc- 
tion of  the  Girondists.  He  was  himself 
near  meeting  the  fate  to  which  he  con- 
siirned  others,  as  he  was  tried  for  com- 
plicity in  the  conspiracy  of  Babeuf;  but 
he  was  fortunate  enough  to  be  acquitted, 
and  d.  at  an  advanced  age,  in  1817. 

ANTONELLI,  Nicholas  Makia,  count 
of  Pergola,  who  rose  tiirough  various 
ecclesia.-*tical  promotions  to  the  cardinal- 
ship.     B.  1697;  d.  17G7. 

ANTONI,  Skbastiano  Df.gli,  a  Vicen- 
z:m  noble  author.     B.  in  1005;  author 
of  "  The  Conspiracy  of  Brutus,"  a  tra- 
gedy. 
ANTONI ANO,    Sxxvio,    an    Italian 


poet,  made  a  cardinal  bv  Clement  VIIL 

B.  1511 1;   (1.  li-,03. 

ANTON  IDES,  or  VANDER  GOES, 
John,  a  Dutch  poet.  B.  in  Zealand, 
1647.    He  is  principally  known  by  his 

Eoem  in  honor  of  the  river  Y,  which 
ows  through  Amsterdam ;  in  which 
city  his  works  were  collected  and  pub- 
lished, 1714.     D.  16S4. 

ANToNINE,  DE  FoRciQLiosi,  a 
Roman  prelate  and  saint.  B.  at  Flo- 
rence, 1389;  d.  1459,  and  canonized  in 
1523.  lie  highly  distinguished  himself 
at  the  council  of  Florence,  where  he  dis- 
puted with  the  Greeks. 

ANTONINI,  Annibal  and  Joseph, 
two  brothers,  natives  of  Italy,  in  the 
17th  and  18th  centuries :  they  wrote  in 
conjunction  the  history  of  Lucania ;  and 
Annibal  was  the  compiler  of  an  Italian 
grammar  and  dictionary. 

ANTONINUS  PIUS,  Titus  Aurelius 
FuLvirs,  emperor  of  Rome,  was  b.  at 
Lanuvium,  Si!;  succeeded  Adrian,  133: 
and  d.  101.  Ilis  reign  was  distinguished 
by  tranquillity,  and  by  such  excellent 
management,  as  procured  him  the  title 
of  Fias. — Marcus  Anxius  Aurelius, 
surnamed  the  Philosopher.  B.  121 ; 
adopted  by  Pius  Antoninus,  whom  he 
succeeded,  in  conjunction  with  Lucius 
Verus,  as  emperor  of  Rome  ;  and  d.  180. 
His  death  occasioned  universal  mourn- 
ing throughout  the  empire ;  the  Roman 
senate  and  people  voted  him  a  god,  and 
his  image  was  long  afterwards  regarded 
with  peculiar  veneration.  This  emper- 
or's book  of  meditations  in  Greek  and 
Latin  has  been  often  printed,  and  uni- 
versally admired  for  the  excellence  of  its 
morality. — A  geographical  author,  the 
writer  of  a  valuable  Itinerarium,  whose 
age  is  unknown.  Burton  published  an 
excellent  commentary  on  it,  as  far  as  re- 
lates to  Britain. 

ANTONIO,  or  ANTONELLO,  b.  at 
Messina,  Sicily,  1426 ;  d.  1475.  He_  is 
said  to  have  been  the  first  artist  who  in- 
troduced oil  painting  into  Italy. — Nich- 
olas, a  Spanish  historian.  B.  at  Seville, 
1617 :  d.  16S4. 

ANTONIUS,  GoDEFROY,  a  lawyer, 
who  became  chancellor  of  the  university 
of  Giessen. — Marcus,  one  of  the  greatest 
orators  ever  known  at  Rome.  It  was 
owing  to  him,  according  to  Cicero,  that 
Rome  might  lioast  herself  a  rival  even 
to  Greece  itself  in  tlie  art  of  eloquence. 
He  defended,  among  many  others,  Mar- 
cus Aquiliiis;  and  moved  the  judges  in 
so  sensiVjle  a  manner,  by  the  tears  he 
shed,  and  the  scars  he  showed  upon  the 
1  breast  of  his  dient,  that  he  carried  bin 


ape] 


CVCLOP.'EDIA    OF    BIOGUAPIIV. 


55 


cause.  He  ■was  unfortunately  killed, 
during  the  disturbanoos  raised  at  Rome 
by  Mariiis  and  Ciuua,  in  tlie  year  ot' 
Eonic,  667. — Marci's,  the  triumvir,  was 
son  of  Antonius  Cretieus,  by  Julia,  a 
noble  lady  of  such  merit,  tliat  Plutarch 
affirms  her  to  have  been  "  eoinparable 
to  the  wisest  and  most  virtuous  ladies 
of  that  a^e."  Marc  Antony,  losing  his 
father  when  young,  launched  out  at 
once  into  all  tlic  excess  of  riot  and  de- 
bauchery, and  wasted  his  whole  ])atri- 
mony  before  he  had  put  on  the  manly 
gown.  He  afterwards  went  abroad  to 
learn  the  art  of  war  under  Gabinus,  who 
Ijave  him  the  command  of  his  horse  in 
Syria,  where  he  signalized  his  courage 
in  tlie  restoration  of  Ptolemy  king  of 
Eirypt.  From  E;rypt  he  went  to  Ctcsar, 
in  Uaul ;  and  after  some  stay  there,  be- 
ing furnished  with  money  and  credit  by 
Ciesar,  returned  to  Kome  to  sue  for  the 
questorship.  In  this  suit  he  succeeded, 
and  afterwards  obtained  the  tribunate, 
in  which  office  he  was  amazingly  active 
for  CiEsar,  who,  when  he  had  made 
himself  master  of  Rome,  gave  Antony 
the  guvernment  of  Italy,  with  the  com- 
mand over  the  legions  there,  in  wliicli 
post  he  gained  the  love  of  the  soldiery. 
But  what  was  more  to  his  honor,  he  as- 
sisted Cfcsar  so  sucecssfidly  on  several 
occasions,  that,  twice  particularlv,  when 
Ci\isai"'s  army  had  been  put  to  tl'ight,  he 
rallied  the  scattered  troops,  and  gained 
the  victory.  lie  was  afterwards  a  col- 
league of  Cffisar  in  the  consulship,  and 
on  the  death  of  the  latter,  strove  to  get 
possession  of  the  sovereign  power.  But 
the  patriots  of  the  day  tooK  part  with 
Octavius,  Cffisar's  son,  against  him,  when 
he  went  with  an  army  to  Cisalpine  Gaul, 
and  laid  siege  to  Mantua,  which  Deci- 
mus  Brutus  valiantly  defended.  It  wiw 
during  this  absence  that  Cicero  spoke 
those  famous  orations  against  Antony. 
The  senate  declared  him  a  public  enemy, 
and  both  consuls,  Ilirtius  and  Pausa, 
accompanied  by  Octavius,  met  him  in 
the  field.  At  first  he  vanquished  Pausa, 
but  was  afterwards  subdued  by  Ilirtius. 
Both  consuls  fell,  aiul  Octavius  took 
command  of  the  rcpuliliean  army  ;  An- 
tony fled  with  his  tnuips  over  the  Alps. 
But  Octavius  betrayed  the  si>iiate,  and 
joined  with  Antony  and  Lepidus  to  form 
a  triumvirate.  Their  return  to  Rome 
was  marked  by  violence,  bloodshed,  and 
proscription.  They  were  opposed  by 
Brutus  and  Cassius,  wlio  were,  however, 
defeated  at  Philipj)!.  Owimr  chiefly  to 
the  military  skill  of  the  latter,  Antony 
obtained  the  sovereign  dominion,  and 


went  into  Asia,  where  lie  had  the  most 
splendid  court  that  ever  was  seen.  The 
kings  and  princes  of  Asia  came  to  his 
levee,  and  acknowledged  no  other  sov- 
ereign in  the  East  but  him.  Queens 
and  princesses,  knowing  him,  doubtless, 
to  be  a  man  of  amour  and  gallantry, 
strove  who  should  win  his  heart;  and 
the  fimious  Cleopatra  of  Egypt  suc- 
ceeded. When  that  queen  gave  out  a 
false  report  of  her  death,  Antony  threw 
himself  upon  his  sword  and  perished — 
a  fit  end  to  a  life  of  dissolute  violence 
and  crime.  —  yEuus  Xeisrissexsis,  a 
Spanish  writer,  and  an  eminent  profes- 
sor at  the  university  of  Salamanca,  who 
wrote  the  "  History  of  New  Spain,"  and 
other  works.     B.  1442 ;  d.  1520. 

ANTONY,  of  Bourbon,  son  of  Charles 
of  Bourbon,  duke  of  ^'endome.  B. 
1527 ;  married  Joan  of  Albret,  queen 
of  Navarre,  1548 ;  and  d.  from  a  wound 
received  in  the  shoulder  at  the  siege  of 
Rouen,  1562. — St.,  of  Padua,  a  learned 
Franciscan  monk,  was  b.  at  Lisbon, 
1195  ;  d.  at  Padua,  1231 ;  and  was  can- 
onized. Ills  works  were  printed  at  the 
Hague.  1041. 

ANVARI,  a  Persian  poet.  B.  at  Cho- 
rassan.  He  was  well  versed  in  astrol  • 
osry,  and  composed  several  books  ou 
that  science;  but  having  failed  in  a  pre- 
diction, he  retired  from  the  court  of  the 
sultan  Sanirler,  and  d.  at  Balkc  in  1206. 

ANVILLE,  John  B.utist  Boukigxon 
d',  a  most  famous  French  writer  on  ge- 
ography. B.  at  Paris,  1702  ;  d.  at  Paris, 
1782.  As  much  esteemed  for  the  gentle- 
ness and  simplicity  of  his  manners  as  for 
his  extensive  knowledge.  He  labored 
at  his  maps  15  hours  a  day  for  50  vcars. 

ANYSIUS,  or  ANISO,  Giovanni,  an 
Italian  poet  of  some  celebrity.  B.  at 
Naples,  about  1472  ;  d.  1540. 

ANYTA,  an  ancient  Greek  poetess, 
some  of  whose  compositions  are  still 
preserved. 

ANYTUS,  an  Athenian  rhetorician, 
who  aided  in  procuring  the  condemna- 
tion of  Socrates,  and  was  himself  after- 
wards banished. 

APP3L,  John,  of  Nuremberg,  one  of 
the  earliest  preachers  of  the  Keforma- 
tion,  and  originally  a  lawyer.  B.  14S6  ; 
d.  15:^6. 

APELLES,  one  of  the  most  celebrated 
painters  of  antiquity,  was  b.  in  the  isle 
of  Cos,  and  flourished  in  the  time  of 
Alexander  the  Great.  He  was  in  high 
favor  with  that  prince,  wlio  made  a  law 
that  no  other  person  should  draw  his 
picture  but  Apelles,  who  accordingly 
drew  him  holding  a  thunderbolt  in  his 


56 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY, 


[apo 


hand.  The  pieco  was  finished  with  so 
muoli  Rkill  and  dexterity,  tliat  it  used  to 
be  said  tlicre  were  two  Alexanders  :  one 
invincible,  the  son  of  Pbilip  ;  the  other 
ininiitalile,  the  production  of  Apelles. 
Alexander  prave  hini  likewise  another 
remarkable  proof  of  iiis  regard :  for  when 
he  employed  Apelles  to  draw  Campaspc, 
one  of  his  mistresses,  having  found  that 
the  painter  had  conceived  an  atfcction 
for  her,  lie  resigned  her  to  him  ;  and  it 
was  from  lier  that  Apelles  is  said  to  have 
drawn  his  Venus  Anadyomcne.  One  of 
Apelles'  chief  characteristics  was,  the 
making  his  pictures  so  exactly  resemble 
the  persons  represented,  that  the  physi- 
ognomists were  able  to  form  a  judgment 
as  readily  from  his  portraits  as  if  they 
liad  seen  the  originals.  His  readiness 
and  dexterity  at  taking  a  likeness  Avas 
once  of  singuhir  service  in  extricating 
him  from  a  ditheulty  in  whicli  he  was 
involved  at  the  court  of  Egypt :  he  had 
not  the  good  fortune  to  V)e  in  favor  with 
Ptolemy :  a  storm  forced  him,  howeveT, 
to  take'shelter  at  Alexandria  during  the 
reign  of  that  prince ;  where  a  mischiev- 
ous fellow,  in  order  to  do  him  an  un- 
kindness,  went  to  him,  and  in  the  Icing's 
name  invited  him  to  dinner.  Apelles 
went :  and  seeing  the  king  in  a  prodigi- 
ous passion,  told  hira,  by  way  of  excuse, 
that  he  should  not  liave  come  to  his 
table  l)ut  by  liis  order.  He  was  com- 
manded to  sliow  the  man  who  liad  in- 
vited liim  ;  which  was  impossible,  the 
person  who  liad  put  the  trick  upon  him 
not  being  present :  Apelles,  liowever, 
drew  a  sketch  of  his  image  upon  the 
wall  with  a  coal,  the  outlines  of  which 
discovered  him  immediately  to  Ptolemy. 
— There  was  a  native  of  Syria  of  the 
same  name,  who  was  the  founder  of  an 
heretical  sect,  sorao  time  during  the  2d 
century. 

APP^LLTCUS,  a  philosopher  to  whom 
the  world  is  indebted  for  the  works  of 
Aristotle,  which  lie  collected,  at  great 
expense,  about  90  years  b.  o. 

APER,  M.^KCus,  a  Gaul,  who  was 
among  the  finest  orators  of  his  time.  D. 
85. 

APIAX,  Peter,  a  German  mathema- 
tician and  astronomer,  who  made  several 
valuable  observations  on  comets.  B. 
14'J.5;  d.  1'.89. 

APICJIIIS.  There  were  three  noted 
Roman  efiieures  of  this  name  :  the  first 
lived  in  the  time  of  the  republic,  tlie 
second  under  Tiberius  and  Augustus, 
and  the  third  in  the  time  of  Trajan.  It 
was  the  second  one,  however,  who  was 
the  most  famous.    He  is  said  to  have 


wasted  £1,250,000  on  the  Luxuries  of  the 
table,  wrote  a  book  on  the  pk-:usures  and 
incitements  of  eating,  and  finding  his 
finances  reduced,  hung  himself  from  fear 
of  starvation. 

APION,  a  historian  of  Oasis  in  EgTOt, 
who  was  a  professor  at  Rome  during  the 
1st  century.  His  "Antiquities  of  the 
Jews,"  in  which  he  attacked  that  nation, 
was  answered  bv  Josephus. 

APOLLINARIUS,  Claudu's,  a  bishop 
of  Hieropolis,  who  wrote  a  defence  of  the 
Christian  religion  about  177.  It  was 
addressed  to  Marcus  Aurelius. — There 
was  a  presbyter  of  Alexandria  of  this 
name,  in  the  4th  century,  who  wrote  a 
history  of  the  Hebrews  in  Greek  heroics. 
— His  son  became  bishop  of  Laodicea, 
and  wrote  a  treatise,  which  he  sent  to 
Julian,  against  pasranism.    D.  382. 

APOLLODORUS,  a  grammarian  of 
Athens,  flourished  10-i  b.  c. — A  famous 
painter  at  Athens,  408  b.  c.  Pliny  men- 
tions two  pictures  by  him,  one  of  a  priest 
of  Apollo  at  the  altar,  and  the  other  of 
the  shipwreck  of  Ajax. — A  celebrated 
architect.  B.  at  Damascus,  and  lived 
under  Trajan  and  Adrian.  He  was  em- 
ployed by  the  former  in  building  the 
great  stoiie  bridge  over  the  Danube,  and 
other  structures ;  but,  falling  into  dis- 
grace with  Adrian,  he  lost  his  Ufe  through 
that  emperor's  caprice. 

APOLLONIA,  a  female  Christian 
martyr,  who,  at  a  very  advanced  age, 
fell  a" sacrifice  to  intolerance  at  Alexan- 
dria, 248. 

APOLLONIUS,  CoLL.VTii.'s,  a  monk 
and  poet  of  Navarre  in  the  15th  centnry, 
who  published  an  epic  on  the  siege  of 
Jerusalem,  and  other  pieces. ^Dvscolus, 
a  grammarian  of  Alexandria  in  the  2d 
century,  who  wrote  a  work  on  syntax ; 
a  collection  of  liistorical  curiosities  is 
also  ascribed  to  him. — There  was  another 
grammarian  of  this  name,  who  lived  in 
the  reign  of  Augustus  Cajsar,  and  com- 
piled a  Lexicon  Homcricum,  printed  at 
Paris,  1773. — A  nuithemutician  of  Alex- 
andria, about  240  years  b.  c.  _  He  com- 
posed several  curious  geometrical  works, 
of  which  his  book  on  conic  sections  alone 
exists. — Rhodus,  so  called  from  the  city 
of  Rhodes,  in  which  he  presided  over  a 
school  of  rhetoric,  was  a  native  of  Alex- 
andria, and  afterwards  became  keeper 
of  the  celebrated  library  there,  in  which 
situation  he  remained  until  his  death, 
240  v..  c.  He  wrote  a  poem,  in  four 
books,  on  the  expedition  of  the  Argo- 
nauts.— TrANKUs,  a  philosophic  empiric 
of  Tyana,  in  Cappadocia.  15.  about  the 
Christian  era.    He  visited  Rome,  where 


AQU] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OK    HIOCJRAPIIY. 


57 


Vespasian  became  his  dupe ;  but  Domi- 
tian  seat  him  to  j)risoii. — A  Kotnaii  sen- 
ator and  Christian  martyr,  who  lived  in 
the  reii^n  of  Commodus,  and  probably 
suffered  deatli  abouL  ISO. 

APONO;  or  ABANO,  Tetek  of,  an 
astrologer  and  pli ysician,  born  at  Abano, 
who  made  himself  celebrated  by  a  work 
entitled,  "  Conciliator  Ditlerentiorum 
Philosophorum  et  precipue  Mcdicorum." 
B.  1250;  d.  131G. 

APOSTOLIUS,  ]\riciiAEL,  a  learned 
Greek  of  the  15th  century. 

APPIAN,  an  ancient  historian.  B.  at 
Alexandria,  whence  he  went  to  Kome,  in 
the  reiun  of  Trajan,  and  became  an  emi- 
nent pleader.  lie  wrote  the  history  of 
Eome  in  Greek. 

APPIANI,  Andre,  a  celebrated  Mi- 
lanese painter.  B.  1750.  His  pieces  are 
found  m  most  of  the  palaces  of  Milan  ; 
but  his  masterpiece,  in  fresco,  adorns 
the  cupola  of  Santa  Maria  dc  S.  Celso. 
B.  1750  ;  d.  1818. 

APPLETON,  Natkaniel,  Congrega- 
tional minister  of  Cambridge,  Mass.  lie 
was  b.  Dec.  9,  1603,  at  Ipswich  ;  gradu- 
ated, in  1712,  at  Harvard  university ; 
and  was  ordained  Oct.  9,  1717.  He  was 
much  distinguished  in  his  time,  for 
learning  and  moral  worth.  In  1771  his 
alma  mater  conferred  on  him  tlie  degree 
of  doctor  of  divinity,  an  honor  which 
had  been  conferred  upon  but  one  per- 
son. Increase  Mather,  about  80  years  be- 
fore. He  d.  Feb.  9,  1784,  in  'the  91st 
year  of  his  age. — .Iesse,  D.D.,  graduated 
at  Dartmouth  college,  in  1792.  He  was 
ordained  pastor  of  the  Congregational 
church  at  Hampton,  N.  II.  in  Feb.  1797. 
In  1807  he  was  chosen  president  of 
Bowdoin  college,  the  duties  of  which 
station  he  faithfully  performed  for  about 
10  years,  when  his  liealth  became  im- 
paired.    D.  1819. 

APREECE,  or  RIIESE,  John,  a  learn- 
ed antiquary.  B.  in  Wales  in  the  early 
part  of  the  16th  century,  and  d.  in  the 
reign  of  queen  Mary.  One  of  his  works, 
entitled  "  Fides  Ilistorite  Britannia;,"  is 
preserved  in  manuscript  in  the  Cottonian 
collection. 

APROSIO,  AxGELico,  an  Augustine 
monk,  born  at  Genoa.  He  ■nTotc  a  num- 
ber of  books,  but  is  best  known  by  a 
work,  entitled  "  Bibliotheca  Aprosiana." 
B.  1607:  d.  1681. 

APTHONIUS,  a  rhetorician  of  Anti- 
och,  whc)  wrote  a  book  called  "  Progym- 
nasmatn  RJictorica,"  in  the  3d  century. 
APTHORP.  East,  a  learned  divine. 
B.  in  New  Eu^dund,  1732,  and  d.  at 
Canterbury,  1816.    The  Society  for  the 


Propagation  of  the  Gospel  in  Foreign 
Parts  sent  him  out  as  one  of  their  mis- 
sionaries to  Cambridge,  Massachusetts, 
in  which  state  he  resided  for  a  short 
time,  and  then  returned  to  England,  and 
obtained  the  living  of  Croydon,  Surrey, 
about  1765.  In  1778  he  took  the  degree 
of  D.D.,  and  was  appointed  to  the  rec- 
tory of  St.  Mary-le-Bow,  London ;  but, 
in  1793,  he  resigned  his  living  on  obtain- 
ing the  valuable  stall  of  Flnsbury,  in  St. 
Paul's  cathedral. 

APULEIUS,  Lucius,  a  Platonic  phi- 
losopher in  the  2d  century,  b.  atMadaura, 
Africa.  He  composed  several  books,  the 
chief  of  which  is  a  romance,  entitled 
"  The  Golden  Ass,"  which  has  been 
translated  into  almost  all  the  modern 
European  languages. 

AQUAVIVA,  Andrew  Matthew, 
duke  of  Atri,  Naples,  was  celebrated 
both  as  a  scholar  and  a  soldier.  B.  1456 ; 
d.  1528.— Claude,  b.  at  Naples,  1542, 
became  general  of  the  order  of  Jesuits, 
and  d.  1615. — Octavio,  a  prelate  of  great 
reputed  piety  and  learning.  D.  sirch- 
bishop  of  Naples,  1612. 

AQUILA,  of  Sinope,  Pontus,  an  ar- 
chitect and  mathematician  in  the  time  of 
Adrian,  bv  wliom  he  was  employed  in 
the  rebuilding  of  Jerusalem,  where  he 
embraced  the  Christian  religion,  but  was 
afterwards  excommunicated  for  prac- 
tising astrology,  when  he  turned  Jew. 

AQUILANO.  Serafino,  an  admired 
Italian  poet.  B.  at  Aquila,  Abruzzo, 
1466  ;  d.  1500. 

AQUILANUS,  Sebastianus,  a  Neapol- 
itan physician  of  Padua.     D.  1543. 

AQUINAS,  St.  TnoirAS,  called  the 
angelical  doctor,  was  of  the  noble  family 
of  Aquine,  descended  from  the  kings  of 
Aragon  and  Sicily.  He  was  educated 
by  the  monks  of  Mount  Cassino,  and 
removed  to  Naples  ;  but  the  inclination 
which  he  had  to  embrace  an  ecclesiasti- 
cal life  was  opposed  by  his  mother,  who, 
after  great  difficulties,  "obtained  him  from 
the  power  of  the  monks,  and  confined 
him  in  her  castle  for  two  years.  He, 
however,  escaped,  and  Hed'to  Naples, 
and  afterwards  to  Rome  ;  and  when  im- 
proved by  study,  and  the  famous  lectures 
of  Albertus  Magnus  at  Cologne,  he  ap- 
peared at  Paris,  and  read  public  lectures 
to  an  applauding  audience.  On  his  re- 
turn to  Italy,  he  became  divinity  pro- 
fessor to  several  universities,  andat  last 
settled  at  Naples,  where  he  led  an  ex- 
emplary life  of  chastity  and  devotion, 
and  refused  the  archbislioprie  of  Iho 
city,  in  the  most  disinterested  manner, 
when  offered  by  Clement  I\^     Grecorv 


58 


CYCLOP.EDIA    OF    niOGRAPIlY. 


[arx 


X.  invited  him  to  the  council  of  Lyons, 
to  reucl  tlie  boolc  which  lie  had  written 
against  the  Greeks ;  and  he  d.  on  his 
way  to  join  the  pontiff  at  the  monastery 
of  Fossanova,  near  Terracina,  7th  March, 
1274,  in  his  SOth  year.  He  was  canon- 
ized, 132:?.  llis  writings,  which  are  nn- 
merous,  and  mostly  upon  theological 
subjects,  prove  him  "to  have  been  a  man 
of  great  learning,  and  extensive  knowl- 
edge. They  have  been  {^lublished,  in  17 
vols,  folio.  '  It  was  in  detence  of  Thomas 
Aquinas  that  Henry  VIII.  composed  the 
book  which  procured  him  from  the  pope 
the  title  of  Defender  of  the  Faith. 

AQUl^'O,  Ch.\kles  r>',  a  Neapolitan 
Jesuit,  and  an  eminent  teacher  of  rhet- 
oric at  Kome.  B.  1654;  d.  1740.— Louis 
Claudk  V,  a  distinguished  musician. 
At  the  age  of  6  he  performed  on  the 
harpsichord  before  Louis  XIV. ;  at  8, 
the  celolirated  Bernier  declared  he  could 
teach  him  no  more  ;  and  at  12  he  became 
organist  of  a  (.•hurch  at  I'aris.  B.  1604; 
d.  1772. — Piiii.u',  a  learned  Jew  of  the 
17th  century,  b.  at  Avignon,  converted 
to  the  Christian  faith,  and  received  bap- 
tism at  Aquino,  Naples,  whence  he  de- 
rived his  name.  lie  was  celebrated  for 
his  skill  in  the  Hebrew  language  ;  and 
was  intrusted  by  Le  Jay  with  tlie  caro 
of  printing  and  correcting  the  He- 
brew and  Ohaldee  text  of  his  Polvglot 
Bible. 

ARABSCHAH,  a  Mahometan  histo- 
rian, who  wrote  a  history  of  Tamerlane, 
and  a  treatise  on  the  divine  unity.  He 
was  a  native  of  Damascus,  where  he  d. 
14.50. 

ARABELLA  STUAET,  commonly 
called  the  Lady  Arabella,  was  the  only 
child  of  Cluirle's  Stuart,  earl  of  Lennox, 
the  brotlier  of  Henry  Lord  Darnley, 
ftUher  to  James  VI.'  of  Scotland,  by 
Elizabeth,  danglitcr  of  Sir  William  Cav- 
endisli.  Tliis  innocent  victim  of  jeal- 
ousy and  state  policv,  wliile  an  infant, 
lost  her  father,  and  tlius  became  heiress 
to  a  large  estate.  Several  matches  were 
projected  for  her  at  home  and  abroad; 
and  her  cousin.  King  James,  was  inclined 
to  marry  her  to  Lonl  Esme  Stuart,  whom 
he  liad'  cn^ated  duke  of  Lennox,  and 
whom,  before  liis  marriage,  he  consider- 
ed as  his  lieir;  but  this  union  was  rire- 
vented  by  (.inecn  Elizabeth,  who  held 
the  Lady  Arabella  nn<lcr  restraint.  Slie 
was  finally  married  in  secret  to  the  earl 
of  Hertford,  but  some  Scottish  nolile- 
men  conspiring  to  place  her  on  t!ie 
throne,  the  plot  was  discovered  and  she 
was  wrongnilly  arrested  as  an  accom- 
pLi'-c   of  their  design.     She  was  com- 


mitted to  the  Tower,  where  she  passed 
the  rest  of  her  life  in  close  and  inelan- 
choly  confhiement.  D.  1615,  in  hei 
38th  year. 

Alt  AGON,  TuLLiA  D',a  poetess  of  the 
16th  century;  descended  from  an  ille- 
gitimate branch  of  the  royal  family  of 
Spain ;  and  highly  celebrate'd  for  her  wit, 
beauty,  and  various  accomplishments. 

ARAJA,  Francisco,  a  Neapolitan 
musician  and  composer  in  the  18th  cen- 
tury, who  entered  the  service  of  the 
Ein'press  Catherine  of  Russia,  and  pro- 
duced at  St.  Petersburgh  "Cephalo  et 
Procris,"  the  first  opera  written  in  the 
Russian  language. 

ARAM,  Eugene,  was  a  native  of 
Eamsgill,  Yorkshire,  and  the  son  of  a 
gardener.  His  genius  displayed  itself 
while  he  followed  the  humble  occupa- 
tion of  his  father;  mathematical  cal- 
culations and  geometrical  knowledge 
were  quickly  acquired  by  him,  and,  with 
the  most  indefatiijable  zeal,  Lilly's  gram- 
mar, thoutrh  in  uninte-lligible  language, 
was  learned  by  heart,  and  afterwards 
Camden's  Greek.  He  then  with  rapid 
steps  advanced  to  the  comprehension 
of  more  dithcult  authors,  till  the  whole 
store  of  Latin  and  Greek  literature  was 
open  to  his  understanding.  He  also 
studied  and  made  himself  perfect_  in 
Hebrew,  and  with  these  great  acquire- 
ments he  gained  his  livelihood,  by  en- 
gaging in  several  schools  in  the  south 
ofEndand.  In  1757  he  came  to  the 
free  scuool  at  Lynn,  a  perfect  master  of 
the  most  abstruse  studies,  and  ac- 
quainted with  heraldry  and  botany. 
He  had  begun  to  make  collections  for 
radical  comparisons  between  the  mod- 
ern languages  anil  ancient  tongues,  and 
already  more  than  8000  words  had  been 
selected  to  establish  their  .affinity  in  a 
comparative  lexicon,  when  his  labors 
were  stopped  by  the  hands  of  justice. 
He  was  arrested  at  Lynn,  1758,  for  the 
murder  of  Daniel  Clarke,  a  shoemaker 
of  Knarcsborough,  who  had  been  mur- 
dered thirteen  years  before ;  and,  after 
a  trial,  in  whicli  he  defended  himself 
with  coolness  and  ability,  he  was  found 
guilty  of  the  crime,  and  failing  in  an 
attempt  to  commit  suicide,  he  suilered 
death  at  York,  August,  1759.  He  ac- 
knowledged the  justice  of  his  sentence, 
and  attributed  tile  crime  to  a  suspicion 
of  adultery  between  his  wife  and  Clarke. 
Mr.  Bulwl-r  has  made  his  story  the  sub- 
ject of  a  most  romantic  fiction,  in 
wiiich,  however,  he  has  taken  great 
liberties  with  the  facts  of  the  case. 

ARATOR,  a  L.atin  poet  of  the  5th 


arc] 


CYCLOP.KDrA    OF    niOCUAIMlV. 


59 


century,  born  in  Liffuria,  who  turned 
the  Acts  (if  the  Apostles  into  verse. 

^VIIATUS,  a  Sieilian  astronomer  and 
poet,  wliose  "  Phtenomcna"  wan  trans- 
lated by  Cicero,  and  from  which  St. 
Paul  quotes  in  his  address  at  Athens. — 
The  son  of  Clinias,  who  restored  Sieyon, 
brought  about  the  Achaean  katfue,  and 
rescued  Corinth  from  the  Macedonian 
Antifionus.  lie  wrote  "Commentaries" 
on  his  own  life.     1).  216  b.  o. 

AKBOG  AST,  Louis  Fr.  Au.,  a  French- 
man, professor  of  mathematics  at  Stras- 
burjr,  and  eminent  as  a  geometrician. 
D.  1S03. 

AKBOGASTES,  a  French  soldier  of 
fortune,  who  went  to  Eome  at  the  time 
of  Valentinian  the  Younfrcr,  became  a 
general  of  the  army,  and  after  the  death 
of  the  emperor,  caused  the  rhetorician 
Eugenius  to  assume  the  purple.  He 
was  defeated  by  Thcodosius,  ned  to  his 
native  mountains  and  put  an  end  to  his 
life,  about  395. 

AEBRISSEL,  Egbert  of,  founder  of 
the  abbey  of  Fontevraud,  was  born  in 
the  village  of  Arbvissel,  Brittany,  about 
1047.     1).  1117. 

AEBUCKLE,  James,  a  Scotch  poet, 
born  at  Glasgow,  and  died  in  the  north 
of  Ireland,  where  he  had  settled  as  a 
schoolmaster,  17:>4. 

ARBUTIINOT,  Alex.vnder,  a  Scot- 
tish divine  and  a  zealous  reformer,  was 
born  in  1538,  and  died  in  1583. — John, 
a  celebrated  writer  and  physician  in  the 
reign  of  Queen  Anne,  was  born  at  Ar- 
buthnot,  near  Montrose,  and  educated 
at  Aberdeen.  lie  was  appointed  phy- 
sician in  ordinary  to  the  queen,  and  ad- 
mitted a  fellow  of  the  college.  He  en- 
■  gaged  with  Tope  and  Swift  in  many  of 
their  literary  schemes,  particularly  in 
tlie  satire  under  the  title  of  "  Martinus 
Seriblerus."  In  1727,  Dr.  Arbuthnot 
published  "Tables  of  Ancient  Coins, 
Weights,  and  Measures,"  which  valu- 
able work  was  followed  by  an  "  Essay 
concerninff  Aliments,"  itc,  and  another 
on  the  "Etfects  of  Air  on  Human 
Bodies."  So  excellent  a  character  did 
he  bear  with  his  cotemporarics,  that 
Sn'iftthus  pithily  describes  him:  "lie 
has  more  wit  than  all  our  race,  and  his 
humanity  is  equal  to  our  wit."  D. 
1735. 

ARCERE,  Akthony,  a  very  learned 
Frenchman,  who  applied  to  the  study 
of  the  oriental  languages,  made  a  tour 
into  the  East,  and  returned  richly  fur- 
nished with  manuscripts.  B.  1(564;  d. 
1699. — Louis  Stei'iien,  a  French  eccle- 
siastic, poet,  and  historian  of  the  ISth 


century ;  chiefly  known  by  his  works 
on  Eochellc  and  Amiens. 

AKCESILAUS,  a  Greek  philosopher, 
the  founder  of  the  second  or  middle 
academy,  was  born  at  Pitane,  in  .^Eolia. 
316  B.  c' — A  king  of  Macedon,  natural 
son  of  Perdiccas  II.,  whom  he  su'^ceeded, 
after  murdering  his  brother  Alcetas. 
He  liberally  encouraged  literature  and 
the  arts,  entertained  and  patronized 
Euripides  and  Zeuxis,  398  b.  c.  —  A 
Greek  philosopher,  the  disciple  and  suc- 
cessor of  Anaxagoras  at  Lampsacus,  but 
removed  afterwards  to  Athens,  where 
ho  had  Socrates  for  a  pupil. — A  geog- 
rapher; author  of  a  treatise  on  all  the 
countries  conquered  by  Alexander,  in 
whose  time  he  lived. — A  Christian  di- 
vine, bishop  of  Mesopotamia,  who  flour- 
ished under  Probus,  about  27S,  and  was 
a  zealous  champion  for  the  Catholic 
faith,  against  the  Manichffians. 

AECHENHOLZ.  .Joiin-,^  a  Swedish 
historian,  born  at  Helsingfors,  1695 ;  d. 
1777. — John  "William  von,  a  very  volu- 
minous GoiTnan  author.  His  two  most 
important  works  are  "  Annals  of  British 
Historv,"  20  vols.,  and  a  "History  of 
the  Seven  Years'  War."  B.  1742 ;  d. 
1818. 

AECHIAS,  AuLus  LiciNitJs,  a  native 
of  Antioeh,  chiefly  known  from  the  elo- 
quent orations  inade  by  Cicero,  to  de- 
fend his  right  to  the  citizenship  of 
Eome. 

AECHIGENES,  a  Greek  physician 
of  the  Pneumatic  sect,  who  flourished 
in  the  times  of  Domitian  and  Trajan. 
His  works  are  frequently  referred  to  by 
Galen. 

AECHILOCnUS,  a  Greek  satirist, 
born  in  the  isle  of  Paros,  660  b.  c.  The 
invention  of  the  Iambic  metre  is  at- 
tributed to  him. 

AECHIMEDES,  the  most  celebrated 
mathematician  among  the  ancients,  was 
a  native  of  S>Tacuse,  and  related  to 
King  Iliero.  He  was  equally  skilled  in 
the  sciences  of  astronomy,  geometry, 
mechanics,  hydrostatics,  and  0{)tics; 
his  aptness  in  solving  problems  had  be- 
come proverbial  in  Cicero's  days,  and 
his  singular  ingenuity  in  the  invention 
and  construction  of  warlike  engines  is 
much  dwelt  upon  by  Livy.  Tlie  com- 
bination of  pullcvs  for  raising  immense 
weights,  the  cnclless  screw,  &e..  were 
invented  by  him  ;  but  his  genius  for  in- 
vention was  never  more  signally  dis- 
played than  in  the  defence  of  Svraeusc, 
when  it  was  besieged  by  Mareellus  ;  for 
among  other  astonishing  novelties,  lie 
produced  a  buniing  glass,  composed  of 


CO 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[are 


reflecting  mirrora,  by  which  he  fired 
the  enemy's  fleet.  xV't  leni^th,  however, 
tlie  eity  was  tiikeu  by  storm,  and  Ar- 
chimedes, theu  in  his  74th  year,  was 
amoiiix  the  shiin,  212  B.C. 

AKCIIINTO,  Charles,  a  learned  Mi- 
hincse  ot"  noble  family,  who  founded  an 
academy  for  the  sciences  and  mechanics 
in  his  native  city,  which  he  enriched 
with  an  extensive'  library,  &e.  B.  1669. 
ARCIION,  Lons,  an  antiquary,  chap- 
lain to  Louis  XIV. ■;  author  of  a  "His- 
tory of  the  Roval  Chapel  of  France." 
B.  164.5  ;  d.  1717. 

ARCIIYTAS,  a  Pythajiorean  philos- 
opher and  mathematician  of  Tarcntum, 
who  was  one  of  the  first  who  applied 
the  theory  of  mathematics  to  practical 
p  urposes,  400  b.  c. 

AKCO,  NiciioL.v3,  Count,  a  Latin  poet, 
born  at  Areo,  in  the  Tvrol,  1479 ;  d. 
1546. 

ARCON,  J.  C.  Eleoxoee  Lemiceaud, 
a  French  officer,  born  at  Pontarlier, 
173;5;  d.  ISOO. 

ARCUDIUS,  Petek,  a  Greek  priest, 
born  in  the  isle  of  Corfu,  who  wrote 
several  pieces  in  defence  of  the  Roman 
church,  and  was  sent  by  Clement  VIIL 
to  Russia,  to  settle  some  religious  dif- 
ferences.    D.  1635. 

ARCUDI,  Alexander  Thom.vs  d',  a 
Dominican  of  Venice,  who  wrote  sev- 
eral works,  chiefly  biographical,  of 
which  the  "  Galatana  Letterata"  is  the 
principal.    I).  1720. 

ARCULPHUS,  a  French  divine  of 
the  7th  century,  who  visited  the  Holy 
Land,  and  wrote  an  account  of  his 
travels. 

ARCY,  Patrick,  a  military  -writer  of 
the  ISth  centurv,  born  at  Gal  way.  D. 
1779. 

ARDENE,  Esprit  Jean  ue  Rome  n', 
a  French  author,  born  at  MarseillcSj 
1684;  d.  1748. — John  Paul,  brother  of 
the  preeedinfr,  w'as  a  priest  at  Marseilles, 
and  superior  of  a  college ;  but  more 
celebrated  as  a  florist  than  as  an  eecle- 
aiastic.     ]).  1769. 

ARDP^RN,  JoHv,  an  English  surgeon 
of  Newark-upon-Trent,  to  whom  the 
credit  of  being  the  reviver  of  surgery  in 
England  in  the  14th  century  has  been 
given. 

ARDERNE,  James,  an  English  di- 
vine, maife  dcau  of  Chester  bv  Charles 
IL     D.  16'.»1. 

ARDINGHELLI.  Maria,  a  Neapol- 
itan  autlior,  of  noble   origin,   born  in 
1730.     He  was  distinguislied  in  algebra 
and  the  phvsical  sciences. 
AREAGATFIUS,  h  Greek  physician, 


who  lived  269  b.  c,  and  practised  witb 
repute  at  Rome ;  but  havnig  introduced 
the  use  of  caustics  and  tiic  knife,  he 
was  banished. 

ARENA,  Anthony  de,  a  French 
writer  of  the  16th  century,  chiefly 
known  by  his  poem  on  the  war  of  Pro- 
vence, carried  on  by  Charles  V.  D. 
154-i. — James  de,  a  learned  civilian  and 
writer  in  the  13th  century.  He  was 
professor  of  law  at  Padua  and  Bologna, 
and  wrote  "  Commentai'ies  on  the  Di- 
gest and  the  Code." — Joseph  de,  an 
officer  in  the  French  service,  born  in 
Corsica;  arrested  at  the  opera,  Aug.  10, 
1801,  and  executed  Jan.  31  following, 
for  an  attempt  on  the  life  of  Bonaparte, 
then  first  consul. 

ARENDT,  Maetix  Frederic,  a  cele- 
brated traveller,  was  born  at  Altona,  in 
1769.  He  commenced  his  travels  in 
1798,  visiting  the  northern  parts  of  Eu- 
rope, and  making  researches  into  the 
antiquities  of  the  countries  through 
whicli  he  passed.  He  afterwards  trav- 
elled through  Spain,  Italy,  and  Hun- 
gary ;  and  it  was  his  practice  to  carry 
all  his  papers  with  him,  live  on  the 
charity  of  others,  and  sleep  in  the  open 
air.     D.  1824. 

ARES  I,  Paul,  bishop  of  Tortona,  Mi- 
lan, who  taught  theology,  philosophy, 
and  rhetoric,  at  Rome  and  Naples,  and 
wrote  some  philosophical  and  religious 
pieces.    B.  1574;  d.  1644. 

xVRET^US,  a  Greek  physician  in  the 
time  of  Vespasian ;  his  works  are  held 
in  great  esteem. 

ARETIN,  A.  and  J.  G.,  brothers.  B. 
in  1769  and  1771 ;  authors  of  several 
German  works  on  the  fine  arts,  "Ma- 
gazin  des  Arts  dii  Dcssin." — Chebto- 
pher.  Baron.  B.  in  1773 ;  a  laborious 
German  bibliograph,  curator  of  the 
Royal  library  at  Munich,  and  member 
of  the  most  famous  German  academies. 
Among  his  works  are,  "  Historical  and 
Literary  Memoirs;"  a  "History  of  the 
Jews  of  Bavaria;"  "On  the  Etfecls  of 
Printing;"  and  many  curious  treatises 
on  Mnemonics,  a  Universal  Language, 
the  Divining  Rod,  &c.  He  edited  the 
"Aurora"  in  1806,  and  published  tho 
"  Nouvel  Indicateur  Litt6raire,"  at  Tu- 
bingen, 1808.    D.  1824. 

ARETINO,  Charles,  b.  in  Tuscany, 
in  the  15th  century.  He  was  secretary 
to  the  republic  of  Florence;  and  emi- 
nent both  as  a  Greek  scholar  and  a  Latin 
poet.  D.  1470. — Fraxcls,  a  learned  ci- 
vilian of  Italy  in  the  15th  century. — 
GuiDO,  a  Benedictine  monk,  who  lived 
in  the  11th  century.    He  rendered  him- 


ARO] 


CYC'LOP.EDIA    01--    KIOGUArilV. 


61 


self  famous  by  discovering  a  new  metliod 
of  Icarninji;  music,  or  rallier  by  restorin? 
the  true  principle  of  the  ancient  Greek 
music ;  and  was  said  to  h»ve  been  the 
inventor  of  the  six  notes  in  music,  Ut, 
Ro,  ili.  Fa,  Sol,  La.  They  are  thought 
to  have  been  taken  from  a  hymn  of  St. 
John,  composed  by  Paul,  in  770,  and 
wliich  runs  as  follows : 

Ut  qnennt  laxis  He  sonnre  fibria 
3Ii  ra  gestonmi,  I'a  muH  tuoriml, 
Sijl  vc  pollutid,  ia  bias  rt-iitiim.— 

Leon.vrdo,  was  one  of  the  ablest  men  in 
eloquence  and  science  of  the  lotli  cen- 
tury; and  left  several  works,  the  cata- 
lofjue  of  which  may  be  seen  in  Gesner's 
"  Bibliotheca.''  He  d.  about  l-iiO,  being 
then  74  years  of  age,  at  Florence  ;  where 
there  is  a  marble  monument  erected  to 
him  in  the  church  of  the  Holy  Cross, 
with  an  inscription  to  the  follo'wiiig 
purport: — "  Since  the  death  of  Leonar- 
do, history  is  in  mourning;  eloquence 
is  become  mute ;  the  Greek  and  .Latin 
muses  cannot  forbear  shedding  tears." — 
Fraxcisco,  a  man  of  great  reading,  and 
well  acqixaiuted  with  the  Greek  lan- 
guage, lie  studied  at  Sienna,  about  the 
year  1443 ;  and  afterwards  taught  law 
there  with  such  a  vivacity  of  genius, 
that  they  called  him  the  Prince  of  Sub- 
tleties, and  his  wit  became  a  proverb. 
He  taught  also  in  the  university  of  Pisa, 
and  in  that  of  Ferrara. — Pietko,  a  na- 
tive of  Arezzo,  who  lived  in  tlie  ICth 
century.  He  was  fixmous  for  his  satir- 
ical writings,  and  was  so  bold  in  his  in- 
vectives against  sovereigns,  that  he  got 
the  title  of  the  Scourge  of  Princes.  He 
used  to  boast  that  his  lampoons  did 
more  service  to  the  world  than  sermons  ; 
and  it  was  said  of  him,  that  he  had  sub- 
jected more  princes  by  his  pen  tlian 
the  greatest  warriors  had  ever  done  by 
their  arms.  Aretino  wrote  also  many 
irreligious  aud  obscene  pieces,  and  was 
the  author  of  some  comedies,  which 
were  esteemed  pretty  good  of  their  kind. 
B.  1491 ;  d.  1556. 

ARETIUS,  Benedict,  an  ecclesiastic, 
distinguished  for  his  botanical  and  the- 
ological attainments,  who  lived  at  Berne, 
Switzerland.     D.  1574. 

ARGAIlv,  Greoort,  n  Spanish  Ben- 
edictine, who  wrote  an  ecclesiastical 
history  of  Spain,  which  he  ascribed  to 
St.  Gregory.  He  lived  at  Madrid,  du- 
ring' the  17tli  century. 

ARGALL,  RicH.vRD,  apoct,  who  flour- 
ished in  England  in  the  time  of  James  I. 
— Sautel,  a  deputy-governor  of  Vir- 
ginia, who  in  1612  carried  off  Poc.ahon- 
6 


tas  to  Jamestown,  whose  attack  on  the 
settlement  in  Acadie  began  the  war  be- 
tween the  French  and  Englisli,  and  who 
subdued  the  Dutch  settlements  on  the 
Hudson.  He  was  knighted  by  King 
James,  in  1623. 

ARGELLATI,  PniLiPo,  a  printer  at 
Bologna,  afterwards  a  magistrate.  B. 
16S5. — Francisco,  his  son,  author  of  a 
"  Decamaronc,"  written  in  imitation  of 
Boccacio.     D.  1754. 

ARGENS,  John  Baptiste  de  Boter, 
Marquis  d',  a  French  miscellaneous 
writer,  who  was  invited  by  Frederic 
William,  king  of  Prussia,  to  become  one 
of  his  chamberlains.     B.  1704;  d.  1771. 

ARGENSOLA,  LrPEucio  Leonakdo 
d',  a  Spanish  historian  and  poet.  B.  in 
Aragon,  about  1565;  d.  1613.  —  Bar- 
tholomew, his  brother,  was  canon  of 
Saragossa,  and  chaplain  of  the  Empress 
Maria,  of  Austria.  He  was  the  author 
of  a  "  History  of  the  Conquest  of  the 
Moluccas,"  aud  of  a  continuation  of 
"Zurita's  History  of  Aragon."  It  wan 
said  of  the  two  brothers,  that  the  per- 
fect resemblance  of  their  talents  made 
their  countrymen  believe  them  to  be 
twins  of  Apollo  and  a  Muse.  B.  1566  ; 
d.  1631. 

AEGENSON,  ISIark  Rene  le  Voter, 
Marquis  d',  celebrated  as  the  first  who 
introduced  lettres  de  cachet,  during  his 
administration  of  the  Police  at  Paris, 
1697,  was  b.  at  Venice,  where  his  father 
was  ambassador  from  the  French  court, 
lie  was  highly  respected  for  his  abilities, 
and  the  firmness  of  his  character.  He 
succeeded  d'Aguesseau  in  the  ofBce  of 
chancellor,  1719,  but  was  disgraced  tho 
following  year,  and  d.  of  a  broken  heart 
in  1721. 

ARGEXTERO,  a  celebrated  Pied- 
montese  physician,  who  translated  Ga- 
len.    B.  15.-S. 

ARGENTIE,  John,  an  eminent  Ital- 
ian physician.    B.  1513 ;  d.  1572. 

AkGOLI,  John,  the  son  of  Andrew, 
a  celebrated  mathematician,  was  b.  in 
1609,  at  Tagliacozzo,  in  the  Neapolitan 
territory,  and  d.  about  the  year  1660, 
Several  philological  and  archccological 
works  proceeded  from  his  pen,  but  he 
is  best  known  as  a  poet.  When  only 
fifteen,  he  wrote  his  Idyl  on  the  silk- 
worm, and  two  years  subsequently,  his 
Endymlon,  in  twelve  cantos,  which  he 
completed  in  seven  months,  during 
which  period  he  shut  himself  up,  and 
suffered  no  one  to  enter  his  room,  ex- 
cept to  brincr  his  food. 

ARGONNE,  Don  Bonaventltie  d'.  a 
native  of  Paris,  author  of  some  useml 


62 


CYCLOP.EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[ari 


•works,  especially  miscellanies  of  history 
and  li':erature,  replete  with  entcrtiiniug 
anecdotes  and  viduuble  retlcL-tious,  pub- 
lisned  under  the  n;une  of  Vigneul  de 
^[arville.  He  d.  a  Cartluisian  monk  at 
Gaillon,  near  Rouen,  1704,  aged  64.  He 
wrote  also  a  method  of  reading  the 
church  fathers. 

AKGL'ELLES.  Augustcs,  a  Spanish 
patriot  during  tlie  revolution  of  1812. 
B.  1775. 

AKGUSTIN,  Antonio,  a  Spanish  an- 
tiquarian, and  author  of  '-Dialogus  de 
los  Medallas."     B.  1517. 

AliGYKOPYLUS,  Joannes,  a  learned 
man  who  fled  from  Constantinople  when 
taken  by  Mahomet  II.,  and  contributed 
to  the  revival  of  Greek  literature  in  Eu- 
rope. He  was  received  with  kindness 
by  Cosmo  de  Medicis,  duke  of  Tuscany, 
placed  in  the  professor's  chair  at  Flo- 
rence, and  made  tutor  in  the  prince's 
familv.  lie  retired  from  thence,  during 
the  plague,  to  Rome,  where  he  lectured 
on  Aristotle.  He  d.  of  a  fever  occasioned 
by  eating  melons,  in  his  70th  year,  about 
1478.  He  translated  several  of  Aris- 
totle's works,  in  a  manner  which  proved 
him  to  be  an  able  Grecian,  and  a  scholar 
of  the  most  comprehensive  erudition. 
He  was  an  intemperate  epicure,  so  that 
the  whole  of  his  fortune  was  squandered 
in  supplyinir  the  delicacies  of  his  table. 
lie  treated  the  character  of  Cicero  with 
contempt,  because  he  had  said  of  his 
favorite  Greek,  that  it  is  a  language  ver- 
bonim  inops.  He  left  some  sons  equally 
learned. 

ARIADNE,  daughter  of  Leo  I.  mar- 
ried to  Zeno,  who  succeeded  as  emperor, 
474.  Slie  was  so  disgusted  with  tnc  in- 
temperance of  her  husband,  and  so 
eager  to  enjoy  the  company  of  her  fa- 
vorite Anastasius,  that  she  forgot  lier 
dignity  and  ciiaracter  in  barbarity.  Ze- 
no, when  intoxicated,  was  shut  up  in  a 
sepulchre,  where  lie  was  buffered  to 
die;  and  Anastasius,  though  of  obscure 
origin,  was  placed  on  the  throne.  D. 
515. 

ARIAS  MONTANUS,  Bknedict,  a 
native  of  Seville,  eminent  t'or  his  knowl- 
edge of  modern  and  ancient  literature. 
He  was  engaged  by  Philip  II.  of  Spain, 
to  publish  an  edition  ot  the  polyglot 
Bible,  which  he  completed,  and  pub- 
lished at  Antwerp,  156'J-7'.'.  The  mon- 
arch liberally  offered  the  author  a  bish- 
opric, but  it  was  modestly  refused,  and 
only  a  pension  of  2000  ducats  accepted, 
with  the  honor  of  being  chaplain  to  the 
king.  Arias  wrote  some  biblical  and 
biiJtoricaJ  treatises,  beside.'?  translating 


the  Psalter  into  Latin  verse.  B.  1527 ; 
d.  1598. 

ARIC'I,  C^s.vK,  an  Italian  poet,  who 
wrote  an  admired  diaactic  poem,  called 
"  La  Cultivafione  d'egli  Olivi."    B.  1785. 

ARI  ERODE,  an  Icelandic  scholar  of 
the  11th  century,  and  the  earliest  of  the 
northern  historians.  Of  his  numerous 
writings  only  the  SchediB  and  Land- 
namabok  remain. 

ARION,  a  Lesbian  poet,  the  inventor 
of  dythrambics,  but  his  hymn  to  Nep- 
tune is  all  that  remains  of  his  works. 

ARIOSTO,  Attilio,  a  Bolognese  com- 
poser, who  gave  lessons  to  Handel,  with 
whom  and  Bononeini,  he  composed  his 
well-known  opera  of  "  Muzio  Scevola." 
His  masterly  execution  on  the  viol 
d'amore,  a  new  instrument,  gave  him 
applause  and  opidence  in  England.  D. 
1725.  —  Lrnovico,  an  illustrious  poet. 
B.  at  Regifio,  1474,  of  a  family  allied 
to  ■  the  dukes  of  Fcrrara.  His  early 
genius  disjjlayed  itself  in  the  composi- 
tion of  the  play  of  Pyramus  and  TliLsbe, 
which  he  acted  with  his  brothers  and 
sisters  ;  but  his  father,  like  the  fatlier  of 
Ovid,  viewed  his  studies  with  a  jealous 
eye,  and  bade  him  forsake  the  muses  for 
the  bar.  This  he  did  lor  a  while ;  but 
after  his  fixthers  decease  he  returned  to 
his  favorite  pursuits,  and,  under  the 
friendly  patronage  of  llippolito,  cardinal 
d'P^ste,'  he  began  the  plan  of  a  poem, 
which  was  to  immortalize  the  Italian 
muse.  The  cardinal  seems  to  have 
valued  him  rather  as  a  scholar  and  man 
of  business  than  as  a  poet ;  for  when 
Ariosto  presented  a  copy  of  his  immortal 
Orlando,  the  cardinal  inquired,  "  Where 
did  you  pick  up  this  trumpery,  master 
Ludovico  ?"  He  was  invited  to  write  in 
Latin  Isy  Cardinal  Beml)0  ;  but  with  the 
ardor  of  a  poet  he  renlieil,  that  he  aspired 
to  the  first  rank  of  Italian  composition, 
while  he  could  only  stand  as  second  as 
the  votary  of  the  Latin  muse.  He  read 
with  attention  the  works  of  Homer  and 
Virgil,  and,  with  a  mind  stored  with  all 
the  learning  of  ancient  times,  he  bor- 
rowed a  subject  from  Bojardo's  Orlando 
Inamorato,  and  produced  his  incompar- 
able poem  of  Orlando  Furioso.  Though 
devoted  to  poetry,  Ariosto  was  at  times 
employed  in  negotiations ;  and  when, 
on  the  death  of  llippolito,  Alphonso, 
duke  of  Ferrara  succeeded  as  patron  of 
the  poet,  he  showed  his  regard  for  him 
by  appointing  him  governor  of  Graffig- 
nana,  a  post  which  he  discharged  with 
lionor  and  fidelity.  For  his  retirement, 
he  built  a  house  at  Ferrara;  and  when 
questioned  why  he,  who  shone  in  the 


ARl] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


63 


description  of  magniflcent  lialls,  and 
Bploiidid  palace.*,  liad  made  it  so  small, 
he  replied,  that  words  -were  cheaper  than 
stones.  He  read  his  pojims  with  so 
sweet  a  voice,  that  liis  Iriciids  were  en- 
raptured to  hear  him  ;  and  ho  possessed 
so  delicate  an  ear,  -with,  at  the  same 
time,  so  sensitive  and  so  choleric  a  tem- 
per, that  he  once  entered  into  the  shop 
of  a  potter,  who  had  been  repeating 
some  of  his  verses  with  an  improper  ac- 
cent, and  broke  a  great  number  of  the 
pots  exposed  to  sale.  The  man  expos- 
tulated in  vain  at  the  violence  of  the 
stranger.  I  have  not  sutliciently  re- 
venged myself  on  thee,  exclaimed  Ari- 
osto ;  1  liave  broke  only  a  few  pots,  and 
you  have  spoiled  the  most  beautiful  of 
compositions  to  my  face.  He  d.  at  Fer- 
rara,  8tli  July,  loS-*?,  in  liis  59th  year. 
Ariosto  possesses  all  the  fire  of  genuine 
poetry ;  he  passes  with  inwedible  rapid- 
ity and  ease  from  the  terrible  to  the  ten- 
der, from  the  soft  to  the  sublime ;  every 
character  is  interesting;  his  heroes  are 
valiant  without  rashness ;  his  hero- 
ines are  feminine  without  weakness ; 
and  nature  appears  in  all  her  native  ma- 
jesty, adorned  by  all  the  graces  of  art, 
and  recommended  by  the  most  enchant- 
ing language  of  poetry.  Besides  the 
Orlando,  Ariosto  wrote  satires,  comedies, 
and  miscellaneous  poems.  His  principal 
works  have  been  translated  mto  the 
various  languaijes  of  Europe,  and  he 
ranks  among  the  classics  of  the  world. — 
Gabuiel,  brother  of  the  above,  very  in- 
ferior to  him  in  genius,  but  a  respectable 
Latin  poet.  His  works  were  publishecl 
atFerrara  in  l.')82. — Horace,  son  of  the 
last  named ;  author  of  a  poem  entitled 
Alphoeus,  several  comedies,  and  a  de- 
fence of  the  Orlando  against  the  criti- 
cism of  Pellegrini. 

ARISI,  Francis,  an  eminent  advocate 
of  Cremona ;  author  of  various  works, 
of  which  the  most  valuable  is  his  "Cre- 
mona Literati."     R.  lOuT  ;  d.  17-13. 

ARIS1\^^:NATUS,  a  Greek  writer  of 
the  4th  century,  praised  by  Ammianus 
Mareellinus,  but  only  known  now  by 
two  books  of  elegant  Amatorv  Epistles. 

ARISTA RCHU.'^,  a  critic  and  gram- 
marian, of  Samothrace,  who  flourished 
about  150  li.  c.  Having  settled  at  Alex- 
andria, he  was  made  tutor  to  the  son  of 
Ptolemy  Philomater.  His  criticisms 
were  so  severe  that  his  name  has  be- 
come proverbial. — A  Greek  philosopher, 
supposed  to  have  flourished  abo\it  4 
centuries  n.  c.  He  is  said  to  be  the  first 
■who  knew  of  the  earth's  rotatory  motion 
on  its  own  a.\is ;  and  a  work  of  his  treats 


of  the  magnitude  and  distance  of  the  snii 

and  moon. 

ARISTEAS,  a  Jew,  in  the  employ- 
ment of  Ptolemy  Philadelphus,  who  as- 
sisted in  the  Scptuagint  translation  of 
the  Bible. 

ARISTIDES,  an  Athenian,  whoso 
equity  and  integrity  gained  for  him  the 
glorious  appellation  of  the  Just,  was  tlie 
son  of  Lysnnachus.  Being  an  admirer 
of  the  laws  of  Lycurgus,  he  prefeiTcd  an 
oligarchy  to  a  democracy,  and  was,  con- 
sequently, the  great  O])poncnt  of  The- 
mistocles,  the  head  of  the  denioeratical 
parly.  The  dissensions  between  these 
two  eminent  men  were  so  prejudicial  to 
the  common  weal,  that  Aristides  himself 
once  exclaimed,  that  "the  Athenians 
would  never  prosper  till  lie  and  The- 
mistocles  were  consigned  to  the  dungeon 
for  condemned  criminals."  The  self- 
denial  and  patriotism  of  Aristides  were 
strongly  manifested  bv  liis  giving  up  his 
share  of  the  commancl  to  Miltiades,  be- 
fore the  battle  of  Marathon  ;  and  his  con- 
duct after  the  battle,  when  intrusted  to 
divide  the  spoils,  was  equally  praise- 
worthy. Jn  the  year  491  b.  c.  he  wa* 
archon,  or  chief  magistrate;  an  offici 
which  he  filled  with  high  reputation. 
Themistocles,  however,  succeeded  in 
having  him  sentenced  to  banishment  by 
ostracism.  On  this  occasion,  a  voter 
who  could  not  write,  and  did  not  know 
him,  met  him,  and  asked  him  to  inscribe 
the  name  of  Aristides  on  the  shell  for 
him.  "  Did  Aristides  ever  injure  you  ?" 
said  the  patriot.  "  No,"  replied  the 
man,  "  but  I  am  weary  of  hearing  nira 
called  the  Just."  Aristides  wrote  liis 
own  name,  and  returned  the  shell.  Be- 
in?  recalled  from  banislmient,  when 
Xerxes  was  preparinir  to  invade  Greece, 
he  laid  all  private  ditfcrences  aside,  and 
acted  in  perfect  concert  with  Themisto- 
cles. At  the  battle  of  Platiea  he  com- 
manded the  Athcniati  forces,  and  fouirht 
bravely,  and,  subsequent  to  the  battle, 
his  wisdom  put  an  end  to  a  dangerous 
(juarrel  which  arose  between  the  con- 
icderates.  He  d.  of  old  age  aoout  467 
years  b.  c,  and  did  not  leave  sufficient 
property  to  defray  the  expense  of  his  fu- 
neral. He  was  buried  at  the  public  cost, 
a  pension  and  an  estate  were  given  to  his 
son,  and  suitable  portions  to  his  daugh- 
ters.— -^Ei.ius,  a  native  of  Adriani,  in 
Mysia  ;  an  orator  of  great  practice  and 
ability  during  the  reigns  of  Antoninus, 
Aurelius,  and  Commodus. —  A  Christian 
philosopher,  of  Athens,  in  the  '2d  cen- 
tury, .lerome  ]>raises  his  "  Apology  f  )r 
the  Christian  Faith,"  but  none  of  his 


64 


Ci'CLOP.EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[ari 


■writiugs  are  extatc. — A  painter  of  Thebes 
in  the  8d  century  b.  c,  liuuous  for  his 

Sower  of  representing  tlio  passions. — 
iUENTiLiAN,  a  Greek  musician,  who, 
about  the  year  130,  wrote  a  treatise  on 
music. — An  historian  of  Miletus,  often 
mentioned  bv  Plutarch. 

ARISTIP^US,  founder  of  the  CjTe- 
naic  sect  of  philosophers,  was  b.  at  Gy- 
rene about  4  centuries  b.  c.  He  became 
a  pupil  of  Socrates,  but  his  mode  of  life 
Avas  so  etYeminate  as  to  induce  that  trrcat 
man  to  compose  the  lecture  on  jileasures, 
which  is  preserved  in  the  Memorabilia 
^  of  Xenophon.  Excellent  as  that  lecture 
js,  it,  had  little  etfect  on  Aristippus ; 
who,  both  in  lecturing  and  living,  made 
pleasure  the  chief  good.  At  Corinth  he 
was  the  companion  of  the  courtesan 
Lais ;  and,  at  Syracuse,  he  was  tavored 
by  the  tyrant,  "Dionysius,  to  whom  he 
paid  his  "court.  He  established  a  school 
of  philosophy  at  Cyrene,  which  con- 
tinued for  about  a  century,  when  it  was 
mei-iTcd  into  the  sect  of  Epicurus. 

ARISTO,  of  Chios,  a  Stoic  philosoplier, 
260  B.  c. — An  Aristotelian  philosopher, 
of  Ceos,  230  B.  c.  A  work  of  his,  en- 
titled "  Amatory  Similes,"  is  cited  by 
Atbenaius. 

AKISTOGITOX,  a  citizen  of  Athens, 
516  B.  c,  who  was  executed,  after  being 
horribly  treated,  for  conspiring  with  liis 
friend  Harmodius  to  slay  the  tyrants 
Hippias  and  Hipparchus.  Hipparclnis 
they  succeeded  in  slaying ;  and  Hippias, 
who  put  Aristogiton  to  death,  was  ex- 
pelled the  state  about  three  yeai-s  after- 
wards, when  tlie  statues  of  Aristogiton 
and  Harmodius  were  placed  in  the  forum, 
and  it  was  decreed  that  no  slave  should 
ever  bear  the  name  of  either. 

AEISTOMENES,  a  Greek,  son  of 
Nicomedes,  a  descendant  of  the  regal 
family  of  Messene,  whose  exertions 
caused  the  Mcssenians,  in  conjunction 
with  the  Arcadians  and  Argives,  to  com- 
mence the  second  Messenian  war,  685 
B.  c,  in  order  to  shako  off  the  yoke  of 
Sparta.  The  Messenians,  however,  were 
uusnccessful,  and  went  over  to  Sicily, 
■where  thev  founded  the  citv  of  Messina. 
ARISTOPHANES,  a  dramatic  poet 
of  Athens,  cotemporary  with  Socrates, 
Plato,  &c.,  in  the  .")th  century  e.  c.  His 
comedies  were  marked  by  a  severity  of 
satire  which  made  him  at  once  feared 
and  popular;  and  his  description  of 
Athenian  manners  was  so  exact,  that 
wlien  Dionysius,  of  Syracuse,  wished  to 
study  tlie  hiiiiruatre  an  1  maimers  of 
Athens,  Plato  sent  him  the  comedies  of 
Aristophanes  a.s  the  readiest  moans  of 


doing  so.  Only  11  of  his  50  ccpiedies 
remain.  These  are  Plutus,  Tlic  Clouds, 
The  Knights,  The  Acharnenses,  The 
Wasps,  Peace,  The  Birds,  The  Female 
Orators,  the  Priestesses  of  Ceres,  and 
Lysistrata.  "  The  Clouds,"  which  he 
wrote  in  ridicule  of  Socrates,  is  tlie  most 
celebrated  of  all  his  comedies  :  Madame 
Dacier  tells  us,  she  was  so  much  charm- 
ed with  this  performance,  that,  after  she 
had  translated  it,  and  read  it  over  200 
times,  it  did  not  become  the  least  tedi- 
ous to  her.  Aristophanes,  having  con- 
ceived some  aversion  to  the  poet 
Euripides,  satirizes  him  in  several  ot  his 
plays,  particularly  in  hi*  "Frogs"  and 
his"  "  Thcsmopiroriazusffi."  He  wrote 
"  The  Lysistrata"  when  all  Greece  was 
involved  In  war ;  in  which  comedy  the 
women  are  introduced  debating  upon 
the  atfairs  of  the  commonwealth  ;  when 
they  come  to  a  resolution  not  to  go  to 
bed  with  their  husbands  till  peace  should 
be  concluded.  He  invented  a  peculiar 
kind  of  verse,  which  was  called  by  his 
name,  and  Suidas  says,  that  he  also  was 
the  inventor  of  the  tetrameter  and  octa- 
meter  verse.  The  time  of  his  death  is 
unknown. 

ARISTOTLE,  the  chief  of  the  Peri 
patetic  philosophers.  B.  at  Stagyra,  a 
small  city  in  Macedon,  in  the  99th 
Olympiad,  about  3S4  b.  c,  was  the  son 
of  Michomachus,  physician  to  Amyntas, 
the  grandfather  of  Alexander  the  Great. 
By  the  advice  of  the  Delphic  oracle  ho 
went  to  Athens  when  about  18,  and 
studied  under  Plato  till  he  was  37.  He 
followed  his  studies  with  most  extraor- 
dinary diligence,  so  that  he  soon  sur- 
passed all  in  Plato's  school.  He  ate 
little,  and  slept  less  ;  and  that  he  might 
not  oversleep  himself,  Diogenes  Laertius 
tells  us,  that  he  laid  always  with  one 
hand  out  of  bed,  having  a  ball  of  brass 
in  it,  which  by  its  falling  into  a  basin  of 
the  same  metal,  awaked  liim.  When  he 
had  studied  about  15  years  under  Plato, 
ho  began  to  form  different  tenets  from 
those  of  his  master,  who  became  highly 
piqued  at  his  behavior.  Upon  the  deatn 
of  Plato,  he  quitted  Athens,  and  retired 
to  Atarnya,  a  little  city  of  Mysia,  where 
his  old  friend  Hermi'as  reigned.  Hero 
he  married  Pythias,  the  sister  of  this 
prince,  whom  "he  is  said  to  have  loved 
so  passionately,  that  he  offered  sacrifice 
to  her.  Some  time  after,  Hermias  hav- 
ing been  taken  prisoner  by  Maranon,  the 
kincr  of  Persia's  general,  Aristotle  went 
to  Mitylcnc,  the  capital  of  Lesbos,  where 
he  remained  till  Philip,  king  of  Macedon, 
having  heard  of  his  great  reputation, 


arm] 


CYCLOP.tUIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY 


65 


sent  for  him  to  be  tutor  to  his  son  Alex- 
ander, then  about  14  years  of  age.  Aris- 
totle accepted  the  otter  |  and  in  eight 
vears  tausjlit  him  rhetoric,  natural  phi- 
losophy, ethics,  politics,  and  a  certain 
sort  ot'piiilosophy,  according  to  riutarcli, 
which  he  taught  nobody  else.  I'hilip 
erect;ed  statues  in  honor  of  Aristotle ; 
and  for  his  sake  rebuilt  Stagyra,  which 
had  been  almost  ruined  by  the  wars. 
Aristotle  having  lost  the  favor  of  Alex- 
ander by  adhering  to  Calisthenes,  his 
kinsman,  who  was  accused  of  a  conspir- 
acy against  Alexander's  life,  removed  to 
Athens,  where  he  set  up  his  new  school. 
The  nuigistrates  received  him  very  kind- 
ly and  gave  liim  the  Lyceum,  so  famous 
afterwards  for  the  concourse  of  his  dis- 
ciples ;  and  here  it  was,  according  to 
some  authors,  that  he  composed  his 
principal  works.  When  Aristotle  was 
accused  of  impiety  by  one  Eurymedon, 
a  priest  of  Ceres,  he  wrote  a  large  apol- 
ogy for  himself,  addressed  to  the  magis- 
trates :  but,  knowing  the  Athenians  to 
be  extremely  jealous  about  their  religion, 
and  remembering  the  fate  of  Socrates,  he 
was  so  much  alarmed  that  he  retired  to 
Chalcis,  a  city  of  Eubcea,  where  he  end- 
ed his  days  in  the  63d  year  of  his  age, 
being  the  third  of  the  114th  Olympiad, 
two  years  after  Alexander.  The  StagjT- 
ites  carried  away  his  body,  and  erected 
altars  to  his  memory. 

AEIUS,  a  divine  of  the  4th  century, 
and  the  liead  and  founder  of  the  Arians, 
a  sect  which  denied  the  eternal  divinity 
and  consubstantiality  of  the  Word.  He 
was  born  in  Libya,  near  Egypt.  The 
Ariau  principles,  according  to  Span- 
lieim,  were,  that  Christ  was  only  called 
God  by  way  of  title ;  that  he  was  less 
than  the  Father,  who  only  was  eternal 
and  without  beginning;  that  he  was  a 
creature,  having  a  beginning  of  exist- 
ence, created  out  of  things,  having  no 
being  before  the  beginning  of  all  things  : 
hence  he  was  made  God,  and  the  Son 
of  God  by  adoption,  not  by  nature  ;  and 
that  the  Word  was  also  subject  to 
change ;  that  the  Father  created  all 
things  by  him  as  an  instrument;  and 
that  he  was  the  most  excellent  of  aU 
creatures  ;  that  the  essence  of  the  Father 
was  different  from  the  essence  of  the 
Son ;  neither  was  he  co-eternal,  co- 
equal, nor  consubstantial  \Titli  the  Fa- 
ther ;  that  the  Holy  Ghost  was  not 
God,  but  the  creature  of  the  Son,  begot 
and  created  by  him,  inferior  in  dignity 
to  the  Father  and  Son,  and  co-worker 
in  the  creation.  His  death  happened  in 
the  vear  336. 


AEKWEIGIIT,  Sir  EicnARD,  a  maa 
who  was  born  in  one  of  the  lo^vest  sta- 
tions of  life,  being  literally  a  penny  bar- 
ber at  Manchester,  but  by  uncommon 
genius  and  persevering  industry  in- 
vented and  perfected  a  system  of  ma- 
chinery lor  spinning  cotton,  that  had 
in  vain  been  attempted  by  nuiny  of  the 
first  mechanics  ot  the  17th  aiid  18th 
centuries;  and  which,  by  giving  per- 
j^etual  employment  to  many  thousand 
families,  increased  the  population,  and 
was  productive  of  great  commercial  ad- 
vantage to  his  country.  The  machine 
is  called  a  "  Spinning  Jenn.y."  Sir 
Eichard  died  Aug.  3,  1792,  leaving  prop- 
erty to  the  amount  of  near  half  a  mil- 
lion sterling. 

AELAND,  James  Axthoxy,  a  Gene- 
vese  painter  of  great  merit.  His  last 
work  was  the  "  Amour  of  Jupiter  with 
Leda,"  which,  from  some  whim  unex- 
plained, he  destroyed  by  cutting  it  to 
pieces.  A  copy  of  it  was  sold  in  the 
artist's  lifetime  for  600  guineas.  B. 
IGOS ;  d.  1743. 

AELOTTO,  Maixardo,  a  facetious 
Florentine  of  the  15th  century,  and  of 
whose  witticisms  a  collection  has  been 
frequently  printed,  was  a  parish  min- 
ister in  the  bishopric  of  Fiesole ;  who, 
though  regarded  as  a  religious  buffoon 
by  some,  was  as  benevolent  as  he  was 
jocose.     B.  1395;  d.  1483. 

AEMELLINI,  ilAKiAuo,  a  learned 
Dominican,  born  at  Ancona,  was  the 
author  of  "  Bibliotheca  Benedictino  Ca- 
sinensis,"  and  other  works.    D.  1737. 

AEMFELDT,  Gustavus  Maurice, 
Count,  a  Swedish  statesman  of  soma 
note.     D.  1814. 

AEMINIUS,  or  HEEMANX,  who  by 
his  intrepidity  and  success  acquired  tlio 
title  of  "the  Deliverer  of  Germany,'' 
was  the  son  of  Segimer,  a  chief  of  the 
Catti.  Having  been  sent  to  Eome  as  a 
hostage,  he  was  there  educated,  served 
in  the  Eoman  army,  and  for  his  valor 
was  raised  to  citizenship  and  knighted. 
But  his  attachment  to  his  native  country 
induced  him  to  revolt,  and  he  became 
one  of  the  most  powerful  leaders  of 
tlie  discontented  German  nations.  He 
drew  Varus,  the  Eoman  commander  on 
the  Ehinc,  into  that  ambuscade  in 
which  he  and  nearly  all  his  troops  were 
slain,  and  completely  baffled  Gcrman- 
icus ;  but  after  having  for  years  witli- 
stood  the  vast  power  of  Eome,  Anni- 
nius  was  assassinated  by  one  of  his  own 
countrymen,  in  the  37th  year  of  Ins  age, 
A.D.  '21. — James,  a  native  of  Oude-water, 
in  Holland,  15G0,  founder  of  the  sect  of 


66 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[aw 


the  Arminians,  As  he  lost  his  father 
early,  he  was  supported  at  the  uni- 
vei-siiy  of  Utrecht,  aiul  of  Murpiirg,  by 
the  libenility  of  his  friends  ;  but  when 
he  returned  liome,  in  tlie  midst  of  the 
ravages  caused  by  tlie  Spanish  arms, 
instead  of  being  received  by  his  mother, 
he  found  that  she,  as  well  as  her  daugh- 
ters, and  all  her  family,  had  been  sae- 
ritieed  to  tlic  wantonness  of  the  ferocious 
enemy.  His  distress  was  for  a  while  in- 
consolable, but  the  thirst  after  distinc- 
tion callcci  him  to  the  newly  founded 
university  of  Leyden,  where  his  in- 
dustry acquiretl  him  the  protection  of 
the  magistrates  of  Amsterdam,  at  whose 
expense  he  travelled  to  Geneva  and 
itiny,  to  hear  the  lectures  of  Theodore? 
Beza  ami  James  Zabarella.  On  his  re- 
turn to  Holland,  he  was  ordained  min- 
ister of  Amsterdam,  15S8.  As  professor 
of  divinity  at  Leyden,  to  which  olfice  ho 
was  callecl,  1603,  he  distinguished  him- 
self by  three  valuable  orations  on  the 
object  of  theologj' — on  the  author  and 
end  of  it — and  on  the  eertainty  of  it — 
and  he  afterwards  explained  the  prophet 
Jonaii.  In  his  public  and  private  life, 
Arminius  has  been  admired  for  his 
moderation;  and  thougli  many  gross 
insinuations  have  been  thrown  against 
him,  yet  his  memory  has  been  fully 
vindicated  by  the  ablest  pens,  and  he 
seemed  entitled  to  the  motto  which  he 
assumed, — a  good  conscience  is  a  para- 
dise. A  life  of  perpetu:il  labor  and  vex- 
ation of  mind  at  last  brought  on  a  sick- 
ness of  wlrich  he  died,  October  10,  1019. 
His  writings  were  all  on  controversial 
and  theological  subjects. 

AK.MSTEONG,  Dr.  John,  a  celebrated 
poet,  born  at  Castleton,  Edinburghshire, 
where  his  fatlier  and  brother  were  min- 
isters. He  took  Iiis  degree  of  M.D.  in 
the  university  of  Edinburgh,  1732,  but 
he  did  not  meet  with  the  success  in  his 
profession  which  his  merits  deserved. 
His  first  exertions  fur  the  amusement 
of  the  public  were  some  small  medical 
tracts,  which  were  followed  by  the 
"  Economy  of  Love,"  a  poem  after  the 
manner  of  Ovid,  objectionable  for  its 
licentiousness,  though  admired  for  the 
spirit  of  its  lines,  corrected  and  purged 
in  the  cilition  of  ITOS.  In  1744  the 
"Art  of  Trcserving  Health"  was  pub- 
lished, and  on  tliis  great  and  highly 
finished  pcrfDrmancc,  the  fame  of  Arm- 
strong totally  depends.  By  means  of 
his  friends,  the  poet  was  reeonmicnded 
to  the  notice  of  the  great.  He  was  ap- 
pointed physician  to  the  lame  and  sick 
Boldiers,    ijehind    Buckingham    house, 


and  in  1760,  he  was  made  physician  to 
the  army  in  Germany.  It  \vas  at  tliis 
time  that  he  wrote  his  poem  called 
''  L>ay,"  inscribed  to  Jolm  Wilkes ;  and 
the  treedom  of  remark  which  he  used 
in  one  passage  upon  Chui'chiU  not  only 
drew  the  vengeance  of  the  satirist  upon 
hira,  but  dissolved  tlie  friendsiiiji  which 
liad  before  cordially  existed  with  Wilkes. 
He  collected  his  scattered  pieces  which 
he  published  in  1770,  and  tlie  following 
year  he  l;^TOte  a  "  Sliort  Kamble  through 
France  and  Italy,"  by  Lancelot  Temple 
He  died  in  September,  1779,  leaving  be- 
hind him  about  .£3000,  a  sum  which 
surprised  his  friends,  as  they  knew  that 
his  income  was  small. — John,  a  phy- 
sician and  medical  writer,  celebrated  for 
his  researches  on  the  causes  and  phe- 
nomena of  febrile  diseases.  B.  1784; 
d.  lS-20. — .John,  an  American  general, 
distinguished  in  the  Indian  wars.  He 
defended  Fort  Moultrie,  and  was  in  the 
battle  of  Germantown.  D.  1795. — John, 
sou  of  the  preceding,  was  also  a  gen- 
eral, who  at  the  age  of  18  joined  tlio 
revolutionary  army,  contrary  to  the 
wishes  of  his  parents,  was  aid  to  Mer- 
cer at  the  battle  of  Princeton,  receiving 
him  into  his  arms  wlien  he  fell,  and 
afterwards  served  as  major  under  Gates. 
Just  before  the  close  of  the  war,  he 
wrote  a  series  of  anonjTuous  addresses 
which  are  celebrated  as  the  "  Newburg 
Letters,"  and  the  eft'ect  of  which  was 
so  great,  that  Washington  felt  called 
upon  to  issue  an  address  to  counter- 
mand their  influence.  He  was  sub- 
sequently secretary  of  state  for  Penn- 
sylvania, a  member  of  the  old  congress, 
a  United  States  senator  from  New  York, 
minister  to  France  under  Jefferson,  ana 
secretary  of  war  under  Madison.  He 
passed  the  latter  part  of  his  life  in  lite- 
rary and  agiicultural  pursuits.  B.  1758 ; 
d.  1843. 

AKMYNE,  Lady  Maey,  daughter  of 
Henry  Talbot,  the  fourth  son  of  George, 
earl  of  Shrewsbury,  married  Sir  William 
Armyne,  and  rendered  herself  distin- 
guished by  her  piety  and  benevolence, 
as  well  as  her  knowledgo  of  history,  of 
divinity,  and  of  the  lang  lages.  She  en- 
dowed three  hospitals.    D.  1675. 

AllNALD,  Kicii.viiD,  B.D.,  a  native 
of  London,  educated  at  Benet'tt  and 
Emanuel  college,  and  presented  to  the 
rectory  of  Thureaston  m  Leicestershire. 
He  published  several  sermons,  but  his 
best  known  performance  is  his  "  Com- 
mentary on  the  Apocrypha."     D.  1756. 

AKI^fALL,  Wu.LiAM,  an  attorney's 
clerk,  wlio  became  a  political  writer  in 


arn] 


CVCLOl'.EDIA    OF    UIOGKAl'lIV. 


67 


the  pay  of  Sir  Robert  Walpole.  It  ap- 
pears from  the  report  of  a  secret  coiu- 
mittee,  that,  in  four  years,  ho  received 
£10,y'J7  6s.  8d.  for  his  pamplilets;  and 
though  so  liberally  rewarded,  ho  died 
of  a  broken  heart  and  in  debt,  1741, 
aged  20. 

AKNAUD,  FuAN-cis  Tuomas  Bacu- 
LAiiD  d',  a  prolilic  French  writer  of  the 
time  of  \'oltairc.  His  principal  Avorks 
were  "  Epreuvcs  des  Sentiments," 
•'Loisirs  Utiles,"  "Coligny,"  &c.  B. 
1718;  d.  1751. 

ARNAUD  DE  VILLA  NOVA,  a 
physician,  who  improved  himself  by 
travelling  througli  Europe,  and  created 
himself  enemies  by  having  recourse  to 
astrology.  He  enjoyed  some  reputation 
at  Paris,  and  afterwards  retired  to  Sicily, 
to  Frederic,  king  of  Aragon.  He  was 
shipwrecked  on  the  coast  of  Genoa  as 
he  was  returning  to  attend  Pope  Clem- 
ent, who  labored  under  a  severe  ill- 
ness, 1310  or  1313. 

ARNAULD,  Henky,  a  French  eccle- 
s'dstic,  the  son  of  an  eminent  advocate, 
was  born  in  1597,  and,  after  having  been 
intrusted  with  important  missions  to 
Rome,  and  other  Italian  courts,  was 
made  bishop  of  Angers,  in  104'.t,  and 
thenceforth  devoted  himself  strictly  to 
the  performance  of  his  episcopal  duties. 
His  piety  and  charity  were  exemplary, 
and  the  only  time,  during  nearly  fialf'a 
century,  that  he  quitted  his  diocese, 
was  to  reconcile  the  prince  of  Tarento 
with  his  father.  Angers  having  re- 
volted, the  queen  mother  threatened 
that  city  with  severe  vengeance,  and 
was  long  inflexible.  Arnauld  at  length 
saved  it,  by  saying,  when  he  adminis- 
tered to  her  the  sacrament,  "Receive, 
madam,  your  God,  who  pardoned  his 
enemies,  even  when  he  was  dying  on 
tlie  cross."  To  a  friend  who  told  him 
that  he  ouglit  to  take  one  day  in  the 
week  for  recreation,  he  replied,  '•!  will 
readily  do  so,  if  you  will  point  out  any 
day  on  which  I  tun  not  a  bishop."  I). 
1(592. — Anthonv,  brotlicr  of  Henry,  was 
born  at  Paris,  in  li)12,  studied  in  the 
colleges  of  Calvi  and  the  Sorbonne,  and 
took" his  doctor's  degree  in  IGil.  The 
publishing,  in  1643,  of  his  work  on 
'•  Frequent  Communion,"  which  was 
virulently  attacked  by  the  Jesuits,  was 
bis  first  appearance  on  the  arena  of  con- 
tro\ersy,  where,  during  the  remainder 
of  his  life,  he  made  so  conspicuous  a 
fiflTuro.  He  next  espoused  the  cause  of 
Janseiiius,  for  which  he  was  expelled 
from  the  Sorbonne.  The  result  of  this 
was,  that  he  was  compelled  to  live  in 


retirement  till  the  year  1663,  and,  while 
thus  secluded,  ho  produced  many  trea- 
tises. The  Calvinists  were  the  next  ob- 
jects of  his  attack;  after  which  he  had 
a  contest  with  Malebranche.  The  in- 
trigttes  of  his  enemies  having  rendered 
it  necessary  for  him  to  quit  France,  he 
withdrew  to  the  Netherlands,  where  he 
continued  hostilities  against  tlie  Jesitits 
and  I'rotestants.  He  died  at  Brussels, 
in  1694.  Arnauld  was  a  man  of  exten- 
sive erudition,  and  an  indefatigable  and 
excellent  writer  on  a  variety  of  subjects, 
literary  and  philosophical  as  well  as  the- 
ological. His  works  extend  to  no  less 
than  forty-live  quarto  volumes.  Though 
in  social  life  his  manners  were  mild  and 
simple,  he  was  of  an  impetuous  dis- 
position. Nicole,  his  feUow-laborer  in 
some  of  his  controversies,  having  de- 
clared to  him  that  he  was  tired  of  this 
ceaseless  warfare,  and  wished  to  rest, 
"Rest!"  exclaimed  Arnauld,  "  will  you 
not  have  all  eternity  to  rest  in?" 

ARNAULT,  Antoine  VrNCENT,  an. 
esteemed  di-amatic  poet  of  France,  who 
laid  the  foundation  of  his  fame  by  the 
tragedy  of"  Marius  a  Minturnes,"  which 
was  first  performed  in  1791.  He  soon 
after  published  his  "  Lucrecc,"  and  tlien 
"Cinciiiiiatus"  and  "  Orcas,"  besidcH 
several  operas.  In  1797  Bonaparte  com- 
mitted to  him  the  organization  of  the 
government  of  the  Ionian  isles.  "While 
there  lie  wrote  his  "  Veneticus."  lu 
1805  he  was  made  president  of  the  Na- 
tional Institute.  After  the  restoration 
he  was  banished,  and  resided  in  Bel- 
gium and  Holland.  His  tragedy  of 
"  Germanicus,"  when  first  performed 
in  1817,  excited  a  furious  contest  be- 
tween the  opposite  political  parties.  Two 
years  after  he  returned  to  Paris,  and 
subsequently  wrote  "  Les  Guclfes  et  les 
Gibelins,"  "Lycurge,"  and  "GnUliam 
I.,"  besides  eontributin?  to  several  peri- 
odicals, and  editing  a  life  of  Napoleon. 
In  1833  he  was  appointed  perpetual 
secretary  of  the  academy.  He  took  an 
active  part  in  the  literary  controversy 
between  the  classic  and  romantic  schools, 
in  favor  of  the  former.    D.  1834. 

ARNDT,  CiiRLSTiAX,  professor  of  logic 
at  Rostock,  in  Germany ;  author  of 
"  Observations  on  the  Right  Use  of 
Loeic  in  Divinity,"  ttc.  B.  1623;  d. 
1683. — JosnuA,  brother  of  the  above, 
and  his  successor  in  the  chair  at  Rostock  ; 
author  of  a  "  Dictionary  of  Ecclesiasti- 
cal Anticniities,"  and  other  valuable 
works.  B.  1626;  d.  1635. — Gottlteb 
Vox,  imperial  Russian  counsellor,  assist- 
ant to  the  Empress  Catherine  IT.  in  her 


GS 


CYCI.OP.EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[arn 


litcmn'  employment,  and  author  of  a 
iL'aniell  work  on  "  The  Orighi  of  Euro- 
pean Dhileots,"  published  in  131S.  D. 
1329. — Cii.ujLEs,  son  of  the  last-numedj 
Hebrew  professor  at  Eostock  ;  author  ot 
"  Fhiloloirii'al  Diseourses,"  "  Bibliotheea 
Politico  lleraldiea,"  <&c.  15.  1673 ;  d. 
17Sl.__JoHN,  a  native  of  Anhalt;  author 
of  a  treatise  "  On  True  Christianity." 
B.  1555;  d.  1621. 

AKNE,  Dr.  Tuoii.^  Augustine,  a  cel- 
ebrated composer  of  music.  At  the  early 
H'^c  of  IS  he  produced  an  opera,  entitled 
"Kosamond,"  and  shortly  afterwards 
composed  tlie  music  for  a  masque,  en- 
titled •'  Alfred,"  written  by  Thompson 
an(l  Mallet.  On  the  masque  of"  Comus"' 
beinj;  adapted  to  the  stage,  ArneV  music 
for  it  obtained  him  so  high  a  reputation, 
and  such  constant  employment,  that  a 
mere  catalogue  of  the  various  works  he 
was  subsequently  the  author  of,  would 
demand  a  tar  larger  space  than  we  can 
afford.  His  sister  was  the  celebrated 
Mrs.  Gibber.  B.  1704;  d.  1778.— Mi- 
chael, son  of  the  preceding,  and,  like 
him,  a  musical  composer  ;  author  of  the 
music  of  Alcmena  and  of  Cymon. 

AKXIGIO,  Bartholomew,  an  Italian 
poet,  was  originally  a  blacksmith,  but  at 
18  years  of  age  devoted  himself  to  litera- 
ture, and  distinguished  himself  so  much, 
that  the  university  of  I'adua  gave  him 
the  degree  of  doctor.  As  a  physician, 
which  profession  he  followed,  lie  was 
far  less  distinguished  than  as  a  poet. 
His  M'orks  are  numerous.  B.  1523 ;  d. 
1577. 

AKNIM,  LuDwiG  AcFiiN  vox,  a  Ger- 
man poetj  and  writer  of  romances,  was 
b.  at  Berlin,  studied  at  Gottingen,  and 
passed  liis  life  in  literary  leisure  and 
mdependence,  at  Heidelberg,  Berlin, 
and  his  country  seat.  His  cliief  works 
are  "Ariel's  Offenbaruiigen,"  "  Der 
Knabe  Wunderhorn,"  "J)er  Winter- 
gartcn,"  "Grafin  Dolores,"  "Die  Kro- 
nen-\VTichter,"  "  Die  Gleichan."  D. 
1831.  His  wife,  Bettixa  Bkextaxo,  is 
still  more  celebrated  than  himself,  both 
from  her  own  writings,  and  the  interest- 
ing relation  in  which  she  stood  as  a 
child  to  the  illustrions  Goethe,  her  cor- 
respondence with  whom,  so  singularly 
fresh,  impulsive,  and  full  of  sentiment, 
lias  been   translated  into  several  lan- 

ABNOLD,  Christopher,  a  German 
peasant,  whose  energy  and  natural  ge- 
nius enabled  lum  to  become  one  "f  the 
most  aceomi>lished  astronomers  (if  liis 
age.  The  only  work  he  left  was  entitled 
"Signs  of  Di>^'iLe  Grace,  exliibited  in  a 


Solar  Miracle."      B.  1646;    d.   1695.— 
Joiix,  an  English  watcliraaker,  and  au- 
thor of  many  inventions  for  the  more 
accurate  mensuration  of  time.    B.  1744; 
d.  1799. — John,  a  miller,  celebrated  iii 
consequence  of  the  interference  on  his 
behalf  of  Frederic  the  Great  of  Prussia. 
Believing  that  Arnold  had  been  wronged 
of  territorial  land,  by  the  decision  against 
him  of  a  lawsuit,  Frederic  reversed  the 
sentence,  and  imprisoned  the  judges. — 
Dr.  Samuel,  a  musieal  composer  of  em- 
inence.    He  ediVed  the  works  of  Handel, 
and  composed  the  "  Prodigal  Son,"  and 
other  excellent  oratorios.     His  opera  of 
the  "Maid  of  the  Mill"  still  keeps  the 
stage.    B.  1789;  d.  1302.— Thom,vs,  an 
English  physician,  eminent  for  his  skill 
in  the  treatment  of  mental  insanity.    Ho 
•was  the  author  of  "  Observations  on  the 
Management  of  the  Insane,"  "  A  Case 
of  Ilvdrophobia  successfully  treated," 
&e.    'B.  1742;  d.  ISIO.— Kev.  Thomas, 
D.D.,  head-master  of  Rugby  school,  and 
professor  of  modern  history  in  the  uni- 
versity of  Oxford,  was  b.  at  Cowes,  in 
the  Isle  of  Wight,  and  educated  at  Win- 
chester   and  "Corpus    Christ!    college, 
Oxford.    Dr.  Arnold  was  a  most  accom- 
plished scholar,  a  successful  instructor 
of  youth,  and  an  author  of  sterling  value. 
In'proof  of  the  latter  it  is  necessary  only 
to   mention   his    admirable   History  of 
Eoine,  his  edition  of  Thueydides,  his 
Lectures   on  Modern  Histoiy,  and  his 
various  pamphlets  on  political  and  eccle- 
siastical subjects.     From  the  time  of  his 
appointment  to  the  head-mastership  of 
Eugby,  in  1S2S,  the  school  which  had 
previously  been  declining,  rose  rapidly 
m  public  estimation,  and  at  the  time  of 
his  death  cnntained  370  boys,  includi;ig 
those   on  the  foundation.    His   singu- 
larly upright  character,  and  his  warin- 
heaVtect  benevolence,  joined  to  the  ae- 
comnlishment  cf  the   scholar   and  the 
gentleman,   gave  him    great    influence 
over  all  whom  he  approached.     Ilis  me- 
moirs is  one  of  the  most  interesting  and 
instructive  books  of  the  day. — B.  1795 ; 
d.  1842. — Nicholas,  a  professor  of  the- 
ology at  Franekcr,  in  Friesland,  whose 
sermons  and  polemical  works  are  not 
without  merit.     B.  1628}  d.  1630.— Jef- 
ruEr,  the  writer  of  a  History  of  Mystic 
Theology,    and   also   a  History   of   the 
Chureli  and  of  Heretics, — himself  a  zeal- 
ous pietist,  who  preached  at  Perleburg. 
D.  1714. — Benedict,  the  most  notorious 
of  the  name,  was  b.  in  Connecticut,  of 
obscure  parentage,  anil  was  in  early  life, 
a  dealer  in  horses,  whieli  may  account 
for  some  parts  of  his  subsequent  con- 


arnJ 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY, 


f.O 


duct.  Oil  the  breaking  out  of  the  revo- 
lutioiKiiy  war,  he  espoused  the  cause  of 
tlie  colonists  witli  enthusiasin.  He  was 
chosen  to  the  command  of  a  volunteer 
military  company  of  New  Haven,  and 
innuediatcly  after  the  battle  of  Lexin<r- 
ton,  joined  the  army  of  W'ashinsrton,  at 
Cambridge,  177.").  'The  Massachusetts 
committee  of  safety  appointed  liim  a 
a  colonel,  and  authorized  liim  to  raise 
ibur  hundred  men  for  the  purpose  of 
takinij  Ticonderoga,  which  he  took  with 
tlic  aid  of  Col.  Allen,  on  the  10th  of 
May.  lie  commanded  the  expedition 
sent  against  Canada  the  same  j'ear.  He 
connnenced  his  march  on  the  16th  of 
Sept.,  through  the  wilderness  of  Maine, 
with  about  one  thousand  men,  and  quit- 
ted Canada  on  the  ISth  of  June  fohow- 
ing.  After  this  he  was  appointed  to 
the  command  of  the  American  fleet  on 
Lake  Champlain.  In  the  northern  cam- 
paign of  1777,  ho  acted  a  conspicuous 
part  under  Gen.  Gates,  and  was  present 
at  the  capture  of  Burgoyne's  army.  Be- 
ing rendered  unfit  for  actual  service  by 
a  severe  wound  in  the  leg  after  the  re- 
covery of  Philadelphia,  he  was  appointed 
to  the  command  of  the  American  garri- 
son. All  the  while  the  thoughtless  ex- 
travagance of  his  living,  retlueed  him  to 
the  necessity  of  resorting  to  every  and 
rjny  means  to  support  it.  lie  was  guiltv 
of  every  species  of  artifice  by  whieli 
property  both  public  and  private  might 
be  obtained,  and  converted  to  his  own 
use.  More  than  half  of  the  amount  of 
his  accounts  were  rejected,  first  by  the 
commissioners,  and  afterwards  by  con- 
gress. He  was  soon  obliged  to  abide  the 
decision  of  a  court-martial,  upon  charges 
preferred  against  him  by  the  executive 
of  the  state  of  Pennsylvania,  and  he  was 
subjected  to  the  mortification  of  receiv- 
ing a  reprimand  from  the  commander- 
in-chief.  His  trial  commenced  in  June, 
1778,  and  ended  Jan.  20,  1779.  The 
sentence  of  reprimand  ■sms  approved  by 
congress,  and  soon  afterwards  carried 
into  execution.  It  is  probable  that  this 
was  the  moment,  when,  smarting  under 
the  inflictions  of  supposed  injuries,  he 
resolved  to  obtain  revenge  by  the  sacri- 
fice of  his  country.  Obtaining  by  arti- 
fice the  command  of  the  important  post 
of  West  Point,  he,  in  a  letter  addressed 
to  Col.  Beverly  Eobinson,  signified  his 
change  of  principles  and  his  wish  to  re- 
store himself  to  the  favor  of  his  prince 
by  some  signal  proof  of  his  repentance. 
This  led  the  way  to  a  correspondence 
between  him  and"  Sir  Ileury  Chnton,  the 
object  of  which  was  to  concert  the  means 


of  putting  West  Point  into  the  hands  of 
the  Britisli.  The  plan  was  well  laid,  and 
the  execution  certain,  but  a  fortunate 
accident  thwarted  the  design.  The  ar- 
rangement was  elfected  through  tlie 
agency  of  major  John  Andre,  aid-de- 
camp to  Sir  Henry  and  adjutant-general 
of  tlie  British  army.  Andre  who  luul 
etfccted  all  the  arrangements  with  Ar- 
nold, had  procured  a  pass  from  him, 
authorizing  him,  under  the  feigned 
name  of  John  Anderson,  to  proceed  on 
public  service  to  White  Plains,  or  lower, 
if  he  thought  proper.  lie  had  passed 
all  the  guards  and  posts  on  the  road 
without  suspicion,  and  was  nearing 
jS'ew  York  m  perfect  security,  when 
the  reins  of  his  bridle  were  seized  and 
his  horse  stopped.  Andre,  instead  ot 
producing  his  pas5,  asked  the  man 
hastily,  where  he  belonged,  and  being 
answered,  "to  helmv,'''  replied  immedi- 
ately, "and  so  do  I."  He  then  declared 
himself  to  be  a  British  oftiecr  on  urgent 
business,  and  beirged  that  he  miiiht  not 
be  detained.  The  man  who  stopped 
him  was  a  militia  man,  and  being  in- 
stantly joined  by  two  others,  Andre 
discovered  his  mistake,  but  it  was  too 
late  to  rejiair  it.  The  militia  men  could 
neither  be  coaxed  nor  bribed  from  doing 
their  duty.  Andre  contrived  to  apprize 
Arnold  of  his  danger,  and  he  erfeeted 
his  escape.  When'  the  great  soul  of 
AVashington  learned  the  defection  of 
his  general,  he  was  almost  overwhelmed 
by  his  discovery.  "  I  thought,"  he 
said,  "that  a  iilau  who  had  shed  his 
blood  in  the  cause  of  his  country  could 
he  trusted,  but  I  am  convinced  now, 
that  those  who  are  wanting  in  private 
probity  are  unworthy  of  public  confi- 
dence." Arnold,  with  the  hope  of  al- 
luring the  discontented  to  his  standard, 
published  an  address  to  the  inhabitants 
of  America,  in  which  he  endeavored  to 
justify  his  conduct.  This  was  followed 
in  about  a  fortnight,  by  a  proclamation, 
addressed  "  to  the  officers  and  soldiers 
of  the  continental  army,  who  have  the 
real  interest  of  their  country  at  heart, 
and  who  are  determined  to  be  no  lonirer 
the  tools  of  congress  and  of  France." 
These  proclamations  did  not  produce 
the  effect  designed,  and  in  all  the  hard- 
ships, sufferings,  and  irritations  of  the 
war,  Arnold  remains  the  solitary  in- 
stance of  an  American  officer  who  :"--a- 
doncd  the  side  first  embraced  *  uie 
contest,  to  turn  his  sword  upon  his 
former  companions  in  arms.  He  was 
soon  dispatelied,  by  Sir  Henry  Clinton, 
to  make  a  diversion  in  Virsjinia;  and 


70 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGKAPHY. 


[arn 


oommittocl  extensive  ravages  on  the 
rivers,  and  alouir  the  unprotected  coasts. 
It  is  said  that,  wliile  on  tliis  expedition, 
Arnold  inquired  of  an  American  cap- 
tain, ■whom  lie  liad  taken  prisoner,  ■what 
tlie  Americans  would  do  ■with  liim,  if 
ho  should  fall  into  their  hands.  The 
otficer  replied,  that  they  ■would  e\it  off 
his  lame  leg,  and  bury  it  ■n-ith  the  honors 
of  war,  and  hang  the  remainder  of  his 
body  on  a  gibbet.  After  his  recall  from 
Virginia,  he  conducted  an  expedition 
against  New  London,  in  his  native  state 
of  Connecticut.  Burning  the  town  and 
the  stores  which  were  in  it,  Arnold  re- 
turned to  New  York  in  eight  days.  He 
survived  the  war  but  to  drag  out  a  dis- 
honorable life,  and  transmit  to  his  chil- 
dren a  name  of  hateful  celebrity.  He 
obtained  only  a  part  of  the  debasing  sti- 
pend of  an  abortive  treason.  He  enjoy- 
ed the  rank  of  brigadier-general ;  but 
the  otticers  of  the  British  army  mani- 
fested a  strong  repugnance  to  serve  with 
him.  He  resided  principally  in  England 
nt'ter  the  conclusion  of  the  war,  was  in 
Nova  Scotia,  and  afterwards  in  the  West 
Indies,  where  he  was  tiikcn  prisoner  by 
the  i'reneh,  but  making  his  escape,  and 
returning  to  England,  he  d.  in  Glouces- 
ter-place, London,  June  1-ith,  ISOL^ 
Akxold,  of  Brescia,  a  bold  and  inde- 
pendent reformer  of  the  l'2th  century, 
was  originally  one  of  the  disciples  ot 
Abelard,  in  whose  instructions  he  found, 
not  only  the  profoundest  theological 
learning!^  but  the  noblest  spirit  of  tree- 
dom.  lieturning  to  his  native  city  in 
1136,  he  began  to  preacli  against  the 
abuses  of  the  church,  when  his  accurate 
knowledge  of  Christian  antiquities,  his 
dauntless  spirit,  and  his  vehement  elo- 
quence, gave  force  as  well  as  authority 
to  his  harangues.  Thus  he  instigated 
the  people  ajrainst  the  clergy;  and,  in 
France,  where  he  was  obliged  to  flee  in 
1139,  he  also  found  numerous  adhe- 
rents ;  for  the  immorality  and  arrogance 
of  the  clergy  had  everywhere  excited 
fliscoiitent.  The  fierce  flame  which  he 
liad  kindled  could  not  be  extinguished 
by  the  excommunication  pronounced 
against  him  and  his  adherents  by  Inno- 
cent IL  Arnold  preached  his  Joctrine 
in  safety  at  Zurich,  in  Switzerland,  un- 
til 1144,  when  he  appeared  at  Rome, 
and  by  the  powers  of  his  eloquence, 
occasioned  a  violent  excitement  among 
the  people  against  the  clergy.  The  fu- 
rious multitude,  which  he  could  no  lon- 
ger restrain,  revered  him  as  their  father, 
and  even  the  senate  protected  him,  till 
Adrian  IV'.,  in   ll.">.'>    laid   an  interdict 


upon  the  city.  This  disgrace,  never 
before  experienced,  subdued  the  Ko- 
mans.  They  sued  for  mercy,  and  Ar- 
nold was  obliged  to  fly.  He  was  taken 
in  Campania,  and  burned  at  Eomc,  as  a 
heretic  and  a  rebel ;  his  ashes  were 
thrown  into  the  Tiber,  and  his  party 
was  suppressed.  But  the  spirit  of  his 
doctrine  descended  upon  the  sects 
which  arose  during  the  same  and  the 
following  centuries. 

ARNOLDE,  EicHARD,  a  citizen  of 
Loudon  in  the  16th  centurv,  and  author 
of  a  work  entitled  "Arnolde's  Chroni- 
cle," containing  much  valuable  infor- 
mation. 

AENOT,  Hugo,  an  eminent  Scottish 
writer.  He  was  educated  for  the  bar, 
but  illness  rendering  him  unfit  for  so 
laborious  a  profession,  he  devoted  him- 
self to  literature.  His  "History  of 
Edinburgh,"  and  collection  of  celebrated 
criminal  trials,  show  him  to  have  pos- 
sessed very  considerable  abilities.  He 
only  survived  the  publication  of  this 
work  about  a  twelvemonth  ;  the  asthma 
made  rapid  advances  on  him,  and  long 
before  his  death  reduced  his  person  al- 
most to  a  shadow.  Harry  Erskine, 
meeting  him  one  day  eating  a  dried 
haddock  or  spelding,  is  said  to  have 
accosted  him  thus :  "  Mr.  Arnot,  I  am 
glad  to  see  you  looking  like  your  meat." 
Sir.  Arnot  -Jvhen  at  the  bar  was  so  little 
of  a  casuist,  that  be  would  n6\cr  under- 
take a  case,  unless  perfectly  satisfied  as 
to  its  justice.  One  being  brought  before 
him,  of  the  merits  of  which  he  had  a 
very  bad  opinion,  he  said  to  the  intend- 
ing'litigant,  in  a  serious  manner,  "Prav, 
what  do  you  suppose  me  to  be  ?" 
"Why,"  answered  the  client,  "I  un- 
derstand you  to  be  a  lawyer."  "  I 
thought,  sir,"  said  Arnot  sternly,  "you 
took  me  for  a  scoundrel."  B.  1749 ;  d. 
1786. 

AENOUL,  an  eminent  French  pre- 
late of  the  I'ith  century;  author  of  vari- 
ous works  in  prose  and  verse,  to  bo 
found  in  the  Spicilegium  of  D'Acheri 
and  the  Bibliotheca  Patrum. 

AENOULT,  Jean  Baptlste,  a  French 
Jesuit  and  author.  The  most  valuable 
of  his  works  is  "  Le  Prcccptcur,"  which 
was  the  model  of  Dodsley's  Precejitor. 
B.  1689.  —  SoPHiK,  a  Parisian  actress 
famous  in  the  annals  of  gallantry  and 
wit.  She  was  on  the  stage  from  1757  to 
1778.  Her  father  kept  a  Hotel  Garni 
and  had  given  her  a  good  education. 
The  princess  of  Jlodcna,  having  by 
chance  heard  her  sing,  during  Passion 
week,  while  the  former  was  at  the  con- 


akt] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    lUOGRAl'HY. 


71 


fessional,  bron^lit  her  to  the  attention 
of  Madame  do  rompadonr,  who  }^ot  her 
a  phice  at  the  opera.  Her  beauty  and 
her  exquisite  port'ormance  soon  en- 
chanted the  public.  Persons  of  rank 
and  the  htcrati  sougrht  her  acquaint- 
ance, among  the  rest  Kousseau,  Duclos, 
Hehetius,  Mably,  and  Diderot.  She 
was  compared  to  Ninon  de  I'Enclos  and 
Aspasia.  Her  wit  was  so  successful 
that  her  hoti,  mots  were  eolleeted.  It  is 
related  that  when  she  saw  the  heads  of 
Sully  and  Clioiseul  on  a  box,  during  the 
revolution,  she  exclaimed,  Vest  la  recttle 
et  la  di'pensc.  While  the  priest  was  giv- 
ing her  extreme  unction  on  her  death- 
bed, she  said  to  him  suddenly,  Je  suis 
comme  Maffdeleine,  hcaucoup  ies  pcches 
me  seront  remis,  car  fai  leaiicoitp  aime. 
B.  1740;  d.  1802. 

ARNULPH.  or  EENULPHUS,  bishop 
of  Rochester  in  the  reign  of  Henry  I. ; 
author  of  "  Textus  R<ittensis,"  an  ac- 
count of  the  charters,  &c.,  of  liis  cathe- 
dral.    D.  112-i. 

AROMATKI,  Joseph,  an  Italian  phy- 
sician ;  author  of  "  Riposte  alle  consi- 
derazione  di  Alessandro  Tassoni  Sopra 
le  rime  del  Petrarea."'    B.  1-")S0  ;  d.  16C0. 

ARPINO,  JosEpniNO,  an  Italian  paint- 
er, patronized  by  Pope  Gregory  XIII. 
B.  15G0;  d.  1640. 

ARRIA,  a  Roman  lady,  who,  when 
her  husband,  Caecina  Pootus,  was  order- 
ed to  put  himself  to  death,  for  rebellion 
against  the  Emperor  Claudius,  perceiv- 
ing him  hesitate,  plunged  a  dagger  into 
her  bosom,  exclaiming,  '■'■  Pixtus  !  non 
MetP 

ARRIxVN,  a  Greek  historian,  who 
took  np  his  residence  at  Rome  in  the 
2d  century.  He  was  patronized  by  the 
emperor  Adrian;  and  the  younger  I'liuy 
admired  him  so  much  as  to  address  to 
him  no  fewer  than  seven  of  his  epistles. 
The  historical  writings  of  Arrian  were 
numerous,  but  two  of  them  only  remain 
entire,  viz.,  seven  books  on  the  expedi- 
tion of  Alexander,  and  a  book  on  the 
alfairs  of  India:  the  latter  being  a  se- 
(piel  to  the  former.  There  are  some 
historical  fragments  of  Arrian  in  Pho- 
tius.  In  addition  to  the  above,  we  have 
of  Arrian's  writing,  "Enchridion,"  a 
moral  treatise,  an  e]iistle  to  Adrian,  Ac. 

ARRIAZZI  Y  SUPERVIEI.A.  Don 
Juan  Baptista  dk,  a  distinguished  poet 
of  Madrid.  His  principal' works  were 
"Emilia,"  and  "Pocsias  Patrioticas," 
and  are  more  remarkable  for  their  ele- 
gance of  diction  than  for  vigor  of  imagi- 
nation or  intensity  of  feeling.  B.  1770 ; 
d.  1337. 


ARRIBAVENE,  John    Er.^ncls,    an 

Italian  poet  of  the  16th  centurj' ;  author 
of  "  Maritime  Eclogues,"  &c. 

ARRIGIIETTI,  1'hilip,  an  ecclesiastic 
of  Florence  ;  autlior  of  a  life  of  St.  Fran- 
cis, and  translator  of  the  Rhetoric  and 
Poetics  of  Aristotle  into  Italian.  B. 
1582;  d.  16G2. 

ARRIGIIETTO,  or  ARIGGO,_  Henry, 
a  Florentine  poet  and  ecclesiastic  of  the 
12th  century.  His  poems  arc  still  pop- 
ular for  their  pathos  and  elegance  of 
stvle. 

'ARRIGHITTI,  a  Jesuit  of  the  18th 
century  ;  author  of  a  work  on  the  The- 
ory of  Fire. 

'ARKOWSMITH,  Aaron,  an  eminent 
geographer  and  hydiographer.  His  maps 
and  charts  are  very  numerous,  and  held 
in  high  estimation ;  and  his  tract,  enti- 
tled "  A  Companion  to  the  Map  of  the 
World,"  contains  much  valuable  infor- 
mation.   D.  17o0;  d.  1S23. 

ARSACES  I.,  the  founder  of  the  Par- 
thian monarchy,  and  of  the  dynasty  of 
the  Arsacides,  flourished  in  the  od  cen- 
tury B.  c.  In  revenge  for  an  ungrateful 
insult  offered  to  his  brother  by  the  gov- 
ernor of  a  province,  he  raised  the  stand- 
ard of  revolt  in  Parthia  against  Seleueus ; 
and,  having  succeeded  in  emancipating 
liis  countrymen,  they  elected  him  their 
king.  He  reigned  prosperously  for  38 
years. 

ARSENIUS,  a  Roman  deacon  of  the 
4th  century,  and  tutor  to  Arcadius,  son 
of  Theodosius.  The  emperor  coming 
into  his  study,  and  seeing  the  pupil  sit- 
ting and  the  master  standing,  ordered 
his  son  to  rise,  and  receive  his  lessons 
in  a  becoming  posture,  which  so  irri- 
tated the  prince,  that  ho  directed  an 
officer  to  dispatch  Arsenius ;  but  the 
othcer  gave  liim  information  of  the 
prince's  baseness,  on  which  he  fled  into 
Egypt,  where  he  d.  at  the  age  of  9."). 

ARSILLA,  Francesco,  an  Italian  phy- 
sician of  the  IGth-centurj';  author  of  a 
poem,  "  De  Poetis  Urbanis."     D.  1540. 

ARTALIS,  Joseph,  a  Sicilian  gentle- 
man, who  distinguished  himself  for 
courage  :it  the  memorable  siege  of  Can- 
dia;  author  of  "La  Pasife,"  an  opera, 
and  numifrous  poems.    B.  1628;  d.  1679. 

ARTAXERXES  I.,  surnamed  Longi- 
manus,  was  the  third  son  of  Xerxes, 
king  of  Persia.  He  slew  his  brother 
Darius  on  suspicion  of  his  being  guilty 
of  the  murder  of  his  father.  Artaxerx- 
es  then  ascended  the  throne  465  u.  c, 
and  in  his  time  peace  was  restored  be- 
tween Persia  and  Athens,  after  a  war  of 
51  vears.      D.  424  B.C.— II..  surnamed 


CYCLOP.EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[art 


Mnemon,  was  the  eldest  son  of  Dai-ius 
Nothus,  and  began  his  reign,  404  b.  c. 
He  d.  at  the  age  "of  94,  after  reigning  62 
years. — III.,  succeeded  his  father,  the 
preceding  monarch,  350  b.  c.  He  mur- 
dered two  of  his  brothers,  and  after- 
wards put  to  death  all  the  remaining 
branches  of  tlie  family.  In  Egypt  he 
elew  the  sacred  bull  Apis,  and  gave  the 
flesh  to  his  soldiers:  for  which  his 
eunuch,  Kagoas,  an  Egyptian,  caused 
liim  to  be  poisoned,  and  after  giving 
the  carcass  to  the  cats,  made  knife  han- 
tUes  of  his  bones. 

ARTAXERXES  BEBEGAN,  or  AED- 
SHIR,  the  first  king  of  Persia,  of  the  race 
of  Sassanides,  was  the  son  of  a  shep- 
herd. On  the  death  of  his  grandfather, 
ne  solicited  the  government,  but  being 
refused,  he  retired  to  Persia  Proper, 
where  he  excited  the  peojile  to  revolt. 
He  defeated  and  slew  Ardavan  and  his 
son.  He  married  the  daughter  of  Ar- 
davan, who  attempted  to  poison  him, 
for  which  she  was  sentenced  to  death. 
The  officer,  however,  to  whom  the  exe- 
cution was  committed,  concealed  the 
queen,  who  was  in  a  state  of  pregnane}-, 
and  she  was  afterwards  delivered  of  a 
son.  The  secret  being  discovered  to 
the  king,  he  applauded  the  conduct  of 
the  officer,  and  acknowledged  tlie  child 
as  his  heir.    He  d.  a.  d.  240. 

ARTEAG.\,  Stephex,  a  Spanish  Jes- 
uit of  the  isth  century;  author  of  a 
Treatise  on  Ideal  Beautv ;  a  Ilistorv  of 
Italian  Theatrical  Music,  &c.     D.  1799. 

ARTEDI,  Peter,  a  Swedish  physician 
and  naturalist.  After  his  death,  his 
'•Bibliotheca  Icthyologica,"  and  "Phi- 
losophia  Icthyologica,"  were  clited  by 
Linnajus.  B.'lT05;  accidentally  drown- 
ed, 17^5. 

ARTEMIDORUS,  Daldianus,  an 
Ephesian ;  author  of  a  Treatise  on 
IJrcams.  lie  lived  in  the  reign  of  An- 
toninus Pius. — Also  an  Ephesian;  au- 
thor of  a  geographical  work,  of  which 
only  some  frairments  remain.  He  flour- 
ished in  the  1st  century  b.  c. 

ARTEML^IA,  queen  of  Caira,  and 
one  of  the  allies  of  Xerxes  at  the  famous 
battle  of  Siilamis. — Another  queen  of 
<"aira.  whose  splendid  monument  to  her 
husband,  .Mausolus,  was  the  origin  of 
tlie  word  mausoleum.  This  monument 
was  regarded  as  one  of  the  seven  won- 
ders of  the  world.  The  greatest  artists 
of  Greece  labored  upon  it:  Br>\'ixes, 
Scopas,  Lcoehares,  Timotheus,  and  some 
say,  Praxiteles.  It  was  an  oblong  square, 
400  feet  in  circumference,  and  130  feet 
high.    The  principal  Bide  was  adorned 


with  36  columns,  and  24  steps  led  to  the 
entrance.    D.  351  b.  c. 

AETEMON,  the  inventor  of  the  bat- 
tering ram  and  the  testudo,  was  a  native 
of  Clazomene,  and  cotemporary  with 
Pericles.— Also  a  heretic  of  the  3d  cen- 
turv. 

ARTEVELDE,  James  von,  a  rich 
brewer,  of  Ghent,  who  by  his  wealth, 
eloquence,  and  talents,  acquired  un- 
bounded influence  over  his  countrymen. 
Having  compelled  the  count  of  Flanders 
to  take  refuge  in  France,  he  formed  an 
alliance  with  Edward  III.  of  England, 
and  strove  to  transfer  the  Flemish  sov- 
ereignty to  the  Black  Prince.  He  was 
killed  in  a  popular  tumult,  at  Ghent,  in 
1845. — Philip,  his  son,  a  man  of  restless 
but  determined  spirit,  was  chosen  the 
leader  of  the  Flemings  in  their  revolt  of 
13S2.  He  made  himself  master  of 
Bruges,  but  the  same  year  was  defeated 
and'killed  at  the  battle  of  Kosbec.  The 
leading  events  of  his  life  have  been 
wrought  into  a  beautiful  drama,  by  Mr. 
Henry  Taylor — a  drama  which  is  to  be 
numbcrect  among  the  most  pleasing  and 
noble  specimens  of  English  literature. 

ARTHUR,  sometimes  called  Artus, 
an  ancient  British  prince,  whose  story 
is  so  interwoven  with  the  romantic  fic- 
tion of  a  later  age,  that  it  is  difficult  to 
separate  the  genuine  incidents  of  his 
life  from  those  which  are  fictitious.  He 
was  born  about  501,  of  an  adulterous 
connection  between  the  princess  Igeina 
of  Cornwall,  and  Uther  a  chief  of  the 
Britons.  He  married  the  celebrated 
Ginevra,  of  the  family  of  the  dukes  of 
Cornwall,  established  the  famous  order 
of  the  Round  Table,  performed  many 
heroic  deeds  against  the  Picts,  Scots, 
and  Saxons,  and,  as  the  poets  relate, 
against  the  Danes,  French,  and  Norse, 
killing  the  giants  of  Spain,  crushinsr  re- 
bellion at  home,  and  performing  a  jour- 
nev  to  Rome.     D.  542. 

ARTIGUS;  Don  John,  was  born  at 
Monte  Video,  in  1760,  and  was  originall.y 
in  the  Spanish  service,  but  quilted  it  to 
fiffht  for  the  independence  of  his  coun- 
try. After  having  greatly  contributed 
to  establish  the  republic  of  Buenos 
Ayres,  he  became  an  object  of  suspicion 
to  the  government  of  that  state,  was 
declared  a  traitor,  and  compelled  to 
take  up  arms.  For  some  years  he  kept 
possession  of  the  territory  called  the 
JBanda  Oriental.  At  length,  however, 
he  was  defeated,  and  compelled  to  seek 
refuse  in  Parairuav,  where  he  d.  in  1826. 
AETIZENIUS,' Henry,  professor  of 
rhetoric    and    history   at    Nimeugen; 


ASCJ 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY, 


73 


author  of  a  treatise  "De  Nuptiis  inter 
Fratem  et  Sororem,"  &c.  B.  1702 ;  d. 
1759. — John'  Henry,  son  of  the  above, 
professor  of  law  at  Utrecht ;  author  of 
a  work  "  On  the  Jiirisiirudence  of  the 
Nuthcriands,"  and  editor  of  tlie  works 
of  Arator,  <fec,  B.  1734;  d.  1797.— 
Otho,  uncle  of  the  last  named,  professor 
of  the  belles  Jettres  at  Amsterdam,  au- 
thor of  a  dissertation  "De  Milliario 
Aureo,"  &c.     B.  1703  ;  d.  17G3. 

AKTriSI,  Giovanni  M.aria,  an  ecclesi- 
astic of  Bolofrna ;  author  of  "The  Art  of 
Counterooint,"  and  other  musical  works. 
ARUNDEL,  Thomas,  son  of  the  carl 
of  Arundel,  was  made  bishop  of  Ely, 
though  only  21  years  old,  under  Ed- 
ward III.,  and  afterwards  translated  to 
York,  and  from  thence  to  Canterbury. 
He  also  held  with  the  primacy  the  office 
of  lord  chancellor.  His  quarrel  with 
Kichard  II.  obliged  him  to  leave  the 
kingdom,  and  to  fly  to  Rome,  and  to 
his  resentment  may  in  some  degree  be 
attributed  the  success  with  which  Henry 
I^^  invaded  England,  and  seized  the 
crown.  He  was  a  zealous  defender  of 
the  temporal  power  of  the  church,  and 
he  persecuted  the  followers  of  Wicklitf 
witu  great  severity,  and  forbade  the 
translation  of  the  Bible  into  the  vulgar 
tongue.  D.  1414.  —  Thomas  Ho-w.uid. 
earl  of,  is  famous  for  the  discovery  ot 
the  Parian  marbles  which  bear  his 
name,  and  which  he  gave  to  the  uni- 
versity of  Oxford.  Prideaux,  Chandler, 
and  Mattairo  are  in  the  number  of 
those  wuo  published  an  account  of 
these  valuable  relics  of  antiquity. — 
Blanche,  daughter  of  Lord  Worcester, 
and  wife  of  Lord  Arundel,  is  celebrated 
for  her  bravo  defence  of  Wardour  cas- 
tle against  the  parliamentary  forces. 
Though  assisted  only  by  "25  men,  she 
resisted  the  attack  of  1300  men,  and  at 
last  capitulated  on  honorable  terms, 
which  the  conquerors  basely  violated. 
B.  1603;  d.  1G09. 

ArRVIEUX,  LAntENT  v\  a  native  of 
Marseilles,  who,  during  12  years  resi- 
dence in  Palestine,  acquired  the  oriental 
languages,  and  was  employed  as  a  use- 
ful negotiator  for  the  French  court. 
His  name  deserves  •  to  be  mentioned 
with  every  mark  of  respect,  for  his  de- 
liverance of  880  captives  from  the  dun- 
geon of  Tunis,  who,  in  mark  of  their 
gratitude,  presenteil  him  with  a  purse 
of  600  pistoles,  which  he  generously  re- 
fused. He  also  redeemed  240  slaves  at 
Algiers,  and  served  his  country  at  Con- 
stantinople, Aleppo,  and  other  places. 
B.  1635 ;  d.  1702. 


ASAPH,  Safnt,  a  British  monk  of  the 
5th  century,  who  wrote  a  life  of  Vor- 
tigern.  The  Welsh  See  has  taken  its 
name  from  this  saint. 

ASBURY,  Francls,  senior  bishop  of 
the  Methodist  Episcopal  church  in  tho 
United  States.  He  was  born  in  En- 
gland, but  passed  the  most  of  his  life  in 
the  ardent  service  of  the  American 
Methodists.    B.  1745;  d.  1816. 

ASCHAM,  RooEK,  an  eminent  En- 
glish writer,  born  at  Kirkby  Wiske, 
near  Northallerton,  in  Yorkshire,  about 
tho  year  1515.  He  was  entered  at  Cam- 
bridge in  1530,  chosen  fellow  in  1534, 
and  tutor  in  1537.  It  was  then  a  period 
of  literary  and  religious  revolution,  and 
Ascham  joined  the  party  of  those  who 
were  endeavoring  to  enlarge  the  bounds 
of  knowledge  and  truth.  He  became  a 
Protestant,  and  applied  himself  par- 
ticularly to  the  Greek  language,  in 
which  he  attained  to  an  excellence  pe- 
culiar to  himself,  and  as  there  was  no 
public  lecturer  in  Greek  read  it  publicly 
m  the  university  with  universal  ap- 
plause. In  order  to  relax  his  mind  after 
severe  studies,  he  thought  some  diver- 
sion necessary;  and  shooting  -with  the 
bow  was  his  favorite  amusement,  as  ap- 
pears by  his  "Treatise  on  Archery." 
which  he  dedicated  to  King  Henry 
VIII.,  who  settled  a  pension  upon  hini, 
at  the  recommendation  of  Sir  William 
Paget.  Mr.  Ascham,  being  remarkable 
for  writing  a  fine  hand,  was  employed 
to  teach  this  art  to  Prince  Edward,  "the 
lady  Elizabeth,  and  the  two  brothers, 
Henry  and  Charles,  dukes  of  SutTolk. 
In  Feb.  1548,  he  ^vas  sent  for  to  court, 
to  instruct  the  lady  Elizabeth  in  tho 
learned  languages,  and  had  the  honor 
of  assisting  this  lady  in  her  studies  for 
two  years;  when  he  desired  leave  to 
return  to  Cambridge,  where  he  resumed 
his  olllee  of  public  orator.  He  was 
afterwards  Latni  secretary  to  Kiua  Ed- 
ward, Queen  jSIary,  and 'Queen  Eliza- 
beth. Being  one  day  in  company  with 
persons  of  "the  first"  distinction,"  there 
happened  to  be  high  disi-iutcs  about  the 
dill'ereiit  methods  of  Education ;  this 
gave  rise  to  his  treatise  on  that  subiect, 
entitled  "The  Schoolmaster,"  which 
he  undertook  at  the  particular  request 
of  Sir  Richard  Sackvillc.  This  work 
was  in  high  esteem  among  the  best 
judges,  and  is  frequently  quoted  by 
Dr.  Johnson  in  his  Dictionary.  Hi's 
style,  in  his  own  age,  was  mellifiuous 
and  elegant,  and  is  still  valuable  as  a 
specimen  of  genuine  English.  D.  1568. 
— Anthony,   an   ambassador  of  Croin- 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[ash 


well  to  Spain  in  the  year  1640,  where  he 
and  his  interpreter  were  assassinated, 
it  is  supposed  by  some  of  the  adherents 
to  the  cause  of  tlae  royal  family.  A  dis- 
course on  the  "Revolutions  and  Con- 
fusions of  Government,"  was  the  work 
of  his  pen. 

ASCLEPIADES,  a  fiimoiis  physician 
of  Bithynia,  who  tlourished  at  Rome 
during  the  time  of  Pompey,  and  founded 
a  new  medical  sect,  about  20  years  b.  c. 
The  new  order  preserved  their  secrets 
as  an  hereditary  possession,  and  gave 
themselves  out,  at  the  same  time^  as 
physicians,  prophets,  and  priests.  They 
lived  in  the  temple  of  the  god  Escula- 
pius,  and  by  exciting  the  imaginations 
of  the  sick  prepared  them  to  receive 
healing  dreams  and  divine  apparitions  ; 
observed  carefully  the  course  of  dis- 
ease; applied,  besides  their  conjurations 
and  charms,  real  magnetic  remedies, 
and  noted  down  the  results  of  their 
practice.  They  were,  therefore,  the 
founders  of  scientific  medicine.  In  the 
course  of  time  strangers  were  initiated 
into  their  mysteries. 

A8C0LI,  Lecco  di,  a  Bolognese  math- 
ematician burned  to  death  as  a  heretic, 
at  Florence,  in  the  year  135S. 

A8DRUBAL,  the  brother-in-law  of 
Ilaimibal,  who  succeeded  Hamilcar,  in 
the  command  of  the  Carthaginian  army 
in  Spain.  Carthagena,  or  as  it  was  then 
called,  Xcw  Carthage,  was  built  by  him, 
and  he  extended  the  Carthaginian  con- 
quests greatly  by  his  courage  and  ability. 
He  was  assassinated,  220  b.  c. 

ASELLIUS.  C\vsPAB,  a  professor  of 
anatomy  at  tne  university  of  Padua, 
who  discovered  the  lacteals,  a  system 
of  vessels  whose  office  is  to  absorb  the 
chyle  formed  in  the  intestines.  They 
were  observed  as  he  was  dissecting  a 
dog,  and  published  in  1627. 

ASGILL,  Sir  Ciiarle-s,  a  military  of- 
ficer, who  wiLS  to  have  suffered  death 
by  order  of  Washington,  in  retaliation 
for  the  death  of  the  American  captain 
Hardy,  but  was  spared  at  the  interces- 
bion  of  the  rpieen  of  France.  D.  1823. — 
Joiix,  an  Euirlisli  barrister,  whose  wit 
and  wiiose  misfortunes  alike  were  re- 
markable. He  was  brought  up  at  Lin- 
coln's inn  under  the  patronage  of  Judge 
Eyre  in  King  William's  reign,  and  his 
abilities  were  such  that  he  rose  to  con- 
sequence and  employment.  Two  trea- 
tises replete  with  luimor  and  sarcasm 
had  already  given  him  po()ulurity,  wlien 
he  published  another  on  the  possibility 
of  avoiding  death,  which  drew  down 
upon  bini  the  odium  of  the  friends  of 


the  church,  and  particularly  of  Dr. 
Sacheverell ;  so  that,  when  he  after- 
wards went  to  Ireland,  and  by  success 
in  the  law  purchased  an  estate,  and  pro- 
cured a  seat  in  the  house  of  commons, 
he  was  ignominiously  expelled  for  the 
contents  "of  his  pamphlet.  On  his  re- 
turn to  England,  he  was  returned  for 
Bramber,  in  Sussex ;  and  here  tlie  mo- 
rality of  his  writings  was  also  called  in 
question,  and  though  he  made  an  elo- 
quent defence  in  favor  of  his  opinions, 
which  he  refused  to  retract,  he  was  ex- 
pelled as  a  disgraced  and  xniworthy 
member.  This  blow  hastened  the  ruin 
of  his  fortunes,  he  became  a  prisoner  of 
the  King's  Bench  and  afterwards  of  the 
Fleet,  where  he  continued  to  subsist 
by  writing  political  pamphlets,  and 
by  transacting  some  professional  busi- 
ness. After  30  years  thus  spent  in 
confinement  and  poverty,  he  expired 
in  November,  173S,  aged  upwards  of 
80. 

ASH,  JoHX,  a  Baptist  divine,  pastor 
of  a  congregation  at  Pershore.  He  was 
author  of  a  "  Dictionary  of  the  English 
Language,"  and  he  also  wrote  an  "Li- 
troduetion  to  J^owth's  Grammar," 
which  lias  passed  through  a  vast  num- 
ber of  editions.     B.  1724;  d.  1779. 

ASHBURTON,  Alexander  Baring, 
Lord,  the  second  son  of  Sir  Francis 
Baring,  Bart.,  and  for  many  years  the 
head  of  the  great  mercantile  house, 
Baring  Brothers  &  Co.,  was  b.  in  1774. 
After  due  initiation  into  business  in 
London,  he  came  to  the  Unit<>d  States, 
where  he  aided  in  swelling  tne  fortunes 
of  his  firm.  His  political  life  com- 
menced in  1812  as  member  for  Taunton, 
which  he  continued  to  represent  till 
1820;  after  which  he  sat  for  CaUiugton 
in  successive  parliaments  till  ISul,  and 
in  1832  he  was  relarned  for  North  Es- 
sex. Lord  Ashburton  commenced  life 
as  a  Whig.  On  the  formation  of  the 
Peel  ministry  in  i834,  he  became  presi- 
dent of  the  Board  of  Trade;  and  in  1865 
he  was  raised  to  the  peerage.  In  1842 
he  was  appointed  by  Sir  Robert  Peel  as 
a  special  commissioner  to  settle  the  dis- 
putes about  the  Oregon  territory,  which 
then  threatened  to  involve  this  country 
in  a  war  with  England.  Lord  Ashbur- 
ton continued  to  support  the  policy  of 
Sir  Robert  Peel,  until  the  liniil  measure 
of  free  trade  in  corn  was  proposed  in 
1846,  wlien  iiis  position  as  a  peer  and  a 
great  land-owner  probably  overcome  his 
conyictions  as  a  man.  Lord  Ashburtun 
married,  in  17'J8,  the  daughter  of  Wil- 
liam  Bingham,  Plsq.,   of  "Philadelphia, 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGHAPIIY, 


ash] 


and  by  that  lady,  who  survived  him,  he 
left  a  numerous  family.     D.  1848. 

ASHE,  Simeon,  a  noucouformist, 
chaplain  to  I^ord  Warwick  durin^f  tlie 
civil  wars.  He  was  a  man  of  property, 
and  of  great  intlucnce  nmon?  his  per- 
suasion. He  was  educated  at  Emmanuel 
college,  and  settled  in  Statibrdshire, 
where  he  became  aequaintcd  with  Dod, 
Ball,  Hildershain,  Langley,  and  others. 
His  principles  were  oti'ensivc  to  Crom- 
well's party,  and  it  is  said,  that  he  was 
greatly  instrumental  in  the  restoration 
of  Charles  11.  He  d.  1G62.  He  nub- 
lished  sermons,  and  also  edited  Ball's 
works. 

ASHLEY,  RoBEET,  a  native  of  Nash- 
hill  in  Wilts,  educated  at  Harthall,  Ox- 
ford, and  the  Middle  Temple,  London. 
He  was  called  to  the  bar,  and  distin- 
guished himself  as  an  eminent  writer, 
as  a  collector  of  books,  in  Holland, 
France,  &c.,  and  as  a  benefactor  to  the 
society  to  which  he  belonged.  He  pub- 
lished a  "  Eelation  of  the  Kingdom  of 
Cochin  China,"  and  the  "  Life  of  Al- 
manzor,"  &c.,  and  d.  October,  1641,  in 
an  advanced  old  age. 

ASHMUX,  JonN  Hooker,  a  distin- 
ffuished  American  scholar,  was  b.  at 
Blanford,  Mass.,  on  the  8d  July,  1800. 
He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  university 
in  1818,  and  appointed  professor  of  law 
in  the  same  institution,  in  1829.  Al- 
though he  did  not  reach  the  age  of  33 
years  he  acquired  an  enviable  reputa- 
tion. "  The  honors  of  the  university," 
says  Judge  Story,  in  his  funeral  dis- 
course, "  were  never  more  worthily  be- 
stowed, never  more  meekly  worn,  and 
never  more  steadily  brightened.  He 
gathered  about  him  all  the  honors, 
Avhich  are  usually  the  harvest  of  the 
ripest  life."  1).  1833. — JEnuDi,  an 
agent  of  the  American  Colonization  So- 
ciety, was  b.  at  Champlain,  N.  Y.,  edu- 
cated at  Burlinffton  euUege,  and  made 
a  professor  in  the  Bangor  theological 
school.  He  afterwards  joined  the  Epis- 
copal church,  and  edited  the  "Theolo- 
gical Eepository."  Being  appointed  to 
take  charge  of  a  reinforcement  to  the 
colony  at  Liberia,  he.  embarked  for  Af- 
rica, June  19,  1822,  and  arrived  at  Cape 
Monserado,  August  Sth.  About  three 
months  after  his  arrival,  while  his  whole 
force  was  35  men  and  boys,  he  was  at- 
tacked by  800  armc'l  savages,  but  by 
his  enersy  and  tlesperate  valor  the  as- 
sailants were  repulsed,  and  again,  in  a 
few  days,  when  they  returned  with  re- 
doubled numbers,  were  utterly  defeated. 
Wlieii  ill  health  compelled  him  to  take 


75 


a  voyage  to  America,  he  was  e.'scorted  to 
the  place  of  embarkation  by  three  com- 
panies of  the  militia:  and  the  men,  wo- 
men, and  children  of  Monrovia  parted 
with  him  with  tears.  He  left  a  com- 
munity of  1200  freemen.  He  arrived  at 
New  Haven,  August  10,  1828,  a  fort- 
night before  his  death.  He  was  a  per- 
son of  great  energy  of  character,  and 
most  devoted  piety,  and  his  services  to 
the  infant  colonv  were  invaluable. 

ASHMOLE,  !Elias,  a  celebrated  En- 
glish philosopher  and  antiquary,  and 
founder  of  the  Ashmolean  museum  at 
Oxford,  was  born  at  Lichfield,  in  Staf- 
fordshire, the  23d  of  May,  1617.  Be- 
sides filling  several  offices,  civil  and 
military,  he  was  a  diligent  and  curious 
collector  of  manuscripts.  In  1(550  lie 
published  a  treatise  written  by  Dr. 
Arthur  Dee,  relating  to  the  philoso- 
phers stone ;  together  with  another 
tract  on  the  same  subject,  by  an  un- 
known author.  About  the  same  time 
he  was  busied  in  preparing  for  the 
press  a  complete  collection  of  the  works 
of  such  English  chemists  as  had  till 
then  remained  in  manuscript ;  this  un- 
dertaking cost  him  great  labor  and  ex- 
pense ;  and  at  length  appeared  towards 
the  close  of  the  year  1652.  The  title  of 
this  work  was,  "  Theatrum  Chemieura 
Britannicum,"  &c.,  &e.  He  then  ap- 
plied himself  to  the  study  of  antiquity 
and  records.  In  1658  he  began  to  col- 
lect materials  for  his  "History  of  the 
Order  of  the  Garter;"  which  lie  lived 
to  finish,  and  thereby  did  no  less  honor 
to  the  order  than  to  himself.  In  Sep- 
tember following  he  made  a  journey  to 
Oxford  ;  where  ne  set  about  a  full  and 
particular  description  of  the  coins  givea 
to  the  public  library  by  Archbishop 
Laud.  Upon  the  restoration  of  King 
Charles  II.,  Mr.  Ashmole  was  appointed 
to  give  a  description  of  his  medals, 
which  were  accordingly  delivered  into 
his  possession  ;  and  King  Henry  VIII. 's 
closet  was  assigned  for  his  use.  On  the 
Sth  of  Jlav,  1672,  he  presented  his  "In- 
stitution, "Laws,  and  Ceremonies,  of  the 
most  noble  Order  of  the  Garter,"  to  the 
king,  who  received  it  very  graciously, 
and,  as  a  mark  of  his  approbation, 
granted  him  a  privy  seal  for  £400.  In 
1679  a  fire  broke 'out  in  the  Middle 
Temple,  in  the  next  chamber  to  Mr. 
Ashmole's,  by  which  he  lost  a  noble 
library,  with  a  collection  of  9000  coins 
ancient  and  modern,  and  a  vast  repos 
itory  of  seals,  charters,  and  other  an 
tiqiiities  and  curiosities ;  but  his  manu 
scripts,  and  his  most  valuable  goldm;'il- 


76 


CTCLOP.EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHT. 


[asp 


nl3,  were  nt  liis  house  at  South  Lam- 
beth, la  163^3  the  university  of  Oxford 
having  liaished  a  inagniftcent  repository 
near  the  tlioatre,  ^Ir.  Ashmole  sent 
thither  his  curious  collection  of  rarities; 
and  this  benefaction  was  considerably 
auirmeutcd  by  the  addition  of  his  man- 
uscripts and  library  at  his  death,  in 
1692. 

ASHTON,  Charles,  a  learned  critic, 
was  elected  master  of  Jesus  college, 
Cambridge,  July  .5,  1701,  and  installed 
in  a  prebend  of  Ely  on  the  14th  of  the 
same  month.  His  great  knowledge  in 
ecclesiastical  antiquities  was  excelled  by 
none,  and  equalled  by  few.  —  Thom^vs, 
rector  of  St.  Botolph,  Bishopsgate,  a 
popular  preacher  and  excellent  divine. 
B.  1710;  d.  177o. 

ASHWELL,  George,  an  English  di- 
vine of  thjB  17th  century :  author  of 
Beveral  reUgious  works.  !B.  1612;  d. 
1603. 

ASIIWORTII,  Caleb,  a  native  of 
Northamptonshire,  who,  from  the  hum- 
ble employment  of  carpenter,  rose,  by 
the  instruction  and  patronage  of  Dr. 
Doddridge,  to  the  respectability  of  min- 
ister of  a  dissenting  congresration,  and  at 
last  successor  in  the  school  of  his  able 
master.  He  wrote  Paradigms  of  Hebrew 
verbs,  and  other  works,  and  was  respect- 
ed as  a  man  and  as  a  scholar.  B.  1709  ; 
d.  1774. 

ASKEW,  Anne,  an  accomplished  lady, 
daughter  of  Sir  William  Askew,  of  Kel- 
Bay,  in  Lincolnshire.  B.  in  1529.  She 
received  a  learned  education,  and  in 
early  life  showed  a  predilection  for  the- 
ological studies.  By  these  she  was  led 
to  favor  the  Reformation ;  in  conse- 
quence of  which  she  was  arrested,  and, 
having  confessed  her  religious  princi- 
ples, committed  to  Newgate.  She  was 
first  racked  with  brutal  cruelty  in  the 
Tower,  and  afterwards  burned  alive  in 
Smithfield,  July  IG,  154G  ;  a  punishment 
which  she  endured  with  amazing  courage 
and  firmness. — Anthony,  a  phj-siciun 
and  scholar  of  the  18th  century  ;  author 
of  an  appendix  to  the  (ireek  Lexicon  of 
Scapula,  &c.  B.  at  Kendal,  1722;  d. 
1784. 

ASPASIA,  a  celebrated  female,  native 
of  Miletus,  who  went  as  an  adventurer 
to  Athens  in  the  time  of  Pericles,  and  by 
the  combined  charms  of  her  manners 
and  conversation,  completely  won  the 
affections  of  that  cmiiieut  man.  Her 
station  had  freed  her  from  the  restraints 
which  custom  had  laid  upon  the  educa- 
tion of  the  Athenian  matron,  and  she 
had  enriched  her  mind  with  aoeomplish- 


mcnts  rare  even  among  men.  Afte* 
parting  with  his  wife,  by  mutual  con- 
sent, Pericles  attached  himself  to  Aspa- 
sia,  by  the  most  intimate  ties  which  the 
laws  allowed  him  to  contract  with  a 
tbreig'i  woman,  and  she  acquired  an  as- 
cendency over  him  which  soon  became 
notorious,  furnished  themes  for  the 
comic  satirist,  and  subjects  for  graver 
strictures  by  his  more  serious  enemies. 
But  many  of  the  rumors  which  were  set 
afloat  in  regard  to  them  were  unques- 
tionably without  foundation.  They  had 
their  origin  in  the  peculiar  nature  of 
Aspasia's  private  circles  ;  which,  with  a 
bold  neglect  of  established  usaixc,  were 
composed  not  only  of  the  most  intelligent 
men  to  be  found  at  Athens,  but  also  of 
matrons,  whose  husbands  carried  them 
thither  to  profit  by  her  conversation. 
This  must  have  been  instructive  as  well 
as  brilliant,  indeed,  since  Plato  did  not 
hesitate  to  describe  her  as  the  precep- 
tress of  Socrates,  and  to  assert  that  she 
both  formed  the  rhetoric  of  Plato,  and 
composed  one  of  his  most  admired 
harangues,  the  funeral  oration.  Hcr- 
mippus,  the  comic  poet,  brought  a  crim- 
inal prosecution  against  her,  on  the 
ground  of  otfences  against  religion,  and 
as  a  corruptor  of  the  Athenian  women ; 
but  the  indictment  was  not  sustained. 
Afler  the  death  of  Pericles,  Aspasia  at- 
tached herself  to  an  obscure  yontli  named 
Lysicles,  whom  she  fitted  for  and  raised 
to  some  of  the  highest  employments  in 
the  republic. — There  was  another  of  the 
same  name,  a  native  of  Phoccea,  in  Asia 
Minor,  who  seems  to  have  been  almost 
as  extraordinary  a  person  as  the  first. 
She  was  so  remarkable  for  her  beauty 
that  a  satrap  of  Persia  carried  her  off  and 
made  her  a  present  to  Cjtus  the  Young- 
er. Her  modesty  and  grace  won  his  af- 
fections, and  he  lived  with  her  as  with  a 
wife,  so  that  their  attachment  was  cele- 
brated throughout  Greece.  Her  original 
name  had  been  Milto,  but  C\tu3  changed 
it  to  Aspasia.  When  he  died  she  fell 
into  the  hands  of  Artaxerxes,  whom  she 
despised,  and  who  relinquished  her  to 
his  son  Darius.  She  was  afterwards 
made  a  priestess  of  Diana  of  Ecbatana, 
but  .Justin  says  a  priestess  of  the  sun. 

ASPINWALL,  William,  a  skilful 
and  noted  physician,  was  b.  in  174-3,  at 
Brookline,  in  Massachusetts,  and  took 
his  degree  at  Harvard  college,  during  the 
revolution.  He  was  appointed  a  surgeon 
in  tiie  army,  and  at  the  battle  of  Lexing- 
ton fought  as  a  volunteer.  He  was  par- 
ticularly successful  in  the  treatment  of 
small-pox  ;  yet  when  vaccine  inoculation 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGKAPHV. 


ast] 


was  introduced,  he  -warmly  adopted  the 
practice,  and  abandoned  liis  liospital, 
altliouirh  it  greatly  reduced  his  prolbs- 
tjionul  cmohnucnts.     1).  1S23. 

ASSALINI,  PiETUo,  a  physician  of 
Modena,  who  was  surgeon-major  in  the 
French  army,  and  accompanied  Napo- 
leon in  his  expedition  to  Egypt.  He  saw 
a  great  deal  of  the  jilaguc  at  JalFa,  and 
wrote  intelligently  of  that  pest.  lie  also 
wrote  on  yellow  fever,  dysentery,  dis- 
eases of  the  eyes,  and  improved  several 
surgical  instruments. 

ASSAROTTI,  OcTAVirs.  B.  at  Genoa 
in  1753,  and  d.  there  in  1829.  The 
AL)b6  Assarotti  was  one  of  those  few 
noble  spirits  whose  lives  are  devoted 
to  the  amelioration  of  the  miseries  of 
their  fellow-creatures.  He  was  the  great 
rival  of  the  Abbe  FEpee  in  the  estab- 
lishment of  institutions  for  the  instruc- 
tion of  the  deaf  and  dumb  :  a  model  of 
piety,  humanity,  and  charity. 

ASSELYN,  John-,  a  Dutch  painter  of 
the  17th  century,  was  pupil  to  Isaiah 
Vandervelde,  and  afterwards  went  to 
Rome.  Settling  at  Amsterdam,  in  1645, 
he  obtained  great  reputation  by  the  pro- 
ductions of  his  pencil,  which  consisted 
principally  of  historical  paintings,  battle- 
pieces,  and  landscapes  with  ruins,  and 
were  distinguished  for  their  adherence 
to  nature,  and  a  correct  style  of  coloring. 
A  set  of  liis  landscapes  (24  in  number) 
has  Ijeen  engraved  by  Perelle.  D.  1650. 
ASSEMANI,  Joseph  Simon,  an  arch- 
bishop of  Tyre,  and  librarian  at  the  Vat- 
ican, lie  was  profounilly  skilled  in  the 
oriental  languages,  and  published  sev- 
eral learned  works,  such  as  the  "  Bibli- 
otheca  Orientalica,"  "  Italicae  HistorioB, 
&c.,"  "Kalendiea,"  "Ecelesiai  Univer- 
sffi,"  &c.  B.  1687;  d.  1768.— Stephen 
Evonius,  his  nephew,  bishop  of  Apamea, 
succeeded  hiui  as  keeper  ot  the  Vatican 
library,  and  was  also  an  oriental  scholar. 
lie  published  an  Oriental  Catalogue,  and 
"  Acta  Sanctorum  Martvrum,"  &c. 

ASSEK,  a  Rabbi  of  the  5th  century  ; 
one  of  the  compilers  of  the  Babylonian 
Talmud.     D.  427. 

ASSERIUS  MENEVENSIS,  a  learned 
ecclesiastic,  the  tutor,  friend,  and  biog- 
rapher of  Alfred  the  Great,  by  whom  lie 
was  made  bishop  of  Sherborne.  His 
"  Annals"  contain,  at  once,  the  fullest 
and  most  authentic  account  of  the  life 
of  his  august  sovereign  and  friend.  D. 
909. 

AST,  (tEokge  Anthony  Fredebick,  a 

German  philologist.     B.  at  Gotha,  wlio 

wrote  an  introduction  to  the  study  of 

the  works  of  Plato,  which  is  one  of  the 

7* 


77 


best  of  the  kind.  Re  also  put  forth  an 
admirable  edition  of  those  works,  with 
a  Latin  translation,  and  able  and  ex- 
panded conmicutarics,  to  which  was 
added  subsequently,  a  "Lexicon  Pla- 
tonicum."  lie  was  professor  at  the 
university  of  Landschut,  and  afterwards 
at  that  of  Munich.    B.  1778  ;  d.  1841. 

ASTELL,  ]\L\BT,  b.  at  Newcastle- 
upon-Tyne,  about  the  year  1G8S.  Her 
uncle,  a  clergyman,  observing  marks  of 
a  promising  genius,  took  her  under  his 
tuition,  and  taught  her  mathematics, 
logic,  and  philosophy.  She  left  the 
place  of  her  nativity  when  she  was 
about  20  years  of  age,  and  sjjent  the  re- 
maining part  of  her  life  at  London  and 
Chelsea,  in  writing  for  the  advancement 
of  learning,  religion,  and  virtue,  and  in 
the  practice  of  those  religious  duties 
which  she  so  zealously  commended  to 
others.     D.  1731. 

ASTLE,  Thomas,  an  eminant  archfeo- 
logical  writer,  and  author  of  a  Treatise 
"  On  the  Origin  and  Progress  of  Wri- 
ting," &c.,  &c.  D.  1803.— John,  a  por- 
trait painter,  pupil  of  Hudson,  who 
raan-ied  Ladv  Daniel,  and  gained  great 
wealth.     D.  1787. 

ASTLEY,  Philip,  author  of  "Re- 
marks on  the  Profession  and  Duty  of  a 
Soldier,"  "  A  system  of  Equestrian  Ed- 
ucation," &c. ;  but  better  known  as  the 
founder,  and  for  many  years  the  man- 
ager of  the  Amphitheatre  in  London, 
which  still  goes  by  his  name.  B.  1742  ; 
d.  1814. 

ASTON,  Sir  Arthur,  a  brave  com- 
mander of  the  royalist  troops  in  the 
reign  of  Charles  L,  who  greatly  distin- 
guished himself  at  the  battle  of  Edge- 
hhl,  &e.  He  was  governor  of  Drogheda 
in  1649,  when  it  was  taken  by  Cromwell, 
and  is  said  to  have  had  his  brains  beaten 
out  with  his  own  wooden  leg.  —  Sir 
Thomas,  also  a  royalist,  who,  in  the  civil 
wars,  raised  a  troop  of  horse  for  the 
king's  service  ;  and  was  hitjh  sheriff  of 
Cheshire,  in  1633.  He  was  killed  while 
attempting  to  escape  after  being  cap- 
tured Ijy  the  republicans,  in  1645, 

ASTOR,  John  Jacob,  a  New  York 
merchant,  noticeable  for  the  enterprise 
and  energy  by  which  he  acciunulnted  one 
of  the  largest  fortunes  in  America,  was 
b.  at  Widdorf,  Germany,  in  1763.  He 
came  to  this  country,  in  1784,  a  poor 
orphan  boy,  landing  at  Baltimore;  sup- 
ported himself  as  he  could  \\<v  :\  wliile, 
but  gradually  got  into  the  fur  business, 
which  rapidly  enlarginLC  by  a  pmtitablo 
trade  he  carried  on  with  tlie  iloliawk 
Indians,  when  New  York  was  a  wilder- 


78 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[ath 


nes9,  enabled  him  to  project  that  stu- 
pouJous  expedition  across  the  Rocky 
Mouutiiins,  and  around  Cape  Horn,  by 
whicli  tl\c  American  tar  trade  was  es- 
tablished oil  the  coasts  of  the  racific. 
SVashiiiston  Irving,  in  his  "Astoria," 
aiid  "Tiie  Adventures  of  Captain  Bon- 
iiovUle,"  has  written  charming  descrip- 
tions of  the  various  incidents  of  these 
gigantic  enterprises.  He  was  subse- 
quently engaged  in  the  Canton  trade. 
liy  his  will,  Mr.  Astor  established  a 
public  library  in  the  city  of  New  York, 
which  bids  fair  to  become  one  of  the 
most  extensive  and  valuable  institutions 
of  the  kind  within  the  limits  of  the 
United  States.     D.  ISiS. 

ASTOHGA,  a  Spanish  marquis  and 
{irandee,  declared  a  traitor  by  Napoleon, 
in  18i>S. 

ASTORGAS,  Marchioness  n',  a  avo- 
man  in  tlio  reign  of  Charles  II.  of  Spain, 
who  killed  witli  her  own  hands  a  beau- 
tiful mistress  to  whom  her  husband  was 
attaclied.  She  afterwards  prepared  the 
heart  of  her  victim  for  her  husband  to 
eat,  wliich,  when  he  had  done  so,  she 
rolled  the  bleeding  head  of  his  mistress 
before  iiim  on  thelable.  This  wretched 
woman  escaped  into  a  convent,  where 
she  became  insane  through  rage  and 
jealousy. 

ASTORI,  John  Anthony,  secretary  to 
the  academy  of  the  Anemosi,  at  Venice, 
and  also  to  that  of  the  academy  at  Rome, 
who  wrote  copiously  on  Greek  and  Ro- 
man literature  and  antiquities.  B.  1672  ; 
d.  174:^. 

AST<JRINI,  Eli.vs,  a  professor  of 
mathematics  and  natural  philosophy,  at 
Cosenza,  who  published  a  dissertation 
on  the  life  of  tlie  Foetus,  a  translation 
of  EucHd's  Elements,  and  another  of 
Apollonius  Pergaius  on  Conic  Sections. 
D.  1702. 

ASTRUC,  John,  a  French  physician, 
who  wrote  several  medical  dissertations, 
and  a  Natural  History  of  Languedoc. 
B.  K5S4;  d.  1700. 

ATAHUALPA,  or  ATABALIPA, 
the  last  of  the  Incas,  succeeded  his 
father,  in  152'J,  on  the  throne  of  Quito, 
whilst  his  brotlier  Huascar,  obtained 
the  kingdom  of  Peru.  Tliey  soon  made 
war  against  each  other,  and  wlien  the 
latter  was  defeated,  his  kingdom  fell 
into  the  hands  of  Atahualpa.  The 
Spaniards,  under  Pizarro,  taking  advan- 
tage of  tliese  internal  disturbances,  in- 
vaded Peru,  wlierc  they  were  entertained 
with  no  little  hospitality  by  the  king  and 
his  people ;  but,  instead  of  returning 
the  kinrtness,  they  took  Ataluialpa  cap- 


tive, and  requested  him  to  acknowledge 
the  king  ot  Spain  as  his  master,  and 
embrace  the  Christian  religion.  Upon 
his  asking  their  authority  for  this  re- 
quest, the  friar  Valvcrde  gave  him  the 
breviary  as  authority.  Atahualpa  put- 
ting it'^  to  his  ear,  said,  "  It  tells  me 
nothing ;"  and  then  threw  it  away.  This 
was  made  a  pretext  for  a  massacre  of 
the  people  and  the  imprisonment  of  the 
Inca.  He  offered  a  large  sum  of  gold  as 
a  ransom  :  this  the  Spaniards  touk,  but 
still  kept  him  prisoner.  At  last,  he  was 
burnt,  in  1533. 

ATAIDE,  Don  Louis  d',  a  Portuguese 
noble  and  military  officer,  who  was  ap- 
pointed viceroy  of  India,  in  1509,  at  a 
2)criod  when  all  the  native  powers  were 
combined  to  expel  the  Portuguese.  His 
ertbrts  to  quell  the  revolt  were  success- 
ful, and  he  returned ;  but  on  being  seat 
out  a  second  time,  he  d.  at  Goa,  1580. 

ATANAGI,  Denis,  an  Italian  author 
and  editor,  who  lived  at  Urbino.  Among 
his  works  are  a  "  Treatise  on  the  Excel- 
lence and  Perfection  of  History ;"  and  au 
edition  of  the  "  Rhetoric  of  Aristotle," 
a  translation  of  the  "Lives  of  Illustrious 
Men,"  ascribed  to  Pliny,  but  really  writ- 
ten by  Aurelius  Vietro.  He  was  per- 
sonally chastised  for  tlie  publication  of 
the  latter,  by  a  student  who  called  the 
translation  his  own,  and  denounced 
Atanagi  as  a  barefaced  plagiarist.  D. 
about  1570. 

ATH  A,  a  famous  Turkish  impostor, 
who  flourished  during  tlie  8th  century  at 
Meron.  He  was  origimiUy  a  fuller,  but 
entered  as  a  soldier  in  the  army  of  Abu 
Moslem,  who  was  a  leader  of  a  fanati- 
cal sect,  to  tlie  command  of  which  Ath;) 
succeeded.  He  pretended  to  divine  in- 
spiration, and  when  he  was  attacked  and 
besieged  in  the  castle  of  Rech,  by  the 
troops  of  the  reigning  caliph,  he  set  fire 
to  the  place  and 'destroyed  himself,  his 
wives,  and  his  foUowers  in  the  flames. 
D'Herbelot  says  that  he  caused  them  to 
drink  poisoned  wine.  Having  been  de- 
prived of  one  eye  in  battle,  he  wore  a 
golden  veil,  and  was  therefore  called 
Mokanna.  Moore's  beautiful  poem  of 
the  Veiled  Prophet  of  Khorassan  is 
founded  upon  his  story. 

ATHANASIUS,  St.,  bishop  of  Alex- 
andria, a  renowned  father  of  the  church. 
B.  in  that  city  about  the  year  290.  _  He 
had  a  Christian  education,  and  came  into 
the  family  of  Alexander,  afterwards  arch- 
bishop of  Alexandria,  whose  private 
secretary  he  became.  He  then  went  to 
St.  Anthony,  led  an  ascetic  life  with  that 
renowned  anchorite,  bu*.  at  length  re- 


ATI! 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    lilOGRAI'lI Y, 


i9 


turned  to  Alexandria,  where  he  became 
a  deacon.  Alexander  took  him  to  the 
council  at  Nice,  where  he  gained  the 
hicrliest  esteem  of  the  fathers,  by  tlie 
talents  which  he  disiilaycd  in  the  Arian 
controversy.  lie  had  a  great  share  in 
the  decrees  passed  here,  and  thereby 
drew  on  himself  the  hatred  of  the  Arians. 
After  six  months  he  was  appointe<l  the 
successor  of  Alexander.  The  complaints 
and  accusations  of  his  enemies  induced 
the  Emperor  Constantino  to  summon 
him,  in  384,  before  the  councils  of  Tyre 
and  Jerusalem.  Athanasius  brought  to 
light  the  iniquitous  arts  which  had  been 
practised  against  him,  and  tlirew  his 
judges,  who  were  likewise  his  enemies, 
into  such  confusion,  that  the  imperial 
deputies  could  with  difficulty  rescue  him 
from  their  anger.  They  could  do  noth- 
ing, however,  further  than  suspend  him 
from  his  office.  Ho  stiU  continued  in 
the  discharge  of  his  duties,  initil  the 
emperor,  deceived  by  new  falsehoods, 
banished  him  to  Treves.  At  the  end  of 
a  year  and  some  months,  Constantius, 
having  succeeded  his  Mlier  as  emperor 
of  the  East,  recalled  him  from  banish- 
ment. His  return  to  Alexandria  resem- 
bled a  triumph.  The  Arians  made  new 
complaints  against  him,  and  lie  was  coii- 
denmed  by  ninety  bishops,  assembled  at 
Antioch.  On  the  contrary,  a  hundred 
bishops,  assembled  at  Alexandria,  de- 
clared him  innocent;  and  Pope  Julius 
confirmed  this  sentence  in  conjunction 
witii  more  than  800  bishops  assembled 
at  Sardis,  from  the  East  and  West.  In 
consequence  of  this,  he  returned  a  second 
time  to  his  diocese.  But  when  Con- 
stans,  emperor  of  the  AVest,  died,  and 
Constantius  became  master  of  the  whole 
empire,  the  Arians  ventured  to  rise  up 
against  Athanasius.  They  condemned 
him  in  the  councils  of  Aries  and  Milan, 
and,  as  he  refused  to  listen  to  any  thing 
but  an  express  command  of  the  emperor, 
when  he  was  one  day  preparing  to  cele- 
brate a  festival  in  the  church,  5000  sol- 
diers suddenly  rushed  in  to  make  him 
prisoner.  But  the  surroundint;  priests 
and  monks  placeil  him  in  security.    l)is- 

E laced  for  a  third  time,  he  fled  into  the 
eserts  of  Egypt,  and  composed  many 
writings,  full  of  eloquence,  to  strengthen 
the  faith  of  the  believers,  or  expose  the 
falsehood  of  his  enemies.  'When  Julian 
the  apostate  ascended  the  throne,  he  re- 
called the  orthodox  bishops  to  their 
churches.  Athanasius  therefore  return- 
ed, after  an  absence  of  six  years.  The 
mildness  which  ho  exercised  towards 
hi3  enemies  was  imitated  in  Gaul.  Spain, 


Italy,  and  Greece,  and  restored  peace  to 
the  church.  But  this  peace  was  inter- 
rupted by  the  complaints  of  the  heathen, 
whoso  temples  were  kept  empty  by  his 
zeal.  They  excited  the  emperor  against 
him,  and  he  fled  to  Thcbais.  lie  re- 
turned under  Valens  eight  months  after, 
but  was  again  compelled  to  fly.  He  con- 
cealed himself  in  the  tomb  of  his  father, 
where  he  remained  four  months,  when 
Valens  allowed  him  to  return,  and  he 
remained  undisturbed  in  his  office  till 
his  death,  in  373.  He  was  a  man  of 
great  mind,  noble  heart,  invincible  cour- 
age, unaffected  humility,  and  lofty  elo- 
quence. His  writings  were  on  polem- 
ical, moral,  and  historical  subjects,  the 
latter  especially  of  great  importance  in 
church  history.  His  style  was  remark- 
able in  that  age  for  clearness  and  moder- 
ation, his  Apology,  addressed  to  Con- 
stantine,  beinLT  a  masterpiece. 

ATIIELSTAN,  an  illegitimate  son  of 
Edward  the  Elder,  king  of  England, 
who  succeeded  his  father  in  025,  in  pref- 
erence to  the  legitimate  children,  because 
of  his  maturcr  age  and  acknowledged 
capacity.  He  repressed  the  Danes  at 
Northumberland,  and  defeated  a  com- 
bination of  the  Welsh  and  Scotch.  He 
reigned  10  vears. 

ATIIELINO,  Edgar,  grandson  of 
Edmund  Ironside,  regarded  as  the  fu- 
ture monarch,  but  defeated  by  the  in- 
trigues of  Harold.  He  was  in  the  flrst 
crusade  under  Baldwin  I.,  and  behaved 
with  ereat  intrepiditv. 

ATIIENAGOKAS,  an  Athenian  phi- 
losopher of  the  2d  centuiy.  He  became 
a  convert  to  Christianity,  and  Clement 
of  Alexandria  was  among  his  pupils. 
He  wrote  an  "Apology  for  the  Chris- 
tians," and  a  treatise  "On  the  Resur- 
rection of  the  Dead,"  written  about  ITS. 

ATHEN^El^S,  a  learned  grammarian. 
B.  at  Naucratis,  in  Eirypt,  in  the  3d  cen- 
tury. The  only  work  of  his  now  extant 
is  "The  Deipiiosophists,  or  the  Table 
Talk  of  the  Sophists." — One  of  the  same 
name,  of  Bvzantium,  was  an  entrineerin 
the  time  ot'  the  Emjicror  Gallienus.  and 
an  author  of  a  treatise  on  the  JIachincs 
of  War. 

ATHENAIS,  empress  of  the  West, 
the  daughter  of  an  Athenian  sophist,  but 
whose  learnincr  and  beauty  induced  The- 
odosius  the  Younger  to  marry  her,  and 
she  took  the  name  of  Eudoxia.  The 
emperor,  however,  became  jealous  of 
her,  and  she  was  banished  to  .Jerusalem, 
where  she  died,  in  400.  Anionir  her 
writings  w.as  a  poetical  translation  of  part 
of  the  Old  Testament. 


80 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGKAPIIY. 


[;^TT 


ATIIEATOX,  HrsipiiREY,  a  major- 
pciunil  who  came  to  this  country  ia 
lO-JL),  aud  was  imicli  employed  in  nego- 
tiations witli  the  Indians.     1).  16G1. 

ATllOL,  John  Muukav,  duke  of,  a 
governor-general  of  the  Isle  of  Man.  D. 
1S30. 

ATKINSON,  Theodore,  chief  justice 
of  New  Ilanipslure,  and  a  delesate  to  the 
congress  at  Albany  in  1754.  V.  1779.— 
Tuoii.\s,  a  niiscellaneous  writer  of  some 
note,  was  b.  at  Glasgow,  1801.  Among 
other  works,  he  published  (in  two  senses, 
for  he  was  a  bookseller  as  well  as  an 
author)  the  Chameleon  and  the  Ant,  a 
weekly  periodical,  and  was  an  extensive 
contributor  to  many  of  the  local  publica- 
lions.     D.  1833. 

ATKYNS,  Sir  Robert,  a  distinguished 
lawyer  and  patriot,  who  aided  in  the  de- 
fence of  Lord  William  Kussel,  and  con- 
ducted that  of  Sir  W.  Williams,  speaker 
of  the  House  of  Commons,  when  pros- 
ecuted for  signing  the  orders  to  print 
Daugertiekl's   naiTative   of   the   popish 

Elot.  lie  also  distinguished  himself  by 
is  opposition  to  the  arbitrary  measures 
of  James  IT.,  and  at  the  revolution  was 
made  chief  baron  of  the  exchequer.  He 
subsequently  was  made  speaker.  B. 
1621 ;  d.  1700.— Sir  Robert,  son  of  the 
preceding,  was  the  author  of  the  "  An- 
cient and  Present  State  of  Gloucester." 
B.  lOiG;  d.  1711. — Richard,  of  the  same 
familv,  wrote  the  "Origin  and  Growth 
of  rrinting."     D.  1677. 

ATLEE,  Samuel  Jon.v,  a  colonel  in 
the  old  French  war,  who  also  acquired 
distinction  at  the  battle  of  Long  Island. 
In  17S0  he  was  elected  to  Congress.  D. 
1786. 

ATRATUS,  IIl-go,  an  English  cardi- 
nal, known  as  Hugh  the  Black ;  a  skilful 
niatlicmatician  and  natural  philosopher; 
author  of '■  Canones  Medicinales,"  &c. 

ATTAIGNANT,  Gauriel  Charles  de 
l\  a  Freiich  ecclesiastic  and  poet ;  author 
of  "  Pieces  Derobecs  k  un  Ami,"  &c. 
B.  161)7  ;  d.  1779. 

ATTERBURY,  Fr.vxcis,  a  celebrated 
English  prelate,  was  born  in  1662,  and 
received  his  education  at  Westminster, 
where  he  was  elected  a  student  ot 
Christ-church  college,  Oxford.  He  dis- 
tinguished himself  at  the  university  as 
a  clnssical  scholar,  and  gave  proofs  of 
an  elegant  la.ste  for  poetry.  In  1687  he 
took  his  degree  of  M.A.,  and  for  the 
first  time  appeared  as  a  controversialist 
in  a  defence  of  the  character  of  Luther, 
entitled  "Considerations  on  the  Sfiirit 
of  Martin  Luther,"  &c.  lie  was  also 
thought  to  have  assisted  his  pupil,  the 


Hon.  Mr.  Bovle,  in  his  famous  contro- 
versy  with  fiontlcy  on  tlie  Epistles  of 
Phalarius.  Having  taken  orders  in 
1691,  he  settled  in  London,  where  he 
became  chaplain  to  William  and  Mary, 
preacher  of  Bridewell,  and  lecturer  ot 
St.  Bride's,  and  soon  distinguished  him- 
self by  the  spirit  and  elegance  of  his 
pulpit  compositions,  but  not  without 
nicurring  opposition,  on  the  score  of 
their  tendency  and  doctrine,  from 
Iloadly  and  others.  Controversy,  how- 
ever, was  altogether  congenial  to  the 
disposition  of  Atterbury,  who,  in  1706, 
commenced  one  with  Doctor  Wake, 
which  lasted  4  years,    on   the  rights, 

frivileges,  aud  powers  of  convocatiions. 
'or  this  service,  he  received  the  thanlis 
of  the  lower  house  of  convocation,  and 
the  degree  of  doctor  of  divinity  from 
Oxford.  Soon  after  the  access'ion  of 
Queen  Anne,  he  was  made  dean  of  Car- 
lisle, and,  besides  his  dispute  with 
Iloadly  on  the  subject  of  passive  obe- 
dience, he  aided  in  the  defence  of  the 
famous  Sacheverell,  aud  wrote  a  "  Rep- 
resentation of  the  present  State  of  Re- 
ligion," which  was  deemed  too  violent 
to  be  presented  to  the  queen,  although 
privately  circulated.  In  1712  he  was 
nuide  dean  of  Christ-church,  and,  in 
1713,  bishop  of  Rochester  and  dean  of 
"Westminster.  The  death  of  the  queen, 
in  1714,  put  an  end  to  his  hopes  of  fur- 
ther advancement;  for  the  new  king 
treated  him  with  great  coolness,  doubt- 
less aware  of  either  the  report  or  the 
fact  of  his  ofl'cr,  on  the  death  of  Anne,  to 
proclaini  the  Pretender  in  full  canon- 
icals, if  allowed  a  sufficient  guard.  At- 
tcrburv  not  only  refused  to  sign  the 
loyal  cleclaratiou  of  the  bishops' in  the 
rebellion  of  1715,  but  suspended  a  cler- 
gyman for  lending  his  church,  for  the 
iiL-rformance  of  divine  service,  to  tlie 
)utch  troops  brought  over  to  act  against 
the  rebels.  Not  content  with  a  con- 
stitutional opposition,  he  entered  into 
a  correspondence  with  the  Pretender's 
party,  was  apprehended  in  August, 
1722,  and  committed  to  the  Tower; 
and,  in  the  March  following,  a  bill  was 
brought  into  the  house  of  commons  for 
the  infliction  of  pains  and  penalties. 
This  measure  met  with  considerable  op- 
position in  the  house  of  lords,  and  was 
resisted  with  great  lirmness  and  elo- 
quence by  the  bishop,  who  maintained 
his  innocence  with  his  usual  acuteness 
and  dexterity.  His  guilt,  however,  has 
been  tolerably  well  proved  by  docu- 
ments since  published.  He  was  de- 
prived of  his  dignities,  and  outlawed, 


AUB^ 


CVCLOI'.EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPIIV. 


81 


an  i  went  to  Paris,  -where  he  chiefly  oc- 
cupied himself  in  Btiidy,  and  in  corre- 
spondence with  men  o?  letters.  But. 
e\on  here,  in  1725,  he  was  actively  cn- 
piii^ed  in  lbinentin<;  discontent  in  the 
Highlands  ol'  Scotland.  D.  1731.  As  a 
composer  of  sermons,  he  still  retains 
a  great  portion  of  his  original  reputa- 
tion. His  letters,  also,  arc  extremely 
easy  and  elegant ;  but,  as  a  critic  and  a 
controversialist,  he  is  deemed  rather 
dexterous  and  popular,  than  accurate 
and  profound. — Lewis,  an  elder  brother 
of  the  above,  author  of  some  "  Ser- 
mons," "Tracts  against  Popery,"  &c. 
B.  165(5;  d.  1731. 

ATTICUS,  son  of  Julius  Atticua,  and 
a  descendant  from  the  family  of  Mil- 
tiadcR,  acquired  so  much  reputation  as 
a  teacher  of  eloquence  at  Athens,  that 
he  was  invited  by  Titus  Antoninus  to 
superintend  the  education  of  his  adopted 
sons,  Marcus  Aurclius  and  Lucius  Vc- 
rus.  He  subsequently  became  consul, 
prelect  of  the  free  cities  of  Asia,  &c. 
Ho  employed  his  great  wealth  in  public 
works ;  but  at  the  close  of  his  life  he 
retired  to  Marathon,  his  native  place, 
where  he  d.,  a.  d.  1S5. — Titus  Poiiro- 
Nius,  a  Roman  knight,  whose  vast 
wealth  enabled  him  to  aid  men  of  all 
parties,  while  his  prudence  prevented 
Iiiin  from  siding  witli  any  ot  them  in 
their  public  measures.  He  thus  escaped 
injury  amid  the  contentions  of  Cinna 
and  Marius,  Casar  and  Pompey,  and  in 
the  horrible  times  of  the  Triumvirate. 
Of  the  ability  and  influence  of  Attieus, 
wc  may  form  some  opinion  from  the 
correspondence  between  him  and  Cicero. 
He  is  said  to  have  written  "  Annals" 
of  great  value ;  but  it  is  for  his  pru- 
dence, his  -wealth,  and,  above  all,  his 
friendship  with  Cicero,  that  he  is  now 
remembered.     D.  33  b.  c. 

ATTHIET,  John-  Francis,  a  French 
Jesuit  and  painter.  Being  appointed 
missionary  to  Pekin,  he  acquired  hv 
means  of  his  pictures,  great  lavor  with 
the  Emperor  Kien  Long,  of  whose  gar- 
dens he  wrote  a  very  amusing  account. 
B.  1702;  d.  17GS. 

AT  WOOD,  George,  an  eminent 
mathematician,  author  of  a  "Disser- 
tation on  the  Construction  and  Prop- 
erties of  Arches,"  and  many  other 
valuable  works  on  mechanical  and 
mathematical  science.  B.  1745  ;  d.  1807. 
— Thomas,  an  eminent  musician  and 
composer,  who  commenced  his  musical 
education  under  Dr.  Nares.  In  1783  he 
sot  out  for  Naples,  and  after  studying 
fur  a  time  with  Filippo  Cinque  and'La- 


tilla,  he  proceeded  to  Vienna,  where  he 
reaped  great  advantages  from  the  cele- 
brated ISIozart.  In  170G  he  was  ap- 
pointed organist  of  St.  Paul's  cathednJ, 
and  composer  to  the  chapel  royal ;  he 
also  held  the  situation  of  organist  at  the 
chapel  of  the  Pavilion,  Brighton.  His 
compositions  consist  of  several  dramatic 
pieces,  numerous  services  and  anthems, 
songs,  glees,  sonatas,  and  other  pieces 
for  the  pianoforte.     B.  17G7  ;  d.  1888. 

AUBAIS,  Charles  t>e  Baschi,  Mar- 
quis of,  an  ingenious  Frenchman,  who 
published  a  work  on  "Historical  Gc- 
ographv,"  and  furnished  materials  for 
Menard's  "Pieces  fugitives  pour  1'  His- 
toire  de  France."    D.  1777. 

AUBAT,  Abbe,  cemeur  royal  in  1784 ; 
a  sarcastic  French  fabulist,  whom  Vol- 
taire pronounces  first  after  La  Fontaine. 

AUBIGNE,  Theodore  AoRirrA  d',  a 
French  Calvinist  of  good  family,  re- 
markable for  his  attachment  to  Henry 
IV.,  and  for  the  honestv  with  which  he 
spoke  the  truth  to  that  king  even  when 
it  was  least  agreeable.  He  spent  the 
latter  jiart  of  his  life  in  retirement  at 
Geneva.  D.  1630. — Constant  d',  son  of 
the  above,  and  father  of  the  notorious 
Madame  de  Maintenon.  His  moral 
character  was  very  inferior  to  that  of 
his  father;  but  as  an  author,  his  "L'ni- 
versal  History,"  and  his  satires,  poems, 
memoirs,  &c.,  do  him  considerable 
credit. 

AUBLET,  John  Baptist  Christopher 
Fuvee,  an  able  French  botanists  author 
of  "Ilistoires  des  Plantes  de  la  Guienne 
Fran(^oise."  It  was  in  honor  of  him 
that  Linnffius  gave  the  name  of  Verbena 
Aublctia  to  a^  species  of  vervain.  B. 
1720:  d.  1778. 

AUBEEY,  John,  an  eminent  English 
topographer  and  antiquary.  He  loft  a 
vast  number  of  MSS.,  evincing  great  re- 
search, of  which  Wood  has  availed  him- 
self in  his  Oxford  biographies;  but  ho 
only  published  one  work,  entitled  "  Mis- 
cellanies," a  collection  of  popular  super- 
stitions. Many  of  his  MsS.  are  in  the 
Ashmolean  Museum  at  Oxford.  B.  1G26 ; 
d.  1700. 

AUBRIET,  Claude,  a  French  painter 
of  natural  historv  subjects.     D.  1740. 

AUBKIOT,  Hugh,  a  French  merchant, 
mayor  of  Paris,  and  superintendent  of 
finance  to  Charles  V,  He  was  im- 
prisoned for  heresy,  but  the  populace, 
who  had  risen  against  the  taxes  termed 
Maillotins,  released  him,  and  he  escaped 
to  Burgundy.  It  was  from  him  that  the 
Frencli  reformers  had  the  name  of  Hiu 
gtienots. 


82 


CYCLOP.tDIA  OF  UIOGRAPHY. 


[aud 


A.UBEY      DE     MONTDIDIER,     a 

Frouoh  knight  of  the  time  of  Charles 
v.,  who,  iicoordiug  to  tradition,  was 
baeely  murdered,  in  1371,  by  his  com- 
panion iu  arms,  Eiciiard  de  Macaire. 
The  murder  was  discovered  by  means 
of  a  dog  of  the  deceased,  who  showed 
the  most  liostile  disposition  to  the  mur- 
derer. The  king  compelled  Macaire  to 
Sght  with  his  accuser,  tlie  dog,  in  order 
kO  decide  the  case ;  and  the  murderer 
was  conquered.  From  this  story  the 
drama  of  "  The  Dog  of  Montargis"  has 
been  taken. — John  B.vptist,  a  French 
prior  who  was  deprived  of  his  situation 
ftt  the  revolution,  author  of  "  Questions 
Philosophiques  sur  la  Eeligiou  Natu- 
relle,"  cVrc.  B.  1735;  d.  ISOO". — Mlle.,  a 
figurante  of  the  French  opera,  who,  in 
1793,  publicly  personated  the  "  God- 
dess of  Eeason"  at  Paris. — A  Parisian 
librarian,  and  profound  mathematician, 
author  of  a  work  addressed  to  the  legis- 
lative body  in  17'jy,  "  On  Weights  and 
Measures  ;^'  and  another,  "  On  the 
Decimal  System."  B.  1746.  —  Joux 
Fkancis,  a  French  physician  of  the  18th 
century,  author  ot  "Les  Oracles  de 
Cos,"  a  review  of  the  practice  of  Hip- 
pocrates, and  other  ancient  physicians. 
—  DcBoxcHET  N.,  a  deputy  of  the 
Tiers  Etats  iu  17S9  ;  and  author  of  sev- 
eral works  on  political  economy.  —  F., 
one  of  the  French  committee  of  public 
safety  in  1794.  who  aimed  at  counter- 
revolution. He  deprived  Bonaparte, 
after  the  siege  of  Toulon,  of  military 
employments,  and  reduced  him  to  great 
distress;  the  latter  revenged  himself 
afterwards,  by  preventing  Ids  re-entry 
into  France  after  his  deportation  to 
Cayenne,  on  the  return  of  some  of  his 
fellow-victims.  —  De  Gouges,  Makie- 
Olymi'ie,  a  female  republican,  celebrated 
for  her  beauty  and  talents.  She  founded 
the  popular  temale  societies  called  Tri- 
coteuscs,  and  was  a  perfect  enthusiast 
in  her  political  opinions.  At  length  she 
was  put  to  death  by  Eobespierre's  party, 
in  consequence  of  her  having  denounced 
them  in  a  panipldet  called  the  "  Trois 
Urues."  She  <lied  with  heroic  spirit. 
She  is  the  author  of  the  '•  Memoires  do 
Madame  de  Valmont :"'  of  "  L'  Esclavage 
des  Xegres,"  a  melcMlrame;  "Le  Mar- 
riage de  Cherubim,"  a  comedy;  and 
"Moliere  choz  Ninon,"  an  episodical 
piece,  <fcc.     B.  17.55. 

AUBL'SSON,  Peter  d',  surnamed  the 
Buckler  of  the  Cliurch,  after  having 
Hcrved  with  great  distinction  under  the 
Emperor  Sigismund  against  the  Turks, 
entered  the  Order  of  St.  John  of  Jeru- 


salem, became  grand-master,  and,  in 
1480,  compelled  Mahomet  II.  to  raise 
the  siege  of  Khodes.     D.  1503. 

AUCIIJMUTY,  Sir  Samuel,  a  distin- 
guished English  general.  He  served 
with  great  zeal  ancT  ability  in  North  and 
South  America,  and  when  commanding 
in  India,  reduced  to  the  dominion  of 
Great  Britain  the  rich  settlements  of 
Java  aud  Batavia.  On  his  return  to 
Europe,  he  was  appointed  to  the  com- 
mand of  Ireland,  where  he  d.  iu  IS'22. 

AUCKLAND,  "William  Eden,  Lord, 
an  able  negotiator,  who  was  the  third 
son  of  Sir  Eobert  Eden,  Bart.,  of  West 
Auckland,  Durham.  He  was  appointed 
under-secretary  of  state  in  1772;  went 
to  Ireland  in  17S0  with  Lord  Carlisle,  as 
chief  secretary ;  in  178S  was  ambassa- 
dor to  Spain  ;  and  in  the  year  following 
was  ambassador  to  Holland.  He  wrote 
"The  Principles  of  Penal  Laws,"  "The 
History  of  New  Holland,"  and  numerous 
other  valuable  works.   B.  1744;  d.  1814. 

AUDE,  Joseph,  knight  of  Malta,  sec- 
retary to  the  Neapolitan  philosophical 
minister,  Carraccioli,  and  subsequently 
to  the  French  Pliny,  Buftbn,  whose  life 
he  published  in  1788.  He  is  the  author 
of  several  dramas;  "  Le  Heline  An- 
gloise,"  "Le  Ectour  de  Camille,"  "  Le 
Nouveau  Eicco,"  and  some  melodramos ; 
"  The  Exiles  of  Siberia,"  &c.     B.  1755. 

AUDEBEET,  Germ-ux,  a  French 
lawyer  of  the  16th  century,  author  of 
"Eoma,"  "Venetia,"  and  other  Latin 
poems.  D.  1598 — Jonx  Baptist,  a  cele- 
brated French  engraver  of  naturid  his- 
tory. The  spirit  of  his  engravings  of 
moukeys,  snakes,  birds,  &c.,  is  inim- 
itable.    B.  1759  ;  d.  1800. 

AUDIFEEDI,  Joiix  Baptist,  a  famous 
Italian  astronomer,  author  of  "Demon- 
strazione  della  Stazione  della  Cometa, 
17G9,"  &c.     B.  1714. 

AUDIFFEEDY,  Theeese,  born  in 
Guinea  in  1757.  When  returning  thither, 
at  18,  from  Bordeaux,  she  was  exposed, 
tlirough  the  effect  of  her  youthful  beauty, 
to  the  rejected  love  of  the  captain  of  the 
vessel,  but  was  relieved  from  his  offered 
violence  by  Sonnini  and  the  Chevalier 
Audiffredy,  the  latter  of  whom  she 
married ;  and  becoming  on»;  of  the 
richest  proprietors  in  Cayenne,  she 
saved  Piehegru,  and  the  numerous  de- 
ported victims  of  the  18th  Fructidor, 
from  being  starved  to  death. 

AUDINOT.  founder  of  tlie  Theatre 
Audinot,  and  the  inventor  of  melo- 
drames.  He  was  a  favorite  actor  in,  as 
well  as  author  of,  many  of  the  latter. 
B.  1750;  d.  1801. 


aud| 


CrCLOP.KDIA    OK    BIOCiUAPlIV. 


8J 


AUDLEY,  Thomas,  chancellor  of  En- 
gland, durinjj  the  reign  of  Henry  \'III., 
was  b.  in  14SS,  of  a  noble  family  in  the 
county  of  Essex,  and  in  addition  to  con- 
siderable abilities  and  erudition,  was 
possessed  of  an  ample  fortune.  How- 
ever, notwithstanding  all  these  advan- 
tages, he  was,  during  the  wliole  period 
of  his  public  life,  one  of  the  most  vile 
and  fawning  hirelings  of  the  king.  He 
was  appointed  to  succeed  Sir  Thomas 
More,  as  chancellor,  having  long  acted 
as  ft  mere  instrument  as  speaker  of  the 
parliament,  so  justly  denominated  tlie 
"Black  rarliament,"  —  and  although 
Queen  Ann  Boleyn  had  been  in  many 
instances  his  patroness,  yet  he  sat  in 
judgment  upon  her,  and  also  on  his  pre- 
decessor Sir  Thomas  More,  and  Bisliop 
Fisher.  In  the  att'airs  of  Ann  of  Cleves 
and  Catharine  Howard,  he  was  likewise 
made  an  active  tool,  and  in  short,  re- 
fused no  undertaking,  however  incon- 
sistent and  miserable,  imposed  upon  him 
by  the  wayward  and  haughty  Henry. 
As  a  reward  for  these  base  services,  the 
title  of  Lord  Audley  of  Walden  was 
conferred  upon  him  ;  he  also  received 
the  order  of  the  Garter.  He  d.  in  1544, 
having  been  a  liberal  patron  to  Magdalen 
college,  Oxford. 

AUDOUIN,  Jean  Victor,  one  of  the 
most  diligent  zoologists  of  his  day.  He 
was  professor  of  the  Museum  of  Natural 
History  at  Paris,  and  lectured  as  well  as 
wrote  extensively  on  entomology.  B. 
1797  ;  d.  1841. 

AUDKAN,  the  name  of  a  family  of 
French  artists,  of  whom  the  following 
are  the  most  eminent — Charles,  the 
elder,  whose  works  are  numerous  and 
excellent.  B.  1594;  d.  1679. — Claude, 
a  nephew  of  the  preceding,  was  b.  at 
Lyons,  in  1639,  and  studied  under  his 
imcle.  He  was  employed  by  Le  Brun 
in  painting  part  of  tlie  pictures  of  Alex- 
ander's battles  at  Versailles,  and  became 
professor  of  painting  in  the  Eoyal  Aca- 
demy of  Paris,  where  he  d.  in  1684. — 
Gekakd,  the  brother  of  the  last-men- 
tioned, and  the  most  celebrated  of  the 
family,  was  b.  at  Lyons,  in  1640 ;  studied 
nnder  Le  Brun  at  Paris ;  and  engraved 
that  artist's  pictures  in  a  masterly  style. 
D.  1703. — Claude,  a  nephew  of  Girard, 
was  b.  at  Lyons,  in  1685.  He  was  cele- 
brated for  ornamental  designs  ;  appoint- 
ed king's  painter.  D.  1734. — Joiix,  bro- 
ther of  Claude,  was  b.  in  1007  ;  studied 
engraving  under  his  uncle,  and  d.  at 
Pans,  in"l750. 

AUDEIEN,  Yvi-3  M.,  a  French  ec- 
clesiastic, who  joined   Robespierre,  de- 


clared for  the  revolution,  and  proposed 
his  "  Plan  d'  Education,"  to  withdraw 
the  education  of  youth  from  the  priest- 
hood. In  1800,  while  proceeding  to  his 
bishopric,  he  was  dragged  out  of  his 
carriiige  by  the  Chouans,  and  assassin- 
ated. 

AUDUBON,  JoHx  James,  an  eminent 
American  ornithologist,  whose  fame  be- 
longs to  the  world,  while  it  is  the  pecu- 
liar pride  of  America,  was  the  son  of  an 
admiral  in  the  French  navy,  living  on  a 
plantation  in  Louisiana,  who  took  him 
to  France,  where  he  received  a  varied 
and  accomplished  education.  At  the 
age  of  17  he  returned  from  France — then 
in  the  midst  of  its  revolution — to  the 
woods  of  the  new  world,  with  fresh 
ardor,  and  began  a  collection  of  draw- 
ings, under  the  title  of  the  "  Birds  of 
America."  This  collection  multiplied 
upon  his  hands,  and  after  many  years 
ot  devoted  toil,  he  was  persuaded  to 
undertake  the  publication  of  his  great 
work,  and  with  the  view  of  obtaining 
subscribers  he  visited  Europe  in  1824. 
Everywhere  was  he  well  received.  On 
the  Continent,  Ilerschel,  Cuvier,  and 
Humboldt,  whom  he  had  encountered  in 
America,  gave  liim  a  liearty  reception. 
In  Edinburgh  he  was  warmly  received 
by  Brewster,  Jeffrey,  "Wilson,  and  Sir 
"\V alter  Scott.  Professor  "Wilson  gives  ;» 
graphic  description  of  Audubon  in  an 
article  in  "Blackwood's  Magazine,"  and 
he  was  everywhere  hailed  as  the  Amer- 
ican backwoodsman,  who  shared  the 
highest  elevations  of  science  with  Euro- 
pean celebrities.  He  published,  after 
his  second  return  to  America,  a  work  on 
the  Animals  similar  to  his  work  on  Birds. 
He  pursued  the  objects  of  his  pursuit 
into  their  native  haunts,  sometimes 
spending  years  away  from  his  family, 
and  painted  them  from  nature.  The 
life-like  fidelity  and  beauty  of  his  delin- 
eations placed  him  in  the  tirst  rank  as  an 
artist,  whilst  his  minute  accuracy  in 
describing  their  habits  proves  him  to 
have  been  the  closest  observer.  He  was 
as  stanch  as  a  man  as  he  was  renowned 
as  a  naturalist.  The  chUdlikc  simy)licity 
of  his  manners,  and  cheorfulucss  of 
temper,  were  worthy  of  all  imitation, 
and  made  him  beloved  by  all  who  knew 
him.  At  the  age  of  GO  years,  when  ho 
was  first  personally  known  to  the  writer 
of  this  sketch,  he  had  all  the  sprightli- 
ness  and  vigor  of  a  young  man.  In 
person  he  was  tall,  and  remarkably  well 
made.  His  aspect  sweet  and  animated. 
His  whole  lieail  was  remarkablv  strikintr. 
The  forehead  high,  arched,  ancl  undoud- 


84 


CVCLOP.i:DIA    OF    BIOGRAPIIV. 


[auq 


ing ;  the  hairs  of  the  brow  prominent, 
particularly  at  the  root  of  the  nose, 
which  was  long  and  aquiline ;  chiu 
prominent,  and  mouth  characterized  by 
energy  and  determination.  The  eyes 
were"  dark  gray,  set  deeply  in  the  head, 
and  as  restless  as  the  glance  of  the 
easle.     D.  1831. 

AUEKBACII,  IIenrt,  the  builder  of 
the  court  and  ceUar  at  Leipsic,  men- 
tioned in  Goethe's  Faust.  His  real  name 
was  StrC-mer,  but  according  to  the  fashion 
of  the  time,  he  took  the  name  of  the  place 
where  he  was  born.  The  building  was 
erected  in  1530,  and  tradition  says  that 
five  years  afterwards  Doctor  Faust  was 
seen  riding  out  of  it  in  a  barrel  of  wine. 

AUGEKEAU,  Fieere  F.  Ch.\rles, 
duke  of  Castiglione,  marshal  of  France, 
was  the  son  of  a  fruit  merchant,  served 
as  a  carbinier  in  the  French  army,  went 
from  thence  into  the  Ncajiolitan  service, 
established  himself  at  Naples,  in  1787, 
as  a  fencing  master,  and  was  banished 
thence,  in  1792,  with  the  rest  of  his 
countrymen,  lie  served,  afterwards,  as 
a  volunteer  in  the  army  ot  Italy,  in  which 
his  talents  and  courage  soon  gained  him 
promotion.  lie  disfinLTuislied  himself 
in  1794-,  as  general  of  briLjadc  in  the  army 
of  the  Pyrenees,  and  in  1790,  as  general 
of  division  in  the  army  of  Italy,  lie 
took  the  pass  of  Millcsimo  ;  made  him- 
self master  of  the  intrenched  camp  of 
the  I'iedmontese  at  Ceva,  afterwards 
of  that  at  Casale ;  threw  himself  on  the 
bridge  of  Lodi,  and  carried  it  with  the 
enemy's  intrenchments.  June  16th,  he 
passed  the  Po,  and  made  prisoners  the 
papal  troops,  together  with  the  cardinal 
legate  and  the  general's  staff.  Aug.  1st, 
he  came  to  the  assistance  of  Massena; 
maintained,  during  a  whole  day,  a  most 
obstinate  struggle  against  a  superior 
number  of  troops,  and  took  the  village 
of  Castiglione,  from  which  he  derived 
his  ducal  title.  In  the  battle  of  Areole, 
when  the  French  columns  wavered,  he 
seized  a  standard,  rushed  upon  the  ene- 
my, and  gained  the  victory.  The  direc- 
tory bestowed  this  standard  on  him, 
Jiin.  27tii,  1707.  He  was  the  instrument 
of  the  violent  proceedings  of  the  18th  of 
Frnctidor,  anrl  was  saluted,  by  the  deci- 
mated legislative  body,  as  the  saviour  of 
ins  country.  In  1799  he  was  chosen  a 
member  of' the  eounfil  of  five  hundred, 
and,  therefore,  resigned  his  comn;and. 
lie  then  obt.ained  fr.jm  the  consul,  Bona- 
parte, the  command  of  the  army  in  Hol- 
land. He  led  tlie  French  and  IJataviau 
army  on  the  Lower  Khine  to  the  support 
of  itoreau,  p.issed  tlio  river  at  Frank- 


fort, and  fought  with  the  imperial  gen- 
eral, with  various  success,  until  the  battle 
of  Ilohenliuden  ended  the  campaign. 
In  October,  1801,  being  superseded  by 
Gencnd  Victor,  he  remained  without 
employment  till  1803,  when  he  was  ap- 
pointed to  lead  the  army,  collected  at 
Bayoune,  against  Portugal.  When  this 
enterprii^e  failed,  he  went  back  to  Paris, 
and.  May  19th,  1804,  was  named  marshal 
of  the  empire,  and  grand  officer  of  the 
legion  of  honor.  At  the  end  of  1805,  he 
was  at  the  head  of  a  corps  of  the  great 
army  in  Germany,  formed  of  troops  col- 
lected under  his  command  at  Brest.  He 
contributed  to  the  successes  which  gave 
birth  to  the  peace  of  Presburg,  and  in 
March,  1806,  had  possession  of  Wetzler 
and  the  country  around,  until,  in  the 
autumn  of  this  year,  a  new  war  called 
him  to  Prussia.  'The  wounds  which  he 
received  in  the  battle  of  Eylau  compelled 
him  to  return  to  France.  He  was  after- 
wards made  a  peer  by  Louis  XVIII. ; 
quarrelled  with  Jvapolcon,  who  proclaim- 
ed him  a  traitor  in  1815.    D.  1816. 

AUGER,  Atuanasius,  a  learned  abbe, 
and  professor  of  rhetoric  at  the  college 
of  St.  Rouen.  He  published  several 
political  works  (among  others  "  Cate- 
cliisme  du  Citoyen  Frangois,"  &;c.)  in 
favor  of  the  revolution.  His  learned 
publications  arc  numerous  :  "  Constitu- 
tion des  Romains ;"  "  De  la  Tragedie 
Greeque ;"  the  complete  works  of  Iso- 
crates,  Lysias,  Xenophon,  &c.  B.  1734 ; 
d.  1792. 

AUGURELLO,  Giovanxi  Aurelio,  an 
Italian  poet  and  professor  of  the  Bellea 
Lettrcs  ;  author  of  "  Chrysopaeia,"  and 
other  poems,  Latin  and  Italian.  B.  1440 ; 
d.  1524. 

AUGUSTIN,  St.,  bishop  of  Hippo, 
and  one  of  the  fathers  of  the  Christian 
clnirch,  was  b.  at  Ta^aste,  in  Africa, 
A.  V.  854.  He  was  in  Ins  youth  attached 
to  the  Manichean  doctrines,  and  of  very 
loose  morals  ;  but  his  conversion  from 
his  errors  was  complete  and  permanent ; 
and  he  wrote  with  great  zeal,  and  very 
voluminously,  against  all  the  sects  which 
the  church  held  to  be  heretical.  D,  430, 
— Saint  Anthony,  a  Spanish  prelate  of 
the  16th  century;  author  of  some  trea- 
tises on  law  and  on  medals.  D.  1586.— 
One  called  the  Apostle  of  the  English, 
flourished  at  the  close  of  the  Gth  century 
He  was  sent,  with  40  monks,  by  Gregory, 
to  introduce  Christianity  into  the  Saxon 
kingdoms.  He  was  kindly  received  by 
Ethclbert,  king  of  Kent,  whom  he  soon 
converted:  and  such  was  his  success 
with  his  suV)jects,  that  he  is  said  to  have 


aub] 


CVCLOP.EDIA    OK    lilOGRAPIIV. 


85 


baptized  10,000  in  one  day.  This  suc- 
cess may  be  attributed  to  liis  reputation 
of  miraculous  power  in  tlie  resturatiou 
of  siglit  and  life,  more  probably  than 
any  otlier  cause,  lie  has  the  merit  of 
allowing  no  coercive  measures  to  be 
used  in  the  propagation  of  the  gospel. 
Elated  by  the  rapid  progress  he  liad 
made,  Augustin  became  ambitious  of 
possessing  tlie  supreme  authority  over 
the  English  churches  as  archbishop  of 
Canterbury,  and  received  the  archici)is- 
eopal  pall  from  the  pope,  with  instruc- 
tions to  establish  12  sees  in  his  province. 
The  British  bishops  in  Wales,  successors 
of  the  British  converts  of  tlie  2d  century, 
liad  never  submitted  to  the  jurisdiction 
of  the  church  of  Home,  and  Augustin 
endeavored  to  persuade  them  to  unite 
with  the  new  English  church.  They 
asserted  their  indepeudence,  and  1200 
Welsh  monks  were  soon  after  put  to  the 
sword,  as  thought,  at  his  instigation. 
D.  G04. 

AUGUSTULUS,  KoiruLrs,  the  last 
emperor  of  the  West,  was  raised  to  the 
throne  by  his  father,  the  patrician 
Orestes,  who  deposed  Julius  Jsepos,  in 
476  ;  but  his  reign  was  little  more  than 
nominal,  and  of  very  short  duration ; 
being  soon  after  conquered  and  de- 
throned by  Odoacer,  king  of  the  ileruli, 
Avho  spared  his  life,  and  allowed  him  a 
pension. 

AUGUSTUS,  Caius  Julius  C^sar  Oc- 
TAviAJSus,  a  Komau  emperor,  was  the  son 
of  Caius  Octa\-ius  and  Accia,  niece  of 
Julius  Cajsar,  who,  on  the  death  of  his 
father,  which  happened  when  he  was 
only  four  years  old,  adopted  him  as  his 
son.  When  Caesar  was  assassinated, 
Octavius  (for  by  that  name  he  was  called 
before  his  accession  to  the  throne)  was 
in  Epirus,  whence  he  immediately  re- 
turned to  secure  his  inheritance,  and 
entered  into  an  alliance  witli  Antony 
and  Lepidus,  though  he  at  first  was  in- 
imical to  the  former.  The  triumvirate 
thus  formed  shed  the  best  blood  of 
Koine  ;  and  Octavius  was  fully  as  guilty 
as  either  of  his  associates.  At  length 
Lepidus  wa.s  deposed,  Antony  hurried 
to  ruin  and  death,  and  Octavius,  then  SO 
years  of  aoje,  became  emperor,  with  the 
title  of  Augustus.  As  emperor,  his 
course  was  wise  and  beneficent ;  litera- 
ture and  the  arts  fiourished  under  his 
auspices  ;  good  laws  were  enacted  ;  and 
he  was  in  many  respects  deserving  of 
the  lavish  praise  heaped  upon  him  by 
the  writers  of  that  time.  B.  63  b.  c.  ;  d. 
A.  D.  14.  ^ 

AULISIO,  Dominic,  a  Neapolitan  pro- 


fessor  of  civil  law,  but  more  celebrated 
as  a  linguist,  and  for  his  great  proflciec- 
ey  in  general  science  and  tlie  belie.s 
lettres.  He  was  author  of  "  Commen- 
taries on  Civil  Law,"  a  "  History  of  the 
Kise  and  Pro2rress  of  Medicine,"  &c. 
B.  1639;  d.  1717. 

AULNAGE,  F.  H.  S.  de,  a  Spanish 
writer.  B.  in  1739  ;  author  of  a  work  on 
ancient  pantomime,  and  of  "  Ilistoire 
Gcnerale  des  Religions,"  &c. 

AULUS  GELLIUS,  a  grammarian  in 
the  reigns  of  Trajan  and  Marcus  Aure- 
lius ;  chiefly  remembered  for  his  "  Noctea 
Atticffi." 

AUNGERVILLE,  Richard,  or  Rich- 
ard DE  BuKY,  was  the  tutor  of  Edward 
IIL,  by  whom  he  was  made  bishop  of 
London,  lord  high  chancellor,  lord  high 
treasurer,  &c.  lie  was  a  munificent 
patron  of  learning,  and  the  author  of  a 
learned  work,  entitled  "  Philobiblion." 
B.  1281 ;  d.  1345. 

AUNOY,  countess  of,  a  lively  French 
authoress  of  the  l-7th  century.     J).  1705. 

AURELIAN,  Lrcirs  Doiimus,  a  Ro- 
man emperor,  was  the  son  of  a  peasant, 
and  b.  in  Pannonia,  about  the  year  220. 
Having  throughout  an  active  life  greatly 
distinguished  himself  as  a  skilful,  val- 
iant, and  successful  general,  he  was 
chosen  emperor  on  the  death  of  Claudius 
II.  in  270.  He  drove  the  barbarians 
from  Italy,  conquered  Tetricus,  who  had 
assumed  the  purple  in  Gaul,  and  van- 
quished the  celebrated  Zenobia,  of  Pal- 
myra, and  carried  her  a  prisoner  to 
Rome  ;  but  while  on  his  march  towards 
Persia,  in  275,  he  was  assassinated  by 
his  mutinous  troops.  . 

AURELIO,  Lovis,  an  Italian  monk  of 
the  17th  century ;  author  of  an  account 
of  the  Bohemian  rebellion.  He  also 
abridged  the  Universal  History  of  Tur- 
sellinus,  and  other  works.     D.  1637. 

AURIA,  YiNCEXTio,  author  of  a  his- 
tory of  eminent  Sicilians.  B.  1625;  d. 
1710. 

AURIGNI,  Giles,  a  French  lawyer 
and  poet  of  the  16th  century;  author 
of  a  poem,  entitled  "  Tuteur  d' Amour," 
and  some  other  works  of  no  great  value. 

AURUNGZEBE,  the  great  Mogul,  or 
emperor  of  Hindostan,  was  the  third 
son  of  Shah  Jclian.  His  early  life  was 
marked  by  gravity  and  seeming  devo- 
tion, but  these  were  merely  the  disguise 
of  an  ambitious  and  crafty  spirit.  He 
deposed  his  father,  put  to  death  two  of 
his  brothers,  and  tiie  son  of  the  elder 
of  them,  and  assumed  the  sovereign  au- 
thority. Ill,  however,  as  he  obtained 
his   power,   he   used  it  with   skill  and 


86 


CYCLOr.EDlA    OF    BIOOnAPlIY. 


[avi 


courage.  He  subdued  Golconda,  the 
Carnatic,  Visapour,  and  Eeiiijal,  and 
routed  the  pirates  who  had  iiilc.stcd  the 
mouth  of  the  Ganses.  His  achieve- 
ments obtained  him  the  respect  of  Eu- 
ropean as  well  as  Asiatic  powers.  But 
the  close  of  his  life  was  embittered  by 
the  rebellious  conduct  of  his  sons,  who 
aimed  at  deposing  him,  as  he  had  de- 
posed his  father.  After  the  death  of 
Auruncrzebe,  the  might  and  splendor  of 
the  Mosul  empire  rapidly  decUned.  13. 
1618;  d.  1707. 

AUSEGIUS,  a  French  abbot  of  the 
9th  century,  who  made  a  collection  of 
the  capitularies  of  Charlemagne  and  his 
son  Louis,  which  has  been  several  times 
reprinted.     D.  834. 

AUSOXIUS,  Decu-s  Magnus,  a  Eo- 
man  poet  of  the  4th  century ;  son  of 
Julius  Ausonius,  a  physician  of  Bor- 
deau.x.  He  early  gave  proof  of  genius, 
and  was  appointed  tutor  to  Gratian,  son 
of  the  emperor  Valentinian ;  and  when 
his  pupil  came  to  the  throne,  he  made 
him  pnetorian  prefect  of  Gaul,  and  sub- 
sequently raised  him  to  the  consulship. 
His  poems  are  various  both  as  to  sub- 
ject and  merit :  but  though  they  contain 
much  that  is  beautiful,  they  arc  but  too 
frequently  deformed  by  licentiousness. 

AUSTEN,  Jane,  tlie  celebrated  au- 
thoress of  "Pride  and  Prejudice," 
"Sense  and  Sensibility,"  and  other 
prose  fictions,  was  the  daughter  of  a  cler- 
gyman in  Hampshire.    B.  1775;  d.l817. 

AUSTREA,  D.  Juan,  a  Spanish  ad- 
miral. B.  in  ir)45:  remembered  as  the 
conqueror  of  the  Turks  at  Lepanto. 

AUVP^RGNE,  Anthont,  a  French 
musician  and  composer  of  the  18th  cen- 
tury, who  composed  the  first  comic  opera 
ever  performea  in  France.     D.  17'J7. 

A\  ALOS,  Ferdinand,  marr^uis  of 
Pescara.  a  brave  Neapolitan  soldier,  and 
the  autnor  of  a  "  Dialogue  on  Love," 
which  he  wrote  while  a  prisoner  of  war, 
and  dedicated  to  his  wife,  the  beautiful 
Vittoria  Colonna.  B.  1489  ;  d.  1525. — 
Alphonso,  marquis  del  Vasto,  nephew 
of  the  preceding,  was  b.  at  Naples,  in 
1502,  and  obtained  the  command  of  the 
imperial  army  at  his  uncle's  death,  I'or 
the  brilliant  valor  he  displayed  at  the 
Biege  of  Pavia.     D.  1546. 

AVAUX,  Claude  de  Mesne,  count  of, 
a  celebrated  French  diplomatist,  and  an 
accomplished  scholar.     1).  1050. 

AVELLANEDA,  Alpiionsis Fernan- 
dez DE,  a  Spanish  writer,  who.  to  the 
great  annoyance  of  Cervantes,  wrote  a 
continuation  of  the  first  part  of  Don 
Quixote. 


AVELLONE,  F.,  an  Italian  dramatic 
writer,  whose  pieces  are  numerous,  and 
many  of  them  successful ;  "  Lanterne 
Magique,"  "  Jitles  Willenvel,"  <fec.  B. 
1756. 

AVENTINE,  John,  a  native  of  Bava- 
ria; author  of  the  "Annals  of  Bavaria," 
and  of  a  curious  work,  entitled  "  Nu- 
merandi  per  Digitos,"  &c.  B.  1466  ;  d. 
1534. 

AVENZOAE,  or  EBN  ZOAE,  an 
Arabian  physician  of  the  12th  century. 
B.  at  Seville  ;  author  of  a  medical  com- 
pendium, entitled  "  Al  Theiser." 

AVERANI,  Benedict,  a  Florentine, 
was  a  learned  and  voluminous  prose  wri- 
ter and  poet.  B.  1645;  d.  1707. — Joseph, 
brother  of  the  above ;  author  of  various 
scientific  treatises,  and  of  a  defence  of 
Galileo. 

AVEEDY,  Clement  Charles  de  l', 
comptroller-general  of  France  in  the 
18th  century;  author  of  "Code  Penal," 
and  other  useful  works.  He  was  guil- 
lotined in  1794,  on  a  charge  of  having 
caused  the  scarcity  of  wheat  which  then 
afflicted  France. 

AVERROES,  or  AVEN  EOSCH,  an 
Ar.abian  philosopher  and  physician  of 
the  12th  century.  His  talents  caused 
him  to  be  made  chief  ruler  of  Morocco, 
by  the  caliph,  Jacob  Almanzor,  but  be- 
ing accused  of  heresy  by  the  Mahometan 
priests,  he  was  imprisoned  and  other- 
wise persecuted.  Asfain,  however,  he 
acquired  both  the  royal  favor  and  the 
popular  confidence,  and  d.  at  Morocco, 
in  1198,  in  possession  of  the  hiorhest 
honors  below  the  soverei<rnty.  He  was 
autlior  of  a  paraphrase  of  Plato's  Eepub- 
lie,  and  several  other  works. 

AVIGNY,  a  national  French  poet.  B. 
at  Martinique,  in  1760 ;  author  of 
"  Jeanne  d'Arc,"  "  Le  Depart  de  la  Pc- 
rouse;"  and  some  successful  dramas, 
"Les  Lcttres,"  "  Les  Deux  Jockeys," 
"  Doria,"  &c.  His  best  prose  produc- 
tion is  on  the  progress  of  the  British 
power  in  India,  inserted  in  Michard's 
"Ilistoire  de  Mysore." 

AVILA,  John  d',  a  Spanish  priest, 
who  for  the  space  of  40  years  journeyed 
through  the  Andalusian  mountains  and 
forests,  enforcint,'  by  his  precepts  and 
example,  the  doctrine  of  the  gospel ;  on 
which  account  he  acquired  the  appella- 
tion of  the  Apostle  of  Andalusia.  D. 
1569. 

AVILA  Y  ZUNIGA,  Louis  d',  a  dis- 
tini^uished  diplomatist,  warrior,  and  his- 
torian,   under    Charles   V.      He    wrote 
"Commentaries"   on    the  wars   of  his 
,  sovereign,  who  so  much  admired  them. 


AZU] 


CYCLOr-EDIA    OF    BIOCIKAPIIY. 


87 


tbat  ho  deemed  himself  more  fortunate 
than  Alexander,  in  having  such  an  his- 
torian. 

AVIKON,  James  le  Batiielier,  a 
French  lawyer  of  the  16th  century ; 
author  of  "Commenlaries  on  the  Pro- 
vincial Laws  of  Moruiandy." 

AVISON,  Charles,  a  composer  and 
musician ;  author  of  "  Essays  on  Musi- 
cal Expression,"  &c.     D.  1770. 

AVITUS,  Marcus  MiEcu-ius,  raised  to 
the  empire  of  the  West,  on  the  death 
of  Maximus,  in  455,  but  deposed  after  a 
reio:ii  of  only  14  months. 

AVOGADKO,  Lucia,  an  Italian  poet- 
ess, whose  early  talents  won  the  praise 
of  Tasso.     D.  1568. 

AYALA,  Petkr  Lopez  d',  a  learned, 
brave,  and  elocj^uent  Spanish  statesman, 
was  b.  in  Murcia,  in  1302.  After  serv- 
ing under  four  Castilian  monarclis,  both 
in  the  council  and  the  field,  he  distin- 
guishing himself  also  as  a  man  of  erudi- 
tiou.     i).  1407. 

A  YESIIA,  daughter  of  Abubeker,  and 
favorite  wife  of  Mahomet.  On  the  death 
of  her  husband  she  resorted  to  arms  to 
oppose  tlie  succession  of  Ali ;  but  though 
conquered  by  him,  she  was  dismissed 
in  safety,  and  d.  in  retirement,  at  I*Iecca, 
in  677.  The  Mussulmans  venerate  her 
memory,  and  designate  her  the  proph- 
etess. 

AYLMER,  Jonv,  bishop  of  London 
in  the  reii^n  of  Ciuecn  Elizabeth.  lie 
Was  a  ready,  but  not  very  rigidly  prin- 
cipled writer;  and  was  more  disposed 
to  intolerance  than  is  consistent  with 
the  character  of  a  true  Christian.  B. 
1521 ;  d.  1594. — The  true  name  of  Jack 
Cade. 

AYLOFFE,  Sir  Joseph,  an  able  anti- 
quary of  the  18th  century.  lie  was 
keeper  of  the  state  papers,  and  author 
of  "The  Universal  Librarian,"  besides 
numerous  other  works.  B.  1708 ;  d.  1781. 

AYMON,  John,  a  Piedmontese  priest 
of  the  17lli  ceutury.  He  abjured  Pa- 
pacy for  the  doctrines  of  Calvin,  but  re- 
turned to  his  original  faith,  and  had  a 
pension  from  the"  Cardinal  de  Noailles. 
Availing  himself  of  his  intimacy  with 
the  librarian  of  the  royal  colleelion  at 
Paris,  he  stole  some  MSiS.,  one  of  which, 
an  account  of  the  synod  of  Jerusalem  in 
1672,  lie  published  in  Holland.  He  wrote 
a  ''Picture  of  the  Court  of  Eome,"  and 
some  other  works. 

AYRAULT,  Pierre,  a  French  lawyer 
of  the  16th  century  ;  author  of  a  treatise 
"De  Patris  Jure',"  occasioned  by  the 
leduction  of  his  son  by  the  Jesuits',  and 
ether  works.    B.  1526';  d.  1601. 


AYKTON,  Edmund,  a  jomposer  of 
cathedral  music,  and  one  of  the  directors 
of  the  Connnemoration  of  Ilaudel.  B. 
1734;  d.  1808. 

AYSCOUGH,  George  Edward,  son 
of  the  dean  of  Bristol,  by  a  sister  of  the 
first  Lord  Lytt.leton.  lie  was  the  a\ithor 
of  a  volume  of  "Travels  on  the  Conti- 
nent," "  lude.\  to  Shakspcare,"  and  the 
"Tragedy  of  Scmiramis."  1).  1779. — 
Samuel,  an  industrious  literary  charac- 
ter of  the  last  century.  He  contributed 
largely  to  the  British  Critic  and  other 
periodicals ;  and  compiled  a  variety  of 
laborious  indexes,  of  which  his  index  to 
Shakspcare  is  the  principal.  He  was 
curate  of  St.  Giles's,  and  lecturer  at 
Shorediteh.     B.  1743  ;  d.  1804, 

AY'SCUE,  Sir  George,  a  distinguished 
admiral  in  the  time  of  Cromwell,  and 
one  of  the  coadjutors  of  Blake  in  his 
famous  action  with  the  Dutch  admiral, 
Van  Tromp.  At  the  restoration  he  was 
made  rear-admiral  of  the  blue ;  and  be- 
ing captured  in  Albemarle's  action  off 
Dunkirk,  remained  many  years  a  pris- 
oner. 

AYTON,  Sir  Robert,  a  native  of  Fife- 
shire,  in  Scotland,  a  poet  of  considerable 
merit.  He  wrote  in  Greek,  Latin,  and 
French,  as  well  as  English.  B.  1570; 
d.  1G38. 

AZAIS,  P.  IL,  author  of  a  "  Systeme 
Universel,"  and  the  ediior  of  several  lite- 
rary and  political  works,  "  Le  Mercure," 
"  Aristarque,"  &c.     B.  1706. 

AZARA,  Don  Joseph  Nicholas  d',  a 
Spanish  grandee,  born  in  Aragon,  1721 ; 
ambassador,  first  to  Rome,  and  next  to 
France;  a  good  writer  in  Spanish,  Italian, 
autl  French;  a  ripe  antiquarian,  and  a 
great  patron  of  the  fine  arts.  His  "  Suite 
de  Pierrcs  Gravees,"  published  in  Spain, 
is  much  esteemed,  lie  translated  into 
Spanish  "Middleton's  Life  of  Cicero," 
"  Bowles''s  Natural  History  of  Spain," 
"Seneca,"  and  "Bodoni"s  Horace,  D. 
1S04. — Felix  d',  a  Spanish  naturalist 
and  traveller  of  the  18tli  century ;  author 
of  a  "  Natural  History  of  Paraguay,"  and 
otlier  valuable  works.    B.  174G. 

AZNAR,  count  of  Gaseouy,  distin- 
guished for  quelling  an  insurrection  of 
the  Navarrese  Gascons  in  824;  but  being 
discontented  with  Pepin,  king  of  Aqui- 
taine,  for  whom  he  put  down  the  insur- 
gents, he  subsequentiv,  in  831,  seized  on 
a  part  of  Navarre,  and  became  the  foun- 
der of  the  kingdom  of  that  name.  D. 
836. 

AZUXI,  Do.MiNic  Albert,  a  Sardinian, 
author  of  "  Svsteinc  Univereel  du  Droit 
Maritime  de  I'Europe,"  «fec.,  a  work  of 


88 


CYCLOP.EDIA    01'    BIOCillAPHV. 


[bai 


the  hi£^liest  merit,  ■written  in  the  purest 
Frenefi.  Made  president  of  the  Genoese 
board  of  trade  by  Napoleon ;  he  fell  with 
his  patron,  and  retired  to  private  life. 
B.  1760 ;  d.  1827. 


AZZO,  Fortius,  an  ItfJian  jurist  of 
the  lyth  century;  author  of  "'A  Sum- 
mary of  the  Codes  or  Institutes."  He  is 
said  to  have  been  exeeuted  for  killing  a 
man  in  a  personal  conflict. 


B. 


BAADER.  Francis,  one  of  the  most 
eminent  thinkers  of  Gcnnany,  who  wrote 
on  politics,  theology,  and  the  philosophi- 
cal sciences.  He  produced  no  formal 
system,  in  any  department  of  thought, 
but  is  commonly  classed  with  the  mys- 
tics. He  was  aiipointed  professor  in  the 
university  of  M\mich  when  the  king  of 
Bavaria  wished  to  oppose  the  pantheistic 
tendencies  of  Schelling.  Hegel,  and  other 
German  authorities.  His  chief  writings 
were  th.e  "  Absolute  Extravagance  of 
the  Practical  Reason  of  Kant,"  1797 ;  a 
"  Memoir  upon  Elementary  Pliysiology," 
1797  ;  a  "  Memoir  on  Physical  Dynam- 
ics," 1809;  "Demonstration  of  Morals 
by  Physics,"  1813;  '"Principles  of  a 
Theory  destined  to  give  Form  and  Foun- 
dation to  Human  Life,"  1820 ;  "  Lectures 
upon  Religious  Philosophy  in  opposition 
to  the  Irreligion  of  both  Ancient  and 
Modern  Times,"  1727;  "Christian  Idea 
of  Immortalitv,  as  opposed  to  Unchris- 
tian Doctrines","  183G. 

B.\AHDIN,  Mahoitet  Gebet  Amali, 
a  Persian  author,  who  wrote  a  "Sum- 
mav'  of  the  Canon  and  Civil  Law,"  by 
the  order  of  Abbas  the  Great. 

B.\AX,  .John  De,  a  portrait  painter, 
born  at  Harlaem,  in  163-3.  His  celebrity 
got  him  emplovment  under  Charles  ll. 
of  Entrland,  w^iose  whole  family  were 
painted  bv  him.  He  was  subsequently 
patronized  by  the  duke  of  Tuscany.  D. 
1702. — .James,  a  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  of  the  same  profession,  but  not  so 
distinguished.     D.  1700. 

BAARSDAP,  Cornelius,  a  physician 
under  Cliarles  V.,  who  wrote  the  "Me- 
thodiLs  Universal  Artie  Medical."  D. 
15(5.-5. 

BAART  Pkter,  a  Flemish  author, 
who  wrote  chieflv  in  Latin.  His  works 
were,  the  "  Flemish  Georgics,"  and  "  Le 
Triton  de  Frise."  He  flourished  during 
the  18th  ccnturv. 

BAB.V,  a  Turkish  fanatic,  who  about 
the  year  1260  proulaimed  himself  a  mes- 
eenger  of  God ;  and  collecting  a  con- 
Biderable  body  of  adherents,  laid  waste 


to  Aretolia.  He  was  finally  routed,  and 
his  sect  destroved. 

BABBINGTON,  Anthony,  a  Catholic 
of  Derbyshire,  who  conspired  with  seve- 
ral other  gentlemen  to  assassinate  Queen 
Elizabeth  of  England,  and  rescue  Maiy, 
queen  of  Scots.  He  joined  in  the  un- 
dertakimr,  it  is  said,  in  hope  that  the 
latter  lacly  would  in  gratitude  become 
his  vfife..  The  plot  was  discovered,  and 
he  was  executed  in  1.5S6.  A  touching 
account  of  the  affair  is  to  be  found  in 
Leigh  Hunfs  "  London  Journal." — Ger- 
VASE,  an  English  bishop,  who  was  a  great 
benefactor  to  the  cathedral  library  at 
Worcester,  and  wrote  notes  on  the  Pen- 
tateuch. D.  1610. — "William,  a  noted 
physician  and  lecturer  at  Guy  hospital, 
who  wrote  a  new  "  System  of  Mineral- 
offv,"  and  other  scientific  works.  B. 
17.57;  d.  1833. 

BABEK,  a  Persian  fanatic,  wh"  gath- 
ered a  multitude  of  followers,  as  the 
apostle  of  a  new  religion  ;  and  for  more 
than  twenty  years  baffled  all  the  efforts 
made  to  suppress  his  influence.  When 
he  was  finally  conciuered  by  the  caliph, 
who  succeeded  Ahnamar,  he  was  pub- 
licly executed.  He  began  his  career 
about  837,  and  was  called  "  The  Im- 
pious." 

BABEAUF,  Francis  Noel,  a  French 
reformer  and  enthusiast,  who  was  born 
at  St.  Quentiii.  He  was  of  humble  ex- 
traction, and  for  a  time  served  in  a  menial 
capacity.  But  be  parted  with  his  em- 
ployer, and  became  an  attorney.  Im- 
prisoned at  AiTas  for  some  trivial  offence, 
he  escaped  to  Paris,  where,  strongly 
sympathizing  with  the  democrats  of  the 
revolution,  he  issued  a  paper  called  the 
Tribune,  which  had  great  acceptance 
among  the  people.  His  doctrines  were 
those  of  the  communistic  revolutionists, 
and  he  vindicated  a  system  of  equal 
ricrhts  and  common  property.  "When 
Robespierre  died,  ho  was  considered  by 
his  associate.i  the  next  best  man  to  gov- 
ern France ;  but  he  was  betrayed  by 
some  of  hi3  friends,  and  guiUotined  in 


BAO] 


CYCLOIVEUIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


89 


1797.  His  trial  produced  a  prodigrious 
sensation,  and  was  published  in  tliree 
Yoluines. 

BABIX,  Francis,  a  French  divine  of 
Anirers,  who  edited  the  "  Conferences" 
of  that  diocese.     D.  1734. 

BABOUlv,  the  founder  of  the  great 
Mogul  dynasty,  a  descendant  of  Timour, 
or  Tamerlane,  as  he  is  called;  who  un- 
dertook the  conquest  of  Samarcand,  and 
was  deprived  ot  his  dominions  by  the 
Usbecks.  lie  recovered  his  fortunes, 
however,  and  overthrew  Ibrahim,  the 
last  Hindoo  emperor,  whose  throne  he 
usurped.  After  an  active  reign  he  died 
in  1530.  He  was  an  accomplished  but 
voluptuous  prince,  and  wrote  a  history 
of  liis  own  life. 

BABRIAS,  a  Greek  poet,  quoted  by 
Suidas. 

BABYLAS,  a  bishop  of  Antioch,  put 
to  death  during  the  persecution  of  De- 
cius,  2ol. 

BACAI,  iBRAinir,  a  Mahometan  au- 
thor.    D.  835  ofthe  Hegira. 

BACCAINI,  Benedict,  professor  of 
ecclesiastical  liistory  at  Modena.  B. 
1657;  d.l721. 

BACCULARY  SAUNA,  Vin-cent,  a 
commander  and  statesman  under  Charles 
II.  and  Philip  V.  of  Spain,  and  who  also 
wrote  the  memoirs  of  rhilip  V.    D.  172G. 

BACCIIYLIDES,  a  Greek  lyric  poet, 
cotemporary  with  I'indar,  and  wliora 
Horace  is  said  to  have  imitated.  He 
flourished  about  450  b.  c. 

BACCIO,  Andrew,  an  Italian  phy- 
sician and  author  of  the  16th  century.— 
Della  Porta,  more  generally  known 
as  Fra  Bartolomeo,  was  a  celebrated 
painter,  born  at  Sarignano,  in  Tuscany, 
1469.  His  teacher  was  Cosimo  Eoselli, 
of  Florence,  under  whom,  by  the  study 
of  the  works  of  Leonarda,  he  acquired 
great  grandeur  of  style,  and  vigor  of 
coloring  and  outline.  The  famous 
fresco  in  the  hospital  of  Santa  Maria 
Nuova,  representing  the  last  judgment, 
Avas  begun  by  him  and  finished  by 
AlbcrtincUi.  He  enlisted  in  the  cause 
of  Savonarola,  and  was  imprisoned  in 
the  monaster'  of  San  JIarco,  which  was 
besieged;  wlien  he  made  a  vow,  that 
if  he  escaped  he  would  become  a  monk. 
In  consequence  of  this,  he  assumed  the 
Dominican  habit  in  1500,  and  went  under 
the  name  of  Brother  Bartolomeo.  For 
four  years  he  did  not  paint  at  all,  and 
afterwards  only  sacred  subjects.  Raphael 
visited  him  in  1504,  and  some  years  af- 
terwards he  himself  met  Mieliae'l  Angelo 
and  Raphael  at  Rome,  where  he  acknowl- 
edged their  merits.     His  style  of  paint- 


ing was  severe  and  elevated,  but  at  the 
same  time  graceful ;  in  the  use  of  color 
resembling  Titian  or  Giorgone. 

BACELXAR,  Antuony  Barbosa,  a 
Portuguese  poet,  historian,  and  civilian, 
who  wrote  a  celebrated  aefence  of  the 
house  of  Braganza. 

BACH,  John  Seb.^stian,  a  musical 
author  wlio  occupies  the  highest  rank 
among  the  composers  of  Germany.  Ho 
was  b.  at  Eisenach  in  1085,  and  studied 
at  Luneburg,  where  he  made  himself 
familiar  with  the  French  style  of  music, 
by  frequenting  the  chapel  of  the  duke 
of  Halle.  In  1707  he  was  appointed 
organist  at  Muhlhauscn,  the  next  year 
at  Weimar,  in  1717  chapel-master  at 
Cothen  ;  in  1723  chanter  and  director  of 
music  at  Leipsic,  and  in  1736  composer 
at  the  electoral  court  of  Sa.xony.  As  a 
performer  on  the  harpsichord  and  organ 
he  w'as  without  a  rival  in  his  time,  while 
his  compositions  are  marked  by  great 
originality,  strength,  and  fervor.  D. 
1750. — Chakles  Philip  Emanuel,  the 
second  son  of  the  above,  known  as  Bach 
of  Berlin,  was  chapel-master  to  the 
Princess  Amelia  of  Prussia,  and  after- 
wards director  of  music  at  Hamburgh. 
He  was  b.  in  1714,  and  as  a  composer 
attained  a  celebrity  as  wide  as  that  of  his 
father.  Haydn  seems  to  have  regard- 
ed him  as  a  master. — John  Christian, 
another  son  of  Sebastian,  by  a  second 
wife,  known  as  Bach  of  Milan,  was  a 
scholar  of  Emanuel,  under  whom  he  be- 
came a  fine  performer  on  keyed  instru- 
ments. He  afterwards  went  to  Italy, 
where  his  success  as  a  composer  of  vocal 
music  got  him  the  place  of  organist  of 
the  Duomo  of  Milan.  In  1763  he  was 
engaged  by  Matteuceo  to  compose  for 
the  opera  in  London,  where  he  produced 
"  Orione,"  -which  was  extremely  ap- 
plauded for  the  richness  of  its  harmo- 
nics, the  ingenious  texture  of  its  parts, 
and  its  new  and  skilful  use  of  wind 
instruments.  In  connection  with  Abel, 
he  opened  weekly  subscription  concerts, 
which  were  kept  up  for  more  than  20 
years-  with  uninterrupted  prosperity. 
He  was  the  first  composer  who  observed 
the  law  of  contrast  as  a  principle  of  har- 
mony. His  symphonies  are  regarded 
generally  as  more  original  than  his  songs 
or  pieces  for  the  harpsichord.  P.  1782. 
— John  Ciirlstopiier,  another  of  the 
Baehs,  was  the  greatest  contrapuntist 
and  most  expert  organist  in  Germany, 
where  he  was  court  and  town  oriranist 
at  Kisenach.  He  was  also  an  uncommon 
master  of  full  harmony,  as  is  prove.l  by 
Ills  *'  Es  erhab  sich  eiu  Streit,"  a  piece 


90 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHr. 


of  church  music,  havino;  20  obligato 
parts,  yet  perfectly  pure  in  its  harmo- 
nie*. 

BACH AUMONT,  Francis  le  Coigeau 
DE,  was  a  counsellor  of  the  parliament 
of  Paris,  of  which  his  father  was  presi- 
dent. In  the  disturbance  of  1648  he 
took  part  airainst  the  court,  and  a  mot 
of  his  at  that  time  originated  the  name 
of  the  Fronde.  He  saitl  that  the  narlia- 
ment  reminded  him  of  the  school-boys 
wlio  plavcd  with  slings  on  the  boule- 
vards,—they  dispersed  at  the  sight  of  a 
police  officer,  and  collected  again  as  soon 
as  he  was  gone.  The  comparison  struck 
the  cencral  mind,  and  the  enemies  of 
Mazarin,  adopting  a  hat-band  in  the 
form  of  a  shng  "(fronde)  were  called 
Frondeurs.  During  the  war  of  the 
Fronde,  ami  afterwards,  he  was  dis- 
tinguished as  a  poet  and  author.  His 
book  called  "  A  Jouruevto  Montpelier" 
is  lively  and  spirited.  iB.  1624 ;  d.  1702. 
— Louis  PETrr,  the  writer  of  a  voluiuin- 
ous  "Secret  Jilemoirs  towards  a  History 
of  the  French  Kepublic  of  Letters."  D. 
1771. 

BACHE,  KicHAED,  a  postmaster-gen- 
eral of  the  United  States  from  1776  to 
1782.  He  was  the  son-in-law  of  Dr. 
Franklin.  D.  1811.— Benjamin  Feank- 
LiN,  the  editor  of  a  print  called  the 
"  Aurora,"  which  vehemently  opposed 
the  administrations  of  Washington  and 
Adams.     D.  1799. 

BACHELIEE,  Nicholas,  a  French 
sculptor,  pupil  of  Michael  Angelo.  Sev- 
eral of  his  productions  are  in  the  cathe- 
dral of  Toulouse,  his  native  city.  D. 
1554._J()nN  James,  a  French  painter. 
B.  in  1724;  was  director  of  the  royal 
porcelain  manufactory  of  Sevres,  and 
the  discoverer  of  an  encaustic  composi- 
tion for  the  preservation  of  marble  sta- 
tues. He  devoted  a  fortune  of  60,000 
francs  to  the  establishment  of  a  school 
for  gratuitously  teaching  the  art  of  draw- 
ing.    D.  1805. 

BACHER,  George  Frederic,  a  Ger- 
man physician  of  the  18th  century; 
author  of  "  Treatises  on  Dropsy,"  a  dis- 
ease which  he  was  very  skilful  in 
treating. — A  son  of  the  preceding,  and 
of  the  same  profession,  was  the  author 
of  a  work  on  law,  and  a  contributor  to 
the  "Journal  de  Mt'decine."     D.  1807. 

BACHOVIUS.  Reimek,  a  German 
civilian  of  the  16th  century;  author  of 
a  catechism  in  vindication  of  Calvinism. 
— Reinieu,  son  of  the  above;  professor 
of  civil  law  at  Heidelberg  ;  author  of  a 
treatise  "  De  Actionibus,"  &c. 
BACHMEISTEK,  H.  L.  C,  a  misccl- 


[bao 


laneous  writer.  B.  at  Hernhorn,  in  tho 
principality  of  Nassau-Dillenbourg,  in 
17;jO;  author  of  "  An  Abridgment  of 
the  Geography  of  the  Russian  Empire  ;" 
"A  Collection  of  Memoirs  relatm.^  to 
Peter  I. ;"  "The  Russi.an  Library,"  11 
vols.,  etc.    D.  1806. 

BACICI,  John  Baptkt  Gatji.i,  an 
Italian  painter,  chiefly  of  scriptural  sub- 
jects and  portraits.    "B.  1639  ;  d.  1700. 

BACKER,  James,  a  Dutch  historical 
painter  of  great  ability.  B.  1530 ;  d. 
1560. — Jacob,  a  portrait  and  historical 
painter.  B.  at  Harlingen,  1609  ;  d.  1651. 
BACKHOUSE,  William,  an  English 
astronomer  aiid  alchemist;  author  of 
"The  Complaint  of  Nature,"  "The 
Golden  Fleece,"  &c.    D.  1G62. 

BACKHUYSEN,  Ludolf,  a  painter 
of  the  Dutch  school,  distinguished  main- 
ly for  his  sea-pieces.  He  was  b.  in  1631 
at  Embden,  and  was  originally  destined 
for  mercantile  pursuits.  But  instead  of 
poring  over  ledgers  he  made  pen  sketches 
of  vessels  and'  shipping  scenes,  which, 
attracting  attention,  he  was  induced  to 
devote  his  life  to  art.  He  took  regular 
instructions,  and  soon  acquired  extra- 
ordinary facility.  It  was  his  custom, 
when  storms  approached,  to  embark  on 
the  boats,  to  observe  the  commotion  of 
the  waters,  the  gathering  of  the  clouds, 
and  the  breaking  of  the  swell  upon  tho 
shore.  He  carried  his  enthusiasm  to 
such  a  pitch  that  the  terrified  sailors 
were  often  forced  to  carry  him  to  land  in 
the  face  of  his  most  earnest  entreaties  to 
remain.  Full  of  what  he  had  seen,  he 
put  upon  canvas,  while  the  impression 
was  fresh,  and  with  admirable  fidelity, 
the  varying  features  of  those  scenes. 
This  courageous  zeal  procured  his  pic- 
tures an  eminent  rank  in  their  class. 
Truth  was  their  prevailing  characteristic, 
though  his  coloring  was  excellent,  and 
his  touch  free  and  effective.  He  also 
attempted  poetry,  but  not  with  the  same 
success.     D.  1709. 

BACKLER,  d'Ai-be,  Baron  Aubert 
Louis,  a  French  geographer  and  en- 
gineer, who  was  the  author  of  tho 
"  Chart  of  the  Theatre  of  War  in  Na- 
poleon's first  Italian  Campaigns."  B. 
1761 ;   d.  1824. 

BACKUS,  AzEL,  D.D.,  the  first  pres- 
ident of  Hamilton  college,  and  author 
of  several  published  sermons.  B.  1767 ; 
(I.  1824. — Isaac,  a  distinguished  Baptist 
preacher  of  Norwich,  Ct.  He  wrote  a 
liistory  of  that  sect,  in  3  vols.,  which 
was  greatly  indebted  to  his  exertions 
for  its  prosperitv.  B.  1724  ;  d.  1806. 
B.^CON,  Anne,  wife  of  Sir  Nicholas, 


bag] 


CYCLUP.EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


91 


romarkablo  for  her  learniiis;',  translated 
the  sonnon.s  of  Ochinus  t'roin  the  Ita'ian, 
and  "Bishop  Jewel's  Apolo^'v  lor  the 
Church  of  l;,np;laiid,"  from  the  Lntin. 
B.  152S;  d.  1(500. — Anthony,  an  elder 
brotlier  of  the  eluincellor,  a  skilful  poli- 
tician and  learned  man,  was  the  friend 
of  the  earl  of  Essex,  and  a  favorite  of 
Henry  IV.  of  France.  lie  j^assed  his 
time  in  the  pursuit  of  knowled<rc. — 
John,  an  eminent  sculptor  who  invented 
a  method  of  makhii,'  statues  in  artilieial 
stone.  His  chief  works  were  a  bust  of 
George  III.,  a  fiirure  of  Mars,  Lord 
Chatham's  monuments  in  Guildhall  and 
Westminster,  and  those  of  Guy,  the 
founder  of  the  hospital,  and  of  Dr. 
Joluison  and  Howard  in  St.  PauFs.  B. 
1740  ;  d.  1799. — Jons',  an  English  monk, 
called  the  Kesolute  Doctor,  who  wrote  a 
"  Compendium  of  the  Law  of  Christ." 
D.  1346. — Francis,  viscount  of  St.  Al- 
bans, one  of  the  most  extraordinary 
men  that  any  age  can  boast, — a  scholar, 
a  wit,  a  lawyer,  a  judge,  a  statesman,  a 
politician  and  philosopher,  whose  wri- 
tings will  endure  as  long  as  the  lan- 
guages in  which  they  are  written  can 
be  read.  He  was  born  at  London,  Jan. 
22,  1561,  and  from  his  earliest  childhood 
evinced  the  greatest  aptitude  for  learn- 
ing, and  a  remarkable  capacity  of 
thought.  He  entered  Cambridge  in  his 
13tli  year,  and  was  speedily  distin- 
guished for  his  progress  ui  the  sciences. 
Before  he  was  16  he  wrote  a  thesis 
against  the  Aristotelian  philosophy 
tiien  in  vogue.  His  precocity  led 
Queen  Elizabeth,  when  he  first  made 
her  acqtiaintance,  to  call  him  her 
"young  lord  keeper."  At  the  close  of 
Ids  collegiate  studies,  he  went,  as  it 
was  then  the  custom  with  young  men, 
to  the  Continent  for  the  purposes  of 
travel.  Ho  was  in  the  s\iite  of  Sir 
Annas  Paulet,  who  sent  him  back  to 
England  on  an  important  errand,  which 
he  managed  so  discreetly  that  he  at- 
tracted the  regard  of  the  queen,  and 
was  at  once  established  in  court  favor. 
Returning  to  France,  he  completed  his 
travels,  and  then,  though  but  19  years 
of  age,  wrote  an  essay  on  the  state  of 
Europe,  which  gave  astonishing  evi- 
dence of  extensive  observation  and  ma- 
ture .iudgment.  The  death  of  his  father 
recalled  him  to  England,  wliei'c  lie  en- 
gsiged  in  the  study  of  jurisprudence, 
and  before  he  was  2S  was  made  counsel 
extraordinary  to  the  q>ieen.  His  con- 
nection witli  Burleigh,  the  lord  tre-.isurer, 
and  Sir  Robert  Cecil,  first  secretary  of 
state,  would  liave  led  to  his  instant  ad- 


vancement, but  for  the  feud  of  the  latter 
with  Essex.  In  1593  he  was  returned  a 
member  of  parliament  for  Middlesex, 
where  he  at  hrst  conducted  himself  with 
great  dignity  and  discretion,  voting  with 
the  popular  party  against  the  measures 
of  the  ministers,  but  towards  the  end 
of  Elizabeth's  reign,  his  poverty  be- 
trayed him  into  acts  of  servility  mi- 
worthy  of  his  character.  Under  James 
I.,  a  prince  ambitious  of  the  title  of  a 
patron  of  letters,  he  was  knighted  in 
1703.  Connnissioned  to  make  a  report 
on  the  oppressions  committed  by  the 
roval  purveyors  in  the  king's  name,  ho 
executed  the  task  with  so  much  satis- 
faction both  to  the  king  and  parliament, 
that  the  commons  voted  him  their 
thanks,  and  James  made  him  king's 
counsel,  with  a  pension  of  £100.  He 
soon  after  contracted  an  advantageous 
marriage,  was  created  lord  keeper  of  the 
seals  in  1617,  and  lord  high  chancellor 
and  baron  of  Verulam  in  1019,  and,  in 
1620,  viscount  of  St.  Albans.  But  his 
rapid  preferment  was  only  the  precursor 
to  a  still  more  rapid  fall.  He  was  ac- 
cused before  the  house  of  lords  of  hav- 
ing received  money  for  grants  of  otfice 
and  privileges  under  the  seal  of  state. 
He  was  unable  to  justify  himself",  and 
finally  confessed  the  bulk  of  the  charge*, 
throwing  himself  on  the  mercy  of  the 
peers.  He  was  sentenced  to  pay  a  fine 
of  £40,000,  to  be  imprisoned  in  the 
Tower,  and  to  be  declared  incapable  of 
holding  office,  or  to  appear  within  the 
verge  of  the  court.  Basil  ^lontague,  in 
his  admirable  life  of  Bacon,  ingeniously 
attempts  to  excuse  his  crimes,  but  his 
arguments  are  scattered  like  chaff  in 
Mr.  ^lacaulay's  essay  on  Bacon,  to  bo 
found  in  his  Miscellanies.  The  sen- 
tence was  not  rigorously  executed;  ho 
was  soon  released  from  the  Tower,  and 
the  rest  of  his  penalty  remitted.  Yet 
ho  survived  his  disgrace  only  a  few 
years,  and  died  in  1726.  During  his 
active  political  life,  and  in  his  fall,  he 
had  still  been  devoted  to  philosophy. 
His  universal  genius  had  made  him 
master  of  all  the  sciences,  and  his  im- 
mortal writings,  the  "  Adv.ancemcnt  of 
Learning,"  and  the  "  Novum  Oiga- 
uum,"  laid  the  foundations  of  true 
scientific  method,  which  changed  the 
philosophy  of  the  world.  He  treated 
also,  in  the  "Sylva  Sylvanmn,"  of 
natural  history,  wrote  se\eral  works  on 
mctlicine,  and  sug-gestcd  extensive  and 
wise  reforms  of  law.  His  moral  "  Es- 
says"' are  a  treasure  of  profound  thought, 
eloquently  expressed.    Indeed,  in  nearly 


92 


CYCLOP-tDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[bac 


all  departments  of  hnman  invcsticjation. 
he  displayed  prodigious  eapaeity,  and 
was  as  eopious  and  beantitul  as  a  writer 
as  he  was  original  and  comprehensive 
as  a  thhdcer.     In  mathematies  and  as- 
frononiv  he  was,  perhaps,  behind  others 
of  his  tiay,  but  in  every  other  respect, 
he   soared  to   such  a  height,  that  his 
cotemporaries    scarcely    estimated    the 
frreatness   of  his   views    and    the    im- 
])ortance   of  his    discoveries. — Kogf.r, 
an  English  monk,  whoso  genius  would 
render  the   name  of  Bacon   illustrious 
even  if  it  had  not  belonged  to  the  great 
counsellor  whose   life   is  given   above. 
He  was  born  in  1214,  at  llchester,  in 
Somerset,  and  educated  tirst  at  Oxford 
and  then  at  Paris,  where  he  took  a  de- 
gree as  doctor  of  theology.     In  1240  he 
returned  to  Oxford,  where  he  joined  the 
order  of  Franciscans.     His  inquisitive 
spirit,  however,  directed  his  taste  rather 
to  learning  than  religion,   and  he  was 
6oon  distinguished  for  the  extent  as  well 
as  variety  of  his  attainments.    His  favor- 
ite pursuit  was  natural  philosophy;  in 
the  prosecution  of  which,  having  ex- 
hausted his  own  means,  he  relied  upon 
the  contributions  of  friends.     He  dis- 
oovered  many  valuable  facts  in  science  ; 
but  such  was' the  ignorance  and  super- 
stition of  the  day,  that  his  labors  were 
'•egarded  as  heretical  and  their  results  as 
sorcery  or  magic.      He  replied  by  de- 
nouncing the  ignorance  and  corruption 
of  the  priests,  who  could  not  compre- 
hend his  elevated  aims,  and  they,  in  re- 
venge, denounced  him  at  the  court  of 
Eome.    The  pope  silenced  his  teachings 
at  tlie  university ;  and  not  long  after  he 
was  thrown  into  prison,  where  he  was 
bhut  out  from  all  human  converse,  and 
almost  deprived  of  food.     But  the  next 
pope,  Clement  IV.,  a  more  enlightened 
man,  liberated  him  from  confinement, 
and  requested  him  to  publish  his  works, 
which  he  did  in  the  shape  of  what  is  now 
known  as  the  "  Opus  Majus."   Clement's 
successor,  Nicholas  III.,  was  not  so  favor- 
able to  him,  and  liis  writings  were  asiain 
condemned  and  his  person  imprisonetl. 
He  suffered  during  ten  years,  and  was 
only  released  by  the  intercession  of  some 
learned  Englishmen.    He  died  in  1294. 
His  opinions  were  many  of  them  those 
of  his  age,  but  he  was  in  most  respects 
greatly  in  advance  of  it.    His  views  on 
optics  were  new  and  ingenious  ;  he  had 
investigated  the  refraction  of  light,  knew 
the  property  of  lenses,  and  was  either 
the  inventor  or  improver  of  the  telescope. 
The  camera  obscura  and  the  burning 
glass  were  not  unknown  to  him,  and  he 


made  several  discoveries  in  chemistry. 
He  knew  the  secret  of  manufacturing 
gunpowder,  was  familiar  with  geography 
and  astronomy ;   wrote  Hebrew,  Latin, 
and  Greek  with  elegance;  and  has  left 
behind  admirable  precepts  in  moral  phi- 
losophy.   Altogether  he  was  perhaps  the 
most  wonderful   man  of  his   age. — Sir 
Nicholas,  keeper  of  the  great  seal  under 
Elizabeth,  was  born  1510.    He  was  cm- 
ployed  lender  Henry  YIII.,  to  whom  he 
proposed   a  plan,  which  however  was 
never  adopted,  for  the  erecting  of  a  col- 
lege to  instruct  young  statesmen  in  all 
the  branches  of  political  knowledge.   He 
was  knighted  by  Elizabeth,  and  made 
keeper  of  the  seals  in  the  room  of  Heath, 
archbishop  of  York ;  but  as  he  tavored 
the  Sutfolk  succession  he  was   treated 
with  coldness,  and  sus.pccted  of  assisting 
Hales  in  writing  a  tract  to  tavor  the  claims 
of  the  duchess  of  Suffolk  against  the 
rights   of  the   queen  of  Scotland.    He 
was,  however,  soon  after  reinstated  in 
the  queen's  good  opinion  by  the  inter- 
ference of  Sir  William  Cecil,  and  he  died 
20th  February,  1579. — Natha^jiel,  a  Vir- 
ginia generah  one  of  the  earliest  patriots 
of  the  New  World,  was  educated  at  the 
Inns  of  Court  in  England,  and  after  his 
arrival   in   this   country  was   chosen  a 
member  of  the  council.    The  murder  of 
six  Indian  chiefs  induced  the  savages 
to  take  terrible  vengeance,  inhumanly 
slaughtering  sixty  for  the  six.     Their 
incursions   caused  the   frontier  planta- 
tions to  be  abandoned.   Governor  Berke- 
ley built  a  few  forts  on  the  frontiers,  but 
this  wretched   expedient  produced  no 
beneficial  etfcct,  for  the  savages  quickly 
found  out,  as  an  old  history  has  it,  "  where 
the  mouse-traps  were  set."    The  people 
were  for  wiser  and  more  active  measures. 
They  chose  Bacon  for  their  leader,  who 
after  sendin?  to  the  governor  for  a  com- 
mission,  which  was  refused,   marched 
without  one  at  the  head  of  80  or  90  men 
and  defeated  tlie  Indians.    For  this  act 
he  was  proclaimed  a  rebel.  lie  was  taken, 
tried,  and  acquitted,  restored  to  the  coun- 
cil, and  promised  also  in  two  days  a  com- 
mission as  general  for  the  Indian  war, 
agreeably  to  the  passionate  wishes  of  the 
people.     As  the  governor  refused  to  sign 
the  promised  commission.  Bacon  soon 
appeared  at  the  head  of  500  men  and 
ol)tained  it  by  force.    The   people  had 
not  misjudged  his  capacity  to  serve  them : 
for  by  tlie  wise  and  energetic  measures 
he  adopted,  he  restored   his   scattered 
friends  to  their  plantations.     AVhilc  he 
was  thus  honorably  employed,  the  gov- 
ernor again  proclaimed  him  a  rebel.  This 


bag] 


CYCLOPEDIA    or    niOGKAPHY. 


93 


measure  induced  him  to  countermarch 
to  Williamsburtr,  wlicncc  he  issued  his 
declaration  against  the  governor,  and 
soon  drove  him  across  tlie  bay  to  Acco- 
mao.  He  also  exacted  of  the  people  an 
oath  to  support  him  against  the  forces 
eniployed  by  the  povernor.  lie  then 
p"roscc'utcd  the  Indian  war.  The  gov- 
ernor was  again  routed,  and  Jamestown 
burned.  To  prevent  an  attack  by  the 
governor  when  besieged  by  him,  he 
seized  the  wives  of  several  of  the  gov- 
ernor's adherents,  and  brought  them  into 
camp;  sending  word  to  their  husbantls, 
that  they  would  be  placed  in  front  of  his 
men.  Entirely  successful  on  the  western 
shore,  Bacon  was  about  to  cross  the  bay 
to  attack  the  governor  at  Accomac,  when 
he  was  arrested  by  death,  October  1st, 
1676.  He  appears  to  have  been  a  man 
of  noble  impulses,  great  sagacity,  and 
chivalric  valor.  Ilis  story  has  been 
wrought  into  a  novel  by  Mr.  Carutliers 
of  Virginia  ;  and  Mr.  Parke  Godwin,  we 
are  told,  has  an  unpublished  drama,  of 
which  Bacon  is  the  htro. — Piianuel, 
D.  D.,  an  Oxford  divine,  celebrated  for 
his  wit  an  t  liumor.  In  1735  he  became 
rector  of  Baldon,  Oxfordshire,  where  he 
died,  January  2,  1783.  lie  wrote,  be- 
sides Ave  plays,  published  in  1757,  an  ele- 
gant poem  called  "The  Artificial  Ki.-», 
first  printed  in  1710,  and  inserted  in  the 
Gentleman's  Magazine,  1758. — Tiiom.\s, 
an  Episcopal  minister  at  Frederietown, 
Maryland,  died  in  1768.  He  compiled 
"  A  Complete  System  of  the  Revenue  of 
Ireland,"  published  in  1737 ;  also  "  a 
Complete  Body  of  the  Laws  of  Mary- 
land," fob,  1765.  He  also  wrote  other 
valuable  pieces. 

BACONTHORPE,  John,  called  the 
Resolute  Doctor,  an  English  monk,  au- 
thor of  a  "Compendium  of  the  Law  of 
Christ,"  <fec.     D.  1316. 

BACQUET,  a  French  advocate,  au- 
thor of  various  law  treatises,  of  which 
an  edition,  in  2  vols.,  was  published  at 
Lyons,  in  1744.     D.  1597. 

BACQUE,  Leo,  a  bishop  of  Pamiers, 
who  wrote  a  Latin  poem  on  the  educa- 
tion of  princes.     B.  1600;  d.  16'J4. 

BACQUERRE,  Bexedict  de,  a  phy- 
sician who  wrote  the  "Summa  Medi- 
cus." 

BADCOCK,  Samuel,  an  English  di- 
vine and  auth<ir  of  no  mean  celebrity, 
but  chieflv  known  by  his  critioues  in 
the  Monthly  Review.     B.  1747  ;  d.  17S8. 

BADEN,  James,  professor  of  Latin 
and  eloquence  in  the  university  of  Co- 
penhagen, author  of  a  "  Danish  and 
German  Dictionary,"   a  translation  of 


Tacitus,  and  honored  as  one  of  the 
founders  of  Danish  letters.  111735;  d. 
lSo5. — KiCHAHL)  UK,  chancellor  of  Cam- 
bridge in  1326,  when  he  founded  Uni- 
versity Hall.  That  building  being  burnt 
down,  a  new  one  was  built  by  the  daugh- 
ter of  Gilbert  do  Clare,  and  called  Clare- 
Hall. 

BADEXS,  Francis,  an  historical  and 
portrait  painter  of  Antwerp.  B.  1571 ; 
d.  1603. 

BADGER,  Louis,  a  native  of  Lyons, 
has  immortalized  his  memory  by  an 
heroic  instance  of  fraternal  affection. 
To  save  his  brother,  who  had  assisted 
in  defending  Lyons  against  the  repub- 
licans, and  who  was  consequently  e.\- 
posed  to  the  penalty  of  death  after  the 
surrender,  he  assumed  his  name,  and 
checrfullv  sutfercd  for  him. 

BADIA  Y  ZEBLICH,  Domixgo,  a 
Spanish  traveller,  who  became  a  Mus- 
sulman m  order  to  travel  through  the 
East,  where  he  was  everywhere  received 
with  favor,  as  a  true  believer.  It  is  now 
known  that  he  was  employed  as  a  po- 
litical agent  by  the  Prince  of  Peace,  at 
the  instigation  of  Bonaparte ;  and  on 
his  retui-n  to  his  native  country  he  es- 
poused the  French  cause  there.  After 
tile  battle  of  Vittoria  he  took  refuge- ia 
France.    B.  1766  ;  d.  1S24. 

BADILE,  Antonio,  an  Italian  painter, 
celebrated  for  the  accuracy  and  coloring 
of  his  portraits,  but  deriving  still  greater 
honor  from  having  two  such  disciples 
as  Paul  Veronese  and  Baptista  Zelotti. 
B.  1480 ;  d.  1560. 

BADUEL,  Claude,  a  French  Prot- 
estant divine,  author  of  some  theologi- 
cal treatises,  &c.     D.  1561. 

BAERSIUS,  or  VEKENSTIL,  Henry, 
a  printer  and  mathematician  of  the  16th 
centurv.  He  resided  at  Louvain,  and 
there  published,  in  1528,  "Tables  of 
the  Latitudes  and  Longitudes  of  the 
Planets,"  &c. 

BAERSTRAT,  a  Dutch  painter, 
chiefly  of  sea-pieces.    D.  16S7. 

BAFFIN,  William,  an  English  navi- 
gator of  the  17th  century,  famous  for 
his  discoveries  in  the  Arctic  regions, 
was  born  in  1584.  He  visited  West 
Greenland  in  1612,  again  in  1615,  and 
made  a  vovage  to  Spitzbergen  in  1614. 
In  1623  and  1624  lie  ascertained  the 
limits  of  that  vast  inlet  of  the  sea  since 
distinguished  by  the  appellation  of  Baf- 
fin's Bav. 

BAF'KARKAH,  or  ABU  ZOHAL, 
an  Arabian  commentator  on  Euclid. 

BAGDEDIX,  Mahomkt,  nn  Arabian 
mathematician  of  the  10th  century,  an- 


94 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OV    BIOGKAPHY. 


[bai 


thor  of  a  treatise  "  On  the  Division  of 
Superficies,"  of  wliich  there  is  a  Latin 
version  bv  John  Dee. 

BAGE,' EoBEKT,  an  English  novelist, 
•was  born  at  Derbv,  in  17'2S,  and  died  at 
Taniworth,  in  ISul.  Durinsj  the  greater 
part  of  his  life  he  followed  the  occupa- 
tion of  a  paper-maker.  "  Mount  Ken- 
netli,"  " Barbara  Downs,"  "The  Fair 
Syrian,"  &e.,  owe  their  existence  to 
liiin. 

BAG  FORD,  John,  a  book  collector 
and  antiquary,  -whose  letters  are  in  the 
British  Museum.    B.  1651 ;  d.  1716. 

BAGGER,  John,  a  learned  Dane, 
bishop  of  Copenhagen,  and  author  of 
several  treatises  in  Latin  and  Danish. 
B.  1646;  d.  1693. 

BAGGESEN,  Emmancei.,  a  Danish 
poet.  He  usually  wrote  in  the  German 
language,  and  his  chief  productions  are 
a  pastoral  epic,  entitled,  "  Parthenaise, 
Oder  die  Alpenriese,"  and  a  mock  epic, 
entitled,  "Adam  and  Eve,"  but  his 
songs  and  short  poems  are  very  numer- 
ousand  popular.     B.  1764  ;  d.  1826. 

BAGLIONE,  Giovanni,  an  Italian 
painter  of  the  17th  century,  distin- 
guished for  his  -works  in  fresco ;  many 
of  which  adorn  the  walls  and  ceilings 
of  the  churches  at  Rome.     D.  1644. 

BAGLIONI,  John  Paul,  an  Italian 
soldier  of  fortune  of  the  16th  century. 
He  was  put  to  death  by  Leo  X.,  in  1520. 

BAGLIVI,  George,  an  illustrious 
Italian  physician,  born  at  Apulia,  and 
elected  professor  of  anatomy  at  Rome ; 
was  author  of  "The  Praxis  Mediea," 
and  several  works  connected  with  his 
profession,  all  of  which  were  written  in 
Latin.     B.  1667;  d.  1706. 

BAGNIOLI,  Juuus  Cesar,  an  Italian 
poet,  author  of  "The  Judgment  of 
Paris,"  a  poem,  &c.     D.  1600. 

B.\GOT,  Lewis,  an  English  prelate, 
and  brother  to  the  first  Lord  Bagot,  was 
born  in  1740.  He  was  at  first  a  canon 
of  Clirist-chureh,  Oxford,  then  dean, 
and  successively  became  the  bishop  of 
Bristol,  Norwich,  and  St.  Asaph.  lie 
was  the  author  of  "Sermons  on  the 
Prophecies,"  Jvc.    D.  1802. 

BAGRATION,  K.  A.,  a  Russian 
prince  and  counsellor^  who  especially 
distinguished  himself  in  the  campaigns 
in  Italv  under  Suwarrow,  and  was  mor- 
tally wounded  at  the  battle  of  Moscow 
in  1812. 

BAGSIIAW,  WiixiAM,  an  English 
divine,  ejected  from  his  living  for  non- 
conformity, in  1062.  lie  was  the  au- 
thor of  some  works  on  practical  divinity. 
D.  1703.— Edward,  an  English  civilian 


of  the  I7th  century.  In  the  commence- 
ment of  the  rebellion  he  sided  with  the 
parliament,  but  subsequently  became  a 
royalist.  He  wrote  several  works  on 
law  and  polities. — Edward,  son  of  the 
preceding,  was  a  clergyman,  and  an  op- 
ponent of  Baxter. 

BAIIIER,  John,  a  French  priest,  and 
the  author  of  some  Latin  poems  which 
are  in  the  collection  of  De  Brienne.  D. 
1707. 

BAHRDT,  Charles  Frederic,  a  Ger- 
man divine  and  author.  He  was  born 
at  Bischofswerda,  and  studied  at  Leip- 
sic,  where  a  prosecution  having  been 
commenced  against  him  at  Vienna  for 
the  heterodoxy  of  his  writings,  he  fled 
to  Prussia ;  and  at  length  he  settled  at 
Halle,  took  a  farm  and  an  inn,  and 
openly  avowed  himself  a  deist.  D.  1792. 

BALYN,  or  BAION,  Andrew,  a  na- 
tive of  Goa,  who  was  converted  to 
Christianity,  and  ordained  a  priest  at 
Rome  about  1630.  He  translated  the 
Jincid  into  Greek  verse,  and  the  Lusiad 
into  Latin. 

BAIER,  John  William,  a  German 
divine,  author  of  a  "  Compendium  of 
Theology,"  &c.  B.  1647;  d.  1694.— 
•ToHN  James,  a  German  physician,  and 
director  of  the  botanical  garden  at  Alt- 
dorf ;  author  of  "  De  Hortis  eelebriori- 
bus  Germania?,  et  Horti  Medici  Acade- 
mici  Altdorfini  Hist.,"  &c.,  &c.  B. 
1077  ;  d.  1735. 

BAIF,  Lazarus,  a  French  abbot,  and 
counsellor  to  the  parliament  of  Paris,  in 
the  16th  century;  author  of  treatises 
"  Do  re  Navali,"  "  De  re  Vestiaria." — ■ 
John  Antony,  son  of  the  above,  and 
author  of  some  poems.    D.  1592. 

BAIL,  Louis,  a  French  divine  of  the 
17th  century,  author  of  an  "  Account 
of  Celebrated  Preachers,"  a  "  Summarv 
of  Councils,"  &c. 

BAILEY,  Nathan,  an  English  lexicog- 
rapher, was  a  schoolmaster  at  Stepney. 
Besides  several  school  books,  he  was 
the  author  of  "  Dictionarium  Domesti- 
eum ;"  but  his  principal  work  was  an 
"Etymological  English  Dictionary," 
which  may  fairly  be  regarded  as  the 
basis  of  Dr.  Johnson's  unrivalled  work. 
D.  1742. — Peter,  author  of  "Sketches 
from  St.  George's  Fields,"  "The 
Queen's  Appeal,"  &c.    D.  1828. 

BAILLET,  Adrian,  a  learned  French- 
man, born  of  f)Oor  parents  at  Neuville, 
1649,  in  Picardy,  and  educated  by  the 
humanity  of  the  fathers  of  a  neighbor- 
ing convent.  He  early  distinguished 
himself  by  his  great  application,  and 
the  extent  of  Ins  learning.     In  1680  ho 


CyCLOPiEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY, 


BAl] 


became  library  keeper  to  M.  do  La- 
nioignoii,  and  'began  to  Ibnu  an  index 
of  every  aubject  which  was  treated  in 
the  books  wliicli  lie  possessed  ;  and  so 
voluminous  were  his  labors,  tliut  tliey 
were  contained  in  oo  folio  volumes,  and 
all  written  with  his  own  baud.  His 
next  work  was  "Jugcmens  des  Sa- 
vans,"  which  had  a  very  rapid  sale,  and 
which  he  totally  gave  to  the  bookseller 
requesting  only  a  few  copies  for  Jiis 
friends.  As  in  this  work  he  mentioned 
not  only  the  praises  but  the  censures 
passed  on  ditfcrcnr  authors,  he  met  with 
violent  opposition  from  those  who  suf- 
fered under  the  severity  of  bis  criticism. 
The  Jesuits  were  particularly  severe 
against  him,  because  be  had  spoken 
disrespectfully  of  their  society ;  and,_on 
the  other  hand,  expressed  himself  in 
handsome  terms  of  the  gentlemen  of  the 
Port  Koyal.  Besides  these,  his  inde- 
fatigable labors  produced  a  prolix  "Lite 
of  Descartes,"  2  vols.  4to.,  a  "His- 
tory of  Holland,"  the  "  Lives  of  Saints," 
4  vols,  folio,  and  sevei*al  theological 
works  ;  and  he  formed  the  plan  of  "  An 
Universal  Ecclesiastical  Dictionary," 
which  was  to  contain  a  perfect  system 
of  divinity,  supported  by  authorities 
from  scripture  and  from  the  fathers  of 
the  church,  but  died  1706,  before  it  was 
completed. 

BAILLIE,  KocHK,  surnamed  La  Ei- 
viere,  physician  to  Henry  IV.  of  France, 
and  author  of  "A  Summary  of  the 
Doctrines  of  Paracelsus."  He  pretended 
to  great  skill  in  astrology.  D.  16o5. — 
EoBEKT,  a  Scotch  divine,  born  in  Glas- 
gow, 1599,  He  was  one  of  the  deputa- 
tion sent  to  London  to  exhibit  charges 
against  Archbishop  Laud ;  and  also  one 
of  the  commissioners  sent  from  tlie 
general  assembly  of  Scotland  to  Charles 
IL  at  the  Hagiie.  His  letters,  and  a 
journal  of  his  transactions  in  England, 
were  published  in  1775.  D.  Iti62. — 
Matthew,  ^LD.,  a  celebrated  anatomist 
and  physicitm,  was  born  in  1671  at  the 
manse  of  Shotts,  in  Lanarkshire,  Scot- 
land. He  succeeded  Dr.  Hunter  as  lec- 
turer on  anatomy,  in  conjunction  with 
Mr.  Cruicksbank,' at  St.  George's  Hos- 
pital; lie  was  also  one  of  the  physicians 
m  ordinary  to  their  majesties  George 
IIL  and  JV.,  and  was  held  in  high 
esteem  among  his  professional  brethren. 
His  professional  income  at  one  time 
amounted  to  £10,000  per  aimum,  and 
no  physician  since  the  days  of  Dr.  Syd- 
enham had  attained  such  a  sni'irmacv. 
He  was  the  author  of  several  highly 
esteemed  works,  as  well  as  of  many  im- 


95 


portant    papers    in    the    Philosopliieal 
Transactions,  &c. ;  and  he  presented  to 
the  College  of  Physicians  a  valuable  mu- 
seum of  anatomical  specimens.  D.  1S>2:5. — 
JoANXA,  his  sister,  became  distinguished 
as  one  of  the  greatest  female  writers  of 
Great  Britain.    She  was  born  at  Both- 
well  about  the  year  1765,  and  at  an  early 
aire,  manifesteci  a  strong  predilection  for 
literary   pursuits.      Her   first    dramatic 
eilbrts  were  jiublished  in  1798,  under  the 
title,  "A  Series  of  Plays,"  in  which  it  is 
attempted  to  delineate' the  stronger  pas- 
sions of  the  mind,  each  passion  being 
the  subject  of  a  tragedy  and  a  comedy. 
A  second  volume  was  published  in  1802, 
and  a  third  in  1812.    During  the  interval 
she  gave  the  world  a  volume  of  miscel- 
laneous dramas,  including  the  "  Family 
Legend,"  a  tragedy  founcled  upon  a  story 
of  one  of  tlie  Macleans  of  Appin,  and 
which,  principally  through  Sir  Walters 
endeavors,  was  brought  out  at  the  Edin- 
burgh theatre.    She'visited  Scott  in  Ed- 
inburgh in  1803.    In  the  following  year 
the  drama  in  question  was  played  with 
great  temporary  success,  and  Sir  Walter 
Scott's  enthusiasm  in  its  favor  communi- 
cating itself  to  Edinburgh  society,  tlie 
drama  ran  fourteen  nights.     In  1814  it 
was  played  in  London.    The  only  "  Play 
of  the  Passions"  ever  represented  on  a 
stage  was  "  De  Montfort,"  brought  out 
by  John  Kemble,  and  played  for  elev- 
en nights.— In  1821  it  was  revived  for 
Edmund   Kean,   but   fruitlessly.     Miss 
O'lscill   played  the   heroine.      In   fact, 
like  all  Joanna's  dramatic  etforts,  it  was 
a  poem — a  poem  full  of  genius  and  the 
true  spirit  of  poetry — but  not  a  play. 
Scott,  however,  was  strongly  taken  by 
it ;  his  lines  are  well  known : 


*'  Till  Avon's  flwnns — while  nmp:  the  error© 
Wil!'  Montlort's  hnte,  nnd  Basil's  love  !— 
.\wnkening  at  the  inspiring  strain 
iJeem'vl  their  own  Shukspeare  lived  again '." 

In  1836  tlie  authoress  rii;blished  thrcB 
more  volumes  of  plays.  Previous  to  this, 
in  1823,  a  lontr-promised  collection  of 
poetic  miscellanies  appeared,  containing 
Scott's  dramatic  sketch  of  "  Macdutf 's 
Cross,"  with,  inler  alia,  some  of  Mrs. 
Heman's  poetry  and  Miss  Catharine  Fau- 
shaw's  ,/< '/.(,'  ci'c-yjri'f.  She  always  lived 
in  retirement,  and  latterly  in  strict  se- 
clusion, ill  her  retreat  at  Hampstead. 
The  literary  fame  which  she  had  ac- 
quired bv  her  own  works,  aided  in  no 
small  degree  by  the  lone  and  loudly  ex- 
pressed admiration  of  Walter  Scott,  who 
alwavs  visited  her  when  in  London, 
never  sueceeded  in  drawing  her  gener- 
ally into  society.     D.  ISoO.     During  the 


9(5 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[baj 


greater  part  of  her  life  she  lived  with  a 
maiden  sister,  Affues — also  a  poetess — 
to  whom  she  addressed  her  beautiful 
Birthday  poem.  They  were  of  a  family 
in  wliich  talent  and  genius  were  he- 
reditary. Their  father  was  a  Scottish 
clergyman,  and  their  mother  a  sister  of 
the  celebrated  Dr.  William  Hunter. — 
John,  an  active  and  able  cflicer  of  the 
East  India  Company,  went  out  to  India 
a.s  a  cadet,  in  1791,  where  at  the  com- 
mencement of  the  ISIahratta  war  he  ef- 
fected the  peaceable  transfer  to  the 
British  dominions  of  a  territory  yielding 
an  annual  revenue  of  £225, 000.  On  re- 
turning to  England,  Colonel  Baillie  was, 
in  1820,  elected  M.  P.  for  Ilendon ;  and 
subsequentlj'  represented  the  burghs  of 
Inverness,  <fec.     J).  1833. 

BAILLON,  William  de,  a  French 
physician,  and  anthor  of  Conciliorum 
Me'diciualium.    B.  1538  ;  d.  1616. 

BAILLY,  David,  a  painter,  engraver, 
and  author,  of  Leyden.  B.  1630. — John 
Sylvain,  a  famous  astronomer.  B.  at 
Paris,  15th  September,  1786.  The  acci- 
dental frieudshii>  of  the  abbe  de  la  Caille 
directed  him  in  the  pursuit  of  science ; 
and  in  1763  he  introduced  to  the  acad- 
emy his  observations  on  the  moon,  and 
the  next  year  his  treatise  on  the  zodiacal 
stars.  In  1766  he  published  his  essay 
on  the  satellites  of  Jupiter,  and  in  other 
treatises  enlarged  furtlier  on  the  import- 
ant subiect.  In  1775  the  first  volume 
of  his  history  of  ancient  and  modern 
astronomy  appeared,  and  the  third  and 
last  in  1779;  and  in  1787  that  of  Indian 
and  oriental  astronomy,  in  3  vols.  4to. 
He  was  drawn  from  his  literary  retire- 
ment to  public  view  as  a  deputy  to  the 
first  national  assembly ;  and  such  was 
his  popularity,  that  he  was,  on  July  1-lth, 
1789,  nominated  mayor  of  Paris.  In  this 
dangerous  office  he  conducted  himself 
in  a  very  becoming  manner,  which  of- 
fended the  terrorists,  and  at  the  same 
time  showing  sympathy  with  the  royal 
family,  he  became  unpopular.  He  rc- 
Bigned  his  office,  and  in  1793  was  guil- 
lotined by  order  of  the  sanguinary 
tribunal  of  Robespierre,  showing  in  his 
death  as  in  his  lil'e,  resignation,  firmness, 
and  dignity. 

BAILY,  Francis,  famous  in  the  annals 
of  astronomical  science,  was  the  son  of 
a  banker  at  Newbury,  and  for  many 
years  well  known  on  the  Stock  Ex- 
change, in  which  busy  arena  he  realized 
an  ample  fortune.  The  Astronomical 
Society  was  organized  by  him,  and 
throughout  life  he  was  the  most  consid- 
erable'contributor  to  its  memoirs.    Sys- 


tematic order  and  steady  perseverance 
were  the  secrets  of  his  success.  D.  1844, 
aged  70. 

BAINBEIDGE,  Dr.  John,  an  eminent 
physician  and  astronomer.  B.  in  1582. 
lie  gained  considerable  reputation  by  his 
work  entitled  a  "Description  of  the  late 
Comet  in  1628,"  and  was  appointed  pro- 
fessor of  astronomy  at  Oxford.  D.  1643. 
— William,  a  commodore  of  the  United 
States  navy,  was  b.  at  Princeton,  N.  J., 
May  7th,  1774.  He  was  apprenticed  to 
the  sea-service  at  an  early  period  of  his 
life,  and  at  the  age  of  19  rose  to  the  com- 
mand of  a  mercliant  vessel.  In  1798  he 
entered  the  naval  service  with  the  rank 
of  lieutenant.  In  1800  he  sailed  for  Al- 
giers as  commander  of  the  frigate  George 
Washington  ;  and  in  1803  he  sailed  for 
Ti-inoli,  as  commander  of  the  frigate 
Philadelphia,  in  consequence  of  "the 
grounding  of  which  he  was  captured. 
On  the  29th  of  December,  1812,  having 
the  frigate  Constitution  under  his  com- 
mand, ke  captured,  after  a  severe  action, 
the  British  trigate  Java ;  and  his  gener- 
osity to  the  prisoners  gained  for  him  a 
strong  exfircssion  of  their  gratitude. 
Since  the  close  of  the  war  Commodore 
Bainbridge  commanded,  with  great  rep- 
utation and  popularity,  at  several  naval 
stations  ;  and  for  several  years  filled  the 
office  of  ft  commissioner  of  the  Kavy 
Board.  He  d.  at  Philadelphia,  July 
27th,  1833,  in  his  60th  year. 

BAINE,  Michael,  a  divine,  deputy 
at  Trent,  whose  writings  were  condemn- 
ed as  Calvinistic.    B.  1513  •  d.  1589. 

BAINES,  a  noted  friend  of  civil  and 
religious  liberty  in  the  British  parlia- 
ment. He  was  originally  a  printer  at 
Leeds,  but  in  1833  was  elected  to  parlia- 
ment, where  he  served  7  years.  He  wrote 
a  "  History  of  the  reign  of  George  III.," 
&e.    B.  1774 ;  d.  1848. 

BAIRD,  Sir  David,  a  distinguished 
English  general,  who  served  in  the  East 
Indies,  Egvpt,  Cape  of  Good  Hope, 
Spain,  &c.'    D.  1829. 

BAJAZET  I.,  a  wariike,  but  tyranni- 
cal sultan  of  Turkey,  who  succeeded 
Am<irath,  his  father,  in  1389,  having 
strangled  his  rival  brother,  Jacob.  The 
greatness  and  rapidity  of  his  conquests 
got  him  the  name  of  II  Derim,  or  the 
Lightning.  In  three  years  he  acquired 
Bulgaria,  Macedonia,  a  part  of  Servia, 
Thessaly,  and  the  states  of  Asia  Minor, 
("onstantinople  was  besieged  by  him  for 
ten  years,  which  at  last  yielded.  He 
was  finally  defeated  by  Tamerlane  on 
the  plains  of  Agora.  He  d.  in  Timour's 
camp  in  1403. — There  Avas  a  second  snU 


bal] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOOKAPHY, 


97 


tan  of  this  name,  who  was  poisoned  in 
1512. 

BAKEK,  David,  an  En2:Ush  monk  of 
the  Benodiotine  order,  orifjinally  a  Pro- 
testant, but  being  converted  to  tlio 
Eomish  faith,  lie  came  to  England  as  a 
missionary  from  Italy.  He  wrote  an  ex- 
position of  Hylton's  "Scale  of  Perfec- 
tion." 13.  in  1641. — Sir  Eichakd,  author 
of  a  "  Chronicle  of  the  Kings  of  En- 
gland," &e.  B.  1568  ;  d.  1G45.— Thomas, 
a  divine  and  antiquary ;  author  of  "  Kc- 
flections  on  Learning,"  &c.,  etc.  B. 
1656  ;  d.  1740. — Henkv.  a  diligent  and 
ingenious  naturalist.  lie  was  originally 
brought  up  as  a  bookseller,  and  married 
one  of  the  daughters  of  the  celebrated 
Daniel  De  Foe.  lie  obtained  the  gold 
medal  of  the  Royal  Society,  for  his  mi- 
ci'oscopical  experiments  on  saline  par- 
ticles ;  and  wrote  "The  Universe,  a 
poem,  "The  Microscope  made  Easy," 
&e.  B.  1704  ;  d.  1774.— David  Ekski'ne, 
son  of  the  above,  vras  author  of  the 
"  Companion  to  the  Playhouse,"  subse- 
quently enlarged  by  Stephen  Jones,  and 
published  under  the  title  of  "  Biographia 
Dramatica."  D.  1774.  —  Sir  George, 
M.D.,  b.  in  1722,  was  a  physician  of 
considerable  reputation,  and  a  fellow  of 
the  Koval  and  Antiquarian  Societies.  D. 
1809. 

BAKEWELIi,  EoBERT,  a  country  gen- 
tleman of  small  fortune,  who  acquired 
considerable  notoriety  as  a  grazier  at 
Dishley,  in  Leicestershire.  Ho  greatly 
improved  his  breeds  of  cattle  and  sheep. 
B.  1720  ;  d.  1795. 

BARKER,  Peter  IlnziNOA,  a  Dutch 
poet ;  author  of  a  poem  on  the  Inunda- 
tion of  1740,  and  ot  numerous  songs  and 
satires  on  England.    B.  1715;   d.  1801. 

BALAMIO,  Ferdinand,  a  Sicilian 
physician;  translator,  into  Latin,  of  sev- 
eral treatises  by  Galen.     B.  1555. 

BALASSI,  Mario,  a  Florentine  paint- 
er.   B.  1604;  d.  1667. 

BALBI,  A  nRL\x,  a  geographer.  B.  at 
Venice,  in  1784.  lie  wrote  a  statistical 
Essay  on  the  Kingdom  of  Portugal,  an 
Ethnographic  Atlas  of  the  Globe,  and 
an  Al>ridgment  of  Geography,  all  works 
of  profound  and  extensive  research, 
which  have  made  him  an  authority  both 
m  Europe  and  America.     D.  1848. 

BALBINUS,  Decimvs  C.elius,  chosen 
emperor  of  Rome,  in  conjunction  with 
Maximus,  in  287  ;  and  murdered  by  the 
soldierv  in  the  following  vear. 

BALBOA,  Vasco  Nunez  de,  a  Castil- 
ian,  one  of  the  first  who  visited  the 
West  Indies.  He  established  a  colony 
on   the  isthmus  of  Panama,  where  he 


built  the  first  town  on  the  continei.t  of 
South  America,  penetrated  into  the  in- 
terior, discovered  the  Pacific  Ocean,  and 
(ibtained  information  respecting  the  em- 
pire of  Peru.  Jealous  ot  his  talents  and 
success,  rival  adventurers  accused  him 
of  disloyalty,  and  he  was  put  to  death  in 
1517,  by  Pcdrarias  Davila,  the  Sfianish 
governor  of  Darien. 

BALBUENA,  Bernardo  de,  a  Span- 
ish poet,  and  bishop  of  Porto  Rico.  D. 
1G27. 

BALBUS,  Lucrrs  Cornelius  Theo- 
piiANEs,  a  native  of  Cadiz,  whose  military 
exploits  caused  Pompey  to  obtain  for 
him  the  privileges  of  a  Roman  citizen  ; 
and  he  subsequently  became  consul, 
being  the  first  foreigner  on  whom  that 
disrnity  was  conferred. 

BALCANQUAL,  Walter,  a  Scotch 
divine,  wlio  accomjiianied  James  I.  to 
England.  He  was  made  dean  of  Roches- 
ter and  bishop  of  Durham,  but  in  the 
civil  wars  he  was  a  severe  sufiercr,  being 
driven  from  place  to  place  for  shelter. 
He  wrote  the  "Declaration  of  Charles  i'. 
concerning  the  late  Tumults  in  Scot- 
land," <fee.     D.  1642. 

BALCHEN,  John,  an  English  admiral, 
who  was  lost,  with  all  his  crew,  on  board 
his  ship  the  Victory,  in  a  violent  storm 
olf  Jersey,  October  8,  1744. 

BALDERIC,  bishop  of  Dol  in  Britan- 
ny,  in  the  12th  century;  author  of  a 
history  of  the  Crusade  to  the  year  1O09. 

BALDI,  Bernard,  an  Italian  mathe- 
matician and  poet ;  author  of  Italian 
poems,  lives  of  mathematicians,  ttc.  He 
was  a  man  of  almost  universal  genius, 
and  abbot  of  Guaitallo.  B.  at  Urbino, 
1553;  d.  1617. — De  Ubaldis,  an  Italian 
lawyer  and  author.  B.  1319  ;  d.  1400.— 
James,  a  German  Jesuit  and  poet.  B 
1603;  d.  1668.  — Lazz-vro,  a  Tuscan 
painter,  employed  by  Alexander  VII.  to 
paint  the  gallery  at  'Monte  Cavallo.  D. 
1703. 

BALDIXGER,  Ernest  Godfret,  a 
German  physician  and  author.  B.  1738 ; 
d.  1.S04. 

BALDINUCCI,  Philip,  a  Florentine 
artist  and  connoisseur;  author  of  "  A 
General  History  of  Painters,"  &c.  B. 
1634;  d. 1696. 

BALDOCK,  Ralph  de,  bishop  of  Lon- 
don, and  lord  hii^h  chancellor  in  tho 
reign  of  Edward  I. :  author  of  a  "His- 
tory of  British  Alfairs,"  which  was  ex- 
tant in  Leland's  time,  but  is  now  lost. 
D.  1307. — Robert  de,  a  divine,  who. was 
favored  by  Edward  II.  He  shared  his 
royal  master's  misfortunes,  and  died  in 
Newgate. 


98 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[bal 


BALDTVIN,  AYn,i.iAM,  an  English 
■writer  of  the  lf>tli  century ;  one  of  tlie 
chief  antliors  of  "Tlie  Mirror  for  Magis- 
tTutef>." — Thomas,  a  Baptist  minister  of 
Boston,  who  was  a  wliilc  at  the  head  of 
his  denomination  in  New  England.  D. 
1S2S. — FuANCis,  a  learned  civilian  of  the 
16th  eenturv,  much  employed  by  the  po- 
tentates of  liis  time,  lie  wrote  "Leges 
de  Ee  rustiea  Novella,"  »fec.,  &c. — Abra- 
ham, a  president  of  the  university  of 
Georgia,  member  of  the  convention 
which  passed  the  constitution  of  the 
U.  S.,  and  subsequently  a  member  of 
congress.     D.  1S07. 

BALDWIN  L,  a  distinguished  leader 
in  the  4th  crusade.  On  the  conquest  of 
Constantinople  by  the  Latins  in  1204,  he 
was  elected  emperor  of  the  East;  but 
being  taken  prii^oner  by  the  Greeks,  ho 
was  never  afterwards'  heard  of. — IL, 
succeeded  his  brother  Robert,  as  emy^e- 
ror  of  the  East,  in  1228.  On  the  taking 
of  Constantino])le.  in  1261,  by  Michael 
I'ala'ologus,  Baldwin  escaped  to  Italy, 
where  he  d.  1273. 

BALDWIN,  archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury. This  prelate  accompanied  Eieh- 
nrd'l.  to  Palestine,  and  d.  there,  1291. 
His  writings  were  published  by  Tissier, 
in  1662. 

BALDWIN  I.,  king  of  Jerusalem, 
succeeded  to  that  dignity  in  1100,  took 
Antipatris,  Caesarea,  and  Azotus  in 
1101,  and  Acre  in  1104.  D.  1118.— II., 
king  of  Jerusalem,  succeeded  the  above 
in  1118;  Eustace,  brother  of  Baldwin  I., 
having  renounced  his  claim  to  the  throne. 
Baldwin  II.  was  taken  prisoner  by  the 
Saracens  in  1124,  and  gave  them  the 
citv  of  Tyre  as  his  ransom.  D.  1131. — 
Ilf.  succeeded  to  the  throne  in  1143. 
He  took  Ascalon  and  other  places  from 
the  infidels.  D.  1163.— IV.,  the  son  of 
Amaiiry,  succeeded  his  father  on  the 
throne  oi'  Jerusalem  in  1174.  He  subse- 
quently resigned  in  favor  of  his  nephew. 
I).  118.'(. — v.,  nephew  and  successor  of 
the  last  named,  was  poisoned  in  1186. 

BALE,  John,  an  English  ecclesiastic. 
B.  at  Cove,  in  1495,  who  became  bishop 
of  Ossory,  in  Ireland.  Educated  a  Ro- 
manist, he  was  converted  to  Protestant- 
ism. His  clergy  opposed  and  Ibrsook 
him,  and  so  furious  was  their  opjjosition, 
that  in  one  tumult  five  of  his  servants 
were  murdered  in  his  presence.  He 
was  obliged  to  fly,  and  after  enduring 
many  hardships,  found  shelter  in  Swit- 
zerland, wliere  lie  remained  till  the  death 
of  Mary.  On  his  return  to  Lnudand,  lie 
made  no  attempt  to  recover  his  Irish 
•Uoees";,  but  settled    m  i\  prebend   of 


Canterbury,  in  1563.  He  wrote  "  An 
account  of  the  Ancient  Writers  of  Bri- 
tain," several  Scripture  plays,  and  nu- 
merous polemical  tracts. — Robert,  prior 
of  the  Carmelites  of  Norwich ;  author 
of  "Annales  Ordinis  Carmelitarum," 
&e.     D.  1503. 

BALECHOU  Nicholas,  a  French  en- 
graver, whose  works  are  held  in  high 
estimation.    B.  1710 ;  d.  1765. 

BALEN,  Heindrich  vax,  a  Dutch 
painter,  whose  "Judgment  of  Paris" 
and  "  Drowning  of  Pharaoh"  are  mucli 
admired.  John  van  Balen,  his  son,  was 
a  distinguished  historical  and  landscape 
painter.     B.  1560;  d.  1632. 

BALES,  Petee,  a  skilful  penman,  em- 
ployed by  Secretary  Walsingham  to  im- 
itate writings.  He  published  a  work 
called  "The" Writing  Master."  B.  1547; 
d.  ICOO. 

BALESTRA,  Antony,  a  Veronese  his- 
torical painter.     B.  1666  ;  d.  1720. 

BALFOUR,  Alexander,  a  novelist 
and  miscellaneous  writer,  was  a  native 
of  Forfarshire,  Scotland.  He  was  the 
author  of  "Ilisrhland  Mary,"  besides 
other  novels  r.nd  poems,  and  for  many 
years  a  contributor  to  various  Scottish 
periodicals.  B.  1767;  d.  1829. — Sir  An- 
drew, an  eminent  botanist  and  physi- 
cian, and  one  to  whom  medical  science 
in  Scotland  owes  a  lasting  debt  of  grati- 
tude for  a  botanic  garden,  museum,  &c. 
B.  1630;  d.  1694. 

B.\LGUy,  John,  an  eminent  divine 
of  the  church  of  England,  and  a  theo- 
logical writer,  was  b.  at  Sheffield,  in 
1686,  and  in  1727  became  a  prebendary 
of  Salisbury.  He  engaged  deeply  in  the 
Bangorian  controversy;  and  among  his 
several  works  may  be  noticed  "  An  Es- 
say on  Redemption,"  a  "  Letter  to  a 
Deist  on  the  Beauty  and  Excellence  of 
Moral  Virtue,"  &c.  D.  174S. — Thom.\3, 
son  of  the  above,  prebend  and  archdea- 
con of  Winchester;  author  of  "Divine 
Benevolence,  asserted  and  vindicated," 
a  sermon  on  church  government,  &c. 
B.  1716;  d.  1795. 

BALIOL,  Sir  John  de,  a  native  of 
Durham,  who,  on  the  marriage  of  the 
daughter  of  Henry  III.  to  Alexander 
III.  of  Scotland,  was  made  one  of  the 
guardians  of  the  royal  pair.  He  found- 
ed Baliol  college,  Oxford;  and  having 
sided  with  Henry  III.  against  his  re- 
volted barons,  the  latter  seized  upon 
his  lands.  D.  1269. — John  de,  son  of 
the  preceding,  laid  claim  to  the  crown 
of  Scotland  on  the  death  of  Queen  Mar- 
garet. His  claim  was  disputed  by  s-ev- 
eral  competitors,  one  of  whom  was  the 


bal] 


CTCLOr.KDIA    OF    RIOGRAl'IlY. 


99 


famous  Robert  'Rruce.  But  Edward  I., 
to  wliom  the  iiiatter  was  referred,  de- 
cided in  favor  of  Baliol.  He  soon  <jave 
otfenee  to  Edward ;  and  bein;^  defeated 
by  him  in  a  battle  near  Dunbar,  he  was 
sent,  together  with  liis  son,  to  the  Tow- 
er of  London.  The  intercession  of  the 
pope  having  procured  his  release,  he 
retired  to  France,  where  he  d.  in  1314. 

BALL,  John,  a  puritan  divine,  who 
while  he  disapproved  of  the  discipline 
■of  the  church,  wrote  against  separa- 
tion from  it  on  that  gnbund.  B.  1535; 
d.  1640. 

BALLANDEN,  John,  a  Scotch  divine 
of  the  16th  century;  author  of  various 
works,  and  translator  of  Hector  Boe- 
thius's  Historv  of  Scotland.     D.  1550. 

BALLANTYNE,  James,  a  printer  of 
considerable  note  in  Edinburgh,  and  at 
whose  press  the  whole  of  the  produc- 
tions ot  Sir  Walter  Scott  were  printed, 
was  a  native  of  Kelso,  where  he  first 
opened  an  office  for  the  "  Kelso  Mail," 
of  which  he  was  the  editor.  For  many 
years  lie  also  conducted  the  "Edin- 
burgh Weekly  Journal."  He  survived 
his  friend  and  patron  but  a  few  months, 
dying  in  January,  1833.  —  John,  his 
brother,  was  the  confidant  of  Sir  Walter, 
in  keeping  the  secret  of  the  authorship 
of  "  W  averley."  He  was  a  man  of  fine 
humor,  with  an  inexhaustible  fund  of 
anecdotes.     D.  1821. 

BALLARD,  George,  a  native  of 
Campden,  in  Gloucestershire,  who,  while 
the  obscure  apprentice  of  a  habit-maker, 
employed  the  hours  which  his  com- 
panions devoted  to  sleep  to  the  acquisi- 
tion of  the  Saxon  language,  and  recom- 
mended to  the  patronage  of  Lord 
Chedworth,  he  went  to  Oxford,  where, 
by  the  kindness  of  Dr.  Jenner,  he  was 
made  one  of  the  eight  clerks  of  Magdalen 
college,  and  afterwards  one  of  the  beadles 
of  the  university.  His  weakly  constitu- 
tion was  impaired  by  the  severity  of  his 
studies,  and  lie  d.  June,  1755,  in  the 
prime  of  life.  His  access  to  the  Bodleian 
was  tiie  means  of  his  increasin<i'  his  val- 
ual)le  collections  ;  but  he  published  only 
"  Memoirs  of  British  Ladies  celebrated 
for  their  Writings,"  in  4to.,  1752. — -Vo- 
lant Vashon,  a  rear-admiral  of  tlie  Brit- 
ish navy,  was  b.  in  1774.  On  entering 
naval  life  he  accompanied  Vancouver  oii 
his  laborious  voyage  of  discovery  to  the 
northwest  coast  of  America,  in  which 
he  was  absent  from  England  nearly  five 
vears.  In  1807,  when  captain  of  the 
lilonde  frigate,  he  captured  five  French 
privateers.  He  afterwards  distinguish- 
ed himself  at  the  taking  of  Guadaloupe  : 


and  eventually  attained  the  rank  of  rear 
admiral,  in  1825.     D.  1S32. 

BALLERINI,  Petek  and  Jerome,  two 
priests  and  brothers,  natives  of  Verona, 
who,  in  the  ISth  century,  conjointly 
wrote  some  works,  and  edited  several 
editions  of  ecclesiastical  authors. 

BALLESTEROS,  Francis,  an  eminent 
Spanish  officer.     B.  1770. 

BALLEXFERD,  N.,  a  citizen  of  Ge- 
neva, author  of  a  treatise  on  tlie  "Phys- 
ical Education  of  Children,"  &c.  B, 
1726  ;  d.  1774. 

BALLI,  Joseph,  a  Sicilian  divine  ;  au- 
thor of  a  treatise  "De  Morte  Corporum 
Naturalium,"  &c.     D.  1640. 

BALLIANI,  John  Baptist,  a  senator 
of  Genoa ;  author  of  a  treatise  on  the 
"  Natural  Motion  of  Heavy  Bodies."  B. 
1586  ;  d.  1666. 

BALLIN,  Claude,  a  skilful  artist  of 
chased  work  in  gold  and  silver.  He  was 
b.  at  Paris  in  1615,  and  brought  up  to 
the  occupation  of  a  goldsmith  under  his 
father,  who  exercised  that  art.  He 
studied  drawing,  and  improved  his  taste 
as  a  designer  by  copying  the  pictures  of 
Poussin.  When  only  19  he  made  four 
silver  basins,  decorated  with  figures  rep- 
resenting the  four  ages  of  the  world. 
These  were  purchased  by  Cardinal  Riche- 
lieu. He  was  subsequentlv  employed 
in  making  plate  services  for  Louis  Xl'V., 
of  which  it  is  said  the  workmanship 
added  ten  times  to  the  value  of  the  ma- 
terial.    D.  1678. 

BALMEZ,  James  Lccien,  one  of  the 
most  renowned  of  the  late  Spanish  wri- 
ters, and  an  ecclesiastic,  whose  phi- 
losophical, theological,  and  political 
treatises  have  given  him  a  European 
fame.  He  was  b.  at  Vich,  in  Catalonia, 
in  1810.  He  was  early  distinguished  for 
his  acquirements,  and  in  1833  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  chair  of  mathematics  in 
liis  native  place.  His  writings  were 
chiefly  in  defence  of  the  Roman  Catholic 
ehureh,  which  he  endeavored  to  restore 
to  its  ancient  dignity  and  influence.  His 
"Protestantism  and  Catholicism  com- 
pared in  their  Efl;ects  on  the  Civilization 
of  Europe,"  a  very  able  book,  has  been 
translatetl  into  English,  French,  and 
German.     D.  1848. 

BALTIIASAR,  Christopher,  a  king's 
advocate  at  Auxerre,  who  abandoned 
the  emoluments  of  his  office,  and  the 
Catholic  religion,  to  embrace  the  tenets 
of  the  Protestants,  in  whose  favor  he 
\\Toto  several  controversial  treatises, 
especially  ag.ainst  Baronius,  which  were 
received  with  great  avidity.  The  synod 
of  Loudun  granted  him,  lu  1659,  a  pen- 


100 


CYCLOP-EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[bam 


Bion  of  750  livres,  for  his  literary  ser- 
vices.— J.  A.  Fki.ix  he,  author  of  a 
"Defence  of  William  Tell,"  and  presi- 
dent of  the  council  of  ]^uccrne.  D. 
1810. 

BALTHAZAKINI,  surnamed  Beau- 
joyeux,  an  Italian  musician,  recommend- 
ed by  Brissac,  irovcrnor  of  Piedmont,  to 
Heniy  III.  of  France,  by  whom  he  was 
liberally  patronized,  and  for  the  enter- 
tainment of  whose  court  he  wrote  several 
ballads  and  pieces  of  music.  He  com- 
posed a  ballet  called  Ceres  and  her 
uymphs,  for  the  nuptials  of  the  Due  de 
Joyeuse  with  the  queen's  sistei",  Made- 
moiselle de  Vaudemout ;  and  this  is  re- 
garded as  the  origin  of  the  heroical  ballet 
of  France. 

BALTUS,  John  Francis,  a  Jesuit  of 
Metz,  author  of  several  works,  especially 
of  an  answer  to  Fontenelle's  history  of 
oracles,  printed  at  Strasburg,  8vo.  Baltus 
possessed  considerable  learning  and  tal- 
ents, which  he  wholly  employed  in  de- 
fence of  Roman  Catholic  orthodoxy.  lie 
d.  librarian  of  Eheiuis,  1743,  at  the  age 
of  7t). 

BALUE,  JoHX,  a  cardinal,  b.  of  mean 
pare!its,  in  Poitou.  He  raised  himself 
to  consequence  by  flattery  and  merit, 
and  gradually  became  bishop  of  Evreux 
and  of  Arras.  lie  was  niacie  a  cardinal 
by  Paul  II.,  and  when  honored  with  the 
confidence  of  Louis  XL,  became  his 
minister,  and  acted  as  general  over  his 
troops.  Ungrateful  to  his  duty  and  to 
las  master,  he  formed  intrigues  with  the 
dukes  of  Burgundy  and  Berri ;  and  when 
at  last  discovered  by  the  king,  he  was 
imprisoned  for  eleven  years,  in  an  iron 
cage,  after  which  he  repaired  to  Rome, 
and  rose  to  new  preferments.  He  after- 
wards came  to  France  as  pope's  legate, 
though  he  had  so  ill  deserved  of  the  con- 
fidence and  lionor  of  his  country.  He 
d.  at  Ancona,  1491. 

BALUZE,  Stephen,  a  native  of  Tulles 
in  Guienne,  patronized  by  Peter  de 
Marca,  arclibishop  of  Toulouse,  by  Tel- 
lier,  afterwards  chancellor  of  France, 
and  by  Colbert.  He  employed  his  lei- 
sure hours  in  enriching  the  libraries  of 
his  patrons  with  valuable  manuscripts. 
till  in  his  S'.ith  year  lie  was  appointed 
jjrofessor  of  canon  law  in  the  royal 
college  with  every  mark  of  distinction. 
His  lives  of  the  "Popes  of  Avignon" 
proved  so  interesting  to  the  king,  that 
lie  granted  the  author  a  pension,  but 
his  attachment  to  the  duke  of  Bouillon, 
the  history  of  whose  family  he  had  un- 
dertaken to  write,  but  in  which  he  in- 
serted some  oflensivc  remarks,  was  soon 


after  productive  of  trouble.  "When  tho 
duke  was  banished  he  shared  the  dis- 
grace, and  was  confined  by  a  lettre  de 
cachet  at  Orleans  ;  he  however  was  re- 
stored to  favor,  though  he  was  not  re- 
placed in  his  directorial  chair  of  tho 
royal  collesc,  which  he  before  held, 
lie  died  28th  of  Julv,  1718,  in  his  87th 
year,  and  left  behind  him  the  character 
of  an  indefatigable  collector  of  curious 
manuscripts  and  annotations. 

BALZAC,  JoHX  Louis  Guez  de,  a 
French  writer  of  great  reputation,  which 
he  chiefly  owed  to  the  elegance  of  his 
style,  author  of  "Letters,"  "The 
Prince,"  "The  Christian  Socrates," 
&c.  B.  1594 ;  d.  1654. — Hoxore  de, 
one  of  the  most  distinguished  as  well  as 
prolific  novel  writers  of  modern  times, 
was  born  at  Tours,  1799.  Having  com- 
pleted his  studies  at  Vendome,  he  pub- 
lished, between  1821  and  1829,  twenty 
or  thirty  volumes  under  various  pseudo- 
nymes,  with  very  equivocal  success ; 
but  after  this  trying  apprenticeship,  he 
put  forth  all  his  powers  under  his  own 
name,  with  what  result  those  who  have 
read  "La  Peau  de  Chagrin,"  "  Les 
Chouans,"  "  La  Physiologic  de  Ma- 
nage," "  Le  Pcre  Goriot,"  "LaFemme 
de  Trente  Ans,"  &e.,  can  best  testify. 
Since  that  period  his  productions  suc- 
ceeded one  another  with  wonderful  ra- 
pidity ;  and  it  may  be  truly  said  that 
his  literary  strength  grew  with  his 
years,  for  his  "  Mcdecin  de  Campagne," 
and  Ills  "  Parens  Pauvres,"  his  last 
works,  are  his  best.  In  addition  to  his 
romances,  Balzac  wrote  some  theatrical 
pieces,  and  for  some  time  edited  and 
contributed  to  the  "Eevue  Parisienne;" 
but  his  romances  exhibit  the  highest 
evidences  of  genius.  Since  the  revolu- 
tion of  1848,  Balzac  was  engaged  in 
visiting  the  battle-fields  of  Germany 
and  Kussia,  and  in  collecting  materials 
for  a  series  of  volumes,  to  be  entitled 
"  Scenes  de  la  Vie  Militairc."  Next  to 
his  celebrity  as  an  author,  the  most  re- 
markable feature  in  his  career  was  the 
deep  passion  which  he  formed  for  a 
Russian  princess,  who  finally  compen- 
sated him  for  long  years  of  untiring  de- 
votion bv  the  gift  of  her  hand  in  1848. 
D.  1850.' 

BAMBRIDE,  Chrlstopher,  arch- 
Inshop  of  York,  was  sent  ambassador 
from  llcnry  Vlll.  to  Pope  Julius  II., 
who  made  him  a  cardinal.  Died  of 
])oison  administered  by  his  servant, 
1514. 

BAMFIELD,  Francis,  a  nonconfor- 
mist divine,  author  of  a  work  on  the 


ban] 


CyCL01'.4;DIA    OF    lilOGUArilY. 


101 


"  Observance  of  the  Sabbath."  lie  was 
committed  to  NcWi^atc  for  holi.ling  a 
conveiuirlf,  aii'l  dici-l  there,  lObi. 

IJAMl'FVLDE,  Sir  Chaules  Wau- 
■wicK,  Bart.,  a  descendant  of  one  of  the 
oldest  and  mo.st  distinguished  families 
iji  Devonshire,  and  diirini;  seven  suc- 
cessive parliaments  one  of  the  members 
for  Exeter.  In  1828,  when  lie  was  71 
years  of  age,  he  was  assassinated  close 
to  his  own  house,  in.  Montague  square, 
by  a  man  named  .Moorland,  who  blew 
his  own  brains  out  inunediately  after. 

BANCHI,  Seii.vimiin^,  a  priest  of  the 
Dominican  order  at  Florence,  to  whom 
a  fanatic,  named  Barrierc,  disclosed  his 
intention  to  assassinate  Henry  IV.  Bau- 
chi's  information  saved  the  king,  who 
rewarded  him  with  the  archbishopric 
of  Angoulcme. 

BANCK,  Lawrence,  a  Swedisli  law- 
yer, author  of  several  worlds  against  I'a- 
pal  usurpation.     D.  1()62. 

BANCKOFT,  Kichard,  archbishop  of 
Canterbury,  a  distinguished  opponent 
of  the  Puritans  and  a  supporter  of  the 
English  church.  B.  1544;  d.  IGIO.— 
JoHX,  nephew  of  the  above,  bishop  of 
O.xford,  and  builder  of  the  palace  of 
Cuddesden  for  the  bishops  ot  that  see. 
D.  1640. — Aakon,  a  distinguished  Uni- 
tarian pastor  of  ilassachusetts,  and  au- 
thor of  a  "Life  of  Washington."  B. 
1755 ;  d.  1830. 

BANDELLO,  MArrnEW,  a  Dominican 
monk  of  the  .Milanese.  lie  wrote  talcs 
in  the  manner  of  Boccacio,  and  proceed- 
ing to  Franco  obtained  the  bishopric  of 
Agcn.    D.  1561. 

BANDINELLI,  Baccio,  a  Florentine 


sculptor  and  painter,     ilis  group  of  the 

1.    B. 
d.  1559. 


Laocoon  is  hiffhlv  esteemed. 


1487; 


BANDINI,  Anoelo  Maria,  an  Italian 
antiquary  and  bibliographer,  author  of 
"  De  Florentini  Juntarum  Typographia," 
&c.     D.  1800. 

BANDUlil,  Anselm,  a  Benedictine, 
who  wrote  several  valuable  antiquarian 
works.     1).  1743. 

BANGIUS,  Peter,  a  Swedish  pro- 
fessor of  theology  at  Abo,  who  wrote 
an  "Ecclesiastical  History  of  Sweden." 
D.  1696.— Thomas,  a  professor  of  di- 
vinity and  Hebrew  at  Copenhagen,  who 
compiled  a  "Hebrew  Lexicon."  B. 
1600;  d.  1661. 

BANIEK,  Anthony,  an  industrious 
French  author  and  compUer,  who  wrote 
some  thirty  dilferent  "Belles  Lettres 
Essays,"  and  an  "  Historical  Explana- 
tion of  Fables,"  &c.,  &c.  B.  1673;  d. 
1741. 

9* 


BANIM,  JoHX,  An  Irish  novelist  of 
distinction,  was  bora  near  Kilkemiy  in 
1800.  Eaiiy  in  iile  he  gave  indieations 
of  poetical  ability,  antl  at  the  age  of  17 
became  editor  oi'  the  "  Leinster  Jour- 
nal." The  next  year  he  produced  the 
somewhat  famous  melodrama  of  "  Da- 
mon and  Pytliias."  At  20  he  was  editor 
of  the  "  Literary  Eegister,"  but  his 
fame  began  with  the  success  of  the 
"O'Hara  Tales,"  in  1825.  In  these  ho 
\vas  the  first  to  depart  from  the  path 
chosen  by  the  Edgeworths  and  the 
Morgans,  and  to  exhibit  the  crime,  the 
passion,  and  the  tragedy  of  the  Irish 
cabin  in  all  their  dark  colors.  They 
were  followed  in  rapid  succession  by 
"Bovnc  Water,"  "The  Croppy,"  "The 
Denounced  "  "The  Smuggler,"  "The 
Mayor  of  Windgap,"  &c.,  itc.  Bu«- 
popular  as  his  tales  were,  they  alforded 
him  only  a  precarious  subsistence.  He 
was  compelled  in  his  latter  days,  though 
enjoying  a  small  pension  from  govern- 
ment, to  depend  on  the  bounty  of 
friends.     D.  1842. 

BANISTER,  John,  a  learned  phy- 
siciair  of  the  16th  century,  who,  alter 
studying  at  Oxtbrd  and  proceeding  there 
to  his  first  degree  in  physic  in  1573,  re- 
moved to  >fottingham,  where  he  ac- 
quired great  reputation.  He  was  author 
ol"  several  works  on  physic  and  surgery. 
— John,  the  first  performer  of  celebrity 
on  the  violin,  and  the  composer  of  the 
music  to  Davenaut's  opera  of  Circe.  D. 
1679. 

BANKES.  Sir  John,  chief  justice  of 
tlie  Common  Pleas  in  the  reign  of  Charles 
I.  Ilis  wife,  with  the  family,  being  at 
their  scat  at  Corfc  Castle,  were  sum- 
moned to  surrender  it,  but  she  success- 
fully defended  it  against  the  parliamen- 
tary troops,  till  relieved  by  the  arrival 
of  Lord  Carnarvon,  with  a  body  of  horse. 
Sir  John  d.  in  1644. 

BANIvS,  .John,  a  bookseller,  and  au- 
thor of  a  "Critical  Review  of  the  Life  of 
Cromwell,"  itc.  B.  1709;  d.  1751.— 
John,  an  English  dramatist  of  the  ISth 
century  ;  author  of  the  "  Earl  of  Essex," 
a  tragedy,  &c. — Sir  Joseph,  an  eminent 
English  naturalist,  and  for  many  years 
president  of  the  Royal  Society.  His  en- 
thusiasm in  the  stuVly  of  natliral  liistory 
may  he  judged  of  from  the  fact,  that  it 
led  him  to  accompany  Cook  in  his  first 
circunmavigation  of  the  world.  He  pub- 
lished only  one  small  work,  a  treatise  on 
the  "  Blight,  Mildew,  or  Rust  in  Corn." 
B.  1743;  d.  1820. — Thomas,  an  eminent 
English  sculptor.  Among  the  best  of 
his  works  are  "  CaraeUieus  taken  Prison- 


102 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[bah 


cr  to  Konie,"  and  "  Achilles  mourning 
the  Loss  of  Briscis."  lie  also  executed 
the  admirable  monument  in  Westmin- 
ster abbev,  to  the  memory  of  Sir  Eyre 
Coote.     15.  1735;  d.  ISOo. 

BAXrs' AKEK,  Benjamin',  a  nef^ro  of 
JIaryland,  who  by  his  own  unaided  ef- 
forts mastered  the  astronomical  works 
and  tables  of  Ferguson,  and  gained  a 
complete  knowledge  of  the  mathematics, 
so  tliat  tor  years  he  was  the  calculator 
and  publisher  of  the  Maryland  Epheme- 
rides. 

BANXIEK  John'  a  Swedish  general 
who  served  under  Gustavus  Adolphus, 
and  at  the  deatli  of  that  prince  became 
commander-in-chief.  B.  1601 ;  d.  1641. 
BAXNISTEK,  John,  an  admirable 
comic  actor,  the  son  of  Charles  Bannis- 
ter, well  known  as  a  singer  and  a  wit, 
was  born  in  London,  in  17G0.  Having 
secured  the  favor  of  the  great  Garrick, 
he  made  his  debut  at  Drury  lane  thea- 
tre, as  "  Master  J.  Bannister,"  when 
twelve  years  of  age  ;  he  then  quitted  the 
boards  tor  a  time,  but  obtained  a  perma- 
nent engagement  in  177'J.  At  first  he 
aspired  to  tragedy,  and  gave  it  a  decided 
preference  ;  but  his  talents  so  clearly  lay 
in  an  opposite  direction,  that  on  the  death 
of  Edwin  he  at  once  supplied  his  place, 
giving  proofs  of  first-rate  powers,  and 
establishing  himself  as  a  public  tavorite. 
The  parts  in  which  he  excehcd  were 
mainly  Svlvester  Daggerwood,  Lingo, 
Trudge,  tlie  Three  Singles,  Bobadil.  L)r. 
Pangloss,  Job  Thornberrv,  Colonel 
Feignwell,  and  Walter  in  "  The  Children 
in  ithe  W  ood."  Being  much  afflicted 
with  the  gout,  he  retired  from  the  stage 
in  1815,  having  had  the  good  fortune  to 
earn  a  competence  by  his  profession,  and 
the  prudence  to  keep  it.  He  d.  Novem- 
ber 8,  1836,  respected  and  beloved  by  all 
who  knew  him.  Nature  had  done  much 
for  Bannister,  physically  as  well  as  men- 
tally: his  face,  figure,  and  voice  were 
excellent ;  his  spirits  exuberant ;  and  an 
open  manly  countenance  was  a  faithful 
index  to  the  heart  of  "  Gentleman  Jack." 
BANTI,  Bkioida  Geokgi,  a  celebrated 
female  Italian  singer,  was  the  daughter 
of  a  Venetian  gondolier,  and  in  her  youth 
nothing  more  or  loss  tlian  a  street  singer 
in  Georgi,  her  native  town  ;  where  a  no- 
ble amateur,  having  noticed  the  Ijrilliancy 
of  her  voice,  had  her  instructed  in  sing- 
ing at  his  expense.  It  was  probable  slie 
was  shortly  after  advised  to  try  her  for- 
tune in  a  foreign  country,  for  she  soon 
left  Venice  on  her  road  to  Paris  ;  not 
however,  as  it  would  seem,  in  prosperous 
circumstances,  since  she  sang  at  coffee- 


houses and  inns  at  Lyons,  and  other 
towns,  for  small  sums  collected  from  the 
guests.  M.  de  Visues,  who  was  then 
manager  of  the  opera  at  Paris,  relates, 
that,  in  the  year  1778,  he  stopped  one 
evening  at  a  coffee-house  on  the  boule- 
vards, being  struck  by  the  sound  of  a 
very  beautiful  voice ;  it  was  Banti  whom 
he  heard,  as  she  was  singing  in  the  cof- 
fee-room. He  put  a  louis  Jor  into  her 
hand,  desiring  her  to  call  on  him  the 
next  morning.  The  result  was,  that 
Monsieur  de  Visnes  engaged  her  imme- 
diately for  the  Opera  Butia,  where  she 
made  her  debut,  by  an  air  sung  between 
the  second  and  third  acts  of  "  Iphigeuie 
en  Aulide,"  and  created  a  universal  sen- 
sation of  delight.  After  the  departure 
of  the  celebrated  Agujari  from  London, 
the  managers  of  the  Pantheon  engaged 
Madame  Banti  for  three  seasons,  upon 
condition  that  £100  aycar  should  be  de- 
ducted from  her  salary,  for  the  payment 
of  an  able  master  to  cultivate  her  voice. 
Sacchini  was  the  first  appointed  to  this 
office  ;  but  he  found  her  so  idle  and  ob- 
stinate, that  he  soon  quitted  her  as  an 
incurable  patient.  She  was  next  assigned 
to  Piozzi,  whose  patience  was  likewise 
soon  exhausted  by  her  incorrigible  in- 
attention. Her  last  master  in  England 
was  Abel ;  soon  after  which  she  left  this 
country,  and  sang  with  enthusiastic  ap- 
plause at  several  of  the  German  courts, 
and  subsequently  at  almost  every  princi- 
pal town  in  Italy.  Her  great  success 
certainly  exemplified  most  strongly  the 
truth  of  the  old  adage,  "That  there  are 
a  hundred  requisites  necessary  to  con 
stitute  a  good  singer,  of  which,  whoever 
possesses  a  fine  voice,  is  already  in  pos- 
session of  ninety-nine."  After  several 
years  absence,  Banti  returned  to  England 
in  the  spring  of  1790,  when  her  perform- 
ance and  singing  in  Gluck's  opera  of 
"  Alceste,"  was  thought  to  be  most  per- 
fect; every  look,  every  action,  every 
note,  appearing  to  be  strictly  appropriate 
to  the  cliaractcr  she  had  assumed,  and 
to  no  other.  Soon  after  this,  on  the  oc- 
casion of  Lord  Howe's  victory,  Banti 
introduced  in  one  of  her  cantatas  the 
national  air  of  "God  save  the  king,"  in 
a  style  which  perfectly  electrified  the 
audience.  In  the  year  1799  she  enrap- 
tured every  hearer  by  her  performance 
in  "  Ines  de  Castro,"  composed  by  Bi- 
anchi,  and  then  first  produced.  The 
celebrated  prayer  in  it,  "Gran  Dio  ehe 
regoli,"  was  given  in  a  style  of  tender- 
ness and  appropriate  devotion,  which 
perhaps  has  never  been  exceeded  on  the 
stage.     We  believe  that  the  year  1809 


bah] 


CYCLOP.EUIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


103 


was  the  last  season  of  Banti's  singinof  in 
England.  Slie  died  at  Bologna,  in  1806, 
aged  about  50.  It  is  said,  that,  on  open- 
ing her  body,  the  lungs  were  found  to  be 
of  an  unusually  large  size. 

BAPTIST,  "Jonx,  a  native  of  Lisle, 
resident  for  some  time  in  England,  as  a 
painter  of  flowers,  lie  studied  atAnt- 
wcrp,  and  assisted  Lc  Brun  in  painting 
the  palace  of  Versailles,  in  whieh  the 
flowers  were  his  execution.  The  duke 
of  Montague,  who  was  ambassador  in 
France,  employed  him  with  La  Fosse  and 
Kousseaa  in  the  decoration  of  Montague 
house,  now  the  British  Museum.  A 
looking-glass  which  he  adorned  with  a 
garland  of  flowers  for  Queen  Mary  is 
still  preserved  at  Kensington  palace. 
There  is  a  print  of  him  from  a  painting 
by  Sir  Godfrey  Kneller,  in  "\\  alpolu's 
Anecdotes,  lie  died  1699. — His  son 
Anthony  distinguished  himself  also  in 
flower  painting. — Another  of  the  same 
name,  who  was  born  at  Antwerp,  paid 
a  visit  to  England  during  the  civil  wars, 
and  was  engaged  in  General  Lambert's 
service,  and  after  the  restoration  ho 
paintecl  the  attitudes  and  draperies  of 
Sir  Peter  Lely's  portraits.  He  died  in 
1691. 

BARAHONA  Y  SOTO,  Louis,  a 
Spanish  physician  and  poet,  a  native  of 
Luceria,  in  Andalusia,  continued,  under 
the  title  of  the  Tears  of  Angelica,  the 
romance  of  Ariosto,  and  executed  his 
task  in  such  a  manner  as  to  gain  the 
applause  of  Cervantes.  He  is  also  the 
author  of  some  eclogues,  stanzas,  and 
sonnets. 

BAEANZANO,  Eedemptcs,  a  Barna- 
bite  monk,  who  corresponded  with  Lord 
Bacon,  by  whom  he  was  highly  esteem- 
ed for  his  proficiency  in  mathematics. 
He  wrote  "  Uranoscopia,"  "  Campus 
Philosophorum,"  &c.     B.  1590  ;  d.  1622. 

BAEATIER,  John  Philip,  a  person  of 

Erodigious  memory.  B.  1721,  at  Scliwo- 
ach,  in  the  margravate  of  Anspach. 
At  the  age  of  4  he  conversed  witn  his 
mother  in  French,  with  his  father  in 
Latin,  and  with  his  servants  in  German. 
The  r.apidity  of  his  improvements  aug- 
mented with  his  years,  so  that  he  became 
perfectly  acquainted  with  Greek  at  6, 
with  Hebrew  at  8,  and  in  his  11th  year 
translated  from  the  Hebrew  into  French 
the  travels  of  the  rabbi  Benjamin  of 
Tudela,  whieh  he  enriched  with  valu- 
able annotations.  His  proficiency  in 
mathematics  was  so  great  that  he  sub- 
mitted to  the  Royal  Academy  of  Science, 
at  Berlin,  a  plan  for  finding  the  longi- 
tude at  sea,  m.arked  witt  wonderful  in- 


genuity, so  that  he  was  elected  a  member. 
In  1735  he  went  with  his  father  to  Halle  ; 
at  which  university  he  was  ollcred  the 
degree  of  master  of  arts,  or  (as  they  call 
it)  doctor  in  ]>hilosophy.  Baratier  drew 
up  that  night  14  theses  in  philosophy 
and  the  mathematics  ;  these  he  sent  im- 
mediately to  the  press,  and  defended 
the  next  day  so  very  ably,  that  fJl  who 
heard  him  were  delighted  and  amazed  : 
he  was  then  admitted  to  his  degree.  But 
this  great  application  injured  his  health, 
and  he  d.  before  he  was  20  years  old. 

BARBARINO,  Francesco,  an  early 
Italian  poet,  who  wrote  "  Document; 
d'Amorc."     B.  1264;  d.  1348. 

BARBAEO,  Fkancis,  a  noble  Vene- 
tian, distinguished  by  his  learning  as 
well  as  his  political  talents.  He  defend- 
ed Brescia,  of  which  he  was  governor, 
against  the  Duke  of  Milan,  and  obliged 
tiie  besiegers  to  retreat.  He  is  princi- 
pally known  by  a  partial  translation  of 
Plutarch's  works,  and  a  treatise  "DcRe 
Uxoria."  The  latter  was  published  in 
1515  at  Paris.  Some  familiar  epistles  ot 
his  were  also  published  as  late  as  1743. 
D.  1454. — Hermolao,  the  elder,  nephew 
to  Francis,  was  bishop  of  Trevisa,  and 
afterwards  of  Verona,  where  he  d.  1470. 
He  translated  some  of  iEsop's  fables  into 
Latin,  when  only  12  years  old. — Her- 
MOLAUs,  grandson  of  Francis,  a  learned 
Venetian,  employed  by  his  countrymen 
as  ambassador  to  the  Emperor  Frederic, 
to  his  son,  Maximilian,  and  to  Pope  In- 
nocent VIII.  He  was  honored  by  the 
pope  with  the  vacant  patriarchate  of 
Aquileia  against  the  wishes  of  his  coun- 
trymen, who  had  passed  a  law  that  their 
ambassadors  should  accept  no  favor  from 
the  Roman  pontilf ;  and  so  inexorable 
were  the  Venetians,  that  Barbaro"s  fa- 
ther, who  was  far  advanced  in  years,  and 
intrusted  with  the  first  offices  of  the 
state,  was  unable  to  avert  their  resent- 
ment, and  died,  in  consequence,  of  a 
broken  heart.  Barbaro  wrote  some  ex- 
cellent treatises  as  well  as  poetry  ;  and 
in  translations  from  Plutarch  and  Dios- 
corides  he  showed  his  abilities  as  a 
Greek  scholar.  D.  1493. — Daniel,  co- 
adjutor of  the  patriarchate  of  Aquileia, 
with  his  uncle  Hermolao,  was  sent  as 
ambassador  from  Venice  to  England, 
where  he  continued  till  1551.  He  d. 
1570,  and  left  several  learned  works  be- 
hind him.  among  which  were  a  '-Trea- 
tise on  Eloquence."  '*  Venice,'" — an 
Italian  translation  of  Vitruvius,  and  the 
"Practice  of  Perspective,"  folio. 

BARBAROSSA,  Arl-cii,  a  well-known 
pirate,  who  made  himself  master  of  Al- 


104 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[bar 


fiers,  nnd  murdered  the  kinj^  Selim 
liiteini,  whom  he  had  come  to  assist 
and  defend  against  his  Spanisli  invaders. 
He  afierwarcfs  made  himself  master  of 
Tunis,  and  of  Tremecen,  wliose  sover- 
eign was  assassinated  by  his  own  sub- 
jeets.  His  suceess  M^as  stopped  by  the 
marquis  of  Gomares,  frovcruor  of  Orau, 
whom  the  heir  of  the  Tremeeen  domin- 
ions liad  invited  to  his  support;  but 
when  besieged  in  the  citadel  he  made 
his  escape  by  a  subterraneous  passage  ; 
but  being  overtaken,  he  was  cut  to  pieces 
witli  liis  followers.  D,  1518. — Cheredin, 
a  brother  of  the  above,  was  an  admiral 
under  Selim  II.  lie  obtained  possession 
of  Tunis,  but  was  cheeked  bv  Charles 
v.,  after  which  he  plundered  several 
towns  of  Italy,  and  then  advanced  to 
Yemen  in  Arabia,  which  he  conquered. 
He  d.  in  1547,  aged  80,  leaving  his  son 
Asau  in  possession  of  the  kingdom. — 
Haykadin,  or  Kuayr  Eddix,  younger 
brother  of  the  preceding.  lie  was  left 
by  Aruch  to  secure  Algiers,  when  he 
marched  against  Tunis',  and,  on  his 
death,  was  proclaimed  king  in  his  place. 
Findinjr  his  authority  insecure,  he  made 
application  to  the  Ottoman  Sultan  Soli- 
man,  offering  to  recognize  his  superior- 
ity, and  become  tributary,  provided  a 
force  was  sent  to  him  sufficient  to  main- 
tain him  in  his  usurpation.  Soliman 
agreed  to  his  proposals,  and,  ordering 
him  a  reinforcement  of  janizaries,  in- 
vested him  with  the  dignity  of  viceroy 
or  pacha  over  the  kingdom  of  Algiers. 
Thus  reinforced,  Hayi-adin  built  a  wall 
for  the  improvement  of  the  harbor, 
stren<rthened  it  with  fortifications,  ancl 
may  be  deemed  the  founder  of  that  mis- 
chievous seat  of  piracy,  as  it  has  ever 
since  existed.  Such  was  his  reputation 
for  naval  and  military  talents,  that  Soli- 
man  11.  made  him  his  capitan  pacha. 
In  this  capacity  he  signalized  himself  by 
a  Ion?  course  of  exploits  against  the 
Venetians  and  Genoese  ;  and,  in  1543, 
when  Francis  I.  made  a  league  with 
Soliman,  he  left  Constantinople,  and, 
with  a  powerful  fleet,  having  the  French 
ambassador  on  board,  took  Reggio,  and 
sacked  the  coast  of  Italy.  In  conjunction 
with  the  French,  he  also  besiejred  and 
took  Is'ice,  and  refitting  during  the  win- 
ter at  Toulon,  again  ravaged  the  coast 
and  islands  of  Italy  in  the  ensuing  spring, 
and  returned  with  many  prisoners  and 
much  spoil  to  Constantinople.  From 
this  time  he  seems  to  have  declined 
active  service,  and  to  have  given  him- 
self up  to  a  voluptuous  life  among  his 
female  captives,  until  the  age  of  80, 


when  he  d.,  and  his  sn.  Jessor  Hassan 
became  possessed  of  his  authority  and 
riches.  With  the  ferocity  of  a  Turk 
and  a  corsair,  he  possessed  some  gener- 
ous sentiments,  and  obtained  a  character 
for  honor  and  fidelity  in  his  engage- 
ments. 

BAEBAULD,  Ann  Letitia,  daughter 
of  the  Eev.  Jolm  Aikin,  was  born  at 
Kibworth,  in  Leicestershire,  June  20, 
1743.  She  rC'.  eived  from  him  a  classical 
education,  and  early  showed  a  disposi- 
tion for  poetry.  Her  earliest  pi'odue- 
tion  was  a  small  volume  of  miscellaneous 
poems,  printed  in  1772,  which,  in  the 
year  following,  was  succeeded  by  a  col- 
lection of  pieces  in  prose,  published  in 
conjunction  with  her  brother,  Dr.  John 
Aikin  of  Stoke  Newington.  In  1774 
she  accepted  the  hand  of  the  Ecv. 
Eochemout  Barbauld,  with  whom  she 
took  up  her  residence  at  Palgrave,  in 
Suffolk,  and  there  composed  the  works 
on  which  the  durability  of  her  reputa- 
tion is  most  securely  founded,  viz., 
''Early  Lessons  and  Hymns  for  Chil- 
di'en,"  pieces  which  are  justly  con- 
sidered as  of  standard  merit.  In  1785 
she  accompanied  her  husband  on  a 
tour  to  the  Continent,  and  on  his  re- 
turn, resided  for  several  years  at  Ilamp- 
stead,  but  in  1802  again  removed  to 
Stoke  Newington,  in  order  the  more 
constantly  to  enjoy  her  brother's  so- 
ciety. In  1812  appeared  the  last  of  her 
separate  publications,  entitled  "  Eigh- 
teen Hundred  and  Eleven,"  a  poem  of 
considerable  merit;  previous  to  which 
she  had  edited  a  collection  of  English 
novels,  and  a  similar  collection  of  the 
best  British  essayists  of  the  time  of 
Anne,  with  Eichardson's  correspond- 
ence, and  a  memoir  of  his  life  and 
writings.     D.  1824. 

BAEBAZAN,  Arnold  William,  was 
a  brave  and  noble  French  general, 
whose  valor,  probity,  and  disinterested- 
ness during  a  long  and  successful  career 
under  the  reigns  of  Charles  VI.  and 
VII.  gained  for  him  the  glorious  appel- 
lation of  "the  Irreproachable  Knight." 
1).  1432. — Stephen,  a  French  writer,  au- 
thor of  a  "Father's  Instructions  to  his 
Son,"  and  editor  of  various  old  French 
tales  and  fiibles.     B.  1696  ;  d.  1770. 

BAEBATELLI,  Bernardino,  an  Ital- 
ian painter,  particularly  excellent  in  de- 
lineating flowers,  fruits,  and  animjils. 
B.  1542;  d.  1612. 

BAEBEAU  DES  BEUYEEES,  Jean 
LouLs,  son  of  a  wood-monger  at  Paris, 
rose  by  the  strength  of  his  genius  from 
the  mean  occupation  of  his  father.    He 


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CYCLOP-EDIA    OF    IJIOGRAPHV. 


105 


resided  10  or  15  years  ia  Holland,  and 
on  his  return  he  assisted  for  23  years 
M.  Uauche  in  the  ooiuplction  of  his 
works.  His  lirst  piiblieation  in  17o9. 
■was  Ills  map  ''De  Monde  Ilistoriqiie, 
au  ingenious  ehart,  in  which  was  united 
all  the  infornuuion  wliieh  geography, 
chronology,  and  history  could  procluc'e. 
He  published  besides  the  "Tablettes 
Chronologi([ues,"  of  Lenglet,  a  transla- 
tion of  Stralilemberg's  iJescription  of 
Kussia,  Le  Croix's  Modern  Geography, 
besides  large  contributions  to  the  works 
of  his  friends,  and  tiie  two  last  volumes 
of  the  ''Bibliotheque  tie  Frauee,"  byLe 
Long.  Burbeau  hud  to  struggle  through 
life  against  poverty,  but  it  did  not  rutile 
his  teu)per,  or  render  him  unwilling 
freely  to  communicate  to  others  from 
the  vast  store  of  his  knowledge  iu  geog- 
raphy and  history.     D.  1781. 

BAEBERINv),  Francis,  an  Italian 
poet,  author  of  "Precepts  of  Love." 
B.  121)4;  d.  134S. 

BAKBEYKAC,  Charles,  a  French 
physician,  whom  Locke  compared  to 
bydenham,  author  of  "Questions  Me- 
dlcaj  Duodccim,"  &c.  B.  1629 ;  d.  1699. 
— JoH.v,  nephew  of  the  above,  professor 
of  law  at  Berne,  and  subsequently  at 
Groningen.  To  the  performance  of  his 
duty  as  a  lecturer,  he  added  most  labo- 
rious exertions  as  an  author.  He  trans- 
lated the  most  valuable  portions  of  Gro- 
tius,  Pulfendorf,  and  other  able  civilians 
into  French,  and  wrote  a  "  History  of 
Ancient  Treatises,"  &c.  B.  1674;  d. 
1747. 

BAKBIER,  Antoxie  Alexandre,  bib- 
liographer, was  born  at  Coulomniers,  in 
1765,  and,  at  the  beginning  of  the  re\'- 
ohition,  was  a  vicar.  In  the  year  1794, 
lie  went  to  Paris,  where  he  was  chosen 
a  member  of  the  committee  appointed 
to  collect  works  of  literature  and  art 
existing  in  the  monasteries,  wliieh  were 
then  suppressed.  This  was  the  cause 
of  his  being  appointed,  in  1798,  keeper 
of  the  library  of  the  cnnsell  (Tetat,  col- 
lected by  himself,  and,  when  it  was 
transported  to  Fontainbleau,  in  1807, 
Napoleon  appointed  him  his  librarian. 
At  the  return  of  the  king,  he  had  the 
care  of  his  private  library,  lie  died  in 
1820.  His  excellent  "Catalogue  de  la 
Bibliotheque  de  Conseil  d'Etat,"  Paris, 
1801-3,  2  vols.,  folio,  is  now  very  rare. 
His  "  Dictionnaire  des  Ouvrages  Ano- 
nymes  et  Pseudonymes,"  is,  on  account 
of  its  plan,  excelfent.  But  he  did  not 
succeed  so  well  with  his  "  Examen  Cri- 
tique et  Complement  des  Dietionnaires 
Historiques,"  1  vol.,  Paris,  1820,  since 


the  narrow  circle  of  his  studies  and  re- 
searches was  not  sufficient  for  such  an 
extensive  plan. 

BAKBIEKI,  JoHX  Francis,  also  call- 
ed GUEKOINI,  an  eminent  historical 
painter.  B.  1590;  d.  1666.— Paul  An- 
thony, brother  of  tlie  above,  an  eminent 
painter  of  stiU-life  subjects.     1).  1610. 

BAKBOSA,  Arias,  a  learned  Portu- 
guese professor  of  Greek  at  Salamanca, 
author  of  a  treatise  "  On  Prosody/'  and 
some  Latin  Poems.  D.  1540.— Peter, 
chancellor  of  Portugal,  author  of  trea- 
tises "  On  the  Digests."  D.  1596.— Au- 
GusTiN,  son  of  the  last  named  bishop  of 
Ugento,  author  of  a  treatise  "  De  Onicio 
Episcopi,"  tte.     D.  1648. 

BARBOUR,  John,  a  Scotch  poet  and 
divine,  chaplain  to  David  Bruce,  of 
whose  life  and  actions  he  wrote  a  his- 
tory. B.  1820;  d.  1378.  — Thomas,  a 
whig  of  the  American  revolution,  and 
in  1769  a  member  of  the  house  of  bur- 
gesses of  Virffinia,  which  made  the  first 
protest  against  the  stamp  act.  He  died 
in  1825,  aged  90. — James^  a  Virginian 
statesman,  who  after  serving  in  various 
offices  in  the  state,  was  subsequently 
governor,  senator  of  the  United  States, 
and  minister  of  war  under  John  Quincy 
Adams.  In  1828  he  was  sent  minister 
to  St.  James,  but  was  recalled  by  Gen. 
Jackson.  He  then  retired  to  private 
life,  and  devoted  himself  mainly  to 
agricultural  pursuits.  D.  1824. — Philip 
Pendleton,  a  younger  brother  of  the 
former,  was  also  distinguished  as  a  law- 
yer and  statesman.  In  1836  he  was  an 
associate  justice  of  the  Supreme  Court 
of  the  United  States.  He  was  a  man 
of  acute,  sound,  and  penetrating  mind. 
D.  1841. 

BARCHAM,  John,  a  learned  divine 
and  antiquary.  B.  at  Exeter,  about 
1572.  He  assisted  Speed  in  his  "His- 
tory of  England  ;"  and  was  author  of  a 
"I)isplay  of  Heraldrie,"  folio,  1611;  but 
having  composed  this  in  his  vouth,  and 
thinking  it  too  light  a  subject  to  ac- 
knowledge, he  gave  it  to  John  Gwillin, 
a  herald  of  his  acquaintance,  under 
whose  name  it  has  been  repeatedly 
printed.     D.  1642. 

BARl'LAY,  an  English  poet  of  some 
note,  orig'inally  chaplain  of  St.  Mary  Ot- 
tery,  in  Devonshire,  and  aflerwards  a 
Benedictine  monk  of  Ely.  His  death 
took  place  in  1552,  a  short  time  after  ho 
had  been  presented  to  the  livinir  of  All- 
Hallows,  in  London.  His  priueipnl  work 
is  a  satire,  entitled  "  The  Sliip  ot  Fools," 
a  translation  or  imitation  of  a  German 
composition.   He alsp wrote  "Eclogues," 


106 


CrCLOP.EDIA    OF    BIOGRAniV. 


[bab 


which,  according  to  Wartoii,  tlie  histo- 
rian of  Enffhsh  poetry.  ;ire  the  earliest 
compositions  ofthe  kind  in  our  language. 
— John,  was  b.  at  Pont-a-Mousson,  and 
educated  in  the  Jesuits'  college  at  that 
place,     lie   accompanied  ]iis   father  to 
England,  where  he  was  much  noticed 
by  James  I.,  to  whom  he  dedicated  one 
of  his  principal  works,  a  political  and 
satirical    romance,    entitlecl    "  Euphor- 
mio,"  in  Latin,  chiefly  intended  to  ex- 
pose   tlie    Jesuits,    against  whom    the 
author  adduces  some  very  serious  accu- 
sations.    He  wrote,  also,  several  other 
works,  among  which  is  a  singular  ro- 
mance, iu  elegant  Latin,  entitled  "Ar- 
genis,"  a  political  allegory,  of  a  character 
similar  to  that  of  '-"Euphormio,"  and 
alluding  to  the  political  state  of  Europe, 
and  especially  France,  during  the  league. 
— KoBERT,   the  celebrated   apologist   of 
the   Quakers,  was    b.  during    1648,   at 
Gordonstown,  in  the  shire  of  Moray,  of 
an  ancient  and  honorable  family.     The 
troubles    of   the    country   induced    his 
father  to  send  him  to  Paris,  to  be  edu- 
cated under  the  care  of  his  uncle,  who 
was  principal  ofthe  Scots  college  in  that 
capital.      Under   his   influence   he  was 
made  a  convert  to  the  Eoman  Catholic 
religion,  upon  which  his  father  sent  for 
him  to   return   home ;  and,  soon  after 
becoming  a  Quaker,  the  son  soon  fol- 
lowed his  example.     His  tirst  treatise  in 
support  of  his  adopted  principles  was 
published  at  Aberdeen,  in  1670,  under 
the  title  of  "Truth  cleared  of  Calum- 
nies," &c.,  being  an  answer  to  an  attack 
on  the  Quakers  by  a  Seottisli  minister 
of  the  name  of  Mitchell.     It  is  written 
with  great  vigor,  and  with  his  subse- 
quent writings  against  the  same  oppo- 
nent, tended  materially  to  rectify  pub- 
lic sentiment  in  regard  to  the  Quakers, 
as  also  to  procure  them  greater  indul- 
gence from  government.     To  propagate 
the  doctrines,  as  well  as  to  maintain  the 
credit  lie  had  gained  for  the  sect,  he 
published,  in  1675,  a  regular  treatise,  in 
order  to  explain  and  defend  the  system 
of  the  Quakers,  which  production  was 
also  very  favorably  received.    These  and 
similar  labors  involved  him  in  contro- 
versies with  the   leading   members   of 
the  university  of  Aberdeen,  and  others  ; 
but,  notwithstanding  so  much  engross- 
ment, his  mind  was,  at  the  same  time, 
busy  with    liis    great   work,    in    Latin, 
"An  Apology  for  the  true  Christian  Di- 
vinity, as  the  same  is  preached  and  held 
fortii  by  the  I'eople  in  bcorn  called  Qua- 
kers." '  It  was  soon  reprinted  at  Ani- 
Bterdam,  and  quickly  translated  into  the 


German,  Dutch,  French,  and  Spanish 
languages,  and,  by  the  author  himself, 
into  English.     It  "met,  of  course,  with 
many  answers ;  but  liis  tame  was  now 
widely  diffused,  and  in  his  travels  w'th 
the  linnous  William  Penn,  through  the 
greater  part  of  England,  Holland,  and 
Germany,  to  spread'  the  opinions  of  the 
Quakers,  he  was   received  everywhere 
witli  the  highest  marks  of  respect.    The 
last  of  his  productions,  in  defence  of  the 
theory  ofthe  Quakers,  was  a  long  Latin 
letter,  addressed,  in  1676,  to  Adrian  do 
Pacts,  "On  the  Possibility  of  an  Inward 
and  Immediate  Kevelation."    It  was  not 
published  in  England  until  1686;  from 
which  time  Barclay,  who  had  endured 
his  share  of  persecution,  and  been  more 
than  once  imprisoned,  spent  the  remain- 
ing part  of  his  life,  in  the  bosom  of  a 
large  family,  in  quiet  and  peace.     He  d. 
after  a  short  illness,  at  his  own  house, 
in  Ury,  in  1690,  in  the  42d  year  of  his 
age.     With  few  exceptions,  both  parti- 
sans and  opponents  unite  in  the  profes- 
sion of  great  respect  for  liis  character 
and  talents.     Besides  the  works  already 
mentioned   or   alluded   to,  lie   wrote   a 
treatise  "On  Universal  Love,"  and  va- 
rious replies  to  the  most  able  opponents 
of  his  "  Apology." — -William,  a  learned 
civilian,  was  b.  in  Aberdeenshire,  about 
1541.     He  spent  the  early  part  of  his 
life,  and  much  of  his  fortune,   at  the 
court    of  Mary   queen    of  Scots,    from 
whose  favor  he  expected  preferment.    In 
1573,  he  went  over  to  France,  and  at 
Bruges  commenced  student  of  civil  law 
under  the   famous   Cujaeius.      Having 
continued  some  years  in  that  seminary, 
he  took  a  doctor's  degree,  and  was  soon 
after  appointed  professor  of  civil  law  in 
the  university  ot  Pont-a-Mousson,  then 
first  founded  by  the  duke  of  Lorraine. 
Having  parted  with  his  patron,  Barclay 
embarked  for  Britain,  where  King  James 
I.,  who  had  now  succeeded  to  the  two 
crowns,  offered  him  considerable  prefer- 
ment,  provided    lie    would    become    a 
member  ofthe  church  of  England.    Not 
choosing,  however,  to  comply  with  this, 
he  returned  to  France  in  1604,  and  soon 
after  his  arrival  was  appointed  professor 
of  civil  law  in  the  university  ot  Angers, 
where  he  died  the  year  following,  and 
was  buried  in   the  Franciscan  church. 
He  was  esteemed  a  learned  civilian,  and 
wrote  elaborately  in  the  defence  of  the 
divine  right  of  kings,  in  answer  to  Bu- 
chanan and  others. 

BAliCOCHEBAS,  a  Jewish  impostor, 
in  the  '2d  century,  who,  during  the 
reign  of  the  emperor  Adrian,  caused 


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CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    UIOGRAPHV. 


107 


himself  to  be  proclaimed  tlio  Messiah 
and  kinjj  of  the  Jews.  Under  his  stand- 
ard they  rose  in  rebellion  ai,Min8t  the 
Komaus.  He  fortified  liimself  with  Ids 
deluded  followers,  in  various  places,  and 
committed  L'reat  barbarities,  particularly 
against  the  Christians,  whom  ho  massa- 
cred in  vast  numbers.  Julias  Severus, 
the  greatest  general  of  the  time,  took  the 
conduct  of  the  war  against  him,  and 
adopted  the  policy  of  attacking  and  cut- 
ting his  followers  olf  seoarately.  He  fell 
at  tlie  siege  of  Bitten,  alter  fifty  thousand 
Jews  had  perished  in  consequence  of 
his  acts. 

BAECOS,  Martin  de,  a  learned  Jan- 
senist,  who  wrote  a  work  called  "  Petrus 
Aurelius,"  "  La  Grandeur  de  L'Egliae 
Eomaine,"  a  treatise  on  the  "  Authority 
of  St.  Peter  and  St.  Paul,"  and  many 
controversial  tracts.    I).  167S. 

BARD,  John,  a  learned  physician. 
He  engaged  in  business  in  Philadelphia, 
and  afterwards  removed  to  New  \  ork, 
where  ho  remained  till  v.-ithiu  a  few 
mouths  of  his  death.  lu  the  year  1795, 
when  tlie  yellow  fever  had  put  to  flight 
a  number  of  physicians,  wmo  were  in 
the  meridian  of  life,  the  veteran  Ur.  Bard 
remained  at  his  post.  He  was  the  author 
of  several  papers  on  the  yellow  fever  in 
the  American  Medical  Kegister.  In  1750 
he  assisted  Dr.  Middleton  in  the  first 
recorded  dissection  in  America.  ]). 
1799. — Samuel,  M.D.,  to  obtain  a  tlior- 
ough  medical  education,  he  spent  five 
years  in  France,  England,  and  Scotland. 
ile  received  his  degree  at  Edinburgh  in 
1765.  Dr.  Bard  formed  the  plan  of  the 
medical  school  of  New  York,  vrhich  was 
established  within  ayear  after  his  return. 
He  was  appointed  professor  of  the  prac- 
tice of  pliysic.  Medical  degrees  were 
first  conterred  in  17G9.  By  his  exertions 
the  hospital  was  founded.  In  1774  he 
delivered  a  course  of  chemical  lectures. 
In  1813  he  was  appointed  president  of 
the  college  of  physicians  and  surgeons. 
His  discourses  on  conferring  degrees 
were  very  impressive.     B.  1742 ;  d.  1821. 

BAKDE,  JouTi  DE  LA,  an  historian  and 
diplomatist  of  the  reign  of  Louis  le  Grand, 
who  wrote  a  history  of  France  from  the 
time  of  Lotus  XIII.  to  1652.  B.  1602 ; 
d.  1692. 

BARDESANES  the  Gnostic,  a  Syrian, 
who  lived  in  the  hitter  half  of  the  second 
century,  at  Edessa,  and  was  a  favorite 
of  the  king  Agbar  Bar  Maanu,  is  memor- 
able for  the  peculiarity  of  his  doctrines. 
lie  considered  the  evil  in  the  world  only 
as  an  accidental  reaction  of  matti^r,  and 
all  life  as  the  offspring  of  male  and  fe- 


male ^onc.  He  considered  J  esus  to  be 
the  ^on  destined  for  the  salvation  of 
souls,  only  a  feigned  man,  and  liis  death 
only  a  feigned  death,  but  his  doctrine 
the  6  nre  means  to  fill  the  souls  of  men 
with  ardent  desires  for  tlieir  celestial 
home,  and  to  lead  them  back  to  God,  to 
whom  they  go  immediately  after  death, 
and  without  a  resurrection  of  the  earthly 
body.  He  propagated  this  doctrine  in 
Syrian  hymns,  and  is  the  first  writer  of 
h3'mns  in  this  language.  His  son  Ilar- 
monius  studied  in  Athens,  and  strove, 
also,  by  means  of  hymns,  to  procure  the 
reception  of  his  doctrine,  i  et  the  Bar- 
desanists  did  not  formally  separate  them- 
selves from  the  orthodox  Christian 
church.  They  maintained  themselves 
until  the  5th  century. 

BARDIN,  Pierre,  a  French  writer 
author  of  '-Le  Grand   ChambclLan  di 
France,"   &c.     He  lost  his  lite  while 
attempting  to  rescue  a  drowning  man, 
1G37. 

BARDNEY,  Richard,  an  English 
monk ;  author  of  the  "  Life,  of  Robert 
Grosthead,  bishop  of  Lincoln."    D.  1504. 

BAREBONE,  Praise-God,  a  notorious 
fimatic  of  the  time  of  Cromwell,  from 
whom  the  famous  Barebone's  Parlia- 
ment took  its  name.  He  was  originally 
a  leather-dealer,  but  a  man  of  consider- 
able energy  and  influence.  He  was  ar- 
rested in  lijfil  with  Major  Wildman  and 
Harrington  for  a  plot  against  the  govern- 
ment, and  committed  to  the  Tower. 
"What  became  of  him  on  his  release  is 
not  known. 

BARENT,  Dietrich,  a  Dutch  histori- 
cal and  portrait  painter.  B.  1534;  d. 
1582. 

BARERE,  Bertrand,  one  of  the  most 
conspicuous  actors  in  the  first  French 
revolution,  was  born  in  1755  at  Tarbes, 
in  Gascouy,  where  his  father  possessed 
the  small  estate  of  Vieuzac.  He  was 
educated  for  the  bar  at  Toulouse,  prac- 
tised as  an  advocate  with  considerable 
success,  and  besides  occupying  himself 
with  literary  pursuits  of  a  trivial  charac- 
ter, wrote  a"  dissertation  which  procured 
him  a  seat  in  the  Toulouse  Academy  of 
Sciences.  In  1785  he  was  elected  one 
of  the  representatives  of  the  Third  Es- 
tate. When,  in  1792,  the  legislative  as- 
sembly invited  the  nation  to  elect  an 
extraordinary  convention,  Bart-re  was 
chosen  one  of  its  members  by  his  own 
department.  He  voted  for  the  death  of 
the  king,  "sans  appel  et  sans  sursis," 
in  words  that  have  been  oft  repeated, 
"  L"arbre  de  la  libcrte  ne  croi^t  qu'arros(5 
par  le  sang  des  tyrana."     Al\er  the  fall 


fOS 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[bar 


of  the  monarch,  he  acted  with  the  Gi- 
rondist:*, to  whom  he  made  liiiiiself 
useful  by  the  ease  and  fluency  with 
which  he  could  draw  up  reports.  But 
he  soon  made  common  cause  with  the 
Mountain,  wliose  designs  he  carried  out; 
and  he  bore  a  larire  share  in  the  schemes 
subsequently  planned  during  the  "  Keign 
of  Terror,"  earning  for  the  levity  with 
which  he  discharged  his  office  the  nick- 
names of  the  Witling  of  Terror,  and 
the  Anaereon  of  the  Guillotine.  He 
fawned  on  Eobe^pierre  up  to  the 
6th  of  Thermidor,  and  on  the  Pth  he 
moved  that  Eobcspierre  should  be  be- 
lieadcd  witliout  a  trial.  On  the  tall  of 
the  convention  he  was  sent  a  prisoner 
to  the  isle  of  Oleron ;  but  he  made  his 
escape  to  Bordeaux,  where  he  i-eraained 
four  years  in  obscurity ;  and  on  the  estab- 
lishment of  Napoleon's  government  he 
enlisted  in  its  service,  and  for  some  years 
officiated  in  the  double  eanacity  of  a  wri- 
ter and  a  spy.  On  the  fall  of  Napoleon, 
in  1814,  he  again  became  a  royalist.  Du- 
ring the  hundred  days  he  was  chosen  by 
his  native  district  a  member  of  the  cham- 
ber of  representatives ;  but  on  the  final 
return  of  the  Bourbons,  in  1815,  he  was 
compelled  to  retire  into  Belgium,  where 
he  resided  till  1830.  The  revolution 
which  then  called  Louis  Philippe  to  the 
throne,  enabled  him  to  return  to  France ; 
but  he  was  reduced  to  extreme  indi- 
gence,  and  a  small  pension  from  the 
King  and  the  government  alone  saved 
him  from  the  necessity  of  begging  his 
bread.  D.  18-11.  Those  who  wish  to 
see  an  instance  of  the  literary  tomahawk 
skilfully  applied,  will  find  it  in  an  arti- 
cle devoted  to  BarOre's  life  and  character 
in  the  Edinburgh  Keview,  vol.  lx.\ix.,  by 
Macaulav. 

B.VKKTTI,  Joseph,  the  son  of  an 
architect  of  Turin,  b.  in  1716,  and  who 
went  to  England  in  1750,  where  he  re- 
sided (with  a  short  interval)  the  remain- 
der of  his  life.  Baretti  had  the  good 
fortune  to  be  introduced  to  Dr.  Samuel 
Johnson,  and  between  them  a  veiylong 
intimacy  had  place.  From  the  time  of 
his  arrival  in  Entrland  he  subsisted  by 
teaching  tho  Italian  language  and  by 
the  sale  of  his  writings.  In  1760  lie 
made  a  tour  to  Italy,  through  Portugal 
and  Spain,  and  returned  to  England 
after  an  absence  of  six  years.  In  1769 
he  was  tried  at  the  Old  Bailey  for  having 
stabbed  a  man  who  violently  assaulted 
him  in  the  Ilaymarket.  lie  made  a 
most  admirable  defence ;  which,  added 
to  the  bad  reputation  of  liis  prosecutors, 
impressed  the  court  much  in  his  favor. 


He  was  acquitted  of  the  murder,  and  of 
the  manslaughter :  the  verdict  was  self- 
defence.  After  this  unfortunate  trans- 
action he  again  sat  down  to  his  studies, 
and  in  1770  pubhshed  his  "Travels," 
for  M-hich,  it  is  said,  he  received  £500. 
On  the  establishment  of  the  Eoyal  Acad- 
emy, he  was  appointed  foreign  secretary, 
a  post  of  more  honor  than  profit.  He 
died  May  5,  1789,  without  a  struggle  or 
sigh,  the  moment  after  taking  a  glass  of 
wine,  pi-eserving  his  faculties  to  "the  last 
moment. 

BAEGRAVE,  Isaac,  dean  of  Canter- 
bury and  chaplain  to  James  I.     D.  1642. 

BAEIIAM,  EiCHAED  ILvERis,  better 
known  by  his  authorial  name  of  Thomas 
Ingoldsby,  was  a  native  of  Canterbury, 
and  a  graduate  of  Oxford,  who  adopted 
the  clerical  profession  and  discharged 
its  duties,  but  who  was  far  more  of  a 
wit  than  a  sermonizer.  He  became  a 
minor  canon  of  St.  Paul's,  and  the  friend 
of  Sydney  Smith,  whom  in  some  respects 
he  resembled.  His  contributions  to  tho 
leading  English  periodicals  were  remark- 
able for  fancy  and  humor,  but  his  fame 
will  rest  upon  the  "  Ingoldsby  Legends," 
which  are  full  of  quaint  wit  and  happy 
turns  of  thought  and  expression.  A 
novel  of  his,  called  "  My  Cousin  Nicho- 
las," was  popular  at  the'time  of  its  pub- 
lication.    B.  1789  ;  d.  1845. 

BAEKEE,  Edmund  Henry,  a  classical 
scholar,  who  edited  Stephens'  Greek 
Thesaurus,  Prolegomena  to  Homer, 
Lempriere,  &c.,  and  was  a  leading  sup- 
porter of  the  classical  .iournal,  the  British 
Critic  and  the  Monthly  Magazine,  to 
which  he  contributed  valuable  disserta- 
tions on  questions  of  philology  and  an- 
tiquities. B.  1788;  d.  1839.-^Georoe, 
an  eminent  lawyer  of  Birmingham,  who 
aided  Watt  and  Boulton  in  their  gigantic 
railroad  and  other  schemes.  B.  1776  ;  d. 
1845. — EoBERT,  inventor  of  the  pano- 
rama, was  b.  at  Kclls,  in  Ireland,  about 
1740 ;  and,  having  failed  in  business, 
became  a  miniature  and  portrait  painter. 
He  settled  at  Edinburgh  in  that  capacity; 
and,  while  viewing  the  landscape  from 
the  Calton  Hill,  was  first  struck  with  the 
idea  of  representing  similar  scenes  in  a 
circular  picture.  Eminent  artists  treat- 
ed the  project  as  chimerical ;  but  he 
persisted,  and  ultimately  succeeded  in 
accomplishing  what  may  be  considered 
as  the  triumpli  of  pictorial  illusion.  It 
was  in  1787  that  his  first  attempt  was 
exhibited;  and  his  exhibition  soon  be- 
came so  popular  that  he  gained  a  con- 
siderable fortune.  I).  1806. — Matthew 
Hexry,  a  sea-captain,  wlio  in  the  latter 


ar] 


CVCLOPJiDIA    OF    mOGRAPIlV. 


109 


part  ofliis  life  look  to  writing  sea-novels, 
111  wliieh  lie  attained  trreat  Huceess,  under 
the  name  of  the  Old  Sailor.  His  "  Tough 
Yarns,"  "  Jim  Bunt,"  "  Land  and  Sea 
Tales,"  cte.,  have  considerable  merit. 
1).  ISIC. — Gkorge  p.,  a  distinguished 
lawyer  and  politician  of  iJutfido,  attor- 
ney-general of  the  state  of  Now  York, 
who  d.  in  1848,  before  lie  bad  fulfiiled 
his  promise. 

BAKKIIAM,  Jon.N-,  a  native  of  Exeter, 
who,  after  studying  at  Oxford,  and  hold- 
ing several  places  of  j)re ferment,  d.  at 
Booking,  in  Essex,  of  wliieh  1«?  was  ree- 
tor  and  dean.  lie  is  mentioned  by 
Speed,  and  others,  as  possessing  '•  learn- 
ing, virtue,  and  courtesy."  His  valuable 
eolleetion  of  coins  and  medals,  which  he 
gave  to  Land,  was  presented  to  the  uni- 
versity. Though  be  never  published 
any  tiling,  yet  I'iis  friends  had  reason  to 
acknowledge  bis  great  erudition,  so  that 
GuiUim's  display  of  heraldry,  and  Speed's 
Jo!m  and  Henry  IL  are  attributed  to 
him. 

BAEKSDALE,  Clemt:nt,  a  native  of 
Wineheomb,  Gloucestershire,  educated 
at  Abingdon  school  and  Oxlbrd.  He  was 
elected  master  of  Herefonl  school,  but 
during  the  civil  wars  he  left  his  situation, 
and  took  pupils  at  Hawling,  in  Glouces- 
tershire. On  the  restoration  he  was 
presented  to  the  living  of  Taunton, 
where  ho  d.  1G87,  aged  78.  His  works 
are,  besides  several  sermons,  and  some 
tracts,  "  !Monumenta  Literaria,"  "  Sivc 
Obitus  et  Elogia,"  "  Doctorum  Yirorum 
e.\  Historiis  Thuani,"  "  Nympha  Libc- 
thris,  or  the  Corswold  Muse,"  1G51 ; 
"  The  Life  of  Grotius,"  1G52  ;  "Memo- 
rials of  Worthy  Pei-sons,"  1661. 

BAKLAAM,  a  Greek  monk,  who,  in 
1339,  was  sent  into  the  AYest,  by  the 
younger  Andronicus,  the  Greek  em- 
peror, to  solicit  assistance  against  the 
Turks,  and  to  negotiate  a  imion  between 
the  Latin  and  Greek  churches.  On 
his  return  he  was  censured,  as  hetero- 
dox, by  a  council ;  upon  which  he  went 
back  to  Italy,  and  obtained  the  bishopric 
of  Ilieraeium,  in  Calabria.  He  d.  about 
13-48.  Barlaam  introduced  the  study  of 
Grecian  literature  into  Italy ;  and  Pe- 
trarch and  Boccacio  were  bis  disciples. 

BARL^EUS,  Gasp.\ravs,  a  Latin  poet 
of  Antwerp,  appointed  subprineipal  of 
the  college  of  Leyden,  but  afterwards  re- 
jected from  his  olTice  for  the  zealous 
share  which  ho  took  in  ihe  disputes  of 
the  Anninians.  He  now  took  bis  de- 
grees in  physic  at  Caen,  and  in  1631  was 
invited  by  the  magistrates  of  Amster- 
Jani  to  fill  the  chair  of  professor  of  phi- 
10 


losophy,  which  he  held  till  his  death  iu 
1048,  in  his  G4tli  year,  though  his  wri- 
tings in  favor  of  Arminius  raised  him  a 
number  of  enemies,  who  loudly  called 
for  his  dismission.  His  orations  are 
admired  for  their  wit  and  purity,  and 
his  poems  for  their  elegance  and  e'orrecl- 
ness.  Two  volumes  of  his  letters  were 
published  after  his  death.  He  wrote 
also  an  account  of  Count  Maurice's  gov- 
ernment in  Brazil. 

BAKLETTA,  Gabriei.,  a  Dominican, 
b.  at  Bailctta,  in  the  kingdom  of  Naples. 
He  acquired  some  celebrity  as  a  writer 
and  as  a  preacher,  and  it  became  pro- 
verbial to  say,  7iescU 2)^'ixdicare  qui  nescit 
Barlettare.  'it  is  reported  that  his  ser 
mons  rapidly  passed  through  20  editions, 
but  so  incongruous  was  the  composition, 
so  full  of  serious  reflections  and  ridicu- 
lous levities,  of  obsolete  words,  and  of 
modern  and  ancie.  t  idioms,  that  more 
singular  and  extraordinarv  performances 
scarcely  ever  appeared.  I'he  best  edition 
is  that  of  Venice,  1577,  two  vols.  Svo. 
He  was  b.  about  1040,  but  the  time  of 
his  death  is  unknown. 

BARLOW,  TnoMAs,  an  English  pre- 
late, was  b.  in  1G07,  at  Langhill,  in 
Westmoreland,  and  educated  at  Oxford. 
He  was  raised  to  the  bishopric  of  Lin- 
coln in  1675,  and  held  it  till  his  death, 
in  1601.  His  principles  were  any  thing 
but  inflexible.  He  wrote  against  popery 
during  the  reign  of  Charles  II. ;  vindi- 
cated the  regal  power  of  dispensing  with 
the  laws,  under  James  II. ;  and  finally 
gave  his  allegiance  to  William  HI.  Noi 
did  he  properly  lulfil  his  episcopal  duties 
He  was,  however,  a  learned  and  a  toler 
ant  man.  His  works  consist  of  som« 
tracts  ;  a  Collection  of  Cases  of  Consci- 
ence Resolved ;  and  Genuine  Remains. 
— Joel,  was  b.  at  Reading,  iu  Connecti- 
cut, about  1755,  and  graduated  at  Yale 
college  in  1778.  After  leaving  college  he 
engaged  for  a  sliort  time  in  the  study  of 
the  law,  but  soon  chantred  it  for  theolo- 
gy, and  became  a  ciinphiin  in  the  army, 
which  station  lie  retained  until  the  return 
of  peace.  From  1783  to  17it5  Mr.  Bar- 
low was  occupied  with  various  private 
pursuits,  in  America  and  Europe  :  and 
in  the  latter  vear  was  appointed  by  Pres- 
ident Washington  consul  at  Algiers, 
with  powers  to  i:egotiate  a  treaty  of 
peace  with  the  Dcy,  and  redeem  the 
American  captives  on  the  coast  of  Bar- 
bary.  He  concluded  a  treaty  with  Al- 
giers, and  also  negotiated  'one  with 
Tripoli,  and  rescued  many  American 
citizens  from  slavery.  In  1707  he  re- 
signed his  consulship.    In  1805  he  re- 


110 


CYCLOP-EDI.V    OF    UIOGRAPHl. 


[bATi 


turned  to  the  United  States.  In  1811  he 
"vvas  sent  as  minister  plenipotentiary  to 
the  Frenrli  government,  lie  lidlecl  in 
the  object  of  his  mission,  but  in  October, 
1812,  he  was  invited  to  a  eonl'erence  with 
the  emperor  at  AVilna.  The  faticjue  and 
exposure  to  whicli  he  subjected  himself, 
to  comply  with  this  invitation,  caused 
his  death  at  Zarowitch,  an  obscure  vil- 
lage near  Cracow,  in  December,  1812. 
AVhile  in  college  Mr.  Barlow  was  a  votary 
of  the  muses,  and  by  tliat  means  ac- 
quired the  friendship  of  Dr.  "Wright, 
■who  himself  occasionally  dabbled  in 
verse.  His  "American  Poems"  were 
printed  at  Litchfield,  shortly  after  he 
left  college.  The  "Vision  of  Columbus" 
appeared  in  1787.  He  prepared  a  new 
version  of  Watts'  Psalms  for  the  clergy 
of  his  native  state.  While  in  France  he 
became  a  warm  friend  of  the  leading 
Girondists.  In  England,  about  1791,  he 
printed  his  "  xVdvice  to  the  Privileged 
Orders,"  and  afterwards  the  "Conspir- 
acy of  Kings,"  and  a  "Letter  to  the 
National  Convention."  But  his  most 
popular  poem  was  a  mock  heroic,  in 
tliree  cantos,  called  "Hasty  Pudding," 
in  which  he  celebrated  a  national  New 
England  dish.  IJtturning  to  America, 
in  1808,  he  published  a  noticeable  poem 
called  the  Columbiad,  which  is  still  ex- 
tant, and  some  people  read. 

BAELOWE,  William,  a  bishop  of 
Bath  and  Wells  under  Queen  !Mary, 
and  bishop  of  Winchester  under  Eliza- 
beth. D.  Ifi.'JS. — William,  his  son,  arch- 
deacon of  Sarum,  skilled  in  natural  phi- 
losophy, and  the  first  English  writer 
on  t  lie"  properties  of  the  loadstone.  D. 
1625. 

BARNAED,  Theodoke,  a  Dutch 
painter  who  settled  in  England,  said  to 
have  painted  the  kings  and  bishops  in 
Chichester  cathedral.-^JoiiK,  D.D.,  pre- 
bendary of  Lincoln  in  the  reign  of 
Charles  IL,  author  of  a  "  Life  of  Dr. 
Heylyn,"  Ac.  D.  1683.— .Sir  John,  lord 
mayor  of  London,  and  one  of  its  repre- 
sentatives in  parliament  for  forty  years. 
He  was  an  able  speaker,  and  a  remark- 
ably conscientious  and  religious  man ; 
and  so  greatly  was  he  respected  by  his 
fellow-citizens,  that  they  erected  a  statue 
to  his  memorj'  in  the  Koval  Exchange. 
B.  atReadintr,  168.->;  d.  1704. 

BARNAV'E,  Anthony  Peter  Jo.seph, 
an  eloquent  and  popular  member  of  the 
French  national  assembly.  He  was 
charged  with  the  conveyance  of  the 
kinif  from  Varennes  to  Paris  ;  on  wliich 
occasion  he  conducted  himself  with 
great  delicacy  and  respect.    Though  he 


had  retired  to  private  life,  he  was  ut' 
rested  by  the  faction  then  in  power,  and 
guillotined  in  1794. 

BARNES,  Juli.vna,  prioress  of  St. 
Alban's  in  the  1.5th  century,  author  of 
treatises  on  "  Hunting,  lliiu-king,  and 
Heraldry." — Robert,  D.D.,  chaplain  to 
Henry  VIII. ;  burnt  to  death  in  Smith' 
field  tor  Lutheranism,  in  1540 ;  aulhot 
•of  a  treatise  on  "  Justification,"  &c. — 
JosiiTA,  a  learned  divine,  educated  at 
Christ's  hospital,  London,  and  Emman- 
uel college,  Cambridge,  author  of  the 
"Life  of  Edward  III.,"  and  a  poem 
"  On  the  History'  of  Esther,"  and  editor 
of  the  works  o'f  Euripides,  Anacreon, 
and  Homer.  B.  1054  ;  d.  1712.— Thom.\s, 
a  gentleman  of  famous  literary  ability, 
and  principal  editor  of  "  The  Times," 
which  journal  owes  much  of  its  celebrity 
and  influence  to  the  powerful  political 
leaders  that  came  from  his  pen,  as  well 
as  to  the  rare  skill  and  discrimination 
he  evinced  in  the  general  control  and 
adaptation  of  the  articles  furnished  by 
his  coadjutors,  &c.  Notwithstanding 
the  share  he  necessarily  took  in  the 
strife  of  politics,  it  is  recorded  to  his 
honor  that  he  retained  the  friendship 
of  all  who  had  once  intimately  known 
him,  how  much  soever  they  might 
chance  to  ditier  on  questions  of  public 
interest.  Mr.  Barnes  was  educated  at 
Christ's  hospital  and  Pembroke  college, 
Cambridge,  where  he  took  his  B.A.  and 
M.A.  degrees.  D.  1841,  aged  55. — 
Daniel  IL,  a  distinguished  conchol- 
ogist,  who,  with  Dr.  Griscom,  originated 
and  conducted  with  great  reputation 
the  high  school  of  New  York.  He  was 
also  a  Baptist  preacher.  On  Sunday, 
the  day  before  his  death,  he  preached 
at  New  Lebanon  from  the  text,  "Ye 
know  not  what  shall  be  on  the  mor- 
row:" on  the  next  day,  the  driver  hay- 
ing been  thrown  from  his  seat,  Mr. 
Barnes  in  his  alarm  jumped  from  the 
carriage,  fractured  his  skull,  and  died 
soon  after.  His  learned  communications 
on  conchology  were  published  in  Silli- 
man's  journal,  with  explanatory  plates. 

BARNEY,  JosiirA,  a  distinguished 
commander  in  the  American  navy.  He 
was  employed  in  the  public  service  du- 
ring the  war  of  the  revolution,  and  was 
twice  captured.  In  a  vessel  named  the 
Ilyder  Ali,  carrying  4  nine  and  12  six 
pounders  he  captured,  after  an  action 
of  20  minutes,  the  Gen.  Monk  of  18 
guns,  nine-pounders,  with  the  loss  of  4 
men  killed,  and  11  wounded.  The  Gen. 
Monk  lost  80  killed,  and  [>?>  wounded. 
He  sailed  in  the  Gen.  Monk  with  dis- 


bar] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    01'    BIOCiRAPHV. 


11. 


Eatches  for  Dr.  Franklin  at  Paris,  and 
rought  back  a  valuable  loan  from  the 
king  of  Franco.  In  1796  he  went  to 
France  with  Mr.  Muuroe,  deputed  the 
bearer  of  the  American  flag  to  the  Na- 
tional Convention.  In  lHl;3  ho  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  command  of  the  flotilla 
for  the  defence  of  the  Chesapeake.  He 
participated  in  the  battle  of  iiladcus- 
burg,  and  was  wounded  by  a  ball  in 
the  thigh.  In  ISlo  he  was  sent  on  a 
mission  to  Europe.  lie  d.  in  1S19,  aged 
59.  lie  had  been  41  years  in  public 
service,  and  eniraffcd  in''J<>  battles. 

EAKNEVEL'DT,  JunN  d'  Oldex,  a 
Dutch  statesman  of  great  abilities,  am- 
b.issador  to  Elizabeth  in  England,  and  to 
Henry  IV.  of  France.  His  attempts  to 
limit  the  authority  of  Maurice  the  second 
Btadtholdcr  of  Holland,  raised  him  ene- 
mies, by  whose  virulence  he  was  accused 
of  designs  to  deliver  the  country  to  the 
Spaniards,  and  in  consequence  of  this 
false  charge,  he  was  tried  and  beheaded 
in  1619.  His  sons,  William  and  Ren(5, 
resented  the  cruelty  exercised  against 
their  father,  and  though  the  elder  es- 
caped, Kene  felt  the  punishment  due  to 
a  conspirator.  The  mother  stepped  in 
in  defence  of  her  son,  and  when  Maurice 
expressed  surprise  to  see  her  eager  to 
save  him  when  she  had  seen  his  father 
fall  unlamented,  she  indignantly  re- 
plied, "  I  would  not  solicit  a  pardon  for 
my  husband,  lor  he  was  innocent.  I 
ask  it  for  my  son  because  he  is  ijuilty." 
r.AKO  or  BAKONI,  Peter,  a  native 
of  Estampes,  in  France,  who  left  his 
country  on  account  of  his  attachment  to 
Protestantism,  and  found  a  hosjiitable 
asylum  in  England,  in  the  house  of 
Lord  Burleigh,  and  at  Cambridge  with 
Dr.  Pierce,  by  whose  influence  he  was 
chosen  Margaret  professor  of  divinity, 
1574.  The  tranquillity  of  his  residence 
was  however  of  short  duration.  He  op- 
posed Whitacre,  Tindal,  and  Chadder- 
ton,  who  violently  supported  the  tenets 
of  absolute  predestination,  and  whilst 
ho  gave  a  more  moderate  explanation  to 
tha  doctrine  in  his  sermons  and  in  his 
lectures,  he  found  himself  cited  before 
the  vice  clumeellor,  and  accused  before 
Archbishop  Wliitgift ;  and  though  Lord 
Burleigh,  the  chancellor,  disajiproved 
of  the  virulence  of  his  prosecutors,  he 
found  himself  obliged  to  leave  Cam- 
bridge for  Crutciredfriars,  London, 
where  he  died.  His  writintrs  were  on 
divinity  subjects,  and  in  Latin. 

BAKOCCIO,  Fkederio,  a  painter  of 
Urbino,  who  learnt  sculpture  of  his  fa- 
ther,  aii'l   architecture,  geometry,    and 


perspective  of  his  uncle,  and  drew  the 
Inacfs  of  his  Virn^ins  after  the  features 
ot  his  sister,  and  those  of  his  Jesuses 
after  his  nephew.  Cardinal  de  la  Ko- 
vere  becanie  early  his  patron,  but  the 
jealousy  of  }iis  rivals  proved  nearly 
fatal.  He  was  maiiciously  poisonecl, 
and  though  he  recovered  by  the  im- 
mediate application  of  medicine,  his 
constitution  grew  weak  and  languid, 
and  he  lingered  in  an  unhealthy  state, 
till  his  84th  year,  1012.  His  paintings 
are  in  good  esteem,  his  historical  pieces 
are  deservedly  admired,  but  he  shines 
with  superior  lustre  in  the  execution  of 
his  devotional  portraits.  His  merits 
were  universally  admitted,  and  his  in- 
firmities alone  prevented  him  from  ac- 
cepting the  honors  which  were  liberally 
ottered  to  him  by  the  duke  of  Tuscany, 
the  Emperor  Rodolph  II.,  and  Philip 
II.  of  Spain.  In  correctness  he  is  great; 
he  understood  well  the  effects  of  light 
and  shade,  and  though  the  attitudes  of 
some  of  his  figures  are  out  of  propor- 
tion, he  may  be  said  to  approach  the 
softness  and  graces  of  Correggio. 

BARON,  BoNAVENTURE,  a  native  of 
<^.'lonmel,  Ireland,  educated  by  his  uncle 
Luke  Wadding,  and  afterwards  em- 
ployed as  divinity  professor  at  Rome, 
where  he  spent  60  years,  and  died  blind 
in  a  good  old  age,  March  18th,  1696. 
He  was  a  learned  and  voluminous 
writer.  His  ''  Thcologia,"  in  6  vols., 
is  his  best  pertbrmance.  See  a  list  of 
his  works  in  Sir  James  Ware's  writers 
of  Ireland,  p.  253. — Michael,  son  of  a 
merchant  ot  Issondun,  became  cele- 
brated as  a  player.  His  powers  in  ex- 
pressing the  passions  were  unusually 
great,  and  he  was  deservedly  called  the 
Roscius  of  his  time.  He  was  not  insen- 
sible to  the  popularity  which  he  enjoyed, 
and  with  arrogance  and  vanity  he  ob- 
served, that  once  in  a  century  a  Cajsar 
might  arise,  but  that  2i)00  years  were 
requisite  to  produce  a  Baron.  His  su- 
perior excellence  was  in  a  great  degree 
owing  to  his  own  exertions,  so  that  Ra- 
cine in  representing  his  .'Vndromaehe  to 
the  actors,  with  tlie  judgment  and  cor- 
rectness of  a  poet  aiul  of  a  man  ot'  feel- 
ing, paid  him  the  highest  compliment, 
assuring  him  that  he  could  give  him  no 
instructions,  "  for,"'  added  he.  "  your 
own  heart  will  tell  you  more  than  any 
lessons  of  mine  can  suggest."  He  died 
at  Paris,  22d  Dec.  1729,  aged  77.  Three 
volumes  in  12mo.  of  theatrical  pieces, 
apjicaivd  in  1760,  under  his  name,  of 
which,  however,  some  suppose  that  he 
was  not  the  author.      His  dialogue  is 


112 


C'YCLUl'.KUIA    OF    BIOGItAPlIY, 


[bA!{ 


lively,  and  bis  scenes  diversified;  but 
there  is  not  very  little  of  brilHiiney 
of  coloring  wbioh  an  acquaintance  with, 
the  manners  of  the  great  could  have 
Buvplicd. 

BAKONI,  Adkianxe  Basile,  a  native 
of  ilantua,  sister  to  the  poet  Basile. 
She  was  so  admired  for  her  beauty,  her 
wit,  and  her  accomplishments,  that  vol- 
iimes  were  written  in  her  praise.  Her 
daughter  Leonora  possessed  equal 
charms,  and  met  equal  admiration,  and 
in  1C39,  a  collection  of  pieces  in  Latin, 
Greek,  Spanish,  Italian,  and  French, 
was  published,  in  which  her  beauty  and 
her  perfections  were  portrayed  with  all 
the  graces  of  poetn".  She  also  wrote 
some  poetical  trifles.  The  daughter  had 
profound  skill  in  music,  a  sweet  voice, 
and  the  utmost  delicacy  of  manner.  Mr. 
Bayle  styles  her  one  of  the  finest  singers 
in  the  world. 

BARONIUS,  C^s.vR,  confessor  to  Cle- 
ment VIII.,  who  made  him  cardinal  and 
librarian  of  the  Vatican ;  author  of 
"  Ecclesiastical  Annals."  B.  at  Sora, 
1588;  d.  1007. 

BAROZZI,  Jaites,  a  celebrated  archi- 
tect, successor  to  Michael  Angelo  as  ar- 
chitect of  St.  Peter's  ;  author  of  "  Eules 
for  the  Five  Orders  of  Architecture," 
(fee.    B.  1507  ;  d.  1577. 

BAERAL,  Petek,  a  French  abbe ; 
author  of  a  "Dictionary  of  Roman  An- 
tiquities," <fec.  D.  1772. — Louis  Mat- 
THLAS  DE,  bishop  of  Troycs,  was  a  native 
of  Grenoble.  He  emigrated  at  the  rev- 
olution ;  but  returning  to  France  in  1801, 
Bonaparte  made  him  bishop  of  Meaux, 
and  afterwards  archbishop  of  Tours,  and 
almoner  to  the  Empress  Josephine.  D. 
181  tJ. 

BAKRAS,  Paul  Fkancis  John  Nicho- 
las, Count  de,  was  originally  a  sub- 
lieutenant in  the  regiment  of  Languedoe, 
and  served  for  some  time  in  India. 
Embracing  revolutionary  principles,  he 
assi.-^ted  at  the  attack  on  the  Bastile,  and 
voted  in  the  National  Convention  for 
the  death  of  tlie  unfortunate  Louis  XVI. 
He  subsequently  became  one  of  the 
chiefs  of  the  government,  but  retired 
from  public  life  when  Bonaparte  as- 
sumed the  direction  of  affairs.  For  some 
years  he  resided  at  Home,  but  returned 
to  France  in  1S14,  and  remained  there 
till  liis  death  in  1829. 

BARRE,  AVn.LiAM  Vincent,  a  native 
of  France,  who,  after  serving  in  liie  Rus- 
sian navy  with  credit  in  his  youth,  re- 
turned to  his  ov.n  country  on  the  break- 
ing out  of  the  French  revolution,  joined 
his  countrj'men  in  arms,  and  waa  event- 


ually appointed  interpreter  to  the  French 
government ;  but  having  indulged  his 
vein  of  sarcasm  on  tlie  legitimacy  of 
the  First  Consul,  he  was  put  under  ar- 
rest. He  escaped  the  vij^ilance  of  his  , 
enemies,  and  got  to  London,  where  he 
published  a  "  History  of  the  First  Con- 
sulate." He  translated  into  French  Sir 
Sydney  Smith's  pamphlet  on  the  expedi- 
tion into  Egypt ;  for  which  the  English 
government  rewarded  him.  While  at 
Dublin,  in  1829,  he  committed  suicide. 

BARRELIER,  James,  a  friar  and  bot- 
anist ;  author  of  "  Plants  per  Galliam, 
Hispaniam,"  &e.     B.  Ifi96  ;  d.  1763. 

BxVEEERE,  Pierre,  a  French  ;;^bysi- 
cian  ;  author  of  a  "Dissertation  sar  la 
couleur  des  Negros,"  &c.     D.  1755. 

BARRET,  George,  a  landscape  paint- 
er, of  considerable  eminence.  He  was 
b.  in  Dublin,  but  passed  most  of  his  life 
in  England,  and  was  a  chief  founder  of 
the  Eoval  Academv.     B.  1730;  d.  1784. 

BARRETT,  Willl^m,  an  English  to- 
pographer; autlior  of  a  "History  of 
Bristol."     D.  17S9. 

BARRINGTON,  John  Siicte,  the  first 
Viscount  Barrington  ;  author  of  "  An 
Essay  on  the  several  Dispensations  or 
God  "to  Mankind,"  the  "  Eights  of  Dis- 
senters," &e.,  &c.  B.  1678';  D.  1734.— 
D.viNES,  fourth  son  of  Viscount  Barring- 
ton,  was  bred  to  the  law,  and  rose  to  tlie 
office  of  second  justice  of  Chester.  He 
was  author  of  "  Observations  on  the 
Statutes,"  &c.  B.  1727  ;  d.  1800.— Sam- 
uel, youngest  brother  of  the  last-named, 
entered  early  into  the  navy,  and  became 
rear-admirai  of  the  white.  He  took  St. 
Lucia,  in  the  face  of  a  superior  force ; 
and  was  conspicuous  for  nis  zeal  and 
courage  at  the  memorable  relief  of  Gib- 
raltar, by  Lord  Howe.  D.  1800. — Siiute, 
bishop  of  Durham,  was  the  sixth  son  of 
the  first  Viscount  Barrington,  and  b.  in 
1734.  After  obtaining  a  fellowship  at 
Merton  college,  Oxford,  and  taking  his 
degrees,  he  was  appointed  royal  chaplain 
on  the  accession  of  George  III.  In  1763 
he  was  made  a  canon  of  St.  Paul's,  and 
in  the  following  year  was  raised  to  the 
bishopric  of  Llandaff.  In  1782  he  was 
promoted  to  the  see  ofSalisbuiy,  whence 
in  1791  he  was  translated  to  that  of  Dur- 
ham. He  engaged  in  some  controversial 
disputes  both  with  the  Calvinists  and 
Catiiolics ;  but,  tliough  hostile  to  tha 
doctrines  of  the  latter,  he  was  a  liberal 
benefactor  of  the  French  clergv  who  took 
refuge  in  England  during  tlie  revolu- 
tion ;  and  few  men  were  more  mimiri- 
ccnt  in  their  charitable  support  of  be- 
nevolent institutions.     D.   1826. — The 


<] 


CYCLOP.EDIA    OK    lUOGHAIMlV. 


113 


Hon.  George,  M.  P.,  was  b.  at  Durham 
in  1791,  and  entprod  the  naval  service  at 
the  usual  ajrc.  He  obtained  the  rank  of 
post-eaptaiu  in  182ii ;  and  in  the  Ibllow- 
ing  year  married  Lady  Caroline,  third 
daughter  of  Earl  Grey,  who,  on  beconi- 
inir  prime  minister,  a])pointed  him  a  lord 
of  tlic  Admiralty.  He  was  returned  one 
ot'  the  members  for  the  newly-created 
borough  of  Sunderland  in  1832,  from 
whieh  he  afterwards  retired  in  conse- 
quenee  of  ill  health,  which  continued 
until  his  death,  in  June,  1835. 

BAKROS,  Joiix  Die,  a  learned  Portu- 
guese, treasurer  of  the  Indies,  and 
author  of  a  "  History  of  Asia  and  the 
Indies."     D.  1570. 

BAKROW,  Is.vAC,  a  learned  mathema- 
tician and  divine  of  an  ancient  family  in 
Sullblk,  was  b.  in  London.  He  was  ad- 
mitted pensioner  of  Peter-house,  Cam- 
bridge, 1643;  but  two  years  after  he 
became  member  of  Trinity  college,  after 
being  ejected  from  Petcr-liouse  for  wri- 
ting against  the  covenant.  Hp  was  after- 
wards chosen  fellow  of  the  college.  His 
studies  were  directed  to  divinity;  but 
when  he  observed  the  connection  which 
exists  between  chronology  and  astrono- 
my, he  applied  himself  with  indefatiga- 
ble zeal  to  those  higher  sciences,  and 
made  a  rapid  progress  besides  in  anato- 
my, botany,  and  chemistry.  Upon  liis 
di'sappointtnent  in  not  being  elected 
Greek  professor,  on  the  death  of  Dr. 
Duport,  he  resolved  to  travel,  and  to 
supply  his  expenses  he  parted  with  his 
booKs,  and  left  the  kingdom,  1655.  He 
visited  Paris,  Leghorn,  and  Florence, 
and  everywhere  enriched  his  mind  by 
observation  and  inquisitive  researches. 
From  Leghorn  lie  passed  to  Smyrna,  and 
in  his  voyage  displayed  his  uncomtnon 
courage  by  assisting  the  crew  of  the  ves- 
sel in  beating  otf  an  Algerine  corsair 
that  threatened  them  with  death  or 
slavery.  He  passed  from  Smyrna  to  Con- 
stantinople, where  he  resided  one  year, 
and  returned  to  Enudand  tbrouo-hX'enice, 
Germany,  and  Holhmd,  in  165t».  He  now 
took  orders,  agreeable  to  the  statutes  of 
bis  college,  and  in  1660  he  was  elected 
to  the  Greek  professorship  of  the  uni- 
versity, and  two  years  after  to  that  of 
geometry  in  Grcsham  college.  The  next 
year  he  was  made  Lucasian  niathemati- 
eal  lecturer  at  Cambridsre,  an  otKeo 
which,  in  1660,  he  resifrned  to  his  great 
friend  Isaac  Newton,  that  he  might  with 
closer  application  devote  himself  to  di- 
vinity. He  now  received  the  ]>ret'crment 
which  was  due  to  his  merit  from  his 
imcle,  bishop  of  St.  Asaph,  and  from 
10* 


Ward,  bishop  of  SaV'^-VT.  tiod,  in  1672, 
the  king,  whom  he  served  oy  his  con- 
duct, and  Haltered  by  Ids  poetry,  raised 
liim  to  the  mastership  of  Irinity  college, 
observing,  that  he  gave  it  to  the  best 
scholar  in  England.  He  was  vice  chan- 
cellor in  1075  ;  but  his  public  services 
were  of  short  duration.  He  died  of  a 
fever,  4lh  May,  1677,  aged  47,  and  was 
buried  in  Westminster  Abbey,  where 
liis  friends,  by  contribution,  ei-ectcd  a 
monument  over  him,  uf  which  the  epi- 
taph was  written  by  Dr.  Maplctoft.  The 
writings  of  Barrow  are  numerous  and 
valuable,  and  chiefly  on  mathematical 
subjects.  As  a  divine  he  was  great  as 
well  as  exemplary.  His  sermons  aro 
highly  esteemed,  and  have  been  fre- 
quently edited.  His  works  in  English 
were  published  together  by  Dr.  Tillot- 
son,  in  3  vols,  folio. — Sir  John,  IJart., 
for  many  years  a  secretary  to  the  En- 
glish admiralty,  an  extensive  traveller, 
and  a  voluminous  writer  of  travels,  bi- 
ographies, &c.  B.  1764;  d.  1348. 
"BARRUEL,  Augustix,  a  French  eccle- 
siastic, and  of  some  note  as  a  man  of 
letters  during  the  French  revolution, 
was  born  in"  1741.  He  was  for  some 
years  editor  of  "  Le  Journal  Ecclcsi- 
astique ;"  but  as  the  principles  he  there 
advocated  were  opposed  to  the  revolu- 
tion, he  was  obliged  to  fly  to  England, 
where,  in  1794,  he  publisticd  Ids  "  His- 
tory of  the  French  Oergy,"  &c. ;  but  his 
best  known  work  is  entitled  "jlemoirs 
for  a  History  of  Jacobinism,  Impiety, 
and  Anarchy,"  in  5  vols.  8vo. ;  a  pro- 
duction in  which  fact  and  fiction  are  so 
closely  interwoven  as  to  destroy  its  au- 
thenticitv.  He  returned  to  France  in 
1S02,  and  died  there  in  1820.  —  De 
Beauvekt,  Anthony  Joseph,  Count  do, 
was  boru  at  the  castle  of  Boauvert, 
near  Marseilles,  in  1756.  In  1790  ho 
belonged  to  the  national  guard  at  Bag- 
nols ;  and  on  the  flight  of  the  royal  tam- 
ily  to  Varcnnes  he  offered  himself  as  a 
hostage  for  Louis  XVI.  In  1795  he  was 
editor  of  the  journal  entitled  ''  Les  Actcs 
dcs  Apotres;"  for  which  he  was  sen- 
tenced to  deportation,  Init  escaped.  For 
a  time  daring  the  consulate  he  was  under 
the  surveillance  of  the  iiolice;  but  at 
length  obtaining  the  protection  of  the 
Empress  Josephine,  he  was  appointed 
to  an  ofUce  in  the  department  of  Jura; 
where  he  died  in  1817.  He  wrote  the 
"  Life  of  Rousseau,"  and  various  works 
relative  to  the  Bourbons  during  their 
exile. 

BARRY,   GrRALD,   better    known  as 
Giraldus  Canibrensis ;  author  of  "  Topo- 


114 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[bar 


praphia  Ilibeniicfi,"  "  Itinerarhim  Cnm- 
briit,"  etc.  lie  nourished  in  tlie  12tli 
eenturv. — ijpr.ANOKr.,  a  eelobnited  actor, 
aud,  tor  a  time,  the  rival  of  Garrick, 
and,  in  the  liiixher  walks  of  the  drama, 
is  supposed  by  many  to  liave  greatly 
excelled  him.  l5.  ITli);  d.  1777.— James, 
lord  of  Sautrv,  chief  justice  of  the  King's 
Bench  in  Ireland  ;  author  of  ''The  Case 
of  Tenures  upon  the  Commission  of  De- 
fective Titles."'  D.  lG7o. — James,  an 
eminent  painter,  born  at  Cork,  1742 ; 
having  early  discovered  great  genius  for 
the  art,  he  was  patronized  by  Mr.  Burke, 
and  brought  to  London,  where  he  be- 
came a  pupil  to  Sir  Joshua  Eeynolds. 
AVhcn  Jlr.  Burke  came  into  administra- 
tion with  the  marquis  of  Eoclvingham, 
he  sent  Mr.  Barry  to  Italy  at  his  sole 
expense.  After  visiting  all  the  celebrated 
schools  of  the  continent,  in  which  he 
occupied  three  years,  he  returned  to 
London;  and  in  1V75  published  '"An 
Inquiry  into  the  Eeal  and  Imaginary 
Obstructions  to  the  Acquisition  of  the 
Arts  in  England."'  About  two  years 
after  this  he  was  elected  a  royal  acade- 
mician, and  in  1786  made  professor  of 
painting  to  the  Koyal  Academy;  but  in 
1799,  on  an  alleged  addiction  to  demo- 
cratic principles,  was  removed  from  that 
office.  He  seems  soon  afterwards  to 
have  taken  disgust  at  society ;  from 
which  he  retired  into  obscurity,  living 
unattended,  and  half-starved,  till  some 
friends  raised  about  £1000,  with  which 
they  purchased  an  annuity  for  him ; 
but  before  the  first  quarter's  payment 
of  it  became  due  he  died,  1806.  His 
greatest  etlort  of  art  is  a  series  of  alle- 
gorical pictures,  which  he  painted  gra- 
tuitously for  the  great  room  of  the  Society 
of  Arts  in  the  Adelphi. — William  T.,  an 
American  statesman,  postmaster-gener- 
al under  Jackson,  and  afterwards  minis- 
ter to  Spain.  B.  178i)\  d.  1885. — John, 
a  distinguished  naval  officer  in  the 
Bcrviee  of  the  United  States,  born  at 
Wexford,  in  Ireland,  who  was  of  great 
assistance  to  Washington  during  the 
revolutionary  war.  He  took  many  prizes, 
and  conquered  the  British  ship  of  war 
Atalanta.'  B.  174.5;  d.  180;3.— Maeie 
Jeanne  Gomaht  de  VAunERNiEK,  Coun- 
tess vv,  a  celebrated  mistress  of  Louis 
XV.  of  France,  was  the  daughter  of  a 
commissioner  of  the  customs  at  Vau- 
couleurs,  became  a  milliner  at  I'aris,  and, 
on  being  seen  by  the  king,  soon  took 
the  place  of  Madame  de  I'ompadour. 
She  was  married  to  the  Count  du  Barry', 
and  acquired  prodigious  infliu'nce  at  the 
court.     She    caused   the    ruin  of  the 


haughty  Duke  de  Choiseul,  and  pro- 
moted the  Duke  d'Aiguillon.  When 
the  king  died  she  was  banished  to  an 
abbey  near  Meaux.  During  the  revolu- 
tion she  was  condemned  to  death  and 
executed.  Her  conduct  in  her  last  mo- 
ments betrayed  the  greatest  weakness 
and  fear.    B".  1744;  ct  1793. 

BARTAS,  William  de  Sallust  du,  a 
French  poet,  warrior,  and  statesman ; 
confidentiallv  employed  by  Henry  IV. : 
author  of  "  "the  Week  of  the  Creation,'' 
&c.    D.  1590. 

B  ARTII,  John,  a  French  naval  officer, 
remarkable  for  his  skill  and  daring  as  a 
pvivateer.  B.  at  Dunkirk,  1551 ;  dri602. 
BAKTIIE,  Nicholas  Thomas,  a 
li'reneh  dramatic  writer,  and  translator 
of  "  Ovid's  Art  of  Love"  into  French, 
&e.    B.  1783;  d.  17S5. 

BAETHELEMI,  Nicholas,  a  monk 
of  the  15th  century;  author  of  a  treatise 
"On  the  Active  and  Contemplative  Life, 
&c. 

BAETHELEMY,  John  James,  the 
learned  author  of  "The  Voyage  of  the 
Younger  Anaeharsis  in  Greece ;"  was 
b.  at  Cassis,  in  Provence,  1716;  d.  1795. 
BAETHEZ,  Paul  Joseph,  an  eminent 
French  physician,  was  born  at  Montpe- 
lier  in  1734,  where  he  founded  a  medical 
school,  which  acquired  great  reputation 
throughout  Europe.  For  many  years 
he  practised  in  Paris,  and  was  consulted 
upon  the  most  important  cases ;  he  also 
wrote  in  the  "Journal  des  Savans,"  the 
"Encyclopedic,"  &c..  and  was  a  mem- 
ber of  almost  every  learned  society.  Du- 
ring the  revolution  he  suffered  greatly 
in  ills  fortune ;  but  Napoleon,  who  knew 
his  great  merits,  restored  him,  in  liis 
old  age,  to  wealth  and  honors.  D. 
1806.  ' 

BAETHOLDY,  Jacob  Solomon,  a 
Prussian  diplomatist,  born  a  Jew,  but 
after  travelling  in  Greece  he  abjured 
Judaism,  and  became  a  Protestant.  lu 
1807  he  served  against  the  French  as  an 
officer  in  the  land-wehr  of  Vienna,  and 
wrote  a  tract  called  "  The  War  of  the 
Tyrol,"  which  produced  a  great  sensa- 
tion.    D.  1826. 

BAETHOLEMON,  Fkancis  Hppo- 
LiTE,  a  musical  composer  and  violinist, 
was  born  at  Bordeaux,  in  1741,  but 
resided  chiefly  in  London,  and  was  for 
many  years  leader  at  the  opera-house. 
As  a  composer  he  was  remarkable  for 
rapiditv ;  and  as  a  performer  for  taste 
and  execution.     D.  1808. 

BAETLETT,  Josiah,  a  governor  of 
New  Hampshire,  who  was  originally  a 
physician  of  merit,  then  commanded  a 


sar] 


CYCLOP.EIUA    OF    BIOGUAPHY. 


116 


regiment  of  militia  in  the  revolution, 
was  a  member  ot'  tlie  continental  con- 
gress, and  was  the  first  who  voted  lor, 
and,  alter  the  iiresiden:,  si.ne  I  the  Dec- 
laration of  Independence.     B.  1729  ;  d. 

iry,. 

BAKTOLI,  or  BAKTOLUS,  a  learned 
civilian,  who  is  said  to  have  contributed 
more  tlian  any  of  his  predecessors  to 
the  elucidation  of  legal  seicnce.  B. 
1012;  d.  1350. — Danill,  a  learned  Jes- 
uit ;  author  of  a  '•  llistorv  of  the  Jes- 
uits," &e.  B.  at  Ferrara,  1G08 ;  d.  1G85. 
— Cosmo,  an  Italian  writer  of  the  H5th 
century;  author  of  a  "Life  of  Frederic 
Barbarossa,"  &e. 

BARTOLO,  an  Italian  lawyer  of  the 
14th  century ;  professor  of  law  at  Pisa, 
and  author  of  numerous  works  on  law 
and  other  subjects. 

BARTOLOZZI,  Fraxcis,  an  engraver 
of  tirst-rate  merit,  was  born  at  Florence 
in  1723;  went  to  England  in  17t!4;  was 
admitted  a  member  of  the  Koyal  Acad- 
emy in  1709,  and  went  to  Lisbon,  at  the 
invitation  of  the  prince-regent  of  Portu- 
gal, in  1802.  Tlie  productions  -of  his 
graver  are  numerous,  highly  esteemed, 
and  easerlv  sou'^ht  after.     D.  181-5. 

BARTON,  Bkiinaud,  the  "Quaker 
poet,"  was  born  near  London,  1784.  In 
1810  he  became  a  clerk  in  Alexander's 
bank,  at  Woodbridge,  where  he  otfieiated 
almost  to  the  day  of  his  death.  Ilis  tirst 
volume  of  poetry  was  publislied  in  ISU, 
and  this  was  succeeded  by  luimerous 
others,  most  of  them  devoted  to  homely 
subjects,  but  all  of  them  anunated  by 
the  purest  feeling  and  the  most  glowing 
fancy.  But  it  was  not  only  tor  his  merits 
as  a  poet,  tliat  Bernard  Barton  deserves 
to  be  held  in  remembrance.  He  was  en- 
dowed with  every  qiuility  which  endears 
a  man  to  all  that  come  within  his  influ- 
ence. His  genial  good-humor  and  vast 
stores  of  information  made  him  a  wel- 
come guest  wherever  he  appeared ;  and 
the  native  sincerity  of  liis  character, 
which  was  set  fortli  in  every  act  of  his 
lite,  was  enhanced  by  a  benignity,  lib- 
erality, and  charity  in  entire  accordance 
with  the  precepts  of  his  faith.  D.  1849. 
— Benjamin  S.,  a  noted  physician  and 
naturalist  of  Philadelphia,  educated  at 
Gottingen,  and  a  contributor  to  the 
transactions  of  the  Anierieau  Philosoph- 
ical Society.  He  was  for  many  years 
professor  of  natural  history  and  botany 
in  the  university  of  Pennsylvania,  and 
succeeded  Dr.  Rush  in  the  chair  of  med- 
icine. B.  17G0;  d.  1815. — Elizabetu,  a 
country  girl  of  Aldington,  in  Kent, 
(therefore    called    the   "holy   maid    of 


Kent,")  of  whom  English  Protestants 
give  this  account.  She  was  used  as  an 
instrument,  by  t!ie  Catholics  and  adhe- 
rents of  Queen  Catherine,  to  excite  tlie 
English  nation  against  tlie  proposed  di- 
vorce of  Henry  VIII.  from  his  tirst  wife, 
and  the  apprehended  separation  of  tlie 
English  eluirch  from  Rome,  witii  which 
the  king  then  threatened  the  pope.  Her 
delirium,  in  a  violent  nervous  illness, 
was  made  use  of  by  the  parson  of  Al- 
dington, and  by  a  canon  of  Canterbury, 
to  persuade,  her  that  she  was  a  prophet- 
ess inspired  by  God,  and  destined  to 
prevent  this  undertaking  of  the  king. 
During  her  paroxysms,  she  cried  out 
against  this  divorce,  and  against  the  pre- 
vailing sins  and  heresies.  The  arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury  and  bishop  of 
Rochester  encouraged  her  to  coniinuo 
her  revelations,  which  she  pretended 
were  eominunieated  to  her  by  a  letter 
from  heaven.  By  the  prophecy,  that 
Henry,  if  he  persisted  in  his  purpose 
of  divorce  and  second  marriage,  would 
not  be  king  tor  one  month  longer,  and 
would  die  a  sluuncfLil  death,  she  excited 
many  monks  and  nuns  to  violence 
against  the  king.  Her  revelations  pro- 
duced such  a  fermentation  among  the 
people,  that  Henry  ordered  the  appre- 
hension and  examination  of  Elizabeth 
and  her  accomplices  before  the  star- 
chamber.  Afcer  they  had  there  con- 
fessed the  imposture,  they  were  con- 
demned to  make  a  public  confession 
and  suffer  imprisonment;  and  when  it 
was  found  that  the  party  of  the  queen 
were  laboring  to  make  them  retract 
their  confession,  they  were  adjudged 
guilty  of  high  treason,  for  a  conspiracy 
against  the  king,  and  executed,  April 
30th,  1534. 

BARTR  AM,  John,  an  eminent  Amer- 
ican botanist,  was  b.  in  Chester  county, 
Pennsylvania,  in  1701.  He  formed  'a 
botanic  garden  near  Philadelphia,  said 
to  have  been  the  tirst  establishment  of 
the  kind  in  America;  and  so  intimate 
an  acquaintance  had  he  with  the  vege- 
table kingdom,  that  Linnajus  pronounced 
him  "  the  greatest  natural  botanist  in  the 
world."  D.  1777. — William,  a  son  of 
the  preceding,  was  also  a  distinguished 
naturalist.  At  the  request  of  Dr.  Fother- 
gill,  he  travelled  through  the  Floridas, 
Carolina,  and  Georgia,  for  the  purposes 
of  making  researches  in  natural  liistory, 
and  transmitted  to  his  emi>loyer  in  Lon- 
don the  valuable  collections  and  draw- 
ings which  he  had  made.  His  "  Amer- 
ican Ornithology"  may  be  considered 
the   precursor   of   Wilson's    invaluable 


116 


CYCLOP.EDIA    OF    BIOGKAPHV. 


b 


work.  His  "  Travels."  also,  is  a  rare 
aud  curious  hook.     D.'  1823. 

BAKWICK.  JoiiN'.  an  English  divine, 
Avho  exerted  himsclt  with  considerahlo 
zeal  and  ability  on  the  royal  side  in  the 
civil  wars.  B.  1612;  d.'lGG-l.— Peteu, 
brother  of  the  above,  an  eminent  physi- 
cian :  anthor  of  a  "Defence  of  Harvey's 
Doctrines  of  the  Circulation  of  the 
Blood,"'  &o.     D.  1705. 

BASEDOW,  John  Beenaed,  a  Ger- 
man writer,  and  prol'essor  of  moral  phi- 
losophy and  belles  Icttres.  His  novel 
plans  of  education  excited  great  atten- 
tion in  Germany ;  and  in  the  seminary 
he  established 'at  Dessau,  called  "The 
Philanthropinnm,"many  excellent  teach- 
ers were  formed,  and  great  good  effected. 
An  account  of  him  is  to  be  found  in 
Goethe'.s  Autobiography.  B.  1723;  d. 
1790. 

BASEVI,  George,  a  distinguished 
architect.  Among  the  edifices  built  or 
-»;:?tored  by  him  are  the  churches  in  the 
early  English  style  at  Twickenham  and 
Bromnton,  the  Norman  church  at  Ilove, 
ricar  Brighton,  and  St.  Mary's  Hall,  at 
Brighton,  in  the  Elizabethan  style.  Bel- 
grave  square,  in  the  metropolis,  was 
erected  from  his  designs ;  and  he  was 
joint  architect  with  ilr.  Smirke  of  the 
Conservative  Club,  in  St.  James's-street. 
Having  gone  to  insnect  the  west  bell- 
tower  of  Ely  cathettral,  then  under  re- 
pair, he  accidentally  fell  through  an 
aperture,  and  was  killed  on  the  spot. 
B.  170o  ;  d.  1S4.5. 

BASIL,  St.,  called  the  Great,  to  dis- 
tinguish him  from  other  patriarchs  of 
the  same  name,  was  b.  in  329,  and  was 
made,  in  370,  bishop  of  Ca;sarea,  in  Cap- 
padocia,  where  he  cl.  in  379.  He  is  the 
most  distinguished  ecclesiastic  among 
the  Grecian  patriarchs.  His  clforts  for 
the  regulation  of  clerical  discipline,  of 
the  divine  service,  and  of  the  standing 
of  the  clergy ;  the  number  of  his  ser- 
mons ;  the  success  of  his  mild  treatment 
of  the  Arians ;  and,  above  all,  his  en- 
deavors for  the  promotion  of  monastic 
life,  for  wliich  he  prepared  yows  and 
rules,  observed  by  himself,  and  still  re- 
maining in  force,  prove  tlie  merits  of 
this  holy  man.  The  Greek  church 
honors  him  as  one  of  its  most  illustrious 
patron  saints,  and  celebrates  his  festival 
January  1st.  His  followers  are  far 
spread;  there  are  even  some  of  them  in 
America.  They  lead  an  ascetic  life. 
Tlic  vows  of  obedience,  chastity,  and 
poverty,  framed  by  St.  Basil,  are  the 
rules  of  all  the  orders  of  Christendom, 
although  ho  is  particularly  the  father  of 


the    eastern,  as    St.    Benedict    is   the 
patriarch  of  the  western  orders. 

BASILIUS  I.,  the  Macedonian,  em- 
peror of  the  East ;  killed  by  a  sta^'  while 
hunting,  in  S3i5. — II.,  succeedecf  John 
Zimisces,  in  976.  He  was  guilty  of 
abominable  cruelty  in  his  war  with  the 
Bulgarians.  D.  1025. — There  was  also, 
of  tliis  name,  an  impostor,  who  excited 
a  revolt  in  the  eastern  empire,  in  934,  and 
was  burnt  to  death  at  Constantinople. 

BASILOWITZ,  John,  emperor  of 
Kussla ;  he  added  Astracan  to  his  em- 
pire, and  was  the  first  who  assumed  the 
style  and  title  of  Czar.     D.  1584. 

BASIEE,  Isaac,  a  learned  divine, 
prebend  of  Durham.  On  the  breaking 
out  of  the  civil  war  he  lost  all  his  prefer- 
ments ;  on  whicli  he  made  a  journey  to 
the  Morea,  where  he  preached  with  great 
success  among  tlie  Greek  Christians ; 
and  on  his  return  wTote  an  account  of 
his  travels.     B.  1607  ;  d.  1676. 

BASKEEVILLE,  John,  an  English 
artist,  deserving  of  notice  for  his  im- 
provements in  printing  and  type-found- 
mg-  "lie  was  born  at  AVolverly,  in 
"\^^orcestershire,  in  1706,  and,  inheriting 
a  small  estate,  was  brought  up  to  na 
profession.  He,  however,  acquired  a 
particular  skill  in  penmanship  and 
carving  letters  on  stone ;  and,  at  the 
age  of  20,  he  settled  at  Birmingham  as  a 
writing  master.  He  subsequently  en-' 
gaged  in  the  manufacture  of  japanned 
works  ;  and,  in  1750,  commenced  his 
labors  in  the  branch  of  art  which  ac- 
quired for  him  so  much  celebrity.  His 
first  great  performance,  as  a  printer,  was 
an  edition  of  Virgil,  in  royal  4to.,  1756, 
which  was  followed  by  many  of  the 
Latin  classics,  and  some  Enoflish  ones, 
in  4to.  and  smaller  sizes.  The  heauty 
of  his  typographical  productions  was 
superior  to  any  thing  which  had  previ- 
ously appeared  from  an  English  press ; 
and  when  it  is  considered  that  the  paper 
and  ink,  as  well  as  the  types  and  work- 
manship, were  the  fruits  of  one  man's 
skill  and  ingenuity,  it  must  be  admitted 
that  he  i)0ssesscd  great  mei-it.  He  d. 
in  1775 :  and  his  types  and  matrices 
were  afterwards  sold  at  Paris,  for  £3700, 
toBeaumarchais,  whoprinted  with  them, 
at  Kehl,  a  superb  edition  of  Voltaire. 
Baskcrville  was  an  enemy  to  all  outward 
forms  of  divine  service,  which  he  de- 
clared to  be  mere  superstition.  He 
ordered,  in  his  will,  that  his  body  should 
not  be  buried  in  a  buryin^'-ground. — Sirr 
Simon,  an  English  physician  of  great 
eminence  and  wealth;  knighted  by 
Charles  I.     D.  1641. 


BASJ 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPIIV. 


117 


BASNAGE,  Benjamin-,  a  French  Prot- 
estant, cliviuc  ;  author  of  "  A  Treatise 
ou  the  Church."  B.  loSO  ;  d.  1652. — 
Anthony,  sou  of  the  above  ;  imprisoned 
at  Havre  dc  Grace  on  account  of  liis  rc- 
lijfion.     B.  IGlo;  d.  16U1. 

BASSAN,  (\vhose  real  name  was 
Giaconio  do  route,)  a  painter,  born  in 
1510.  He  was  surnaracd  Bassan,  from 
the  place  Bassano,  where  liis  father  lived. 
His  pictures  are  scattered  all  over  Eu- 
rope. He  painted  historical  pieces,  laud- 
Hcapes,  llowers,  &c.,  and  also  portraits  ; 
amonir  others  the  doge  of  Venice,  Ari- 
osto,  Tasso,  and  other  persons  of  emi- 
nence. He  lived  to  the  aj^e  of  82,  dying 
iu  15'J2.  Several  of  ]iis  best  works  are 
in  the  churches  of  Bassano,  Venice, 
Vicenza,  and  other  towns  of  Italy.  He 
left  four  sons,  who  all  became  painters. 
— Francisco  was  employed  by  the  Vene- 
tian republic,  with  raul  Veronese  and 
Tintoret,  to  adorn  the  palace  of  St.  Mark. 
He  was  of  a  melancholy  turn,  and  once 
thought  himself  pursued  by  archers,  so 
that  in  a  fit  of  self-created  terror  he 
threw  himself  out  of  a  window,  and  d. 
1094,  aged  44. — Lkander,  another  bro- 
ther, obtained  as  a  reward  for  his  pieces 
the  collar  of  St.  Mark,  from  the  doge  of 
Venice,  and  a  gold  medal  from  the  Empe- 
ror Rodolphus  n. — .John  Baitiste  and 
Jeeome  were  eminent  as  imitators  of 
the  style  and  manner  of  their  father. 

BA&SANO,  Hughes  Bernard  M.veet, 
Duke  of,  a  celebrated  French  political 
writer  and  statesman,  was  the  son  of  an 
eminent  physician  at  Dijon.  On  the 
first  outburst  of  the  French  revolution 
lie  enthusiastically  embraced  its  ex- 
tremest  principles,  and  published  a 
paper  under  the  title  of  the  ''  Bulletin 
de  I'Assemblee,"  which  he  continitcd 
until  a  bookseller  started  the  Monitcur, 
of  which  Maret  was  appointed  editor, 
and  which  speedily  become  the  otlicial 
organ  of  the  government.  He  became 
acquainted  with  Bonaparte  just  as  that 
extraordinary  man  began  to  rise  into 
celebrity  and  infiuencc,  and  was  placed 
by  him  in  the  important  office  ot  chef 
do  division  in  the  foreign  office.  In 
1811  he  was  made  Uuc  de  Bassano  and 
minister  of  foreign  affairs;  and  iu  Isri 
he  conducted  a'ld  signed  the  well-known 
treaties  between  France,,  Austria,  and 
Prussia,  preparatory  to  th*>j^fatal  ex- 
pedition to  Russia.  When  the  emperor 
was  sent  to  1\\\k\.  in  1S14,  the  Due  de 
Bassano  retired  from  public  life  ;  but 
immediately  after  the  return  of  the  cm- 
{i^or,  he  joined  him,  and  was  very 
oei^\  being  taken  prisoner  at  Waterloo. 

\ 


On  the  ntter  ruin  of  Napoleon,  the  duke 
was  banished  from  France,  but  at  the 
revolution  of  July,  isyo,  he  was  recalled, 
and  I'cstored  to  all  the  honors  of  wliica 
he  had  been  deprived.  In  IS-'JS  he  was 
made  minister  ofthe  interior,  and  jiresi- 
dent  of  the  council,  but  the  ministry  of 
which  he  formed  a  part,  survived  only 
three  davs,     B.  1753;  d.  1839. 

BASSANTIN,  .James,  a  Scotchman, 
who  after  studying  astronomy  and  the 
mathematics  at  Glasgow,  travelled 
through  the  Netherlands,  Switzerland, 
Italy,  and  Germany,  and  at  last  settled 
at  Paris,  where  he  acquired  both  repu- 
tation and  money,  as  a  mathematical 
teacher.  He  returned  in  1562  to  his 
native  country,  and  becoming  early  ac- 
quainted with  Sir  Robert  Melvil,  a 
strong  partisan  of  Mary  queen  of  Scots, 
he  afterwards  supported  the  pretensions 
and  ambitions  views  ofthe  earl  of  .Mur- 
ray. In  his  religion  ho  was  a  zealous 
Protestant,  as  a  man  of  learning  he  was 
strongly  tin>,tured  with  the  failings  and 
the  superstition  ofthe  time.  He  placed 
great  confidence  in  astrology,  ana  with 
more  zeal  than  good  sense  assertcil  the 
infiuencc  ofthe  planets  on  the  alfairs  of 
the  world.  His  works  are  all  ou  math- 
ematical subjects,  and  though  not  freo 
from  pedantry,  and  improbable  conclu- 
sions, they  yet  bear  strong  testimony  to 
his  merits  as  a  philosopher.     I).  1568. 

B.'\.SSP2T,  Richard,  governor  of  Dela- 
ware, was  a  member  oif  the  old  congress 
in  1787,  and  was  appointexl  a  senator 
under  the  new  constitution.  In  ISOl 
he  was  placed  on  the  bench  of  the  fed- 
eral judiciary  ;  but  the  repeal  of  the  act 
constituting  the  courts,  deprived  him 
of  his  office  in  1802.     D.  1815. 

BASSI,  Laura,  wife  of  Joseph  Verati, 
honored  in  1732  with  the  degree  of  doc- 
tor of  jihilosophy  for  her  high  mental 
accom|)tishments,  which  she  displ^iyed 
in  her  lectures  on  experimental  philos- 
ophy. Her  private  life  was  also  ileserv- 
ing  of  the  highest  encomiums,  and  ex- 
hibited her  as  the  possessor  of  every 
amiable  virtue.     D.  1778. 

BASSO.MPIEKRE,  Francois  de,  a 
marshal  of  France,  of  a  family  of  dis- 
tinction in  Lorraine,  was  confined  in 
the  Bastile  bv  Richelieu,  who  dreaded 
the  power  of''  his  satire.  He  remained 
in  this  confinement  10  years  till  the 
death  of  his  persecutor,  and  employed 
his  time  in  writing  his  memoii-s.  which 
are  interesting,  though  occasionally 
trivial.  On  his  release  he  received  the 
ofi;er  of  5i}O,000  livrcs  from  the  duchess 
of  Aiguillou,  niece  of  Richelieu,  which 


118 


CYCLOPAEDIA  OF  BIOGRAPHT. 


[bat 


ho  politely  refused,  adding,  "  Madam, 
vour  uncle  has  done  me  too  great  an 
injury,  to  allow  ine  to  rceeive  so  much 
goodlVom  you."  lie  was  cninloyed  in 
embassies  bv  Louis  XIII.,  ana  he  pos- 
sessed all  tlic  requisites  of  a  eonrtier, 
with  great  presence  of  mind,  atfability, 
wit,  and  uncommon  generosity.  lie 
spoke  tlie  languages  of  Europe  with 
great  fluency.  He  was  found  dead  in 
his  bed,  in  l"04ii,  in  his  67th  year. 

BASTIAT,  Fkederic,  a  French  polit- 
ical economist,  who  achieved  a  wide 
reputation  by  his  writings.  Without 
bemg  a  discoverer  of  new  truths,  he 
possessed  the  rare  faculty  of  expanding, 
witli  clearness,  vivacity,  and  vigor,  the 
grounds  and  the  effects  of  complex 
natural  laws  already  developed  by  the 
technical  processes  of  philosophy.  The 
whole,  or  nearly  the  whole,  ot  the  tracts 
written  by  M.  tiastiat,  under  the  generic 
title  of  "'SSopliismes  Economiqucs," 
orieinally  appeared  in  the  Journal  dcs 
Economistes,  a  periodical  of  which,  for 
the  last  six  years,  he  has  been  a  prin- 
ci])al  supporter.  M.  Bastiat  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  French  national  assert. ""ly ; 
and  he  bore  the  highest  character  as  an 
able,  upright,  and  zealous  servant  of  his 
constituents  and  his  country.  D.  1850. 
BASTIDE,  John  FRANCia  de  la,  an 
industrious  French  miscellaneous  writer, 
was  born  at  Marseilles  in  1724.  He 
settled  in  Paris,  where  he  engaged  in 
various  literary  enterprises ;  of  which 
the  most  voluminous  were  the  "  Bibli- 
othequc  Universelle  des  Komains,"  in 
112  vols.,  and  the  "Chois  des  Anciens 
Mercures,"  in  108  vols. 

BASTWICK,  John,  an  English  phy- 
sician, and  a  famous  writer  against  the 
church  in  tlic  time  of  Charles  I.  B.  at 
Writtle,  in  Essex,  15t>3 ;  d.  1650. 

BATE,  George,  physician  to  Charles 
I.,  Oliver  Cromwell,  and  ('harles  II., 
and  one  of  the  first  members  of  the 
lloyal  Society.  lie  was  the  author  of  a 
Latin  history  of  the  civil  wars,  and  some 
medical  works.  B.  1593;  d.  1669.— 
JuLu:s,  an  English  divine,  author  of  a 
"Hebrew  Lexicon''  &c.     D.  1771. 

BATEC^UMBE,  William,  an  English 
mathematician  of  the  15th  century,  au- 
thor of  a  treatise,  "  De  Sphujra  Solida," 
&c. 

BATEMAN,  William,  bishop  of  Nor- 
wich, a  learned  ]>relate,  and  the  founder 
of  Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge.     D.  1354. 

B.\TES,  WiLMAsr,  a  non-conformist 
divine,  author  of  "Lives  of  Learned 
and  Pious  Men,"  tfec.  B.  VV^r, ;  d.  1699. 
— Jou.v,  an  eminent  musician,  born  at 


Halifax,  Yorkshire,  in  1740.  He  was 
unanimously  chosen  conductor  ofthe 
commemoration  of  Handel  at  West- 
minster Abbey;  and  till  the  year  1793 
he  conducted  the  choral  performances 
of  ancient  music,  when  he  retired,  and 
was  succeeded  by  Mr,  Greatorex.  His 
wife  was  a  first-rate  singer.     D.  1799. 

BATIIALMUSI,  an  Arabian  writer, 
author  of  a  work  on  "  Genealogies," 
&e.     D.  421  of  the  Hcgira. 

BATHE,  William, "an  Irish  Jesuit, 
governor  of  the  Irish  seminary  at  Sala- 
manca.    D.  1641. 

BATHURST,  Rali  b,  dean  of  Wells, 
author  of  some  elegant  Latin  poems, 
and  o'.c  of  the  founders  of  the  Royal 
Society.  B.  1620;  d.  1704.— Allen, 
Earl,  I  zealous  opposer  of  the  measures 
of  Sir  Robert  Wjilpole,  and  the  intimate 
friend  of  Bolingbroke,  Pope,  Addison, 
and  the  other  eminent  -writers  of  his 
time.  B.  1684;  d.  1775.— IIexry,  Earl, 
son  of  the  above,  and  lord  chancellor  of 
England,  author  of  the  "Theory  of  Evi- 
dence," etc.  B.  1714 ;  d.  1794.-^Henry, 
bishop  of  Norwich,  was  born  at  Brack- 
ley,  in  Northamptonshire,  in  1744;  and 
"educated  at  Winchester,  and  New  col- 
lege, Oxford.  He  was  presented  to  the 
rectory  of  Witchingham,  in  Norfolk,  in 
1770,  subseqiiently  became  dean  of  Dur- 
ham, and,  in  1805,  was  consecrated 
bishop  of  Norwich.  In  the  house  of 
lords,  Dr.  Bathurst  was  a  strenuous 
supporter  of  the  Catholic  claims  :  in  his 
diocese,  an  exemplary  prelate.  D.  1837. 
— Henky,  archdeacon  of  Norwich,  eldest 
son  of  the  preceding,  and  rector  of  the 
valuable  livings  of  North  Creake,  Nor- 
folk, and  of  Hollesley,  Suffolk,  was  the 
author  of  "Memoirs"  of  his  right  rev- 
erend father;  a  work  overflowing  with 
spleen  anil  expressions  of  disappoint- 
ment, that  one  so  faithful  to  his  old 
friends,  the  Whigs,  should  have  never 
been  preferred  to  a  richer  diocese  !  D. 
1844. 

BATIIYLLAS,  the  cotemporary  of 
Pylades,  and  one  of  the  most  celebrated 
pantomimists  of  antiquity,  was  born  at 
Alexandria,  and  became  the  slave  of 
Majcenas,  who  enfranchised  lijpi.  The 
art  of  these  celebrated  mimics  consisted 
in  expressing  the  passions  by  gesture, 
attitudes,  «fcc.,  not  by  the  modern  fool- 
eries of  .harlequin,  clown,  and  scenic 
changes.'  Bathylliis  excelled  in  repre- 
sentimr  comedy;  Pylades  in  tragedy. 

BATONI,  Pomi'eo  Ghjolamo,  an  Ital- 
ian painter,  who  was  the  restorer  of  the 
moacrn  Koinaii  school  and  had  no  rival 
but  Mengs.     All  his  pieces  are  taken 


CYCLOP.KDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


11! 


from  nature.  The  manner  in  ■which  lie 
executed  Ills  paintings  was  iieeiiliar.  He 
eoverci-l  liis  sketcli  with  a  cloth,  and 
began  to  paint  the  upper  part  on  the 
left  hand,  and  proceeded  gradually  to- 
wards the  riglit,  never  uncovering  a  new 
place  before  tlie  first  was  entiruly  tin- 
islied.  Boni,  who  compares  him  with 
Mengs,  calls  the  latter  the  "  painter  of 
philosophy;"  the  former,  the  "painter 
of  nature."  Batoui  painted  many  altar- 
pieces,  and  numerous  portraits ;  for 
uistance,  that  of  tlie  Emperor  Joseph 
and  the  Empress  !Maria  Theresa,  in  tlie 
imperial  gallery.  His  "  Mat,'tlak-n,"  in 
Dresden,  and  his  "  Keturn  of  tlie  I'rodi- 
gal  Son,"  in  Vienna,  are  celebrated. 

BATOU,  or  BATU  KHAN,  grandson 
of  Zengiiis  Khan,  and  his  successor  in 
the  northern  part  of  his  vast  empire. 
He  died,  after  a  long  reign  and  very 
uumerous  conquests,  in  127(5. 

BATSCn,  AuGusTiis  Jonx  Geokge 
Charles,  an  eminent  German  naturalist; 
author  of  "  Elenehus  Fungorum,"  &c. 
B.  1761 ;  d.  18ul. 

BATTELY,  John,  archdeacon  of  Can- 
terbury, and  chaplain  to  Archbishop 
Saneroft ;  author  of  '•  Autiquitates  Ku- 
tupinai,"  dec.  B.  1747  ;  d.  170S. 
.  BATTEUX,  Chaules,  a  Freneli  phi- 
losopher, eminent  for  his  erudition,  as 
well  as  for  his  private  virtues,  and  the 
humanity  which  wits  directed  to  the 
maintenance  of  a  numerous  and  im- 
poverished family.  His  works  are  vari- 
ous, but  chiefly  on  classical  literature, 
in  which  he  displays  frequently  more 
method  and  labor  than  eloquence  or 
purity  or  depth  of  thought.  It  is  said 
that  his  death  v/as  accelerated  by  grief 
in  observing  that  the  elementary  book 
which  he  wrote  for  the  military  school 
of  Paris,  did  not  succeed  so  well  as  he 
wished.  Among  other  works  he  pub- 
lished the  four  poetics  of  Aristotle,  Hor- 
ace, Vida,  and  Boileau,  with  notes.  D. 
1780. 

BATTHYANI,  Cocnt,  a  noble  Hun- 
garian who  took  an  indirect  part  in  the 
attempt  to  redress  the  wrongs  of  his 
country  in  1848.  He  was  one  of  the 
deputation  who  undertook  the  recon- 
ciliation of  the  authorities  and  the  people. 
But  the  deputation  tailed  in  its  object, 
and  this  was  iiis  last  public  act.  On  the 
8th  of  January,  he  was  arrested  in  the 
drawing-room  of  his  sister-in-law,  at 
Pesth,  transferred  successively  to  Oeden- 
burg,  Laybach,  and  Pesth,  and,  after 
nine  months'  iiiii>risoiuiU'iit.  w;is  tried 
by  court-martial,  dcchiivd  guilty  of  high- 
treason,  and  sentenced  to  die  on  the  gal- 


lows, October  G,  1849.  He  heard  the  sen- 
tence with  tranquillity  and  composure. 
Ilaving  taken  leave  of  his  wife,  lie  en- 
deavored in  the  course  of  the  nii,'lit  to 
open  the  veins  of  his  neck  by  means  of 
a  blunt  paper-knife,  and  thus  to  escape 
the  last  in.lif,niity  of  what  the  Austriaas 
called  the  "law."'  But  hi.s  atteinid  was 
discovered  and  his  life  preserved  till  he 
was  formally  executed,  or  rather  mur- 
dered. He  was  never  in  open  rebellion, 
and  his  ettbrts  mainly  had  been  to  reform 
and  improve  rather  than  revolutionize. 
But  the  detestable  and  cruel  spirit  of 
despotism  makes  no  distinctions. 

BATTISHALL,  Jonathan,  an  emi- 
nent musical  composer,  who  added  to 
Erofound  knowledge  great  taste  and  a 
ne  imagination.  His  "  Kate  of  Aber- 
deen' will  be  celebrated  (among  numer- 
ous other  of  his  compositions)  as  long 
as  pure  melody  shall  be  admired.  B. 
1738;   d.  1801. 

BATTIC,  William,  ft  physician  of 
eminence  who  was  skilful  in  the  treat- 
ment of  diseases  of  the  mind,  and  wrote 
a  "Treatise  on  Mental  Madness.''  B. 
1708;  d.  177tJ. 

BAUDELONQUE,  John  Louis,  a 
French  surgeon  of  distinction,  appoint- 
ed by  Napoleon  to  be  midwife  to  Maria 
Louisa.  His  works  on  midwifery  are 
in  repute.     B.  174'');  d.  ISIO. 

BAUDIER,  MicHALL,  a  native  of  Lan- 
guedoc,  historiographer  of  France  under 
Louis  XIII.  lie  wrote  the  "History  of 
the  Mahometan  Religion,"  the  "  Lite  of 
Cardinal  Amboise,"  of  "Mareehal  de 
Toiras,"  1644,  of  "Ximenes,"  "  Suger," 
and  others ;  and  though  his  style  is 
heavy  and  inelegant,  yet  his  works  are 
curious  and  interesting,  and  valuable 
for  their  authenticity  and  the  variety  of 
his  matter. 

BAUDIN,  Nicholas,  a  well-kno^vn 
navigator,  who  contributed  many  speci- 
mens of  natural  history  to  the  collections 
of  Europe.  B.  1750;  d.  1803. — Peter 
CiiAKLEs,  a  member  of  the  French  na- 
tional assembly  and  convention,  and 
author  of  anecdotes  "Sur  le  Constitu- 
tion."    V,.  I7f.l ;  d.  1799. 

BAUIUUS,  Dominique,  a  native  of 
Lisle,  who  studied  at  Aix  la  Chapelle, 
Leydon,  and  Geneva.  He  visited  En- 
gland in  the  suite  of  the  ambassador  of 
the  states  of  Holland,  and  formed  an 
acquaiutanoe  with  Sir  Philip  Sidney, 
and  at'tcrwards  he  went  to  France,  where 
he  staid  10  years,  and  by  means  of 
Aeliilles  de  Harlai  he  was  admitted  ad- 
vocate of  the  parliament  of  Paris.  He 
next  went   to   Leyden,  where   he    w«« 


120 


CrCLOP.EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[BA 


raised  to  the  professorial  chair  of  elo- 
quence, aiul  with  Mcursins  named  his- 
toriographer of  the  states  of  Holland  in 
1611.  lie  Mas  a  man  of  genius  as  well 
as  erudition,  and  in  his  Latin  poems 
he  displayed  taste  and  elegance  of  com- 
position.    D.  ]i513. 

BAUDOT  DE  JUILLT,  Nichol.\s,  a 
native  of  Vendome,  son  of  a  collector  of 
excise,  and  author  of  several  historical 
pieces,  written  with  method  and  inge- 
nuity, though  too  much  in  the  spirit  of 
romance.  His  "  History  of  the  Conquest 
of  England,  by  "William  of  Normandy," 
of  ''Philip  Augustus,"  and  "Charles 
VII.,"  are  his  best  pieces.  He  wrote 
besides  the  "  History  of  Catherine  of 
France,  queen  of  England  ;"  "  Germaine 
de  Foi.x ;"  the  "Secret  History  of  the 
Constable  of  Bourbon;"  "Spain  Inva- 
ded bv  the  Moors,"  four  vols.,  &c.  D. 
1759. ' 

BAUDRAND,  Michael  Antoine,  an 
ecclesiastic,  born  at  Paris.  He  visited 
Rome,  Gcrmtmy,  and  England,  and  dis- 
tinguished himself  by  his  "  Dictionnaire 
Geographique,"  two  vols,  fol.,  printed 
first  in  Latin,  and  afterwards  in  French. 
B.  16;3:5 :  d.  1700. 

BAUHINUS,  or  BAUHIN,  Joiix,  a 
French  physician  and  celebrated  bota- 
nist ;  author  of  "  Historia  Plantarum," 
&c.  B.  1541;  d.161-3.— Gasp AKD,  brother 
of  the  above ;  an  excellent  botanist, 
author  of  "  Institutiones  Anatomicte," 
"Phvtopinax,"  "  Pinax,"  and  numerous 
other  works.     B.  1560;  d.  1624. 

BAULDRI,  Paul,  professor  of  sacred 
history  at  Utrecht ;  author  of  "  Chrouo- 
lodcaf  Tables,"  &c.     B.  1639  ;  d.  1706. 

13AUL0T,  James,  a  French  lithoto- 
mist,  whose  method  was  adopted  and 
improved  upon  by  the  celebrated  Ches- 
elden.     B.  1G51 ;  tl.  1720. 

BAUME,  James  Francis  de  la,  a 
French  divine;  author  of  "The  Chris- 
tiade,"  &c.  &c.  I).  1757. — Antiiont,  a 
French  chemist ;  author  of  a  "  Treatise 
on  Ttnioretical  and  Experimental  Chem- 
istry," "  A  Manual  ol  Pharmacy,"  &c. 
D.  1805. — Nicholas  Augustus  de  la, 
marquis  of  Montrevel,  and  a  marshal  of 
France,  was  born  1636.  It  is  related  of 
him,  that  although  from  his  earliest 
youth  he  had  been  distinguished  by  his 
tlaring  valor,  and  had  frequently  braved 
death  in  the  field  of  battle,  yet  such  was 
his  ridiculous  superstition,  that  on  the 
contents  of  a  salt-cellar  having  been  ac- 
cidentally thrown  on  him,  he  instant- 
ly exclaimed  that  he  was  a  dead  man, 
and  expired  from  the  terror  with  which 
it  inspired  him.    D.  1716. 


BAUMER,  JoHX  "William,  a  German 

physician  ;  author  of  a  "  Natural  Histo- 
ry "of  the  Mineral  Kingdom,"  &c.  B 
lVl9;  d.l78S. 

BAUMGAKTEN,  Alexander  Got 
LiEB,  an  acute  and  clear  thinker  of  the 
school  of  "Wolf,  was  born  in  1714,  at 
Berlin,  studied  at  Halle,  and  was  for  a 
time  professor  extraordinaiy  there.  In 
1740  he  was  made  professor  of  philoso- 
phy at  Frankfort  on  the  Oder,  and  died 
there  in  1762.  He  is  the  founder  of 
a?sthetics  as  a  science,  and  the  inventor 
of  this  name.  He  derived  the  rules  of 
art  from  the  works  of  art  and  their  ef- 
fects. His  ideas  of  this  science  he  first 
developed  in  his  academical  discussion, 
"De  Nonnullis  ad  Pocma  pertinenti- 
bus."  Meir's  "Principles  of  all  Liberal 
Sciences"  originated  irom  his  sugges- 
tions. Eight  years  later,  Baumgarten 
published  his  "  jEsthetica,"  a  work 
which  death  prevented  him  from  com- 
pleting. His  theories  of  art  are  now 
superseded  in  Germany  by  the  more 
profound  and  extensive  works  of  Schil- 
ler, Scholling,  Hegel,  and  their  followers. 

BAUR,  Fkederic  William  Von,  a  na- 
tive of  Hessian  Hanau,  who  served  in 
the  Hessian  troops  in  the  pay  of  Britain 
1755.  In  1757  he  was  made  a  general, 
and  was  ennobled  by  Frederic  II.  of 
Prussia,  and  in  1769  he  entered  into  the 
service  of  the  Russians,  and  was  ap- 
pointed by  Catherine  inspector  of  the 
salt-works  of  Novogorod.  His  abilities 
as  an  engineer  and  mechanic  were  also 
employed  in  supplying  Moscow  with 
water,  and  in  making  deeper  the  canal 
of  Petersburg,  and  in  constructing  a 
capacious  harbor  at  its  extremity.  He 
was  also  author  of  "  Memoires  Histori- 
ques  et  Geographiques  sur  la  Vala- 
C'liia,"  and  of  a  "Chart  of  Moldavia,"  to 
illustrate  the  war  between  the  Turks 
and  Russians,  in  seven  slieets.  D.  1783. 
— John  AVilliam,  a  painter  of  Stras- 
burgh  ;  chiefly  noted  ibr  his  architec- 
tural subjects."    B.  1610;  d.  1640. 

BAUSE,  John  Frederic,  a  distin- 
guished German  engraver.  B.  1738  ; 
d.  1S13. 

BAUSSET,  Cardinal  Louis  Fkancls 
DE,  an  eminent  French  prelate,  born  at 
Pondicherry  in  1748,  was  educated  in 
France,  and  was  made  bishop  of  Alais 
before  the  revolution.  Napoleon  patro- 
nized him  ;  and  Louis  XVIII.  made  him 
a  peer,  and  obtained  for  him  the  cardi- 
nal's hat.  He  is  the  author  of  a  "His- 
tory of  Fcnclon,"  and  of  a  "  History  of 
Bossuet,"  both  works  of  merit.    D.  1824. 

BAUTRU,    "William,   a   Frenchman, 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OK    BIOGRAPHY. 


bat] 


famous  for  his  wit,  whieli  he  displayed 
with  great  freedom  and  ctKeaey  at  the 
court  and  among  the  ministcns.  After 
8cein2:thc  Escuri'al  in  Spain  attendedby 
an  ignorant  librarian,  lie  told  the  king 
.hat  it  woidd  bo  advantageous  for  him 
to  make  his  librari;in  his  treasurer,  be- 
cause, said  he  to  the  monarch  who  in- 
quired why,  he  never  touches  what  he 
is  intrusted  with.    B.  1598  ;  d.  lWr>. 

BAWDVVEEN,  William,  an  English 
divine  and  antiquary  ;  editor  of  two 
volume^  of  Doonistlay  Book.  lie  pro- 
posed to  complete  tlie  work  in  eight 
other  volumes,  but  died  before  he  could 
efl'cct  it,  in  1616. 

BAXTER,  KicnARD,  an  eminent  non- 
conformist divine,  was  born  Nov.  12, 
1615,  at  Kowton,  near  High  Ercal,   in 
Shropshire,  and  died  1691.     lie  was  or- 
dained in  1033.     It  was  not  long  after, 
however,  that  the  oath  of  universal  ap- 
probation of  the  doctrine  and  discipline 
of  the  church,  called  the  "  Et  Cetera" 
oath,  drove   him   and  others  from  the 
establishment.     In  1640  he  was  invited 
to  be  minister  at  Kidderminster,  but  the 
civil  war,  which  broke  out  soon  after, 
exposed  him  to  iicrsecution,  as  he  es- 
poused the  cause  of  the  parliament.    He 
retired  to  Coventry,  and  continued  his 
ministerial  labors  t'ill  the  success  of  the 
republicans  recalled  him  to  his  favorite 
flock  at  Kidderminster.    The  ascenden- 
cy of  Cromwell  gave  him  great  otfence, 
and  he  even  presumed  to  argue  in  pri- 
vate with  him  on  the  nature  and  illegal- 
ity of  his  power,  but  in  the  only  sermon 
which  he  preached  before  him,  he  wisely 
conflned  his  subject  to  the  dissensions 
which  existed  in  the  kingdom  on  re- 
lisious    matters.      He  was   in   London 
after  Cromwell's   death,  and   preached 
before    parliament  the   day  before  the 
king's  return  was  voted,  and   likewise 
before  the  lord  mayor  for  Monk's  suc- 
cesses.   Charles  II.  made  him  one  of  his 
chaplainSj   and    Chancellor    Clarendon 
offered  him  the  bishopric  of  Hereford, 
which  he  declined.    He  was,  liowever, 
soon  involved  in  the  general  persecution 
of  the  non-conformists.    His  paraphrase 
on  the  New  Testament  drew  upon  him, 
in  1635,  the  vengeance  of  JetlVies,  and 
he  was  condemned  to  be  imprisoned  for 
two    years,    from    which    jninishinent, 
six  months  after,  he  was  discharged  by 
the   interference   of  Lord   I'owis   with 
Kincc  James.     He  wrote  a  vast  number 
of  books  ;  Mr.  Longr,  of  Exeter,  says  80 ; 
Dr.  Calamy,   120;  but  the  author  of  a 
note  in  the  Biographia  Britannica  tells 
ns  that  he  had  seen  145  distinct  treatises 
11 


121 


of  Mr.  Baxter's :  his  p>ractical  woVbs 
have  been  published  in  four  vols,  folio. 
Bishop  Burnet,  in  tlie  History  ofhis  Own 
Times,  calls  him  "  a  man  of  great  pietv  ;" 
and  says,  "that  if  ho  had  not  jneddled 
with  too  many  things,  he  would  have 
been  esteemed  one  of  the  most  learned 
men  of  the  age  ;  that  he  had  a  moving 
and  pathetieal  way  of  writing;  and  was, 
his  whole  life  long,  a  man  of  great  zeal 
and  much  simnlieity  ;  but  was  unhap- 
pily subtle  and  metaphysical  in  every 
thing. — William,  an  eminent  critic  and 
grammarian,  nephew  to  the  foregoing. 
B.  at  Lanlugany,  in  Shropshire,  lG5'i; 
d.  1723.  He  published  excellent  editions 
of  "  Anaereon,"  and  "  Horace,"  was 
author  of  a  "  Latin  Grammar,"  1679, 
and  of  a  "  Glossary  of  the  Roman  An- 
tiquities," which,  however,  goes  no  far- 
ther than  the  latter  A.,  and  was  printed 
1726. — Anhrew.  a  writer  in  metaphysics 
and  natural  philosophy.  Born  in  1686, 
at  Aberdeen,  where  "he  received  his 
education  at  King's  college.  His  prin- 
cipal employment  was  that  of  a  private 
tutor.  His  "celebrated  work.  "  An  In- 
quiry into  tlio  Nature  of  the  Human 
Soul","  was  first  published  in  4to.,  and 
has  been  several  tunes  reprinted.  Bishop 
Warburton  calls  it  "the  most  finished 
book  of  the  kind  that  the  present  times 
have  produced."  Baxter  drew  up,  for 
the  use  of  his  pupils,  a  piece  entitled 
"  Matho  ;  sivo  Cosmotheoris,  Pucrilis, 
Dialogus,"  &c.,  which  he  afterwards 
greatly  enlarged,  and  published  in  En- 
glish.   I).  1750. 

BAYARD,  James  A.,  an  American 
lawyer,  a  representative  in  congress  from 
Delaware,  and  afterwards  senator,  who 
distinguished  himself  in  the  famous  de- 
bate on  the  judiciary,  and  in  1314  was 
one  of  the  commissioners  who  treated 
for  peace  between  the  United  States  and 
Great  Britain  at  Ghent.  B.  at  Philadel- 
phia in  1767  ;  d.  1815.— Pierke  vu  Ter- 
rail,  Chevalier  de,  called  the  knight 
without  fear  and  without  reproach.  B. 
1476,  in  the  castle  of  Bayard,  near 
Grenoble,  was  one  of  the  most  spotless 
characters  of  the  middle  ages.  He  was 
simple  and  modest ;  a  true  friend  and 
tender  lover  ;  pious,  humane,  and  mag- 
nanimous. At  the  age  of  13  he  was  re- 
ceived among  the  pages  of  the  duke  of 
Savoy,  the  ally  of  France.  Charles  VIII., 
who 'saw  him  at  Lyons,  in  the  suite  of 
this  prince,  was  struck  with  the  dexter- 
ity with  which  the  youth  manaired  his 
horse  :  he  beirged  him  of  the  duke,  and 
committed  bin  to  the  care  of  Paul  of 
Luxemburgh,   count  de    Ligny.      The 


122 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[bat 


toiu"naments  were  his  first  field  of  glory. 
At  the  aire  of  18  Bayard  aceompanit.-d 
Charles  ^■l^.  to  Italy,  and  distinfruished 
liimself  greatly  in  the  battle  at  Verona, 
where  he  took  a  standard.  At  the  be- 
ginning of  the  reign  of  Louis  XII.,  in_a 
battle  near  Milan,  he  pursued  the  fugi- 
tives with  sueh  eagerness,  that  he  enter- 
ed the  eity  with  them,  and  was  taken  as 
a  prisoner.  Ludovico  Sforza  returned 
him  his  arms  and  his  liorse,  and  dis- 
missed him  witliout  ransom.  While  the 
French  were  in  Apulia,  he  defeated  a 
Spanish  eorps,  and  made  their  leader, 
"Don  Alonzo  de  Sotomayor,  prisoner, 
treating  him  with  generosity.  Soto- 
mayor, however,  not  only  violated  his 
parole  by  flight,  but  ealumniated  Bayard, 
who,  according  to  the  custom  of  that 
time,  challenged  him  and  killed  him. 
Afterwards,  like  Iloratius  Codes,  he  de- 
fended a  bridge  over  the  Garigliano 
singly  against  the  Spaniards,  and  saved 
the  French  army  by  checking  the  ad- 
vance of  the  victorious  enemy.  For  this 
exploit  he  received,  as  a  coat  of  arms,  a 
porcupine,  with  the  motto,  "  Vires  ag- 
minis  unus  liahetP  He  distinguished 
himself  equally  against  the  Genoese  and 
the  Venetians.  When  .Julius  II.  de- 
clared himself  against  France,  Bayard 
went  to  the  assistance  of  the  duke  of 
Ferrura.  He  did  not  succeed  in  his  plan 
of  taking  the  pope  prisoner;  but  he  re- 
fused with  indignation  an  offer  made  to 
betray  him.  Being  severely  wounded 
at  the  assault  of  Brescia,  he  was  carried 
into  the  liouse  of  a  nobleman,  who  had 
fled,  and  left  his  wife  and  two  daughters 
exposed  to  the  insolence  of  the  soldiers. 
Bayard  protected  the  family,  refused 
the  reward  of  2500  ducats,  wliieh  they 
off'ered  to  him,  and  returned,  as  soon  as 
he  was  cured,  into  the  camp  of  Gaston 
de  Foix,  before  Ravenna.  In  an  engage- 
ment, which  shortly  after  ensued,  he 
took  two  standards  from  the  Spaniards, 
and  pursued  the  fugitives.  Gaston,  the 
hope  of  France,  perished  through  his 
neglect  of  the  advice  of  Bayard,  who,  in 
.he  retreat  from  Pavia,  was  again  wound- 
ed, and  carried  to  Grenoble,  where  his 
he  was  in  danger.  "  I  grieve  not  for 
death,"  he  said,  "  but  to  die  on  my  bed, 
like  !i  woman."  In  the  war  commenced 
by  Ferdinand  the  Catliolic,  he  displayed 
beyond  the  ryrenees  the  same  talents, 
the  same  heroism,  which  had  distin- 
guished him  beyond  the  Alos.  The 
fatal  reverses  wliicli  iinbittcred  the  last 
years  of  I.ouis  XIT.,  only  added  a  Viright- 
er  splendor  to  the  personal  glory  of 
Bayard.     Henry  VIII.  of  f^ngland,  m  al- 


liance with  Ferdinand  and  Maximilian 
tlircatened  Picardy  in  1815,  and  besieged 
Terouane.  The  French  army  disgraee- 
fvdly  took  to  flight.  Bayard,  witli  his 
accustomed  intrepidity,  made  an  inef- 
fectual resistance  to  the  enemy  :  over- 
powered by  superior  numbers,  his  troop 
was  on  the  point  of  laying  down  their 
arms,  when  perceiving  an  English  officer 
at  some  distance,  he  immediately  gal- 
loped towards  him,  presented  his  sword 
to  his  breast,  and  cried,  "  Yield  or  die  !" 
Tiie  Englishman  surrendered  his  sword, 
when  he  immediately  gave  him  his  own, 
saying,  "  I  am  Bayard,  and  your  cap- 
tive, as  you  are  mine.  The  boldness 
and  ingenuity  of  this  action  pleased  the 
emperor  and  the  king  of  England,  who 
decided  that  Bayard  needed  no  ransom, 
and  that  both  captives  were  released 
from  their  parole.  "When  Francis  I. 
ascended  the  throne,  he  sent  Bayard 
into  Dauphine,  to  open  for  his  army  a 
passage  over  the  Alps,  and  through 
Piedmont.  Prosper  Colonna  lay  in  wait 
for  him  on  his  march,  expecting  to  sur- 
prise him,  but  Bayard  made  him  prison- 
er. This  brilliant  exploit  was  the 
prelude  to  the  battle  of  Mariguano,  in 
which  Bayard,  at  the  side  of  the  king, 
performed  wonders  of  bravery,  and  de- 
cided the  victory.  When  king  Charles 
V.  invaded  Champagne  with  a  large 
army,  and  threatened  to  penetrate  into 
the  heart  of  France,  Bayard  defended 
the  weakly  fortified  town  of  ^lezieres 
against  every  assault,  until  the  dissen- 
sions of  the  hostile  leaders  compelled 
them  to  retreat.  Soon  afterwards,  Genoa 
revolted  from  France,  when  his  presence 
reduced  it  to  obedience  ;  but,  after  the 
surrender  of  Lodi,  fortune  changed,  and 
the  French  troops  were  expelled  from 
their  conquests.  Bonnivet  was  obliged 
to  retreat  through  the  vallev  of  Oasta ; 
his  rear  was  beaten,  and  "lie  himself 
severely  wounded.  The  safety  of  the 
army  was  then  committed  to  him,  and 
it  being  necessary  to  pass  the  Sessia  in 
presence  of  a  superior  enemy,  he  vigor- 
ously attacked  the  Spaniards,  when  a 
stone,  from  a  blunderbuss,  struck  his 
right  side,  and  shattered  his  backbone. 
The  hero  fell,  exclaiming,  "Jesus,  my 
God,  I  am  a  dead  man  1"  "  They  hasten- 
ed towards  him.  "Place  mo  under  yon 
tree."  he  said,  "that  I  may  see  the  ene- 
my," and  died,  April  the  30th,  in  the 
year  1524,  surrounded  both  by  friends 
and  enemies,  who  all  shed  -tears  of  ad- 
miration and  grief. 

BAYER,  John,  a  German  astronomer 
of  the  17th  century  ;  author  of  "Urano- 


bat] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY, 


123 


metria,"  a  celestial  atlas. — Theophilus 
SiKQFKKD,  a  tnTiuun  pliilologist ;  author 
of  a  very  curiuus  and.  able  work,  enti- 
tled "  Musffiuin  Simcum."  B.  lGy4;  d. 
173S. 

BAYLE,  PiEiiRE,  author  of  the  "Ili.s- 
torical  and  Critical  Dictionary,"  was  b.  at 
Carlat,  in  the  county  of  Foix,  (Lani^iiu- 
doc,)  in  16-17,  and  received  his  first  in- 
structions from  his  father,  a  Calvinistic 
preacher.     lie  gave  early  proofs  of  an 
astonishing  memory,   and  of   singular 
vivacity  of  mind.     At  the  age  of  i'J  he 
enterecl  the  college  of  Pny-Laurenes,  to 
finish    his    studies.      The    ardor    with 
which    he    devoted    himself  to    them 
•weakened   his  constitution.    All  books 
were  eagerly  devoured  by  him  ;  his  taste 
for  logic  led  him  jiarticularly  to  study 
religious     controversies,    but    Amyot's 
Plutarch  and  Montaigne  were  his  favor- 
ite works.     In  Toulouse,  he  studied  phi- 
losophy with  the  Jesuits.  The  arguments 
of  his"  professors,  and,  still  more,  his 
friendly    discussions    with    a    Catholic 
priest, 'who  dwelt  near  him,  confirmed 
his  doubts  of  the  orthodoxy  of  Protest- 
antism, so   that  he  resolved  to  change 
his    religion.     His    conversion    was    a 
triumph  to  the  Catholics.     Ilis  family, 
however,  tried  all  means  to  regain  him, 
and  atler  17  months  he  returned  to  his  old 
faith.     In  order  to  escape  from  the  pun- 
ishment of  perpetual  excommunication 
which  the  Catholic  church   then   pro- 
nounced against  apostates,  he  went  to 
Geneva,  and   thence   to   Copet,  _  where 
Count   Dohna  intrusted  him  with  the 
education  of  his   sons,   and   where  he 
studied  the  philosophy  of  Dcs  Cartes. 
But  atler  some   years   he   returned   to 
France,  and  settled  in  Paris.     In  1075 
he  obtained  the  philosophical   chair  at 
Sedan,  where  he  taught  with  distinction 
imtil  the  suppression  of  this  academy  in 
16S1.    The   appearance  of  a  comet,  in 
IGSO,  which  occasioned  an  almost  uni- 
versal alarm,  induced  him  to  publish,  in 
1682,    his    "  Pensces    divcrscs    sur    la 
Comcte,"   a  work   full  of  learning,  in 
which  he  discussed  various  subiccts  of 
metaphysics,  morals,  theology,  history, 
and   [lo'litics.      It  was  followed   by  his 
"  Critique  gen(5rale  de  rilistoiro  du  Cal- 
vinisme  de  llaimbourg."     This  work, 
received  with  equal  approbation  by  the 
Catholics  and  Protestants,  involved  him 
in  many  disputes.     lie  afterwards  un- 
dertook a  periodical  work,  "  Nouvelles 
de  la  Kepublique  dcs  Lettres,"  in  IGS-i. 
The  death  of  liis  father  and  of  his  two 
brothers,    together    with    the   religious 
persecution*  in  France,  induced  lum  to 


undertake  his  "  Commentaire  Philoso- 
phiquc  sur  ces  Paroles  de  TEvangilc  ; 
Contrains-les  d'Entrcr;"  which,  in  re- 
gard to  style  and  tone,  is  not  worthy  of 
him.  lie' next  devoted  all  his  attenlioix 
to  the  composition  of  his  "  Dictionnaire 
Ilistorique  et  Critique,"  which  he  first 
published  in  1690,  2  vols.,  fol.  This  wa3 
the  first  work  which  appeared  under  his 
name.  He  died,  so  to  speak,  with  tha 
pen  in  his  hand,  in  1706,  at  the  age  of 
59.  "Bayle,"  says  Voltaire,  ''is  the 
first  of  logicians  and  skeptics.  His  great- 
est enemies  must  contess  that  there  is 
not  a  line  in  his  works  which  contains 
an  open  aspersion  of  Christianity ;  but 
his  warmest  apologists  must  acknowl- 
edge that  there  is  not  a  page  in  his  con- 
troversial writings  which  does  not  lead 
the  reader  to  doiibt,  and  often  to  skepti- 
cism." Bayle  compai'es  himself  to  llo- 
mer's  cloud-compelling  Jupiter. 

BAYLKV,  Anselm,  an  English  di- 
vine, author  of  "  A  Grammar  of  the 
Hebrew  Language,"  &c.,  &c.  D.  1791. 
— Sir  John,  a'learned  and  upright  judge, 
wa.s  called  to  the  bar  in  1792,  and  ap- 
pointed a  scrjcant-at-law  in  1799.  Iii 
1S03  he  was  made  one  of  the  justices  of 
the  King's  Bench,  and  received  the 
honor  of  knighthood.  He  was  a  man 
of  liberal  education  and  enlarged  no- 
tions. His  work  on  "  The  Law  of  Bills 
of  Exchange"  has  long  been  a  standard 
book  in  the  profession,  and  its  value  in 
the  commercial  world  is  universally  ac- 
knowledged. B.1773;  d.l841.— Ricn.\RD, 
an  eminent  Americiin  physician,  was  b. 
in  Connecticut,  in  1745.  After  study- 
ing at  home,  ho  completed  his  profes- 
sional education  in  London,  and  settled 
at  New  York.  In  1792  he  was  appointed 
professor  of  anatomy  in  the  college  of 
Columbia,  wh-cre  he"  acquired  great  ce- 
lebrity. In  1799  he  published  his  work 
on  vellow  fever,  wiierein  he  proved  it 
to  be  a  local  malady.  T>.  1801.— Mat- 
thias, remarkable  for  longevity,  died 
about  the  year  1789  at  Jones'  creek,  a 
branch  of  the  Pcdce,  in  North  Carolina, 
aged  136  years.  He  was  baptized  at  the 
age  of  134.  His  eyesight  remained 
good,  and  his  strength  was  very  re- 
markable till  his  death. 

BAYLY,  Thomas  IIatxes,  a  lyrical 
poet  of  some  merit,  and  the  author  of 
several  dramatic  pieces,  and  one  or  two 
novels.  Though  very  poruilar  in  his 
own  day,  the  majority  of  nis  writinir-i 
are  already  rapidlv  passing  into  oblivion. 
B.  1797;  d.  1830.— Lewis,  bishop  of 
Bansror,  author  of  "  Practice  of  Pictw" 
D.  1632. — William,  au  astronomer,  who 


124 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[be  A 


went  out  with  Captain  Cook  in  the  last 
two  voyages  of  tliut  eelcbratcd  circum- 
uavi;Tator.     D.  ISIO. 

BEACON,  TiioiiAs,  prebendary  of 
Canterbury  in  tlie  reign  of  Queen  Ehza- 
bcth,  author  of  numerous  works  against 
popery. 

BEARD,  JonN,  known  for  his  em- 
incnee  as  an  aetor,  first  appeared  at 
Drury-lane,  as  Sir  John  Loverule,  in 
the  "Devil  to  Pay,"  1737,  but  his  suc- 
cess was  intcrrujited,  for  a  few  years,  by 
a  marriage  with  Henrietta,  daughter  of 
the  carl  of  Waldegrave.  He  afterwards 
exchanired  Drury-lane  for  Covent-gar- 
dcn.  Ills  wife  died  in  17r)3,  and  six  vears 
after  he  married  the  daughter  of  Mr. 
Eieh,  whom  he  succeeded  in  the  man- 
agement of  Covent-garden.  In  1759  he 
appeared  in  the  character  of  Macheath, 
and  divided  the  applauses  of  the  town 
for  fiftv-two  successive  nights,  with 
Miss  Brent,  as  Polly.  In  17fiS  he  re- 
tired from  tlie  stage,'and  died  that  year, 
aged  74,  much  respected  for  his  jjrivate 
character. 

BEATON  or  BETIIUNE,  a  cardinal, 
and  archbishop  of  St.  Andrews,  in  Scot- 
land, whose  infamous  persecutions  of 
his  Protestant  countrymen  caused  him 
to  be  assassinated  in  his  castle,  in  1546. 
— James,  nephew  of  the  above,  and 
bishop  of  Glasgow,  author  of  "  A  His- 
tory of  Scotland."    B.  1530  ;  d.  1603. 

BEATTIE,  James,  a  pleasing  poet 
and  miscellaneous  writer,  was  born  at 
Lawrencckirk,  county  of  Kincardine,  in 
1735.  In  1765  he  published  a  poem 
called  the  "Judgment  of  Paris,"  which 
proved  to  be  a  failure.  In  1770  his 
"  Essay  on  Truth,"  written  in  opposi- 
tion to  the  skepticism  of  Hume,  gave 
him  his  first  fame.  Five  large  editions 
were  sold  in  four  vears.  A  few  months 
after,  he  publishecl  the  first  book  of  the 
"Minstrel,"  4to.,  and,  in  1774,  the 
second,  which  pleasing  poem  is  likely 
to  be  the  bulwark  of  his  fame.  It  was 
at  first  published  anonymously,  but  its 
language  spoke  to  the  heart  and  feelings 
of  all  classes;  the  learned  descanted 
upon  the  critical  merits  of  its  structure, 
and  the  unlearned  traced  in  it  the  ef- 
fusions of  a  heart  alive  to  the  beauties 
of  nature,  and  warmed  with  the  kindly 
sympathies  of  humanity.  To  a  splendid 
edition  of  his  "  Essay  on  Truth,"  pub- 
lished by  subscription  in  1770,  he  added 
flome  iniscellnneous  "Dissertations  on 
Poetry  and  Music,  Laughter  and  Lu- 
dicrous Composition,  &c."  In  1783  he 
published  "Dissertations,  Moral  and 
Critical,"  4to. ;   and  in  1786,  appeared 


his  "Evidences  of  the  Christian  Eeli- 
gion,"  2  vols.  12mo.  In  1790  he  pub- 
lislied  the  first  volume  of  his  "Elements 
of  Moral  Science,"  the  second  of  which 
followed  in  1793,  and  to  the  latter  was 
appended  a  dissertation  against  the 
slave-trade.  His  last  pul)lieation  was 
an  "Account  of  the  Life,  Character,  and 
Writings  of  James  Henry  Beuttic,"  liis 
eldest  son,  an  amiahle  and  promising 
voung  man,  who  died  at  the  age  of  22, 
in  1790.  This  great  affliction  "was  fol- 
lowed, in  1796,  by  the  equally  premature 
death  of  his  youngest  and 'only  survi- 
ving son,  in  his  18th  year;  which  losses, 
added  to  the  melancholy  loss  of  reason 
by  his  wife,  wholly  subdued  his  con- 
stitution ;  and,  after  two  strokes  of 
palsy,  he  died  at  Aberdeen,  in  August, 
1803.  Beattie  was  a  religious  and  amia- 
ble man,  as  well  as  a  liiseinating  and 
respectable  controversialist. 

BEATTY,  Sir  William,  who  was  pre- 
sent during  the  last  moments  of  the. 
hero  of  Trafalgar,  an  "Authentic  Nar- 
rative" of  whose  death  he  published  in 
1831.     D.  1842. 

BEAUCHAMP,  Joseph,  a  French  as- 
tronomer and  Bernardino  monk,  born 
at  Vesoul,  in  1752.  During  the  revolu- 
tion he  was  employed  on  a  secret  mis- 
sion by  Napoleon,  but  falling  into  the 
hands  of  tne  English,  they  delivered 
him  up  to  the  Turks,  by  whom  he  was 
imprisoned  as  a  spy.  He  was  subse- 
quently released,  and  d.  at  Nice,  1802. 
— -KiciiAED,  an  English  prelate,  admi- 
rably skilled  in  architecture.  He  was 
surveyor  of  the  works  at  Windsor,  and 
rebuilt  the  chattel  there  in  the  reign  of 
Edward  IV.  Tlie  great  hall  in  the  epis- 
copal palace  of  Salisl)ury,  and  the  se- 
pulchral ehajDcl  in  the  cathedral,  are  also 
monuments  of  his  taste  and  science. 
D.  1481, 

BEAUCHATEAU,  Francis  Matthias 
CiiATELET  DK,  a  Frcnch  poet,  remarkable 
for  his  jirecocious  talents,  author  of  "  La 
Lyre  du  jeune  Apollon,"  published 
when  he  was  only  twelve  years  old. 
B.  1645. 

BEAUCLEKK,  Topham,  a  gentleman 
of  great  literary  talents,  and  a  friend  of 
Dr.  Johnson,  who  said  that  "  Beau- 
clerk's  talents  were  those  which  he  had 
felt  himself  more  inclined  to  envy 
than  those  of  any  one  else  he  had  ever 
known."     B.  1739  ;  d.  1780. 

BEAUFORT,  Henkv,  the  half-brother 
of  Henry  IV.  of  Englantl,  was  a  cardinal, 
bishop  of  Winchester,  and  chancellor  of- 
the  kingdom.  He  was  proud,  ambitious, 
and  immensely  rich ;  but  the  hospit.i' 


cea] 


CYCLOr.'EUIA    OF    EIOCiliAPIIV. 


125 


of  St.  Cros3,  at  "Winchester,  which  he 
founded,  iuid  iiuuierous  charitable  bi:- 
quests,  prove  tiiat  his  riciics  were  uki- 
niatcly  well  applied.  ]).  1417. — Marga- 
ret, countess  ot'  Kichniond  and  Derby, 
niotlier  of  Henry  V^H.  She  founded 
St.  John's  co!lc";e,  and  Christ's  eollcire, 
Cambridge,  and  distinguished  herself 
likewise  as  an  author,  li.  1441 ;  d.  150ti. 
— Francis  de  Vkxdome,  duke  of,  son 
of  Caesar,  duke  of  V'endonie,  was  im- 
prisoned by  Cardinal  Mazarin.  On  his 
escape,  he  broke  out  into  open  violence, 
but  soon  succeeded  in  making  his  peace, 
and  was  appointed  admiral  of  France. 
Killed  at  the  siege  of  Candia,  IGG'J. — 
Louis  de,'  author  of  "  Dissertations  upon 
the  Uncertainty  of  the  First  Five  Ages 
of  the  Koman  Ecpublic,"  and  other 
learned  works.     D.  1795. 

BEAUHAKXOIS,  Aluxaxdek  de,  a 
French  nobleman  who  took  part  in  the 
revolution,  and  after  having  been  at  one 
time  president  of  the  national  assembly, 
and  served  in  the  armies  of  France  with 
distinction,  was  put  to  death  by  the  rev- 
olutionary tribunal  just  previous  to  the 
fall  of  Eobcspierrc,  in  17',i4.  B.  1760.— 
Francis,  marquis  de,  elder  brother  of 
Alexander,  was  born  in  175tj.  He  was 
appointed  major-general  in  the  army  of 
the  Prince  of  Condc,  in  17if2;  protested 
against  the  unlawful  treatment  of  the 
king,  in  a  letter  to  the  president  of  the 
national  assembly ;  and  when  Bonaparte 
became  first  consul,  ho  exhorted  hnn  to 
restore  the  sceptre  to  the  house  of  Bour- 
bon. He  was  afterwards  appointed  am- 
bassador to  the  court  of  Spain,  but  fell 
into  disgrace  with  Napoleon,  and  was 
banished.  He  returned  to  Paris  after 
the  i-estoration.  D.  1819. — Eugene  de, 
son  of  the  above,  was  born  in  1780;  en- 
tered the  army  early,  and  became  one 
of  Napoleon's  generals,  and  his  viceroy 
in  Italy,  which  office  he  filled  with  credit 
and  distinction,  from  1S05  to  1814 ;  when 
on  his  patron's  reverses  he  retired  to 
Bavaria,  married  the  king's  daughter, 
and  was  made  duke  of  Leuchtenberg. 
D.  1824. — HoRTENSE  Eugenie,  cx-qucen 
of  Holland,  and  duchess  of  St.  Leu,  was 
born  at  Paris,  in  1753,  being  the  daughter 
of  Viscount  Beauharnois  (who  perished 
by  the  guillotine  in  1794)  by  his  wife 
Josephine,  afterwards  the  consort  of 
Napoleon.  Hortense  was  married  to 
Louis  Bonaparte  in  1802,  but  it  was  an 
ill-starred  union,  and  they  separated  in 
1807,  after  she  had  given  birtli  to  three 
sons ;  the  eldest  of  whom  ("Napoleon 
Charles)  died  in  childhood  ;  tlie  second 
(Napoleon  Louis)  was  killed  in  an  in- 


surrcction  at  Eomagna,  in  1832;  and 
the  youngest  (Louis  Napoleon;  is  the 
first  president  of  the  French  republic, 
established  in  1848.     D.  1837. 

BEAU  LIEU,  Sebastian  de  PoNTArLX 
DE,  a  celebrated  French  enixinecr  and 
tield-marshal  under  Louis  XlV.,  autluir 
of  "  Views  and  Plans  of  the  Battles  and 
Sieses  of  Louis  XIV."     D.  1674. 

B'EAUMAKCHAIS,  Pierre  Aigustin, 
baron  of,  was  the  son  of  a  watchmaker 
of  Paris,  b.  in  1732,  whose  father  tle»- 
tined  him  to  the  same  trade,  but  early 
giving  indications  of  fine  musical  talent, 
he  became  teacher  of  the  harp  to  the 
daughters  of  Louis  XV.,  and  was  ad- 
mitted into  their  society.  By  a  rich 
marriage  he  laid  the  foundation  of  his 
immense  wealth.  He  now  aspired  to 
literary  reputation.  His  "Eugenie"'  ap- 
pearea  in  1707,  and  "  Les  deux  Amis" 
in  1770,  the  first  st'dl  holding  its  place 
on  the  stage.  He  showed  unconnnon 
talents  in  his  lawsuit  against  Goesman 
and  La  Blanche,  when  he  wrote  against 
the  former  (who  belonged  to  \.\\c.  jjarVci- 
ment  Afaupeou^  which  was  engaged  in 
a  dispute  with  the  ministry)  liis  cele- 
brated "  Mcmoircs,"  which  entertained 
all  France.  Had  he  remained  more  quiet 
he  probably  would  have  gained  his  pro- 
cess. The  fame  of  his  "Mcmoircs" 
alarmed  even  Voltaire,  who  was  jealous 
of  every  kind  of  glory.  The  "  Barber 
of  Seville"  and  the  "Marriage  of  Figaro" 
have  given  him  both  permanent  and  uni- 
versal reputation.  Shortly  before  the 
revolution  he  was  involved  in  the  pro- 
cess against  the  banker  Kornmann.  In 
1792  he  wrote  "La  Mere  coupable,"  but 
never  regained  his  former  fame.  lie 
was  once  more  in  his  true  element  in 
his  memoir  "  Mes  six  Epoques.''  His 
contract  to  supply  the  United  States 
with  military  stores,  during  their  revo- 
lutionary war,  had  increased  his  fortune, 
of  which  he  always  made  a  noble  use; 
but  he  lost  about  a  million  livres  by  his 
famous  edition  of  the  works  of  Voltaire, 
the  very  imperfect  execution  of  which 
was  not  answerable  to  the  innnense  cost 
of  it.  He  lost  still  more  at  the  end  of 
1791,  by  his  attempt  to  provide  the 
French  army  with  60,000  muskets.  Dis- 
contented with  the  present,  despairing 
of  the  future,  wearied  with  stiniguling 
against  the  revolution  and  Ids  creilitors 
for  the  ruins  of  his  wealth,  lie  died  at 
the  aire  of  69  years,  without  any  partic; 
ular  cliscase,  in  ilay,  1799.  Ilis  biog- 
raphy appeared  in  1802;  and  in  l^oo  an 
edition  of  his  works,  in  7  vols.  Beau- 
inarehais  was  a  singular  instance  of  ver- 


126 


CYCLOP-EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY, 


[bea 


Batility  of  talent,  being  at  once  an  artist, 
po'itii-ian,  projector,  nicrcliaiit,  and  dra- 
matist, lie  was  passionately  attached 
to  celebrity.  His  "  .Marriage  of  Figaro'' 
excitetl  one  of  tliosc  extraordinary  sen- 
sations ibr  which  Paris  has  always  been 
remarkable.  The  Englisii  moditicatious 
of  this  comedy  convey  but  a  slight  no- 
tion of  the  mischievous  subtlety  and 
deep  spirit  of  intrigue  in  the  original. 
lie  left  to  his  heirs  a  claim  against  the 
United  States  of  a  million  of  francs,  for 
supplies  furnished  during  the  war, 
which  has  been  repeatedly  presented  to 
congress,  but  always  rejected  on  the 
ground  that  he  acted  only  as  the  agent 
of  the  French  government,  and  had 
been  paid  bv  it. 

BEAUMELLE,  LArRExcE,  a  French 
writer  and  critic;  autlior  of  "Letters  to 
Voltaire,"  of  whom  he  was  a  decided 
opponent ;  "  Connnentarv  on  the  Hen- 
riade."  etc.    B.  1727 ;  d.'l773. 

BEAUMONT,  Francis,  and  FLET- 
CHER, Joii.v,  two  eminent  English  dra- 
jnalie  writers.  Tlie  former  was  b.  in  1585 
studied  at  Oxford,  and  d.  in  1616  ;  the 
latter  was  b.  at  London  in.  1570,  and  d. 
tiiere  in  1625,  of  the  plague.  Animated 
by  the  same  inclination,  thcvboth  devo- 
ted themselves  to  poetry.  'Their  plays, 
about  fifty,  appeared  under  their  joint 
names,  and  it  is  impossible  now  to  de- 
termine their  respective  shares  in  sever- 
al of  these  productions.  According  to 
the  testimony  of  some  of  tiieir  cotem- 
poraries,  Fletcher  was  the  inventing 
genius,  while  Beaumont,  though  the 
younger  of  the  two,  was  more  distin- 
guished for  maturity  and  correctness  of 
judgment.  Shakspeare  was  their  model, 
and,  like  him,  they  intermix  pathetic 
and  low  comic  scenes;  but  their  attempts 
to  surpass  their  model  sometimes  lead 
them  nito  extravagances.  Their  desire, 
also,  of  pleasing  the  public  at  times,  in- 
duces tliem  to  deviate  from  a  correct 
standard  of  taste.  Tiiey  succeed  best  in 
their  comic  scenes.  Their  cotempora- 
rics  preferred  them  even  to  Shakspeare, 
lis  much  as  posterity  have  reversed  tlic 
judgment. — JClie  de,  a  French  advocate, 
distinguished  for  liis  memoir  in  favor 
of  the  unfortunate  family  of  Galas.  B. 
1732  ;  d.  1785. — Madame  le  prince  be, 
a  French  lady,  wlio  devoted  her  talents 
to  the  instruction  of  vouth,  and  wrote 
many  pleasing  moraf  works ;  among 
others,  "  Magazin  des  Adolescens," 
^  Mairazin  des  Jeunes  Dames,"  some 
novels,  &c.  B.  1711;  d.  1780.— Sir 
&EOKOE,  a  distinguished  amateur  ar- 
tist, was  b.  at  Diinmow,  Essex,  in  1753; 


d.  1827. — John  Thomas  B.v.ibek,  was  b. 
in  London,  in  1774,  his  paternal  naraa 
being  Barber.  In  his  youtli  he  mani- 
fested a  strong  desire  to  obtain  eminence 
as  a  painter.  He  afterwards  became  an 
author,  and  published  a  "  Tour  in 
"Wales,"'  besides  several  tracts  upon  the 
best  mode  of  arming  the  population,  so 
as  most  etfectually  to  repel  the  threatened 
French  invasion ;  and  he  at  lengtli  put; 
in  practice  what  he  had  so  strenuously 
recommended  to  others,  by  organizing 
a  matchless  rifle  coi^ps,  known  by  the 
name  of  the  "  Duke  of  Cumberland's 
Sharp-shooters,"  of  which  corps  he  was 
appointed,  in  1803,  captain  commandant. 
In  1806  he  establislied  the  Provident 
Institution,  which  gave  rise  to  the  vari- 
ous similar  establishments,  now  better 
known  as  "  saving  banks,"  throughout 
the  kingdom.  He  died  in  May,  1841, 
having  bequeathed  the  bulk  of  his  prop- 
erty to  his  children,  except  the  sum  of 
10,000^.  to  establish  a  philosophical  in- 
stitution in  Beaumont  square,  ilile-end. 
BEAUMONT  DE  PEKEFIX,  H,ui- 
DouiN,  tutor  to  Louis  XIII.,  and  subse- 
quently archbishop  of  Paris  ;  author  of 
a  "  History  of  Henry  IV."     D.  1670. 

BEAUNE,  Floriment  de,  a  French 
mathematician  ;  discoverer  of  a  method 
to  determine  the  nature  of  curves  by  the 
properties  of  tlieir  triangles.  D.  1652: 
BEAUK AIN,  John  ue,  geographer  to 
Louis  XV. ;  author  of  a  "  Description 
of  the  Campaigns  of  Luxembourg,  from 
1690  to  16114."     B.  16'J7  ;  d.  1771. ' 

BEAUEIEU,  G.vspard  Guii-liard  de, 
a  French  writer ;  author  of  "  L'Eleve 
de  la  Nature,"  &c.      B.  1727  ;  d.  1795. 

BEAUSOBEE,  Isaac  de,  a  French 
Protestant  divine,  who  settled  at  Berlin, 
and  became  chaplain  to  the  kin?  of 
Prussia ;  author  of  "  Defense  de  la  Doc- 
trine des  Eeformes,"  &c.  B.  1650;  d. 
1788. — LouLs,  counsellor  to  the  king  of 
Prussia  ;  author  of  "  Philosophical  Dis- 
sertations on  the  nature  of  Fire,"  &c. 
B.  1700  ;  d.  1783. 

BEAUVAIS,  William,  author  of  a 
work  on  the  medals  of  the  Eoman  em- 
pire. B.  1698  ;  d.  177S.-— Charles  Nicn- 
0L.is,  a  French  physician,  member  of  the 
Convention  at  the' revolution  ;  author  of 
"Essais  Historiques  sur  Orleans,"  &c. 
B.  1745;  d.  1794, 

BEAUVILLIERS,  Francis  de,  duke 
de  St.  Aignan,  a  soldier,  courtier,  and 
poet,  in  the  reign  of  Louis  XIV.  B. 
16o7;  d.  1687.— Paul  de,  eldest  son  of 
tlie  preceding,  was  highly  distinguished 
for  talents  and  probitv.  He  held  high 
oiBces  in  the  state,  and  shared  with  tho 


BSC] 


CYCLOP-tDIA    OK    BIOOIiAI'HY. 


in 


virtuous  arclibishop  of  Cambray,  in  tlie 
education  of  tlic  duke  of  Bur<fund}'. 
D.  1V14. 

BEAUZEE,  Nicholas,  an  eminent 
Frenoii  critic  and  frraniinarian ;  the  au- 
thor of  several  works,  and  a  contributor 
to  the  Encvclopcdie.    E.  1717  ;  d.  17S'.i. 

BEAVEIu  John,  a  monk  of  West- 
minster in  tlie  14th  century  ;  atitlior  of 
a  "Chronicle  of  tlie  Atfairs  of  Britain," 
&c. 

BECCADELLT,  Louk<,  an  Italian  ee- 
clesiastie ;  preceptor  to  prince  Ferdinand 
of  Tuscany,  and  author  of  the  Lives  of 
Cardinals  Pole  and  Bembo.  D.  1572. — 
Antoxio,  of  Palermo :  author  of  a 
"  History  of  Alphonso,  king  of  Aragon," 
&c.  B.  i;374;  d.  1471. 

BECCAKI,  Augustine,  the  first  Italian 
pastoral  poet.     D.  1520. 

BECCAEIA,  Cesare  Bonesana,  Mar- 
ciiESE  Di,  author  of  the  well-known 
'•Treatise  on  Crimes  and  Punishments," 
was  born  at  Milan,  in  1785.  He  was 
early  excited  by  Montesquieu's  "  Lettres 
Pcrsanes,"  to  the  cultivation  of  his  phi- 
losophical talents,  and  afterwards  favor- 
ably know  as  a  philosophical  writer  by 
his  memorable  work  full  of  noble  phi- 
lanthropy, "Die  Delitti  e  delle  Pene," 
(On  Crimes  and  Punishments,)  and 
several  others.  With  the  eloquence  of 
true  feeling,  and  a  lively  imagination,  he 
opposes  capital  punishments  and  the 
torture.  This  work  led  to  the  establish- 
ment of  more  settled  and  more  coiTcct 
principles  of  penal  law  and  contributed 
to  e.xcite  a  general  horror  against  inhu- 
man punishments.  Beccaria  was  a  true 
friend,  a  good  son,  a  tender  husband, 
and  a  real  philanthropist.  lie  is  also 
known  in  Italy  as  the  author  of  a  philo- 
sophical grammar  and  theory  of  style, 
"Kicerche  interno  alia  Natura  dello 
Stilo,"  and  of  several  good  treatises  on 
rhetorical  ornament,  &c.,  contained  in 
the  journal  "  11  Caffe,"  edited  by  him, 
in  conjunction  with  his  friends  Visconti, 
Vcrri,  and  others.  A  fit  of  apoplexy  put 
an  end  to  his  useful  life  in  November, 
1793. — ^GiovANNi  Battista,  an  ingenious 
practical  philosopher,  was  born  in  1716 
at  Mondovia.  He  went  to  Eome  in  1702, 
where  he  studieil  and  afterwards  taught 
grammar  and  rhetoric ;  at  the  same  time 
no  applied  himself  with  success  to  mathe- 
matics, lie  was  appointed  professor  of 
philosophy  at  Palermo,  and  afterwards 
at  Eome.  Charles  Emmanuel,  kinir  of 
Sardinia,  invited  him  to  Turin  in  1748, 
to  fill  the  professorship  of  natural  phi- 
losophy at  the  university  there.  Electri- 
city   had    at    that    time,   through    the 


experiments  of  Franklin  and  others, 
become  an  object  of  universal  interest, 
lie  therefore  published  his  "iJcU'  Elet- 
trieismo  naturale  cd  artificiale."  The 
experiments  which  this  work  contains 
on  atmospherical  electricity  are  so  nu- 
merous and  various,  tluit  Priestley  af- 
firmed in  his  History  of  J'>lectrieity,  that 
Beecaria's  labors  far  surpass  all  that  had 
been  done  before  and  after  him  on  this 
subject.  The  academies  of  Louuou  and 
Bologna  elected  him  a  member.  He 
wrote  many  other  valuable  works  on 
this  subject.  The  most  important  "  Dell' 
Elettricismo  artificiale"  contains  all  that 
was  then  known  of  electricity.  Franklin, 
who  esteemed  his  works,  had  them 
translated  into  English,  in  1759  the 
king  employed  him  to  measure  a  degree 
of  the  mericlian,  in  Piedmont.  He  began 
the  task  in  1760,  together  with  the  abbot 
Canoniea,  and  published  the  result  in 
1774.  The  doubts  expressed  by  Cassini 
of  the  exactness  of  this  measurement 
drew  from  him  his  "  Lettre  d'un  Itali- 
ano  ad  un  Parigino,"  in  which  he  showed 
the  influence  of  the  proximity  of  the  Alps 
on  the  deviation  of  the  pendulum.  As 
his  thoutrhts  were  entirely  absorbed  by 
his  studies,  ,:e  often  neglected  the  nicer 
rules  of  good  breeding,  without  losing 
however  the  general  esteem.  He  died 
Api-il  the  27th,  1781. 

BECHER,  John  JoAcnnr,  authoi  of 
the  first  theory  of  chemistry,  was  bom 
at  Spire,  in  16';35.  He  finished  his  rest- 
less life  at  London,  in  1685,  after  having 
resided  in  many  parts  of  Germany.  He 
had  many  enemies,  and  has  been  accused, 
not  entirely  without  justice,  of  charla- 
tanry; yet  his  influence  on  the  science 
of  chemistry  gives  him  still  a  claim  to 
remembrance.  He  brought  it  into  a 
nearer  connection  with  physics,  and 
sought  for  the  causes  of  all  the  phenom- 
ena of  the  inorganic  universe  in  these 
two  departments  of  science.  This  is  the 
object  of  his  principal  work,  "  Physica 
Subterranea."  At  tlie  same  time  he  be- 
gan to  Ibrm  a  theory  of  chemistry,  and 
conceived  the  idea  of  a  primitive  acid, 
of  which  all  the  others  were  only  modi- 
fications. He  also  made  researches  into 
the  process  of  combustion. — Daniel, 
physician  to  the  elector  of  Branden- 
burirh  ;  author  of  "  Commcntarius  de 
Theriacii."  ite.     D.  1670. 

BECKET,  Thomas  a,  archbishop  of 
Canterbury ;  a  man  raised  from  a  com- 
paratively low  station  to  the  very  liiirhes' 
offices  by  Henry  IT.,  but  proud,  insolentj 
and  uns'ratcfuL  Havincr  shown  hinisch 
the  violent  opponent  of  his  royal  patron, 


128 


CYCLOP.KDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[bed 


the  latter  gave  utterance  to  some  hasty 
expressions  resjiecting  him  in  the  pres- 
ence of  his  courtiers,  and  he  was  at 
length  assassinated  at  the  altar  of  Can- 
terbury cathedral,  in  1170.  After  his 
death  he  was  canonized. 

BECKFOKD,  AVilliait,  one  of  the 
most  remarkable  men  of  modern  times, 
was  the  son  of  alderman  Beckford,  of 
London,  wlio  bequcatlied  him  West  In- 
dian and  other  property,  said  to  amount 
to  upwards  of  £lOi.vXX)'per  annum.  He 
had  a  strong  passion  for  building ;  and 
in  erecting  lonthill  Abbey  he  spent 
in  a  very  few  years  the  enormous  sum 
of  .4'"27o,i)00  1  One  tower  of  immense 
costliness,  employed  460  men  both  by 
uight  and  by  day  through  an  entire  win- 
ter, the  torches  used  by  the  nocturnal 
workmen  being  visible  to  the  astonished 
travellers  at  miles  distant.  As  might  be 
expected,  the  mortar  and  cement  used 
had  no  time  to  set  jii'operly,  ere  a  vio- 
lent gale  of  wind  brought  the  vast  struc- 
ture to  the  gi'ound.  Merely  remarking 
that  he  should  have  been  glad  to  witness 
the  sublime  lall  of  such  a  mass  of  mate- 
rials, he  gave  orders  for  the  erection  of 
another  tower  of  276  feet  in  height ;  this 
also  fell  to  the  earth  in  the  year  1825. 
Building,  however,  did  not  alone  occupy 
Mr.  Beckford.    An  excellent  scholar,  and 

Eosscssed  of  a  fine  taste  in  almost  every 
ranch  of  art,  he  collected  in  the  fantas- 
tic but  costly  "  Abbey,"  one  of  the  finest 
and  most  extensive  libraries  in  England, 
and  his  pictures  and  curiosities  were  al- 
most unequalled.  His  vast  expenses, 
and  the  loss  in  chancery  of  a  large  por- 
tion of  his  West  Indian  property,  ren- 
dered it  necessary  for  liim  to  sell  the 
abbey,  and,  with  a  few  exceptions,  all 
its  rich  and  rare  contents,  in  1822. 
AVlien  the  sale  was  announced,  public 
curiosity  was  so  generally  excitecT,  that 
the  enormous  number  of  72^0  catalogues 
were  sold  at  one  guinea  each  !  Though 
his  eccentric  and  more  than  princely 
lavishness  of  outlay  caused  Mr.  Beck- 
ford to  be  much  talked  of,  both  in  En- 
gland and  in  Portugal,  where  he  built  a 
3"csidencc,  his  true  claim  to  any  notice 
here  rests  upon  his  undoubted  talents 
as  an  author  in  many  walks  of  literature, 
and  his  genius  as  displayed  in  the  wild 
and  singular  tale  of  "Vathek."  which  is 
BO  splendid  in  description,  so  true  to 
eastern  costujne,  and  so  wild  and  vivid 
in  imagination,  that  Lord  Bvron  con- 
sidered it  difficult  to  credit  tliat  it  was 
written  by  a  European,  and  said,  "  Even 
Ea-sselas  must  bow  belbre  it ;  the  hapjiy 
valley  will  not  bear  a  comparison  witli 


the  hall  of  Eblis."  In  addition  to  thU 
work,  upon  which  his  fame  securely 
rests,  Mr.  Beckford  wrote  a  satirical 
work,  entitled  "Memoirs  of  Extraordi- 
nary Painters;"  "Italy,  with  Sketches 
of  Portugal  and  Spain  ;"  and  "  Keeol- 
lections  of  an  Excursion  to  the  Monas- 
teries of  Alcobaf;a  and  Batalha."  T>.  1844. 

BECKINGHAM,  Charles,  an  English 
dramatist ;  author  of  "  Scipio  Africa- 
uus  "  a  tragedy,  &c.     D.  17o0. 

BECKMANjS',  John  Anthony,  a  na- 
tive of  Hanover,  and  a  professor  at  Got- 
tingen,  where  he  lectured  for  man\ 
years  on  subjects  connected  with  rural 
and  political  economy,  &c.  He  was 
the  author  of  several  works,  of  which 
his  "History  of  Discoveries  and  Inven- 
tions" is  the  best  known.  B.  173'J ;  d. 
1811. 

BECLAED,  Peter  ArorsTus,  an  em- 
inent French  anatomist,  was  born  at 
Angers,  in  1785 ;  became  professor  of 
atiatomy  and  physiology  at  Paris,  where 
he  attained  the  highest  reputation  as  a 
lecturer  and  man  of  science.  He  wrote 
"Anatomical  Memoirs,"  &c.     1).  1825. 

BEDA,  or  BEDE,  an  eminent  eccle- 
siastic of  the  Sth  century,  usually  called 
the  Venerable  Bede,  was  born  in  the  year 
672  or  673,  near  Wearmouth,  in  the 
bishopric  of  Durham.  From  the  age  of 
7  to  that  of  I'J  he  pursued  his  studies  in 
the  monastery  of  St.  Peter,  at  Wear- 
mouth.  Being  then  ordained  deacon, 
he  was  employed  in  the  task  of  edu- 
cating the  youth  who  resorted  to  the 
monastery  for  instruction,  and  pursued 
liis  own  studies  with  unremitting  ardor. 
In  his  00th  year  he  was  ordained  priest; 
and  his  fame  for  zeal  and  erudition 
reaching  the  ears  of  Pope  Sergius,  he 
was  invited  to  Eome,  but,  in  conse- 
quence of  the  death  of  that  pontift", 
never  went  there.  It  is  not  even  certain 
that  he  evcrleft  Northumberland,  which, 
of  course,  reduces  the  incidents  of  his 
life  to  his  literary  pursuits  and  domestic 
occupations,  as  he  accepted  no  benefice, 
and  never  seems  to  have  interfered  with 
civil  transactions.  Ills  "Church  His- 
tory" was  published  in  701.  His  last 
literary  labor  was  a  translation  of  the 
Gospel  of  St.  John  into  Saxon,  wliichhe 
completed,  with  difficulty,  on  the  very 
day  and  hour  of  his  death.  The  wri- 
tings of  Bede  were  numerous  and  im- 
portant, considering  the  time  in  which 
they  were  written,  and  the  subjects  of 
whicli  they  treat,  which  extended  to 
ecclesiastical  affairs,  religion,  and  edu- 
cation only.  His  "English  Ecclesiasti- 
cal History"  is  the  greatest  and  most 


CVCLOr.liUIA    OF    lUOGUAl'llV. 


BiiDJ 

popular  of  his  works,  and  has  acquired 
additiounl  culebrity  oy  the  translation 
of  Kiaur  Alfred.  The  euDeotions  wiiieii 
he  made  for  it  were  tlic  labor  ol"  inany 
years.  Besides  his  own  personal  inves- 
iii^ations,  he  kept  up  a  eorrcspondence 
with  the  monasteries  throughout  the 
heptareliy,  to  obtain  archives  and  ree- 
ords  for' his  purpose;  and  thiis  nearly 
all  the  knowled<j;e  possessed  of  the  early 
state  of  Christianity  in  this  country  is 
due  to  Bedc.  There  have  been  several 
editions  of  the  original  Latin,  which  is 
easy,  althouj^h  not  elegant.  While  the 
number  and  variety  of  the  writini^s  of 
Bede  show  the  extent  of  his  erudition, 
his  probity,  moderation,  and  modesty 
insured  lum  general  respect ;  and  his 
disinterestedness  is  proved  by  the  fact, 
that  he  was  never  any  thing  higher  than 
an  unbeneficed  priest.  A  letter  of  a.d- 
vice,  which  he  wrote  late  in  life,  to  Eg- 
bert, archbishop  of  York,  proves  at  once 
the  purity  of  his  morals,  the  liberality 
of  his  sentiments,  and  the  exceUenee  of 
his  discernment ;  his  wish  being  to  cur- 
tail the  number  of  monasteries,  andto 
increase  the  efficacy  and  respectability 
ofthe  secular  clergy.  Notwithstanding 
the  veneration  with  which  he  was  re- 
garded, not  a  single  miracle  is  recorded 
of  him ;  and  as  monks  were  the  great 
miracle-mongers,  and  his  views  of  mo- 
nastic reform  such  as  we  have  mention- 
ed, this  is  not  surprising.  The  manner 
of  the  death  of  this  virtuous  ecclesiastic 
was  striking  and  characteristic.  He  was 
dictating  a  translation  of  the  Gospel  of 
St.  John  to  an  amanuensis.  The  young 
man  who  wrote  for  him  said,  '•There  is 
now,  mastci",  but  one  sentence  wanting ;" 
upon  which  he  bade  him  write  quickly  ; 
and  when  the  scribe  said  "  It  is  now- 
done,"  the  dying  sage  ejaculated,  "  It  is 
now  done,"'  and  a  few  minutes  after- 
Avards  expired,  in  the  act  of  prayer,  on 
tlie  floor  of  his  cell,  in  the  tjod  year  of 
his  aire,  in  the  year  785. 

BEI)D(.)ES,  TitoiiAs,  a  physician  and 
author,  b.  1700,  at  Shitfnal,"  in  Shrop- 
shire;  d.  1803.  He  made  great  pro- 
gress at  school,  in  classical  studies,  and 
distinguished  himself  at  Oxford  by  his 
knowledge  of  ancient  and  modern  lan- 
guages and  literature.  The  great  dis- 
coveries in  physic,  chemistry,  and 
physiology  irresistibly  attracted  liim. 
He  continued  his  studies  with  success 
in  London  and  Edinburgh.  In  his '26th 
year  he  took  his  doctor's  degree,  after- 
wards visited  Paris,  and  formed  an 
acquaintance  with  Lavoisier.  On  his 
return  he  was  appointed  professor  of 


129 


chemistry  at  Oxford.  There  he  publish- 
ed some  excellent  chemical  treatises,  aud 
"Observations  on  the  Calculus,  Sea- 
Scurvy,  Consumption,  Catarrh,  and  Ee- 
ver."  But,  by  showing  his  sympathy 
with  the  people  of  Erancc  during  the 
first  French  revolution,  he  olfcnded  some 
of  his  former  admirers,  and  excited  such 
a  clamor  of  the  dominant  faction  in  this 
country  against  him,  by  the  publication 
of  his  political  opinions,  that  he  resigned 
his  professorship,  and  retired  to  the 
house  of  his  friend  Mr.  lieynolds,  in 
Shropshire.  There  he  comi)Osed  his 
''  Observations  Oi^  the  Nature  of  Demon- 
strative Evidence,"  in  which  he  endeav- 
ors to  prove,  that  mathematical  reason- 
ing proceeds  on  the  evidence  of  the 
senses,  and  that  geometry  is  founded 
on  experiment.  lie  also  published  the 
"  History  of  Isaac  Jenkins,"  which  was 
intended,  to  impress  useful  moral  lessons 
on  the  laboring  classes  in  an  attractive 
manner.  Above  40,000  copies  of  this 
popular  work  were  sold  in  a  short  time. 
After  he  had  married,  m  1794,  he  Ibrm- 
ed  the  plan  of  a  pneumatic  institution, 
for  curing  diseases,  particularly  con- 
sumption, by  means  ot  factitious  airs  or 
gases.  He  succeeded,  with  the  assist- 
ance of  the  celebrated  Wedgewood,  in 
opening  this  institution,  in  1798.  He 
engaged,  as  a  superintendent  of  the 
whole,  a  young  man,  Humphrey  Davy, 
the  foundation  of  whose  future  fame 
was  laid  here.  The  chief  purpose  of 
the  institution,  however,  was  never  re- 
alized, and  Beddoe's  zeal  gradually  re- 
laxed, so  that  he  relinquished  it  one 
year  before  his  death,  after  having  pub- 
lished a  number  of  viduable  works  upon 
the  application  of  factitious  airs.  In  the 
last  years  of  his  life,  he  acquired  the 
reputation  of  the  best  medical  writer  in 
Great  Britain,  particularly  by  his  "H.y- 
geia,"  in  three  vols.,  a  popular  work, 
which  contains  passages  ot  extraordinary 
eloquence.  His  political  pamphlets,  from 
1795-97,  are  Ibrgottcn ;  but  will  proba- 
bly be  viewed  with  more  interest  by  the 
spirit  of  the  present  day. 

BEDELL,  "William,'  bishop  of  Kil- 
morc  and  Armagh ;  greatly  reverenced 
in  Ireland  for  his  learning,  piety,  and 
benevolence.  B.  1570;  d.  1041. — Gueg- 
OKY  T.,  D.D.,  an  eloquent  and  pojiular 
clergyman  of  the  Protestant  Ejiisropal 
church.  He  was  born  on  Statcu  Island, 
October  the  28tli,  1793,  and  was  gradu- 
ated at  Columbia  colleirc.  New  York,  in 
ISll.  Ills  father  was  Israel  In'dell,  and 
his  mother  was  a  sister  of  the  Kt.  Kev 
Richard  Chnnning  Moore,  D.D.,  bishoj 


130 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHV. 


[beb 


of  Virfrinia.  Soon  after  leavinc;  college 
he  commenced  preparation  for  holy 
onlors,  and  was  ordained  ileacou  by 
Bishop  Ilobart,  on  the  4th  of  November, 
1814,  within  one  week  after  he  had  at- 
tained the  canonical  ag-e.  In  the  sum- 
mer of  1S1.5  he  accepted  a  rectorsliip  in 
Hudson,  on  the  North  Kiver.  In  the 
latter  part  of  the  year  1818  he  left  Hud- 
son, and  removed  to  Fayettevihe,  N.  0. 
lie  was  after  that  rector  of  St.  Andrews, 
in  Philadelphia.     D.  1834. 

BEDFOKL),  IIiLKiAH,  an  English  di- 
vine, who  was  heavily  fined  as  the  au- 
thor of  "The  Hereditary  Eight  of  the 
Crown  of  England  asserted,"  a  Jacobite 
work,  which  was  in  reality  written  by 
George  Harbin.  D.  1724. — John,  duke 
of,  third  son  of  King  Henry  IV.  of  En- 
gland, and  one  of  the  most  successful 
commanders  ever  opposed  to  the  French. 
He  was  appointed  regent  of  Fi'anee  by 
the  will  ofllenry  v.,  and  well  sustained 
the  glory  of  his' country  during  the  ar- 
duous struggle  there.  D.  1435.— Joun 
KuSi^KLL,  etlfduke  of  Bedford,  K.  G.,  an 
English  nobleman,  distinguished  even 
amoncr  his  own  distinguished  race  for 
practical  patriotism,  and  a  princely  pat- 
ronage of  the  tine  arts,  and  every  branch 
of  industry  which  tends  to  the  improve- 
ment of  the  social  condition.  A  mem- 
ber of  several  learned  societies,  and  em- 
inently versed  in  science  and  fond  of 
literatiire,  he  was  no  less  attached  to 
agriculture,  to  the  improvement  of  which 
he  devoted  many  years  and  large  sums 
of  money.  Of  his  liberality,  when  any 
useful  object  was  in  view,  some  opinion 
may  be  formed  from  the  fact,  that  he 
expended  upwards  of  .•£40,0(")  in  re- 
building Covent-Garden  market,  in  such 
a  style  as  to  render  it  one  of  the  great- 
est ornaments  of  that  part  of  London. 
B.  17(515;  d.  1>^39. 

BEDLOE,  William,  captain,  an  infa- 
mous informer,  noted  for  his  perjuries, 
and  rewarded  with  £.'500  for  pretended 
information  respecting  a  popish  plot, 
nnd  tiie  death  of  Sir  Edmuudbury  God- 
frcv.     I).  lOSO. 

BEECIIEY,  Sir  William,  an  eminent 
English  ])ortrait-painter,  but  he  did  not 
wholly  confine  himself  to  that  l)ranch 
of  the  iirt,  having  )),iinted  some  histor- 
ic'il  compositions  of  more  than  common 
merit,  especially  his  "Iris  bearing  to 
Somnus  the  command  of  .Juno  to  warn 
Alcyone  bv  a  dream  of  tlu^  fate  of  her 
husband  Oeyx."  His  chief  e.wellence, 
however,  lay  in  portrait-painting,  to 
which,  indeed,  he  chielly  eonfmed  him- 
self and  in  which  ho  greatly  surpassed 


most    of    his    cotemporary  artists    in 
number.    Died  aged  80  years,  in  1839. 

BEER,  Michael,  a  learned  Jew  of 
Paris.  B.  at  Nancy  in  1784,  was  the 
first  of  his  religion  who  pursued  the 
profession  of  an  advocate  in  France. 
His  success  in  this  career  was  brilliant, 
but  he  soon  gave  himself  up  exclusively 
to  literature,  and  received  the  honor 
never  before  conferred  upon  a  Jew,  of 
being  admitted  into  the  learned  acade- 
mies of  France.  He  was  elected  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Eoyal  Society  of  Antiquaries, 
of  the  Philote'chnic  Society,  of  the  acad- 
emies of  Nancy,  Strasburg,  Nantes,  and 
Gottingen.  Napoleon  invited  him,  in 
1807.  to  the  assembly  of  Jews,  who  were 
to  aclvise  concerning  the  amelioration  of 
that  people;  and  the  general  sanhedrim 
for  France  and  Italy  chose  him  their 
secretary.  At  the  erection  of  the  king- 
dom of'W^estphalia,  on  account  of  his 
knowledge  of  the  language  of  the  coun- 
try, he  received  an  appointment  in  the 
ministry  of  the  interior,  and,  afterwards, 
was  appointed  to  a  corresponding  of- 
fice in  the  French  ministry ;  he  also 
delivered  a  course  of  lectures  on  Ger- 
man literature  in  the  Athenaeum  of 
Paris. 

BI*"ERING,  Vitus,  a  captain  in  the 
Russian  navy,  was  born  at  Ilorsens,  in 
Jutland.  Being  a  skilful  seaman,  he 
was  employed  by  Peter  the  Great  in  the 
navy  established  at  Cronstadt.  His  tal- 
ents, and  the  undaunted  courage  dis- 
played by  him  in  the  naval  wars  against 
the' Swedes,  procured  him  the  honor  of 
being  chosen  to  command  a  voyage  of 
discovery  in  the  sea  of  Kamtschatka. 
He  set  "out  from  St.  Petersburg,  Feb. 
5th,  1725,  for  Siberia.  In  the  year  1723 
he  examined  the  northern  coasts  of 
Kamtschatka  as  far  as  lat.  67"  18'  N., 
and  proved  that  Asia  is  not  united  to 
America.  It  remained,  however,  to  bo 
determined  whether  the  land  opposite 
to  Kamtschatka,  was,  in  reality,  the 
coast  of  the  American  continent,  or 
merely  islands  lying  between  Asia  and 
America.  June  4th,  1741,  he  sailed, 
with  two  ships,  from  Ochotsk,  and 
touched  on  the  northwestern  coast  of 
America,  between  lat.  35o  and  39°  N. 
Tempests  and  sickness  prevented  him 
from  pursuing  his  discoveries ;  he  was 
east  on  a  desolate  island,  covered  with 
snow  and  ice,  where  he  grew  danger- 
ously sick,  and  died  Dee.  8th,  1741. 
The  straits  between  Asia  and  Ami^rica 
have  received  the  name  of  Beering'a 
Straits,  and  the  island  on  which  he  died 
that  of  Beering's  Island, 


BEIlj 


C'VCI-Oi'.tDIA     OK     HlOUIt.VPJlV. 


BEETHOVEN,  Louia  von,  b.  in 
Bonn,  1"7'2,  was  the  son  of  a  man  who 
had  been  a  tenor  singer  there ;  but  ac- 
cordinff  to  another  aceount,  a  natural 
son  ot  Frederic  William  II.,  king  of 
Prussia.  His  great  talent  for  music  was 
early  cultivated.  He  astonished  in  his 
eighth  year  all  who  heard  him,  bv  his 
execution  on  the  violin,  on  wliicli  he 
was  in  the  habit  of  performing,  with 
great  diligence,  in  a  little  garret.  In  his 
eleventh  year  lie  played  Bach's  "  Wohl 
Temperirtes  clavier,"  and,  in  his  thir- 
teenth, composed  some  sonatas.  These 
promisiiig  appearances  of  great  talent 
induced  the  then  reigning  elector  of  Co- 
logne, to  send  him,  in  1792,  in  the  char- 
acter of  his  organist,  and  at  his  expense, 
to  Vienna,  that  he  might  accomplish 
himself  there  in  composition,  undor  the 
instruction  of  Haydn.  Under  Haydn 
and  Albrechtsberger  he  made  rapid  pro- 
gress, and  became,  likewise,  a  "■reat 
player  on  the  pianoforte,  astonisliing 
every  one  by  his  extempore  perform- 
ances. In  1S09  he  was  invited  to  the 
new  court  of  the  king  of  Westphalia,  at 
which  several  men  of  distinction  per- 
suaded him  to  remain  by  the  promise 
of  a  yearly  salary.  He  composed  liis 
principal  works  afrer  1801.  A  few  years 
before  his  death,  a  cold,  which  he  had 
cauglit  by  composing  in  the  open  air, 
produced  a  deafness,  wliich  became,  by 
degrees,  very  great.  He  lived,  aftei'- 
■wards,  very  much  retired,  in  the  village 
of  Modlingen,  near  Vienna.  Instru- 
mental music  has  received  from  his 
compositions  a  new  cliaracter.  Beetho- 
ven united  the  humor  of  Haydn  witli 
the  melancholy  of  Mozart,  and  the  char- 
acter of  his  music  most  resembles  Che- 
rubini's.  His  boldness  is  great ;  though 
the  more  powerful  nature  and  richer 
imagination  of  Mozart  embraced  a  wider- 
field,  and  many  of  his  compositions  ex- 
press the  whole  height  and  depth  of  his 
character.  Besides  the  great  sympho- 
nies and  overtures  of  Beethoven,  his 
quintets,  quartets,  and  trios  for  stringed 
instruments,  his  numerous  sonatas,  liis 
variations,  and  other  pieces  for  the  pia- 
noforte, in  which  he  shows  the  great 
richness  of  his  imagination,  ho  also 
composed  vocal  music,  with  scarcely 
less  success.  To  this  department  be- 
longs his  opera  "  Leonore,"  (in  its  alter- 
ed state,  called  "  Fidclio,"  )  some  masses, 
an  oratorio,  (the  ''Mount  of  Olives,") 
and  somrs  for  tlie  piano-forte,  among 
which  the  composition  of  Matthison's 
"Adelaide,"  called  by  us,  "Kosalie," 
and  some  songs  of  (Toothe  are  celebrated. 


He  died  March  26th,  1827,  near  Vienna, 
in  creat  poverty. 

BEH.-VIM,  MAUTfN,  b.  at  Nuremberg, 
about  1430,  is  distinguislicd  as  one  of 
the  most  learned  mallieinaticians  and 
astronomers  of  his  age.  He  was  engaged 
in  commerce,  and  travelled  lor  the  pur- 
pose of  carrying  on  his  business  from 
1155  to  1479 ;"  but  he  also  devoted  him- 
self to  the  study  of  the  mathematical 
and  nautical  sciences,  in  which  EcLno- 
montanus  is  said  to  have  been  his  mas- 
ter. He  went  from  Antwerp  to  Lisbon 
in  14S0,  where  ho  was  received  with 
marks  of  distinction.  He  sailed  in  the 
fleet  of  Diego  Can  on  a  voyage  of  dis- 
covery, and  explored  the  islands  on  the 
coast  "of  Afrix'a  as  far  as  the  river  Zaire. 
He  is  also  said  to  have  discovered,  or  at 
least  to  have  colonized,  tlie  island  of  Fay- 
al,  where  he  remained  for  several  years, 
and  assisted  in  the  discovery  of  the  other 
Azores.  He  was  afterwards  knighted, 
and  returned  to  his  native  country  where 
he  constructed  a  terrestrial  glol)e  in  lVj-2, 
whicli  bears  tiie  marks  of  tlie  imperfect 
acquaintance  of  that  age  with  tlie  true 
dimensions  of  the  earth.  Benhaiin  died, 
after  several  voyages,  in  Lisbon,  in  luOti. 
Some  ancient  Spanish  historians  assert 
that  he  made  several  discoveries,  and 
that  he  gave  to  his  friend  (.'olumbus  the 
idea  of  another  hemispliere.  Kobertson 
(in  his  History  of  America)  and  other 
historians  contradict  this  statement.  It 
is  also  rejected  by  Irving. 

BEHN,  Aphara,  a  lady  of  some  celeb- 
rity as  a  writer  of  plays  and  novels,  was 
descended  from  a  good  family  in  Canter- 
bury of  the  name  of  Johnson,  and  was 
V)oru  in  the  reign  of  Charles  I.  Her 
father,  through  the  interest  of  his  rela- 
tion Lord  Willougliby,  being  appointed 
lieutenant-general  of  Surinam,  embark- 
ed with  his  family  for  the  West  Indies, 
taking  with  him  Aphara,  who  was  then 
very  voung.  The  father  died  at  sea  ; 
but  his  family  arrived  safely  at  Surinam, 
and  remained  there  lor  some  years,  du- 
ring which  time  Aphara  gained  the 
acquaintance  of  the  American  prince 
Oroonoko,  whom  she  made  the  subject 
of  a  novel  subsequently  dramatized  by 
Southern.  On  her  return  to  England 
she  maiTied  Mr.  Belin,  a  I;ondou  mer- 
chant, of  Dutch  extraction;  but  was 
probably  a  widow  when  selected  by 
Charles  II.  as  a  proper  person  to  acquire 
intelligence  on  tlie  continent  durinir  the 
Dutch  war.  Slie  accordingly  took  up 
her  residence  at  Antwirp,  where  she 
engaged  in  gallantries  tor  the  sood  of 
her  "countrr;    cud    it    is   said   that,  bj' 


132 


CVCLOP.EDIA    OF    BIOGRAl'HY. 


[bel 


means  of  one  of  her  admirers  she  ob- 
tained adviec  of  the  intention  of  the 
Dutch  to  sail  up  tlie  Thames,  wliich  she 
transmitted  to  Enghmd.  This  intelJi- 
genee  altiiough  true,  being  discredited, 
she  gave  up  politics,  returned  to  En- 
gland, and  devoted  iierself  to  intrigue 
and  writing  for  support ;  and,  as  she 
liad  a  good  pei*son  and  much  conversa- 
tional talent,  she  became  fashionable 
among  the  men  of  wit  and  pleasure  of 
the  time.  She  publislied  three  volumes 
of  poems  by  Kochester,  Etherege,  Crisp, 
and  others,  with  some  poetry  of  lier 
own  :  and  wrote  seventeen  plays,  the 
heartless  licentiousness  of  which  was 
disgraceful  both  to  her  sex  and  to  the 
age  which  tolerated  tlie  performance  of 
them.  She  was  also  the  authoress  of  a 
couple  of  volumes  of  novels,  and  of  the 
celebrated  love-letters  between  a  noble- 
man and  his  sister-in-law.  Pope,  in  his 
character  of  women,  alludes  to  Mrs. 
Behn,  under  her  poetical  name  of  "  As- 
trca:" 

*'Thp  s'a^e  how  loosely  doos  Astren  tre»il, 
Who  fnlrly  puts  lier  cliaracUrs  to  bod.'' 

She  died  in  1689,  l^etween  forty  and  fifty 
years  of  age,  and  was  buried  in  the  clois- 
ters of  Westminster  abbey. 

BEICH,  Joachim  Fbancb,  a  native  of 
Suabia,  eminent  as  a  painter  of  cattle 
pieces  and  landscapes.   B.  1655  ;  d.  1748. 

l>ElNAS(.'ni,  John  Baptist,  a  native 
of  Piedmont,  an  eminent  historical  paint- 
er.    B.  1G:U:  d.  1688. 

BEK,  or  BEAK,  Anthony  de,  bishop 
of  Durham,  a  bold  and  spirited  prelate, 
who  united  the  skill  and  courage  of  a 
soldier  to  the  austerity  of  a  divine.  He 
led  the  van  of  the  English  army  under 
Edward  I.  in  an  expedition  against  the 
Scots  ;  built  Barnard  castle  and  other 
fortresses,  and  performed  many  gallant 
exploits:  but  at  length  broke  his  heart 
at  being  excommunicated  by  the  arch- 
bishop of  York,  in  1^10. — David,  a  Dutch 
painter,  pupil  of  Vandyke,  and  portrait 
painter  to  Christina,  queen  of  Sweden. 
B.  16-21  ;  d.  1656. 

BElvlvilER,  BalthjVs.vr,  a  divine  of 
Amsterdam  ;  suspended  from  his  func- 
tions for  publishmg  "The  World  Be- 
witclied,"  a  refutation  of  the  popular 
errors  in  witchcraft,  &c.  B.  1681;  d. 
16;is. 

BEKKER,  Elizabeth,  an  ornament  of 
Dutch  literature  in  the  department  of 
l!ie  belles  Ictlres.  Few  fenuile  authors 
liave  imited  with  so  grctit  talents  so 
much  dignity  and  purity  of  morals.  The 
influence  of  her  numerous  works  was 
much  increased  by  her  character,  and 


several  of  them  are  considered  classics 
in  Dutch  literature,  particularly  her  ro- 
mances, "  Willem  Lecvend,"  in  8  vols. ; 
"Letters  of  A.  Blankart  to  C.  Wild- 
scliut."  and  the  "History  of  Sara  Burger- 
hart.''  She  wrote  her  most  i  nportant 
works  in  conjunction  with  her  friend 
Agatha  Deken,  and  the  share  of  each  in 
the  composition  of  them  is  unknown. 
Elizabeth  was  born  at  Flushing,  in  1738, 
and  died  at  the  Hague,  in  1804.  Her 
inseparable  friend  in  life  followed  her 
nine  days  later  in  death. 

BEL,  John  James,  a  counsellor  of 
Bordeaux,  compiler  of  the  "  Diction- 
ntiire  Xeologique,"  and  author  Of  "Let- 
ters on  Voltaire's  Marianne,''  &c.  D. 
1738. — Matthl^,  an  Hungarian  divine, 
historiographer  of  the  Emperor  Charles 
VL,  author  of  "  Apparatus  ad  Historiam 
Hungaria?,"  &c.  B.  1684.;  d.  1749. — 
Charles  Andeew,  son  of  the  above,  li- 
brarian and  professor  of  poetry  to  the 
university  of  Leipsic.  B.  1717 ;  d.  by 
his  own  hand,  17S2. 

BELCHER,  Jonathan,  governor  of 
Massachusetts  and  New  Jersey.  He 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1699. 
Not  long  after  the  termination  of  his 
coUegiate  life,  he  visited  Europe,  and 
after  the  lapse  of  several  years,  returned, 
and  commenced  business  as  a  merchant 
in  Boston.  He  was  chosen  a  member 
of  the  council,  and  in  1729  was  sent  as 
an  agent  of  the  province  to  England. 
After  the  death  of  Governor  Burnet,  he 
was  appointed  to  the  government  of 
Massachusetts  and  New  ILampshire,  in 
1730.  In  this  station  he  continued  11 
years,  when  he  was  superseded.  On 
repairing  to  England,  he  so  far  suc- 
ceeded in  vindicating  his  character  and 
conduct,  as  to  obtain  the  appointment 
of  governor  of  the  province  of  New 
Jersey,  where  he  arrived  in  1747,  and 
spent  the  remaining  years  of  his  life. 
He  enlarged  the  charter  of  Princeton 
college,  and  was  its  chief  patron  and 
benefactor.  He  d.  in  1757,  aged  76.— 
Jonathan,  chief  justice  of  Nova  Scotia, 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  college,  in 
1728.  He  studied  law  at  the  Temple,  in 
London.  He  was  among  the  first  settlers 
of  Chebucto,  afterwards  called  Halifax, 
and  being,  in  1760,  senior  counsellor,  on 
the  death  of  Governor  Lawrence  he  was 
appointed  lieutenant-governor,  in  which 
ollicc  he  was  succeeded  by  Col.  Wilmot, 
in  1763.  In  1761  he  received  his  ap- 
pointment of  chief  justice.  B.  1708;  d. 
1776. 

BELCIIIEK,  John,  was  born  at  King- 
ston, Surrey,  and  after  an  Eton  educa- 


HELJ 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    HIOGRAPHY. 


133 


tion  was  put  apprentice  to  Cheselden, ' 
the  most  celebruted  surgeon  of  his  age. 
rcrsevcrance  and  assiduity  soon  ren- 
dered hiin  eminent  in  liis  profession, 
and  in  173G  lie  succeeded  Craddock  as 
surgeon  in  Guy's  hospital.  In  this  em- 
ployraent  he  became  respected  and  be- 
loved for  his  attention,  and,  unlike  the 
mercenary  practitioners  of  tlio  times,  ho 
considered  not  the  emoluments  of  his 
office,  but  the  character  of  his  station, 
and  treated  with  unwearied  patience 
and  humanity  those  whom  diseases  or 
misfortunes  had  placed  under  his  care. 
In  his  private  life  he  was  equally  ami- 
able, his  whole  time  was  devoted  either 
to  his  friends  or  to  the  improvement  of 
his  profession,  and  many  are  the  in- 
genious communications  with  which  he 
lavored  the  I'hilosophical  Transactions 
and  other  pul;lications.  lie  respected 
the  name  of  Guy  almost  to  adoration, 
observing,  that  no  other  man  would 
have  sacrificed  £150,000  for  the  relief 
of  his  iMlow-creatures.  B.  1706  ;  d.  17S5. 

BELDEN,  Joshua,  physician.  After 
grad^iatiug  at  Yale  college,  in  1787,  he 
studied  physic  with  Dr.  L.  Hopkins. 
Besides  his  useful  toils  as  a  physician, 
he  was  employed  in  various  otiices  of 
public  trust.  lie  was  a  zealous  sup- 
porter of  all  charitable  and  religious  in- 
stitutions.    B.  171)8;  d.  1818. 

BELESIS,  a  Chaldean,  who  raised 
Arbaces  to  the  throne  of  Media,  and 
was  rewarded  with  the  government  of 
Babylon. 

BELGKADO,  James,  an  Italian  Jesuit, 
eminent  as  a  poet,  antiquary,  and  math- 
ematician, author  of  a  treatise  entitled 
"  The  Existence  of  God  demonstrated 
Geometrically,"  <fec.  B.  1704;  d.  17S9. 
— Manuel,  an  active  partisan  and  com- 
mander in  the  cause  of  South  American 
independence,  whose  disinterested  con- 
duct proved  highly  favorable  to  Buenos 
Avres  and  the  neighboring  states.  D. 
1820. 

BELIDOE,  Bernard  Forest  de,  an 
eminent  French  engineer  and  mathema- 
tician, author  of  "  Dictionnaire  portatif 
de  ringcnieur  "  &c.     B.  1095;  d.  17G1. 

BELING,  Kichard,  an  Irish  gentle- 
man, who  took  part  in  the  rebellion  of 
1641,  but  recovered  his  estate  at  the 
restonitioM  ;  author  of  "  Vindiciae  Catli- 
olicorum  llibcrnite."     B.  1613;  d.  1677. 

BELISAEIUS,  a  Roman  general,  one 
of  the  most  celebrated  of  his  age,  first 
perved  with  distinction  in  the  guards  of 
Justinian,  and  subsequently  rose  to 
military  eminence  under  that  emperor. 
He  defeated  Cabades,  and  subsequently 
12 


Cosroes,  king  of  Persia,  dethroned  Gel- 
imer,  king  of  the  Vandals,  routed  the 
Goths  in  Sicily  and  Italy,  and  performed 
other  glorious  actions.  Justinian,  how- 
ever, confiscated  his  estates,  but  at 
length  restored  them,  and  took  him 
again  into  favor.  The  story  of  his  blind- 
ness and  beggary  is  a  fiction  added  by 
the  more  modern  writers.    D.  5f«5. 

BELKNAP,  Jeremy,  an  American 
historian  and  divine,  was  born  at  Bos- 
ton, Massachusetts,  in  1744,  and  wan 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  176-J. 
He  was  first  settled  in  the  Christian 
ministry  at  Dover,  New  Hampshire,  .and 
afterwards  in  his  native  town.  He  was 
one  of  the  founders  of  the  Massachusetts 
Historical  Society,  and  devoted  much 
of  his  time  to  the  promotion  of  its  ob- 
jects and  interests.  His  published 
works  are  the  "  Historj-  of  New  Hamp- 
shire," "  American  Biography,"  and  a 
number  of  political,  literary,' and  reli- 
gious tracts.  His  writings  are  eharac* 
terized  by  great  research,  clear  arrange- 
ment, and  perspicuity  of  style.   D.  1798. 

BJXL,  Andrew,  an  English  divine, 
the  projector  and  founder  of  those  ex- 
cellent establishments  called  National 
Schools,  author  of  "An  Experiment  in 
Education  at  the  Male  Asylum,  Madras," 
"  Instructions  for  conducting  Schools  on 
the  Madras  System,"  &c.,  &c.  Dr. 
Bell  had  acquired  considerable  property 
in  the  East  Indies,  and  had  some  lucra- 
tive preferments  in  England,  all  of 
which  ho  bequeathed  to  institutions 
connected  with  education  and  literature. 
B.  at  St.  Andrews,  Scotland,  175:3 ;  d. 
1832. — Benjamin,  an  eminent  surgeon, 
and  writer  on  surgery ;  author  of  a 
"  Treatise  on  the  Management  of  Ul- 
cers," &c.,  <tc.  B.  at  Dumfries,  1749 ; 
d.  1S06.  —  Henrt,  the  first  successful 
applier  of  steam  to  the  purposes  of  nav- 
igation in  Europe,  was  born  in  Linlith- 
gowshire, in  1767.  After  serving  an 
appi'cnticeship  to  his  uncle,  who  was  a 
millwright,  he  went  to  London,  and  was 
in  the  employ  of  Mr.  Eennie,  the  cele- 
brated engineer ;  but  it  was  not  till  the 
year  1812  that  he  produced  a  vessel  cal- 
culated to  establish  the  practicability 
and  important  uses  of  steam-navigation ; 
and  though  Mr.  Fulton,  an  American 
engineer,  had  launched  a  boat  upon  the 
same  principle  five  years  belbre,  whicli 
had  performed  long  voyages  upon  tho 
Hudson  river,  yet  Boll  "must  be  at  least 
allowed  the  praise  of  having  done,  iu 
his  own  country,  what  all  other  men, 
notwithstanding  the  superior  advan- 
tages of  skill  and  capital,  had  failed  in 


134 


CVCLOP.tDIA    OV    r.IOGRAPHV, 


[bel 


doing.  Died,  at  Helensburjrh,  1830. — 
jAMhs,  an  eminent  geographical  writer, 
■was  born  at  Jedbiir^'li,  in  ITG'J.  lie  was 
brought  up  as  a  weaver,  and  became  a 
manufacturer  of  cotton  goods  at  Glas- 
gow, but  left  that  business,  and,  being 
an  indefatigable  student,  became  a 
teacher  of  tlie  classics  to  young  men 
preparing  for  the  university.  lie  was 
the  author  of  "A  System  of  Popular 
and  Scientific  Geography,"  in  6  vols. ; 
'•  A  Gazetteer  of  England  and  Wales." 
D.  18o3. — CuAKLEs,  an  eminent  anato- 
mist and  professor  of  surgery  in  the 
university  of  Edinburgh,  ot  which  city 
he  was  a  native,  being  born  there  in 
1778.  lu  180()  he  Avent  to  London,  and 
■was  soon  distinguished  as  a  popular 
lecturer  on  anatomy  and  surgery,  at  the 
academy  founded  by  the  celebrated 
Hunter,  in  Windmill-street,  where,  as 
subsequently,  wlien  appointed  a  pro- 
fessor at  the  royal  college  of  surgeons, 
the  benches  were  crowded  with  atten- 
tive auditors,  lie  was  the  author  of 
many  professional  works  of  high  repute, 
on  anatomy,  surgical  operations,  and 
tlic  nervous  system  ;  all  admirably  illus- 
trated from  drawings  nuide  by  himself. 
On  the  accession  of  William  IV.  he  re- 
ceived the  honor  of  knighthood.  As  in 
liis  professional  career  Sir  Charles  was 
respected  for  his  great  talents,  so  in 
private  life  was  he  admired  for  the 
bland  simplicity  of  his  manners.  B. 
1778;  d.  1842. — Jonx,  a  distinguished 
citizen  of  New  Hampshire,  of  great 
jutlgment,  decision,  and  integrity,  died 
at  Londonderrv,  Nov.  SO,  IS'iS,  aged  ?5 
years.  His  fatlier,  Joun,  was  an  early 
settler  of  that  town.  During  the  revolu- 
tionary war,  he  was  a  leading  member 
of  tlie  senate.  Two  of  his  sons,  Samuel 
and  John,  have  been  governors  of  Nevv 
Hampshire.  The  former  was  twelve 
years  a  senator  of  the  United  States. 

BELLA,  Stefano  bella,  an  eminent 
Florentine  engraver,  b.  in  1610,  was  for 
a  considerable  time  eiiiployed  by  Cardi- 
nal Eichelieu.  to  engrave  the  conquests 
of  Louis  Xlll.;  and,  after  his  return 
home,  was  liberally  patronized  by  the 
house  of  Medici.  The  number  of  his 
plates  is  said  to  amount  to  one  thousand 
four  liundred.     D.  IGSl. 

BELLAMY,  Joseph,  a  distinguished 
Congregational  minister  of  "Woodbury, 
Conn.  He  was  b.  at  New  Cheshire  in 
that  stale,  171'J,  and  graduated  at  Yale 
college,  in  17!35.  In  1750  he  published 
a  work,  entitled  "True  I!erigif)n  Delin- 
eated." Such  was  his  reputation,  that 
many  younu  men,  studying  for  the  min- 


istrj',  placed  themselves  under  bis  in- 
striiction.  He  was  reckoned  one  of  the 
most  learned  divines  of  the  country. 
His  works  were  published  in  three  vols. 
1811.  B.  1729  ;  d.  1790.— James,  a  Flem- 
ish poet,  was  b.  at  Flushing  in  the 
year  1757,  and  d.  in  1796.  He  was  twen- 
ty-rive years  old,  and  followed  the  trade 
of  a  baker,  when,  in  1772,  the  second 
secular  festival,  in  commemoration  of 
the  foundation  of  the  republic,  was  cel- 
ebrated tlir(.iughout  Holland.  Ilisgenius 
suddenly  intiamed  by  the  love  of  his 
native  land,  rendered  him  a  poet,  and 
his  first  productions  met  with  success. 
He  studied  Latin,  made  himself  better 
acquainted  with  his  mother  tongue,  and 
composed  several  pieces  of  nierit  snfla- 
cient  to  induce  the  society  of  arts  at  the 
Hague  to  incorporate  them  in  their  col- 
lections. He  published  his  patriotic 
songs  under  the  title  of  "  Vadcrlandse- 
Gezeugen,"  which  secure  him  a  place 
among  the  first  poets  of  his  nation. 
Bellamy  sung,  likewise,  the  praise  of 
love.  The  later  works  of  this  poet  be-  " 
tray  a  certain  melancholy,  which  renders 
them  still  more  interesting.  A  biograph- 
ical account  of  him  has  been  written  by 
Kniper.  He  may  be  placed  by  the  side 
of  Bilderdyk,  Ilclmers,  Loots, 'E.  Feyth, 
&c.,  as  one  of  the  restorers  of  moderu 
Dutch  poetry. 

BELLEGARDE,  John  Baptist  Mor- 
van  de,  a  French  Jesuit,  expelled  from 
the  society  for  Cartesianism  ;  translator 
of  St.  Chrysostom,  Thomas  a  Kempis, 
&c.     D.  1734. 

BELLEISLE,  Charles  Louis  Arous- 
Tus  F'ocQUET,  Count  de,  a  French  mar- 
shal, whose  talent  and  eminent  successes 
were  rewarded  by  his  sovereign,  Louis 
XV.,  with  the  highest  dignities.  B. 
1684;  d. 1771. 

BELLENDEN,  William,  a  Scottish 
writer  of  the  17th  century,  distinguish- 
ed for  the  elegance  of  his  Latin  style. 
He  was  educated  at  Paris,  where  he  was 
professor  of  belles  lettres  in  1002,  and 
though  he  was  made  master  of  requests 
by  James  I.,  he  still  continued  to  reside 
in  the  French  metropolis.  In  1608  ho 
published  a  work  entitled  "  Cicero  Prin- 
ceps,"  containing  a  selection  from  the 
works  of  Cicero,  consisting  of  passages 
relating  to  the  duties  of  a  prince,  &c. 
He  afterwards  republished  this  work, 
with  some  other  treatises,  in  his  "  Bellen- 
denus  do  Statu,  libri  tres."  This  work 
was  published  again  in  1767,  by  an 
anonymous  editor,  since  known  to  have 
been  Dr.  Parr,  who  added  a  Latin  pref- 
ace on  the  politics  of  that  time.     From 


13El] 


CYCLOP.UUIA    OF    BIOtMlAI'Il  V. 


]'Sl 


Bellendon's  work,  Midcllcton's  "Life  of 
Cicero,"  was  almost  cnlircly  compiled 
witliout  acknowledgment — a  plagiarism 
denounced  by  Warton  and  Purr. 

BELLENGEE,  Francw,  a  doctor  of 
theSorbonue  ;  autliorofa  "Critical  Es- 
say on  the  Works  of  Kollin,"  tkc.  i). 
174;t. 

BELLET,  Chaklks,  a  French  writer; 
author  of  "L' Adoration  Chrcticnne  dans 
la  Devotion  Kosaire,"  etc.  1).  1771. — 
Isaac,  a  French  physician ;  author  of 
a  "  llistorv  of  Cataiine"tj  Conspiracy," 
&c.  ^  D.  1778. 

BELLI  ARD,  Augustin  Daniel,  Count 
de,  a  distinguished  French  general  and 
diplomatist,  was  b.  in  1773,  in  La  Ven- 
dee. Jle  entered  the  military  service 
early,  and  was  soon  made  an  officer  of 
Dumouriez's  staff:  he  afterwards  served 
with  Bonaparte  in  Italy  and  Egyj)! ; 
and,  returning  from  the  latter  country, 
lie  participated  in  the  victories  of  Ulm 
ancl   Austerlitz,   and   Ibught   in  all  the 

frcat  battles  in  the  war  with  Prussia. 
_  le  next  went  to  Spain  ;  but  in  ISI'2 
joined  the  army  destined  for  the  invasion 
of  Kussia,  and  particularly  distinguisiicd 
himself  in  the  battle  of  Moskwa.  At 
Leipsic,  a  cannon-ball  carried  away  his 
arm.  After  Napoleon's  abdication,  he 
Avas  m:Kle  a  peer  of  France,  and  major- 
general  of  the  army  under  the  Duke  do 
Berri.  When  the  emperor  returned 
from  Elba,  he  dispatched  Belliard  to 
king  Joachim  at  Naples,  but  the  vessel 
Was  intercepted  by  a  British  ship,  and 
driven  back  to  France.  On  the  return 
of  the  Bourbons,  he  was  for  a  short  time 
imprisoned,  but  soon  taken  into  favor 
again.  When  Louis  Philippe  ascended 
the  throne,  he  sent  Belliard  to  Berlin,  to 
treat  respecting  the  acknowledgment  of 
the  new  dynasty ;  and  during  his  em- 
bassy to  Brussels,  he  contributed  more 
than  any  other  diplomatist  to  the  forma- 
tion of  the  new  Belgian  government. 
D.  1822. 

BP2LLIEVRE,  PoMPONiusBE,  a  French 
statesman,  chancellor  to  Ilenry  IV.  B. 
162U  ;  d.  1G07. 

BELLI N,  James  Nicholas,  a  French 

feograplicr;  author  of  "  Hydrographie 
rancoise,"  tto.  D.  1772. 
BELLINI,  Laurence,  an  Italian  phy- 
sician ;  autiior  of  several  anatomical  and 
medical  works  in  Latin.  B.  16i3;  d. 
1702. — VixcExzo,  a  celebrated  musical 
composer,  was  b.  at  Catania  in  Sicily, 
in  1806.  lie  was  educated  at  Naples 
under  Zinsavelli,  and  before  he  had 
completed  his  20th  year  he  had  produced 
"Bianco  o  Fernando"  at  the  theatre  San 


Carlo.  This  was  sue  ceded  by  various 
others,  of  which  "II  Pirati,"  "LaSom- 
nambula,"  "  Norma,"  and  "  I  Purilani" 
are  the  best,  and  have  gained  for  him  an 
undying  celebrity.  His  moral  character 
stood  higli,  and  his  manners  and  com- 
positions were  in  harmonious  accord- 
ance;— agreeable,  tender,  and  elegant. 
D.  near  Paris,  1835.— Jamk.s,  and  his  two 
sons,  Gentile  and  Giovanni,  who  sur- 
passed their  father,  celebrated  jiainters, 
who  made  a  new  epoch  in  the  Venetian 
school.  Of  James  s  works  nothing  has 
been  left ;  but  several  of  Gentile's  liav( 
reached  our  times.  In  the  year  1479, 
Gentile  went  to  Constantinople,  Ma- 
homet II.  having  sent  to  Venice  for  a 
skilful  painter,  lie  is  said  to  have  there 
copied  the  bas-reliefs  of  the  column  of 
Thcodosius,  and  to  have  died  at  Venice 
in  the  year  1  JOl.  The  most  distinguish- 
ed of  the  I'amily  was  Giovanni,  born  at 
Venice,  about  1424,  and  who  died  about 
1510.  lie  studietl  nature  diligently,  and 
his  drawing  was  tcnod.  lie  contributed 
much  to  make  oil  painting  popular,  and 
has  left  many  excellent  pictures,  of  which 
one,  the  "  Saviour  pronouncing  his  Ben- 
ediction," is  to  be  found  in  the  gallery 
of  Dresden,  llis  own  reputation  was 
much  increased  by  that  of  his  celebrated 
disciples,  namely,' Titian  and  Giorgione. 
As  their  instructor,  he  is  sometimes 
called  the  founder  of  the  Venetian  school. 

BELLMAN,  Charles  Michael,  the 
most  original  among  the  Swedish  poets, 
was  born  at  Stockholm,  in  1741,  and 
grew  up  in  the  ((uietude  of  domestic  life. 
Tlie  first  proofs  which  he  gave  of  his 
poetical  talents  were  religious  and  pious 
etfusions.  The  dissipate'd  life  of  young 
men,  at  Stockholm,  devoted  to  pleasure, 
was  afterward  the  subject  of  his  poems. 
By  these  his  name  was  spread  over  all 
Sweden.  Even  the  attention  of  Gus- 
tavus  III.  was  attracted  to  liiin,  and  he 
received  from  the  king  an  ay)pointment, 
wliich  enabled  him  to  devote  himself 
almost  entirely  to  poetical  pursuits,  in 
an  easy  independence,  until  his  death, 
in  17115.  His  sonirs  are  truly  national, 
principally  describing  sccncs'of  revelry. 

BELLOCQ,  PiEKUE,  valet-de-chambre 
to  Louis  XIV. ;  author  of  a  poem  on  the 
Hotel  des  Invalides,  etc.     D.  1704. 

BELLOI,  Pierre  Laurent  Burette 
DE,  the  iirst  French  dramatist  who  suc- 
cessfully introduced  native  heroes  upon 
the  French  stage,  instead  of  tiiose  of 
Greece  and  liome,  or  the  great  men  of 
other  nations,  was  born  at  St.  Flour,  in 
Auvergne,  during  1727.  He  went  to 
Paris  when  a  child,  lost  his  father  soon 


w 
136 


cyclopjkdia  of  ijiographv, 


[pEi 


Brter,  and  vras  supported  by  his  uncle,  a 
dJstin^ruished  advouatc  in  the  parliament 
of  Paris,  who  designed  him  for  the  same 
profession.  He  applied  himself  to  this 
profession  with  reluctance,  -while  he 
showed  much  genius  for  the  drama. 
His  uncle  opposed  this  taste,  and  the 
young  man  secretly  left  his  house  and 
retired  to  Kussia,  where  he  betook  him- 
Bclf  to  the  stage.  He  now  made  his  ajD- 
pearanee  at  several  northern  courts,  as 
an  actor,  under  the  name  of  Dormont  de 
Belloi.  Everywhere  his  character  gain- 
ed him  love  and  esteem.  He  spent  sev- 
eral years  in  Petersburgh,  where  the 
Empress  Elizabeth  showed  him  much 
kindness.  In  1758  he  returned  to 
ynnice,  where  he  produced,  from  time 
to  time,  his  uncle  having  died,  his  tra- 
gedies of  Titus,  Zclmaire,  Siege  de 
Calais,  Gastu  ct  Bayard,  &c.,  &c,  D. 
1775. 

BELLOMONT,  Eichard,  earl  of,  gov- 
ernor of  New  York,  Massachusetts,  and 
Kew  Hampshire,  was  appointed  to  these 
oflices  early  in  May,  16y5,  but  did  not 
arrive  at  New  York  "until  May,  1698.  He 
remained  in  the  province  of  New  York 
about  a  year.  He  reached  Boston,  May 
26, 1699 ;  lie  was  received  with  the  great- 
est respect,  as  it  was  a  new  thing  to  see 
a  nobleman  at  the  head  of  the  govern- 
ment. Twenty  companies  of  soldiers, 
and  a  vast  concourse  of  people  met  "  his 
lonlship  and  countess"  on  his  arrival. 
"  There  were  all  manner  of  expressions 
of  joy,  and  to  end  all,  fireworks  and  a 
good"  drink  at  night."  He  took  every 
method  to  ingratiate  himself  with  the 
people;  liis  success  mav  be  justly  ap- 
preciated, by  the  remark  of  one  of  liis 
biographers,  that  by  his  wise  conduct  he 
obtained  a  larger  sum  as  a  salary,  and  as 
a  gratuity,  than  any  of  his  predecessors 
or  successors.  Though  he  remained  iMit 
fourteen  months,  the  grants  made  to 
him  were  £1875  sterling.  His  time  was 
much  taken  up  in  securing  the  ))irates, 
and  their  etfects,  to  accomplish  which, 
was  a  i>rincipal  reason  of  his  appoint- 
ment. During  his  administration  Cap- 
tain Kidil  was  seized,  and  sent  to 
EnL'land  for  trial.  In  1700  he  returned 
to  New  York,  and  died  there  in  1701. 

BELLONI,  .Ji-uoMK,  a  celebrated  Eo- 
man  banker,  created  a  marquis  by  Pope 
Benedict  XIV. :  autlior  of  an  "Essay  on 
Commerce."     I).  1760. 

BELLoKI,  Jons  Peter,  a  celebrated 
Italian  anti'piary  and  connoisseur  in  the 
polite  arts  ;  author  of  "  Lives  of  Modern 
Painters,  Arclutcets,  and  Sculptor.s,"  &c. 
D.  1696. 


BELLOTI,  Peter,  an  Italian  painter, 
chieflv  of  portraits.     B.  1625;  d.  1700. 

BEIjOE,  William,  a  divine  and  critic, 
was  born  at  Norwich  in  1756,  and  edu- 
cated at  Cambridge.  After  having  been 
assistant  to  Dr.  Parr,  who  was  then  head 
master  of  Norwich  school,  he  took  or- 
ders, and  obtained  church  preferment. 
He  was  finally  rector  of  Allhallows,  a 
prebendaiy  of  St.  Paul's,  and  librari.an 
of  the  British  Museum.  The  latter  situ- 
ation however  he  lost,  in  consequence 
of  a  visitor  to  the  museum  having  pur- 
loined some  valuable  prints.  In  con- 
junction with  Dr.  Narcs,  he  established 
the  "  British  Critic."  He  is  the  author  of 
"Anecdotes  of  Literature"  and  "Scarce 
Books  ;"  the  "  Sexagenarian  ,"  and  otlier 
works  ;  and  the  ti-anslator  of  "  Herod- 
otus and  Aulus  GeUius."  He  died  in 
1817. 

BELON,  Peter,  an  eminent  French 
naturalist  and  physician  of  the  16th  cen- 
tury, was  born  in  Maine,  about  1518, 
travelled  into  Palestine,  Greece,  Arabia, 
and  England  ;  published  in  1553  a  very 
interesting  account  of  his  travels ;  and 
was  assassinated  in  156-1.  He  is  the 
author  of  several  valuable  Avorks  on 
natural  history,  particularly  on  fishes. 
Belon  is  considered  as  the  inventor  of 
comparative  anatomy,  and  one  of  the 
founders  of  natural  history. 

BELOSIELSKY,  Prince,  a  Eussian 
noble;  author  of  "Poesies  Francoises 
d'un  Prince  Etranger,"  &e.     D.  1809. 

BELOT,  John  de  Blois,  advocate  to 
the  privy  council  of  Louis  XIV. ;  author 
of  "  Apologie  de  la  Langue  Latine." 

BELSHAM,  Thomas,  an  eminent  Uni- 
tarian divine  ;  author  of  a  discourse  "  On 
the  Importance  of  Faith,  and  the  Duty 
of  makmg  Open  Professions  of  it,"  &c. 
D.  in  his  80th  year,  1829.— William, 
brother  of  the  preceding,  an  eminent 
writer;  author  ot  "Essays,  Political  and 
Literary,"  "  History  of  Great  Britain, 
Irom  the  Ee volution  to  the  Treaty  of 
Amiens,"  in  12  vols.  8vo.,  &c.  D.  aged 
75,  in  1827. 

BELSUNCE  DE  CASTLE  MOEON, 
Henry  Francis  Xavier  de,  a  virtuous 
and  humane  French  prelate,  was  b. 
in  1671,  at  the  castle  of  La  Force,  in 
Perigord.  In  1709  he  was  made  bishop 
of  Marseilles,  and  when  that  city  was 
visited  by  the  plague  in  1720,  instead  of 
deserting  his  nock,  he  hourly  hazarded 
his  life  to  afford  them  succor  and  con- 
solation. As  a  reward,  he  Avas  offered 
the  rii'h  bishopric  of  Laon,  which  con- 
ferred the  title  of  duke  ;  but  he  replied, 
that  "ho  woald  not  quit  a  church  to 


bkm] 


CYCLOP.«DIA    OF    niOGRAl'IlY. 


t;7 


which  he  had  devoted  his  life."  A  col- 
lege was  founded  by  him  in  his  episcopal 
city.  This  exemplary  pastor  wrote  a 
"  History  of  the  JJishops  of  his  I)io- 
cese;"  "Pastoral  Instructions;"  and  the 
"Life  of  Mademoiselle  deFoix."  D.  1755. 

BELUS,  celebrated  in  profane  history 
ns  the  founder  of  the  Babylonian  empire. 
He  was  deified  afccr  his  death,  and  a 
temple 'was  erected  to  him  at  Babylon. 
He  IS  probably  the  Baal  of  Phoenicia, 
and  the  Nimrod  of  Scripture.  Flour- 
ished 1322  c.  c. 

BELYX,  a  British  prince  and  com- 
mander under  Caraetacus. 

BELZONI,  (iiAMiiATTisTA,  that  IS,  .John 
Baptist,  an  cnterprisinar  traveller,  was 
born  at  Padua,  and  educated  at  IJome. 
He  was  destined  for  the  monastic  life, 
but  left  the  city  when  it  was  occupied 
by  the  French  armies,  and  in  1803,  went 
to  London,  where  he  exhibited  as  the 
Pataf/oniarh  Sam~wn,  at  various  minor 
theatres.  There  he  acquired,  besides  an 
acquaintance  with  the  English  language, 
much  knowledge  of  the  science  of  hy- 
draulics, the  study  of  which  had  been 
his  chief  occupation  in  Rome,  and  which 
afterwards  carried  him  to  Egypt.  He 
Zeft  this  country,  after  a  residence  of 
nine  years,  accompanied  by  his  wife, 
and  took  his  way  through  Portugal, 
Spain,  and  Malta,' to  Egypt.  There' he 
lived  from  1815  to  1819,  at  first  as  a  dan- 
cer, till  he  won  the  favor  of  the  pacha, 
who  made  use  of  his  services.  Belzoni, 
though  often  alone  amidst  the  rude  in- 
habitants of  the  country,  kept  them  in 
awe  by  his  extraordinary  stature  and 
strength.  He  succeeded  in  opening,  not 
only  the  pyramid  of  Ghiza,  which  had 
been  already  opened  in  the  17th  century 
by  Pietro  della  Valle,  and  to  which  the 
French,  duringtheir  expedition  to  Egypt, 
could  not  find  the  entrance,  hut  also  a 
second,  known  by  the  name  of  CepTirehef:, 
and  several  catacombs  near  Thebes,  es- 
pecially one  in  afine  state  of  preservation 
m  the  valley  of  Biban  el  Jlolook,  which 
is  considered  to  bo  the  niansoleum  of 
Psammis,  in  400  i:.  c.  The  drawin:rs 
which  he  has  furnished  of  these  antiqui- 
ties are  the  most  exact  which  we  possess. 
In  the  year  1816  his  perseverance  and 
ekill  succeeded  in  transportincr  the  bust 
of  Jupiter  Memnon,  together  with  a  sar- 
cophagus, of  .ilabaster,  I'ound  in  the  cata- 
combs, from  Thebes  to  Alexandria,  from 
wiienee  they  came  to  the  British  Itlu- 
seum.  On  'the  1st  of  August,  1817,  he 
opened  the  temple  of  Ipsambul,  near  the 
second  cataract  of  the  Nile,  which  two 
Frenchmen,  Cailliaud  and  Drovetti,  (tho 
l-J- 


French  consul-general,)  had  discover  id 
the  year  before,  but  had  not  succeed  >d 
in  opening.  Belzoni  found  a  subtjr- 
raneous  temple  in  its  ruins,  which  until 
that  time  had  been  unknown.  He  then 
visited  the  coasts  of  the  Red  Sea,  and 
the  city  of  Berenice,  and  made  an  expe- 
dition into  the  oasis  of  Jupiter  Ainuiou. 
Ills  journey  to  Berenice  was  rewarded 
by  the  discovery  of  the  emerald  mines 
of  Zubara.  Belzoni  refuted  Cailliaud's 
assertion,  that  he  had  found  the  farious 
Berenice,  the  great  emporium  of  Europe 
and  India,  by  subsequent  investigations 
on  tiie  sj)ot,  and  by  the  actual  discovery 
of  the  ruins  of  that  great  city,  four  days' 
.journey  from  the  place  wiii'eh  Caiilia"iid 
had  taken  for  Berenice.  His  "  Narrative 
of  the  Operations  and  recent  Discoveries 
within  tiie  Pyramids,  Temples,  Tombs, 
and  Excavations  in  Egypt  and  Nubia; 
and  of  a  Journey  to  the  'Coast  of  the  Ked 
Sea  in  search  of  Berenice :  also  of  an- 
other to  the  Oasis  of  Jupiter  Amnion," 
(London,  1820,)  accompanied  by  a  folio 
vol.  of  forty-four  copperplates, 'was  re- 
ceived with  general  approbation.  Padua, 
his  native  city,  requited  his  present  ot 
two  Egyptian "^statues  from  Thebes  with 
an  honorary  medal.  In  the  year  182=?, 
this  enterprising  traveller  had  made 
preparations  for  "passing  from  Benin  to 
Houssa,  and  Timbuctoo,  when  he  died 
at  Gato,  on  his  way  to  Benin,  Dec.  tho 
3d,  1823.  He  believed  the  Nile  and 
Niger  to  be  ditfercnt  streams,  and  tliat 
the  Niger  empties  its  waters  into  tho 
Atlantic  ocean ;  opinions  which  have 
eventually  been  proved  to  be  correct. 
The  following  inscription  was  placed 
over  his  grave : 

*'  Here  lies  tlie  remains  of 
G.  BKLZo^^, 
Whfi  wns  attacked  witli  dysenten-,  tit  Benin, 
(On  his  w:iy  to  Houssa  and  Tinibuctoo,) 
On  the  26th  of  November,  and  died  at  this  place,  Decem- 
ber 3d,  1823. 
Tho  "■cntlemnn  who  placed  tlilo  inscription  over  the  grave 
of  this  inln-pid  and  enterprisinj;  traveller,  hopes  that 
every  Kiiropiaa  visilinfr  this  spot  will  cause  the  ground 
to  he  clnarcd,  and  the  fence  round  the  ^ftve  to  n«  re- 
jmired,  if  neee3sary." 

BEMBO,  Pietro,  one  of  the  most 
celebrated  of  the  Italian  scholars  that 
adorned  the  IGth  century,  was  born  at 
Venice  in  1470.  He  verv  early  learned 
the  Latin,  and  afterwards,  at' Messina, 
under  the  direction  of  Lascaris,  tlto 
(?rcek  language;  after  which  he  return- 
ed to  liis  native  country,  and  there  pub- 
lished a  small  treatise"  on  mount  Etna. 
In  compliance  with  the  will  of  his  father, 
he  entered  upon  the  career  of  public 
business,  but,  soon  conceiving  a  aisliko 
for  it,  he  devoted  himself  to  science  and 


138 


CYC'LOP^tDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[ben 


tliR  theological  profession.  At  Ferrara, 
■wlierc  he  completed  his  philosophical 
studies,  he  entered  into  a  connection 
witji  Ercolo  Strozzi,  Tibalileo,  and  par- 
ticularly with  Sadolcto.  From  Ferrara 
he  returned  to  Venice,  where  a  literary 
society  had  been  established,  in  the 
house  of  the  printer  Aldus  Manutius. 
Bumbo  became  one  of  its  principal  mem- 
bers, and,  for  some  time,  toolc  pleasure 
in  correcting  the  beautiful  editions  which 
priiceeded  from  this  celebrated  press. 
Afier  visiting  Kome,  he  went,  in  1506, 
to  the  court  of  Urbino,  at  that  time  one 
of  those  Italian  courts  where  the  sci- 
ences stood  hi^dicst  in  esteem.  He  lived 
there  about  six  years,  and  gained  sev- 
eral powerful  friends.  In  1512  he  went 
to  Rome  with  Giulio  de  Medici,  whose 
brother,  pope  Leo  X.,  made  him  secre- 
tary, jind  gave  him  his  friend  Sadoleto 
for  a  colleague.  About  this  time  he  be- 
came acquainted  with  the  young  and 
beautiful  Morosina,  with  whom  he  lived, 
in  the  most  tender  union,  during  22 
years.  She  presented  him  with  two 
son.s  and  a  daughter,  whom  he  educated 
with  the  greatest  care.  Ills  many  la- 
bors, arising  from  his  ofliee  as  well  as 
his  literary  pursuits,  and,  perhaps,  too 
great  an  indulgence  in  pleasure,  having 
impaired  his  health,  he  was  using  the 
ba<hs  of  Pa:lua,  when  he  was  apprised 
of  the  death  of  Leo  X.  Being  by  this 
time  possessed  of  several  church  bene- 
fices, lie  resolved  on  withdrawing  en- 
tirely fro!n  business,  and  on  passing  his 
days  at  Padua,  (the  air  of  which  he  had 
found  very  beneficial,)  occupied  only 
with  literature  and  science,  and  enjoy- 
ing the  society  of  his  friends.  The 
learned  members  of  the  famous  univer- 
pity  of  this  city  eagerly  frequented  his 
house,  and  strangers  also  flocked  thither. 
Beinbo  collected  a  considerable  library  ; 
he  had  a  cabinet  of  medals  and  antiqui- 
ties, which  at  that  time  passed  for  one 
of  the  richest  in  Italy,  and  a  line  botan- 
ical garden.  He  spent  the  spring  and 
n'if\imn  at  a  villa  called  B'czit^  which 
had  always  belonged  to  his  family.  He 
devoted  the  leisure  of  a  country  life 
pnncipallv  to  his  literarj'  pursuits.  In 
tlu-.  year  "l.^29,  after  the  death  of  An- 
dreas Navajrero,  the  office  of  histori- 
ograplier  of  the  republic  of  Venice  was 
Oifercd  to  him,  winch  he  accepted  after 
some  hesitation,  declinintj  the  salary 
connected  with  it.  At  the  same  time, 
he  was  nominated  librarian  of  the  library 
of  St.  Mark.  Pope  Paul  III.  having  re- 
solved upon  a  new  promotion  of  cardi- 
nals from  the  most  distinguished  men 


of  his  time,  conferred  on  him,  in  1539, 
the  hat  of  a  cardinal.  From  that  time 
Bcmbo  renounced  tlie  belles-lettres,  and 
made  the  Fathers  and  the  Holy  Scrip- 
tures his  chief  study.  Of  his  former 
labors  he  continued  only  the  "History 
of  Venice."  Two  years  later,  Paul  III. 
bestowed  the  bishopric  of  Gubbio  on 
him,  and  soon  after  the  rich  bishopric 
of  Bergamo.  He  died,  loaded  with 
honors,  1547,  in  the  77tli  year  of  his 
age.  Bembo  united  in  his  person,  his 
character,  and  conversation,  aU  that  is 
amiable.  He  was  the  restorer  of  a  pure 
style,  as  well  in  Latin  composition,  in 
wliich  Cicero,  Virgil,  and  Julius  CiKsar 
were  his  constant  models,  as  in  the  Ital- 
ian, in  which  he  chiefly  imitated  Pe- 
trarca.  He  was  so  rigorous  with  regard 
to  purity  of  style,  that  he  is  said  to  have 
had  forty  dilterent  partitions,  through 
which  his  writings,  as  he  polished  them 
by  degrees,  successively  passed  ;  nor  did 
he  publish  them  till  they  had  sustained 
these  forty  examinations.  A  collection 
of  all  his  works,  which  were  frequently 
printed  singly,  appeared  in  172Si,  at  Ven- 
ice, in  four  folio  volumes.  The  most 
important  of  them  are,  "History  of 
Venice,"  from  14S7  to  1513,  in  twelve 
books,  whicli  he  wrote  both  in  Latin 
and  Italian  ;  "  Le  Prose,"  dialogues,  in 
which  the  rules  of  the  Italian  language 
are  laid  down;  "Gli  Asolani,"  dialogues 
on  the  nature  of  love ;  "  Le  Eime,"  a 
collection  of  beautiful  sonnets  and  can- 
zonets; his  letters,  both  in  Latin  and 
Italian;  "De  Virgilii  Culice  et  Tereutii 
Fabulis  Liber;  Carmina,"  which  are 
ingenious  and  elegant,  but  more  free 
than  the  author's  profession  would  lead 
us  to  expect,  besiclcs  several  others. 

BENAVIDES,  an  outlaw  and  pirate, 
who,  for  several  years,  proved  the 
scourge  of  the  southern  parts  of  Chili. 
He  was  a  native  of  Quirihue,  in  the 
province  of  Conception,  and  entered  tlie 
patriot  army  as  a  common  soldier  at  the 
conuneneement  of  the  revolution.  Hav- 
ing deserted  to  the  Spaniards,  and  being 
made  prisoner  by  the  Chilians,  at  the 
battle  of  Membrilla,  in  1814,  he  was  to 
have  been  tried  for  desertion,  but  ettect- 
ed  his  escape.  Being  made  prisoner 
again  at  the  battle  of  Maypn,  1S18,  he 
was  sentenced  to  be  shot,  and  was  sup- 
posed to  have  been  killed ;  but,  al- 
though shockingly  wounded,  and  left 
tor  dead,  he  recovered,  and  having  ob- 
tained a  commission  from  the  Spanish 
commander,  Sanchez,  he  commenced  a 
war  upon  the  southern  frontier  of  Chili, 
never  surpassed  in  savage  cruelty.    He 


ben] 


CVCLOP.EDIA    OF    UIOGRAPIIY. 


139 


laid  waste  the  country  with  fire  and 
sword,  inunlered  liis  prisoners,  and  per- 
petratud  tiic  most  horrid  cruellic'S  upon 
tlio  iui:irmcd  peasants,  inoliulinii:  women 
and  cluldren,  wlio  c-haufcd  to  Tall  into 
liis  power.  Notwithstanding  repeated 
ensragenients  with  the  Chilian  forces  of 
the  ])rovince  of  Conception,  he  sustained 
liimself  for  a  long  time  in  this  atrocious 
course.  At  length  he  undertook  to  es- 
tablish a  navy,  and,  for  this  purpose, 
piratically  seized  upon  several  EnLrlish 
and  American  vessels,  which  unsus- 
pectino-Iy  stopped  for  refreshment  not 
far  from  the  town  of  Arauco,  the  centre 
of  his  operations.  So  intolerable  had 
the  grievance  become,  that  in  1821  the 
Chilians  fitted  out  an  expedition  against 
Arauco,  and  succeeded  m  breaking  up 
the  robber's  stronghold.  lie  attempted 
to  escape  to  Peru  in  a  launch,  but  being 
captured,  was  condemned  to  death,  and 
executed  Feb.  23d,  1822. 

EKNBOW,  JoHV,  an  English  naval 
character  of  distinguished  merit,  was 
b.  in  Shrewsbury,  about  1650,  and 
brought  up  to  the  sea  in  the  merchant- 
service.  He  fought  so  desperately  against 
a  pirate  from  Sallee,  in  one  of  iiis  trips 
to  the  Mediterranean,  about  the  year 
16S6,  as  to  beat  her  otf,  tliough  greatly 
his  superior  in  men  and  metal.  For 
this  gallant  action,  he  was  promoted  at 
once  by  James  II.  to  the  command  of 
a  sliip  of  war.  William  III.  employed 
him  m  protecting  the  English  trade  in 
the  Channel,  which  he  did  with  great 
ertect.  Ilis  valor  and  activity  secured 
him  the  confidence  of  the  nation,  and 
he  was  soon  promoted  to  the  rank  of 
rear-admiral,  and  charged  with  the 
blockade  of  Dunkirk.  JBut  the  squad- 
ron in  that  port,  under  the  conmiand  of 
Jean  Baert,  managed  to  slip  out  of  port, 
nor  could  Bcnbow,  though  he  sailed  in- 
stantly in  jnirsuit,  overtake  it.  In  ITOl 
he  sailed  to  the  West  Indies  with  a  small 
fleet,  having  accepted  a  conunand  pre- 
viously declined  by  several  of  his  se- 
niors, from  tlie  supposed  sujieriority  of 
the  enemy's  force'in  that  quarter.  In 
August  of  the  following  year,  he  fell  in 
with  the  French  fleet  uniler  I)u  Casse, 
and  for  five  days  maintained  a  running 
fight  with  them,  wlien  he  at  length  suc- 
ceeded in  bringing  the  enemy's  stern- 
most  ship  to  close  quarters.  In  the 
heat  of  the  action  a  chain-shot  carried 
nway  one  of  his  legs,  and  he  was  taken 
below ;  but  the  moment  the  dressing 
had  been  ap^>lied  to  the  wound,  he 
caused  himselt  to  be  brought  again  on 
deck,   and   continued   tke^^action.      At 


this  critical  instant,  being  most  dis- 
gracefully abandoned  by  several  of  the 
captains  under  his  command,  who  sign- 
ed a  paper  expressing  tiieir  opinion  lliat 
"  notliing  more  was  to  be  done,"  the 
whole  fleet  etfected  its  escape.  (Jn  lii3 
return  to  Jamaica,  he  broughi  the  de- 
linquents to  a  court-martial,  by  which 
two  of  them  were  convicted  of  coward- 
ice and  disobedience  of  orders,  and  con- 
demned to  be  shot ;  which  sentence,  on 
their  arrival  in  England,  was  carried 
into  execution  at  Plymouth.  Benbow, 
wlio  sutfered  equally  in  mind  and  body 
from  this  disgraceful  business,  gradually 
sank  under  liis  feelings,  and  expired  at 
Jamaica,  Nov.  4th,  1702. 

BE.N'CU),  Fr.vxcis,  an  Italian  Jesuit; 
author  of  Latin  poems,  &c.     D.  1.5'J4. 

BENEDETTO,  Castiglione,  an  Italian 
painter,  chiefly  of  pastoral  scenes.  B, 
16K1;  d.  1670.' 

BENEDICT,  St.  founder  of  the  first 
religious  order  in  the  west,  was  born  at 
Norcia,  in  Spoletto,  in  480.  In  the  four- 
teenth year  of  his  age  he  retired  to  a 
cavern  situated  in  the  desert  of  Subiaco, 
forty  miles  from  Komc,  and,  in  51o,  drew 
up  a  ride  for  his  monks,  which  was  first 
introduced  into  tlie  monastery  of  Monte 
Cassino,  in  the  neighborhood  of  Naples, 
founded  by  him  (fj29)  in  a  grove  of 
Apollo,  after  the  temple  had  been  de- 
molished. This  gradually  became  the 
rule  of  all  the  western  monks.  The 
abbots  of  Monte  Cassino  afterwards  ac- 
quired episcopal  jurisdiction,  and  a  cer- 
tain patriarchal  authority  over  the  whole 
order.  With  the  intention  of  banishing 
idleness,  he  prescribed  in  addition  to 
the  work  of  God,  (as  he  called  prayer  and 
the  reading  of  religious  writings.")  the 
instruction  of  youth  in  reading,  writing, 
and  ciphering,  in  the  doctrines  of  Chris- 
tianity, in  manual  labors,  (includinsj  me- 
chanic arts  of  every  kind.)  tiiid  in  the 
manaarement  of  the  monastery.  With 
regard  to  dress  and  food,  the  rule  was 
severe,  but  not  extravagant.  lie  caused 
a  library  to  be  founded,  for  which  the 
aged  and  infirm  brethren  were  obliged 
to  copy  manuscripts.  By  this  means  he 
contributed  to  preserve  "the  literary  re- 
mains of  antiquity  from  ruin ;  for, 
tliouirh  he  had  in  view  only  the  copying 
of  religious  writings,  yet  the  practice 
was  afterwards  extended  to  classical 
works  of  every  kind  ;  and  the  learned 
world  is  indebted,  for  the  preserv-ation 
of  great  literary  treasures,  to  his  order. 
He  dicil  about  the  age  of  sixty-seven. 

BEXEZET,  A.vTHONT,  a  distinguiah- 
cd  philanthropist,  b.  at  St.  Quentin,  in 


140 


CVCLOP/EDIA    OF    13I0GRAPHV. 


[BEIf 


France,  January,  1713.  His  parents 
were  opulent,  and  ot'  noble  descent.  On 
the  revocation  of  tlie  edict  of  Nantes, 
tlie  family  associated  themselves  with 
thellujruenots ;  and,  on  this  account,  his 
father's  estate  was  confiscated,  in  1715, 
who  thereupon  sonirht  temporary  refuge 
in  Holland,  and  afterwards  in  England, 
where  Anthony  received  his  education. 
He  became  a  member  of  the  society  of 
Friends  about  the  14th  year  of  his  age. 
In  1731  he  arrived,  along  with  his  par- 
ents, in  Philadelphia.  His  first  employ- 
ment was  that  ot  an  instructor  of  youth 
at  Germantown — a  calling  which  led  him 
to  prepare  and  publish  several  elementa- 
ry books  for  the  use  of  schools.  About 
the  year  1750  he  was  particularly  struck 
with  the  iniquity  of  the  slave-trade,  and 
the  cruelty  which  was  exercised  by  too 
many  of  tliose  who  purchased  and  em- 
ployed the  negroes.  His  voice  and  his 
pen  were  now  employed  in  behalf  of  this 
oppressed  portion  of  his  fellow-beings, 
iinding  the  blacks  in  Philadelphia  nu- 
merous, and  miserably  ignorant,  he  es- 
tablished an  evening  school  for  them, 
and  taught  them  himself  gratuitously. 
His  first  attempts  to  rouse  public  feeling 
on  the  subject  of  slavery  consisted  in 
short  essays  in  almanacs  and  newspa- 
pers, whicli  he  was  indefatigable  in  circu- 
lating. He  soon  published  a  variety  of 
more  elaborate  and  extensive  tracts. 
These  were  printed  at  his  own  expense, 
and  distributed,  witliout  charge,  wher- 
ever he  thought  they  would  make  an  im- 
pression, lie  addressed  them  directly, 
with  suitable  letters,  to  most  of  the 
crowned  heads  of  Europe,  and  to  many 
of  the  most  illustrious  divines  and  phi- 
losophers. Tlie  fervor  of  his  style  and 
the  force  of  his  facts  obtained  for  his 
philanthropic  efforts  the  notice  which  he 
Bought  for  the  benefit  of  his  cause. 
Great  personages,  on  both  sides  of  the 
Atlantic,  corresponded  with  him,  and  it 
is  certain  that  he  gave  the  original  im- 
pulse to  those  dispositions  and  measures 
which  led  the  way  to  the  abolition  of  the 
slave-trade  by  Britain  and  the  United 
States.  Clarkson,  the  English  philan- 
thropist, whose  labors  contributed  so 
largely  to  the  accomplishment  of  that 
object,  acknowledges  that  his  under- 
standing was  enlightened  and  his  zeal 
kindled  by  one  of  Benezet's  books,  when 
ie  was  about  to  treat  the  question  sub- 
mitted to  the  senior  bachelors  of  arts  in 
the  university  of  Cambridge,  Anne  liceat 
invito  in  servitatem  dare.^  About  the 
year  1763,  the  wrongs  inflicted  on  the 
aboriginal  race  of  North  America  excited 


his  susceptible  mind,  and  prompted  him 
to  publish  a  tract,  entitled,  '-Some  Ob- 
servations on  the  Situation,  Disposition, 
and  Character  of  the  Indian  Natives  of 
America,"  He  addressed  the  British 
government  and  military  commanders, 
about  the  cfl'cct  of  hostilities  against  the 
natives,  with  characteristic  boldness  and 
j^athos.  His  various  philanthropical  ef- 
torts  and  his  excellent  qualities  obtain- 
ed for  him  peculiar  consideration  in  the 
society  of  Friends.  In  1780  he  wrote 
and  published  a  "  Short  Account  of  the 
religious  Society  of  Friends,  connnonly 
called  Quakers  ;"  and,  in  1782,  a  "Dis- 
sertation on  the  Plainness  and  innocent 
Simplicity  of  the  Christian  Eeligion." 
His  private  habits,  morals,  and  pursuits 
were  adapted  to  endear  and  dignify  his 
public  career.  He  died  at  Philadelphia, 
May  the  5th,  in  17S4,  aged  seventy-one. 
When  it  was  announced  that  he  was  se- 
riously ill,  a  multitude  of  his  fellow-cit- 
izens presented  themselves  at  his  house 
with  anxious  inquiries ;  and  he  convers- 
ed lucidly  with  lumdreds  after  his  case 
was  pronounced  to  be  hopeless.  There 
is  extant  a  full  and  interesting  memoir 
of  his  life,  by  Kobert  Vaux. 

BENGER,  Miss  Elizabeth  Ogilvt, 
b.  in  1778,  at  Portsmouth,  was  the 
daughter  ot  a  purser  in  the  navy,  who 
died  in  1796,  and  left  his  wife  and 
daughter  with  a  slender  provision.  In 
1802  she  removed  with  her  mother  to 
London.  She  soon  attracted  attention 
by  her  verses,  and  Miss  Sarah  Wesley 
early  became  her  patron.  She  composed 
some  theatrical  pieces,  which  did  not 
meet  with  success.  Mr.  Bowyer,  the 
engraver,  employed  her  to  write  a  poem 
on  the  "Slave-Trade,"  which,  with  two 
others,  was  published  in  quarto,  with 
engravings,  in  1812.  She  successively 
published  "  Memoirs  of  Mrs.  Elizabeth 
Hamilton,"  "Memoirs  of  Jolin  Tobiu," 
the  dramatist,  and  "  Notices  of  Klop- 
stock  and  His  Friends,"  prefixed  to  a 
translation  of  their  letters  from  the  Ger- 


l  bv 
lien 


the  "  History  of  Anno  Boleyn,"  whi 
was  translated  into  French,  "  Memoirs 
of  Elizal)eth,  queen  of  Bohemia,"  and 
"Memoirs  of  Marv,  queen  of  Scots." 
D.  1827. 

BENI,  Paul,  an  eminent  Italian  phi- 
lologer,  author  of  "  Remarks  on  Ariosto 
and  Tasso,"  &c.     D.  1(!27. 

BENJAMIN  OF  TUDELA,  one  of 
the  earliest  travellers  of  the  middle  ages 
who  visited  the  central  regions  of  Asia; 
author  of  a  Hebrew  work  of  travels, 
which,  though  interesting  and  romantic, 


cenJ 


CYCLOP.EUIA    OF    BIOGKAPHV. 


141 


is  remarkable  chiefly  for  its  misrepre- 
BCiitations.     D.  llTii' 

EEXINI,  Vincent,  a  learned  Italian 
phvsic'iaii,  iuitlior  of  "  Notes  on  Celsus," 
&c.     B.  i:i;5;  <1.  1764. 

BEXXET,  CuitisTopiiEH,  an  Ensrlish 
pliysit'ian,  author  of  "  Tabidoruiii  Tlic- 
iitriun,  sen  Plitliisios,''  cfef.  D.  IGSo. — 
IIenkv,  earl  of  Arlinu'toii,  born  in  1618, 
was  eJiieaied  at  Clirist-chureh,  Oxford, 
and  espoused  the  royal  cause  duriiiLC  tlie 
civil  wars.  He  was  knii^hted  at  Bruises, 
by  Charles  II.,  who  employed  hiiu  as 
his  minister  at  Madrid,  and  after  the 
restoration  as  his  secretary  of  state. 
Though  ho  was  one  of  the  live  minis- 
ters, C'litford,  Ashley,  Buckingham,  Ar- 
lintrlon,  and  Lauderdale,  denominated 
cabal,,  he  did  not  enter  into  their  views, 
nor  support  the  schemes  formcfl  to 
render  tlie  monarch  absolute.  When 
accused  for  the  ill  success  of  the  Dutch 
war,  he  ably  defended  himself  before 
the  commons,  and  was  acquitted  by  a 
small  majority.  Arter  serving  the  king 
twelve  years  as  secretary,  he  retired 
upon  the  indolent  office  of*  chamberlain, 
;)nd  was  afterwards  employed  as  a  nego- 
tiator with  the  prince  of  Oranse ;  but 
was  unsuccessful  iji  liis  endeavors  to 
procure  a  general  peace.  Arlington, 
who  died  in  1085,  is  described  by  Bur- 
net as  a  proud  man,  but  his  abilities 
were  so  strong,  and  at  the  same  time 
so  versatile,  that  he  was  the  only  person 
who  could  manage  with  success  the 
king's  temper.  He  was  a  Catholic  in 
reli<'ion,  though  in  power  he  inveighed 
with  bitterness  against  the  Koraan  Cath- 
olics. 

BENNINGSEN,  Levin  Augustus, 
baron  of,  Russian  commander-in-chief, 
b.  at  Banteln,  in  Hanover,  1745,  early 
entered  into  the  Russian  service,  and 
distinguished  himself  bv  great  gallantry 
in  the  war  against  Poland,  luider  the 
Empress  Catherine  II.  He  acted  a  chief 
part  in  tlie  conspiracy  of  the  palace 
against  tiie  Emperor  I'aul  I.  In  1806 
he  was  appointed  to  command  the  Rus- 
sian army  which  hastened  to  the  assist- 
ance of  the  Prussians  ;  but,  before  his 
arrival,  the  Prussians  were  defeated  at 
Jena.  He  afterwards  fought  the  nuir- 
derous  battle  of  Eylau,  (next  to  that  of 
Mojaisk,  perhaps  the  most  bloody  in 
military  history,)  and  the  battle  of  Fried- 
land.  After  the  peace  of  Tilsit,  he  re- 
tired to  his  estates.  In  1S13  he  led  a 
Russian  army  called  "  the  army  of  Po- 
land,'' into  Saxony,  took  part  in  the 
battle  of  Leipsic,  and  blockaded  Ham- 
burgh.    After  commanding  the  annv  in 


the  south  of  Russia,  he  finally  settled  in 
his  native  country,  and  died  Oct.  3d, 
1826.  He  is  the  author  of '-Thouirhts 
on  certain  Points  requisite  f  )r  an  Ollicer 
of  Light  Cavalry  to  be  acipiainted  with," 
Riga,  17!»4  ;   W'ilna,  1805. 

BENNITSKI,  Alex.\xder  Petro- 
VIT3C1I,  a  Russian  poet,  author  of  "  Ko- 
mala,"  a  poem  ;  a  translation  of  Ossiau, 
&c.     B.  1780;  d.  1808. 

BENOIT,  Elias,  a  learned  Protestant 
divine,  pastor  of  the  church  of  Delft, 
author  of  a  "  Historv  of  the  Edict  of 
Nantes."     B.  1640;  d.  1723. 

BENSERADE,  Isaac  de,  a  French 
poet,  born  near  Rouen.  Though  pooi*. 
his  wit  and  his  poetical  talents  rendered 
him  popular;  he  was  noticed  by  Riclie- 
lieu,  to  whom,  according  to  some  he  was 
related,  and  a  pension  was  settled  upon 
him.  After  the  death  of  Richelieu  he 
attached  himself  to  the  duke  de  Brcze, 
and  he  wtis  named  as  envoy  to  Chris- 
tina, queen  of  Sweden,  an  employment 
which  he  did  not  undertake.  As  "a  poet 
his  talents  were  such  that  for  a  time  he 
divided  the  applauses  of  the  town  with 
^'oiture.  His  rondeaux  on  Ovid  are  his 
worst  performances.  In  the  last  part 
of  his  life  he  retired  to  Gentilly,  where 
he  employed  himself  in  works  of  piety, 
and  translated  almost  all  the  psalms. 
He  was  so  attlicted  with  the  stone,  that 
he  reluctantly  submitted  to  the  operation 
of  cutting,  but  the  surgeon  punctured 
an  artery,  ran  away  iiistoad  of  checking 
the  etfu'siou  of  l^lood,  and  the  unfor- 
tiinate  patient  expired  in  the  arms  of 
his  confessor,  during  the  vear  169i>. 

BEXTHAM,  Jeremt,  the  celebrated 
writer  on  politics  and  jurisprudence, 
was  b.  in  1749.  Ho  studied  English 
law,  but  never  appeared  at  the  bar,  be- 
ing enabled,  by  easy  circumstances,  to 
devote  himself  entirely  to  literary  com- 
positions. He  did  not,  however,  pub- 
lish his  chief  works  himself.  They  were 
arranged  and  translated  into  French  by 
his  friend  M.  Dumont,  and  printed 
partly  in  Paris  and  partly  in  London. 
Among  them  are  "  Traitcs  de  Legisla- 
tion, Civile  ct  Penale,  &c.,''  and  "  Tlic- 
orie  dcs  Peinos  et  des  Recompenses." 
He  advocated  a  thorough  correction  of 
civil  and  criminal  legislation.  His 
"Fragments  on  Government,"  in  op- 
position to  Blackstone,  appeared  anony- 
mously in  177G,  and  witli  his  name,  at 
London,  in  1823.  In  France,  his  liter- 
ary labors  found  a  better  reception  than 
in  England  or  Germany.  A  small 
pamphlet  on  the  liberty  of  the  press, 
was  addressed  by  him  to  the  Spanish 


142 


CYCLOP.EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[bed 


Cortes,  during  their  discussion  of  this 
subject;  and,"in  another,  '-Three Tracts 
rehitive  to  the  Spanish  and  rortuguese 
Atiairs,"  Loudon,  1821,  lie  refuted  the 
idea  of  the  neoessity  of  a  house  of  peers 
in  Spain,  as  well  as  Montesquieu's  pro- 
position, that  judicial  forms  are  the  de- 
fence of  innocence.  One  of  his  latest 
■works  was  tlie  *'  Art  of  Tacking,"  that 
is,  of  arranging  juries  so  as  to  obtain 
any  verdict  desired-  His  previous  work, 
"Essaisurla  Taetique  des  Asscmblees 
Legislatives,"  edited,  from  the  author's 
papers,  by  Dumont,  and  translated  into 
German,  contains  many  useful  observa- 
tions. His  "  Introduction  to  the  Prin- 
ciples of  Morals  and  Legislation,"  treats 
of  the  principal  objects  of  government 
in  a  profound  and  comprehensive  man- 
ner. Zunoljclii  has  translated  his  "The- 
ory of  Legal  Evidence,"  into  Italian. 
Among  his  earlier  works  was  a  ''  De- 
fence of  Usury,"  showing  the  impolicy 
of  the  present  legal  restraints  on  the 
terms  of  peeuniarv  bai'gains ;  1787.  Mr. 
Bentham  died  in  London,  June  6,  183-2, 
leaving  his  body  to  be  dissected  for  the 
benefit  of  science.  He  was  a  man  of 
primitive  manners,  unblemished  char- 
acter, and  undoubted  earnestness  in 
the  cause  of  the  people  at  large.  He  is 
considered  as  the  father  of  the  Utilita- 
rians, or  those  moral-political-econo- 
mists, who  view  every  thing  as  it  is  af- 
fected by  the  principle  of  "the  greatest 
happiness  of  the  ^'reatest  number." 

BENTINCK,  William,  first  earl  of 
Portland,  was  descended  from  a  noble 
family  in  Holland.  When  the  prince 
of  Orange  was  seized  with  the  small-pox, 
it  was  recommended  that  he  should  re- 
ceive the  warmth  of  a  young  person  in 
the  same  bed.  Bentinck"  ofifered  himself, 
and  caught  the  same  disease  in  a  violent 
degree,  but  the  danger  to  which  he  sub- 
mitted was  amply  repaid  by  the  favor 
of  the  prince.  "William  brought  him 
with  him  to  England,  raised  him  to  the 
pcerairc,  and  granted  liim  valuable  lands. 
The  earl,  faithful  to  his  principles, 
served  the  king  in  various  onices,  civil 
and  military,  and  attended  him  in  his 
last  moments.  D.  170'.).  —  William 
Henry  Cavknoish,  third  duke  of  Port- 
land, was  born  in  17-38,  and  educated  at 
Christ-ehurcli,  O.xford.  He  was  called 
to  the  house  of  lords  by  the  death  of  his 
father  in  176-2,  having  sat  for  some  time 
in  the  house  of  commons  as  member  for 
Weobley ;  after  his  accession  to  the  up- 
per house  he  voted  with  the  marquis  of 
Kockingham,  under  whose  udministra- 
Vion  he  was  lord  chamberlain.     During 


the  American  war  he  acted  with  the  op- 
position, and  was  apjiointed  lord  lieu- 
tenant of  Ireland  in  1782,  but  in  con 
sequence  of  the  breaking  up  of  the 
administration,  by  the  death  of  the 
marquis  of  Kockingham,  he  only  con- 
tinued in  that  otfice  three  months.  The 
memorable  coalition  succeeded,  which 
fell  before  the  rising  fortunes  of  Mr. 
Pitt,  and  from  that  time  the  duke  voted 
with  the  whig  opposition  until  he  was 
elected  chancellor  of  Oxford  in  1792. 
He  soon  after  joined  with  Mr.  Burke  in 
his  alarm  at  the  French  revolution, 
agreeing  with  this  orator  and  other 
seceders,  on  the  score  of  French  poli- 
ties, to  support  the  administration.  He 
was  accordingly  appointed  secretary  of 
state  for  the  home  department  in  1794, 
and  continued  in  that  office  until  the 
resignation  of  IMr.  Pitt  in  1801,  when  he 
was  made  president  of  the  council,  which 
he  held  until  180-5.  He  succeeded  Lord 
Grenville  as  first  lord  of  the  treasury  in 
1807,  which  office  he  resigned  soon  after, 
and  was  succeeded  by  ^Ir.  Percival.  D. 
13(18. — Lord  George",  a  British  states- 
man of  considerable  ability,  the  fourth 
son  of  the  duke  of  Portland,  who  en 
tered  parliament  in  1828,  first  as  a  mod- 
erate whig,  but  subsequently  he  became 
a  tory,  and  opposed  Sir  Kobert  Peel's 
movements  in  favor  of  free-trade.  D. 
1848. 

BENTIVOGLTO,  Oorneho,  cardinal 
and  poet,  b.  at  Ferrara,  lfi68,  early  dis- 
tinguished himself  by  his  progress  in 
the  fine  arts,  literature,  philosophv,  the- 
ology, and  jurisprudence.  Pope  Cfcment 
XlT'inade  him  his  domestic  prelate,  and 
secretary  to  the  apostolic  chamber,  and 
sent  him,  in  1712,  as  nuncio  to  Paris, 
where,  durinff  the  last  years  of  the  reign 
of  Louis  XIV.  he  acted  an  important 
part  in  the  affairs  of  the  bull  Unigenitus. 
The  pope,  in  1719,  bestowed  on  him  the 
hat  of  a  cardinal.  Poetry  had  rccupied 
the  leisure  hours  of  the  learned  ^Ardinal. 
Some  sonnets  composed  by  him  arc  to 
be  found  in  Gobln's  collection,  vol.  3, 
and  in  other  collections  of  his  time. 
Under  the  name  of  Selvaggio  Porpora 
he  translated  the  "  Thebais"  of  Statins 
into  Italian.  He  delivered  several  ad- 
dresses before  societies  for  the  promo- 
tion of  the  fine  arts.  His  discourse  in 
defence  of  the  utility  and  moral  influ- 
ence of  painting,  sculpture,  and  archi- 
tecture, delivered  in  the  academy  of 
design,  at  Koine,  1717,  was  reprinted  by 
the  academy  of  the  Arcadians,  in  the 
second  volume  of  the  "  Prose  dcirli  .Vr- 
cadi."      D.  1732. — Gnino,  celebrated  as 


bbn] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    EIOGRAPHV. 


143 


A  cardinal  and  an  historian,  was  b.  at 
ferraru,  in  1579.  lie  studied  at  Fadiia 
with  j^reat  repatatioii,  and  afterwards, 
iixinf^  liis  re:»idencc  at  Kome,  ac^cired 
general  esteem  by  Ids  prudence  and  in- 
tcjrrity.  lie  was  nuncio  in  Flanders 
from  1607  to  liSlt!,  and  afterwards  in 
France  till  1021.  Ilis  character  stood  so 
Incfh  that,  on  the  death  of  Urban  VllL, 
in  1644,  he  was  generally  thouijht  to  be 
the  most  likely  person  to  succeed  him  ; 
but,  on  enteriiiif  the  conclave,  in  the 
hottest  and  most  unhealthv  season  of 
the  year,  he  was  seized  witli  a  fever,  of 
which  he  died,  aged  6."^.  lie  lived  in  a 
magnificent  style,  and  was  much  em- 
barrassed at  tiie  time  of  his  death — a 
circumstance  attributed  to  his  canvass 
for  the  papacy.  lie  wrote  a  "History 
of  the  Civil  W'ars  in  Flanders,"  in  Ital- 
ian; an  ''Account  of  Flanders"  during 
his  legation,  also  translated  by  the  earl 
of  Monmouth ;  his  own  "  Memoirs ;" 
and  a  "Collection  of  Letters,"  which 
are  reckoned  among  the  best  specimens 
of  the  Italian  languaLre. 

BENTLEY,  Kichakd,  a  celebrated  En- 
glish divine  and  classical  scholar,  dis- 
tinguished as  a  polemical  writer,  in  the 
latter  part  of  the  17tli  century,  was  born 
near  Wakefield,  in  Yorkshire,  in  1662. 
His  father  is  said  to  have  been  a  black- 
smith. In  16S4  he  took  the  degree  of 
A.M.  at  Cambridge,  and,  in  1689,  obtain- 
ed the  same  honor  at  the  sister  univer- 
sity. His  first  published  work  was  a 
Latin  epistle  to  doctor  John  Mill,  in  an 
edition  of  the  "Chronicle  c»f  John 
Malea,"  which  appeared  in  1691.  Dr. 
Stillingfleet,  having  been  raised  to  the 
bishopric  of  Worcester,  made  Bentley 
his  chaplain,  and,  in  1692,  collated  him 
to  a  prebend  in  his  cathedral.  In  1693 
he  was  appointed  keeper  of  the  royal 
library  at  fet.  James's — a  circumstance 
which  incidentally  led  to  his  famous 
controversy  with  the  honorable  Charles 
Boyle,  afterwards  earl  of  Orrery,  rel.a- 
tive  to  the  genuineness  of  the  Greek 
Epistles  of  Phalaris,  an  edition  of  which 
was  publi.^hed  by  the  latter,  then  a  stu- 
dent at  Christ-church,  Oxford.  In  this 
dispute,  Bentley  was  victorious,  though 
opposed  by  the  greatest  wits  and  critics 
of  the  age,  including  Pope,  Swift,  Garth, 
Atterbin-y,  Aldrich,  Dodwell,  and  Con- 
vers  Jiliddleton.  who  advocated  the  opin- 
ion of  Boyle  with  a  degree  of  warmth 
and  illiberality  that  appears  highly 
extraordinary."  Tn  1699,  havincr  three 
vears  before  been  made  D.D.,  I'-  pub- 
lished his  "  Dissertation  on  the  Epistles 
of  Phalaris,"  in  which  he  satisfaotorily 


proved  that  they  were  not  the  composi- 
tions of  tho  tyrant  of  Agrigentum,  who 
lived  more  than  five  centuries  before  the 
Christian  era,  but  were  written  l>y  some 
sopiiist  under  the  borrowed  name  of 
Phalaris,  in  the  declining  age  of  Greek 
literature.  Soon  after  this  publicatica, 
he  was  presented  by  the  crown  to  the 
mastership  of  Trinity  college,  Cambridge, 
worth  nearly  £1000'a-year.  He  now  re- 
signed the  prebend  of  Worcester,  and, 
in  1701,  was  collated  to  the  archdeacon- 
ry of  Ely.  In  1711  he  published  an 
edition  of  Horace,  at  Cambridge,  in  4to., 
which  was  reprinted  at  Amsterdam: 
and  in  1713  appeared  his  "  Kcmarks  on 
Collins's  Discourse  on  Free-thinking," 
under  the  form  of  a  Letter  to  F.  H, 
[Francis  Hare]  D.D.,  by  Pliileleuthcrus 
Lipsiensis.  He  was  appointed  regius 
professor  of  divinity  in  1716,  and,  in  the 
same  year,  issued  proposals  for  a  new 
edition  of  the  Greek  Testament — an  un- 
dertaking for  which  he  was  admirably 
qualified,  but  which  he  was  prevented 
from  executing,  in  consequence  of  the 
animadversions  of  his  determined  ad- 
versary, Middleton.  In  1726  he  pub- 
lished an  edition  of  Terence  and  Phae- 
drus  ;  and  his  notes  on  the  comedies  ot' 
the  former  involved  him  in  a  dispui; 
with  Bishop  Hare,  on  the  metres  '  f 
Terence,  wliich  provoked  the  sarcas'.ic 
observation  of  Sir  Isaac  Newton,  that 
"  two  dignified  clergymen,  instead  of 
minding  their  duty,  had  fallen  out  about 
a  play-book."  His  last  work  was  an 
edition  of  Milton's  Paradise  Lost,  with 
conjectural  emendations,  which  appear- 
ed in  1732.  This  added  nothing  to  his 
reputation,  and  may,  iia  one  word,  be 
characterized  as  a  failure.     D.  1742. 

BENYOWSKY,  Count  Mauritr-s 
Augustus  ve,  magnate  of  Hungary  and 
Poland,  was  b.  1741,  in  the  Hungarian 
province  of  Xittria.  He  embraced  early 
the  profession  of  arms,  and  after  serving 
in  the  imperial  armies,  joined  the  eon- 
federation  of  the  Polish  nobility.  He 
accepted  a  high  command  m  the  army, 
and  distinguished  himself  against  the 
Russians  in  various  skirmishes,  till  sev- 
eral wouHils  disabled  him,  and  lie  fell 
into  the  hand^  of  the  enemy.  The  tri- 
umph (if  the  Russians  was  great  in  pos- 
sessing? the  person  of  such  an  adversary ; 
but,  instead  of  respecting  his  misfor- 
tunes, they  insulted  his  fate,  and  load- 
ing him  with  irons,  confined  him  in  a 
prison,  where  the  dead  carcasses  of  his 
companions  in  misery  threatened  a 
pestilential  contagion.  He  escaped,  but 
again    was    taken,   and    hurried    uway 


144 


CyCLOP,EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


b 


tlirongli  the  deserts  of  Siberia  to  Kam- 
Btehatka,  -n-bcre  he  tbuiid  himself  an  iu- 
Biilted  exile  and  degraded  prisoner,  1770. 
In  this  distant  retreat  he  formed  the  de- 
sign of  escapinir,  and  the  daughter  of  M. 
Kilon,  the  governor  of  the  place,  con- 
sented to  share  his  fortunes,  and  assist 
him  in  his  Hight.  He  succeeded  in  his 
attempt,  made  liiraself  master  of  _Kam- 
stehatKa  by  force,  and,  accompanied  by 
eight-six  iliithful  followers  and  nine 
women,  among  whom  was  bis  fair  pro- 
tector, he  sailed  on  the  11th  May,  1771, 
from  the  barbOr,  and  passing  by  the 
island  of  Formosa  and  the  coast  of 
China,  reached,  Sept.  17th,  the  port  of 
Macao,  from  whence  be  departed  for 
Europe  in  a  French  vessel.  He  no 
sooner  landed  in  France,  than  he  was 
encouraged  by  the  French  court  to  form 
SI  settlement  lit  Madagascar.  He  eagerly 
embraced  the  proposal,  and  after  a  res- 
idence of  scarce  seven  months  in  Europe, 
set  sail  for  Africa.  On  landing  at  Mad- 
agascar, the  governor  of  the  isle  of  France 
sent  a  small  force  to  oppose  him.  He 
met  the  invaders  with  his  usual  bravery, 
but  his  adherents  were  few  and  timid, 
and  the  hero,  abandoned  by  the  thirty 
natives  that  were  with  him,  and  assisted 
only  by  two  Europeans,  found  himself 
overpowered.  A  ball  having  struck  him 
on  the  right  breast  decided  the  fortune 
of  the  day.  He  fell  behind  the  parapet, 
but  his  iulnnnan  enemies,  dragging  him 
by  the  hair,  saw  him  expire  in  a  few 
minutes  after,  May  the  23d,  1786. 

BERCHTOLDT,  Leopold,  Count,  was 
b.  in  1758,  and  devoted  bis  life  to  the 
relief  of  the  wretched.  He  spent  thir- 
teen years  in  travelling  through  Europe, 
and  four  in  travelling  through  Asia  and 
Africa,  to  assuage  human  misery.  The 
results  of  his  experience  are  contained 
in  his  "Essay  to  direct  and  e.xtend  the 
Inquiries  of  Patriot  Travellers."  He 
wrote  several  j)amphlets  on  "  The  Means 
of  Reforming  the  Police,"  which  he  caus- 
ed to  be  printed  in  different  European 
countries,  at  his  own  expense,  and  to  be 
distributed  giatis.  His  prize  questions 
gave  rise  to  many  pamphlets  and  treati- 
ses on  the  means  of  saving  the  drowned 
and  seemingly  dead.  He  offered  a  prize 
of  1000  florins  for  the  best  treatise  on 
beneficient  inntitutions  and  was  himself 
the  founder  of  many.  From  1795  till 
17!>7  be  travelled  through  Asiatic  and 
European  Turkey,  chiefly  for  the  pur- 
pose of  counteracting  tlie  ravages  of^the 
plague.  At  a  later  period  he  was  en- 
paged  in  making  vaccmation  more  exten- 
eively  known.    During  the  famine  that 


raged  in  the  Riescngebirge,  from  1805 
to  1806,  he  procured  corn  and  other  pro- 
visions from  distant  regions.  He  fitted 
up  the  palace  Buchlowitz  on  his  estate 
Buchlau,  in  Moravia,  as  an  hospital  for 
the  sick  and  wounded  Austrian  soldiers. 
Here  this  patriot  and  pliilautbropist  was 
carried  off  bv  a  contagious  nervous  fever, 
Julv  the  2Cth,  1800. 

BERENGARIUS,  or  BERENGER,  of 
Tours,  a  teacher  in  the  philosophical 
school  in  that  city,  and  in  1040  archdea- 
con of  Angers,  is  renowned  for  his  phi- 
losophical acuteness  as  one  of  the  scho- 
lastic writers,  and  also  for  the  boldness 
with  which,  in  10")0,  he  declared  himself 
against  the  doctrine  of  transubstantia- 
tion,  and  for  his  consequent  persecu- 
tions. He  was  several  times  compelled 
to  recant,  but  always  returned  to  tlic 
same  opinion,  that  the  bread  in  tlie 
Lord's  supper  is  merely  a  symbol  of  the 
body  of  Christ,  in  which  be  agreed  with 
the  Scotsman,  John  Erigena.  The  Cath- 
olics ranked  him  among  the  most  dan- 
gerous heretics.  He  was  treated  with 
forbearance  by  Gregory  VH.,  but  the 
scholastics  belonging  to  the  party  of  the 
great  Lanfranc,  archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury, were  so  irritated  against  him,  that 
he  retired  to  the  isle  of  St.  Gosmas,  in 
the  nei.^hborhood  of  Tours,  in  the  year 
1080,  where  he  closed  his  life  at  a  great 
age  in  pious  exercises  in  1088.  This 
Berengcr  must  not  be  confounded  with 
Peter  Berengcr,  of  Poitiers,  who  wrote 
a  life  of  Abelard. 

BERENGER  I.,  king  of  Italy,  who 
assumed  the  sovereignty  on  the  death 
of  Charles  I.  in  888.  He  was  defeated 
by  Rodolijh  of  Burgundy,  in  922,  and 
siiortly  afterwards  assassinated. — II., 
became  king  of  Italy  in  950,  but  was 
subsequently  deposed  for  his  tyranny, 
and  died  in  "confinement  in  Germany. — 
James,  a  celebrated  anatomist  and  phy- 
sician of  the  16tb  century,  bom  at  Carpi, 
in  Italy,  and  died  at  Fe'rrara,  1550.  lie 
made  several  important  anatomical  dis- 
coveries, and  is  said  to  be  the  first  who 
used  mercury  in  syphilitic  diseases. — 
Laukence  Peter,  a  native  of  Provenoe, 
professor  of  rhetoric  at  Orleans  previous 
to  the  revolution  ;  and,  after  the  restora- 
tion of  the  Bourbons,  professor  at  the 
Lyceum  of  Lyons,  and  inspector  of  acad- 
emies ;  autlior  of  "Les  Soirees  Pro- 
vencales,"  &c.     I).  1822. 

BERENICE,  daughter  of  Ptolemy 
Philadclphus,  and  wife  of  Antiochus, 
king  of  Syria.  She  was  deserted  by  her 
iiusband  in  fav(jr  of  his  former  wife 
Laodiec,  by  whose  orders  she  was  stniu 


ber] 


CVCLOP.CUIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


145 


gled  in  licr  retirement  nt  Antiocli,  143 
B.  0. — A  dauifhtcr  of  rtoleiiiy  Aulctcs, 
king  of  Etrypt.  She  usurped  lier  t'uther's 
throne,  and  put  her  first  husband  to 
death ;  b\it  the  Romans  replaced  I'tol- 
cmy  on  his  tlirone  ;  and  lie  caused  his 
rebellious  daughter  to  be  executed. — A 
daughter  of  Agrippa,  kingof  .ludea,  and 
wife  of  her  father's  brother,  Ilerod,  who 
was  made  king  of  Chalcis  by  the  Em- 
peror Claudius.  Becoming  a  widow, 
she  gave  her  hand  to  rolemon,  king  of 
(Jilicia,  out  she  soon  deserted  iiim,  and 
became  the  mistress  of  Titus,  who,  it  was 
thouirht,  would  have  made  her  his  wife 
but  tor  the  murmurs  of  the  Eomans. 

BERESFORD,  James,  rector  of  Kib- 
worth,  Leicestershire,  was  born  at  Up- 
ham,  in  Hampshire,  in  1764,  and  received 
Jiis  education  at  the  Charter-house,  and 
Merton  college,  Oxfonl.  He  was  the 
author  of  a  variety  of  separate  works, 
besides  several  excellent  papers  in  the 
"  Looker-on,"  a  periodical  of  consider- 
able interest,  published  in  1792-3;  but 
the  work  which  obtained  for  him  the 
greatest  celebrity,  was  the  well-known 
humorous  satire  entitled  "  The  Miseries 
of  Human  Life."     D.  184^. 

BERETTINI,  Peter,  an  Italian  archi- 
tect and  painter  of  great  merit.  B.  1506  ; 
d.  IfifiO. 

BERG,  Matthias  van  deb,  a  Elemish 
painter,  pupil  of  Rubens.  B.  1615 ;  d. 
1687. 

BERGEN,  Dirk  van  deb,  a  celebra- 
ted landscape  and  portrait  painter.  D. 
1680. 

BERGHEM,  Nicholas,  an  eminent 
painter,  b.  at  Haerlem  in  1624,  and  re- 
ceived ills  first  instruction  in  painting 
from  his  father,  Peter  of  Haerlem,  who 
was  a  very  different  artist.  He  then 
continued  his  studies  under  Van  Goyen, 
and  the  elder  Weenix.  It  is  related, 
that  once,  when  pursued  by  his  father, 
he  fled  into  the  workshop  of  Van  Goyen, 
who,  to  protect  him,  called  to  his  pupils, 
"  Berg  hem"  (conceal  him) :  this,  it  is 
said,  occasioned  his  new  name.  Love 
of  his  art,  and  the  great  demand  tbr 
paintings,  as  likewise  the  avarice  of  his 
wife,  prompted  him  to  labor  witli  groat 
assiduity.  To  buy  cngravinirs,  of  which 
he  was  very  fond,"  he  was  often  compel- 
led to  borrow  money  from  his  students, 
which  he  could  only  refund  by  deceiving 
his  wite  in  regard  to  the  price  of  his 
paintings.  In  this  manner  lie  obtained 
a  rich  collection.  Berfrhem's  landscapes 
and  representations  of  animals  adorn  the 
most  ccleb'-at«d  galleries.  The  distin- 
guishing cUaracWri sties  of  his  pictures 
13 


arc  the  brcailth  and  just  distribution  of 
tlic  lights,  the  grandeur  of  his  masses  of 
light  and  shadow,  the  natural  ease  and 
simplicity  in  the  attitudes  of  his  figures, 
the  brilliancy  and  harmony,  as  well  as 
transparency  of  his  coloring,  the  correct- 
ness and  true  perspective  of  liis  design, 
and  the  elegance  of  his  composition. 
Although  lie  hardly  ever  left  his  work- 
shop, yet  he  had  closely  observed  nature, 
during  a  long  residence  in  the  palac3 
of  Beuthem.  He  died  at  Haerlem,  in 
1683. 

BERGMAXN,  Tourern  Oi.of,  a  nat- 
ur.al  philosopher  and  chemist,  was  b. 
at  Catherineberg,  in  the  Swedish  prov- 
ince of  West  Gothland,  March  the  9th, 
1735,  and  obtained,  after  many  difficul- 
ties, the  permission  of  his  family  to  de- 
vote hiins(_'lt' entirely  to  the  sciences.  At 
that  time  disciples  flocked  iVom  all  quar- 
ters to  Linnaius,  at  Upsal.  They  were 
joined  by  Bergmann,  in  1752,  who,  by 
his  acuteness  and  his  discoveries,  which 
were  facilitated  by  his  attainments  in 
geometry  and  physics,  excited  the  notice 
of  this  great  man.  In  1758  he  became 
doctor  of  philosophy  and  professor  of 
physics  at  Upsal.  Upon  the  resignation 
of  the  celebrated  Wallerius  he  stood 
candidate  for  the  professorship  of  chem- 
istry and  mineralogy.  His  competitors 
charged  him  with  ignorance  of  the  sub- 
ject, because  he  had  never  written  on  it. 
To  refute  them,  he  shut  himself  up  for 
some  time  in  a  laboratory,  and  prepared 
a  treatise  on  the  manufacture  of  alum, 
which  is  still  considered  as  a  standard 
work.  In  1767  he  became  professor  of 
chemistry,  and  devoted  himself  with 
ardor  to  this  science.  He  invented  the 
preparation  of  artificial  mineral  waters, 
and  discovered  the  sulphureted  hydro- 
gen gas  of  mineral  springs.  We  are  in- 
debted to  him  for  a  knowledge  of  the 
characters  which  distinguish  nickel  from 
other  metals.  On  a  number  of  minerals 
he  made  chemical  experiments,  with  an 
accuracy  before  uncommon.  He  pub- 
lished a  classification  of  minerals,  in 
which  the  chief  divisions  are  based  on 
their  chemical  character,  and  the  sub- 
divisions on  their  external  form.  His 
theory  of  the  chemical  relations  is  still 
esteemed,  and  if  it  has  received  somo 
new  developments  from  the  further  re- 
searches of  Berthollet,  it  has  not  been 
overthrown.  The  order  of  Gustavus 
Vasa  was  bestowed  on  Bergmann.  Ho 
declined  the  invitation  of  Frederic  the 
Great  to  remove  to  Berlin.     T\  1784. 

BERKELEY.  Georoe,  bishop  of 
Cloyne,  in   Ireland,  celebrated   for  hia 


146 


CYCLOPEDIA  OF  BIOGRAPHY. 


[beu 


ideal  tlieorv.  He  was  h.  at  Kilcrin, 
Irelaud,  in  16?4;  became  fellow  of  Trin- 
ity eollei;e,  Dublin,  in  1707  ;  travelled  in 
It:\ly  as  fur  as  Lejrliorn,  in  1713  and  1714, 
and,  at  a  later  period,  in  1721,  he  was 
made  chaplain  to  the  lord  lieutenant  of 
Ireland,  the  duke  of  Grafcon.  He  ap- 
peared with  much  applause  as  an  author 
before  he  was  twenty  years  old.  His 
works  on  philosophy  and  mathematics, 
amon;T  which  his  "T?heory  of  Vision," 
published  in  1709,  is  the  most  brilliant 
proof  of  the  author's  acuteuess,  procured 
nim  a  wide-spread  fame.  In  1724  he 
was  promoted  to  the  deanery  of  Deny, 
and  resigned  his  fellowship.  He  now 
published  his  "  Proposals  tor  the  Con- 
version of  the  American  Savages  to 
Christianity,-"  by  the  establishment  of  a 
college  in  the  Bermuda  islands.  The 
project  was  very  favorably  i-eeeived,  and 
persons  of  the  first  ?-ank  raised  consider- 
able sums  by  subscription  to  aid  it;  and 
Berkeley,  having  resigned  his  prefer- 
ment, set  sail  for  Ehode  Island,  with 
several  other  persons  of  similar  views, 
to  make  arrangements  for  carrying  on 
his  college.  The  assistance  of  parliament, 
which  had  been  promised,  not  being  af- 
forded, his  undertaking  miscarried,  after 
he  had  spent  seven  years  and  a  consid- 
erable part  of  his  fortune  in  his  efibrtsto 
accomplish  it.  He  afterwards  wrote 
numerous  philosophical,  religious,  and 
politico-economical  works ;  among  the 
rest  two  treatises  on  the  utility  of  tar 
water.  D.  1753. — George,  earl  of,  one 
of  the  privy  council  of  Charles  H. ;  au- 
thor of  "  Historical  Applications  and 
Occasional  Meditations."  D.  169S.— Sir 
William,  of  the  same  family  as  the 
above ;  vice-admiral  of  the  white.  He 
was  killed  in  an  action  with  the  Dutch, 
1606. — John  le  Franc  van,  a  Dutch 
physician,  naturalist,  and  poet ;  author 
of  "  Poems,"  "  Natural  History  of  Hol- 
land," &e.  B.  1729  ;  d.  1812.— Sir  Wil- 
liam, governor  of  Virginia ;  author  of 
"The  Description  and  Laws  of  Vir- 
ginia," &e.     D.  1677. 

BERKENHOUT,  John,  an  Engli.sh 
physician  and  general  writer.  He  was 
D.  at  Leeds,  in  Yorkshire,  about  1730, 
and  his  father,  who  was  a  Dutch  mer- 
chant, gave  him  an  education  suitable 
to  the  same  calling  ;  but  his  turn  being 
to  a  military  life,  he  entered  into  the 
Prussian  service,  and  rose  to  the  rank 
of  captain.  In  1756  he  quitted  that  ser- 
vice and  entered  into  that  of  England, 
where  he  obtained  the  same  rank.  At 
the  peace,  in  1760,  he  went  to  Edinburgii, 
aud  begaa  the  study  of  physic ;  wlule 


there  he  published  his  "  Clavis  Anghea 
Linguie  Botanicre,"  a  book  of  great 
merit :  in  1765  he  went  to  Levden,  and 
took  his  degree  of  M.D.  On  liis  return 
to  England'  he  settled  at  Isleworth,  in 
Middlesex,  and  soon  after  published  his 
"  Pharmacop£eia  Medica."  In  1778  he 
attended  the  British  commissioners  to 
America,  and  at  Philadelphia  he  was 
committed  to  prison,  but  he  soon  af[er- 
wards  was  set  at  liberty,  and  returned 
with  the  commissioners  to  England, 
where  he  obtained  a  pension.     D.  1791. 

BERLICHINGEN,  GGtz,  or  Godfrey 
VON,  with  the  iron  hand;  born  at  Jax- 
thausen,  in  Suabia ;  a  bold,  restless, 
warlike,  and  honorable  German  knight, 
of  the  middle  ages.  He  placed  himself 
at  the  head  of  tlie  rebellious  peasants,  in 
tiie  war  which  they  waged  au'ainst  their 
oppressors,  but  was  soon  matle  prisoner. 
Before  that  time  he  had  lost  his  right 
hand,  and  therefore  wore  one  made  of 
iron.  He  died  July  the  23d,  1562.  His 
biography,  written  by  himself,  was 
printed  at  Nuremberg  in  1731  and  1775, 
and,  for  the  third  time,  at  Breslau,  in 
1813.  This  book  contains  an  excellent 
picture  of  the  social  life  and  customs  of 
the  middle  ages,  and  has  furnished 
Goethe  with  the  subject  for  his  beautiful 
drama,  "  Goetz  von  Berlichingcn," 
which  Sir  Walter  Scott  translated. 

BERNADOTTE,  Charles  John  XIV., 
king  of  Sweden  aud  Norway,  whose 
original  name  was  John  Baptiste  Julius 
Bernadotte,  was  born  of  very  humble 
parents  at  Pan,  in  Bearne.  He  received 
a  good  education,  and  it  is  said  that  he 
was  designed  for  the  bar,  but  he  sud- 
denly abandoned  liis  studies,  and  en- 
listed as  a  private  in  the  marines.  For 
nine  years  from  his  enlistment,  that  is, 
up  to  the  year  17S9,  the  utmost  rank 
that  Bernadotte  had  attained  was  that 
of  sergeant;  but  in  the  opening  made 
b."  the  French  revolution,  by  the  sweep- 
ing away  the  arbitrary  barrier  \yhicli  till 
then  haci  rendered  plebeian  merit  of  little 
avail  in  the  French  service,  Bernadotte 
saw  his  advantiure,  and  improved  it  so 
well,  that  in  1792  he  was  a  colonel  iu 
the  army  of  Custines.  In  1793  he  so 
distinguished  himself  under  the  com- 
mand of  Kleber,  as  to  be  raised  to  the 
rank  of  general  of  brigade,  and  shortly 
afterwards,  of  division.  On  the  Rhine 
and  in  Italy  he  more  and  more  distin- 
guished himself,  and  he  showed  that 
his  talents  were  not  those  of  a  mere  sol- 
dier, by  liis  conduct  in  a  somewhat  dif- 
ficult embassy  to  Austria.  Between  him 
and  Napoleon  there  seems  to  have  been 


CYCLOP.EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


147 


a  constant  distrnst,  if  not  actual  liatred  ; 
novertliulesH,  Bernadotte  luul  a  niar- 
shiil's  stall'  on  the  establishment  of  the 
consulate,  and  was  created  prince  of 
Ponto  Corvo  in  1S06.  In  all  his  cam- 
paigns, Bernadotte  was  distinguished 
from  the  great  majority  of  the  Frencli 
commanders  by  the  clemency  and  gen- 
erosity of  his  conduct  from  the  moment 
that  the  battle  was  at  an  end ;  and  it 
was  this  conduct,  even  more  than  his 
brilliant  reputation  as  a  soldier,  that 
caused  him  to  be  put  in  nomination  as 
a  successor  of  Charles  XIII.  of  Sweden. 
Kapoleon,  then  emperor,  could  but  with 
dithculty  be  induced  to  consent  to  Ber- 
nadotte becoming  crown-prince  and  heir 
to  the  throne.  "What!"  said  Berna- 
dotte, "  will  you  make  me  greater  than 
yourself  by  making  me  refuse  a  crown  V 
The  sarcasm  told,  and  Napoleon  merely 
replied,  "Go!  our  fates  must  be  accom- 

Elished !"  From  the  instant  that  he 
ecame  crown-prince  of  Sweden,  the 
fortunate  soldier  showed  a  determina- 
tion to  give  all  his  energies  to  his  adopt- 
ed country;  he  formed  a  secret  alliance 
with  Kussia  in  ISl'-',  and.  in  ISIO,  he 
took  command  of  the  combined  armies 
of  Northern  Germany  against  France. 
Never  during  half  a  century  before  his 
accession  had  Sweden  known  the  peace 
or  the  prosperity  in  which  he  left  her 
in  the  hands  of  liis  son  Oscar.  B.  ITOo ; 
d.  lS4-t. 

BEKNAKD  OF  ilENTHON,  arch- 
deacon of  Aosta,  was  born  in  923,  near 
Annecy,  in  Savoy,  and  was  celebrated 
aniong  his  cotemporaries  for  his  learn- 
ing and  piety;  bat  his  claims  to  the 
notice  of  later  ages  rest  on  his  having 
been  the  benevolent  founder  of  the  two 
admirable  institutions  on  the  Great  and 
Little  Saint  Bernard,  by  means  of  which 
tlie  lives  of  so  many  travellers  have  been 
Bavcd.  D.  1008. — Of  Thlringia,  a  fa- 
natical hermit  of  the  10th  century,  who 
threw  almost  all  Europe  into  consterna- 
tion, by  preaching  that  the  end  of  the 
world  was  at  hand.  Multitudes  relin- 
quished their  occupations,  and  became 
pilgrims;  and  others  were  so  frightened 
at  an  eclipse  of  the  sun,  which  then 
occurred,  that  they  hid  themselves  in 
caverns  and  holes  in  the  rocks.  The 
terror  spread  by  this  man  was  not  whol- 
ly removed  till  towards  the  end  of  the 
eleventh  century. — Edwarb,  an  English 
philosopher  and  critic;  author  of  "  Ety- 
mologieum  Brittanicum,''  a  "Treatise 
on  Ancient  Weisjhts  and  Measures," 
&c.,  &c.  B.  1(J3S;  d.  1097. — Jamls,  a 
French  Protestant  divine ;  author  of  an 


"Historical  Account  of  Europe,"  &c. 
B.  lO.'iS;  d.  1718. — .JonN,  an  actor;  au- 
thor of  "  Ketrospcction  of  the  Stage." 
D.  182S. — Claudk,  surnamed  "the  poor 
priest,"  was  a  native  of  I->ijon,  whose 
active  benevolence  towards  the  poor  and 
sick  was  unremitting  during  the  whole 
course  of  his  life,  and  for  whose  support 
he  not  only  expended  his  whole  inher- 
itance, £20,000,  bat  was  continually  em- 
ployed in  soliciting  for  them  the  bene- 
tiictions  of  others.  B.  1588;  d.  IG-il. — 
Peter  Joseph,  a  French  amatory  poet, 
styled  by  Voltaire,  U  ffe/itil  Bernard,  an 
epithet  by  which  he  is  still  distinguish- 
ed. B.  at  Grenoble,  1710;  d.  177o. — Sir 
Thomas,  a  gentleman  and  scholar,  to 
whom  the  Society  for  bettering  the  Con- 
dition of  the  Poor  owes  its  establishment, 
and  who  was  also  the  active  promoter 
of  many  charities,  was  born  at  Lincoln, 
1700;  d.  1818. — Duke  of  Weimar,  the 
fourth  son  of  duke  John  of  Saxe-Wei- 
mar,  was  a  genei'al  whose  magnanim- 
ity, skill,  and  impetuous  valor  were  fre- 
quently displayetl  while  commanding 
the  Swedish  army  after  the  death  of 
Gustavus;  and  who  afterwards,  while 
in  alliance  with  France,  did  great  ser- 
vice to  the  Protestant  cause.  He  died 
by  poison,  administered,  as  his  cotem- 
poraries asserted,  at  the  instigation  of 
the  duke  of  Kichelieu,  who  had  become 
jealous  of  his  power:  but  of  this  there 
is  no  sabstantim  proof.  B.  1604;  d.  11139. 
— Suiox,  general  of  engineers  of  France, 
was  b.  at  Dole  in  1779.  The  kindness 
of  the  parish  priest  supplied  him  with 
sufficient  of  the  rudiments  of  learning 
to  allow  his  entering  the  Polytechnic 
school  at  fifteen  years  of  age.  La  Place, 
Hauy,  and  other  great  men  were  then  at 
the  head  of  the  Polytechnic  school,  and 
so  well  did  Bernard  avail  himself  of  their 
lessons,  that  he  not  only  became  one  of 
the  most  distinguished  engineer  otiicers 
and  aids-de-camp  of  Napoleon,  but, 
subsequently  to  the  emperor's  fall,  exe- 
cuted works  in  the  United  States,  which 
are  most  undoubtedly  unequalled  else- 
where ;  the  most  distant  places  being 
united  by  canals,  actual  navigable  rivers, 
and  upwards  of  four  thousand  five  hun- 
dred miles  of  frontier  rendered  secure 
against  invasion  by  forts  and  works. 
Since  July,  1830,  he  returned  to  France, 
and  was  lor  some  time  minister  of  war. 
D.  1839.— Saist,  the  abbot  of  Clairvaux, 
and  one  of  the  most  infiuential  ecclesi- 
astics of  the  middle  ages.  He  was  born 
of  a  noble  family  at  Fontaines,  in  Bur- 
gundy, 1091.  lie  became  a  monk  of 
Oitcaux  in  1113,  and   two  year*   later, 


148 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[beb 


first  abbot  of  Clairvaux.  An  austere 
m:muer  of  living,  solitiuy  studies,  bold 
language  and  eloquence,  with  the  repu- 
tation of  a  prophet,  made  him  soon  the 
Oracle  of  Christian  Europe.  Ho  was 
called  the  honeyed  teacher,  and  his  wri- 
tings, a  stream  from  Paratlise.  Ho  prin- 
cipally promoted  the  crusade  in  1140, 
and  quieted  the  fermentation,  caused  at 
that  time  by  a  party  of  monks,  against 
the  Jews  in  Germany.  He  declined  all 
promotion,  and  in  the  rank  of  abbot  of 
his  '•beloved  Jerusalem,''  as  he  used  to 
call  Clairvaux,  he  continued  with  all  hu- 
mility, but  with  great  boldness,  his  cen- 
sures of  the  clergy  and  his  counsels  to 
the  popes.  Innocent  II.  owed  to  him 
the  succession  of  the  right  of  investiture 
in  Germany,  and  Eugenius  III.  his  edu- 
cation. He  was,  at  the  same  time,  the 
lunpirc  of  princes  and  bishops,  and  his 
voice  in  the  sj-nods  was  regarded  as  di- 
vine. By  his  rigid  orthodoxy  and  his 
mystical  doctrines,  which,  though  at 
times  enthusiastic,  were  always  directed 
to  the  promotion  of  practical  Christian- 
ity, he  refuted  the  subtleties  and  di.i- 
Icctics  of  the  scholastic  philosophers,  al- 
though his  severity  against  Abelard  and 
Gilbert  of  Poree  can  by  no  means  be 
justified.  Luther  says  of  him,  "If  there 
has  ever  been  a  pious  monk  who  feared 
God,  it  was  St.  Bernard ;  whom  alone  I 
hold  in  much  higher  esteem  than  all 
other  monks  and  priests  throughout  the 
globe."  He  died  in  1153,  and  was  can- 
onized by  Alexander  III.,  in  1174. 

BERN^VEDEZ,  Diego,  called  by  his 
countrj'men  the  Portuguese  Theocritus, 
was  not  more  eminent  as  a  pastoral  poet, 
tiian  as  a  brave  warrior ;  and  after  nu- 
merous deeds  of  heroi-sm,  was  taken 
prisoner  by  the  Moors  at  the  battle  of 
Alcazarnuiver.     D.  1596. 

BER>iARDI,  Augustus  Frederic,  a 
German  philologist,  whose  great  aim  was 
to  invent  a  universal  grammar  common 
to  all  languages,  and  who,  in  his  endeav- 
ors to  effect  that  object,  di^ilayed  great 
ingenuity  and  learning.  B.  at  Berlin, 
17G8 ;  d.  1820. — Jon\,  a  celebrated  en- 
graver and  architect.     J).  1555. 

BERNARDINE,  a  Catholic  saint; 
fanonized  for  his  zeal  in  causing  more 
than  300  monasteries  to  be  founded.  B. 
at  Massa,  in  Tuscanv,  13S0  ;  d.  1445. 

BERXARDIN  DE  SAINT-PIERRE, 
James  Hevrv,  was  b.  at  Havre,  in  1707, 
and  is  said  to  have  been  a  descend- 
ant of  the  celebrated  Eustace  de  St. 
Pierre,  the  patriotic  mayor  of  Calais. 
At  the  nrr'i  of  twenty  he  entered  into  the 
engineer  service;   and  he  successively 


served  at  Malta,  in  Russia,  and  in  Po- 
land. On  his  revisiting  his  native  coun- 
try, he  obtained  a  captain's  commission 
in  the  engineer  corps,  and  was  sent  to 
the  Isle  of  France,  from  whence,  how- 
ever, after  a  residence  of  three  years,  he 
returned,  with  no  other  fortune  than  a 
collection  of  shells  and  insects,  and  a 
narrative  of  his  voyage.  Tiic  latter, 
which  was  his  first  literary  eftbrt,  was 
published  in  1773;  and  he,"thencefort!i, 
devoted  himself  to  literature.  His 
"Studies  of  Nature"  appeared  in  1784, 
and  passed  rapidly  through  several  edi- 
tions. "Paul  and  Virginia"  was  pub- 
lished in  1788,  and  this  delightful  tale 
acquired  an  unprecedented  j.)opularity, 
and  _  set  the  seal  on  his  reputatioii. 
During  the  reign  of  terror,  he  narrowly 
escaped  the  scatfold.  From  Napoleon 
and  his  brother  Joseph  he  received 
pensions,  which  gave  comfort  to  his 
latter  days.  He  d.'in  1814.  His  "Har- 
monies of  Nature"  was  given  to  the 
press  after  his  death.  The  best  edition 
of  his  works  is  in  12  octavo  vols.  Tlio 
philosophy  of  St.  Pierre  is  occasionally 
eccentric  ;  but  the  purity  of  his  morality, 
and  the  beauty  of  nis  style,  deserve  the 
hiffhest  praise. 

iBERN^ES,  or  BARNES,  Juliana,  an 
English  lady  of  the  15th  century,  of 
whom  little  more  is  known,  than  that 
she  was  prioress  of  the  nunnery  of  Sope- 
well,  near  St.  Alban's,  and  has' her  name 
prefi.xed,  as  the  writer  or  compiler,  to 
one  of  the  earliest  and  most  curious  pro- 
ductions of  the  English  press.  The  title 
of  the  second  edition,  printed  in  the 
abbey  of  St.  Alban's,  in  1486,  is,  "The 
Boke  of  Hawkyng  and  Iluntyng,  with 
other  Pleasures  dyverse,  and  also  Coot- 
armuries."  The  first  edition  (1481) 
does  not  treat  of  coat-armor  or  her- 
aldry. This  work,  under  the  title  of 
"The  Book  of  St.  Alban's,"  became  a 
popular  manual  of  sporting  science,  and 
was  several  times  reprinted  in  the  16th 
century.  As  a  typographical  curiosity, 
a  small  impression  of  it  was  published, 
in  1811,  by  Mr.  Halsewood. 

BERNI,  Francis,  one  of  the  most 
eminent  Italian  poets  of  the  16th  cen- 
tury, was  b.  at  Lamporecchio,  in  Tus- 
cany, and  d.  of  poison,  in  1586.  He 
remodelled  Bojarao's  "Orlando  Inna- 
morato."  Ilis  "Rime  Burlesche,"  and 
his  Latin  "Poems,"  are  to  be  found 
in  various  collections. — Count  Francis, 
a  civilian,  orator,  and  poet,  was  b.  at 
Ferrara,  in  1610.  He  was  greatly  in 
fiivor  with  Pope  Innocent  X.,  Alexander 
VII.j  and  Clement  IX.,  and  with  two 


ber] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGKAPIIV. 


149 


Buccessive  dukca  of  Mantua.  lie  ex- 
celled in  dramatic  pieces,  of  which  he 
wrote  eleven.  A  voliuue  of  his  miscel- 
lanies was  published  with  the  title  of 
"Academia."     D.  1G7:3. 

BElvNIER,  Francis,  a  physician  and 
traveller,  was  b.  at  Anijcrs.  In  1655. 
after  having  passed  tliroujih  Syria  and 
Egypt,  he  visited  India,  where  lie  re- 
sided for  some  years,  as  physician  to 
Aurungzebe.  On  his  return  to  France 
he  put)lished  his  "Travels,"  a  work  of 
great  interest  and  authenticity.  I3er- 
nier  was  universally  admired  for  the 
graces  of  his  mind  and  person.  His 
principid  work,  besides  his  "Travels," 
IS  an  "Abridgment  of  Gassendi's  I'hi- 
losophy,"  in  8  vols.     D.  1688. 

EEKNINI,  John  Laurence,  wlio  was 
at  once  a  painter,  a  sculptor,  and  an 
architect,  and  whom  his  eotemporaries 
denominated  the  modern  Michael  An- 
gelo,  was  b.  at  Naples,  in  1598.  At 
the  early  age  of  eight  years,  ho  mani- 
fested his  genius  by  sculpturing'  the 
head  of  a  child  in  marble.  Some  of  his 
finest  works  were  produced  before  he 
was  twenty.  He  was  patronized  by 
Popes  Urban  VIII.,  Alexander  VII.,  and 
Innocent  X.,  and  was  invited  to  France 
by  Louis  XIV.  His  finest  productions 
are  at  Home.  Bernini  had  a  line  genius  ; 
but  he  is  accused  of  mannerism,  and  of 
having  often  violated  the  principles  of 
true  taste.     D.  IGSO. 

BEENIS,  Cardinal  Fkaxcis  Joachim 
DE  PiERRES  DE,  a  Frcncli  poet  and 
statesman,  was  b.  at  St.  Marcel  de  I'Ar- 
dcche,  in  1715.  In  early  life,  he  pub- 
lished some  lig'"t  poetry,  which  gamed 
him  the  patronage  of  Madame  de  Pom- 
padoui,  through  whose  influence  he 
was  pensioned,  and  received  into  the 
academy;  he  was  subsequently  em- 
ployed to  negotiate  in  Italy,  Spain,  and 
Austria,  promoted  to  be  minister  for 
foreign  auairs,  and  gratified  with  the 
dignity  of  cardinal.  In  1764  he  was 
made  archbishop  of  Alby,  and  in  1769 
was  sent  ambassador  to  Komc.  The 
revolution  deprived  him  of  his  rev- 
enues ;  but  he  obtained  a  pension  from 
Spain.  He  left  behind  him  a  poem, 
with  the  title  of  "Keligiou  Avenged." 
D.  1791. 

BEEXOUILLI,  a  family  of  eminent 
mathematicians,  who  emigrated  from 
Antwerp  to  Bale,  in  consequence  of  the 
religious  persecution  of  the  duke  of 
Alva.  Eight  distinguished  men  be- 
lonired  to  this  family,  wliom  we  shall 
notice  in  the  order  of  scnioritv. — James, 
was  b.  at  Bale,  in  1654,  ancl,  in  1687, 

la* 


was  elected  professor  of  mathematics  in 
that  college.  He  greatly  advanced  the 
science  of  mathematics,  by  Ids  applica- 
tion of  the  dilferential  calculus  to  the 
solution  of  gcoijietrical  and  mathemati- 
cal problems,  his  invention  of  the  Ber- 
nouillian  numbers,  and  his  calculation 
of  curves,  spirals,  and  evohites.  He  d. 
1705. — John,  brother  of  the  former,  was 
b.  at  Bale  in  1667,  and  became  one  of 
the  greatest  mathematicians  of  his  time, 
lie  was  destined  for  the  profession  of 
a  merchant,  but  was  predilected  to  the 
sciences,  and,  in  1685,  he  published,  in 
conjunction  with  his  brother,  a  very 
valuable  work  "  On  the  Dilferential 
Calculus,"  and  was  the  first  who  de- 
veloped the  method  of  integration. 
Four  years  after  this,  he  went  to 
France,  where  he  became  the  instructor 
of  the  Marquis  del'Hopital,  about  which 
time  he  discovered  the  calculus  of  ex- 
ponents, and  took  the  degree  of  M.I). 
In  1695  he  became  professor  of  math- 
ematics at  Groningen.  From  Frederic 
I.  of  Prussia,  he  received  a  gold  medal 
for  the  discovery  of  mercurial  phospho- 
rus, and  was  likewise  chosen  member 
of  the  academies  of  Berlin  and  Paris. 
In  1705  he  succeeded  his  brother  as  pro- 
fessor of  matlicmatics  at  Berlin,  and 
died  in  1748. — Nicholas,  nephew  of  the 
the  former,  was  b.  at  Bale,  in*16S7, 
and  although  intended  for  the  law,  de- 
voted himself  to  the  favorite  study  of 
his  uncles.  He  studied  under  John  B. 
Math,  at  Groningen  and  Bale,  and  hav- 
ing travelled  through  Switzerland,  Hol- 
land, and  England,  in  1713,  became 
member  of  the  royal  societies  of  London 
and  Berlin.  On  being  recommended  by 
Leibnitz,  he  was  chosen  professor  of 
mathematics  at  Padua,  in  1716,  but,  in 
1722,  he  went  to  Bale,  as  professor  of 
logic,  and,  in  1731,  he  was  translated  to 
the  chair  of  Koman  and  feudal  law.  He 
died  in  1790,  and  left  the  three  fol- 
lowing sons. — Nicholas,  b.  at  BaJe,  in 
1695,  became,  in  1723,  professor  of  law 
there,  and  died  in  Petersburg,  in  1726. 
—  Daniel,  b.  at  Groningen,  in  1700, 
studied  medicine,  and  took  the  degree 
of  M.D.  He  became  professor  of  anat- 
omy and  botany  at  Bale,  iU  1733,  and, 
in  1750,  of  natural  philosophy,  and  died 
in  1782.  He  received  ten  ditfcrcnt  prizes 
from  the  academy  of  Paris,  one  of  which 
he  shared  with  his  father,  lor  investiga- 
tions ill  nstronomv.  He  was  one  of  the 
greatest  natural  plulosoplicrs  and  math- 
ematicians of  his  time,  and  was  a  mvin- 
ber  of  the  societies  of  Petersburg,  I'aris, 
1  and  Berlin,  to  whoso   transactions   ho 


150 


CVCLOP-EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[ber 


coutributed  many  of  their  most  valuable 
pi))er:<. — John,  b.  at  Bale,  in  1710,  be- 
(.■auie  proi'ccrsor  of  rhetoric  tlierc,  in 
1745,  and  three  years  afterwards  was 
translated  to  tiie  chr.ir  of  matliematics. 
He  died  in  IT'JO,  and  left  tlic  two  fol- 
lowing sons. — John,  the  author  of  sev- 
eral excellent  works,  was  b.  at  Bale, 
1744,  became,  at  the  aire  of  nineteen, 
royal  astronomer  at  Berlin,  travelled 
through  all  Europe,  and  returned,  in 
1770,  "when  he  became  director  of  math- 
ematics of  the  academy,  and  died  in 
•lgij7. — James,  b.  also  at  Bale,  in  1759, 
became  professor  of  mathematics  at  Pe- 
tersburg, and  married  the  daughter  of 
Euler. 

BEKNSTORFF,  John  IIaktwio  Er- 
nest, Count,  a  celebrated  statesman  in 
the  employment  of  the  king  of  Den- 
mark, and  founder  of  the  Danisli  So- 
ciety of  Languages  and  the  Fine  Arts, 
and'  tlie  Economical  and  Agricultural 
Society.  B.  at  Hanover,  1712;  d.  17i2. 
— Andrew  Peter,  Count,  nephew  of  tne 
above,  a  Danish  minister  of  state.  Du- 
ring the  American  war  lie  etfected  the 
armed  neutrality  of  Kussia,  Prussia, 
Denmark,  and  Sweden,  for  the  protec- 
tion of  the  trade  of  those  powers  against 
the  belligerents ;  and  it  was  chiefly 
owing  to  his  skilful  policy  that  Den- 
mark Vas  prevented  from  being  drawn 
into  collision  with  either  Sweden  or 
Kussia,  when  the  war  broke  out__be- 
tween  those  powers  in  1788.  B.  1735; 
d.  1797. 

BERO  ALDUS,  Philip,  an  Italian  pro- 
fessor of  eloquence.  B.  1458 ;  d.  1505. 
— Philip,  nephew  of  the  above,  an  Ital- 
ian poet,  librarian  of  tlie  Vatican  under 
Pope  Leo  X.     D.  1518. 

BEROSUS,  priest  of  the  temjile  of 
Belus,  at  Babylon,  in  the  time  ot  Ptol- 
emy Philadelphus.  He  wrote  a  "  His- 
tory of  Chalclsea,"  some  fragments  of 
which  are  preserved  by  Josephus. 

BERQUIN  Arnauld,  an  elegant 
French  writer,  author  of  "Idyls," 
"L'Amides  Enfans,"  and  other  inter- 
esting works  for  youth.  B.  1749 ;  d. 
1791. 

BERRETINI,  Nicholas,  an  eminent 
historical  painter,  pupil  of  Carlo  Muratti. 
B.  1017;  d.  1082. 

BERRI,  Charles  Ferdinam)  de  Bour- 
bon, duke  do,  second  son  of  the  Count 
d'Artois,  afterwards  Charles  X.  of 
France;  assassinated  by  one  Louvel, 
who  attacked  him  just  as  he  had  left 
the  opera-house,  and  was  on  the  point 
of  stepping  into  his  carriage,  Feb,  10, 
1820     He  shared  in  common  with  the 


Bourbons  all  the  reverses  they  were 
doomed  to  sutler;  and  he  deserved  a 
better  fate,  if  it  were  only  for  the  be- 
nevolence of  his  character.  His  sou 
Henri,  born  posthumously,  commonly 
called  the  Due  de  Bordeaux,  or  the 
Comte  de  Chambord,  is  the  legitimate 
heir  to  the  throne  of  France. 

BEKKLMAN,  William,  an  English 
divine,  author  of  5  vols,  of  sermons,  &c. 
B.  lOSS;  d.  1750. 

BERRUYER,  Joseph  Isaac,  a  French 
Jesuit,  whose  writings  were  condemned 
at  Rome  for  their  too  great  liberality, 
author  of  a  "  History  oif  the  People  of 
God,"  &c.     D.  1658." 

BERRY,  Sir  John,  an  English  naval 
commander,  knighted  for  ins  distin- 
guished bravery  at  the  battle  of  Soiith- 
wold  Bay.  He  "died  of  poison,  adminis- 
tered to  him  on  board  his  ship,  1691. — 
Sir  Edward,  a  rear-admiral  of  England. 
This  officer  was  tlie  only  one  in  the 
royal  navy  who  had  received  three  med- 
als for  his  services,  having  commanded 
a  line-of-battle  ship  in  tlie  memorab>le 
battles  of  the  Nile,  Trafalgar,  and  St. 
Domingo.     D.  1831. 

BERSMANN,  George,  a  learned  Ger- 
man, author  of  "  Notes  on  some  of  the 
Classics,"  and  a  Latin  version  of  the 
"Psalms  of  David."  B.  15:38  ;  d.  1611. 
BERTAUT,  John,  a  French  prelate 
and  poet,  chaplain  to  Catherine  de  Me- 
dici, and  secretary  of  the  cabinet  of 
Henry  III.     B.  1562;  d.  1611. 

BERTHIER,  Alexander,  prince  of 
Neufchatel  and  Wa<rram,  a  marshal  and 
vice-constable  of  France,  was  _  b.  at 
Versailles,  in  1753,  and  served  with  La- 
fayette in  the  war  of  American  inde- 
pendence. At  the  commencement  of 
the  French  revolution  ho  was  made  a 
general  officer,  fought  gallantly^  in  La 
Vendee,  and  was  at  the  head  of  Bona- 
parte's staff  in  Italy,  Egypt,  and  Ger- 
many. He  was,  in  fact,  the  companion 
of  Napoleon  in  all  his  expeditions,  di- 
ning and  travelling  in  the  same  carriage ; 
and  Ills  skill  in  drawing  up  disjiatches, 
joined  to  his  unwearied  application  and 
"methodical  habits,  proved  of  incalcula- 
ble value  to  tlie  emperor  in  the  vast 
pressure  of  his  affairs.  On  the  restora- 
tion of  Louis,  however,  in  1814,  he  rec- 
ognized his  authority,  and  was  created 
a^pecr;  but  wlien  liis  former  master 
returned  from  Elba,  he  retired  to  liis 
family  at  Bamberg,  where,  as  soon  as 
tlie  music  of  tlie  Russian  troops,  on 
tiicir  inarch  to  the  FVonch  borders,  was 
heard  at  the  iratos  of  the  city,  he  put  an 
end  to  his  life  in  a  fit  of  frenzy  or  re 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOUIIAIMIV. 


berJ 

morse,  bv  throwing  himself  from  a  win- 
dow of  Ills  paliice,  .Tunc  1, 181'). — Josici-ri 
KxEiMiiix,  u  i'rciich  pliilosoplier  of  the 
Society  of  the  Oratory  ;  author  of  "  Fhy- 
bique  "des  Comctcs,"  jkc.  E.  1710  ;  d. 
llsd. — William  Fuancis,  a  learned  Jes- 
nit,  one  of  the  editors  of  the  "  Diction- 
naire  Trevou,"  and  translator  of  the 
Fsalms  into  Freneh.     B.  1704;  d.  17S2. 

BEKTIIOLUCT,  Claude  Louis,  Count, 
one  of  tlie  most  eminent  chemists  of  the 
day,  was  b.  at  Talloire,  Savoy,  in  174s, 
ancl  studied  medicine  at  Turin.  He 
afterwards  settled  in  Faris,  where  he 
became  intimate  with  Lavoisier,  was 
admitted  a  member  of  the  Academy  of 
Sciences,  and  made  professor  of  tlie  nor- 
mal scliool.  lie  accompanied  ]5onaparte 
to  Eirypt,  and  returned  witlt  liim;  and, 
durin'ir  tlie  emperor's  reign,  was  _  made 
a  senator  and  an  officer  of  the  legion  of 
honor;  notwithstanding  which  he  was 
one  of  the  first  to  desert  his  patron  when 
his  fortunes  were  on  the  decline ;  for 
which  he  received  the  title  of  count  from 
Louis  XVIH.  His  principal  work  is 
"  Essai  de  Statique  Ciiimique,"  but  he 
wrote  many  other  valuable  essays,  and 
had  also  a' large  share  in  the  reforma- 
tion of  the  chemical  nomenclature.  D. 
1S22. 

BERTIIOLON,  N.  de  St.  Lazare,  a 
French  chemist  and  philosopher  of  the 
18th  century,  wliose  works  on  aerosta- 
tion, electricity,  and  other  scientitio  sub- 
jects, evince  much  learning  and  ability. 
B.  at  Lyons,  and  d.  in  17y'J. 

BER'rilOUD,  Ferdinand,  a  skilful 
Swiss  clock  and  chronometer  maker; 
author  of  "Traite  des  Horologes  Ma- 
rine ;■'  "  Histoire  de  la  Mcsure  dii  Temps 
par  les  Horolosres,"  &c.  B.  at  Flance- 
mont,  Neufchatel,  1727 ;  d.  1807.  His 
nephew  Louis  inherited  his  talents,  and 
was  not  less  celebrated  than  his  uncle. 
The  accuracy  of  their  chronometers  is 
proverbial. 

"  BEKTI,  Alexander  Fompey,  a  native 
cf  Lucca;  author  of  "La  Caduta  de' 
decemviri  della  Komana  llMniblica,"  &c. 
B.  1686;  d.  1752. — John'  Laurence,  an 
Italian  monk,  and  general  of  the  order 
of  the  Augustines;  author  of  some  Ital- 
ian poetry,  a  work  "De  Disciplinis  Thc- 
ologicis."  <kc.     B.  1696;  d.  1766. 

BERTIN,  JosEi'ii,  a  French  physician 
ftnd  anatomist;  author  of  a  "Treatise 
on  Osteolo.Ty,"  and  other  valuable  works 
on  anatomy.  B.  1712;  d.  1781.— An- 
thony, a  Freneh  military  officer  and  an 
elegant  poet ;  autlior  of  a  "  Collection  of 
Elegies,"  and  other  poems,  which  were 
greatly  esteemed.     B.  in   the   isle   of 


151 


Bourbon,  l7iJ2 ;  d.  nt  St.  Domingo. 
17'.j0. — Loris  Francois,  tlie  principal 
founder  of  the  ''Journal  des  Debats,'' 
was  an  influential  editor.  B.  in  Faris, 
1766;  d.  1842. 

BERTINAZZr,  Chajjles  Anthony,  a 
celebrated  comedian,  and  an  accom- 
plished wit,  was  b.  at  Turin,  in  1713, 
and  for  more  tlian  forty  years  was  one 
of  the  most  distinguished  comic  actors 
at  Faris.     D.  1783. 

Bf^KTirS,  Feter,  professor  of  mathe- 
matics, and  cosmographer  to  the  king 
of  France ;  author  of  "  Theatrum  Ge- 
osrraphia  Veteris,"  &c.  B.  lo6.J ;  d. 
l'621i. 

BERTOLI,  Giovanni  Domenico,  ob- 
tained the  name  of  the  patriarch  of 
Aquileia,  from  his  having  first  directed 
attention  to  the  antiquities  of  that  place, 
and  for  his  successful  endeavors  to  pre- 
vent the  inhabitants  from  mutilating  or 
destroying  them.    B.  1676;  d.  175s. 

BEliToN,  Henri  Montau,  an  eminent 
French  composer,  who  formed  his  style 
under  Gluck,  Ficcini,  Fasiello,  and  Sac- 
chini.  Ho  first  appears  before  the  public 
as  a  composer  wlien  only  1'.',  in  his 
"Concert  Spirituel."  He  afterwards 
wrote  20  operas.  B.  at  Faris,  1767 ;  d. 
1832. 

BERTRAM,  Cornelius  Bonaventure, 
Hebrew  professor  at  Geneva  and  Lau- 
sanne ;  author  of  a  "  Dissertation  on  the 
Republic  of  the  Hebrews,"  &c.  B.  1581 ; 
d.  1594. 

BERTRAND,  John  Baptist,  a  French 
physician;  autlior  of  an  "Historical  Ac- 
count of  the  Flague  at  Marseilles,"  &c. 
B.  1670;  d.  175i>.— Henry  Gratica, 
Count,  a  distinguished  French  general, 
who  shared  the  exile  of  Najwleou, 
and  whoso  military  achievements  were 
eclipsed  by  the  fidelity  of  his  devotiori 
to  the  great  captain.  He  was  with  his 
leader  in  all  his  campaigns,  and  acted  a 
brilliant  part  at  Spandau,  Friedland, 
Lutzeii,  Bautzen.     B.  1770;  d.  1844 

BEHTRANDI,  John  Ambrose  Maria, 
an  eminent  surgeon  and  anatomist  of 
Turin;  author  of  a  "Treatise  on  Surgi- 
cal Operations,"  and  various  other  pro- 
fessional works.     B.  1723:  d.  1765. 

BERULLE,  FiERRE  de.  Cardinal,  foun- 
der of  the  congregation  of  the  Oratory. 
He  was  employed  in  many  alfairs  of  stale 
in  France ;  and  accompanied  Henrietta 
Maria,  wife  of  Charles  L,  to  England. 
D.  1629.  ,   , 

BERWICK,  James  Fitzjames,  duke 
of,  natural  son  of  James  II.  and  Arabella 
Churchill,  sister  of  the  duke  of  Marlbo- 
rough ;  a  distinguished  and  gallant  sol 


152 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[bei 


dier,  and  author  of  a  valuable  volume 
of  memoirs.  Killed  at  the  siege  of  I'liil- 
ipsbursrli,  in  I7t>-1. 

BEliVLLUS,  an  Arabian  bishop  of 
the  Sd  century;  converted  by  Origen 
from  his  heterodox  opinion,  that  Christ 
had  no  existence  prior  to  his  incarna- 
tion. 

BEKZELIUS,  Baron,  one  of  the  gi-eat 
chemists  of  modern  times,  TN'as  b.  in 
177y,  in  Ostgothlaud,  a  province  of  Swe- 
den, where  his  father  kept  a  village 
seliool.  After  graduating  at  Upsala  in 
1804,  he  repaired  to  Stockholm,  where 
he  became  an  assistant  to  Spawrnraaun, 
who  had  accompanied  Captain  Cook  in 
one  of  his  voyages  round  the  world ; 
and  at  his  dea'th,  in  1806,  he  succeeded 
him  in  tlie  chair  of  chemistry,  which  he 
continued  to  fill  for  forty-two  years.  It 
would  be  impossible  within  our  limits 
to  give  even  a  summary  of  his  labors 
during  this  period  ;  suffice  it  to  say,  that 
in  a  century  which  has  produced  a  great- 
er number  of  distinguished  chemists 
than  perliaps  of  any  other  class  of  men 
of  science,  Berzelius  stood  out  as  a  star 
of  the  first  magnitude.  His  patient 
labors,  and  ingenious  investigations, 
have  done  more  to  lay  the  foundation  of 
organic  chemistrv  than  those  of  any 
other  chemist,  "to  him  pre-eminently 
belongs  the  honor  of  applying  the  great 
principles  which  had  oeen  established 
by  Dalton,  Davy,  Gay-Lussac,  and  him- 
self, in  inorganic  chemistry,  to  unfolding 
the  laws  which  regulate  the  combinations 
forming  the  structures  of  the  animal 
and  vegetable  kingdoms;  and  in  thus 
opening  the  way  for  the  discoveries  of 
Jiuldcr,  Liebig.'Dumas,  and  others.  To 
him  chemistry  is  indebted  for  the  dis- 
covery of  several  new  elementary  bodies, 
more  "especially  selenium,  morium,  and 
cerium  ;  and  to  his  skill  as  a  manipula- 
tor may  be  traced  many  of  the  analytical 
processes  at  present  in  use.  Under 
these  circumstances  it  is  not  surprising 
that  all  the  scientific  societies  of  the 
world  contended  for  the  honor  of  enroll- 
ing his  name  among  their  members ; 
and  the  various  minor  honors  which  he 
received  from  his  own  sovereign  from 
time  to  time,  were  finally  crowned  by 
his  being  made  a  knight  grand  cross  oif 
the  order  of  V'asa  in  1829,  and  his  eleva- 
tion to  the  rank  of  a  baron  in  18'J5.  D. 
1848. 

B?^SOLDE,  Christopher,  a  counsellor 
of  Vienna;  author  of  a  "Synopsis  of 
Politics,"  a  "History  of  the  Ottoman 
Empire,"  &c.     B.  1577  ;  d.  1658. 

BESSAEIAN,  Joii.v,  a  Greek  priest, 


one  of  the  most  eminent  revivers  of 
learning  in  the  15th  century,  and  founder 
of  the  noble  hbrary  of 'St.  Mark,  at 
Venice.  He  translated  from  Aristotle. 
Xenophon,  &c. ;  and  zealously  defended 
Plato  against  the  attacks  of  George  of 
Trebizond.  He  was  made  a  cardinal  by 
Pope  Eugene,  and  had  tlie  title  of  patri- 
arch of  Constiintinople  given  him  by 
Pius  II.     B.  1395;  d.  1472. 

BESSEL,  Dr.  Frederick  William,  a 
distinguished  Prussian  astronomer,  b. 
1784.  He  was  professor  of  astronomy  in 
the  university  of  Berlin  ;  and  such  was 
the  skill  and  assiduity  with  which  he 
prosecuted  his  favorite  study,  that  he 
was  twice  presented  with  a  gold  medal 
from  the  Eoyal  Astronomical  Society  of 
London,  for  the  uumberand  accuracy  of 
his  observations.     D.  1846. 

BESSIERES,  John-  Baptlst,  duke  of 
Istria,  and  a  French  marshal,  was  b. 
at  Poitou,  in  1769.  He  distiu;^uished 
himself  in  many  memorable  battles,  and 
was  highly  esteemed  by  Napoleon  for 
his  honor,'  skill,  and  bravery.  He  fell 
in  the  combat  that  preceded  the  battle 
of  Lutzen. 

BETHENCOUET,  John  de,  a  Norman 
baron,  and  a  military  adventurer,  who 
conquered  the  Canary  Islands,  and  after- 
wards held  them  as' a  fief  of  the  crown 
of  Castile.     D.  1425. 

BETHLEM-GABOR,  the  son  of  a 
poor  Transylvanian  Calvinist  gentleman, 
was  patronized  by  Gabriel  Battori,  then 
dethroned  him,  a'nd,  in  1613,  proclaimed 
himself  prince  of  Transylvania.  In  1618 
he  reduced  Hungary,  assumed  the  title 
of  king,  and  invaded  Austria  and  Mo- 
ravia ;  whence,  however,  he  was  ex- 
pelled by  Tilly.  A  treaty  ensued,  and 
he  relinquished  his  Hungarian  con- 
quests ;  but  remained  sovereign  of 
Transvivania  till  his  death,  in  1629. 

BETHUNE,  DiviE,  an  eminent  phi- 
lanthropist and  Christian,  was  b.  at 
Dingwall,  Eosshire,  Scotland,  in  1771. 
In  early  life  he  resided  at  Tobago,  where 
his  only  brother  was  a  physician.  He 
removed  to  the  United  States  in  1792, 
and  settled  as  a  merchant  in  New  York. 
Before  a  tract  society  was  formed  in  thia 
country,  Mr.  Bethune  printed  10,000 
tracts  at  his  own  expense,  and  himself 
distributed  many  of  them.  He  also  im- 
ported bibles  for  distribution.  From 
1803  to  1816  he  was  at  the  sole  expense 
of  one  or  more  Sunday  schools.    D.  1824. 

BETTERTON,  Thomas,  a  celebrated 
actor,  was  b.  in  1635,  at  Westminster, 
and  began  life  as  an  apprentice  to  a 
bookbinder.     At  the    age  of  twenty, 


BKZj 


CVCLOP.-liUlA    OF    XilOURAPIIY. 


153 


however,  he  weut  upon  the  Blage,  and 
ulliuiulely  acquired  a  bijjh  degree  of 
repuialioa  ;is  a  tragie  aclor ;  especially 
iu  borne  of  Shakspeare's  principal  char- 
acters. In  lU'J  J  he  opened  a  new  theatre 
iu  J.incolu's  Inn  Fields  ;  but  this  spec- 
idation  Wiis  uiisuccessl'ul.  Several  pieces 
Were  altered  by  him  lor  the  stage.  D. 
1710. 

liETTINELLI,  Xaviee,  an  elegant 
Italian  writer,  was  b.  at  Mantua,  in 
171S,  and  became  a  member  of  the  soci- 
ety of  Jesuits.  For  some  years  he  had 
the  direction  of  the  college  of  nobles  at 
Parma,  and  afterwards  was  professor  of 
eloquence  at  Modena.  lie  continued  his 
literary  career  till  his  death,  which  took 
place  at  Venice  in  ISUb.  His  works  oc- 
cupy 24  vols,  liimo.,  of  which  two  are 
occupicvl  by  tragedies,  and  three  by 
poems.  Of  his  prose  works,  one  of  the 
most  celebrated  is  "  Letters  of  Virgil." 

BETTS,  JonN,  an  English  physician 
of  the  time  of  Charles  11. ;  author  of  a 
treatise  "  De  Ortu  et  Natui'a  Sanguinis," 
&c. 

BETUSSE,  Joseph,  an  Italian  poet  of 
the  IGth  century ;  he  translated  into 
Italian  tlie  Latin  works  of  Boeeaccio, 
and  wrote  a  life  of  him. 

BEUCKELS,  William,  a  fisherman,  a 
native  of  Dutch  Flanders,  is  one  of 
those  men  who  have  a  claim  to  be  con- 
sidered as  beucfaetors  of  their  country. 
About  the  beginning  of  the  lytli  century 
he  discovered  the  art  of  curing  and  bar- 
relling herrings ;  a  discovery  which 
proved  in  the  nighest  degree  beuclicial 
to  hi.s  native  land.  Ilis  countrymen 
erected  a  statue  to  his  memory.  D. 
1449. 

BEUF,  John  lEj  a  French  antiquary ; 
author  of  "  Memoirs  of  the  History  of 
Auxerre,"  &c.     B.  1607  ;  d.  1070. 

BEUKNON  VILLE,  PiiTEKKLEL,  count 
of,  a  French  marshal,  was  b.  in  Bur- 
gundy, In  1752,  served  iu  the  East  In- 
dies, and  under  Dumourier,  and  was 
made  minister  of  war  iu  1793.  He  was 
one  of  the  republican  commissioners 
whom  Dumourier  gave  up  to  the  Aus- 
tiians,  and  was  imprisoned  at  Olmutz 
till  1795.  On  his  return  to  France  he 
was  appointed  to  the  command  of  the 
armies  of  the  Sainbre  and  the  Mcuse, 
and  of  Holland.  Durinjf  the  consulate 
he  was  ambassador  at  Berlin  and  Ma- 
drid ;  and,  under  tho  empire,  was  grand 
ollicer  of  the  legion  of  honor,  senator, 
and  count.  He  voted  for  the  deposition 
of  Napoleon,  followed  Louis  to  Ghent, 
and  was  rewarded  with  the  title  of  miir- 
shal.    D.  1821. 


BEVTCR,  Dr.  Thomas,  an  English  civil- 
ian ;  a  judge  of  the  Cinque  Ports,  and 
author  of  a  treatise  on  "The  Legal 
i'olity  of  the  Eomans,"  &c.     D.  1791. 

BLVEKIDGE,  \\illiam,  bishop  of 
St.  Asaph ;  an  eminent  orientalist,  critic, 
and  theologian,  and  one  of  the  most  dis- 
tinguished scholars  that  ever  adorned 
the  prelacy,  was  b.  at  Barrow,  Lin- 
colusiiire,  iu  1638,  and  educated  at  St. 
John's  college,  Cambridge.  He  was  the 
author  of  numerous  works ;  among  wliicb 
are  12  volumes  of  "  Sermons,"  "Private 
Thoughts  on  Keligion,"  "  Institutionum 
Chronologicarum  Libri  duo,"  &e.  Ho 
bequeathed  the  principal  part  of  his 
property  to  charitable  uses.     D.  1707. 

BEVERLY,  JoH.v  of,  tutor  to  the 
Venerable  Bede,  and  subsequently  arch- 
bishop of  York.  He  was  one  of  the 
most  learned  men  of  his  time,  and  sev- 
eral of  his  devotional  treatises  are  still 
extant.     D.  721. 

BEVEENINCK,  Jerome  van,  a  Dutch 
statesman  ;  greatly  instrumental  in  pro- 
moting the  treaty  of  Kimcguen,  which 
produced  a  general  peace.  B.  1614 ;  d. 
1690. 

BEVEEWICK,  John  de,  a  Dutch 
physician ;  author  of  some  valuable 
works  on  professional  subjects.  B. 
1594;  d.  1G47. 

BEWICK,  Thomas,  a  celebrated  en- 
graver on  wood,  which  art  he  acquired 
under  a  Mr.  Beilby,  of  Nevvcastle-on- 
Tyne,  with  whom  he  went  into  partner- 
ship. He  was  considered,  when  lie  died, 
at  tlie  head  of  his  art. — John,  brother  of 
the  preceding,  who  also  attained  great 
excellence  in  the  art  of  engraving  on 
wood.  These  ingenious  men  carried 
their  art  to  a  state  of  perfection  which 
will  not  easily  be  surpassed.  The  first 
work  that  attracted  tlie  notice  of  the 
public,  and  at  once  established  their 
reputation,  was  a  "History  of  Quadru- 
peds," published  in  1790,  with  figures 
on  wood.  It  was  eagerly  sought  after 
by  the  curious,  and  has  been  followed 
liy  many  other  proofs  of  their  abilities, 
tlio  last  of  which  is  a  "  History  of  Brit- 
ish Birds,"  8vo,  published  iu  1797,  two 
years  after  the  death  of  John. 

BEZA,  Theodore  de,  was  b.  in 
1519.  at  Vczelay,  a  small  town  of  Bur- 
gundy, of  a  noble  family.  He  was  con- 
fided to  the  care  of  the  celebrated 
protcssor  Melchoir  Wolmar,  who  taught 
him  the  Scriptures.  But  these  pious  in- 
structions seemed  at  first  smothered  un- 
der the  passions  of  youth.  Surrounded 
in  Paris  with  all  that  could  lead  astray, 
amiable,  rich,  and  full  of  spirit,  V-e  Uvea 


154 


CYCLOP.EDIA    OF    BIOGIIAI'HV. 


[ciO 


as  a  man  of  the  world,  published  a  vol- 
ume of  liLrht  poetrv,  uiider  the  name  of 
''Juvenilia,"  and  oontraeii'd  a  secret 
niarriajre,  because  one  of  his  uncles,  who 
was  in  orders,  had  bequeathed  to  him  the 
revenues  of  some  ecclesiastical  benefices. 
A  severe  sickness  awakened  his  consci- 
ence. ••  Hardly  had  I  strength  to  rise," 
he  writes  to  W'olmar,  "when,  breaking 
all  ties,  and  packing  up  my  small  elfects, 
I  left  at  once  my  country,  parents, 
friends,  to  follow  Christ.  I  exiled  my- 
self voluntarily,  and  retired  to  Geneva 
with  my  wife."  Ilis  marriage  was  pub- 
licly consecrated  in  the  church,  and  he 
renounced  all  his  youthful  sins.  This 
occurred  in  the  month  of  November, 
15-18.  He  made  the  acquaintance  of 
Calvin,  whose  life  he  subsequently  wrote, 
and  became  his  intimate  friend.  He  was 
appointed  professor  of  the  Greek  lan- 
guage at  Lausanne,  and  afterwards  pro- 
fessor of  theology,  rector  of  the  academy, 
and  a  pastor  in  Geneva.  He  composed 
many  writings,  mostly  of  a  polemical 
character  ;  among  the  rest  a  defence  of 
the  right  to  punish  heretics.  His  larsrest 
works  arc  Commentaries  on  the  New 
Testament,  collections  of  Sermons,  the 
translation  into  French  verse  of  a  part 
of  the  Psalms,  and  the  History  of  the  Re- 
formed Church  of  France,  to  the  year 
1513-2.     D.  1565. 

BEZOUT,  Stephen,  a  celebrated  math- 
ematician, and  mathematical  examiner 
of  tiie  naval  and  artillery  schools,  was 
b.  at  Nemours,  in  17;30,'and  d.  in  the 
Gatinois,  in  1733.  He  is  the  author  of 
a  ••  General  Theory  of  Algebraic  Equa- 
tions," and  two  "Courses  of  Math- 
eiratics,"  the  one  in  4  vols.,  and  the 
other  in  6,  for  the  use  of  the  royal  ma- 
rine and  artillery  schools.  One  anecdote 
proves  the  kindness  and  courage  of  Be- 
zout.  Tliough  he  had  never  had  the 
small-pox,  he  ventured  to  tlie  bedside 
of  two  youths  of  the  naval  academy,  who 
were  laboring  under  it,  and  whoVould 
have  been  thrown  back  a  year  in  their 
promotion,  had  he  not  exnmined  them. 

BIAN'<  'HI,  Antonio,  a  Venetian  gon- 
dolier of  the  16th  century,  who  obtained 
great  note  by  his  ])oetieal  talents,  author 
of  "]1  Templi  ovvero  di  Solomonc," 
and  "A  Treatise  on  Italian  Comedy." — 
John,  known  also  bvthe  Latin  name  of 
Janus  Pl.\ncl-s,  a  celebrated  Italian  pliy- 
sieian,  anatomist,  and  naturalist,  and 
the  reviver  of  tiie  Academy  of  the  Le- 
incei.  B.  at  Kimini,  1G',>''5;  d.  1775. — 
Francis,  u  musical  composer,  born  at 
Cremona,  author  of  "  Disertor  Fran- 
che»o,"  "  Semiramide,"  &c.     He  went 


to  England,  wrote  "Castoro  o  PoUuce" 
for  Madame  Storaee,  and  "Inez  de  Cas- 
tro" for  Mrs.  Billiugton  ;  and  died  early 
in  the  present  century. 

BIANCHINl,  Francis,  a  philosopher 
and  mathematician  of  Verona,  author  of 
"Istoria  Universale  provata  eon  Monu- 
menti  et  Figurata  con  symboli  degli 
Antichi,"  and  a  vast  nuniber  of  scien- 
tific and  literary  treatises.  B.  1662  ;  d. 
1729. 

BIART,  Pierre,  a  Jesuit  missionary, 
who  came  to  Acadia  in  1611,  and  who 
wrote  a  relation  of  the  events  of  his 
voyage  and  visit.  The  next  year  he  as- 
cended the  Kennebec,  and  in  1G13  ar- 
rived at  St.  Saveur  on  the  Penobscot. 
He  was  taken  prisoner  and  carried  to 
England  by  Argall. 

WAS,  called  one  of  the  wise  men  of 
Greece,  b.  at  Priene,  a  small  town  of 
Caria,  about  570  b.  c.  Tliough  born  to 
great  wealth,  he  lived  without  splendor, 
expending  his  fortune  in  relieving  the 
needy.  On  one  occasion,  certain  pirates 
brought  several  young  women  to  sell  a.s 
slaves  at  Priene.  Bias  purchased  tliein, 
and  maintained  them  until  he  had  an 
opportunity  of  returning  them  to  their 
friends.  Tliis  generous  action  made 
him  be  styled  "The  Prince  of  ^\'ise 
Men." 

BIBIENA,  Bernardo  da,  a  Eoman 
cardinal,  raised  from  a  low  origin  by 
Leo  X.,  author  of  a  comedy  entitleii 
"  La  Calandria,"  greatly  admired  in 
Italy.  B.  1470;  d.  by  poison,  as  it  is 
supposed,  1520. — Ferdinand  Galli,  an 
eminent  painter  and  architect.  B.  at 
Bologna,  1657  ;  d.  1743. 

BICHAT,  Maria  Francois  Xavier,  a 
celebrated  French  physician,  who,  du- 
ring a  short  career,  gave  an  impulse  to 
the  science  which  he'eultivated  that  has 
not  yet  ceased  to  be  felt,  was  b.  at  Tho- 
irett,  in  the  department  of  the  Ain, 
Nov.  11,  1771.  At  Paris,  he  studied 
under  the  direction  of  Desault,  who 
treated  him  as  a  son.  On  the  death  of 
that  distinguished  professor,  Bichat  su- 
perintended the  publication  of  his  surgi- 
cal works,  and,  in  1797,  began  to  lecture 
upon  anatomy,  in  connection  with  ex- 
pt'rimental  physiology  and  surgery.  In 
1800  appeared  his  "Traite  des 'Mem- 
branes," which  passed  through  numer- 
ous editions,  and  immediately  afcer  pub- 
lication, was  translated  into  almost  all 
the  languages  of  Europe.  In  the  same 
year  was  pul>lished  his  celebrated  work 
"Keeherches  sur  la  Vie  et  la  Mort," 
which  was  tbllowed  the  next  year  by 
his  "Anatomic  Generale,"   a  complete 


bid] 


CVCLOlMiDlA    Of    DIOGUAl'IIV. 


155 


code  of  modern  anatomy,  physiology, 
and  medicine.  In  the  tiSth  year  of  Ills 
acre,  Bic'liat  was  appointed  physieian 
of  tlie  Hotel-Dieu,  in  Paris,  and,  witli 
the  energy  characteristic  of  true  ffenius, 
be,<;an  his  labors  in  palhologictil  anat- 
omy. In  a  sinfjie  winter,  he  opened  no 
less  than  600  bodies.  Bicliat  is  the 
founder  of  the  medical  theory  at  present 
received,  lie  is  the  creator  of  general 
anatomy,  or  of  the  doctrine  of  the  iden- 
tity of  the  texture  of  tlie  different  orfrans, 
which  is  the  fundamental  principle  of 
modern  medicine.     D.  1802. 

BICKERSON,  Sir  Eichard  Hcssey, 
admiral  of  tlie  red,  and  general  of  ma- 
rines, was  b.  Oct.  11,  17511,  and  entered 
the  royal  navy  at  an  early  period.  D. 
1832. 

BICKERSTAFF,  Isaac,  a  dramatic 
writer  of  the  18th  century,  author  of 
" Love  in  a  Village,"  "Lionel  and  Cla- 
rissa," &c. 

BIDDERMAX,  Jonx  Gottlieb,  a 
German  writer,  and  rector  of  the  public 
Rcnool  at  Fricdburg,  author  of  treatises 
"Ue  Latinitate  Maccaronica,"  "Deln- 
Bolcutia,  Titoloruni  Librariorum,"  &c. 
D.  1772. 

BIDDLE,  John,  a  celebrated  Soeinian 
•writer,  was  b.  1615,  at  Wotton-under- 
Edgc.  Being  led  to  doubt  of  the  doc- 
trine of  the  Trinity,  he  drew  up  twelve 
arguments  on  the  subject;  in  conse- 
(juence  of  which  he  was  connnitted  to 
jail  by  the  parliamentary  connnittee  then 
sitting"  at  Gloucester,  but  was  liberated, 
on  security  being  given  for  his  appear- 
ance when  called  for.  About  six  months 
afterwards,  he  was  examined  before  a 
committee  of  the  parliament,  and  his 
pamphlet  ordered  to  be  burned  by  the 
common  hangman.  He  however  per- 
sisted in  his  opinion,  and,  in  1648,  pub- 
lished two  tracts,  containing  his  "Con- 
fession of  Faith,  concerning  the  Holy 
Trinity,  and  the  Testimonies  of  Ireua^us, 
Justin  Martyr,  and  several  other  early 
writers  on  the  same  subject."  These 
publications  induced  the  assembly  of 
divines  to  solicit  parliament  to  decree 
the  punishment  of  death  against  those 
who  should  oppugn  the  "established 
opinions  respectm;,'  the  Trinity.  He 
was,  some  time  after,  again  remanded 
to  prison,  by  the  zeal  of  President  Brad- 
shaw,  and  remained  for  some  years  in 
confinement,  sulijcctcd  to  the  "greatest 
privations.  A  general  act  of  oblivion, 
m  1651,  restored  hiui  to  libertv,  when 
he  immediately  disseininated  his  opin- 
ions. Cromwell  banished  him  to  St. 
Mary's  castle,  Scilly,  where  he  remained 


three  years,  until  the  protector  liberated 
him  in  1658.  He  then  became  pastor 
of  an  lndei)endent  congregation,  and 
continued  to  support  his  opinions  until 
fear  of  the  Presl)yterian  parliament  of 
Richard  Cromwell  induced  him  to  retire 
into  the  countiy.  On  the  restoration, 
he  was  apprehended  at  one  of  the  pri- 
vate assemblies,  and  upon  process  of 
law,  fined  .£180  and  ordered  to  lie  in 
prison  until  it  was  paid.  He  fell  a  mar- 
tyr to  this  sentence,  by  catching  one  of 
the  distempers  so  comnion  at  that  time 
in  jails,  and  d.  during  September  of  this 
year,  in  the  47th  year  of  his  age,  a  mar- 
tyr to  religious  intolerance.  Toulmin 
styles  him  the  father  of  the  modern  Uni- 
tarians.— NicnoL.vs,  an  American  naval 
commander,  b.  1750.  He  was  regularly 
bred  to  tlie  sea,  and  was  a  thorough 
seaman.  In  1770  he  went  to  London, 
and  entered  the  Britisli  navy.  After 
the  commencement  of  the  revolution, 
he  returned  to  l*hiladeli)hia.  Being  ap- 
pointed commander  of  the  Andrea  Do- 
ria,  a  brig  of  14  guns  and  130  men,  he 
sailed  under  Commodore  Hopkins,  in 
the  successful  expedition  against  New 
Providence.  After  refitting  at  New 
London,  he  was  ordered  to  proceed  olf 
tlie  bank  of  Newfoundland.  He  cap- 
tured, in  1776,  among  otlier  prizes,  two 
ships  from  Scotland,  with  4()0  Highland 
troops.  Being  appointed  to  the  com- 
mand of  the  Randolph,  a  frigate  of  82 
guns,  he  sailed  from  Philadelphia  in 
Feb.  1777.  He  soon  carried  into  Cliarles- 
ton,  four  valuable  prizes  bound  from 
Jamaica  to  London,  one  of  them,  the 
True  Briton,  of  20  gnns.  A  little  fleet 
was  now  fitted  out  under  his  command, 
with  which  he  cruised  in  the  West  In- 
dies. In  an  action  with  the  British  ship 
Yarmouth,  of  6-t  guns,  March  7,  1778, 
Capt.  Biddle  was  wounded,  and,  in  a 
few  minutes  afterwards,  while  he  wa8 
under  the  hands  of  the  surgeon,  the 
Randolph,  with  a  crew  of  315,  blew  up, 
and  he,  and  all  his  men  but  4,  perished. 
— NicnoL.vs,  a  son  of  Charles  Biddle 
who  was  distinguished  in  the  revolu- 
tionary war,  made  himself  known  as  a 
president  of  the  bank  of  the  United 
States.  lie  was  b.  in  Pennsylvania, 
educated  at  Princeton,  stu<lied  law  un- 
der Gen.  Armstrong,  edited  the  Port 
Folio  with  Dennic,  was  a  member  of 
the  Pennsylvania  legislature,  and  finally 
president  of  the  bank  at  the  time  it  was 
destroyed  bv  tlie  policy  of  Gen.  .fack- 
son.     1>.  1844. 

BIDLAKE,  John,  a  divine  and  p  let, 
was  b.  at  Plymouth  in  1755.    lie  was 


156 


CVCLOP.i:i)IA    01-'    BIOGKAPIIV. 


[bil 


educated  at  the  school  of  his  native  place, 
and  after  takincr  his  tii>t  degree  in  arts 
ut  Christ-church,  Oxford,  he  became 
master  of  the  same  seminary,  whicli  he 
conducted  with  reputation,  lie  pro- 
ceeded to  his  doctor's  degree,  and  in 
1811  was  appointed  to  preach  the  Banip- 
tou  Lectures  ;  but  in  the  act  of  deliver- 
iug  the  tliird  discourse,  lie  was  suddenly 
seized  with  an  epileptic  fit,  which  pro- 
duced total  blindness.  Besides  some 
single  sennons  on  ditferent  occasions, 
he  publislied  two  volumes  of  discourses  ; 
the  "Bainpton  Lectures;"  "Introduc- 
tion to  the  Study  of  Geography ;"  Poems, 
"The  Sea,  a  roem;"  "The  Country 
Parson,  a  Poem ;"  "  Eugenio,  or  the 
Precepts  of  Prudentius,  a  Tale ;"  "  The 
Summer  Eve,  a  Poem;"  "Virginia,  a 
Tragedy ;"  "  Youth,  a  Poem ;"  and  "The 
Year,  a' Poem."     U.  1814. 

BIDLOO,  Godfrey,  a  native  of  Am- 
sterdam, eminent  as  a  physician  and  an 
anatomical  writer.  He  was  professor  at 
the  Hague,  and  afterwards  at  Leyden, 
and  physician  to  King  William,  whom 
lie  attended  in  England.  Some  of  his 
poems  in  Low  Dutch  were  published  in 
1719.  His  great  work  is  "Anatomia 
Corporis  Humani,"  Amsterdam,  1685. 
D.  1713. 

BIEFIELD,  .Tames  Frederick,  baron 
de,  a  native  of  Hamburgh,  employed  by 
the  king  of  Prussia  as  secretaiy  of  le- 
gation, and  afterwards  as  preceptor  to 
Lis  brother,  Ferdinand,  and  in  1747 
made  curator  of  the  universities,  and 
afterwards  baron  and  privy  councillor. 
He  spent  the  last  part  of  his  life  in  litc- 
rarj'  retirement.  He  is  the  author  of 
several  works  not  highly  esteemed.  D. 
1770. 

BIEV^RE,  Marquis  de,  a  marshal  of 
France,  who  acquired  a  high  reputation 
as  a  wit  and  punster.  When  he  was 
introduced  to  Louis  XV.  the  king  de- 
sired that  he  should  make  a  pun.  "  Give 
me  a  subject,  sire,"  he  re])lied.  "Oh! 
make  one  on  me,"  rejoined  the  monarch. 
"  Nay,"  said  tlic  marquis,  as  quick  as 
thought,  "the  king  is  never  a  subject." 
He  wrote  two  comedies,  one  called  the 
"Seducer,"  which  still  keeps  possession 
of  the  French  stage  ;  the  other  "  Kepu- 
tations,"  which  hiis  not  so  much  merit. 
He  went  to  one  of  the  Spns  for  his  health, 
and  wliile  there,  on  his  death-bed,  could 
not  resist  the  temptation  to  play  upon 
words.  As  he  was  dying,  he  said,  "Je 
m'en  vais  de  ee  pas,  (de  Spa.)"  B. 
1747;  d.  1789. 

BIGLAND,  John,  a  voluminous 
writer,  originally  a  village  f  thoolmaster, 


whose  first  publication  did  not  appear 
till  he  was  50  years  of  ago;  author  of 
"  A  System  of  Geography  and  History," 
"Histories  of  Suaiu  and  England," 
"  Letters  on  Entclish  and  French  His- 
tory."    B.  1750;'"d.  1S32. 

BIGNE,  Marquerin  de  la,  a  doctor 
of  the  Sorbonno ;  compiler  of  the  first 
edition  of  the  "Bibliotheca  Patrum." 
B.  1546  ;  and  d,  at  Paris  about  the  close 
of  the  10th  century. 

BIGNEY,  Grace  de  la,  a  French 
ecclesiastic;  author  of  a  poem  entitled 
"Le  Koman  des  Oiseaux."     D.  1074. 

BIGNICOUET,  Simon  de,  a  counsellor 
of  Eheims  ;  author  of  "  Pensees  ct  Re- 
flexions Philosophiques."  B.  1709;  d. 
1775. 

BIGNOX,  Jerome,  a  learned  French 
writer;  author  of  treatises  "On  Konie 
and  its  Antiquities,"  "  On  the  Election 
of  the  Pope,"  &c. ;  and  editor  of  the 
"Formulaj"  of  Marculphus.  B.  1589; 
d.  1656. — John  Paul,  grandson  of  the 
above,  librarian  to  the  king  of  France  ; 
author  of  "  Les  Aventures  d'Abdalla 
fils  d'llauiff,"  &c.     D.  1743. 

BIGOT,  Americ,  an  eminent  French 
scholar.  He  assisted  in  the  publication 
of  several  works  ;  and  having  discovered 
Palladius's  Life  of  Chrysostom  in  the 
duke's  library  at  Florence,  he  published 
both  the  Greek  text  and  his  own  Latin 
translation  of  it.    B.  1626;  d.  1689. 

BILDERDYK,  William,  an  eminent 
Dutch  poet,  was  b.  at  Amsterdam,  1750. 
In  1776  he  obtained  from  the  society  of 
Leyden  the  first  prize  for  a  poem  on  the 
influence  of  poetry  upon  government. 
In  the  following  year  no  obtained  from 
the  same  society  two  prizes  for  an  ode 
and  a  didactic  poem,  "  On  True  Patriot- 
ism." Since  that  period,  he  has  ranked 
with  Feith,  and  Madame  de  Launoy, 
among  tlic  first  Dutch  poets.  In  1780 
he  obtained  a  new  prize  tor  a  poem  "  On 
the  Connection  of  Poetry  and  Eloquence 
with  Philosophy."  He  added  to  this 
poem,  some  time  afterwards,  an  import- 
ant commentary,  which  showed  him  to 
be  a  man  of  learning  and  a  philologer. 
BUderdyk,  besides  devoted  liimself  to 
law,  at  "the  Hague,  with  great  success. 
On  tlic  invasion  of  the  Netherlands  by 
the  French,  he  left  fiis  country  on  ac- 
count of  his  adherence  to  the  hereditary 
stadtholder,  and  removed  to  Brunswick, 
and  afterwanls  to  London,  where  ha 
delivered  in  the  French  language  lec- 
tures on  literature  and  poetry,  which 
were  numerously  attended.  After  the 
new  order  of  things  was  firmly  estab- 
lished in  Holland,  ho  returned  in  1799, 


CVCI.OP-KUIA    OK    BIOGRAPHV, 


15; 


and  soon  afterwards  published  Bome 
of  his  principal  works.  Anioiii,'  these 
are  a  didaetie  poem  on  astronomy,  and 
the  masterly  imitations  of  Delille's 
"  L'llonnne  des  Champs,"  and  "  Pope's 
Essay  on  Man."  Louis  Bonaparte,  on 
)iis  accession  to  the  tlirone,  :i])poiutod 
him  his  teacher  of  Dutch,  and  one  of  the 
first  members  of  the  national  institute 
founded  by  him.  After  the  incorpora- 
tion of  Holland  into  the  French  empire, 
his  muse  was  silent ;  but  she  rose  the 
more  vigorously  after  the  deliverance  of 
his  countrv.     I).  ]><31. 

B1LFI^'GEK,  George  Bernard,  a 
Gorman  writer  and  professor  of  jiluloso- 
phy  and  thcolojjy.  He  was  a  man  of 
most  extensive  learning,  and  the  author 
of  "  Dilucidationes  Fhilosophica;,"  &c. 
B.  ]fiS8;  d.  1750. 

BILGUKR,  Jony  Elric,  a  Swiss  sur- 
geon ;  author  of  several  professional 
treatises,  in  one  of  which  he  maintains 
the  utility  of  amputation  in  eases  of  gun- 
shot wounds,     I).  1796. 

BILLAUD,  Varennes  de,  the  son  of 
a  French  advocate  at  Roehelle,  was  edu- 
cated at  the  same  college  as  Fouchc,  and 
proved  himself  one  of  the  most  violent 
and  sanguinarv  characters  of  the  French 
revolution.  lie  bore  a  principal  part  in 
the  murders  and  horrid  massacres  which 
followed  the  destruction  of  the  Bastile  ; 
voted  immediate  death  to  the  unfortu- 
nate Louis  XVL  ;  and  officiated  as  presi- 
dent of  the  convention  on  the  18th  of 
Oct.,  1703.  lie  was  afterwards  deported 
to  Cayenne,  and  subsisted  on  a  small 
pension  allowed  him  bv  Pethion.  1).  at 
St.  Dominiro,  in  1810.  ' 

BILLING,  SiGisMoxD,  a  French  liber- 
al, b.  at  Calmar,  in  Alsace,  in  1773.  lie 
entered  the  army  at  the  very  eommenee- 
mcntof  the  revolution,  and  distinguished 
liimself  at  the  battle  of  Genappe'ancl  on 
other  occasions ;  was  commissary  of  war 
to  the  armies  of  the  Korth,  the  Khino, 
&c.,  in  1702,  and  to  the  army  of  Ger- 
many at  the  time  of  General  Moreau's 
retreat,  and  was  present  in  many  cele- 
brated battles  and  sieges.  "When  the 
reverses  of  Napoleon  had  endangered 
the  safety  of  Franco,  Billing,  as  the  com- 
mander oi'  a  legion  of  the  national  guard, 
surrounded  and  defended  the  chamber 
of  representatives  while  it  was  in  the 
act  of  pronouncing  the  emperor's  for- 
feiture, and  was  otherwise  active  in 
bringing  about  his  abdication.  lie  was 
also,  in  conceit  with  General  Lafayette, 
greatly  instrumental  in  effecting  the 
revolution  of  1S30,  which  seated  Xouis 
Philippe  on  the  throne.  D.  in  1S32. 
14 


BILLINGTONj  Elizabeth,  one  of  the 
greatest  female  smgers  of  her  own,  or 
perhaps  any  otiier  tnne,  was  of  German 
origin,  but  b.  in  England  iluring  1770. 
At  an  early  age  she  studied  the  piano- 
forte under  Schrocter,  and  attained  to 
an  extraordinary  proficiency.  At  four- 
teen, she  made  her  first  appearance  as  a 
singer  at  Oxford,  and  two  years  after- 
wards married  Mr.  Billington,  a  per- 
former on  the  double-bass.  She  appeared 
at  Covent- garden,  for  the  first  time,  as 
Kosetta,  iii  "  Love  in  a  Village,"  with 
such  success  as  to  secure  her  an  imme- 
diate engagement  at  what  was  then  con- 
sidered the  enormous  salary  of  £1000  for 
the  rest  of  the  season,  besides  a  benefit ; 
the    managers    afterwards     voluntarily 

fiving  her  the  profits  of  a  second  night. 
n  178-5,  she  appeared  at  the  concerts  of 
ancient  music  with  Madame  Mara,  whose 
brilliant  performance  she,  to  say  the  least, 
fully  equalled.  From  this  period,  till 
1703,  no  music  meeting,  opera,  or  con- 
cert of  reputation  was  considered  com  • 
plete  without  her.  In  the  last-named 
year  she  visited  Italy,  and  performed, 
accompanied  bj-  her  brother  C.  Weichsel, 
at  the  tiieatre  of  San  Carlos  at  Naples; 
Bianchi  composing  expressly  lor  her  hia 
celebrated  opera  "  Inez  de  Castro."  In 
1801,  her  wonderful  powers  being  then 
in  their  meridian,  she  returned  to  the 
London  stage,  appearing  alternately  at 
either  house.  In  1S17,  she  quitted  En- 
gland for  ever,  and  d.  after  a  short  ill- 
ness, at  her  villa  of  St.  Artien,  an  estate 
she  liad  purchased  in  the  Venetian  ter- 
ritories. 

BIXGLEY,  the  Garriek  of  the  Dutch 
stage,  was  b.  at  Rotterdam,  in  1755,  of 
English  parents.  In  1770,  in  his  twenty- 
fourth  year,  he  made  his  debut  at  Am- 
sterdam. The  public  odium  was  then 
excited  against  England,  on  account  of 
its  ships  having  captured  vessels  tinder 
the  Dutch  flag,  without  any  prcviou* 
declaration  of  war,  and  Bingley  was 
unfavorably  received.  But  he  soon  con- 
quered this  prejudice,  and  continued  to 
be  the  favorite  of  the  public.  In  170(5 
he  was  di  cctor  of  a  company  of  actors, 
who  played  principally  at  'Eotterdam 
and  the  Ilairue,  but  also  visited  other 
cities  of  Holland.  One  of  his  last  repre- 
sentations, in  which  he  was  assisted  by 
the  great  actress  Wattier  Ziesenis,  was 
the  part  of  Farnese,  in  Lalain's  tr.igedy 
of  "Maria,"  acted  in  1818,  before  the 
roval  familv.  In  the  same  year,  he  d.  at 
the  Ilaixue." 

BIOEKXSTAEIIL,  James  Joxas,  a 
distiniruished   traveller,  b.  nt  Rotarbo, 


158 


CVCLOP.EDI\    OK    lUOGRAPIir. 


S 


iji  the  Swedish  province  of  Sundermaun- 
land.  in  1731,  studied  at  Upsal,  at'ter- 
■vvurds  entered  the  Ihmilv  ot'Buron  Kud- 
beclv  as  tutor,  and  travelled  with  liis  son 
to  Eii^rlaud  and  tlie  continent  of  Europe. 
AVliile  residing  in  Paris  lie  studied  Ori- 
ental languattes.  On  the  return  of  his 
upil  to  'Sweden,  he  was  appointed  by 
iustavus  III.  to  make  the  tour  of 
Greece,  Syria,  and  Egypt,  receiving  at 
the  same  "time,  the  title  of  professor  at 
the  university  of  Lund.  He  now  went, 
at  the  king's  expense,  to  Constantinople, 
in  ITTii,  where  he  remained  for  some 
time,  to  learn  the  Turkish  language. 
Ho  then  proceeded  on  his  travels  as  far 
as  Saloiiiki,  where  he  d.  of  the  plague, 
1779.  He  had  given  an  account  of  his 
travels,  in  the  form  of  letters  to  his 
friend  Gloerwell,  who  at  first  published 
them  separately  in  a  journal,  which  ap- 
peared in  Stockholm;  and  afterwards 
in  separate  works. 

BION,  b.  in  Smyrna  or  in  its  neighbor- 
hood ;  a  Grecian  pastoral  poet,  of  whose 
life  no  account  is  to  be  found.  Among 
the  few  poems  written  by  him,  which 
have  descended  to  our  times,  his  elegy 
on  Adonis  is  considered  as  the  best. 
His  poems  together  with  those  of  Mos- 
clms  are  trenerally  found  as  an  appendix 
to  the  idyls  of  Theocritus,  and  have 
been  well  translated  by  Fawkes. — Nich- 
olas, a  French  mathematician ;  author 
of  a  "Treatise  on  the  Use  of  the  Globes," 
&e.     U.  ll-i^. 

BTRAGUE,  CLEME>n',  an  engraver  on 
gems,  said  to  have  been  the  first  discov- 
erer of  the  art  of  engraving  on  diamonds. 
He  wa.s  b.  at  Milan,  and  flourished  du- 
ring the  middle  of  the  16th  century. — 
Rene  de,  a  Milanese  of  noble  family, 
who  sought  shelter  in  France  from  the 
vencjeance  of  Louis  Sforza,  and  became 
a  cardinal  and  chancellor  of  France.  He 
is  infamously  memorable  as  one  of  the 
authors  of  tlie  massacre  of  St.  Bartholo- 
mew.    B.  l.-iOO;  d.  l.')8.3. 

BIRCH,  Tiii).u.\.s,  an  industrious  histo- 
rian and  biographer,  was  b.  at  London, 
in  1705.  He  became  usher  in  three 
ditfereiit  schools,  and  afterwards  took 
orders  in  the  church,  and  obtained 
in  1732,  a  living  in  Essex,  under  the 
patronaire  of  the  attorney-ircneral,  after- 
wards Lord  Hardwicke.  hi  1734  he  en- 
gaged with  some  coadjutors  in  writing 
the  "General  Historical  and  Critical 
Dictionary,"  founded  on  that  of  Bayle, 
and  completed  in  10  vols,  folio,  1741. 
II  •  suhse(|uently  obtained  various  pre- 
ferments in  the  church.  In  January, 
1765,  lie  wa^  killed  by  a  fall  from  his 


horse,  on  the  road  between  London  and 
Ilainpstead.  Birch  had  formed  very 
extensive  manuscript  collections,  which, 
together  with  his  library  of  printed  books, 
he  bequeathed  to  the  British  Museum. 
He  was  one  of  the  pioneers  of  literature. 
Dr.  Johnson  was  repeatedly  obliged  to 
him  for  literary  information,  bestowed 
on  him  a  Greek  epigram,  and  for  many 
years  corresponded  with  him.  The  lit- 
erature of  his  country  is  mucli  indebted 
to  the  activity  and  diligence  of  this  per- 
severing writer. — Samuel,  wlio  for  inimy 
years  played  a  distinguished  part  as  a 
member  of  the  corporation  of  Loudon, 
was  b.  in  that  city  in  1757,  and  succeed- 
ed his  father  in  his  well-established 
business  of  a  pastry-cook,  in  Cornhill. 
He  was  the  first  to  propose  the  measure 
of  arming  and  training  the  inhabitants 
as  volunteers;  and  he  had  the  honor, 
successively,  to  become  lieutenant,  ma- 
jor, and  lieutenant-colonel  commandant 
of  the  first  regiment  of  Loyal  London 
Volunteers.  Yet,  although  never  un- 
mindful of  his  position  as  a  party  man 
in  politics,  he  found  leisure  to  employ 
his  pen  in  various  walks  of  literature. 
He  was  also  among  the  earliest  and  most 
active  supporters  of  the  Literal^  Fund 
Society,  to  which  he  continued  attached 
till  his  decease,  and  had  long  been  the 
senior  memljcr  of  its  council.  In  1814 
he  filled  the  civic  chair.  D.  1841.— 
Hakvey,  the  assumed  name  of  Enoch 
Crosby,  a  person  employed  as  a  spy  for 
the  American  army,  and  whose  adven- 
tures have  given  occasion  to  one  of  the 
creations  of  Cooper,  the  American  nov- 
elist. 

BIRD,  William,  an  eminent  musician 
in  the  reign  of  Elizabeth.  He  chiefly 
composed  sacred  music,  and  to  him 
"  Nou  nobis  Domine"  is  attributed.  B. 
1.543  ;  d.  1653. — John,  an  eminent  math- 
ematical instrument  maker;  author  of 
"The  Method  of  constructing  Mural 
Quadrants,"  &c.  D.  1766. — Edward,  a 
painter,  chiefly  of  comic  subjects,  but 
who  also  executed  many  religious  and 
historical  pieces,  and  was  made  histori- 
cal painter  to  the  Princess  Charlotte  of 
Wales.     B.  1772;  d.  1819. 

BIREN,  John  Ekvest  de,  duke  of 
Courland,  the  son  of  a  peasant,  whose 
handsome  person  and  address  obtained 
liim  an  unbounded  influence  over  Anna, 
daughter  of  Peter  I.,  and  duchess  of 
Courland,  who,  when  she  ascended  the 
throne  of  Russia,  committed  the  reins 
of  sovernment  to  his  hands,  made  him 
duke  of  Courland,  and  at  her  death,  in 
1740,  left  him  regent  of  the  empire.     He 


nis] 


CVCLOP-'EDIA    OF    lUOGRAPIIV, 


159 


vrns  subsequently  banished  to  Siberia ; 
reeulleil  bv  Peter  III.,  and  liis  diifliy  re- 
Btorcd  to  him  by  Catlierinc,  in  17G3,  but 
whieli,  r.ix  years  afterwards,  lie  rclin- 
qiiislied  in  favor  of  his  eldest  son.  B. 
V)S7:  d.  1772. 

BIUKRKCK,  George,  M.D.,  president 
of  ilu:  London  Mechanics'  Institute,  was 
the  sou  of  a  merchant  and  banker  at 
Settle,  in  Yorksliire,  where  he  was  b.  in 
1771).  In  liis  boyhood  he  displayed  a 
stronj;  inclination  for  those  mechanical 
pursuits  to  which  he  afterwards  became 
so  devoted ;  but  his  friends  having  de- 
tcnnined  that  lie  should  embrace  the 
medical  profession,  he  first  studied  for 
this  oliject  at  Leeds,  then  removed  to 
London  to  become  a  pupil  of  Dr.  Baillie, 
and  subsequently  went  to  Edinburirh  to 
complete  his  education.  At  the  atre  of 
twenty-one  he  was  appointed  professor 
of  natural  history  in  the  Andersonian 
Institution  of  Glasgow;  and  havin;^ 
while  there  successfully  established  a 
mechanics'  class,  he  was  induced,  in 
1822,  to  found  the  London  Mechanics' 
Institute  in  Chancery  Lane,  to  which  so- 
ciety he  senerously  lent  £9000  for  erect- 
m<x  a  museum,  lecture-room,  &c.  Of 
this  institution  Dr.  Birkbeck  was  elect- 
ed president,  and  from  it  nearly  all  the 
various  mechanics'  institutes  through- 
out Great  Britain  have  been  established 
D.  1841. — Moitnis,  an  English  gentleman 
who  emigrated  to  America,  where  he 
purchased  so  vast  a  tract  of  land  as  to 
acquire  the  title  of  "Emperor  of  the 
Prairies  :"  author  of  "  Letters  from  Illi- 
nois, "  Notes  of  a  "  Journey  in  Amer- 
ica," (fee.  He  was  accidentally  drowned 
in  182-1. 

BIRKENHEAD,  Sir  John,  a  political 
writer  of  the  17th  century;  several  times 
imprisoned  during  the  eonnnonwealth 
for  writini;  in  favor  of  the  e.viled  king. 
B.  ir,i.-, :  d.  11)79. 

BIRKIIEAD,  IIexry,  a  modern  Latin 
poet,  b.  in  1617;  author  of  "  Otiuin 
Litorarium,"  &c.  He  d.  at  the  latter 
end  ot'tiie  17th  century. 

1)1  RON,  Ainr.vM)  de  Gontaut,  baron 
de,  a  celebrated  French  general,  honor- 
ed with  the  friendship  of  Henry  IV. 
He  was  slain  at  the  siege  of  Epernay,  in 
Champafrne,  in  l.'i92. — Oiiarles  de  Gon- 
TAi'T,  duke  de,  son  of  the  above;  ad- 
miral and  marshal  of  France,  and  a 
iavorite  of  Henry  IV.,  who  appointed 
him  his  ambassador  to  Eiiirlaud,  &c, 
and  raised  him  to  the  dukedom.  He 
was,  however,  seduced  by  the  intrigues 
of  the  court  of  Spain  to  join  in  a  conspir- 
acy against  his  royal  and  truly  generous 


friend  ;  for  which  crime  he  was  tried, 

condemned,  and  beheaded,  in  1602. — 
Duke  de  Lauznn,  b.  about  1760  ;  one  of 
the  most  celebrated  men  of  the  French 
revolution,  remarkable  at  once  for  his 
amours,  his  attachment  to  libertv,  and 
his  military  exploits.  He  served  with 
Lafayette  in  America,  and  attached  him- 
self to  the  party  of  the  duke  of  Orleans, 
on  his  return.  '  In  1702  he  was  joined 
with  Talleyrand  in  a  mission  to  this 
country;  on  his  return,  served  under 
Kochambeau,  in  Flanders  ;  and  perish- 
ed by  the  guillotine  at  the  end  of  1793, 
on  a  chartre  of  counter-revolution.  He 
d.  stoically,  ordering  oysters,  and  drink- 
ing wine  with  the  ex'ccutioner. 

BISCHOP,  Jonx  DE,  a  Dutch  histor- 
ical and  landscape  painter.  B.  1616;  d. 
16S6. — Samuel,  an  English  divine  and 
poet.     B.  1731 ;  d.  1795. 

BISCOE,  Richard,  an  English  divine  ; 
author  of  "  The  History  of  the  Acts  of 
the  Apostles,  confirmed  by  other  Au- 
thors.'^   D.  174S. 

BISI,  BoNAVENTURE,  an  esteemed  Bo- 
lognese  miniature  and  historical  painter. 
D.  1602. 

BISSET,  CnART.Es,  an  able  physician, 
and  a  writer  on  Jbrtification,  which  art 
he  studied  while  in  the  42d  regiment, 
and  received  promotion  for  his  skill  in 
it  at  the  siege  of  Bergen-op-Zoom,  by  the 
duke  of  Cumberland.  B.  1716  ;  d.  1791 
— .James,  an  ingenious  artist  and  amusing 
writer,  was  b.'at  Perth,  in  1762,  but  set- 
tled early  in  life  at  Birmingham,  where 
he  established  a  museum  and  shop  for 
curiosities,  which  he  afterwards  removed 
to  Leamington.  He  had  a  remarlaible 
facility  in  writing  rhymes  ;  and  being 
ever  ready  to  make  his  muse  subserve 
the  cau^  of  loyalty,  or  aid  the  progress 
of  art,  his  various  works  present  a  mot- 
ley appearance,  and  are  olten  singularlv 
droll  and  epigrammatic.  "  Guides," 
"  Directories,''  and  "  Poetic  Surveys" 
of  the  towns  in  which  he  lived,  look 
oddly  enough  when  placed  in  juxta- 
position with  "  Patriotic  Clarions," 
"Critical  Essays,"  and  "Comic  Stric- 
tures on  the  Fine  Ai-ts ;"  yet  such  were 
among  his  numerous  productions,  all  of 
which  ai-e  more  or  less  indebted  for  their 
notoriety  to  the  jingle  of  rhyme.  D. 
1.832. ^Robert,  a"  native  of  Scotland ; 
author  of  a  "  Life  of  Burke  ;"  a  "  Sketch 
of  Demoeraev,"  &e.     D.  1S05. 

BISSON.  Pierre  T.  .T.  G.,  b.  1767  ;  n 
French  general,  who  fouiiht  in  most  of 
Napoleon's  campaigns,  till  his  death,  at 
his  return  in  1811.  He  was  of  prodigi- 
ous size,  strength,  and  appetite,  and  was 


160 


CYCLOP.-EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


always  supplied  with  double  rations  of 
food,  by  order  of  Napoleon. 

BITAUBE,  Pall  JERiiiiiAn,  tlie  son 
of  French  refugee  parents  at  Konigs- 
berg,  where  he  was  b.  in  1782,  but  in 
afier  life  settled  in  Paris.  He  was  an 
author  of  considerable  repute,  and 
patronized  by  Fredericlc  II.  of  Prussia, 
and  by  Napoleon.  lie  translated  Homer, 
and  wrote  "Joseph,"  and  other  poems. 
D.  180S. 

BIVAE,  Don  Eodrigo  Dias  de,  or  the 
Citl,  a  hero  of  Spain,  whose  astonishing 
vidor  in  various  encounters  with  the 
Moors,  and  his  unjust  banishment,  af- 
forded rich  materials  both  for  history 
and  romance.  B.  at  Burgos,  1040  ;  d.  at 
Valencia,  1009. 

BIZUT,  PiEKKE,  a  French  writer ;  au- 
thor of  a  curious  work,  entitled  "  His- 
toiro  Medaillique  de  la  R^publique  de 
Hollande."'     B.  1C3G  ;  d.  16'Jt>. 

BLACK,  Joseph,  a  celebrated  chemist, 
b.  at  Bordeaux,  of  Scottish  parents,  in 
17'2S,  studied  medicine  at  Glasgow.  Dr. 
Cullen,  his  instructor,  inspired  liim  with 
a  taste  for  chemical  studies.  In  1754  he 
was  made  doctor  of  medicine,  at  Edin- 
burgh, and  delivered  an  inaugural  dis- 
sertation, "  De  Huniore  acido  a  Cibis 
oi-to  et  Magnesia  alba,"  which  exhibits 
the  outline  of  his  discoveries  relative  to 
carbonic  acid  and  the  alkalies.  In  175*5 
he  published  his  Experiments  on  White 
Magnesia,  Quicklime,  and  several  other 
Alkaline  Substances,  in  the  2d  volume 
of  the  Essays,  Physical  and  Literary,  of 
the  Edinburgh  Society.  He  demon- 
strates the  existence  of  an  aerial  fluid  in 
these  substances,  whicli  he  calls  fixed 
air,  the  presence  of  which  diminishes 
tlie  corrosive  power  of  the  alkalies  and 
the  calcareous  earths.  This  discovery 
formed  the  basis  of  all  those  wliich  have 
imuiortalized  the  names  of  Cavendish, 
Priestley,  Lavoisier,  &c.,  and  gave  a 
new  form  to  chemistry.  In  1751  lie  en- 
riched this  science  with  his  doctrine  of 
latent  heat,  which  has  led  to  such  im- 
portant results.  In  175(1  he  was  ap- 
pointed professor  of  medicine  and 
lecturer  on  chemistry  in  the  university 
at  Glasgow,  in  the  place  of  Dr.  Cullen, 
and,  in  1765,  wlien  Cullen  left  the  pro- 
fessor's chair  in  Edinburgh,  ho  was 
there  also  succeeded  by  Bhiel<.  No 
teacher  inspired  his  disciples  with  sucli 
a  zeal  for  study;  his  lectures,  therefore, 
contributed  mucli  to  make  the  taste  for 
chemical  science  general  in  England. 
Upon  Lavoisier's  proposal,  the  Academy 
of  Sciences,  in  Paris,  had  appointed  him 
one  of  its  eight  foreign  members.    His 


habits  were  siniplc,  his  character  cold 
and  reserved.  Though  of  eminent  abil- 
ity as  a  chemist,  he  injured  himself  by 
his  long  opposition  to  the  reception  of 
the  new  cliemical  theory.  At  length, 
however,  he  was  convinced  of  its  supe- 
rior accuracv,  and  did  justice  toils  mer- 
its.   D.  17',ilt. 

BLACK  ADDER,  John,  a  distinguish- 
ed preacher  among  the  Scottish  Cove- 
nanters. 

BLACKBURNE,  Francis,  an  English 
divine,  eminent  as  a  theological  writer, 
and  remarkable  for  the  publication  of 
works  favoring  dissent  from  the  cliurcli 
to  wliich  he  belonged,  was  b.  at  Rich- 
mond, in  Yorkshire,  in  1705,  and  was 
educated  at  Cambridge.  In  1750,  lie  was 
made  archdeacon  of  Cleveland.  He  was 
a  friend  to  religious  liberty,  and  hostile 
to  confessions  of  faith.  On  this  subject 
he  was  deeply  involved  in  controversy. 
The  most  celebrated  of  his  performances 
on  it  is  the  Confessional,  which  appeared 
in  1776.  His  works  have  been  collected 
iu  six  volumes  octavo.     He  d.  in  1787. 

BLACKBURN,  William,  eminent  as 
an  architect  and  surveyor,  was  b.  Decem- 
ber 20th,  1750,  in  Southwark.  His  na- 
tive genius  overcame  the  disadvantages 
of  a  contracted  education,  and  he  ob- 
tained a  medal  from  the  Royal  Academy, 
and  the  more  flattering  commendation 
of  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds,  for  the  best 
drawing  of  St.  Stephen's  church,  Wal- 
brook.  ^  D.  1790. 

BLACKLOCK,  Thomas,  a  divine  and 
poet,  was  b.  at  Annan,  iu  Dumfries,  in 
1721,  and  lost  his  sight  by  the  small-pox 
when  he  was  only  six  months  old.  To 
amuse  and  instruct  him,  his  father  and 
friend  used  to  read  to  him,  and  by  this 
means  he  acquired  a  fund  of  iuformatiou, 
and  even  some  knowledge  of  Latin.  At 
the  age  of  12  he  began  to  versify,  and  his 
devotion  to  the  Muses  was  continued 
through  life.  Considering  his  circum- 
stances, liis  poems  have  great  merit.  Ho 
studied  at  the  university  of  Edinburgli 
for  ten  years,  and  his  progress  in  the 
sciences  was  very  considcral)le.  He  was 
ordained  minister  of  Kircudbright,  but, 
being  opposed  by  the  parishioners,  he 
retired  on  an  annuity,  and  received  stu- 
dents at  Edinburgh  as  boarders,  and  as- 
sisted them  in  their  studies.  Besides 
liis  poems,  lie  is  the  author  of  some  the- 
ological works,  and  an  article  on  the  ed- 
ucation of  the  blind:  the  latter  was 
printed  in  the  Eiicyclo[)a3dia  Britaiinica. 
He  d.  in  July,  1791,  regretted  by  all  his 
friends. 

BLACKMORE,  Sir  Richard,  a  poet 


bla] 


CVCLOP.EDIA    OF    moaKAPHY. 


101 


and  physician,  was  b.  in  Wiltshire,  cd- 
ucrttccl  iit  Oxford,  took  liis  dffrrec  at  Pad- 
u:i,  and  was  kniy-htcd  by  ^\'illianl  III., 
wlio  also  appointed  hii^i  liis  physician. 
He  was  afterwards  pliysician  to  Queen 
Auue.  In  1G'.)6  lie  published  his  first 
poem.  Prince  Arthur,  which  was  rapidly 
succeeded  by  otlier  works  ;  nor  was  lie 
deterred  from  pursuingliiscarecr  by  the 
riclieule  which  was  heaped  upon  hii'n  by 
Dryden,  Tope,  and  nearly  all  the  wits  of 
theai^e,  whose  dislike  of  him  was  sliarp- 
ened  by  liis  whicr  principles.  lie  is  the 
author  of  nearly  thirty  works,  in  verse 
and  prose  ;  of  the  latter  many  are  on 
medical  subjects.  Ilis  best  poem  is  en- 
titled Creation^  Blackmore  was  an  in- 
different poet,  but  he  was  undoubtedly 
possessed  of  considerable  talent,  anil 
was  a  pious  and  worthy  man.  He  d.  in 
1720. 

BLACKSTONE,  Sir  AViLLiAir,  an  em- 
inent lawyer,  was  the  third  son  of  a  silk 
mercer,  and  was  b.  at  London,  in  1723. 
After  having  been  for  several  years  at 
the  Charter  house,  he  completed  his 
e<lucation  at  Pembroke  college,  Oxford, 
and  at  both  seminaries  displayed  supe- 
rior talent.  When  he  was  o'nly  29  he 
composed,  for  his  own  use,  a  Treatise  on 
the  Elements  of  Architecture.  Having 
chosen  the  profession  of  the  law,  and 
entered  tlie  Isiiddlc  Temple,  in  1741  he 
wrote  his  eloquent  valedictor}-  poem,  the 
Lawyer's  Farewell  to  his  Muse.  In  1743 
he  was  elected  a  fellow  of  All  Souls,  and 
in  1746  he  was  called  to  the  bar,  and 
went  the  circuit,  but  obtained  little  prac- 
tice. He  remained  in  comparative  ob- 
scurity till  1753,  when  he  began  to  de- 
liver, at  Oxford,  his  beautiful  lectures 
on  clie  English  laws  ;  which,  in  1765  and 
the  four  following  years,  he  published, 
with  the  title  of  •'  Commentaries  on  the 
Laws  of  England."  In  consequence  of 
these  lectures,  he  was  elected  Vinerian 
professor  of  law  in  the  university,  and 
obtained  a  great  accession  of  business. 
In  1761  he  sat  in  ]xirliamcnt  as  member 
fur  Ilindon,  and  was  made  king's  coun- 
sel, and  solicitor-general  to  the  queen. 
In  1770  he  was  offered  the  place  of  so- 
licitor-general, but  declined  it,  and  was 
made  a  judge  of  the  King's  I^nch, 
whence  he  was  soon  after  transferred  to 
the  Common  Pleas.  His  Law  Tracts 
were  published  in  1762,  and  his  Reports, 
two  volumes  folio,  after  his  death. 
Blackstonc  was  the  first  who  wrote  on 
the  dry  and  repulsive  subject  of  English 
law  in  such  a  manner  as  not  to  excite 
disgust  in  a  reader  of  taste.  Like  al- 
tnost  all  lawvers,  he  leans  to  the  side  of 
U* 


prerogative  ;  nor  is  there  much  more  of 
enlargcnicnt  in  his  principles  of  reli- 
gious liberty.  For  this  reason  he  was 
exposed  to  attack  from  Priebtley,  Bcn- 
tham,  and  Junius.     U.  1780. 

BLACKWALL,  ANTnoNY,  an  English 
divine,  author  of  a  "  Latin  Grammar," 
an  "Introduction  to  the  Classics,"  &c. 
D.  1730. 

BLACKWELL,  Thomas,  Greek  pro- 
fessor of  Aberdeen,  author  of  "  An  In- 
quiry into  the  Life  and  "Writings  of 
Homer,"  "Memoirs  of  the  Court  of 
Augustus,"  &c.  B.  1701;  d.  1757.— 
ALEXAxnER  and  Elizakkth,  husband  and 
wife  :  the  latter,  a  woman  of  talent,  who 
in  order  to  procure  subsistence  for  her 
husband  while  in  prison  for  debt,  pub- 
lished a  "Herbal"  in  2  vols.,  folio,  with 
500  plates,  drawn,  engraved,  and  colored 
by  herself,  all  in  the  space  of  four  years. 
The  work  succeeded,  and  her  husband 
was  liberated;  but  he  seemed  doomed 
to  be  the  sport  of  fortune  ;  for  after  hav- 
ing been  invited  to  Stockholm,  and  pen- 
sioned by  the  king  of  Sweden,  in  con- 
sequence of  his  being  the  author  of  a 
work  on  agriculture  which  attracted  the 
notice  of  that  monarch  ;  and  having  also 
had  the  merit  of  successfully  prescribing 
for  liis  majesty  when  he  was  danger- 
ously ill,  he  was  charged  with  being 
concerned  in  a  plot  with  Count  Tessin 
for  overturnin£r  the  kingdom,  tried,  and 
beheaded,  in  1747. 

_  BLA(  KM'OOD,  Sir  Hexky,  a  merito- 
rious British  admiral,  was  the  sixth  son 
of  Sir  John  Blackwood,  Bart.,  and  b.  in 
1770.  lie  was  present  at  Dogger-Bank, 
and  with  Nelson  at  Aboukir,  and  at 
Trafalgar.  D.  1832.— An  am,  a  Scotch 
writer^  author  of  "  The  Martyrdom  of 
Marv  Stuart,"  written  in  French,  &c. 
B.  1530  ;  d.  1613. 

BLADEX,  MAr.Tix,  a  military  officer 
under  the  duke  of  Marlborough,' author 
of  "  Orpheus  and  Eurydice,"  a  masque  ; 
"A  Translation  of  Caesar's  Commen- 
taries," (fee.     D.  1746. 

BLAEU,  or  JEMSSEN,  William,  a 
celebrated  geographer,  and  the  disciple 
of  Tycho  Brahe.  He  was  the  author  of 
a  very  magnificent  atlas.     1).  1638- 

BLAIK,  John,  a  Scotch  divine  of  the 
14th  century,  author  of  a  Latin  poem  on 
the  "Death  of  Wallace." — Pathkk,  an 
eminent  Scotch  physician  and  botanist, 
of  the  ISth  century,  author  of  "Botanic 
Essays,"  &c. — John,  a  prebend  of  West- 
minster, author  of  "  Clironolocrical  Ta- 
bles." and  "  Lectures  on  the  Canon  of 
the  Old  Testament."  D.  1782. — Robert, 
a  Scotch   divine,   author  of  the   well- 


i&Z 


CyUL0P-4:DIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY, 


[bla 


known  and  admirable  poem,  "  The 
Grave."  B.  1700;  d.  17-iG. — IIuoh,  a 
celebrated  divine,  b.  at  Edinburi,'h  in 
1718.  lie  was  educated  at  tlie  university 
ot'  liis  native  city,  wliere  he  took  his 
master's  desjree  in  17o(3.  lie  was  soon 
invited  to  tlie  second  chartfe  of  the  Can- 
nongate  church  of  Edinbur^li,  and  in 
17r)S  he  was  promoted  to  the  High 
church,  and  honored  with  the  degree 
of  D.D.  by  the  sister  university  of  St. 
Andrew's.  In  17.")'J  he  appeared  before 
the  public  as  lecturer  in  rhetoric  and 
belles  lettres,  and  with  such  etiect,  that 
the  king  in  170:^  erected  for  his  encour- 
agement, with  a  salary  of  £70  a  year,  a 
professorsliip  on  that  branch  of  litera- 
ture in  the  university.  His  dissertation 
in  support  of  the  authenticity  of  O-sian's 
poems,  appeared  in  1703,  and  in  1777  he 
publislied  tlie  lirst  volume  of  his  "Ser- 
mons," which  met  with  such  applause 
tluit  in  177'J  he  printed  a  second  volume, 
and  afterwards  three  volumes  more  ap- 
peared. These  discourses  became  pop- 
ular, not  only  in  Scotland  and  England, 
but  were  translated  into  tbreign  lan- 
guages, and  claimed  the  admiration  of 
the  learned  on  the  Continent.  At  the 
instance  of  the  queen,  to  whom  the  ser- 
mons were  dedicated,  the  worthy  pro- 
fessor obtained  a  pension  of  £:2oOa  year, 
which  was  increased  £100  more  in  178'-5, 
when  his  intirmities  obliged  him  to  re- 
sign his  public  offices.  His  "Lectures," 
in  3  vols.,  appeared  in  1783,  and  obtained 
as  rapid  a  sale  and  as  wide  a  circulation 
as  his  sermons.  D.  at  Eilinliurgh,  1800. 
— .John,  one  of  the  associate  jihIltcs  of 
the  supreme  court  of  the  United  States, 
d,  in  1800,  aged  68.  He  was  a  judge  of 
the  court  of  appeals  in  Virginia  in  1787, 
and  in  the  same  year,  he  was  a  member 
of  the  general  convention  which  formed 
tlie  constitution  of  the  United  States. 
To  that  instrument  the  names  of  Blair 
and  Madison  are  affixed  as  the  deputies 
from  Virginia.  When  the  new  govern- 
ment commenced  its  operation,  he  was 
appointed  by  Washington  to  the  olRce, 
wiiieh  he  l)eld  till  his  death. — Samcel, 
a  Presbyterian  minister,  was  a  native  of 
Ireland,  and  came  to  America  in  early 
life.  In  1745  he  established  an  academy 
at  Fog's  ilanor,  (Chester  countv,  Penn- 
Bvlvania,  and  took  tlie  pastoral  care  of 
tlie  churcli  in  that  place.  He  occupied 
the  first  rank  among  liis  eotemporarics 
in  talents,  learning,  piety,  and  useful- 
ness, botli  as  a  preacher  and  an  academ- 
ical instructor.     D.  about  17.51. 

BL.VIZE.  a  bishop  martyred  by  the 
Emperui  iJ.oclesian,  but  principally  cel- 


ebrated as  the  inventor  of  wool-comb- 
ing. 

BLAKE,  EoBEET,  a  famous  English 
admiral,  b.  Aug.  1.5,  151)9,  at  Bridge- 
water,  in  Somersetshire,  where  he  was 
educated  at  the  grammar-school.  Ilav 
ing  served  some  years  in  the  parlianieut 
army,  he  was  in  Feb.  Iij48-'J  appointed 
to  command  the  fleet,  in  conjunction 
with  Col.  Deane  and  Col.  Popham. 
Uurins  nine  years'  active  service  in  the 
navy  he  performed  exploits  that,  for  the 
skill  with  which  they  were  conducted, 
and  the  success  tha't  attended  thein, 
were  never  surpassed.  His  four  vic- 
tories over  the  Dutch  fleet  under  Van 
Tronip  were  his  most  brilliant  exploits, 
lie  d.  as  the  fleet  was  entering  Ply-' 
mouth,  the  17th  of  Aug.,  1657,  aged  58. 
His  body  was  conveyed  to  Westminster 
abbey,  and  interred"  in  Henry  Vllth'a 
chapel ;  but  disgracefully  disinterred 
from  thence  in  1661,  by  Charles  II.  and 
flung  into  a  hole  in  St.  Margaret's 
churchyard. — William,  an  engraver  of 
great  liierit,  but  of  eccentric  taste ;  he 
was  a  pupil  of  Basire.  B.  1759;  d.  1827. 
— .John  Bkadlky,  b.  in  London,  1745, 
and  educated  at  Westminster  school. 
After  acquiring  a  deep  knowledge  of 
chemistry  and  mathematics,  in  the  pui- 
suit  of  his  favorite  study  of  botany,  he 
went  to  China  as  supercargo  of  the  India 
company,  and  with  laudable  assiduity 
collectei'l  and  sent  to  Europe  the  seeds 
of  all  the  vegetables  of  that  remote 
country  used  by  the  natives  for  pur- 
poses either  of  medicine,  food,  or  man- 
ufactures, lie  began  likewise  a  valu- 
able collection  of  ores  and  fossils,  but 
his  great  application  weakened  his  con- 
stitution, he  was  afflicted  with  the  stone, 
and  the  complaint  when  attended  by  a 
fever  proved  fatal.  D.  at  Canton,  1773. 
— JoAcniM,  a  Spanish  general,  was  b.  at 
Velez  Malaga,  and  served,  first  as  cap- 
tain, and  next  as  major,  in  the  war, 
from  17'j3  to  1795,  between  France  and 
Spain.  When  Napoleon  seized  the 
crown  of  Spain,  Blake  espoused  the 
cause  of  his  country;  but  with  more 
valor  and  zeal  than  success.  Though 
defeated  at  Kio  Seco  and  Espinosa,  be 
still  sustained  his  military  character. 
In  1510  he  was  appointed  one  of  the 
regency,  from  which  rank  he  was  trans- 
ferred to  that  of  captain-general.  Hav- 
ing been  defeated  at  Murvicdro,  he  shut 
himself  up  with  his  army  in  "'alencia, 
but  was  ii"  '.ongth  compelled  to  surren- 
der. In  'sSO,  on  the  cstaVtlishment  of 
the  constitution,  he  was  admitted  into 
tlie  council  of  state ;  and  his  atta^liraent 


IJLAJ 


CYCLOP.liUIA    OF    UIOGKAIMIY, 


16J 


to  that  constitution  subsequently  ex- 
posed him  to  danger.  D.  1827. — Joseph, 
•.'overr.or  of  South  Carolina,  was  a  pro- 
jrictary  and  a  nenh'jw  of  the  famous 
Admiral  Blake,  lie  was  governor  but 
one  year.  During  Blake's  administra- 
tion a  set  of  41  articles,  called  "The 
last  Fundamental  Constitutions,"  was 
sent  from  England,  by  the  carl  of  Bath, 
the  palatine,  and  other  patentees  ;  but 
tlie  Huuige  in  the  government  was  never 
fdutirmed  by  the  Carolina  assembly.  J). 
I"ii0.  —  WiLLi.\M,  a  comedian  of  great 
accomplishments  and  talent,  whose  per- 
formances at  Covent-garden  were  long 
tlie  delight  of  London.     D.  1835. 

BI.AKELY,  Johnston,  a  captain  in 
the  United  States'  navy  during  the  late 
war,  was  b.  in  Ireland  in  ITSl.  Two 
vears  after  his  father  emigrated  to  the 
"United  States,  and  settled  in  North  Caro- 
lina. Young  Blakely  was  placed,  in 
ITOO,  at  the  university  of  North  Caro- 
lina, but  circumstances  having  deprived 
him  of  the  means  of  adequate  support, 
he  left  college,  and  in  ISuO  obtained  a 
midshipman's  warrant.  In  1813  he  was 
appointed  to  the  command  of  the  Wasp, 
and  in  this  vessel  took  his  Britannic 
Majesty's  ship  Reindeer,  after  an  action 
of  nineteen  minutes.  The  Wasp  after- 
wards put  into  L'Oricnt;  from  wliich 
port  she  sailed  August  27.  On  the  eve- 
ning of  tlie  1st  of  September,  1814,  she 
fell  in  with  four  sail,  at  considerable  dis- 
tances from  each  other.  One  of  these 
was  the  brig-of-war  Avon,  which  struck 
after  a  severe  action  ;  but  captain  B.  was 
prevented  from  taking  possession  by 
the  approach  of  another  vessel.  The 
enemy  reported  that  they  had  simk  the 
AVasp  by  the  first  broadside,  but  she 
was  afterwards  spoken  by  a  vessel  off 
the  Western  Isles.  After  this  we  hear 
of  her  no  more.  Captain  Blakely  was 
consi<lered  a  man  of  uncommon  courage 
hnd  intellect.  In  testimony  of  respect 
to  his  memory,  the  legislature  of  North 
Carolina  educated  his  only  child,  a 
(lauffhtcr.  at  the  public  expense. 

BLAMPINI,  TnoMAs,  a  Benedic- 
tine monk,  editor  of  a  splendid  edi- 
tion of  the  works  of  St.  Augastin.  D. 
1710. 

BLANC,  Antony  de  Guillkt  pk,  a 
French  dramatist;  author  of  "  Manco 
Capao,"  a  trairedy,  and  various  other 
dramas.  B.  17-U);"  d.  1799. — John  Beu- 
NARD  LE,  a  French  writer,  author  of 
"  Letters  on  the  Enulish  Nation,"  &e. 
B.  1707;  d.  1781. 

BLANCIIAKD,  James,  an  eminent 
painter,  who   bears   the   honorable   de- 


nomination of  the  French  Titian.  Ho 
was  an  indefatigable  artist,  and  lef«, 
many  pictures.  His  finest  work  is  the 
"  Descent  of  the  Holy  Ghost,"  which  is 
considered  as  one  of  the  best  jiroduc- 
tions  of  the  French  school.  B.  ItiOO  ;  d. 
16o8. — Francis,  a  celebrated  French  aero- 
naut, b.  in  1738,  was  distinguished  from 
his  youtli  by  his  mechanical  inventions. 
After  making  his  first  aerostatic  voyage 
in  1784,  he  crossed  the  Channel  from 
Dover  to  Calais,  1785,  for  which  exploit 
he  was  rewarded  by  the  king  of  France 
with  12,0i'i0  francs,  and  a  pension  of 
1200  fr.  He  first  made  use  of  a  para- 
chute in  Loudon,  in  1785 ;  went  through 
various  countries  on  the  Continent,  ex- 
hibiting his  aeronautic  skill ;  visited 
America  with  tlie  same  object;  and  re- 
turning in  1798,  ascended  in  Rouen  with 
IG  persons  in  a  large  balloon,  and  de- 
scended at  a  place  15  miles  distant.  D. 
1809. — Madame  Blanchakd,  his  wife, 
continued  to  make  aerial  voyages,  but 
in  June,  1819,  having  ascended  from 
Tivoli,  in  Paris,  her  balloon  took  fire, 
at  a  considerable  height,  owing  to  some 
fireworks  which  she  carried  with  her, 
the  car  fell,  and  the  hapless  aeronaut 
was  dashed  to  pieces. — John  Baitist,  a 
French  Jesuit,  and  professor  of  rhetoric, 
author  of  "  Tlie  Temple  of  the  Muses," 
(fee.  B.  1731 ;  d.  1797. — Laman,  a  grace- 
ful periodical  writer,  was  b.  at  Great 
Yarmouth,  in  1803.  Ills  father  having 
removed  to  London  when  he  was  5 
years  of  age,  he  received  his  education 
at  St.  Olave's  school,  Lambetli,  and  here 
was  laid  the  groundv.ork  of  those  lit- 
erary tastes  and  habits  which  distin- 
guished him  through  life.  His  first 
occupation  was  that  of  reader  at  Cox 
and  Baylis'  printing-office  in  Great 
(iueen-strcet :  in  1827  he  became  secre- 
tary to  the  Zoological  Society,  and  in 
1831,  editor  of  the  Montlily  Magazine. 
He  subse(picntly  became  connected  with 
the  True  Sun,  the  Constitutional,  the 
Courier,  the  Court  Journal,  and  the  Ex- 
aminer, and  was  a  constant  contributor 
to  the  lighter  periodicals  of  the  day.  D. 
bv  suicide,  1^45. 

■^BLANCIIE,  of  Castile,  queen  of 
Louis  VIII.  of  France.  She  died  of 
grief,  on  account  of  the  defeat  and  im- 
prisonment of  her  son,  Louis  IX.,  in 
Palestine,  1252. 

BLANCIIELANDE,  Pierre,  b.  1735, 
governor  of  St.  Domingo  wlien  the  de- 
cree of  instant  emancipation  for  the 
slaves  caused  a  universal  tumult.  He 
urged  the  suspension  of  the  decree,  and, 
bein?  arrested  as  a  counter-revolutionist, 


164 


CYCLUP.iiDlA    OF    lUUGKAPHY, 


blb] 


was  condno'eclto  Piiris,  and  perished  by 
ilie  ffuillotiue  in  1793. 

BLAN'CIIET,  Francis,  the  sou  of 
parents  in  humble  lite,  was  b.  in  1707, 
at  Antrervillc,  and  educated  at  the  col- 
lege oV  Louis  XIV.  He  was  first  a  pro- 
fessor in  two  provinc-ial  collenres,  next 
enijjloyed  himself  in  private  tuition,  and 
i;istly,'obtained  an  otiice  in  the  king's 
library  and  cabinet.  Blanchet  was  one 
ot'  the  most  amiable  of  men,  and  the 
ni'jst  alleotionately  paternal  of  tutors. 
As  an  author  he  has  great  merit.  His 
'•Apologues  and  Tales"'  are  told  with 
spirit  and  grace.    B.  17-13. 

BLAND,  M.UiiA  Theresa,  an  actress 
and  vocalist,  was  b.  at  Caen,  in  Nor- 
mandy, in  1770,  and  went  to  England 
with  her  parents,  who  were  Italians, 
shortly  after.  \Vheu  under  5  years  of 
age  she  sang  (as  Miss  Komanizi)  at  Sad- 
ler's Wells  ;  obtained  an  engagement  at 
Drnry-lane  theatre  in  178'J ;  and  sub- 
sequently appeared  as  the  heroine  in 
the  nnisical  dramas  written  l>y  Cohuan 
for  his  theatre  in  the  Hay  market.  In 
17iiO  she  was  married  to  Jlr.  George 
Bland,  brother  of  the  celebrated  Mrs. 
Jordan.  She  continued  on  the  boards 
of  Drury  till  that  theatre  was  burnt,  in 
iSijy  ;  and  for  many  years  delighted  the 
lovers  of  simple  melody  with  her  strains 
at  Vauxhall .Gardens. '  Her  latter  years 
were  clouded  by  a  degree  of  mental  im- 
becility which  prevented  her  appearing 
in  pulilie  ;  but  in  1804,  by  the  proceeds 
of  a  benefit  which  was  granted  to  her  at 
Drury-lane,  together  with  a  sum  liber- 
ally given  by  Uie  late  Lord  Egremont, 
an  annuitv  of  £70  was  secured  to  her 
for  life.  b.  1837. — Elizaketii,  an  En- 
glish lady,  eminent  for  her  knowledge 
of  Hebrew.  A  jjhylaetery  of  her  writ- 
ings is  preserved  by  the  .Royal  Society. 
D.  1720. — KicnARD,'a  i)olitical  writer  of 
Virginia,  was  for  some  years  a  principal 
member  of  the  house  of  burgesses.  In 
17C8  he  was  one  of  a.  committee  to  re- 
monstrate with  parliament  on  the  sub- 
ject of  taxation ;  in  1773  one  of  the  com- 
mittee of  correspondence ;  in  1774  a 
delegate  in  congress.  He  was  again 
chosen  a  deputy  to  congress  in  1775. 
Though  he  declined  the  appointment 
from  old  age,  he  declared,  he  should 
ever  be  animated,  "  to  support  the  glo- 
rious cause,  in  which  America  was  en- 
gaged." D.  1778. — TuEODoiiic,  a  patriot 
and  statesman,  was  a  native  of  Virginia. 
He  was  bred  to  medicine,  but  at  the 
commencement  of  the  revolutionary 
war,  he  took  an  active  part  in  the  cause 
of  his  country.     Ho  soon  rose  to  the 


rank  of  colonel,  and  had  the  command 
of  a  regiment  of  dragoons.  Li  177'J  he 
was  appointed  to  the  command  of  the 
convention  troops  at  Albemarle  barracks 
in  Virginia,  lie  was  chosen  a  repre- 
sentative from  Virginia,  in  the  first  con- 
gress under  the  present  constitution  of 
the  United  States.     D.  1790. 

BLANDEATA,  George,  an  Italian 
physician,  who  renewed  all  the  tenets 
of  Arius  with  respect  to  the  Trinity. 
He  fled  from  the  persecution  of  the  in- 
quisitors of  Pavia  to  Geneva,  and  after- 
wards to  Poland,  where  the  king,  Ste- 
phen Battori,  made  him  a  privy  coun- 
cillor. He  attempted  to  make  the  king 
a  follower  of  his  opinions,  but  faUed. 
He  was  strangled  by  his  nephew,  & 
worthless  character,  to  whom  he  had 
left  his  property,  15'J3. 

BLANKOF,  John  Fenxisz,  a  Dutch 
marine  painter  of  considerable  eminence. 
He  was  at  the  outset  a  scholar  of  Ever- 
dinijen,  but  finished  his  studies  atEome. 
His  best  pictures  represent  storms  on 
the  coast  of  the  Mediterranean,  in  which 
he  combined  Flemish  fidelity  with  Ital- 
ian grandeur.    B.  1623. 

BLASIUS,  Gerard,  a  Flemish  phys'- 
elan,  who  distinguished  himself  by  his 
researches  in  anatomy  and  physiology. 
He  was  graduated  at  Leyden,  and  waa 
afterwards  a  professor  at  Amsterdam. 
He  was  the  earliest  writer  of  importance 
on  compai-ative  anatomy.  His  chief 
works  w^ere  "  Observata  Anatomiea," 
&c.,  and  "Zootonieal,  sen  Anatom33 
variorum  Aniinalium."     D.  1682. 

BLAYNEY,  Benjamin,  a  divine  and 
biblical  critic,  was  educated  at  Oxford, 
where  he  became  M.A.  in  1753,  and 
D.I),  in  1787.  He  was  professor  of  He- 
brew at  that  university,  canon  of  Christ- 
church,  and  rector  of  Polshot,  Wilts, 
lie  translated  Jeremiah,  tiie  Lamenta- 
tions, and  Zcehariaii ;  edited  the  Oxlbrd 
Biljle  in  17Gt< ;  and  wrote  a  Dissertation 
on  Daniel's  Seventy  Weeks.     D.  1801. 

BLEDDIN,  a  BrUish  bard  of  the  13th 
centurv,  manv  of  whose  pieces  are  in 
the  Welsh  ArV-bicoloiXV. 

BLEDRI.  bisliop  ofLlandraff  in  1023 ; 
Burnamed  tJie  -wise  on  account  of  his  great 
learniii'i-. 

BLEECKEE,  Ann  Eliza,  a  lady  of 
some  literary  celebrity  in  New  Y'ork, 
daughter  of"  Mr.  Brandt  Schuyler,  and 
wife  of  John  J.  Bleeeker.  Slie  resided 
after  her  marriage  at  Tomhanic,  a  soli- 
itary  and  lieautiful  ])Iacc  IS  miles  above 
Alljany,  but  was  driven  from  it  in  the 
night  bv  the  approach  of  Burgoyne'a 
army,     tier  writings,  both  in  prose  and 


CYCLOP-'EDIA    OF    HlOCnAlMlV. 


ir,5 


poetry,  were  published  in  1703,  by  her 
claughtor,  who  likewise  distiii^nislied 
herself  as  a  writer,  Margaret  V.  Fau- 
geres.  B.  17.')2;  d.  1783.— Antiionv,  a 
poet  of  the  city  of  New  York,  educated 
at  Columbia  college,  and  attained  a  re- 
spectable position  as  a  lawyer.  For 
nearly  thirty  years  he  was  a  loading  con- 
tribnior  to  the  periodicals  of  Xcw  York 
and  l'hiia<leli_.hia.     B.  1778;  d.  lP-27. 

BLKFKEN,  l)iTMMAH,a  voyager  of  the 
16th  century;  author  of  an  exceedingly 
curious  "Account  of  Iceland,"  <tc. 

BLEIS^VI('K,  Pi.TKu  VAN,  b.  in  1721 ; 
grand  pensionary  of  the  Dutch  states- 
general  at  the  revolution,  by  -which  he 
was  divested  of  his  office.  He  was  the  au- 
thor of  a  valuable  work,  "De  Aggeribus." 
BLESSINGTON,  Maroarkt  Tower, 
Countess  of,  celebrated  for  her  beauty, 
aecoinplishrncnts,  and  literary  produc- 
tions, was  b.  in  the  county  of  Waterford 
in  1780.  At  the  early  age  of  15  she  con- 
tracted an  ill-fated  marriage  with  Captain 
Fanner,  and  soon  after  his  death  the 
Earl  of  Blessington  sought  and  obtained 
her  hand  in  ISIS.  After  her  marriage 
she  passed  several  years  abroad,  but  they 
are'  chicily  remarkable  for  having  led  to 
her  acquaintance  with  Lord  Byron, 
which  soon  ripened  into  intimacy,  and 
enabled  hersnnscqnently  to  publish  one 
of  the  most  interesting  works,  her  "  Con- 
versations w^ith  Lord  Byron."  Soon  af- 
ter her  husband's  death'in  1820,  she  fixed 
her  residence  in  London,  where  she  gain- 
ed a  distinguished  place  in  literary  and 
so-called  fashionable  society.  Her  house 
became  the  centre-point  of  every  variety 
of  talent ;  and  there  were  few  literary 
celebrities,  native  or  foreign,  who  did  not 
share  in  the  hospitalities  of  Gore  House. 
Besides  the  "Conversations"  above  men- 
tioned, she  published  many  novels,  of 
which  "  Grace  Cassadv,  or  the  Eepeal- 
ers,"  "  The  Two  Friends,"  "Meredith," 
"  Stratherne,"  "Tiie  Lottery  of  Life," 
"  The  Victims  of  Society,"  itc,  are  the 
chief;  and  several  works  full  of  person- 
al anecdote,  epigram,  sentiment,  and 
description,  s\ich  as  "  The  Idler  in  Ita- 
ly," "The  Idler  in  France,"  "  Memoirs 
of  a  Femmc  do  Chambre,"  "The  Belle 
of  the  Season,"  &c.  For  many  years 
she  edited  the  far-famed  annuals,  "  The 
Book  of  Beautv"  and  "The  Keepsake." 
D.  at  Paris,  ls4o. 

BLETTEKIE,  John  Pnn.ip  Eexe  de 
LA,  b.  at  Eennes.  lie  was  professor  of 
eloquence  at  the  Eoyal  College,  and  a 
member  of  the  Academy  of  Belles 
Lettres.  He  wrote  Lives  of  Julian  and 
Jovian  ;  and  translated  part  of  Tacitus. 


Gibbon  highly  praises  the  Lives,  and  his 
counlrymcn  consider  them  as  models  of 
imjiartialitv,  precision,  clcirance,  and 
judgment."    B.  lOOfi  ;  D.  1772. 

BLIGH,  Gkoroi:  Mit.i.ku,  was  the  sou 
of  Admiral  Sir  R.  B.  Bligh.  He  entered 
the  n.ivy  in  1704.  lie  touLdit  under  Nel- 
son in  the  liattlc  of  Trafalgar,  in  which 
he  was  severely  wounded.  He  was  made 
a  commander  in  18ii(i.     T).  I'iSo. 

BLIN  I)E  SAINMOPtE,  Andkkw  Mi- 
chael Hyacinth,  was  b.  at  Paris,  in 
173:5.  At  the  very  outset  of  his  career 
he  lost  all  his  fortune,  but  his  literary 
talents  procured  him  friends,  and  he 
successtully  tilled  several  honorable  of- 
fices connected  with  literature,  the  last 
of  which  was  that  of  conservator  of  the 
library  of  the  arsenal.  He  is  the  author 
of  Orpheus,  a  ti'agedy,  and  of  many  he- 
roic epistles  and  fugitive  poems  of  no 
common  merit.      I).  1807. 

BLIZZARD,  Sir  William,  a  surgeon 
and  anatomist  of  considerable  eminence, 
was  b.  in  1742.  During  a  long  life  of 
professional  activity  and  experience  ho 
maintained  a  high  reputation  ;  and  was 
for  many  years  professor  of  anatomy  to 
the  IJoyal  College  of  Surgeons,  and  a 
fellow  of  the  Koyal  and  Antiquarian  so- 
cieties. He  was'also  the  author  of  sev- 
eral valuable  works,  viz.  "  Suggestions 
for  the  Improvements  of  Hospitals," 
"Reflections  on  Police."  "Lecture  on 
the  Large  Blood-vessels."    D.  1855. 

BLOCH,  Marcus  Eliezer,  an  ingeni- 
ous naturalist  and  phy.-^ician,  and  a  Jew 
by  birth,  was  b.  at  Anspach,  of  mean 
parentage  ;  but  entering  into  the  service 
of  a  physician,  he  studieel  medicine, 
anatomy!^  and  natural  history  with  great 
success,  and  became  jiarticularly  emi- 
nent in  the  last-named  science.  His 
"  Ichthyology,"  produced  at  Berlin  in 
1785,  at  the  expense  of  the  wealthiest 
princes  of  Germany,  is  a  magnificent  na- 
tional work.  His  "treatise  "  On  Intesti- 
nal AVornis"  is  also  in  high  estimation. 
B.  1723 ;  d.  1700. — Joanna  Kuerten,  a 
female  of  Amsterdam,  who  excelled  in 
cutting  landscapes,  sea-pieces,  flowers, 
and  even  portraits,  out  of  paper,  with 
the  most  perfect  resemblance  of  nature. 
Her  productions  sold  at  enormous  prices, 
and  she  was  patronized  ly  several  sov- 
ereigns. B.  1G50  ;  d.  171 .")' — Joiiy  Er.\s- 
Mus,  a  gardener  of  Copenhagen,  who 
published  a  "  Ilorticultura  Danica"  in 
1G47. — Benjamin,  Jacob,  and  Daniel,  of 
a  family  in  Pomerania,  distinguished  as 
painters  of  architectural  and  historical 
pieces  and  portraits.  Daniel  excelling  iu 
the  latter    especially.— (itoRHE    C.vsto- 


lt>C 


CrCLOP.EDIA    OF    UlUGRAl  HV. 


[bi.o 


RKN3.  a  native  ol"  Denmark,  bishop  of  Ki- 
pp.u,  who  wrote  a  botanical  work  in- 
tended to  illustrate  the  Old  Testament, 
called  "  Testanien  Thoenicologiees  Sa- 
en¥."    1).  177;!. 

BLOEMART,  Abraham,  a  Dutch 
painter,  b.  at  Goreuni,  15(35,  d.  at  Utrecht 
ni  1G17.  His  paintings  are  reproached 
witli  various  faults,  yet  he  is  distinguish- 
ed by  the  brilliancy  of  his  colors,  and 
the  richness  of  his'  invention.  In  the 
representation  of  tlic  clilaro-oscuro  he 
may  be  called  great.  He  painted  all 
sorts  of  objects ;  but  his  landscapes  are 
tiie  most  esteemed.  He  had  four  sons, 
of  whom  the  youngest  Cornelius,  is 
the  most  distinguished.  He  was  b.  at 
Utrecht,  1G0;5,  and  d.  at  Kome,  1680. 
He  was  an  engraver,  and  his  engravings 
are  distinguished  for  purity,  elegance, 
and  softness.  He  was  the  founder  of  a 
new  school,  from  which  proceeded  Bau- 
dot, Poillv.  riiastcu,  Speier,  Koullat,  &c. 

BLOMiiFlELD,  Fuangis,  an  English 
topographer  and  divine ;  author  of  "  Col- 
lectanea Cantabrigiensia,"  &c.     D.  1755. 

BLOMFIELD,  Edw.uid  Valentine, 
a  distinguished  classical  scholar,  who 
received  his  education  at  Gains  college, 
Cambridge,  where,  besides  other  prizes, 
he  gained,  in  ISO'J,  a  medal  for  writing 
his  beautiful  ode,  ''  In  Desideriuin  Tor- 
soni."'     B.  1786;  d.  1816. 

BLOND,  James  Christopher  le,  a 
miniature  painter;  and  author  of  a  trea- 
tise on  a  method  of  engraving  in  colors. 
B.  1670;  d.  1741. 

BLONDEL,  a  minstrel,  and  liivorite 
of  Kichard  Cujur  dc  Lion,  whom  lie  is 
said  to  have  discovered  in  his  German 
dungeon,  by  sin<;ing  beneath  its  walls 
the  first  part  of  a  song  of  their  joint  com- 
position.— David,  a  Protestant  writer 
and  minister,  was  b.  in  15'Jl,  at  Chalons 
sur  Marne.  In  1650  he  was  invited  to 
Amsterdam,  to  succeed  Vasorius,  as  pro- 
fessor of  history,  and  he  d.  there  in  1665, 
after  having  lost  his  sight  in  conseciuenee 
of  the  humidity  of  tlie  climate.  Blondel 
Was  a  man  of  learning,  had  a  minute  ac- 
(puiiTitancc  with  histoVy,  and  was  a  fluent 
speaker.  Among  his  works,  one  of  the 
most  curious  is  his  refutation  of  the  silly 
story  of  I'opc  Joan.  He  has  the  merit 
of  having  written  in  favor  of  liberty 
of  conscience. — Francls,  an  eminent 
Frendi  architect  and  diplomatist,  was  b. 
in  1617,  at  Kibemont,  in  I'icardy.  After 
liaving  been  sent  as  envoy  to  Constanti- 
nople, lio  wa3  appointed  counsellor  of 
htate,  one  of  the  dauphiirs  preceptors, 
professor  of  the  royal  college,  and  mem- 
oer  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences.    The 


noble  triumphal  arch  of  St.  Denis  was 
erected  by  him.  He  wrote  various 
works  on  literary,  architectural,  and  mil- 
itary subjects.  1).  1680. — James  Fran- 
cis, was  i).  at  Eouen,  in  1705,  and,  like 
his  nncle,  was  an  architect  of  great 
talent.  The  merit  of  a  course  of  archi- 
tectural lectures,  which  lie  delivered  at 
Paris,  obtained  him  the  appointment  of 
professor  at  the  academy.  In  his  final 
illness,  he  had  himself  removed  to  his 
school  at  the  Louvre,  that  he  miglit 
yield  up  his  last  breath  where  he  iiad 
taught  his  art.  Blondel  is  the  author 
of  French  Architecture,  a  Course  of 
Civil  Architecture,  and  other  works  of 
a  similar  kind.     D.  1775. 

BLOOD,  Thomas,  a  singular  and  des- 
perate character,  who  was  originally  an 
officer  in  Cromwell's  army.  His  first  re- 
markable enterprise  was  an  attempt  to 
surprise  the  castle  of  Dublin,  which  was 
frustrated  by  the  duke  of  Ormond.  Ho 
subsequently  seized  the  duke  in  the 
streets  of  London,  with  the  intention  of 
haiigiii;^  him  at  Tyburn,  and  was  very 
near  accomplishing  his  purpose.  His' 
last  exploit  was  an  attempt  to  carry  away 
the  crown  and  regalia  from  the  Tower. 
For  some  inexplicable  reason,  Cliarles 
II.  not  only  pardoned  him,  but  gave  him 
an  estate  of  £500  per  annum.     D.  1680. 

BLOOMFIELD,  Robert,  a  poet,  b.  at 
Honington,  in  Suffolk,  in  1766,  was  the 
son  of  a  tailor,  and  was  eai-ly  left  father- 
less. He  was  taught  to  read  by  his  mo- 
ther, who  kept  a  village  school,  and  this 
was,  in  liict,  his  only  education.  At  the 
age  of  eleven  he  was  employed  in  such 
husbandry  labor  as  he  could  perform ; 
but,  his  constitution  being  delicate,  he 
was  subsequently  apprenticed  to  the 
trade  of  shoemaking,  at  which  he  work- 
ed as  a  journeyman  for  many  years. 
His  leisure  hours  were  spent  in  reading, 
and  in  the  composition  of  verses.  His 
poem  of  the  Farmer's  Boy  was  at  length 
Drought  before  the  public,  by  the  benev- 
olent exertions  of  Canel  Loft,  and  it  pro- 
cured the  author  botn  fame  and  profit. 
He  subsequently  published  other  poems, 
among  which  m;iy  bo  mentioned  Wild 
Flowers,  Hazlewood  Hall,  and  the  Banks 
of  the  Wye.  Ill  health  and  misfortune 
clouded  the  latter  years  of  this  modest 
anil  meritorious  writer,  and  he  d.  in 
182.3,  when  he  was  almost  on  the  verge 
of  insanity. — .JosErii,  governor  of  N<?\v 
Jersey.  He  was  a  soldier  of  the  revolu- 
tion. In  the  war  of  1812  he  was  a 
britradier-treiieral.     D.  182^5. 

BLOUNT,  Sir  Henry,  was  b.  at  Tit- 
tcuhangher,  in  Hertfordshire,  in  1602; 


BLUj 


CTCLOP.'EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


167 


travelled  iu  the  East  in  1G34,  IS;!.'),  and 
lOo'! ;  tbuirht  under  the  Vjanncr  ofCharles 
at  Edjreliill ;  whs,  iieveitlicless,  cnniloy- 
ed  by  Cromwell ;  and  d.  in  lOS'i.  lie  is 
the  iiutlior  of  a  Voya<,'c  to  the  Levant ; 
the  Exchanse  Walk,  a  satire ;  and  other 
works. — Sir  Thomas  Pope,  eldest  son  ot' 
Sir  Ileniy,  was  b.  iu  16i9,  and  d.  in  1G'j7. 
He  produced  Censiira  Celebriorum  Auc- 
torum ;  De  Ke  I'oetiea ;  Essays  on  sev- 
eral subjects ;  and  Natural  History. — 
Charles,  the  youngest  son  of  Sir  Henry, 
was  b.  in  16'>4,  and  made  himself  con- 
sj)ieaous  by  his  deistical  opinions,  and 
by  considerable  talent.  His  "Anima 
Mundi"  was  suppressed,  and  publicly 
burnt.  This  work  he  followed  up  by 
three  of  the  siinic  kind :  The  Life  of 
Apollonius  Tyaneus;  Great  is  Diana  of 
the  Ephesiaus  ;  and  Keligio  Laici.  Of 
tlie  revolution  of  16S3  he  was  a  warm 
friend  ;  but  he  acted  little  in  consonance 
with  its  principles,  when  he  published 
his  "King  William  and  Queen  Mary 
C'onqueroi-s,"  to  assert  their  right  to 
the  crown  by  conquest.  The  commons 
ordered  this  tract  to  be  burnt  by  the 
hangman.  He  shot  himself  in  1693,  in 
consequence  of  the  sister  of  his  deceased 
wife  having  refused  to  marry  him. — 
Thomas,  was  b.  at  Bavdeslcy,  in  Wor- 
cestershire, in  1618,  and  d.  in  1679.  He 
published  Glossographia ;  a  Law  Dic- 
tionary; and  va-'6us  other  works;  the 
most  curious  and  \aluable  of  which  is, 
"  Fragmcnta  Antiquitatis,  or  Ancient 
Tenures  of  Laud,  and  Jocular  Customs 
of  Manors." 

BLOW,  John,  a  musician,  was  b.  in 
164S,  at  North  Callingham,  in  Notting- 
hamshire, received  a  doctor's  degree 
from  Archbishop  Sancroft;  and,  on  the 
death  of  Parcell,  became  organist  of 
Westminster  abbey.  He  d.  in  170S. 
His  secular  compositions  were  collected, 
in  1700,  under  the  title  of  "  Ainphion 
Anglicus."  His  church  music  receives 
qualified  praise  from  Dr.  Burney. 

BLUCIIER,  Gkbaral  Lkbrf.cht, 
Prince  vox,  a  Prussian  field-marshal,  b. 
at  Eostoek,  Dec.  16,  1742.  He  served 
45  years  in  the  arn»y  ;  and  his  celebrity 
in  the  field,  though  rarely  victorious, 
obtained  him  the  name  of  "  Marshal 
Forwards."  He  aided  Wellington  in 
gaining  tie  battle  of  AVaterloo,  V\v  his 
timely  arrival  at  the  most  decisive  mo- 
ment. In  reward  for  his  services  the 
kintrof  Prussia  created  a  special  order  of 
Kni'jfhthood.     D.  at  Kriblowizt,  1S19. 

BLUM,  Joachim  Christian,  a  Ger- 
nv.m;  author  of  "  Lvrieal  Poems," 
"  The   Promenades,"-  ''  Dieljonary    of 


Proverbs,"  "The  Deliverance  of  Ra- 
tlicnau,"  &c.  B.  1739 ;  d.  1790.— Eobf.rt, 
whose  commanding  eloquence  daring 
his  brief  political  career  gained  for  him 
a  hic'h  name,  was  b.  at  Cologne  in  1S07. 
Cradled  in  poverty,  his  education  was 
completely  neglected ;  but  from  his 
earliest  years  he  manifested  a  thirst  for 
learning.  At  the  age  of  fourteen  he  was 
apprenticed  to  a  goldsmith ;  he  after- 
wards worked  as  a  journeyman  in  dif- 
ferent parts  of  Germany,  especially  at 
Berlin;  but  on  his  return  to  Cologne  iu 
1830,  he  was  obliged  to  accept  the  hum- 
ble oUice  of  box-opener  in  tlie  theatre  of 
that  city.  Amid  all  the  difficulties  with 
which  he  had  to  struggle,  he  acquired  a 
high  degree  of  cultivation,  and  succeed- 
ed in  the  management  of  various  liter- 
ary and  politioiU  journals  of  Leipsic.  In 
1847  he  became  a  bookseller.  The 
events  of  March,  184S,  brought  him  out 
as  u  politician.  He  represented  Leipsic 
in  the  parliament  at  Frankfort.  On  the 
breaking  out  of  the  second  revolution  at 
Vienna,  in  October,  1848,  he  repaired 
thither  with  some  other  members  of  his 
party,  to  offer  a  concrratulatory  address 
to  tiie  Viennese.  Here  he  harangued 
the  people  with  great  power  and  etfect ; 
but  after  the  suppression  of  the  rebel- 
lion he  was  arrested,  tried  by  court- 
martial,  and  condemned  to  be  shot,  Nov. 
9,  1848.  The  news  of  his  arrest  and 
execution  caused  great  consternation 
throughout  Germany;  but  it  has  not  yet 
been  resented,  as  it  unquestionably  will 
be,  when  the  people  rise  once  more  to 
vindicate  their  rights. 

BLUMAUEE,  Lewis,  a  German  satir- 
ical poet ;  author  of  a  "  Travesty  of  the 
iEneid,"  tfee.     B.  1755  ;  d.  1798. 

BLl'MENBACH,  Johann  Friederich, 
one  of  tiie  greatest  naturalists  of  modern 
times,  was  b.  at  Gotha  in  1752.  He 
early  displayed  a  great  aptitude  for  sci- 
entific pursuits,  and  before  he  had  com- 
pleted his  24th  year,  his  fame  as  an 
inquirer  into  nature  liad  spread  through- 
out the  civilized  world.  In  1776,  he  was 
appointed  professor  of  medicine  in  the 
university  of  (iottingen,  where  he  had 
been  educated ;  and  here,  for  the  long 
period  of  61  y<'ars,  he  continued,  by  his 
lectures  and  his  woiks,  to  extend  the 
science  of  comparative  anatomy,  which 
has  been  so  successfully  cultivated  in 
more  recent  times,  and  of  which  he  may 
be  trulv  said  to  liave  been  the  founder. 
D.  1S37. 

BLUTEAU,  DoM  Ea'H;.i;-..  a  Ro- 
man Catholic  priest,  b.  ui  T Jt  Iri  of 
French  parents;   author  c     h  vV- .'-'a 


16S 


CYCI.OP.tDIA    OK    BIOGRAPHY. 


[eCcJ 


Portuguese  and  Latiu  Dictioniuy.     D. 
1734. 

BOABDIL,  or  ABOUABOULA,  tlie 
last  Moorish  king  of  Granada ;  he  was 
expelled  for  the  last  tuue  from  Granada 
by  Ferdinand  of  Castile  and  Aragon,  in 
1491  ;  and  afterwards  resided  in  Africa, 
where  he  was  killed  in  battle  in  the  ser- 
vice of  tlic  king  of  Fez. 

BO  ADEN,  .J.'viiES,  a  dramatic  author 
and  critic.  Educated  for  the  law,  he 
was,  like  many  young  men  similarly 
situated,  a  great  lo'ver  and  frequenter  of 
the  theatre  ;  and,  from  loving  the  stage, 
be  got  to  Avriliug  for  it.  His  plays  are 
numerous,  but  wc  believe  there  is  not 
one  of  them  that  now  keeps  possession 
of  the  stage.  Far  more  important  are  his 
dramatic  memoirs,  which  are  probably 
the  best  records  we  have  of  J(.ihn  Kem- 
ble,  Mrs.  Siddons,  Mrs.  Jordan,  and 
Mrs.  Inchbald.  His  "  Inquiry  into  the 
authenticity  of  the  various  Pictures  and 
Prints  (if  Shaks^ieare,"'  and  a  tract  on 
'•Tiic  Sonnets  ot  ShaKspeare,"  arc  also 
verv  valuable  works.  B.  lTi)2;  d.  1889. 
BOADICEA,  or  BONDUCA,  queen 
of  the  Iceni,  in  Britain,  during  the  reign 
of  Nero,  having  been  treated  in  tlie  most 
ignominious  manner  by  the  Komans, 
iTeaded  a  general  insurrection  of  the 
Britons,  attacked  the  Koman  settle- 
ments, reduced  London  to  ashes,  and 
put  to  the  sword  all  strangers,  to  the 
number  of  70,000.  Suetonius,  thoEo- 
man  general,  defeated  her  in  a  decisive 
battle,  and  rather  than  fall  into  the  hands 
of  her  enemies,  slie  put  an  end  to  her 
life  by  poison.  This  battle  was  fought 
A.  D.  61.  Cowpcr's  beautiful  poem  on 
her,  is  one  of  his  most  delightful  pro- 
ductions. 

BOBPvOFF,  Simon  SEROiEvrrscn,  a 
Eussian  poet,  wlio  enjoyed  considerable 
reputation  at  St.  Petersburgh.  His  best 
poem  is  sxiid  to  be  "  The  Cliersonide,  or 
a  Summer's  Day  in  the  Crimea."  His 
lyrical  works  have  been  collected  in  four 
volumes.     D.  1810. 

BOCCACIO,  Giovanni,  one  of  the  most 
enduring  of  the  Italian  prose  writers, 
was  born  at  Paris,  of  an  illicit  connec- 
tion, which  his  father  formed  in  that 
city,  in  1813.  His  family  came  original- 
ly from  Certaldo,  in  Tuscany,  whence 
he  derives  the  appellation  sometimes 
given  him  of  IM  CeriaUlo.  He  was  ori- 
ginally intended  by  his  father  for  a 
mercantile  profession  ;  but  after  spend- 
ing six  vears  with  a  merchant  at  Flor- 
ence an'l  Paris,  and  turning  his  thoughts 
to  the  canon  law,  he  abandoned  the  pur- 
suits which  interest  or  authority  dicta- 


ted, and  devoted  himself  totally  to  liter- 
ature. He  studied  under  his  friend  and 
patron  Petrarch,  by  whose  suggestions 
he  retired  from  the  tumults  and  factions 
of  Florence,  and  visited  Naples,  where 
he  was  received  with  kindness  by  king 
Robert,  of  whose  natural  daughter  he 
became  enamored,  and  to  whom  he 
often  pays  his  homage,  in  his  various 
poetical  pieces,  as  Fiammetta.  Placed 
in  fortunate  circumstances,  with  a  lively 
and  cheerful  disposition,  of  a  soft  and 
pleasing  address,  the  favored  lover  of 
a  king's  daughter,  he  regarded  with 
more  aversion  than  ever  the  station  for 
which  he  had  been  intended.  The  fond- 
ness of  the  princess  for  poetry  ;  his  own 
intimacy  with  scientific  and  literary  men ; 
the  tomb  of  Virgil,  near  Naples,  which 
he  used  to  visit  in  his  walks  ;  the  pres- 
ence of  Petrarch,  who  was  received  with 
the  highest  distinction  at  the  court  of 
Naples,  and  who  went  from  that  city  to 
Kome,  to  be  crowned  with  the  poetic 
laurel ;  the  intimacy  wlueh  had  arisen 
between  the  two  poets — all  operated 
powerfully  on  Boccacio,  to  strengthen 
and  fix  his  natural  inclination  for  poetry 
and  literature.  After  living  tv,o  years 
at  Florence  with  his  father,  he  returned 
to  Naples,  wliere  he  was  very  graciously 
received  by  the  queen  Joamia.  It  is 
thought  that  it  was  no  less  to  gratify  the 
young  queen,  than  his  Fiammetta,  that 
he  wrote  his  "  Decameron,"  which  has 
raised  him  to  the  ran,k  of  the  first  Italian 
prose  writer.  On  the  death  of  his  fa- 
ther, becoming  master  of  his  own  incli- 
nations, he  settled  at  Florence,  where 
his  first  work  was  a  description  of  the 
plague,  which  forms  the  opening  of  the 
"  Decameron."  He  passed  the  remain- 
der of  his  life  in  liis  native  village, 
where  his  constitution  was  weakened 
by  his  great  application,  and  where  he 
d.,  of  a  sickness  in  the  stomach,  1375. 
His  works  are  some  in  Latin  and  some 
in  Italian.  He  possessed  uncommon 
learning,  and  he  may  honorably  bo 
reckoned  as  one  of  those  whose  great 
exertions  contributed  most  to  the  revi- 
val of  learning  in  Europe.  His  best- 
known  composition  is  the  before-men- 
tioned "  Decameron,"  a  romance  occa- 
sionally licentious,  but  abounding  with 
wit,  satire,  and  elegance  of  diction.  His 
"  Life  of  Dante,"  his  "Genealogy  of  tha 
Gods,"  his  "History  of  Kome,"  and  his 
"Thesis,"  arc  much  admired.  Though 
his  poetry  does  not  possess  the  sweet- 
ness of  Petrarch's  lines,  his  prose  is 
unetjualled  for  its  graceful  simplicitj 
and  varied  elegance. 


'J 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOCiRAl'HV. 


169 


BOCCAGE,  I^Iakie  Anne  uu,  a  cele- 
brated French  poetess,  was  b.  at  Kouen, 
1710,  became  llie  wife  of  a  receiver  of 
taxes  ill  Dieppe,  wlio  died  soou  after  tlie 
luan-iage,  leaving  lier  a  youthful  widow. 
She  concealed  lier  talents,  however,  till 
the  charms  of  youth  were  past,  and  fust 
published  her  productions  m  1740.  The 
lirst  was  a  poem  on  the  mutual  influence 
of  the  fine  arts  and  sciences.  This  gained 
the  prize  from  the  academy  of  Kouen. 
She  next  attempted  an  imitation  of 
"Paradise  Lost,"  in  six  cantos;  then, 
of  the  "  Death  of  Abel ;"  next  a  tragedy, 
the  "  Amazons ;"  and  a  poem  in  ten 
cantos,  called  the  "Columbiad."  There 
is  a  great  deal  of  entertaining  matter  in 
the  letters  which  she  wrote  on  her  travels 
in  England  and  Holland,  and  in  which 
one  may  plainly  see  the  impression  she 
made  upon  her  cotemporaries.  Iler 
works  have  been  translated  into  En- 
glish, Spanish,  German,  and  Italian.  D. 
1802. 

BOCCALINI,  Traj.vn,  an  Italian  sat- 
irist; author  of  the  "Political  Touch- 
stone," a  "Satire  on  the  Spaniards," 
&c.  His  writings  gave  so  much  offence 
to  the  Spanish  court,  that  it  caused  him 
to  be  murdcved  at  Venice,  IGlo. 

BOCCIIEKINI,  LuiGi,  a  celebrated 
composer  of  instrumental  music,  pen- 
sioned for  his  merit  by  the  king  of 
Prussia,  and  warmlv  patronized  by  the 
king  of  Spain.    P>.  i740 ;  d.  1805. 

BOCCIII,  AcuiLLKs,  a  Bolognese,  of  a 
noble  foinily,  who  distinguished  himself 
in  the  lOth  century  by  his  attachment 
to  literature  ;  author  of  "  Apologia  in 
Plautum,"  and  numerous  other  works. 
BOCCOLD,  John,  or  JOHN  OF  LEY- 
DEN,  a  tanatic  of  that  city  in  the  16th 
century,  who  headed  some  rcvoltcrs, 
and  made  themselves  masters  of  Mun- 
8tcr,  where  he  assumed  the  characters 
of  king  and  prophet.  The  city  was  at 
length  taken  by  the  bishop,  and  Boccold 
was  hansred. 

BOCCONE,  Pattl,  an  Italian  natural- 
ist ;  author  of  "  Musca  di  Plante  rare." 
B.  1633;  d.  1704. 

BOCCUCI,  Joseph,  a  Spanish  author, 
b.  in  1775.  He  served  at  first  in  the 
army,  iu  the  campaigns  of  1793  and  1794, 
against  republican  France,  but  after- 
wards devoted  himself  to  letters.  He  is 
the  author  of  several  comedies  played  at 
the  ^ladrid  theatre. 

BOCIIAPvT,  Samvei,,  a  French  Prot- 
estant divine;    author  of  "Geographia 
Sacra,"   a  treatise   on  the   "  Terrestrial 
Paradise,"  <S:o.    B.  1.".09  :  d.  1667. 
BOCH,  or  BOCHIUS,  John,  a  Memish 
1.". 


writer  of  the  16th  century;  author  of 
various  Latin  works,  and  styled,  from 
his  skill  in  Latin  jwetry,  the  Belgic  Vir- 
gil.    B.  1555;  d.  1609. 

BOCQUILLOT,  Lazarus  And}?ew,  a 
French  divine  ;  author  of  a  "Treatise  on 
the  Liturgv,'  "Life  of  the  Chjvalier 
Bavard,"  etc.     D.  1728. 

BODAKD  DE  TEZAZ,  N.  M.  F.,  b. 
in  1758;  a  French  poet  and  diplomatist; 
ambassador  to  Naples  for  the  republic 
in  1799 ;  author  of  "  Le  Ballon,"  a 
comedy;  "Allonsko,"  a  nielodrame; 
"  Minette  et  Marine,"  an  opera,  &c. 

BODE,  John  Joachim  Chrlstopiikk,  a 
German  writer.  He  was  originally  a 
musician  in  a  Hanoverian  regiment;  he 
then  became  a  bookseller,  and  finally  rose 
to  be  privy  councillor  to  the  landgrave 
of  Hesse  Darmstadt.  He  translated 
some  of  the  best  French  and  English 
authors  into  German  with  considerable 
taste  and  judgment.  D.  1793. — Chris- 
topher AvGusTis,  a  learned  German 
linguist  and  critic;  who  edited  the  New 
Testament  in  Ethiopic,  all  the  Evange- 
lists in  Persian,  St.  Matthew  in  Arabic, 
ifcc.  B.  1723  ;  d.  1796. — John  Elert,  an 
astronomer,  b.  at  Hamburg,  1747,  early 
discovered  an  inclination  for  mathemati- 
cal science,  in  which  his  father,  and 
afterwards  the  famous  J.  G.  Busch, 
instructed  him.  He  gave  the  first  public 
proof  of  his  knowledge  by  a  short  work 
on  the  solar  eclipse  of  August  5th,  1766. 
The  approbation  which  this  received 
encouraged  him  to  greater  labors,  and 
in  1768,  appeared  his  "  Introduction  to 
the  Knowledge  of  the  Starr\'  Heavens," 
a  familiar  treatise  on  astronomy,  which 
has  done  much  to  extend  correct  views 
upon  the  subject,  and  continues  to  do 
so,  as  it  has  kept  pace  in  its  successive 
editions  with  the  progress  of  the  science. 
In  1772  the  Berlin  academy  chose  him 
their  astronomer,  and  ten  years  after- 
wards he  was  made  a  member  of  that 
institution.  His  best  works  are  his 
"Astronomical  Almanac,"  (commencing 
1774,)  a  work  indispensable  to  every 
astronomer;  and  his  large  "Celestial 
Atlas"  (Ilimmes  atlas,)  in  twenty  sheets, 
in  which  the  industrious  editor  has 
given  a  catalogue  of  17,240  stars,  (12,000 
more  than  in  any  fonner  charts.)  In 
1825  he  was  released,  at  his  own  wish, 
from  liis  duties  in  tlie  academy  of 
science,  and  the  observatory  in  Berlin. 
D.  1827. 

BODIN,  John,  a  native  of  Angers, 
who  studied  law  at  Toulouse,  where  he 
acquired  reputation  by  his  lectures.  He 
came  to  Paris,  but  not  succeeding  at  the 


i;o 


CFCLOP^DIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[boh 


bar,  he  devoted  himself  totally  to  wri- 
tin?  books.  His  wit,  as  weil  as  his 
merit,  rccoimnended  him  to  public  no- 
tice, llonrv  III.  visited  and  admired 
iiim  ;  and  iti  the  company  of  the  duke 
of  Alen(,on,  he  visited  England,  -where 
he  was  flattered  to  see  his  book  on  '•  The 
Republic"'  approved  and  read  in  the  uni- 
versity of  Cambridge.  Besides  his  "  De 
la  Republiqne,"  he  wrote  a  "Commen- 
tarv  on  Appian."  "Discourses  on  Coins," 
'•  Methods  of  History,"  and  "Demona- 
nia."     I),  of  the  plaC'ue,  at  Laon,  l.'i9G. 

BODLEY,  Sir  Tuom.vs,  from  wliom 
the  Bodleian  library  at  Oxford  takes  its 
name,  was  b.  at'  Exeter,  March  2, 
15-44:.  In  15S.")  ho  was  made  gentleman 
usher  to  Queen  Elizabeth.  From  this 
time  to  l.')97  he  was  honorably  employed 
in  embassies  and  negotiations  with  for- 
eign powers  ;  and  on  his  revocation,  he 
set  about  the  work  of  restoring  the  pub- 
he  library  at  Oxford,  which,  in  two  years 
time,  hebrouglit  to  some  degree  of  per- 
fection. He  furnished  it  with  a  large 
collection  of  books,  purchased  in  for- 
eign countries,  at  a  great  expense  ;  and 
tills  collection,  in  a  short  time,  became 
so  greatly  enlarged,  by  the  beneftictions 
of  several  noblemen, 'bishops,  and  oth- 
ers, that  neither  the  shelves  nor  the 
room  could  contain  them.  Whereupon 
Bodley  offering  to  make  considerable 
additi'on  to  the  building,  the  motion  was 
re.adily  embraced.  An  annual  speech  in 
his  praise  is  still  made  at  Oxford.  D. 
1612. 

BODMER,  John  .Jacob,  a  celebrated 
German  poet  and  scholar,  b.  at  Grei- 
ensee,  near  Zurich,  16',tS.  Although  he 
produced  nothing  remarkable  of  his 
own  in  poetry,  he  helped  to  open  the 
way  for  the  iiew  German  literature  in 
thi's  department.  He  was  tlie  antagonist 
of  Gottsched,  in  Leipsic,  who  aspired  to 
be  the  literary  dictator  of  the  day,  and 
had  embracefl  the  French  theory  of 
taste,  while  Bodmer  inclined  to  the  En- 
glish. He  has  the  honor  of  having  had 
Klopstock  and  Wieland  among  his  Bchol- 
nrs,  and  was  for  a  long  time  professor 
of  history  in  Switzerland.  lie  was  a 
copious  and  indefatigable  writer,  and 
though  he  entertained  many  incorrect 
views,  he  was  of  service  to  the  literature 
of  his  native  land,  which  was  then  in  a 
low  and  barbarous  state.  D.  at  Zurich, 
17>:5. 

BODONI,  CiAMBATiKTA,  Superintend- 
ent of  tlie  royal  press  at  I'arma,  chief 
printer  to  the'iing  of  Soain,  mcml>er  of 
several  a.-adcm'es  of  Italy,  knight  of 
several  high  ordjrft,  wa.s  b.,  1740,  at  Sa- 


luzzo,  in  Piedmont,  where  Lis  father 
owned  a  printing  establishment.  He 
began,  while  yet  a  boy,  to  employ  him- 
self in  engraving  on  wood.  His  labors 
meeting  with  success,  he  went  in  1753 
to  Rome,  and  was  made  compositor  for 
the  press  of  the  "  Fropa.^anda."  He 
ne.xt  established  a  printing-house  at 
Parma,  which  he  made  the  lirst  of  the 
kind  in  Europe,  and  gained  the  reputa- 
tion of  having  far  surpassed  all  the 
splendid  and  beautiful  productions  of 
his  predecessors  in  the  art.  Tlie  beauty 
of  his  type,  ink,  and  paper,  as  well  as 
the  whole  management  of  the  technical 
part  of  the  work,  leaves  nothing  for  us 
to  wish,  but  the  intrinsic  valueof  his 
editions  is  seldom  equal  to  their  out- 
ward splendor.  His  liomer  is  a  truly 
admirable  and  magnificent  work ;  in- 
deed, his  Greek  letters  are  the  most  per- 
fect imitations  that  have  been  attempced, 
in  modern  times,  of  Greek  manuscript. 
His  splendid  editions  of  Greek,  Latin, 
Italian,  and  French  classics  are  highly 
prized.  _  D.  at  Padua,  1613. 

BOEc^,  Hector,  a  Scottish  historian, 
was  b.  at  Dundee  about  the  year  1465. 
He  studied  at  Aberdeen,  and  afterwards 
at  Paris,  where,  in  1497,  he  became  pro- 
fessor of  philosophy  in  the  college  of 
Montacute.  In  1500  he  was  elected 
principal  of  the  college  of  Aberdeen, 
which  was  just  then  founded  by  Bishop 
Elphinstonc.  On  the  death'  of  the 
bisliop,-in  1514,  he  resolved  to  give  to 
the  world  an  account  of  his  life,  in  com- 
posing which  he  was  led  to  write  the 
history  of  the  lives  of  the  whole  of  the 
bishops  of  Aberdeen.  It  was  published 
in  1522.  He  next  wrote  a  "  History  of 
Scotland,"  which  was  published  at 
Paris,  1526.  A  second  edition  was 
printed  at  Lausanne  in  1574.  1).  1534. 
BOEIIM,  .Jacob,  one  of  the  most  fa- 
mous mystics  of  modern  times,  was  b. 
at  Altsoideuberg,  Germany,  in  1575,  and 
passed  the  first  years  of  liis  life,  with- 
out instruction,  iii  the  tending  of  cattle 
iu  the  fields;.  The  beautiful  and  sub- 
lime objects  of  nature  kiadleil  his  ima- 
gination, and  inspired  him  with  a  pro- 
found piety.  Raised  by  contem]ilation 
above  his'  circumstances,  and  undis- 
turbed by  exterior  influences,  a  strong 
sense  of  the  spiritual,  particularly  of  the 
mysterious,  was  awakened  in  him,  and 
he  saw  in  all  the  workings  of  nature 
upon  his  mind  a  revelation  of  God,  and 
even  imairincd  himself  favored  by  di- 
vine inspirations.  The  education  which 
he  received  at  school,  though  very  im- 
perfect, consisting  only  of  writing,  spell- 


boeJ 


CYCLOP.«l)IA    OF    liKKJKAPnV. 


ITl 


ing,  and  reading  the  Bill  c,  supplied 
new  food  for  the  excited  i.iind  ot  the 
hoy.  He  became  afterwards  a  shoe- 
maker; and  this  sedentary  life  seems 
to  have  strengthened  his  contemplative 
habits.  He  was  much  interested  in  the 
disputes  which  prevailed  on  the  subject 
of  Cryptocalvinism  in  Saxony:  though 
he  never  took  a  personal  part  in  secta- 
rian controversies,  and  knew  no  liigher 
delight  than  to  elevate  himself,  undis- 
turbed, to  tlie  contemplation  of  the  In- 
finite. His  writings  are  very  unequal, 
but  always  display  a  profound  feeling. 
In  1594:  he  became  a  master  shoemaker 
in  Gorlitz,  married,  and  continued  a 
shoemaker  during  liis  life.  His  first 
work  appeared  in  IdlO,  and  was  call- 
ed "  Aurora."  It  contains  his  revela- 
tions on  God,  man,  and  nature.  Tiiis 
wive  rise  to  a  prosecution  against  liiin  ; 
b\it  he  was  acquitted,  and  called  uj)iin, 
from  all  sides,  to  continue  writing.  He 
did  not,  however,  resume  his  ]ien  until 
1619.  One  of  his  most  important  works 
is  "Description  of  the  Three  Principles 
of  tlie  Divine  Being."  His  works  con- 
tain profound  and  lofty  ideas,  mingled 
with  many  absurd  and  confused  notions. 
He  died,  after  several  prosecutions  and 
acquittals,  in  ltV.'4.— ^V  illiam  Antiionv, 
a  learned  German  divine,  and  chaplain 
to  Prince  George  of  Denmark.  B.  1073 ; 
d.  173-2. 

BOEHMER,  G.  G.,  a  professor  at  Got- 
tingen,  b.  in  1761.  Always  a  liberal, 
and  attached  to  the  French  party,  he 
edited  an  independent  journal  in  1791. 
He  congratulated  the  French  republic 
on  its  union  with  Belgium  in  1796,  and 
was  complimented  with  a  seat  in  the 
convention.  He  was  subsequently  per- 
secuted by  the  anti-French  party,  and 
imprisoned  at  Ehrenbreitstein  and  Er- 
furt. He  was  author  of  a  "  Memoir  to 
demonstrate  the  Khine  as  the  Natural 
Boundary  of  France,"  &c.,  and  many 
political  German  works. 

BOERHAAVE,  IIermax,  one  of  the 
most  eminent  physicians  of  modern 
times,  b.  at  AVoornout,  near  Leyden. 
His  knowledge  as  an  anatomist,  chemist, 
and  botanist,  as  well  as  in  the  causes, 
nature,  and  treatment  of  diseases,  was 
imrivallcd;  and  his  fame  was  spread 
over  the  world.  Peter  the  Great  visited 
him  on  his  travels  ;  and  a  Chinese  man- 
darin wrote  to  him  with  this  address, 
"  To  Boerhative,  the  celebrated  physi- 
cian of  Europe."  No  professor  was  ever 
attended,  in  public  as  well  as  private 
leetui'es,  by  so  great  a  number  of  stu- 
dents, from  such  difterent  and  distant 


parts  for  so  many  years  successively: 
none  licard  him  witiiout  coticeiving  a 
veneration  for  his  person,  at  tiie  same 
time  that  they  expressed  their  surprise 
at  his  prodigious  attainments  ;  and  it 
may  be  justly  affirmed,  that  none  in  so 
private  a  station  ever  attracted  a  more 
universal  esteem.  So  unmoved  was  he 
by  detraction,  from  which  the  best  of 
men  are  not  exempt,  that  he  used  to  say, 
"  The  sparks  of  calumny  will  be  present- 
ly extinct  of  themselves,  unless  you  blow 
them."  His  writings  are  numerous, 
among  the  principal  may  be  mentioned, 
''Institutiones  Medica;;"  "Aphorismi 
de  Cognoscendis  et  Curandis  Morbis  ;" 
"  Inilex  Phuitarutn  ;"  and  "  Elementa 
Chimiie."     H.  1668;  d.  1738. 

BOETIIIUS,  Anicius  Manlius  Tor- 
QUATus  Sevekinu.s,  a  Roman  philosopher, 
whose  virtues,  services,  honors,  and 
tragical  end  all  combine  to  render  his 
name  memorable,  was  b.  470 ;  studied 
at  Rome  and  Athens ;  was  profoundly 
learned ;  and  filled  the  hiirhest  offices 
under  the  government  of  Theodorie  the 
Goth.  He  was  long  the  oracle  of  his 
sovereign  and  the  idol  of  the  ppO[)le  ; 
but  his  strict  intccrrity  and  intiexible 
justice  raised  up  enemies  in  those  who 
loved  extortion  and  oppression,  and  he 
at  last  fell  a  victim  to  their  macliinations. 
He  was  accused  of  a  treasonable  corre- 
spondence with  the  court  of  Constanti- 
nople, and  executed  in  524.  While  he 
was  at  the  helm  of  state,  he  found  rec- 
reation from  his  toilsome  occupations 
in  the  study  of  the  sciences,  and  devoted 
a  part  of  his  leisure  to  the  construction 
of  mathematical  and  musical  instru- 
ments, some  of  which  he  sent  to  Clo- 
thaire,  king  of  France.  He  was  also 
much  given  to  the  study  of  the  old 
Greek  philosophers  and  mathematicians, 
and  wrote  Latin  translations  of  several 
of  them.  His  most  celebrated  work  is 
that  composed  during  his  imprisonment, 
"  On  the  Consolations  of  Philosophy," 
translated  by  two  of  the  most  illustrious 
English  rulers,  Alfred  and  Elizabeth. 
It  is  written  in  prose  and  verse  inter- 
mixed. The  elevation  of  thought,  the 
nobleness  of  feeling,  the  case  and  dis- 
tinctness of  style  which  it  exhibits,  make 
this  composition,  short  as  it  is,  far  supe- 
rior to  any  other  of  the  age. 

BOETtCHER,  John-  FREDERtr,  the 
inventor  of  the  Dresden  porcelain,  b. 
February  5th,  16S'2,  at  Schleiz,  in  the 
Voiutlaiid,  in  his  15th  year  went  from 
Magdeburg,  where  he  received  his  early 
education,  to  Berlin,  as  apprentice  of 
an  apothecary.    There  he  devoted  his 


172 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPIIV. 


[boi 


nights  to  the  making  of  gold  out  of 
other  metals.  Oet.  1st,  1701,  he  changed, 
as  it  is  said,  in  the  presence  of  several 
witnesses,  eighteen  pieces  of  silver  into 
fine  gold.  As  this  was  much  talked  of, 
the  king  desired  to  see  him,  and 
Boettcher,  believing  he  was  to  be  arrest- 
ed as  an  adept,  tied  to  Saxony.  The 
king  of  Saxony  gave  him  large  sums  of 
money,  and  became  very  impatient  to 
see  tile  gold.  Boettcher,  in  170-i,  at- 
tempted to  escape,  but  was  overtaken, 
ftnd,  with  the  assistance  of  one  Tschiru- 
hausen,  who  had  discovered  a  kind  of 
porcelain,  invented  an  improved  com- 
position of  it,  with  which  he  hoped  to 
appease  the  king,  who  was  in  the  habit 
of  spending  immense  sums  in  China- 
ware.  In  170.")  Boettclier  invented  the 
Dresden  porcelain,  which  has  since  be- 
come so  famous.  He  made  use  of  a 
clay  found  in  the  vicinity  of  Meissen. 
Tlie  king,  upon  this,  made  him  a  baron 
of  the  empire,  and  director  of  the  new 
manufactory  of  porcelain  in  Meissen, 
though  he  was  often  treated  as  a  prison- 
er, lest  the  secret  should  be  betrayed. 
He  was  finally  removed  from  his  dignity 
on  account  of  his  immoral  life.  D.  i71t), 
in  the  createst  povcrtv. 

BOGDAXO WITSCn,  Hippoltt  Fed- 
KKowiTscn,  the  Russian  Anacreou,  was 
b.  in  1743,  at  Perewolotshna,  in  White 
Russia.  Hi.s  father  was  a  physician. 
He  was  designed  tor  an  engineer;  went, 
fortiie  purpose  of  studying  engineering, 
to  Moscow,  in  1754 ;  but,  having  higlicr 
views,  he  applied  himself  to  the  study 
of  the  fine  arts,  and  to  learning  foreign 
languages.  He  gained  patrons  and 
friends,  and,  in  1791,  was  made  inspec- 
tor in  the  university  of  Moscow,  and 
afterwards  translator  in  the  department 
of  foreign  affiiirs.  In  1762  he  travelled 
Willi  Count  Beloselsky,  as  secretary  of 
legation,  to  Dresden,  wliere  he  devoted 
his  whole  attention  to  the  study  of  the 
fine  arts  and  of  poetry,  till  176S.  The 
beautiful  pictures  in  the  gallery  of  that 
place  inspired  himtowritehis  "Psyche," 
(Dnschenka,)  which  appeared  in  1775, 
and  fixed  his  fame  on  a  lasting  tbundu- 
tion.  After  this  he  devoted  himself  to 
mu.-iic  and  poetry,  in  solitary  stutly  at 
Pctcrsburir,  till  Catharine  called  him 
from  his  retirement.  He  then  wrote,  on 
different  occasions,  several -ilramatic  and 
historical  pieces.  In  17«S  he  was  made 
j)resident  of  the  itnp(;rial  archives.  In 
1792  he  took  leave  of  the  court,  and 
lived  as  a  jirivate  man  in  Little  Russia. 
Alexander  recalled  him  to  Petersburg, 
where  he  lived  till  1803, 


BOGORIS,  the  first  Christiau  king  of 
Bulgaria  ;  converted  by  his  sister,  Who 
had"  been  taken  prisoner  by  the  troops 
of  Thcodosia,  and  was  restored  to  him 
by  tliat  enifiress. 

BOGUE,  David,  a  dissenting  ministe? 
of  very  considerable  acquirements;  pas- 
tor of  a  congregation  at  Gosnort,  Hants, 
where  lie  also  kept  an  establishment  for 
the  education  of  young  men  destined  for 
the  Christian  ministry,  in  connection 
with  the  Independents.  He  is  consid- 
ered as  the  father  of  the  London  Mis- 
sionary Society,  and  he  also  contributed 
greatly  to  the  formation  of  the  British 
and  Foreign  Bible  Society.  He  wrote 
.in  "Essay  on  the  Divine  Authority  of 
the  New  Testament,''  a  "  Historv  of  tho 
Dissenters,"  &c.     B.  1749  ;  d.  182)5. 

BOIIEMOND,  the  first  prince  of  An- 
tioch.  He  took  Antioch  in  109S,  and 
subsequently  took  Laodicea.     D.  1111. 

BOHN,  John,  a  German  physician  ; 
author  of  a  "  Treatise  on  the  Duties  of  a 
Physician,"  (fee.    B.  1640;  d.  1719. 

BOHUN,  Edmund,  a  political  writer 
of  note  in  the  reign  of  James  II.  and 
William  HI. ;  author  of  a  "  Defence  of 
King  Charles  II. 's  Declaration,"  a  "  Ge- 
ographical Dictionary,"  "  Life  of  Bishop 
Jewell,"  &c.  He  was  living  at  the  ac- 
cession of  Queen  Anne,  but  the  exact 
date  of  his  death  is  uncertain. 

BOIARDO,  Matteo  Maria,  count  of 
Seandiano,  was  b.  at  a  seat  beloniiing 
to  his  family  near  Ferrara,  in  1434.  From 
1488  to  1494,  the  period  of  his  death,  he 
was  commander  of  tlie  city  and  castle 
of  Retrsrio,  in  the  service  of  his  protec- 
tor, Ercole  d"Este,  duke  of  Modena. 
This  accomplished  courtier  scholar,  and 
knight  was  particularly  distinguished 
as  a  poet.  His  "  Orlando  Innamorato" 
is  continued  to  the  seventy-ninth  canto, 
but  not  completed.  He  immortalized 
the  names  of  his  own  peasants,  and  the 
charms  of  the  scenery  at  Seandiano,  in 
the  persons  of  his  heroes  and  his  descrip- 
tions of  the  beauties  of  nature.  In  lan- 
guage and  versification  he  has  been  sur- 
passed by  Ariosto,  whom  he  equalled  in 
invention,  grace,  and  skilful  conduct  of 
complicated  episodes.  Domenichi,  Ber- 
ni,  and  Agostini  new  modelled  and  con- 
tinued the  work  of.Boiardo,  without 
improving  it.  One  continuation,  only, 
will  never  be  forgotten — ^the  immortal 
"Orlando"  of  Ariosto.  In  some  of  his 
works,  Boiardo  was  led,  by  the  spirit  of 
his  times,  to  a  close  imitation  of  the  an- 
cients, as  in  his  "  Capit'  li,"  also  in  a 
comedy  borrowed  from  Lucian's  "  Ti- 
mon,"   and   in   his  Latii    eclogues  and 


BO  I J 


C'VC'LOr.EUIA    OF    BKKillAIMl  V. 


ll'S 


translations  of  Herodotus  and  Apu- 
leiiis. 

BOICIIOT,  JiiAN,  a  distiii.Lnri>lied 
French  ^culjitor.  Tlic  '•Cul<i>^;il  (inuip 
of  St.  Mieliuel,''  and  the  '■Sitiiiig  Her- 
cules," are  among  his  best  works.  The 
bas-reliefs  of  the  rivers  on  the  Trium- 
phal Arch  of  the  Carousel  arc  his.  B. 
1738;  d.  181t. 

EOIELDIKU,  Adi'.ikx,  a  i  .'lebratcd 
French  musical  composer,  b.  in  1775; 
author  of  numerous  well-known  operas: 
"  Le  Calife  de  Bagdad,"  "Jean  do  Pa- 
ris," &c.  ''  Telcmaque"  is  thought  his 
clief-Wauvre.  His  style  is  characterized 
by  a  sweet  and  natural  melody,  much 
imaginative  gayety,  and  simple  but 
pleasing  accompaniments. 

BOIGNE,  Count,  a  French  soldier  of 
fortune,  was  b.  at  Chamberry,  in  1751. 
When  17  years  old  he  entered  tlie  French 
army,  which  lie  quitted  for  the  Kussian 
service  in  about  5  years,  and  was  taken 

Erisoucr  at  the  siege  of  Tenedos.  After 
eing  released  he  left  Kussia,  and  in  177S 
went  into  the  service  of  the  East  India 
Company ;  but  fancying  himself  neglect- 
ed, he  otfered  himself  to  the  notice  of 
Mahajee  Scindiah,  the  celebrated  prince 
of  the  Mahrattas,  to  whom  he  was  of  the 
greatest  use  during  his  campaigns,  and 
who  loaded  him  with  honors  and  riches. 
Having  remitted  his  vast  fortune  to  En- 
gland, and  wishing  to  return  to  Europe 
ior  the  sake  of  his  healtli,  he  left  India 
in  1795,  and  settled  at  Chamberry.  He 
d.  in  18-30,  possessed  of  about  twenty 
millions  of  trancs,  the  greater  part  of 
which  he  bequeathed  to liis  son. 
BOILEAU,   James,    b.   at    Paris,    in 

1635,  was  a  doctor  of  the  Sorbonne,  a 
canon,  and  dean,  and  grand  vicar  of 
Sens.  He  is  the  autlior  of  several  theo- 
logical and  other  works  in  tlie  Latin 
language,  the  most  celebrated  of  w^hich 
is  tlie  "  Historia  Flagcllantium."  James 
Boileau  was  caustic  and  witty.  Being 
asked  why  he  always  wrote  in  Latin,  he 
replied,  "  for  fear  the  bishops  should 
read  me,  in  which  case  I  should  be  per- 
secuted." The  Jesuits  he  designated  as 
men  "who  lengthened  the  creed,  and 
abridged  the  decalogue."  D.  1716. — 
Giles,  a  French  writer ;  author  of  a 
translation  of  Enictetus,  «fec.  B.  1631; 
d.  1669. — John  James,  a  French  divine  ; 
author  of  "  Letters  on  Morality  and  De- 
votion," ifcc.  13.  1735. — Nicholas,  Sieur 
des  I'reux,  a  celebrated  poet,  b.  at  Paris, 

1636.  His  father,  who  left  him  an  or- 
phan before  he  was  17,  had  not  tbrmed 
Vie  most  promising  expectations  of  the 
l>owers  ot   his  mind;    but  the  dulness 


of  youth  disappeared  as  he  approached 
to  maturity.  He  applied  himself  to  the 
law;  he  w.is  admitted  advocate  in  1656. 
but  he  did  not  possess  the  patience  and 
application  requisite  for  tlie  bar,  and 
exchanging  his  pursuits  for  the  study  of 
divinity,  he  at  last  discovered  that  a  de- 
gree at  the  Sorbonne  w^as  not  calculated 
to  promote  the  bent  of  his  genius,  or 
gain  him  reputation.  \\\  the  tield  of 
literature  he  now  acquired  eminence 
and  fame.  The  publication  of  his  first 
satires,  1606,  distinguished  him  above 
his  poetical  predecessors,  and  he  became 
the  favorite  of  France  and  of  Europe. 
His  art  of  poetiy  added  still  to  his  repu- 
tation ;  it  is  a  monument  of  his  genius 
and  judgment.  His  "  Lutrin"  was  writ- 
ten in  1674,  at  the  request  of  Lamoignon, 
and  the  insignilicant  quarrels  of  the 
treasurer  and  ecclesiastics  of  a  chapel 
are  magnified  by  the  art  and  power  of 
the  poet  into  matters  of  importance, 
and  every  line  conveys,  with  tlie  most 
delicate  pleasantry,  animated  descrip- 
tion, refined  ideas,  and  the  most  inter- 
estuig  scenes.  Louis  XIV".  was  not  in- 
sensible of  the  merits  of  a  man  who 
reflected  so  much  honor  on  the  French 
name.  Boileau  became  a  favorite  at 
court,  a  pension  was  settled  on  him,  and 
the  monarch,  in  the  regular  approbation 
from  the  press  to  the  works  of  the  au- 
thor, declared  he  wished  his  subjects  to 
partake  the  same  intellectual  gratifica- 
tion which  he  himself  had  so  repeatedly 
enjoyed.  As  a  prose  writer  Boileau  pos- 
sessed considerable  merit,  as  is  tLiUy 
evinced  by  his  elegant  translation  of 
Loncinus.  After  enjoying  the  favors 
of  Ins  sovereign,  Boileau  retired  from 
public  life,  and  spent  bis  lime  in  literary 
jirivacy,  in  the  society  of  a  few  select 
and  valuable  friends.    D.  1711. 

BOILLY,  N.,  an  agreeable  and  pro- 
ductive French  painter,  b.  in  1768.  His 
most  celebrated  pieces  are,  "The  Arri- 
val of  the  Diligence;"  "The  Departure 
of  the  Conscripts;"  and  "Interior  of  M. 
Isabeau's  Atelier."  He  has  some  atfec- 
tation  of  Dutch  coloring,  but  truth  of 
execution  is  his  great  forte. 

BOINDON,  Nicholas,  a  French  dra- 
matist ;  author  of  several  comedies. 
Having  d.  an  avowed  atheist,  he  was  in- 
terred without  any  religious  ceremonies. 
D.  1751. 

BOINVILLE,  De,  whs  b.  of  a  noble 
family,  at  Strasburg,  in  1770.  He  quit- 
ted a  lucrative  office,  and  joincil  the 
French  republican  party  in  1791.  He 
then  went  to  England  with  La  Fayette, 
as  aid-de-cainp.     He  married  an  English 


\.l 


CYCLOP.EDIA    OF    BIUGRAPHY. 


[bol 


lady  <,f  ^eat  talent  and  beauty,  accepted 
a  001  iil  ai.d  under  Napoleon,  and  per- 
ished in  the  retreat  from  Moscow. 

BOIS,  John  Du,  a  French  monk,  who 
served  in  th.o  army  of  Henry  III.  On 
the  death  of  Henry  IV.  he  accused  the 
Jesuits  of  liaviug  caused  the  assassina- 
tion of  that  prince.  For  this  accusation 
lie  was  contineJ  in  the  castle  of  St.  An- 
frelo,  at  Rome.  1).  lt)-2t). — 1'hilip  du,  a 
French  divine ;  editor  of  an  edition  of 
Tiliullus,  Catullus,  and  Propcrtius,  ad 
usum  Dclphini.  I).  170''. — Gekard  du, 
a  priest  of  tlie  Oratory ;  author  of  '•  An- 
nals of  France,"  "History  of  the  Church 
of  Paris,"  *c.     0.1690. 

BOISMORAXD,  Abbe  Chiron  de,  an 
unprinci[)!ed  French  satirist.  Bred  a 
Jesuit,  he  first  satirized  that  order,  and 
then  refuted  tiis  own  satire.     D.  1740. 

PdOSlU)BERT,  Francis  le  Metel  de, 
a  French  abbot,  celebrated  for  his  wit, 
an<l  patronizeil  by  Richelieu.  His  poems, 
plays,  tales,  &e.,  are  extremely  numer- 
ous.    1).  lt5r,'2. 

BOISSAKI),  John  James,  a  French 
antiquary  ;  author  of  "  Theatrum  Vitse 
Humane,"  &c.     D.  1002. 

BOISSAT,  Petek  de,  an  eccentric 
Frenchman ;  at  first  a  priest,  then  a  sol- 
dier, and  at  last  a  pilfrrim ;  author  of 
"  L'llistoire  Negropontique ;  ou,  les 
Amours  d' Alexandre  Castriot."  D.  1662. 

BOISSY  D'ANGLAS,  Francis  An- 
TiKjNY,  Count  de,  a  distinguished 
French  senator  and  literary  character, 
and  a  man  who  throuirliout  the  revolu- 
tionary frenzy  constantly  displayed  great 
firmness  and  a  disinterested  love  of  lib- 
erty. By  Napoleon  he  was  made  a 
senator  and  commander  of  tlie  leirion  of 
honor;  and  in  1814  I>ouis  XV'III.  cre- 
ated him  11  peer;  but  he  was,  for  a  time 
only,  deprived  of  his  title,  in  conse- 
quence of  his  recognition  of  the  emperor 
on  his  return  froin  Elba.  His  writings 
are  on  various  subjects :  among  them 
are  "Tiie  Literary  and  Political  Studies 
of  an  Old  Man  ;"  an  "  Essay  on  the  Life 
of  Maleshcrbes,"  &c.     B.  1756  ;  d.  1826. 

BOISSY,  Louis  i)K,  a  French  comic 
writer,  who,  although  he  had  been  tlie 
autlior  of  numerous  successful  come- 
dies, was  reduced  to  such  extreme  dis- 
tress, that  had  he  not  been  opportunely 
rescued  by  the  marciiioness  do  Pompa- 
dour, lie  and  his  wife  would  have  per- 
ished tlirough  hunger.     I).  17")S. 

BOIVIN,  FisANCH  de,  a  French  writer; 
aithor  of  a  "  History  of  the  Wars  of 
Piedmont."  D.  1618. — Lours,  a  French 
advocate  ;  author  of  poems  and  ronif 
learned  historical  treatises.    1).  1724. — 


John,  brother  of  the  above,  professor 
of  Greek  in  the  Royal  college  of  Paris, 
and  keeper  of  the  king'.i  library;  author 
of  a  French  version  of  the  "Birds  of 
Aristophanes,"  and  the  "  CEdipus  of 
Sophocles,"  &c.,  &c.  D.  1726.— De 
ViLLEjTEuvE,  John,  a  Norman  writer, 
chielly  on  classical  literature;  author  of 
"  An  Apoloirv  for  Homer,"  and  the 
"Shield  of  Achilles,"  &c.     D.  17-26. 

BOIZOT,  Louis  Simon-,  b.  in  1743;  a 
French  painter  and  sculptor,  but  more 
distinguished  as  the  latter.  The  "Vic- 
tory" of  the  Fountain  of  the  Place  du 
Chatclct,  is  his  chcf-d'anurre.  Elegant, 
graceful,  and  delicate  as  are  the  various 
productions  of  his  chisel,  he  is  accused 
of  too  great  monotony  in  the  attitude 
and  expression  of  his  figures,  as  well  as 
inaccuracy  of  outline. 

BOKHARI,  a  celebrated  Mussulman 
doctor;  he  was  a  predestinarian,  and 
the  author  of  a  collection  of  traditions, 
entitled  "  Tektirtch."  D.  256  of  the 
Hegira. 

BOL,  Ferdinand,  a  Dutch  historical 
and  portrait  painter,  pupil  of  Rembrandt. 
B.  1611 ;  d.  1681. 

BOLANGER,  John,  an  historical 
painter,  pupil  of  Guido.     I).  1660. 

BOLD,  Samuel,  an  English  divine 
and  controversial  writer;  author  of  a 
"  Plea  for  Moderation  towards  Dissent- 
ers," &c.     D.  1737. 

BOLDONIC,  C,  an  Italian  writer,  b. 
in  1768;  author  of  "La  Omstituzione 
Francese,"  (published  in  1792,)  which 
contributed  to  ditfuse  the  renovated 
seeds  of  freedom  over  Italy  at  that  epoch. 

liOLEYN,  Anne,  daughter  of  Sir 
Thomas  Boleyn,  is  known  in  English 
history  as  the  wife  of  Henry  VIII.,  and 
as  tlie  occasion  of  the  reformation.  She 
went  to  France  in  the  seventh  vear  of 
her  age,  and  was  one  of  the  attendants  of 
the  Entrlisli  princess,  wife  to  Louis  XII., 
and  afterwards  to  Claudia  the  queen 
of  Francis  I.  and  then  of  the  duchess 
of  Alencjon.  About  irv25  she  returned  . 
to  England,  and  when  maid  of  honor  to 
Queen  Catherine,  she  drew  upon  herself 
the  attention  and  affection  of  the  king, 
and  by  her  address  in  the  management 
of  the  violence  of  his  passion,  she  pre- 
vailed upon  him  to  divorce  his  wife  ;  and 
as  the  pope  refused  to  disannul  hismar- 
ria2e,  England  was  separated  from  the 
spiritual  dominion  of  Rome.  Henry  was 
united  to  his  favorite,  14th  Nov.  1532, 
by  wjioin  he  had  a  daughter,  after- 
wards t^ueen  Elizabeth,  but  his  passion 
was  of  short  duration,  and  Anne  Bo- 
cyn  so  long  admired,  so  long  courted  by 


bol] 


CYCLOP-EUIA    OF    lUOOUAPIiy. 


r 


tbo  amorous  monarch,  was  now  despised 
for  JaiK;  Seymour,  andoruc-lly  bclieaded 
May  r.illi,  i'outj.  She  bore  li'er  i'ato  with 
resigaation  and  spirit ;  but  thoujrli 
branded  with  ignominy  by  Catholic  wri- 
ters, she  must  appear  innocent  in  tlie 
judgment  of  impartial  men,  and  the  dis- 
graceful accusation  brouijlit  ai^'ainst  her, 
of  a  criminal  connection  with  licr  own 
brother  and  four  other  persons,  must  be 
attributed  totlic  suggestions  and  malice 
of  that  tyrant,  who,  in  every  instance, 
preferred  the  gratification  of  his  lust  to 
every  other  consideration.  Her  story  is 
a  favorite  one  with  the  dramatists  and 
poets. 

BOLTNGBROKE,  Henry  St.  John, 
Lord  Viscount,  son  of  Sir  Henry  St. 
John,  was  b.  at  Battersea,  in  1672,  and 
educated  at  Eton  and  Christ-church, 
Oxford.  He  obtained  a  seat  in  parlia- 
ment in  1~00,  and  in  1704  was  appointed 
secretary  of  war  and  the  marines,  but 
resignec\  the  secretaryship  in  1707.  In 
1710  he  again  formed  part  of  the  minis- 
trj',  as  secretary  of  state,  and  had  a  prin- 
cipal share  in  the  peace  of  Utrecht.  In 
1712  he  was  created  Viscount  Boling- 
broke  ;  but,  dissatisfied  with  not  having 
obtained  an  earldom,  and  with  other  cir- 
cumstances, he  became  the  enemy  of  his 
colleague  Harley,  of  whom  he  had  long 
been  the  friend.  On  the  accession  of 
George  I.  an  impeachment  of  Boling- 
broke  being  meditated,  he  fled  to  France, 
and,  at  length,  accepted  the  ollice  of 
secretary  to  the  pretender.  He  was  soon, 
however,  dismissed  from  this  new  ser- 
vice, and,  in  the  mean  while  had  been 
impeached  and  attainted  in  England. 
After  a  residence  in  France  till  1723  he 
was  pardoned,  and  his  estates  were  re- 
stored, but  he  was  not  allowed  to  sit  in 
the  house  of  peers.  More  indignant  at 
this  exclusion  than  gratified  by  his  par- 
don, he  became  one  of  the  chief  oppo- 
nents of  Sir  E.  Walpole,  and  by  the 
power  of  his  pen  contributed  greatly  to 
the  overthrow  of  that  minister.  In  1735 
lie  again  withdrew  to  France,  and  re- 
mained there  till  the  death  of  his  father, 
after  which  event  he  settled  at  Battersea, 
where  he  resided  till  1751,  when  he  d. 
of  a  cancer  in  the  face.  Bolingbroke 
was  intimate  with  and  beloved  by  Pope, 
Swift,  and  the  most  eminent  men  of  liis 
age ;  his  talents  were  of  tlie  first  order ; 
he  possessed  great  eloquence,  and,  in 
point  of  style,  his  writings  rank  among 
the  best  in  the  Enirlish  lanixuage. 

BOLIVAR,  Simon,  the  celebrated 
Liberator  of  South  America,  and  the 
most  distinguishcil  militarv  commander 


that  has  yet  appeared  there,  was  b.  of 
noble  i)arents  in  the  city  of  Caraccas, 
17^0.  Having  accjuircd  tlie  elements  or 
a  liberal  education  at  home,  he  was  sent 
to  Madrid  to  complete  his  studies  ;  and 
afterwards  visited  Paris,  where  he  form- 
ed an  acquaintance  with  several  di>tin- 
guished  men.  He  thert  made  the  tour 
of  Southern  Europe,  again  visited  tiie 
Spanish  capital,  and  married  the  young 
and  beautiful  daughtc;*  of  the  Marquis 
de  Ustariz  del  Cro ;  but  soon  after  his 
return  to  his  native  land,  whither  she  ac- 
companied him,  his  youthful  bride  .1-11  a 
victim  to  the  yellow^  fever ;  and  he  ona* 
more  visited  Europe  as  a  relief  to  his  sor- 
row for  one  so  fervently  beloved.  On 
returning  to  South  America,  in  1810,  he 
pledged  himself  to  the  cause  of  indepen- 
dence,and  commenced  his  military  career 
in  Venezuela,  as  a  colonel  in  the  service  of 
the  newly  founded  republic.  Soon  after 
this  he  was  associated  with  Don  Louis 
Lopez  Mendez,  tor  the  purpose  of  com- 
municating intelligence  of  the  change  of 
government  to  Great  Britain.  In  1811 
he  served  under  Miranda,  and  had  the 
command  of  Puerto  Cabello ;  but  the 
Spanish  prisoners  having  risen  and  seiz- 
ed the  fort,  he  was  obliged  to  quit  the 
town  and  proceed  to  Caraccas.  At  length 
Miranda  was  compelled  to  submit  to 
Mouteverde,  the  royalist  general ;  and 
Bolivar,  entering  the  service  of  the  pa- 
triots of  New  Grenada,  soon  had  another 
opportunity  of  assisting  his  old  friends 
the  Venezuelans.  For  a  while  he  was 
successful,  but  reverses  followed  ;  and 
when,  in  iS15,  the  Spanish  forces  under 
Morillo  arrived,  he  threw  himself  into 
Carthaoreua,  and  subsequently  retreated 
to  St.  Domingo.  The  spirit  of  resist- 
ance was,  however,  by  no  means  extin- 
guished ;  he  found  new  means  to  lead 
his  countrymen  to  victory;  and  after 
many  desperate  conflicts  the  indepen- 
dence of  (ikilumbia  was  sealed,  and  Bol- 
ivar was  chosen  president  of  the  repub- 
lic in  1821.  His  renown  was  now  at  its 
height,  and  every  act  of  his  government 
showed  how  zealously  alive  he  was  to 
the  improvement  of  the  national  institu- 
tions and  the  moral  elevation  of  the 
people  over  whom  he  ruled.  In  1823  he 
went  to  the  assistance  of  the  Peruvians, 
and  having  succeeded  in  settling  their 
internal  divisions,  and  establishing  their 
independence,  he  was  proclaimed  Liber- 
ator of  Peru,  and  invested  with  supreme 
authority.  In  1825  he  visited  Upper 
Peru,  which  detached  itself  from  the 
government  of  Buenos  Ayres,  and  waa 
tbrmed  into  a  new  ropublic,  named  7*';- 


176 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[bon 


livia,  in  honor  of  the  hberator ;  but  do- 
mestic factious  sprani:;  up,  the  purity  of 
liis  motives  was  oalleil  in  question,  and 
he  was  ehartced  with  aimiuijat  a  perpet- 
ual dietatorsliip  ;  he  aceordingly  declar- 
ed his  determination  to  resig'u  his  power 
as  soon  as  his  numerous  enemies  were 
overcome,  and  to  repel  the  imputations 
(if  ambition  cast  upon  him,  by  retiring 
to  seclusion  upon  liis  patrimonial  estate. 
The  vice-president,  Santander,  urged 
him,  in  rejily,  to  resume  his  station  as 
constitutional  president;  and  though  he 
was  beset  by  the  jealousy  iuid  distrust  of 
rf^-al  factious,  he  continued  to  exercise 
thccliief  authority  in  Columbia  till  May, 
1S30,  wlien,  dissatisfied  with  the  aspect 
of  internal  ail'airs,  he  resigned  the  pres- 
idency, and  expressed  a  determination 
to  leave  the  country.  The  people  ere 
long  became  sensible  of  their  injustice 
to  his  merit,  and  were  soliciting  him  to 
resume  the  government,  when  Ids  death, 
which  liajipened  in  December,  1S80,  pre- 
vented tlie  accomplishment  of  their 
wishes.  In  jicrson  he  was  thin,  and 
lomewhat  below  the  middle  size,  bnt  ca- 
pable of  great  endurance  ;  his  complex- 
ion sallow,  and  his  eyes  dark  and  pene- 
trating. His  intellect  was  of  the  highest 
order,  and  his  general  character  of  that 
ardent,  lofty  cast,  which  is  so  well  calcu- 
lated to  take  the  lead  among  a  people 
emerging  from  the  yoke  of  tyranny. 

BOLLzVND,  Sir  William,  an  eminent 
lawyer  and  one  of  the  barons  of  Exche- 
quer, was  a  member  and  one  of  the 
originators  of  the  Koxburgh  Club,  and 
is  often  mentioned  by  Dr.  Dibdin  among 
the  most  ardent  admirers  of  the  literature 
of  the  olden  times.     B.  1773;  d.  1840. 

BOLLANDUS,  John,  a  learned  Flem- 
ish Jesuit;  onQ.of  the  compilers  of  the 
"  Acta  Sanetoram."     D.  1005. 

B(n.OGNP:SE,  Fkanoisco,  the  as- 
sumed name  of  Francis  Grimaldi,  an  ex- 
cellent landsc:ipe  painter,  pupil  of  Anni- 
bal  Caracci.     D.  1080. 

BOLSEC,  Jerome,  a  Carmelite  friar  of 
Paris.  lie  became  for  a  time  a  Protest- 
ant, but  again  returned  to  the  Catholic 
faitl),  and  marked  his  zeal  against  I'rot- 
esfantism  in  his  lives  of  Calvin  and 
Theodore  Beza.     D.  1582. 

BOIiSWERT,  Scheldt,  an  engraver  of 
the  17th  centur\-,  a  native  of  Friesland, 
but  who  passed  most  of  his  life  in  Ant- 
werp ;  distinguished  for  the  excellence 
of  his  engravings  from  Rubens  and  Van- 
dvek. 

"BOLTON,  Edmund,  an  English  anti- 
quary of  the  17th  century ;  author  of 
"Elements  of  Armories,"  "Nero  Cte- 


sar,  or  Mouarchie  Depraved,"  &c. — Ro- 
BEKT,  a  Puritan  divine ;  author  of  a 
"  Treatise  on  Happiness,"  &c.  _B.  1571 ; 
d.  16:51. — Koiiicr.T,  dean  of  Carlisle;  au- 
thor of  an  "Essay  on  the  Employment 
of  Time,"  &c.  1).  l7i)S.— Sir  Willlvm, 
a  captain  in  the  British  navy,  and  a  ne- 
phew of  Lord  Nelson,  commenced  his 
cai'eer  in  1733,  as  a  midshij>man,  on 
board  the  Agamemnon,  commanded  by 
his  gallant  uncle  ;  under  whom  he  serv- 
ed with  credit  and  ability  on  the  most 
trying  occasions,  during  a  great  part  of 
the  war.  Although  he  did  not  obtain 
higher  promotion,  owing  chiefly  to  his 
not  being  present  in  the  ever-memora- 
ble battle  of  Trafalgar,  (which  Nelson 
emphatically  regretted  during  the_  en- 
gagement,) his  merits  as  a  naval  officer, 
his  gentlemanly  deportment,  and  above 
all,  his  humanitv,  deserve  to  be  record 
ed.    B.  1777  ;  d".  1830. 

BOLTS,  William,  an  English  mer- 
chant, of  Dutch  extraction,  b.  in  1740. 
He  was  invested  with  high  employ  in 
the  East  India  Company's  service,  and 
realized  a  large  fortune  in  India ;  but 
being  accused  of  a  design  to  subvert  the 
Indian  government,  he  was  arrested, 
sent  to  England,  imprisoned,  and  sub- 
jected to  a  seven  years'  process,  which 
dissipated  his  large  fortune.  He  d.  at 
last  in  a  poor-house.  Pie  left  a  work 
"  On  Bengal,"  and  "  Considerations  on 
the  Affairs  of  India." 

BOLZANI,  Urbano  Valeeiano,  a 
learned  monk ;  teacher  of  Greek  at 
Venice,  and  the  first  who  wrote  a  gram- 
mar of  that  language  in  Latin.  D.  1524. 
BOMBELLI,  Seb.vstian,  an  eminent 
Boloo-nese  historical  and  portrait  ])ainter. 
B.  1035  ;  d.  1685. — RAriiAEL,  a  celebrated 
algebraist  of  the  10th  century,  and  the 
first  who  invented  a  uniform  method  of 
workinir  equations. 

B(J.Mr>ER(J,  Daniel,  a  Dutch  printer; 
whose  Bible  and  Talmud  are  highly 
valued.     D.  1549. 

BOMPART,  Jean-  Bai-tiste,  a  French 
republican  vice-admiral,  h.  in  1757 ; 
brought  into  notice  by  his  fighting  a 
British  frigate  of  44  guns,  witli  his  sliip, 
the  Ambuscade,  36  guns,  otF  New  York. 
His  ship  was  taken,  and  himself  made 
prisoner,  during  the  expedition  to  Ire- 
land in  1798.  lie  always  retained  his 
steady  republican  feelings  daring  Bona- 
parte's imperial  ascendency,  and  even 
during  the  Hundred  Davs. 

BON  ST.  HILARY,  Fkancis  Xavier, 
alearned  French  writer;  author  of  "Me- 
moire  sur  Ics  Marrones  d'lnde,"  &c. 
D.  1761. 


BON  J 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    UIOGRAPIIV. 


177 


BONA,  John,  Cardinal;  author  of 
Bcveral  devotional  works.  Kaised  to 
tlie  cardinalate  by  Clement  IX.   D.  1G74. 

BONA  MY,  Pktek  Nicholas,  a  French 
ecclesiastic;  historiotrraplier  of  Paris, 
librarian  of  St.  Victor,  and  conductor  of 
the  journal  of  Verdun,  a  clever  periodi- 
cal work.  lie  also  contributed  largely 
to  the  Memoirs  of  the  Academy  of  In- 
Bcriptions.  B.  1G94;  d.  1770. — A  gener- 
al ;  one  of  the  conquerors  of  Najilcs,  in 
17S9.  In  charging;  the  principal  redoubt 
at  Moskwa,  he  received  twenty  bayonet 
wounds,  and  was  left  in  tlie  hands  of 
the  Eussians.  lie  returned  to  France 
in  1814.    B.  1764. 

BONANNI,  Philit,  a  learned  Jesuit 
of  Eome ;  author  of  a  "History  of  the 
Church  of  tlic  Vatican;"  ''Collection  of 
the  Medals  of  the  Popes,"  &c.,  &c.  D. 
1725. 

BONAPARTE.  The  name  of  a  Corsi- 
can  family  which  has  been  made  for  ever 
illustrious  by  the  prodigious  military 
genius  of  one  of  its  members,  the  late 
emperor  of  the  French.  The  most  au- 
thentic genealogical  documents  ascribe 
a  Florentine  origin  to  the  family,  and 
trace  them  back  to  the  year  1120,  when 
one  of  them  was  exiled  from  Florence 
as  a  Ghibclline  ;  and  in  1332  we  find  that 
John  Bonaparte  \ya»  podeda  of  that  city. 
In  1404,  his  descendant  and  namesake, 
who  was  plenipotentiary  to  Gabriel  Vis- 
conti,  duke  of  Milan,  married  the  niece 
of  Pope  Nicholas  V.  Ilis  son,  Nicho- 
las Bonaparte,  (^written  Buonaparte  until 
ftfter  Napoleon  s  first  Italian  campaign, 
when  the  u  was  dropped,)  was  ambas- 
sador from  the  same  pontitf  to  several 
courts,  and  vicegerent  of  the  holy  see  at 
Ascoli.  In  15G7  Gabriel  Bonaparte  es- 
tablished himself  at  Ajaccio,  and  for 
several  generations  his  descendants  were 
successively  heads  of  tlie  elders  of  tliat 
city.  But  Napoleon  Bonaparte  ridiculed 
the  pride  of  ancestry,  and  was  eager  on 
all  occasions  to  declare  that  tlie  exalted 
station  he  had  attained  was  due  to  his 
own  merits  alone. — Carlo,  his  father, 
was  a  respectable  advocate  at  Ajaccio, 
in  the  island  of  Corsica.  He  liad  studied 
law  at  Eome,  but  resigning  the  gown 
for  the  sword,  lie  fought  under  Paoli 
against  the  French,  and  when  Corsica 
surrendered  was  reluctlantly  induced  to 
live  under  the  French  government.  On 
this  submission,  being  much  noticed  by 
the  new  governor.  Count  do  Marbocf, 
he  was  appointed  judge  lateral  of  Ajaccio. 
D.  in  his  3'.ith  year,  of  cancer  in  the  sto- 
mach.— Marie  Lktitie,  whose  maiden 
name  was  Eamolini,  the  wife  of  Carlo,  a 


lady  of  great  beauty  and  accomplish- 
ments, bore  him  fivo  sons  and  three 
daughters,  and  lived  to  sec  them  elcva-  ^p, 
ted  to  the  higliest  positions. — Napoleox,  ^^ 
was  b.  on  the  l-'ith  August,  1769,  at 
Ajaccio.  He  was  educated  at  tlie  mili- 
ta'iy  school  of  Bricnne  from  1779  to  17S4. 
His  conduct  there  was  unexceptionable. 
He  seems  to  have  cultivated  mathematics 
more  than  any  other  branch  of  study. 
He  was  fond  of  the  history  of  great  men, 
and  Plutarch  seems  to  Iiave  been  his 
favorite  author,  as  he  is  with  most  young 
persons  of  an  animated  character.  For 
languages  he  manifested  little  taste.  He 
made  himself  well  acquainted  with  the 
French  classics.  From  the  military 
school  at  Bricnne,  he  went  with  nigh 
recommendations  to  that  of  Paris.  In 
17S6  he  commenced  his  military  career, 
being  appointeel  in  that  year  second 
lieutenant  in  the  regiment  of  artillery  La 
Fere,  after  a  successful  examination,  one 
year  after  the  death  of  his  father.  While 
at  the  school  in  Paris,  young  Bonaparte 
expressed  a  decided  dislike  of  the  dis- 
cipline and  mode  of  living  there,  which 
he  thougiit  by  no  means  fitted  to  prepare 
the  pupils  for  the  privations  of  a  military 
life.  Napoleun,  then  20,  was  at  Paris  at 
the  epoch  of  the  10th  of  August.  In 
September  he  returned  to  Corsica.  The 
celebrated  Paoli,  who  had  acted  as  lieu- 
tenant-general in  the  service  of  France, 
had,  meanwhile,  been  proscribed,  with 
twenty  other  generals,  as  a  traitor,  and 
a  price  set  on  his  head.  In  Jlay,  1793, 
Paoli  raised  the  standard  of  revolt  to 
secure  his  own  safety,  and  threw  oft"  the 
yoke  of  the  convention.  He  assembled 
a  eonsulta  of  the  Coi'sican  malcontents. 
Bonaparte  openly  opposed  the  views  of 
Paoli,  and  a  war  broke  out  between  the 
adherents  of  that  leader  and  those  of 
France.  Many  excesses  were  committed, 
and  Paoli  went  so  far  as  to  make  attempts 
upon  the  persons  of  young  Bonaparte 
and  his  family.  But  Bonaparte  suc- 
ceeded in  conducting  them  safely  to 
France,  where  they  retired  to  La  Valette, 
near  T<ndon,  and'  at  a  later  period,  to 
Marseilles.  In  the  same  vessel  with  the 
Bonapartes  were  the  commissioners  of 
the  convention  and  the  French  troops. 
It  was  the  persuasion  of  Joseph  Bona- 
parte, one  of  the  members  of  the  depart- 
mental administration  at  the  time  of 
Paoli's  revolution,  that  engaged  his 
family  in  the  French  cause,  and  thus 
had  an  important  intlucncc  on  the  fu- 
ture career  of  his  brotlicr.  Bonaparte 
proceeded  to  Nice,  to  join  the  fourth 
reffiment  of  nrtillcr\',  in  which  he  had 


178 


CYCLOP-UDM    OF    r.IOGUAPHY. 


[bok 


been  made  captain.     This  was  in  tl  ) 
years  17'.'3  and  1794,  when  the  Mon?  - 
tain  party  developed  its  energies  -uito 
an  unexampled  rapidity,  by  au  equally 
unexampled  system ;    and,   finding  no 
foundation  for  a  rational  liberty  on  the 
lii"st  cmci"sion  of  the  country  trom  the 
corruption   and    tyranny   of  conturios, 
strove   to   save  it  by  terrorism.      The 
evident  talents  of  the  young  officer  com- 
mended him  to  the  leaders  of  the  con- 
vention.    He  was  present  at  the  affair 
at  Lyons,  and  soon  after  greatly  distin- 
guished himself  in  expelling  the  English 
from    Toulon.      He   was    consequently 
made  a  general  of  brigade  in  1794.    The 
Bame  year  he  defended  the  convention 
from  an  attack  of  the  Parisians,  defeat- 
ing and  dispersing  them.     In  1796  he 
married     .Josephine    Beauharnois,    the 
widow  of  Count  de  Beauharnois,  who 
had  .been  beheaded  by  Robespierre.    He 
left  his  bride  in  three  days  for  Nice,  and 
taking  tlie   command   of   an   army   of 
60,000  men,  half  armed  and  in  want  of 
every  necessary,  lie  outmanoeuvred  the 
Austrians,  and  won  the  battles  of  Monte- 
notte,  Millesimo,  Dog^o,   Mandovi,  and 
Lodi,  conquering  all  I'iedmont  and  the 
Milanese.     His  victories  of  Louado,  Cas- 
tiglione,  Eoverado,  Bassano,  Sangiorgo, 
and  Areola  closed  1798.     The  following 
year  he  won  the  fields  of  Rivoli,  La  Fa- 
vorite, Tagliamento,  Lavia,  took  Mantua. 
Trieste,  and  Venice,  and  compelled  Aus- 
tria to  sign  the  treaty  of  Campo  Foruiio. 
On  the  19th  iLay,  of  the  same  year,  he 
sailed  with  an  expedition  to  Egypt,  of 
which  he  took  possession  after  fighting 
Beveral  battles.     In  1799  he  returned  to 
France,  finding  th.it  the  conquests  he 
had  made  from  Austria,  she  was  recov- 
ering ;  he  dissolved  the  national  conven- 
tion, was  declared  first  consul,  restored 
peace  in  La  Vendee,  carried  an  army 
over  the   Alps,  beat  the   Austrians  at 
Eomano,  Montebello,  and  Marengo,  and 
made  the  emperor  sign  a  second  treaty 
of  peace.     In  ]8'>1  he  signed  the  prelimi- 
naries of  peace  with  England.     In  1802 
he  was  declared  first  consul  for  life.     In 
T*04  lie  was  made  emporrir.    In  1^05  he 
was  declared  king  of  Italy.     Hostilities 
ajrain  breaking  out  wiili  Austria,  he  won 
the  Itaftlcs  of  W(-rtingiien,  Ourlzbnrirh, 
Mcmminghcn,  Elchingcn,  crqitured  Ulm 
and  an  entire  army,  and  taking  Vienna 
and  fiirhting  the  battles  of  Diernestoin, 
and  -Xusterlitz,  he  forced  the  Aus"rians 
to  sifjn  the  treaty  of  I'reshnrrh.     The 
rear  1806  may  be  regarded  as  the  era  of 
bis  king-making.     New  dynasties  were 
•reuted  by  him,  and  princes  promoted 


or  transferred  according  to  his  will ;  the 
crown  of  Naples  he  bestowed  on  his 
brother  Joseph,  that  of  Holland  on 
Louis,  and  of  Westphalia  on  Jerome ; 
while  the  Confederation  of  the  Khlne 
was  called  into  existence  to  give  stability 
to  his  extended  dominion.  Prussia  again 
declared  war :  but  the  disar^trous  batt-'o 
of  Jena  annihilated  her  hopes,  and  both 
she  and  Eussia  were  glad  to  make  peace 
with  the  French  emperor  in  1807.  Na- 
poleon now  turned  his  eye  on  Spain. 
After  taking  measures  to  bring  about 
the  abdication  of  Charles  IV.  and  the 
resignation  of  Ferdinand,  he  sent  80,000 
men  into  that  country,  seized  all  the 
strong  places,  and  obtained  possession 
of  the  capital.  In  1809,  while  his  ar- 
mies were  thus  occupied  in  the  Pen- 
insula, Austria  again  ventured  to 
trj-  her  strength  with  France.  Napo- 
leon thereu])on  left  Paris,  and  at  the 
head  of  his  troops  once  more  entered 
the  Austrian  capital,  gained  the  decisive 
victory  of  Wagram,  and  soon  concluded 
a  peace ;  one  of  the  secret  conditions  of 
wliich  was,  that  he  should  have  his 
marriage  with  Josephine  dissolved,  and 
unite  himself  to  the  daughter  of  the 
emperor,  Francis  II.  His  former  mar- 
riage was  accordingly  annulled;  Jose- 
phine, with  the  title  of  ex-empress,  re- 
tired to  Navarre,  a  seat  about  30  miles 
from  Paris ;  and  he  espoused  the  arch- 
duchess Maria  Louisa,  in  April,  1810. 
The  fruit  of  this  union  was  a  son,  who 
was  styled  king  of  Rome.  Dissatisfied 
with  the  conduct  of  Russia,  he  now  put 
himself  at  the  head  of  an  invadinnr  army, 
prodigious  in  number,  and  admirably 
appointed,  and  marched  with  his  numer- 
ous allies  towards  the  enemy's  frontiers. 
This  eventful  campaign  against  Russia 
may  be  said  to  have  opened  on  the.2-2d 
June,  on  which  day  he  issued  a  procla- 
mation, wherein,  with  his  usual  oracular 
brevity,  he  declared  that  his  "destinies 
were  about  to  be  accomplished."  On 
the  28th  June  he  entered  Wilna,  where 
he  established  a  provisional  government, 
while  he  assembled  a  general  diet  at  War- 
saw. In  the  mean  time  the  French  army 
continued  its  marcli,  and  passed  the  Nie- 
men  on  the  2">d,  24th,  and  25th  June, 
arriving  at  Witepsk  on  the  way  to  Smo- 
lensko,  in  the  early  part  of  July.  In  tlie 
march  it  obtained  several  victories,  and 
the  Russians  finding  their  enemy  too 
powerful  in  open  contest,  contented 
'  themselves  ibr  the  most  part  in  wasting 
the  country,  and  adiling  to  the  severities 
I  and  operation  of  the  Russian  climate 
j  upon  a  southern  soldiery.    The  French 


kon] 


C'VCI.Or.KDIA    OF    BIOGKAPIIV. 


179 


army,  however,  undauntedly  proceeded, 
until  arrivln,!r  near  Moscow  on  tlie  10th 
September,  the  famous  battle  of  Boro- 
dino was  foutjht,  so  fatal  to  both  parties, 
and  in  which  6O,000  are  supposed  to 
have  perished.  Napoleon  notwithstand- 
i)ig  pressed  on  to  Moscow,  from  which 
the  Russians  retreated,  as  also  the 
greater  part  of  tlie  inhabitants,  who 
abandoned  it  by  order  of  the  governor. 
Count  Rostopc'liin.  "When,  therefore. 
Napoleon  entered  the  celebrated  capital, 
four  days  after  the  battle,  he  found  it 
for  the  most  part  deserted  and  in  flames. 
This  strong  measure  saved  the  Kussian 
empire,  by  completely  destroying  the 
resources  of  Napoleon.  After' remain- 
ing thirty-five  days  in  the  ruins  of  this 
ancient  metropolis,  exposed  to  every 
species  of  privation,  retreat  became  ne- 
cessary, amid  one  of  the  most  striking 
scenes  of  human  suffering  ever  experi- 
enced. Hunger,  cold,  and  the  sword 
attended  the  wretched  fugitives  all  the 
way  to  Poland,  and  the  narrative  of 
Count  Segur,  who  details  all  the  events 
and  their  effect  on  Napoleon,  possibly 
forms  the  most  appalling  picture  in 
modern  history.  On  the  IHh  Decem- 
ber, Napoleon  entered  Paris  at  night, 
and  on  tlie  following  day  a  bulletin,  with 
no  great  concealment  of  their  extent, 
disclosed  his  losses.  Early  the  next 
month  he  presented  to  the  senate  a  de- 
cree for  levying  850,000  men  which  was 
imanimously  agreed  to,  and  he  forth- 
with began  preparations  to  encounter 
the  forces'  ot  Kussia  and  Prussia,  now 
once  more  in  combination.  On  the  2d 
May,  they  met  at  Lutzen,  and  the  allies 
retired,  on  which  Austria  undertook  to 
oiediate,  but  not  succeeding,  the  battle 
of  Bautzen  followed,  in  which  the 
Frencli  were  victorious.  On  the  20th 
May,  an  armistice  took  place,  and  liego- 
tiations  were  opened,  which  proved 
fruitless  ;  and  Austria  was  at  length  in- 
duced to  join  the  allies.  On  tliis  im- 
portant event,  Napoleon  endeavored  to 
reach  Berlin,  while  the  allies  sought  to 
occupy  Dresden,  which  attempt  induced 
him  to  return  and  rci)ulse  them  in  the 
battle  of  Dresden,  on  which  occasion, 
Moreau,  who  had  come  from  Paris  to 
flight  under  the  banner  of  the  confeder- 
ates, was  mortally  wounded.  At  Icntrth 
these  equivocal  contests  terminated  in 
the  famous  battle  of  Leipsic,  fousht  on 
the  16th,  18th,  and  19th  October,  which 
was  decisive  of  the  war  as  to  Germany. 
The  French  loss  was  immense;  Prince 
Pouiatowski  of  Poland  was  killed,  iif- 
teon  general  officers  were  wounded,  and 


twenty-three  taken  prisoners ;  and  of 
184,000  men,  opposed  to  300,noo,  n?t 
more  than  G0,Ouu  remained.  On  this 
great  victory,  the  Saxons,  Bavarians, 
Westphalians,  in  a  word,  all  the  con- 
tingent powers  declared  for  the  allies. 
Napoleon  returned  to  I'aris,  and  inter- 
rupted the  compliment  of  address,  by 
thus  stating  the  disagreeable  fact,  that 
"  within  tlie  last  year  all  Europe  marched 
with  us,  now  all  Europe  is  leagued 
against  us."  lie  followed  up  this  avowal 
by  another  demand  of  800,000  men. 
The  levy  was  granted,  and  on  the  26th 
January,  he  again  headed  his  army,  and 
the  allies  having  passed  the  Rhine  early 
in  the  same  month,  in  the  succeeding 
month  of  February  were  fought  the  bat- 
tles of  Dizier,  Brienne,  Camp  Aubert, 
and  Montmirail,  with  various  success ; 
but  nov,'  the  advanced  guard  of  the  Rus- 
sians entered  into  action,  and  Napoleon 
was  called  to  another  quarter.  The  san- 
guinary conflicts  of  Montereau  and  No- 
gent  followed,  in  which  the  allied  forces 
suffered  very  severely,  and  were  obliged 
to  retire  upon  Troyes.  Early  in  ilareh 
the  treaty  of  alliance  was  concluded  be- 
tween Britain,  Austria,  Prussia,  and 
Russia,  by  which  each  was  bound  not 
to  make  peace  but  upon  certain  condi- 
tions. This  was  signed  at  Chatillon,  on 
the  15th  March,  and  made  known  to 
Napoleon,  who  refused  the  terms.  His 
plan  was  now  to  get  into  the  rear  of  the 
combined  army,  and  by  this  mano?uvre 
to  endeavor  to  draw  them  off  from  Paris ; 
but  the  allies  gaining  possession  of  his 
intentions  by  an  intercepted  letter,  has- 
tened their  progress,  and  on  the  30th 
March  attacked  the  heights  of  Chau- 
mont,  from  which  they  were  repulsed 
with  great  loss.  At  length,  however, 
their  extensive  array  bore  on  so  many 
points,  that  on  the  French  being  driven 
back  on  the  barriers  of  Paris,  Marshal 
Marmont,  who  commanded  there,  sent 
a  flag  of  truce,  and  proposed  to  deliver 
up  the  city.  Napoleon  hastened  from 
Fontainbleau,  but  was  apprised  iava 
leagues  from  Paris  of  the  result.  lie 
accordingly  returned  to  Fontainbleau, 
where  he  commanded  an  afmy  of  50.000 
men,  and  the  negotiation  ensued  which 
terminated  with  his  consignment  to  the 
island  of  Elba,  with  the  title  of  ex-cm- 
peror,  and  a  pension  of  two  millions  of 
livres.  He  displayed  becoming  firmness 
on  this  occasion,  and  on  the  20th  April, 
after  embracing  the  officer  commanding 
the  attendant  grenadiers  of  his  guard, 
and  the  imperial  eagles,  he  departed  tc 
his  destination.    Not  loiij;  al^er,  secretU 


ISO 


CVCLOP.EDIA    OF    BIOGKAPHY. 


[BON 


embarkiu*  in  some  hired  feluccas,  ac- 
companiea  with  about  1'200  men,  he 
landed  ou  the  1st  Marcli,  1S14,  iu  the 
guh"  of  Juan,  in  Trovence.  lie  imme- 
diately issued  a  proclamulion,  announ- 
cing his  intention  to  resume  the  crown, 
of  "which  "treason  had  robbed  him," 
and  proceeding  to  Grenoble,  was  at  once 
welcomed  by  the  commanding  officer, 
Labedoycre,  and  iu  two  days  after  he 
entered  Lyons,  where  ho  experienced  a 
similar  reception.  In  Lyons  he  pro- 
ceeded formully  to  resume  all  the  func- 
tions of  sovereignty  bj'  choosmg  coun- 
sellors, generals,  and  prefects,  and  pub- 
lishing various  decrees,  one  of  which 
was  for  abolishing  tiie  noblesse,  of  whom 
tlie  restored  faniily  had  already  made 
the  French  people  apprehensive,  and 
another  proscribing  the  race  of  Bourbon. 
Thus  received  and  favored,  he  reached 
Paris  on  the  20th  March  without  draw- 
ing a  sword.  In  the  capital  ho  was  re- 
ceived with  the  loud  acclamations  of 
"  Vive  I'Einpereur  !"  and  was  joined  by 
Marshal  Ncy,  and  the  generals  Drouet, 
Lallemand,  and  Lefebvre.  Ou  the  fol- 
lowing day  he  reviewed  his  army,  re- 
ceived general  congratulations,  and  an- 
nounced the  return  of  the  empress.  On 
opening  the  assembly  of  representatives, 
ou  tiie  7th  June  following,  he  talked  of 
establishing  a  constitutional  monarchy. 
But  by  this  time  the  allies  were  once  more 
in  motion,  and  having  collected  an  im- 
mense supply  of  stores  and  ammunition, 
he  quitted  Paris  on  the  r2th  of  the  same 
mouth,  to  march  and  oppose  their  pro- 
gress, lie  arrived  on  the  loth  at  Avcs- 
hes,  and  on  the  14th  and  16th  fought 
the  partially  successful  battles  of  Fleurus 
and  Ligny.  On  the  ISth  o(?curred  the 
signal  and  well-known  victor}'  of  Water- 
l<;o,  in  which  the  British  made  so  suc- 
ci'ssful  a  stand  under  the  duke  of  Wel- 
lington, until  aided  into  decisive  victory 
Va'  the  timely  arrival  of  the  Prussians 
under  Bulow.  In  the  battle,  out  of 
9"), 000  men,  it  is  thought  that  the  French 
lost  nearly  50,000.  Napoleon  immedi- 
ately returned  to  Paris,  but  the  charm 
was  now  utterly  dissolved;  and,  soured 
by  tlie  result  of  the  battle,  and  fearing 
another  occupation  of  the  capital,  a 
Btrong  party  was  openly  formed  against 
liim,  and  even  his  friends  urged  him  to 
abdicate.  He  was  prevailed  unon  at 
length,  with  some  difficulty,  to  talce  this 
Btep  in  favor  of  his  son.  For  some  time 
he  entertained  the  idea  of  embarking  for 
America ;  Viut  fearful  of  Britisli  cruisers, 
he  at  length  determined  to  throw  him- 
Bolf  on  the  generosity  of  the  only  people 


who  had  never  materially  yielded  to  his 
influence.  He  accordingly  resigned  him- 
self, ou  the  l")th  July,  into  the  hands  of 
Captain  Maitland,  of  the  Bcllerophou, 
then  lying  at  Eochfort,  and  was  exceed- 
ingly anxious  to  laud  iu  England.  On 
giving  himself  up,  ho  addressed  the 
prince  regent  iu  a  well-known  letter,  in 
which  he  compared  himself  to  Themis- 
tocles.  It  is  impossible  to  dwell  on  the 
minutiaB  of  his  conduct  and  reception, 
or  ou  the  circumstances  attendant  on 
his  consignment  for  safe  custody  to  St. 
Helena,  by  the  joint  determination  of 
the  allies.  For  'this,  his  tiual  destina- 
tion, he  sailed  ou  the  11th  August,  1S15, 
and  arrived  at  St.  Helena  on  the  13th  of 
the  following  October.  The  rest  of  his 
life  is  little  more  than  a  detail  of  gradual 
bodily  decay;  rendered,  however,  stri- 
king by  the  narrative  of  his  remarks, 
conversation,  and  literary  employment, 
among  the  few  faithful  courtiers  and 
officers  allowed  to  accompany  him. 
After  a  few  years,  he  was  taken  with 
cancer  in  the  stomach.  He  bore  the 
excruciating  torture  of  his  disease  for 
six  weeks  with  great  firmness,  generally 
keeping  his  eyes  fixed  ou  a  portrait  of 
his  son,  which  was  placed  near  his  bed. 
From  the  beginning  he  refused  medicine 
as  useless  ;  and  his  last  words,  uttered 
in  a  state  of  delirium  on  the  morning  of 
his  death,  were,  "  Mou  fils  !"  soon  after- 
wards, '  "  tete  d'armee !"  and  lastly, 
"  France."  This  event  took  place  on 
ou  the  5th  May,  1821,  iu  the  52d  year 
of  his  age.  He  was  interred,  according 
to  his  own  desire,  near  some  willow 
trees  and  a  spring  of  water,  at  a  place 
called  Haiuc's  Valley,  his  funeral  being 
attended  by  the  highest  military  honors. 
Thus  terminated  the  eventful  and  daz- 
zling career  of  Napoleon  Bonaparte,  ona 
of  those  extraordinary  gifted  individuals, 
who,  lulling  into  a  period  and  course  of 
circumstances  adapted  to  their  peculiar 
genius,  exhibit  the  capacity  of  human 
nature  in  the  highest  point  of  view.— 
Napoleox  Fkancis  Cuarles  Joseph, 
duke  of  Reiclistadt,  only  son  of  the  Em- 
peror Napoleon  bj'  his  second  wife, 
Maria  Louisa  of  Austria.  After  his  fa- 
ther's downfall,  he  was  wholly  under 
the  care  of  his  grandtather,  the  emperor 
of  Austria.  lie  was  from  infancy  of  a 
weakly  constitution,  and  a  rapid  decline 
terminated  his  life  iu  18'32,  at  the  early 
age  of  21 .  It  would  appear,  from  a  work 
by  M.  do  Montbcl,  entitled  "  Le  Due  do 
lleichstadt,"  that  the  young  Napoleon 
possessed  many  amiable  (qualities,  and 
was  greatly  beloved  by  those  who  knew 


bon] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


181 


him;  wliile  he  had  all  the  enthusiasm 
and  passion  ot"  youth  in  cxlrcnio  force, 
alternating^  witli  a  distrust,  a  caution, 
and  a  rapidity  in  fathoming,'  the  charac- 
ters of  tiie  persons  with  whom  he  was 
necessarily  broupjlit  into  contact,  which 
are  tlie  usiuil  qualities  of  a<re ;  and  that 
he  took  the  deepest  interest  in  every 
thing  connected  with  his  father's  former 
greatness,  or  relating  to  military  affairs. 
— .losEPH,  an  elder  brother  of  Napoleon, 
was  b.  in  Corsica,  in  ITtJS.  Jviucated 
for  the  law  at  the  college  of  Autun  in 
France,  he  became  a  member  of  the 
new  administration  of  Corsica  nnder 
Paoli ;  but  soon  afterwards  emi^'rated 
to  Marseilles,  where  he  marric<l  tlie 
daughter  of  a  banker  named  Clari.  In 
170(3  he  was  appointed  commissary  to 
the  army  in  Italy  then  commamled  by 
his  brother  Napoleon  ;  and  in  1797,  hav- 
ing been  elected  deputy  to  the  council 
of  five  hundred  by  his  native  depart- 
ment, he  repaired  to  Paris,  whence  he 
was  shortly  afterwards  sent  by  the  ex- 
ecutive directory  as  ambassador  to  the 
pope.  During:  the  revolution  which 
oroke  out  at  Kome  under  Duphot,  he 
displayed  considerable  energy;  and  on 
his  return  to  Paris  he  was  made  coun- 
sellor of  state,  and  was  subsequently 
employed  by  Napoleon  to  negotiate  the 
treaties  of  Lunevillo  with  the  emperor 
of  Germany,  and  of  Amiens  with  En- 
gland. ^Vhen  Napoleon  attained  the 
imperial  crown,  Joseph  was  recognized 
as  an  imperial  prince,  and  in  this  capa- 
city 1)0  headed  the  expedition  against 
Naples  in  1S06,  which  resulted  in  his 
being  proclaimed  king  of  Naples  and 
Sicily.  Here  he  reigned  till  180S,  effect- 
ing beneficial  changes  in  the  adminis- 
tration of  the  law  and  the  institutions 
of  the  country.  In  ISOS  he  was  ap- 
pointed king  of  Spain,  Murat  having 
succeeded  him  as  kmg  of  Naples.  But 
in  Spain  he  encountered  much  greater 
dithculties  than  at  Naples ;  and  during 
the  five  years  of  his  reign  he  was  thrice 
obliged  by  the  successes  of  the  allied 
armies  to  quit  his  capital ;  the  last  time, 
in  1S13,  atter  the  battle  of  Vittoria,  to 
return  no  more,  lie  now  retired  to 
France.  In  January  of  the  following 
year,  when  Napoleon  set  out  for  the 
army,  he  was  a])pointed  lieutenant-gen- 
eral of  the  empire  and  head  of  the  coun- 
cil of  regency  to  assist  the  empress-re- 
gent; hut  in  this  capacity  he  displayed 
little  firmness,  and  consented  to  "the 
capitulation  of  Paris,  which  resulted  in 
the  abdication  of  Napoleon  and  his  ban- 
ishment to  Elba.  Ho  then  retired  to 
U 


Switzerland  ;  but  he  rejoined  Napoleon 
on  his  return  to  Paris  in  March,  l5l5, 
and  after  the  defeat  at  Waterloo  he  em- 
barked lor  the  United  States,  where  he 
purchased  a  large  property,  at  Borden- 
town,  N.  J.,  and  continued  for  many 
years  to  reside  under  the  name  of  the 
Count  de  Survilliers.  I),  at  Florence, 
1844.  —  LuciEX,  prince  of  Canino,  the 
next  brother  after  Napoleon  in  birth, 
and  after  him,  too,  the  ablest  of  the 
family.  He  was  b.  at  Ajaeeio  in  1775  ; 
and  having  quitted  Corsica,  with  his 
family,  in  1793,  he  became  a  commissary 
of  the  army  in  1795,  and  soon  afterwards 
was  elected  a  deputy  froni  the  depart- 
ment of  Liamone  to  the  council  ot  five 
hundred.  It  was  here  that  he  first  dis- 
tinguished himself  by  the  energy  of  his 
manner,  the  llucney  of  his  language,  the 
soundness  of  his  arguments,  and  his  ap- 
parent devotion  to  the  existing  govern- 
ment. During  Napoleon's  absence  in 
Egypt,  he  maintained  a  constant  corre- 
spondence with  him ;  and,  on  his  return, 
Lueien  was  the  chief  instrument  of  the 
revolution  which  followed.  Wlien  the 
sentence  of  outlawry  was  about  to  be 
pronounced  against  his  brother,  he  op- 
posed it  with  all  the  force  of  his  elo- 
quence ;  and  when  he  perceived  that 
remonstrances  were  of  no  avail,  he  threw 
down  the  ensigns  of  his  dignity  as  pres- 
ident, mounted  a  horse,  harangued  the 
troops,  and  induced  them  to  clear  the 
hall  of  its  members.  By  his  subsequent 
energy,  coolness,  and  decision,  he  led 
the  way  to  Nitpoleon's  election  as  first 
consul,  and  was  Inmself  made  minister 
of  the  interior,  in  the  room  of  Laplace. 
But  great  as  were  the  services  which 
Lueien  had  performed  for  his  brother, 
the  latter  became  jealous  of  his  abilities, 
and  feared  his  popularity.  A  coolness 
between  them  soon  took  place ;  and, 
with  that  cunning  which  marked  so 
many  of  his  actions,  he  took  care  to  re- 
move Lueien  from  the  immedi.ate  scene 
of  action,  by  sending  him  ambassador 
to  Madrid.  In  the  spring  of  1802  he  re- 
turned to  Paris,  was  outwardly  recon- 
ciled with  the  first  consul,  and'  entered 
a  second  time  upon  the  tribuncship.  lie 
had  married,  at  an  early  a^'c,  the  daugh- 
ter of  a  wealthy  innkeeper ;  and,  his 
wife  having  been  ncjw  some  time  dead, 
he  united  himself  to  one  Madame  Jou- 
bcrthou,  the  widow  of  a  stock-broker,  a 
woman  distinsjuished  tor  her  gallantries. 
This  gave  great  offence  to  Napoleon,  and 
was  a  severe  V)low  to  the  system  he  had 
long  eontemphated  of  forming  roy.ol  alli- 
ances  for  Ins   relatives.     He  therefore 


182 


CYCLOP/EDiv  OF  inocnApiiv. 


[bon 


used  every  meau3  ia  his  power  to  induce 
Lueien  to  consent  to  a  dissolution  ot' the 
marriage;  but,  to  his  iionor  be  it  re- 
corded, he  consttuitly  spurned  all  the 
proposals  that  were  made  to  him  to  sue- 
ritice  his  wife.  For  several  years  he 
took  up  his  residence  at  Kome,  where 
he  was  a  welcome  visitor,  havinj;  merit- 
ed the  gratitude  of  the  pope  by  the  zeal- 
ous support  he  harl  given  the  concordat ; 
and  when,  in  1S()7,  he  found  tliat  the 
enmity  of  his  brother  rendered  his  stay 
in  that  city  no  longer  safe,  he  retired  to 
an  estate  which  he  liad  purchased  at 
Caniiio,  and  which  his  holiness  had 
raised  into  a  principality.  It  was  not 
long,  liowever,  before  he  found  that  the 
emtssaries  of  Xapoleon  were  hovering 
round  liis  retreat,  and  lie  lied  secretly 
to  Civita  Vecohia,  from  which  place  he 
embarked  in  August,  ISIO,  M'ith  the  in- 
tentiou  of  proceeding  to  the  United 
States.  A  stoma  threw  him  on  the 
coast  of  Cagliari ;  but  the  king  of  Sar- 
dinia refused  him  permission  to  land: 
he  was  accordingly  forced  to  put  out  to 
sea ;  and  being  captured  by  two  English 
frigates,  he  was  conveyed  hrst  to  Malta 
and  afterwards  (Dee.  18)  to  England. 
After  a  time  he  was  permitted  to  pur- 
chase a  beautiful  estate  near  Ludlow,  in 
Shropshire,  where  he  spent;  three  calm 
and  peaceful  years,  completing  during 
tliat  period,  a  poem  upon  which  he  had 
long  meditated,  entitled  "  Charlemagne, 
or  the  Church  Delivered."  The  peace 
of  1S14  having  opened  his  way  to  the 
Continent,  he  returned  to  his  old  friend 
and  protector,  Pius  VII.  After  the 
battle  of  Waterloo  he  urged  the  einpeior 
to  make  a  desperate  stand  for  the  throne ; 
but  the  cause  was  hopeless;  and  Lueien, 
having  retired  to  Italy,  devoted  the  re- 
mainder of  his  days  to  literature  and  the 
fine  arts.  D.  at  Viterbo,  1S40. — Louis, 
a  younger  brother  of  Napoleon  and  ex- 
king  of  Holland,  was  b.  at  Ajaccio,  in 
Corsica,  September  2, 17?8.  He  entered 
the  army  at  an  early  age,  accompanied 
his  brother  to  Italy  and  Egypt,  and  on 
Napoleon's  successive  elevations  to  the 
consulsiiip  and  the  empire  rose  to  be  a 
counsellor  of  state  and  a  general  of  divi- 
sion, and  received  the  titles  of  constable 
of  i  ranee  and  colonel-general  of  carbi- 
niers. After  having  iieen  successively 
appointed  governor  of  I'iedmont,  and 
governor  ad  interim  of  the  capital,  in 
place  of  Miirat,  lie  took  the  command  of 
the  army  of  the  North  in  Holland  ;  and 
in  I^iMij' tlie  Batavian  republic  having 
been  changed  into  a  kingilom  by  Napo- 
leon. Louis  was  txoit^inated  kjng  at  the 


request  of  the  states  of  Holland.  In  this 
capacity  he  conducted  himself  with 
equal  skill  and  humanity,  and  such  was 
the  alfection  with  which  his  Dutch  sub- 
jects had  inspired  him,  that  he  refused 
without  hesitation  the  crown  of  Spain 
which  was  offered  him  by  the  emperor. 
In  1810,  Louis,  having  long  resisted  the 
emperor's  coramancls^o  enforce  the  con- 
tinental blockade,  which  would,  as  he 
believed,  have  proved  detrimental  to  his 
people's  interests,  abdicated  in  favor  of 
his  son ;  but  the  abdication  was  rejected 
by  Napoleon,  who  thereupon  united 
Holland  to  the  French  empire ;  and  the 
ex- king  leaving  Holland  secretly,  re- 
paired to  Gratz  in  Styria,  where  he  re- 
sided several  years  under  the  title  of 
count  de  Saint  Leu.  After  the  fall  of 
Napoleon,  he  finally  retired  to  the  Papal 
States  with  some  members  of  his  family, 
where  he  devoted  himself  chiefly  to  lit- 
erary pursuits  down  to  the  period  of  his 
death.  His  only  surviving  son,  Louis 
Napoleon  Bonaparte,  the  offspring  of 
his  marriage  with  liortense  Eugenie  de 
Bcauharnois,  (which  see,)  daughter  of 
the  Empress  Josephine,  is  the  first  pre- 
sident of  the  French  republic,  estab- 
lished in  184S.  D.  at  Leghorn,  25th 
June,  184fi. 

BON  ARELLI,  Guy  Ubaldo,  an  Ttahan 
poet;  author  of  "  Filll  di  Sciro,"  &c. 
B.  1553;  d.l608. 

B(3NAS0NI,  GuiLio,  a  Bolognese 
painter  and  engraver  of  the  16th  centu- 
ry. In  the  latter  capacity  ho  especially 
e'xcched  ;  and  he  engraved  many  of  the 
chefs-d'oeuvre  of  Michael  Angelo,  Eaf- 
laelle,  &c.,  in  astvle  ofereat  beauty. 

BONAVENTUliE,  Jonx  Fidanza. 
While  only  general  of  the  order  of 
Franciscans,  his  reputation  for  probity 
and  wisdom  caused  the  cardinals  to 
leave  to  him  the  nomination  of  a  suc- 
cessor to  Clement  IV.  He  named  The- 
obald, archdeacon  of  Liege,  who  became 
pope,  -vyith  the  title  of  Gregory  X.,  and 
made  Bonaver)ture  a  cardinal.  D.  1274, 
and  was  canonized,  1482. — Of  Padua, 
made  cardinal  by  Urban  VI.  in  1378 ;  a 
friend  of  Petrarch,  and  the  author  of 
several  religious  pieces.  Assassinated, 
ISSfj. 

BONCIIAMP,  Arthur  de,  a  celo- 
brated  general  of  the  Vendean  royalists, 
and  who  had  served  with  distinction  as 
an  officer  in  the  American  war.  In  hitn 
humanity  was  not  less  conspicuous  than 
valor,  as  the  last  act  of  his  life  amply 
testified  ;  for  it  was  to  his  interference 
that  5,000  prisoners,  whom  the  exasper- 
ated royalists  had  taken,  were  aavo-i 


UONJ 


cvci.oP.KDi.v  OK  13  IOC  K  A  par. 


183 


fVom  instant  death.  He  was  mortally 
■wounded  in  the  battle  ofClioUet,  IT'J;'.. 

BONCEKF,  r.  I-'.,  author  of  the  tii- 
mons  painplilct,  "  Les  Inconvenicns  des 
iJroits  Fiiodaux,"  while  secretary  to 
Tur^'ot.  Condemned  to  be  burned,  it 
bceame  the  basis  oftiie  fundamental  de- 
crees of  the  Constituent  Assembly  of 
17.S9.  Having  been  in  the  service  of 
D'Orleans,  he  narrowly  eseapcd  the 
guillotine  by  one  vote,  on  the  fall  of  his 
patron,  and  d.  from  the  shoek  he  then 
sustained.     1>.  1745. 

BOND,  John,  an  English  physician  ; 
author  of  critieal  notes  on  Horace,  Per- 
pius,  and  other  classics.  D.  1612. — 
Oliver,  a  famous  Irish  associate  with 
Kapper  Tandy  and  Theodore  Wolfe 
Tone,  in  the  Irish  rebellion  of  1707-8. 
He  was  arrested  in  17'J8 ;  terms  were 
made  with  the  trovcrnment  to  send  him 
to  America;  but  he  was  found  dead 
(with  apoplexv,  as  reported)  in  prison. 
B.  1720. 

BONDAjr,  Peter,  a  famous  Dutch 
writer  of  voluminous  and  useless  com- 
niencarics.     B.  1727  ;  d.  1800. 

BUNDI,  Clement,  the  poetical  Delille 
of  the  Italians;  author  of  the  "Conver- 
sazione," which  resembles  Cowper's 
Task  ;  '•  The  ^-Encid,"  translated  in  versi 
seiolti,  &e.     D.  1816. 

BuNDY,  Count  de,  a  French  liberal, 
but  keeping  aloof  from  the  revolution- 
ary tenipi'st  till  he  was  called  into  emi- 
nent public  service  by  Napoleon,  who 
made  him  his  ehambcrlam  in  1805. 
From  that  time  he  always  remained 
faithful  to  him,  attending  most  of  his 
campaigns.  As  prefect  of  the  Ehone, 
during  the  Hundred  Davs,  he  urged 
constitutional  and  reformmg  measures 
on  his  patron.  He  always  sat  with  the 
parti'e  gauche,  when  elected  deputy  de 
L'Indre,  in  1818,  and  advocated  liberal 
measures.     B.  1766. 

B(.)NE,  IIenuy,  a  celebrated  enamel 
oainter,  who,  by  the  force  of  his  own 
genius,  raised  himself  and  his  art  to  a 
high  pitch  of  eminence.  He  n'as  b.  at 
Truro,  in  Cornwall,  on  the  6th  of  Feb- 
ruary, 1755,  and  was  apprenticed  to 
ft  china  painter  in  Bristol,  which  place 
he  subsequently  left  Ibr  London.  Here 
he  for  a  eousiilerable  time  wcirked  lor 
the  jewellers,  but  was  during  the  whole 
of  this  period  devoting  a  very  energetic 
and  ingenious  mind  to  his  art,  which  he 
so  thoroughly  mastered,  that  when,  in 
1794,  he  cxlui)ilcd  an  enamel  after  a  pic- 
ture by  Sir  .loshua  Eeynokls,  it  attract- 
ed iiuivcrsal  admiration.  His  pictures 
thenceforth  were  eagerly  sought  for  by 


the  royal  family  and  the  lovers  of  art, 
and  he  obtained  very  high  prices,  and 
was  elected  into  the  Koyal  Academy. 
Amongst  a  vast  number  of  paintings,  te 
producetl  one  which  nnist  be  considered 
a  phenomenon  by  all  who  are  acquainled 
with  the  technical  processes  of  the  art; 
this  wa6  the  Bacchus  and  Ariadne,  after 
Titian,  the  dimensions  of  which  were 
eighteen  inches  by  sixteen.  Mr.  Bov.-lcs 
of  Wanstead  purchased  it  ibr  2,2i!0 
guineas.  Mr.  Bone's  great  celebrity  was 
derived  from  his  being  the  first  to  trans- 
fer to  enamel  the  splendor  of  color, 
which  the  great  tiesh  masters  had  de- 
picted in  oil.  This,  surrouniled  as  it 
was  with  the  mechanical  ditiiculties  of 
enamelling,  was  only  perfected  by  his 
making  numerous  technical  discoveries, 
and  possessing  naturally  great  ability 
ibr  ])ainting.  His  genius  for  art,  his 
mechanical  invention,  his  undaunted 
perseverance,  and  unwearied  industry, 
iniited  as  they  were  to  a  most  benevo- 
lent and  manly  nature,  combined  to 
render  him  a  great  man.  Besides  the 
numerous  enamels  he  annually  pro- 
duced both  for  foreign  and  English  pur- 
chasers, he  transferred  to  his  almost  in- 
destructible material,  all  the  authentic 
portraits  of  the  Elizabethan  period,  form- 
ing a  national  series  and  a  splendid  por- 
trait gallery.  This  noble  collection  was 
unfortimately  dispersed  after  his  death, 
the  purchase  having  been  declined  by 
the  government.     D.  1S34. 

BONEFACIO,  Vexetiano,  an  Italian 
painter  of  eminence.     D.  16o0. 

BONER,  Ulrich,  the  most  ancient 
German  fabulist,  was  a  Dominican  friar 
of  Berne,  in  the  14tli  century.  He  pub- 
lished his  fal)les  under  the  title  of  "  Der 
Edelstcin,"  (The  Gem.) 

BONET,  Theophilvs,  a  celebrated 
German  physician  ;  author  of  several 
learned  works.     ]).  1689. 

BONIIOMME,  Dui-LN-,  P.  J.  B.,  b.  in 
1737  ;  a  respectable  conventionalist,  and 
friend  of  modern  liberty,  who  perished 
in  17'.i3  by  tiic  revolutionar,y  tribunal. 

BONIFACE,  St.,  whose  name  was 
WiLFKiu,  a  saint  of  the  Koman  calen- 
dar, w.as  a  native  of  Enijland,  and  made 
archbishop  by  Henry  111.  He  travelled 
through  many  parts  of  Germany,  of 
which  country  he  was  called  the  apostle  ; 
and  after  reclaiming  many  from  jiagan- 
ism,  he  was  slain  by  some  peasants  in 
Friesland,  in  754.— The  name  assmned 
by  nine  popes  ;  but  the  lives  of  whom 
present  nothing  worthy  of  particular 
notice. — A  coun't  of  the  Roman  empire 
in  the   5th  century,   and    an    inlitnata 


184 


CYCLOP.V.DIA  OF  BIOGRAPHY. 


[boo 


friend  of  St.  Augustin,  at  whose  desire 
be  devoted  himself  to  public  affairs.  He 
was  slaiu  in  a  desperate  contest  with 
Aetius,  in  4  52. 

BONIFACIO,  Balthaz^vr,  a  learned 
Venetian,  bishop  of  Capo  d'Istria;  au- 
thor of  •■  Ilistoria  Ludicia,"  Latin  po- 
ems, &c.     D.  1659. 

BON  J  OUR,  William,  a  French  monk, 
and  missionary  to  China ;  author  of 
"  Dissertations  on  the  Scripture,"  &c. 
T).  1714. 

BONNEFONS,  John,  a  French  writer 
of  Latin  poems,  which  arc  printed  with 
those  of  Beza,  in  Barbau's  edition  of 
1757.     B.  1554;  d.  1014. 

BONNELL,  James,  accomptant-gen- 
eral  of  Ireland  in  the  reign  of  James  II.; 
remarkable  for  his  firmness  and  integri- 
ty in  the  discharge  of  his  public  duty  in 
a"  troublesome  and  perilous  time.  Some 
"  Meditations"  of  his,  printed  with  his 
"Life,"  written  by  Arclideacon  Hamil- 
ton, sliow  him  to  "have  been  a  man  of 
considerable  intellect.  B.  li'.5:3  ;  d.  1699. 
BONNEll,  Edmund,  an  Eaglish  pre- 
late, notorious  for  his  persecution  of  the 
Protestants  during  the  reign  of  Queen 
Mary.  On  the  accession  of  Queen  Eliza- 
betli  he  refused  to  take  the  oath  of  su- 
premacy, and  was  committed  to  the 
Marsha'lsea,  where  he  remained  nearly 
ten  ycarsJ.     D.  1569. 

BONNET,  CiiAKLES,  a  distinguished 
naturalist  of  Geneva;  autlior  of  "In- 
sectology," "  Essay  on  riiysiology," 
"  Considerations  on  Organized  Bodies," 
&c.     B.  1720;  d.  1793. 

BONNEVAL,  Claudius  Alexander, 
count  of,  a  French  adventurer,  son-in- 
law  .of  Marslial  Biron.  After  serving 
under  Prince  Eugene  against  the  Turks, 
resentment  at  having  been  imprisoned 
for  challenging  the  prince  caused  him 
to  go  over  to  llie  Turks,  and  become  a 
Mussulman.  His  services  were  highly 
valued  by  the  Grand  Seignior,  who  gave 
him  the  title  of  Achrnct  Pacha,  and 
raised  him  from  rank  to  rank,  till  he  be- 
came masicr  of  the  ordnance.  D.  1747. 
BONNEVIE,  Abhic,  a  great  preacher 
of  funeral  orations  over  the  Bonaparte 
family  and  Bonapartists ;  and  cquaHy 
zealous  in  preaching  funeral  orations  for 
the  Bourbons,  after  their  fall.  "  Is  the 
abbe  as  virulent  a;;ainst  the  tyrant  as 
ever?"  asked  Napoleon,  in  passing  his 
cure,  on  returning  from  Elba.  But  the 
abbe  had  disappeared.     B.  1764. 

BONNEVILLE,  a  poet  of  the  French 
revolution,  who  was  tiie  friend  of  Con- 
dorcet.  La  Fayette,  and  Paine,  and  was 
with  Kosciusko  when  he  fell.    Though 


accused  by  Marat,  in  the  National  Con- 
vention, as  an  aristocrat,  he  was  so 
far  from  being  an  ultra  in  his  views  a3 
to  denounce  Bonaparte  (on  his  becom- 
ing emperor)  as  tlie  Cromwell  of  France, 
wiien  the  latter  suppressed  his  periodi- 
cal, the  "Bien  Informc."  Among  hia 
works  are  "Theatre  Allemand,"  "  Poe- 
sies Ecpublicanes,"  "  Nouveau  Code 
Coniugal,"  "  Esprit  des  Keligions,"  &c. 
B.  1760. 

BONNIER,  a  French  republican,  who 
was  sent  as  a  plenipotentiary  to  a  "con- 
ference" with  Prince  Metternich,  in 
1799,  at  Rastadt ;  but  the  negotiation 
was  broken  off  by  Austria,  and  Bonnier 
was  murdered  between  that  town  and 
Strasburg,  and  his  papers  taken  away. 
Bonnier's  seat  in  the  Council  of  Ancients 
was  for  two  years  after  covered  with 
crape,  as  a  testimony  of  respect.  B.  1750. 
BONNINGTON,  RicnARO  P.vbkes,  a 
British  artist  of  great  merit  and  of  sin- 
gular ])recocity.  "At  3  years  old  he  could 
sketch  most  of  the  objects  he  saw,  and 
at  15  was  admitted  to  "draw  in  the  Lou- 
vre at  Paris.  After  visiting  Italy  he 
brought  back  many  able  specimens  of 
his  works,  and  finished  a  successful, 
though  brief  career,  at  the  age  of  27,  in 
1828' 

BONNYCASTLE,  John,  professor  of 
mathematics  at  the  Royal  Military  Acad- 
emv,  Woolwich  ;  author  of  "  Tiie  Sohol  - 
lar's  Guide  to  Arithmetic,"  "The  Ele 
ments  of  Geometry,"  "  A  Treatise  upon 
Astronomy,"  &c.  D.  1821.— Chap.lks, 
a  son  of  tiic  preceding,  became  an  emi- 
nent professor  of  natural  philosophy,  at 
the  university  of  Virginia,  and  wrote 
several  cxcelient  mathematical  works. 
I).  1840. 

BONNSTETTEN,  Charles  Von,  a 
learned  and  voluminous  German  writer, 
the  friend  of  Matthison,  Sails,  and  Fred- 
ericka  ISnm.     B.  1745;  d.  1S32. 

BONOMl,  Joseph,  an  Italian  architect 
of  considerable  taste  and  genius,  from 
whose  design  the  Roman  Catholic  chapel 
near  Manchester-square  was  erected. 
D.  180S. 

BONTEMPI,  Giovanni  Andrea  An- 
GKLixr,  an  Italian  musician  of  the  17th 
century;  author  of  "Nova  qnatuor 
Vocibiis  coinponendi  Methodus,"  &c. 

BOOKER,  Luke,  a  clergyman  of  the 
church  of  England,  distinguished  for 
his  literary  acquirements,  was  b.  at  Not- 
tingham, in  1672;  took  holy  orders  in 
1785;  and  eventually  became  the  vicar 
of  Dudley.  Dr.  Booker  was  the  author 
of  many  "works,  viz.,  "Poems"  on  vari- 
ous occasions  ;  "  Christian  Intrepidity," 


boh] 


CYCLOP.iiDIA    OF    UIOUKAI'IIY. 


185 


*'  Calista,  or  tlio  Picture  of  Jlodcrn 
Life,"  "  EntlianaHia,  the  State  of  Man 
after  Death,"  "Discourses  and  Disser- 
tations;" and  a  variety  of  otliers.  D. 
18:35. 

BOONE,  Danikl,  one  of  tlie  earliest 
settlers  in  Kentucky,  was  b.  in  Vir<xinia, 
and  was  from  infancy  addicted  to  hunt- 
ing  in  tlic  Avoods.     lie  set  out  on  an 
expedition  to  explore  the  region  of  Ken- 
tucky, in  May,  I7'i0,  with  five  compan- 
ions.    After  niecthi;,''  with  a  variety  of 
adventures,    Boone    was    left   with    liis 
brotlier,  the  only  white  men  in  the  wil- 
derness.   They  passed  the  winter  in  a 
cabin,  and  in  the  summer  of  1770  trav- 
ersed the   country  to   the   Cumberland 
river.     In  September,  1773,  Boone  com- 
menced his  removal  to  Kentucky  witli 
his  own  and  five  otlier  families.     Ho  was 
joined  by  forty  men,  wlio  put  them- 
selves  under   liis   direction  ;  but  bein;^ 
attacked  by  the  Indians,  the  whole  party 
returned  to  the  settlements  on  Clinch 
river.     Boone  was  afterwards  employed 
by  a  company  of  North  Carolina  to  buy, 
from  the  Indians,  lands   on  the  south 
side  of  the  Kentucky  river.     In  April, 
1775,  he  built  a  fort  at  Saltsprin?,  wiiere 
Boonesboroujrh  is  now  situated.     Here 
lie  sustained  several  siesres  from  the  In- 
dians, and  was  once  taken  prisoner  by 
them  while  hunting  with  a  number  of 
his  men.     In  1782 "the  depredations  of 
the  savages  increased  to  an  alarming  ex- 
tent, and  Boone,  with  other  militia  offi- 
cers, collected    176   men,  and   went  in 
pursuit  of  a  larirc  l:)ody,  who  had  march- 
ed beyond  the  Blue  Licks,  forty  miles 
from  Lexington.     From  that   time  till 
1798  he  resided  alternately  in  Kentucky 
and  Virginia.     In  that  year,  having  re- 
ceived a  grant  of  2000  acres  of  land  from 
the  Spanish  authorities,  he  removed  to 
Upper  Louisiana,  with  his  children  and 
followers,  who  were  presented  with  800 
acres   each.     lie  settled  with   them  at 
Charette,  on  the  Missouri  river,  where 
he  followed  his  usual  course  of  life, — 
bunting   and  trapping  bears — till  Sep- 
tember, 1822,  when  he  d.  in  tlie  85th 
vcar  of  his  age.     lie  expired  while  on 
liis  knees,  taking  aim  at  some  object,  and 
was  found  in  that  position,  with  his  gun 
resting  on  the  trunk  of  a  tree. 

BOOTH,  B.vr.Tox,  a  celebrated  netor  in 
the  reigns  of  Anne  and  George  I.,  was 
b.  in  16S1,  in  Lancashire,  and  was  edu- 
cated at  Westminster  school,  under  Dr. 
Busby.  At  the  age  of  seventeen,  how- 
ever, he  joined  a  strollinir  cunipany  of 
players  ;  his  talents,  at  lencrth,  gained 
him  a  footing  on  the  regular  theatre  ; 
lO-^ 


his  popularity  continually  increased; 
and  his  performance  of  Cato,  in  1712,  set 
the  seal  upon  his  histrionic  reputation. 
In  1715  lie  became  one  of  the  joint 
patentees  and  managers  of  Drui-y-lane 
theatre.  Booth  was  the  author  of  a 
masque  called  Dido  and  Eneas,  and  of 
some  songs  and  minor  pieces.  D.  1703. 
— Georgk,  Baron  Delainere,  a  zealous 
partisan  of  Charles  II.  Being  defeated 
by  the  parliamentary  general,  Lambert, 
he  was  confined  in  the  Tower  until  the 
death  of  Cromwell.  He  then  obtained 
his  liberty,  and  was  one  of  the  twelve 
delegates  "sent  to  the  new  kinjr.  It  was 
on  this  occasion  that  he  obtained  his 
title,  and  a  present  of  £10,000.  D.  1 684. 
— IIenijy,  earl  of  Warrington,  son  of  the 
above.  Having  been  among  those  who 
voted  for  the  exclusion  of  the  duke  of 
York,  when  that  personage  became  king, 
he  was  committed  to  the  Tower,  and  was 
tried  for  high  treason,  but  acquitted,  in 
spite  of  the  efforts  of  the  infamous  -Jet- 
fries.  On  the  accession  of  William  III. 
he  was  made  a  privy  councillor  and 
chancellor  of  the  exchequer.  His  efforts 
to  limit  the  prerogative,  however,  caused 
him  to  fall  into  disgrace  :  but  be  was  al- 
lowed to  retire  from  office  with  a  pen- 
sion, and  the  titlcof  carl  of  Warrington. 
D.  1604. 

BOE  A,  Cath.^rink  von,  wife  of  Luther, 
was  b.  1499.  Her  birthplace  is  not 
known,  and  of  her  parents  we  only  know 
that  her  mother,  Anna,  was  descended 
from  one  of  the  most  ancient  families  of 
Germany,  that  of  Haugewitz.  _  Tho 
daughter  took  the  veil  very  early,  in  tlie 
nunliery  of  Nimptschen,  near  Griinnia. 
Notwithstanding  her  devout  disposition, 
she  soon  felt  very  unhappy  in  her  situ- 
ation, and,  as  her  relations  would  not 
listen  to  her,  applied,  with  eight  otliei 
nuns,  to  Luther,  whose  fame  had  reach- 
ed them.  Luther  gained  over  a  citizen 
of  Torgau,  by  the  name  of  Leonard 
Koppe,  who,  in  union  with  some  other 
citizens,  undertook  to  deliver  the  nine 
nuns  from  their  convent.  This  was 
done  the  night  after  Good  Friday,  April 
4th,  1523.  He  brought  them  to  Torirau, 
and  from  thence  to  Wittenberg,  where 
Luther  prov  ided  for  them  a  decent  abode. 
At  the  same  time,  to  anticipate  the 
charges  of  his  enemies,  ho  published  a 
letter  to  Koppe,  in  which  he  frankly 
confessed  that  he  was  the  author  of  this 
enterprise,  and  had  persuaded  Koppe  to 
its  execution ;  that  he  had  done  so  in 
the  confident  hope  that  .Tesus  Christ, 
who  had  restored  his  gospel  and  de- 
stroved    the    kincrdom    of    Antichrist, 


186 


CrCLOP-iEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[bor 


would  be  tbcir  protector,  though  it 
might  cost  tliein  even  their  lives.  lie 
also  exhorted  the  parents  and  relations 
of  the  nine  virgins  to  admit  theai  again 
into  their  houses.  Sonic  of  tlieiu  were 
received  by  citizens  of  Wittenberg ; 
otliers,  who' were  not  yet  too  old,  Luther 
advised  to  marry.  Among  the  latter 
•was  Catharine,  whom  I'hilip  Keicben- 
baeli,  at  that  time  mayor  of  the  city,  bad 
taken  into  his  house.  Luther  proposed 
to  her,  (bv  his  friend  Kicholas  von  Ams- 
dorf,  minister  in  AVitteuberg,)  doctor 
Kaspar  Glaz  and  others,  in  mai-riage. 
She  declined  these  proposals,  but  de- 
clared her  willingness  to  bestow  her 
baud  on  Nicholas  von  Amsdorf,  or  on 
Lutlier  himself.  Luther,  who,  iu  1524:, 
bad  laid  aside  the  cowl,  was  not  averse 
to  matriniony,  vet  appears  to  have  been 
led  to  the  resolution  of  marrying  by 
reason  rather  than  by  passion.  Besides, 
he  was  not  then  tavorably  inclined  to- 
wards Catharine,  because  he  suspected 
her  of  worldly  vanity.  lie  says,  how- 
ever, that  Jie  "found  In  her  a  pious  and 
faithful  wife.  There  could  be  no  want 
of  disadvantageous  rumors  on  this  occa- 

"on,  some  of'  llicm  as  shameful  as  they 
vere  unfounded.  The  domestic  peace 
of  the  pair  was  also  drawn  into  question, 
and  Catharine,  in  particular,  was  accused 
of  being  peevish  and  domineering,  so 
that  her  husband  was  often  obliged  to 
correct  her.  Although  this  last  story  is 
without  foundation,  yet  Luther  seems 
not  to  have  been  fully'satisfied  with  her ; 
for  he  speaks  with  great  sincerity  of  the 
Bufferings  as  well  as  of  the  happiness  of 
bis  marriage.  When,  after  Luther's 
death,  in  1547,  Charles  V.  entered  Wit- 
tenberg in  triumph,  Catiiarine  saw  her- 
self obliged  to  leave  this  place,  and  to 
remove  to  Leipsic,  where  slie  was  com- 
pelled to  take  boarders  for  her  support. 
She  afterwards  returned  to  Wittenberg, 
and  lived  there  till  1552,  in  want.  When 
the  platrue  broke  out  in  this  place,  and 
the  university  was  removed  to  Torgau, 
she  went  thither  also,  arrived  there  sick, 
and  d.  soon  after,  December  27tli,  1552. 
In  the  church  of  Torgau  her  tombstone 
is  still  to  be  seen,  on  which  is  her  image 
of  the  natural  size. 

BOKDA,  Jkan  Charles,  an  engineer, 
and  afterwards  a  captain  in  the  French 
murine,  famous  fur  his  matlieniatical 
talents,  was  h.  at  Dax,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Landes,  in  173::;.  In  175tJ  he 
was  chosen  a  member  of  the  Academy 
of  Sciences,  and  occupied  himself  in 
making  exjieriments  on  the  resistance 

of  fluids,  the  velocity  of  motion,  and 


other  topics  relating  to  dynamical  sci- 
ence. In  1767  lie  pubbsbed  a  disserta- 
tion on  hydraul'c  \v-lieels,  and  afterwards 
one  on  the  construction  of  hydraulic 
machinery.  In  1771,  with  Verduue  and 
Pingre,  he  made  a  voyage  to  America, 
to  determine  the  longitude  and  latitude 
of  several  coasts,  isles,  and  shoals,  and 
to  try  the  utility  of  several  astronomical 
instruments.  In  1774  be  visited  the 
Azores,  the  Capo  Verde  islands,  and  the 
coast  of  Africa  for  the  same  purpose. 
In  the  American  war  he  was  very  useful 
to  the  Count  d'Estaing,  by  bis  knowl- 
edge of  navigation.  Borda  was  the 
founder  of  the  schools  of  naval  archi- 
tecture in  France.  He  invented  an  in- 
strument, of  a  very  small  diameter, 
winch  measures  angles  with  the  great- 
est accuracy,  and  has  been  used  in  meas- 
uring the  meridian ;  the  retlecting  cir- 
cle, which  has  made  his  name  immortal ; 
besides  an  instrument  for  measuring  the 
inclination  of  the  compass  needle,  and 
many  otiiers.  On  the  establishment  of 
the  'Nationiil  Institute,  he  became  one 
of  its  members,  and  was  occupied,  with 
other  men  of  science,  in  framing  the 
new  system  of  weights  and  measures 
adoptecl  in  France  under  a  republican 
government.  Among  the  latest  of  his 
labors  was  a  series  of  experiments^  to 
discover  the  length  of  a  pendulum  whieli 
could  vibrate  seconds  in  the  latitude  of 
Paris. 

BORDE,  Andrew,  an  English  physi- 
cian; author  of'TheMerrie  Tales  of  the 
iladman  of  Gotham,"  and  several  other 
quaint  works.  D.  1539.— John  Be.xj.v- 
MiN  DE  LA,  a  French  miscellaneous  wri- 
ter; author  of  "  Adela  de  Ponthieu;" 
"  Essais  sur  la  Musique,  aucienne  et 
modernc  ;"  "  Memoires  doCourcy,"  «fcc. 
He  was  t:'uillotined  in  1794. 

BORDEN,  TnEoi>iiiLL-s  de,  a  French 
physician;  author  of  '•Recherches  sur 
quelques  pointes  de  THistoire  de  la 
Medecine_,"  &c.     D.  1770. 

BORDELON,  Laurence,  a  volumi- 
nous Frencli  writer;  author  of  "Dia- 
logues for  the  Living;"  "Curious  yari- 
eties ;"  several  dramatic  pieces,  <fec.  B. 
1653;  d.  1730. 

BORELLI,  John  Alphonso,  an  Ital- 
ian philosopher  and  mathematician  ;  re- 
membered chiefly  for  being  the  first  wlio 
applied  mathematical  calculation  and 
meehanical  principles  to  account  for  the 
action  of  tlie  muscles.    B.  lOuH  ;  d.  1G7&. 

BORGIIESE.  A  Roman  femily,  which 
derives  its  origin  from  Sienna.  They 
have  held  the  highest  olRces  of  tliis  re- 
public, from  the  middle  of  the  fifteenth 


bor] 


century.  Pope  Paul  V.,  who  belonged 
to  this  fiimily,  and  iisef-inled  the  pupal 
chair  in  HJO-s  loaded  his  relations  with 
honors  and  riches.  InlG07  he  appoint- 
ed his  brother,  Francesco  Borirhcsc, 
leader  of  the  troops  sent  asjainst  N'enice 
to  maintain  tlic  papal  claims;  bestowed 
the  principality  of  >Solmone  on  Marco 
Antonio  Borgheso,  the  son  of  his  bro- 
ther, Giovanni  Battista;  granted  him  a 
revenue  of  §150,000,  and  obtained  for 
him  the  title  of  a  grandee  of  Spain. 
AiHithcr  of  his  nephews,  Scipione  Calfa- 
relli,  he  created  cardinal,  unci  made  him 
adopt  the  name  of  Borghese.  From  Mar- 
co Antonio  Borghesc,  prince  of  .Solmonc, 
is  descerided  the  rich  tamily  of  Borghcae, 
which  is  continued  in  the  prince  Ca- 
millo  Borghcse,  and  his  brother,  Fran- 
cesco prince  B.  Aldobrandini. — Makia 
1'aulink,  princess,  the  beautiful  sister 
of  Napoleon,  was  b.  at  Ajaccio,  October 
20th,  1780.  When  the  British  oceunied 
Corsica,  in  1793,  she  went  to  Marseilles, 
where  she  was  on  the  point  of  marrying 
Freron,  a  member  of  the  convention, 
and  son  of  that  critic  whom  Voltaire 
made  famous,  wlien  another  lady  laid 
claim  to  iiis  hand.  She  afterwards  mar- 
ried Gen.  Leelerc,  with  whom  she  em- 
bark'-d,  1801,  for  St.  Dominijo,  and  was 
called  by  the  poets  of  the  fleet,  the  Ga- 
latea of'  the  Greeh,  the  reniis  mariiui. 
She  was  no  less  courageous  than  beau- 
tiful, for  when  the  nesrroes,  under  Cliris- 
tophe,  stormed  Cape  Francois,  where  she 
resided,  and  Leelerc,  who  could  no  lon- 
ger resist  the  assailants,  ordered  his  lady 
and  child  to  be  carried  on  shipboard, 
Bhe  yielded  only  to  force.  After  his 
death  she  married,  in  1803,  the  prince 
Caraillo  Borghcse.  Her  son  died  at 
Eoine  soon  after.  With  Napoleon,  who 
loved  her  tenderly,  she  had  many  dis- 
putes, and  as  many  reconciliations ;  for 
she  would  not  always  follow  the  caprices 
of  his  policy.  Yet  even  the  proud  style 
in  which  she  demanded  what  her  bro- 
thers beirsed,  made  her  the  more  attract- 
ive to  her  brother.  Once,  however, 
when  she  for^rot  herself  towards  the 
empress,  whom  she  never  liked,  she 
was  obliged  to  leave  the  court.  She 
was  yet  in  disgrace  at  Nice,  when  Na- 
poleon resigned  his  crown  in  ISlt; 
upon  which  occasion  she  immediately 
acted  as  a  tender  sister.  Instead  of  re- 
mainiu!?  at  her  palace  in  Rome,  she  set 
out  for  Elba  t'  join  her  brother,  and 
acted  the  part  ot  meiliutrix  between  him 
and  the  other  membt-rs  of  his  family. 
Before  the  battle  of  Waterloo,  she  placed 
nil  her  diamonds,  which  were  of  great 


CYCLOP-EUIA    v:>F    iUOGKAPHY. 


181 


value,  at  the  disposal  of  her  brother. 
Tiiey  were  in  his  carriage,  which  was 
taken  in  that  buttle,  and  were  shown 
publicly  at  London,  lie  intended  to 
liave  returned  them  to  her.  She  lived, 
afterwards,  separated  from  her  husband, 
at  Rome,  where  she  occupied  part  of 
the  palace  Borghcse,  and  where  she 
possessed,  fronriSlG,  the  villa  Sciarra. 
iler  house,  in  which  taste  and  love  of 
the  fine  arts  prevailed,  was  the  centre 
of  the  most  splendid  societv  at  Eomfa. 
D.  lS2-i. 

BOKGTA,  C.ESAn,  a  natural  son  of 
Pope  Alexander  VI.  lie  no  sooner 
heard  of  his  father's  exaltation  to  the 
papal  chair,  than  he  left  Pisa,  where  he 
was  fixed  for  his  education;  but  the 
anibitious  prospects  which  he  had  form- 
ed were  checked  by  the  coolness  with 
which  Alexander  received  him.  He 
complained  to  his  mother,  Vanozza,  who 
for  a  while  quieted  his  impatience,  but 
he  was  dissatisfied  to  see  the  dukedom 
of  Gandia  conferred  upon  his  elder  bro- 
ther, Francis,  whilst  the  primacy  of 
Valenza  only  was  reserved  for  himself. 
Afterwards,"  by  the  influence  of  liis 
mother,  whose  greatest  favorite  he  was, 
over  three  other  sons  and  a  daughter 
called  Lucretia,  the  dignity  of  cardinal 
was  conferred  upon  him,  and  he  became 
the  friend  and  confidant  cf  hts  father's 
councils.  The  elevation  of  Ffancis,  how- 
ever, to  secular  power  continued  to  ex- 
cite his  jealousy,  so  that  at  once  tosrratify 
malice  and  revenge,  he  caused  his  un- 
happy brotiier  to  be  murdered,  and 
thrown  into  the  Tiber,  where  his  man- 
gled carcass  was  a  few  days  after  found. 
The  pope  bitterly  lamented  his  late,  but 
all  his  inquiries  i^fter  the  nuirderer  were 
silenced  by  Vanozza,  who,  justly  sus- 
pected as  an  accomplice,  terrified  the 
astonished  father,  by  declaring  that  if 
lie  did  not  desist,  the  same  dagger  was 
ready  to  stab  him  to  the  heart.  Cajsar^ 
succeeded  to  his  brother's  honors  and 
fortune,  when  he  resigned  the  dignity  of 
cardinal,  that  he  might  with  greater  lat- 
itude gratify  his  avarice,  ambition,  and 
cruelty.  Bands  of  assassins  were  kept 
around  him,  who  sacrificed  to  his  pleas- 
\ire  both  friends  and  foes  ;  bat  his  nuir- 
dcrous  schemes  once  liked  to  have  re- 
coiled upon  himself.  United  with  liis 
father  in  the  attempt  to  poison  nine 
newly-created  cardinals,  whose  posses- 
sions" they  coveted,  the  wine  was  by 
mistake  brought  to  them,  and,  drinking 
of  it,  the  piipe  died,  and  Ciesar  barely 
escaped.  Ilis  crimes  were  now  too  pub- 
lic to    bo    unnoticed.      Thoush    lately 


188 


CYCLOP.'EDIA    OF    BIOGKAPIIV. 


[bor 


raised  to  tho  dukedom  of  Valentinois 
by  Louis  XII.  he  wus  stripped  of  all  his 
dignities,  und  seat  a  prisoner  to  Spain, 
but  he  escaped  to  the  court  of  his  bro- 
ther-in-law, John,  king  of  Navarre;  and 
after  trying  in  vain  to  restore  his  fallen 
fortunes,  he  engaged  in  tlic  civil  war, 
by  whieli  his  brother's  kingdom  was 
distracted,  and  was  killed  by  the  stroke 
of  a  spear,  under  the  walls  of  Viana, 
March  l'2th,  1507.  He  appears  to  have 
been  a  skilful  and  intrepid  soldier,  of 
moderation  in  his  habits,  and,  what  is 
still  more  strange,  a  lover  of  poetry  and 
art. — Stkk.vni,  a  cardinal,  was  a  native 
of  Valletri.  He  had  an  enthusiastic  love 
for  art,  and  throughout  life  devoted 
great  attention  to  the  collection  of  rcHcs. 
ft  was  usual  with  him  to  change  a  valua- 
ble piece  of  plate  for  some  rare  article  to 
adorn  his  museum ;  and  on  one  occasion, 
to  purchase  an  Egyptian  munmiy,  he 
even  parted  with  the  plate  from  his  ta- 
ble, and  the  buckles  from  his  shoes. 
Pius  VI.  created  him  cardinal  in  1789; 
and  tho  succeeding  pope  named  Cardinal 
Borgia  president  of  the  council  when 
the  French  garrison  evacuated  Eomc. 
He  was  the  author  of  some  works  in 
support  of  the  papal  temporalities.  D. 
1804. 

BC)RIE,  Jea.x,  one  of  the  most  vio- 
lent cif  the  French  revolutionists,  and 
inventor  of  tlie  "  Farandoles."  He 
was  a  lawyer.  B.  about  1770;  d.  1805, 
in  e.xile. 

BORIS,  Gadexow,  grand  master  of 
the  horse  to  Theodore  Ivaiiowitz,  empe- 
ror of  Russia.  He  is  said  to  have  put  to 
death  both  the  emperor's  brother  and 
the  emperor  himself;  and  it  is  certain 
that  at  the  death  of  tiic  latter  Boris  be- 
came emperor.  He  governed  cruelly  and 
tvrannieally,  but  d^  suddenly,  just  as 
Russia  was  invaded  by  a  Polish"  army, 
which  was  headed  by  a  young  jnonk, 
•  who  pretended  to  be  Demetrius,  the  de- 
ceased brother  of  Theodore,  in  KJOS. 

BOR  J  .A.,  Fkancis  de,  a  Spanish  poet 
nntl  statesman,  a  descendant  from  Pope 
Alexander  VI.,  wa.s  appointed  viceroy  of 
Peru,  in  lOM,  and  jroverned  tliat  prov- 
ince in  a  manner  which  was  honorable 
to  liim.  He  returned  to  Spain  in  1021, 
and  cidtivated  literature.  As  a  poet,  he 
is  most  esteemed  for  his  lyrical  compo- 
sitions.    D.  1688. 

BORLACE,  Edmund,  the  son  of  one 
of  the  lords-justices  of  Ireland,  was  edu- 
cated at  Dublin,  and  settled  as  a  physi- 
cian at  Chester.  His  principal  work  is 
a  "  Ili.storj'  of  the  Irish  Rebellion."  D. 
1G82. 


BORLASE,  WiLLiA^ii,  an  antiquary  and 
topographer,  was  b.  KitKi,  atPendeen,  in 
Cornwall,  was  educated  at  Oxford,  and, 
till  tlie  end  of  his  days,  rector  of  Ludg- 
van  and  vicar  of  St.  J  ust,  in  liis  native 
county.  The  first  of  these  preferments 
he  obtained  in  1722.  In  1749  he  was 
made  F.R.S.,.and,  in  1766,  LL.D.  His 
chief  works  are,  the  "  Antiquities  His- 
torical and  Monumental  of  the  County  of 
Cornwall ;"  "  Observations  on  the  Scilly 
Islands  ;"  and  a  "  Natural  History  ot 
Cornwall.     D.  1772. 

BORN,  Ign.vtius,  baron ;  an  eminent 
German  mineralogist  and  writer ;  au- 
thor of  a  treatise  on  "  Tiie  Process  of 
Amalgamation,"  &c.,  &e.  B.  1742;  d. 
1791. 

BOROWLASKI,  Count,  the  celebra- 
ted Polish  dwarf,  who,  althoui^h  less 
than  three  feet  in  heiglit,  was  of  perfect 
symmetry,  and  attained  the  age  of  98. 
He  had  been  prevailed  upon  by  some  of 
the  clergy  of  Durham,  who  liad  casually 
seen  lam  when  on  his  "travels,"  40 
years  before  his  death,  to  take  up  his 
abode  near  that  city.  He  spoke  several 
languages,  was  generally  well  informed 
and  witty,  and  his  company  was  ac- 
cordingly much  courted  by  the  gen- 
try of  Durham  and  its  vicinity.  T). 
1837. 

BORRI,  Joseph  Feancls,  a  native  of 
Milan,  who  distinguished  himself  by  hia 
extravagant  pretensions  as  a  chemist,  a 
heretic,  and  n  quack.  After  playing  for 
some  time  tlie  prophet  at  Rome,  he  re- 
turned to  Milan,  where  ho  attached  to 
liirnsclf  great  multitudes,  from  whose 
credulity  he  exacted  a  great  deal  of 
money,  under  oath  of  secresy,  with  the 
expectation  tliat  the  kingdom  of  God 
was  going  to  be  established  on  earth. 
His  schemes  were  so  well  concerted  tiiat 
he  nearly  seized  the  sovereign  i)Owcr  by 
means  of  his  adherent^;,  l)Ut  was  at  last 
forced  to  tly.  The  Inquisition  passed 
sentence  of  condemnation  on  his  char- 
acter, and  jMiblicly  burnt  his  effigy 
and  Ids  writings,  in  1660.  From  Stras- 
burg,  v/herc  he  had  retired,  he  went  to 
Airisterdam,  and  there  for  some  time 
figured  as  a  character  of  superior  dignity 
and  uncommon  \irtucs.  lie  was  respec- 
ted and  courted  as  a  universal  physi- 
cian, till  a  revolution  in  his  fortune  drove 
him  away  from  that  country  too,  yet 
loaded  witli  the  borrowed  jewels  of  the 
credulous  Hollanders.  At  Hambur?  he 
obtained  the  protection  of  Christina, 
queen  of  Sweden,  by  pretending  to  find 
the  pliilosopher's  stone  ;  and  lie  gai>"»-^ 
the  same  confidence  at  Copenhagen,  iV«io 


3  OS  J 


CYCLOP.-EDIA    OF    BIOGKAIMIV. 


189 


the  kinw  of  Denmark.  Thouph  his  hy- 
potrisy  at  hist  beeuiiie  known  to  his 
illiislrioiis  patrons,  he  e.-iinetl  his  wislics 
in  tlie  liberality  of  their  rewards,  and 
attempted  to  retire  to  Iluii^'ary.  Bein^ 
however  aecidentally  seized  as  a  spy,  his 
name  was  reported'  to  the  emperor  of 
Germany  in  the  presence  of  the  papal 
niineio,  "who  claimed  him  as  an  exeom- 
munieated  heretic.  The  emperor  coii- 
sented  to  deliver  him  \\\\,  provided  his 
life  was  spared,  and  JJoi  ri  was  conveyed 
to  Kome,  and  condemned  to  perpetual 
imprisomncnt,  which  was  however  soft- 
ened by  the  interference  of  the  duke  of 
Estrees,  whom  he  cured  in  a  dan<;erons 
illness.  D.  at  the  castle  of  St.  Angelo, 
in  1695,  a<rcd  70. 

BOKRK'IIIUS,  Oi-Avs,  a  native  of 
Denmark,  educated  at  the  university  of 
Copenhagen,  of  which  he  became  a 
learned  iirofessor  in  poetry,  chemistry, 
and  botany.  After  practising  with  great 
reputation"  ns  a  physician,  and  refusing 
the  rectorship  of  the  fumoiis  school  of 
Heslow,  he  began  to  travel,  and  visited 
Holland,  England,  France,  Italy,  and 
Germany,  and  after  an  absence  of  six 
years  returned  to  his  native  country,  in 
l66').  His  genius  procured  liim  the 
friendship  of  the  literati  of  Europe,  and 
the  rectitude  of  his  principles  the  patron- 
age of  his  sovereign.  He  published 
several  tracts  in  Latin,  on  subjects  of 
c'.iemistry,  philosophv,  and  antiquities. 
D.  1694. 

BOKIIOMEO,  CiiARLTcs,  a  saint  of  the 
Eoman  church,  was  b.  2d  October,  153S, 
and  early  patronized  by  his  maternal 
uncle,  Pope  Pius  IV.,  who  made  him  a 
cardinal  and  archbishop  of  Milan,  though 
only  22  years  of  age.  These  high  dig- 
nities, and  others  which  were  lavished 
upon  him,  were  due  to  his  merit  and  his 
virtues.  Borromeo  was  an  example  of 
meekness  and  piety  :  he  reformed  the 
abuses  of  his  clergy,  trave  relief  to  the 
necessitous,  and  provided  institutions 
for  the  reclaiming  of  profligate  and  de- 
bauched women."  This  zeal  in  the  cause 
of  humanity  enraged  the  Humilics,  an 
order  whic^i  lie  attempted  to  reform ; 
and  one  of  the  brethren,  Farina,  iired  a 
gun  at  the  worthy  prelate  while  in 
prayer  with  his  domestics.  The  .shot 
was  not  fatal,  and  the  assassin  was  de- 
servedly punished.  During  a  dreadful 
pestilence  the  attention  of  Borromeo  to 
the  distressed  of  every  description  were 
unusually  exemplary';  yet  ingratitude 
and  persecution  generally  awaitcvl  his 
good  and  benevolent  deeds.  ]).  1504, 
aged  47,  and  his  name  was  canonized  by 


Paul  v.,  1710.  He  wrote  several  works 
on  doctrinal  and  moral  subjects. — Fred- 
erick, was  cousin  to  the  precedinEr.  and, 
like  him,  a  cardinal  and  archbishou  of 
Milan,  and  also  a  copy  of  his  excellent 
character.  He  founded  the  Ambrosian 
Library,  and  d.  1632.  He  wrote  some 
theolosical  tracts. 

BOKKONI,  PArLMirnADL  BENEmcT, 
a  painter,  who  imitated  the  style  of  Cor- 
regtrio,  and  had  much  of  the  taste  of 
Michael  Angelo.  Pius  VI.  made  liim  a 
knight  of  the  Golden  Spur,  and  tiie 
king  of  Sardinia  granted  him  a  pension. 
D.  at  Voghera,  in  1819. 

BOKKOMINI,  Francis,  an  architect 
of  Bissone,  pupil  of  Muderno,  who  ac- 
quired much  reputation  at  Kome,  though 
in  his  rivalship  with  Le  Bernin  lie  devi- 
ated from  that  simplicity,  and  those  re- 
ceived rules,  which  taste  and  judgment 
have  always  pronounced  the  basis  of  the 
beautiful.'  His  best  work  is  the  college 
of  the  Propaganda.  D.  in  consequence 
of  a  wound  which  he  had  given  himself 
in  a  fit  of  madness,  1667. 

BOS,  Lambert,  professor  of  Greek  at 
Franeker :  author  of  the  well-known  and 
valuaijle  work  on  the  Greek  ellipses,  an 
excellent  edition  of  the  Septuagint,  with 
prolegomena  and  various  readings,  &c. 
B.  1670;  d.  1717. 

BOSC,  Loris  Auoustcs  William,  a 
French  naturalist,  and  the  author  of  sev- 
eral agricultural  and  other  works.  He 
held  a  responsible  situation  in  the  French 
post-office ;  but,  in  1793,  being  driven 
trom  his  place  by  the  Jacobins,  he 
sought  a  retreat  in  the  forest  of  ^lont- 
morenci,  where  he  lived  three  years  in 
solitude,  devoting  his  time  to  the  study 
of  natural  history. — Peter  dv,  an  emi- 
nent French  Calvinist  preacher  of  the 
17th  century  ;  author  ot  numerous  f^er- 
mons,  epistles,  poems,  &c.  On  the 
revocation  of  the  edict  of  Nantes,  he 
escaped  to  Holland,  where  he  d.  in 
1692. 

BOSCAN,  Almogaver  Juan,  a  Span- 
ish poet,  b.  towards  the  close  of  the  I'lth 
centuiy,  at  Barcelona.  His  parents,  who 
belonged  to  the  most  ancient  nobility, 
gave  him  a  careful  education.  He  fol- 
lowed the  court  of  Charles  V.,  and,  in 
l"i26,  was  attached  to  it  for  some  time  in 
Granada.  His  noble  manners  and  char- 
acter gained  for  him  the  lavor  of  the 
emperor.  The  education  of  the  duke 
of  Alva  was  committed  to  him,  and  luB 
instructions  developed  the  great  iiuali- 
tics  which  the  duke  afterwards  ilisplay- 
ed.  After  his  marriage,  Boscan  lived  at 
Barcelona,  occupied   in   publishing  his 


190 


CYCLOP-EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[bos 


works,  together  witli  those  of  his  de- 
ceased t'rieud  Garcilaso,  in  which  he  was 
employed  at  the  time  of  his  death.  Bos- 
cau  was  persuaded  to  attempt  Itahau 
measures  iu  Spanish,  by  Antouio  Nava- 
gero,  au  Italian  scliolar  and  ambassador 
of  the  republic  of  Venice  at  the  court  of 
the  emperor.  Thus  he  became  the  crea- 
tor of  the  Spanish  sonnet,  and,  with 
Garcilaso  first  ised  the  Urziiie  in  his 
poetical  ( pistles  and  elegies.  In  general 
lie  distinguished  himsetf  by  introducing 
Italian  forms  into  Spanish  poetry,  which 
met  with  great  opposition,  and  not  less 
applause.  The  poems  of  Bosean  are  still 
esteemed.  Ills  other  literary  works, 
mostly  translations,  arc  forgotten.  D. 
1.340. 

BOSCAWEN,  EDW.VRD,  a  brave  and 
liighly  distinguished  English  admiral. 
lie  'served  under  Anson  in  the  engage- 
ment of  Cape  Fljiisterre,  and  received 
the  thanks  of  parliament  and  a  pension 
for  his  exploits  while  serving  in  the  At- 
lantic and  in  the  Mediterranean.  B. 
1711;  d.  ITiil. — WiLLL\M,  nephew  of 
the  above  ;  author  of  an  ''  Essay  on  the 
Progress  of  Satire;"  a  translation  of 
Horace,  &e.     B.  1752 ;  d.  ISll. 

BOSCH,  Bernard,  a  Dutch  poet,  b. 
in  174:6;  author  of  "Egotism"  and 
"  Bosch's  Poems,"  and  eo-editor  of  the 
Janus  and  Eclair  Politique. — Jerome,  a 
famous  Dutch  bibliomauist.  His  library 
catalogue  was  remarkable  for  the  number 
of  priuceps  editions  it  contained.  B. 
1740  ;  d.  1811. — ^Louis,  A.  G.,  one  of  the 
first  French  naturalists  of  the  age  ;  b.  in 
1705  ;  patronized  by  the  minister  Koland. 
He  liad  the  courage  to  accompany  Ma- 
dame Roland  to  the  foot  of  the  scaffold. 
He  wrote  ''Histoire  Naturelle  des  Co- 
quilles,"  "  Dietionnairc  d' Agriculture," 
&c.  His  brother  (^Stephen  Bosch)  also 
published  some  well-written  works  on 
agriculture  and  the  occupation  of  the 
poor. 

BOSCOVICn,  EooER  Joseph,  an  as- 
tronomer and  geometrician  of  distin- 
guished eminence  in  the  18th  century, 
was  a  native  of  Eagusa,  in  Dalmatia. 
He  was  educated  among  the  Jesuits, 
and,  entering  into  their  order,  was  ap- 
pointed professor  of  nuithematics  in  the 
Konian  college,  before  lie  had  entirely 
completed  the  course  of  his  studies.  He 
was  employed  by  Pope  Benedict  XIV. 
in  various  undertakings,  and,  in  1750, 
Vjegan  the  mciusurcmerit  of  a  degree  of 
the  meridian  in  the  Ecclesiastical  States, 
whicli  operation  occupied  him  for  two 
years.  He  afterwards  visited  the  Pon- 
tine marsh,  to  give  advice  respecting  the 


draining  of  it.  He  wi  t  then  intrusted 
by  the  i-epublic  of  Lucca,  witli  the  de- 
fence of  its  interests,  in  a  dispute  about 
boundaries  with  the  government  of  Tus- 
cany. This  atlair  obliged  him  to  goto 
Vienna,  and  having  terminated  it  with 
success,  he  visited  Paris  and  London. 
He  was  elected  a  fellow  of  the  Eoyid  So- 
ciety, and  dedicated  to  this  body  a  Latin 
poein  on  eclipses.  Eeturning  to  Italy 
he  was  appointed  mathematical  profes- 
sor in  the  university  of  Pavia ;  whence, 
in  1770,  he  removed  to  Milan,  and  there 
erected  the  celebrated  observatory  at  the 
college  of  Brera.  On  the  suppression  of 
the  order  of  Jesuits  he  accepted  an  in- 
vitation to  France  from  Louis  XV.,  who 
cave  him  a  pension  of  2,000  livres.  D. 
1787. 

BOSSCHA,  a  Dutch  poet  and  miscei- 
laneous  writer;  b.  in  1766;  author  of 
"Belgica  Libertas,"  and  a  "History  of 
the  Eevolution  of  Holland." 

BOSSI,  Baron  de,  an  eminent  modern 
Italian  poet,  b.  at  Piedmont  .'u  1758.  He 
favored  the  French  interest  on  tne  repub- 
lic's invasion  of  Italy,  and  was  rewarded 
by  posts  in  France  by  Napoleon.  _  He  is 
ciueriy  known  by  his  exertions  in  this 
country  in  favor  of  the  Protestant  Vau- 

pis.  "  Oromasia"  is  his  chief  work  iu 
poetry. 

BOSSU,  Eene  le,  an  eminent  French 
critic;  author  of  a  "Treatise  on  Epic 
Poetry,"  "Parallel  of  the  Philosophy  of 
Descartes  and  of  Aristotle,"  &e.  B. 
1631  ;   d.  1680. 

BOSSUET,  Jacques  Beniqne,  the  most 
eloquent  of  French  preachers,  and  acute 
of  controversialists;  was  b.  in  1627  at 
Dijon,  and  after  having  studied  at  the 
college  of  Navarre,  he  became  canon  of 
Metz.  From  Metz  his  reputation  spread 
to  the  capital,  and  he  was  invited  to 
Paris  to  preach  before  the  queen-mother 
and  the  king.  There  his  fame  soon 
eclipsed  that  of  all  his  predecessors  and 
cotemporaries.  In  1669  he  was  made 
bishop  of  Condom;  in  1670  preceptor  to 
the  daujihin;  and,  in  1681,  bishop  of 
Meaux.  He  d.  in  1704.  His  Funeral 
Orations  are  masterpieces  of  eloquence  ; 
and  ill  his  controversy  with  the  Prot- 
estants he  disi)lays  admirable  learning 
and  skill.  Of  his  works,  which  Ibrm  20 
quarto  volumes,  the  principal  are  his 
Sermons ;  "  Discourse  on  Uinversal  His- 
tory ;"  "  Exposition  of  the  Catholic 
Faith;"  and  '' History  of  the  Variations 
of  the  Protestant  Churches." 

BOSSUT,  Cmarlem,  an  eminent  math- 
ematician;  was  b.  iu  the  Lyonese,  iu 
1730;  studied  iu  tlie  .Jesuit's  college  at 


DOTJ 


CTCLOPiCDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


I  in 


Lyons,  was  taught  mathematics  bj' 
d'Alciubcrt,  iind  ut  tlic  ago  of  22  was 
professor  of  the  enf,niieer's  scliool  at 
Metz.  His  chief  worl<s  are,  a  "History 
of  Mathematics,"  ami  a  '•  Course  of 
Matliouiatics;"  the  last  of  which  is 
hi'Mily  popuhir.     D.  Ibl4. 

jJOSiOX,  Thomas,  a  Scotch  divine, 
was  b.  at  Duuse,  in  1676,  and  d.  minis- 
ter of  Ettrich,  in  17o2.  Ho  is  chielly 
remembered  by  his  "Human  Nature  in 
its  Fourfold  State,"  a  work  which  has 
gone  tlirouj,di  numerous  cditions.—Jon.v, 
a  monk  of  St.  Etbnondsbury,  in  the  loth 
century ;  author  of  "  Speculum  Coenobi- 
tarum,"  &c. 

BOSWELL,  James,  the  friend  and 
biographer  of  Johnson,  was  tlie  eldest 
son  of  one  of  the  supreme  judges  of 
Scotland,  styled  Lord  Auchinleck,  from 
the  name  of  his  estate  in  Ayrshire.  He 
was  b.  at  Edinburgh,  in'  1740,  and 
studied  in  his  native  city,  in  Glasgow, 
in  the  Dutch  university  of  Utrecht.  He 
afterwards  resided  several  times  in  Lon- 
don, and  cultivated  the  acquaintance  of 
the  most  distinguished  men  of  his  day. 
Here  he  became  acquainted  with  John- 
son—a circumstance  which  he  himself 
calls  the  most  important  event  of  his  life. 
He  afterwards  visited  Voltaire  at  Ferney, 
Kousseau  at  Neufcliatel,  and  Paoli  in 
Corsica,  with  whom  he  became  intimate. 
He  then  returned  by  the  way  of  Paris  to 
Scotland,  and  devoted  himself  to  the 
bar.  In  1768,  when  Corsica  attracted  so 
much  attention,  ho  iniblished  his  valua- 
ble account  of  Corsica,  with  memoirs  of 
I'aoli.  At  a  later  period  he  settled  at 
London,  where  he  lived  in  the  closest 
intimacy  with  Johnson.  In  1773  he  ac- 
companied him  on  a  tour  to  the  Scottish 
Highlands  and  Hebrides,  and  published 
an  account  of  the  excursion  after  their 
retui'n.  After  the  death  of  Johnson,  he 
became  his  biographer.  The  minuteness 
and  accuracy  of  his  account),  atad  tlie  store 
of  literary  anecdote  wliich  it  contains, 
render  this  work  the  best  of  the  kind. 
It  is,  in  short,  the  most  complete,  the 
most  interesting,  the  most  original,  the 
most  provoking,  contemptible,  and  de- 
lightful in  the  English  tongue.  D.  17ti5. 
— Sir  Alkxander,  eldest  son  of  the  pre- 
I  eding.  was  b.  in  177-j,  and  succeeded 
liis  father  in  the  possession  of  the  family 
estate.  He  was  a  literary  antiquar\-  of 
no  inconsiderable  erudition,  and  lie  pos- 
sessed a  great  fund  of  volatile  talent, 
and,  in  particular,  a  pungent  vein  of 
satire.  At  an  early  period  vi'  lus  life, 
some  of  his  poetical  Jei/.c  (Tenprit  occa- 
sionally made  a  slijjht  turmoil  in  that 


circle  of  Scottish  society  in  which  ho 
moved.  In  1803  he  published  a  small 
volume  entitled  "  Songs,  chiefly  in  the 
Scottish  Dialect."  Some  of  these  songs 
had  already  acquired  a  wide  acceptation 
in  the  public.  We  may  instance  "Auld 
Gudeman,  ye"rc  a  Drunken  Carle,"  "Jen- 
ny's Bawbee,"  "  Jenny  dang  the  Weav- 
er," <fcc.  He  inherited  all  the  tory  spirit 
of  his  father;  and  some  attacks  on  the 
character  of  James  Stuart,  Esq.,  having 
appeared  in  the  "Beacon"  and  "Senti- 
nel" newspapers,  which  were  traced  to 
Sir  Alexander,  a  duel  took  place  between 
these  gentlemen,  when  the  latter  fell, 
mortally  wounded  in  the  neck,  JIarch 
26, 1822.  Mr.  Stuart  was  tried  for  this  oi- 
fence,  but  honorably  acquitted. — James, 
the  second  son  of  the  biographer,  was  b. 
in  1770,  and  educated  at  Westminster 
school.  He  possessed  talents  of  a  supe- 
rior order  and  the  skill  with  which  he 
edited  the  enlarged  and  amended  edi- 
tion of  Malone's  Shakspeare,  in  21  vols., 
affords  ample  evidence  of  his  scholar- 
ship, judgment,  and  discrimination.  In- 
deed, so  satistied  was  Mr.  Malone  with 
his  peculiar  titness  for  such  a  task,  that 
he  selected  him  as  his  literarv  executor. 
D,  1822. 

BOTELLO,  Don  Nuxo  Alvarez  de,  a 
celebrated  viceroy  of  India,  when  the 
Port\igiicse  held  dominion  there  ;  and 
whose  gallantry  and  skill  tended  greatly 
to  augment  their  Hindostanic  posses- 
sions. He  gained  several  victories  over 
the  Dutch,  and  destroyed  the  fleet  and 
army  of  the  Aehenese,  which  were  be- 
sieging Malacca  ;  but  lost  his  life,  in  1629, 
by  being  crushed  between  his  own  ves- 
sel and  one  of  the  enemy's. 

BOTH,  JoHX  and  Andrew,  two  Flem- 
ish painters,  were  b.  at  Utrecht,  about 
the  year  1610.  They  were  the  sons  of  a 
glass  jjainter,  who  instructed  them  in 
the  rudiments  of  drawing.  They  after- 
wards made  further  progress  in  the 
school  of  Abraham  Bolemaert,  and  went 
at  an  early  age  together  to  Italy.  John, 
attracted  by  the  works  of  Claude  Lor- 
raine, chose  him  for  his  model.  Andrew 
preferred  the  painting  of  the  human 
figure,  and  imitated  the  style  of  Eam- 
boccio.  But,  although  their  inclinations 
led  them  in  ililferent  directions,  their 
mutual  frien'lship  often  united  their 
talents  in  the  same  works.  Thus  An- 
drew painted  tlie  figures  in  the  land- 
scapes of  his  brother;  and  their  labors 
harmonized  so  well,  that  their  pictures 
cotdd  not  be  suspected  of  coming  from 
dill'erent  liands.  Tlie  ease  and  line  color- 
ings in  the  beautiful  figures  of  Jolm, 


192 


CTCLOP.EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[bow 


cannot  be  overlooked,  in  spite  of  the 
excess  of  yellow  sometimes  found  in 
them.  Ilis  fame  has  been  confinned  by 
time,  and  his  merit,  as  well  ns  his  resi- 
dence in  Italy,  has  procured  for  liim  the 
name  of  Both  of  Italy.  Andrew  M'as 
drowned  at  Venice,  in  1G50.  John,  in- 
consolable for  his  loss,  abandoned  Italy, 
and  returned  to  Utrecht,  where  he  d. 
shortly  after.  The  plates  which  John 
Both  has  liimself  etched  from  his  prin- 
cipal works  are  much  valued. 

BOTIIWEI.L,  James  HEPBrRM,  earl 
of,  who  married  Queen  Mary.  lie  was 
supposed  to  have  been  concerned  in  the 
murder  of  the  unfortunate  Darnley, 
Maiy's  husband,  and  that  he  was  even 
supported  by  the  deluded  queen.  He 
was  charged*  with  the  crime,  and  tried, 
but  acquitted.  After  the  death  of  Darn- 
ley,  he  seized  the  queen  at  Edinburgh, 
and,  carryinir  licr  a  prisoner  to  Dunbar 
castle,  prevailed  upon  her  to  marry  him 
after  he  had  divorced  his  own  wife. 
Though  seemingly  secure  in  the  posses- 
sion of  power,  and  though  created  carl 
of  Orkney  by  the  unfortunate  queen,  he 
soon  found  that  his  conduct  had  roused 
the  indignation  of  the  kingdom.  Mary 
found  not  in  him  the  fond  husband  she 
expected  ;  he  became  unkind  and  brutal. 
A  confederacy  was  formed  against  him 
by  the  barons,  the  queen  was  liberated 
from  his  power,  and  he  escaped  to  the 
Orkneys,  and  afterwards  to  Denmark, 
where  he  d.  1577.  In  his  last  moments, 
it  is  said,  that  with  an  agonizing  con- 
science, he  confessed  his  own  guilt  and 
the  queen's  innocence,  of  the  murder  of 
Darnlev. 

BOTT,  John  de,  a  French  architect. 
Being  a  Protestant,  he  had  no  eliance  of 
obtaining  patronage  in  his  own  coun- 
try; and  therefore  entered  into  the  ser- 
vice of  William,  prince  of  Orange,  v.diom 
he  accompanied  to  England.  On  tlie 
death  of  that  prince,  he  went  into  the 
service  of  the  elector  of  Brandenburgh, 
by  whom  he  was  made  a  major-general. 
The  fortifications  of  AVcsel  and  the  ar- 
senal of  Berlin  arc  among  the  numerous 
proofs  of  his  talent.     D.  174"). 

BOTTA,  Caklo  Giusp:im»a  GuLiFx^ro, 
a  distiniriiished  Italian  liistorian.  Ho 
was  b.  in  17')S,  at  the  sinull  village  of 
San  Giorgio  di  (Janavese,  in  Piedmont, 
and  was  educated  as  a  physician,  but  tlie 
breaking  out  of  tlie  l-rench  revolution 
caused  him  to  turn  his  attention  to  the 
Htudj'  of  politics  and  histnry.  In  1704 
he  entered  into  the  medical  service  of 
the  French  army ;  after  Piedmont  was 
incorporated  with  France,  in  1%08,  he 


was  sent  to  Paris  as  a  member  of  the 
legislative  body,  and  his  residence  con- 
tinued afterwards  in  France  ;  and  ho 
lived  many  years  previous  to  his  death 
at  Paris,  in  close  retirement,  on  account 
of  ill  health.  Having  previously  pub- 
lished several  works,  he  established  his 
reputation  as  an  historian,  by  tlie  pub- 
lication of  his  "History  of  the  War  of 
the  Independence  of  the  United  States 
of  America,"  in  1809.  He  afterwards 
published  "The  History  of  Italy,  from 
1789  to  1814,"  and  the  "  Continuation 
of  Guicciardini's  History  to  1789," 
esteemed  works  of  high  merit.  In  1816 
he  published  an  heroic  poem,  entitled 
"  II  Oamillo."     D.  at  Paris,  1837. 

BOUOHAEDON,  Edmund,  tlie  son  of 
a  sculptor  and  architect,  was  b.  in  1698, 
at  Chaumonten-Basigni,  and  applied 
himself  early  to  drawing  and  i^ainting. 
In  order  to  devote  himself  to  statuary, 
he  went  to  Paris,  and  entered  the  school 
of  the  younger  Couston.  He  soon  gain- 
ed the  highest  prize,  and  was  made  riiyal 
pensioner  at  Eome.  lie  studied  his  art 
partly  in  the  works  of  antiquity,  and 
partly  in  those  of  Eaphael  and  Domc- 
niehino.  He  executed  several  busts,  and 
was  to  have  erected  the  tomb  of  Clement 
XL,  but  the  orders  of  the  king  recalled 
him  to  Paris  in  1732.  Here,  among 
other  works,  he  made  a  large  group  in 
stone,  representing  an  athlete  over- 
coming a  boar.  This  stood  for  a  long 
time  in  the  garden  of  Grosbois.  After- 
wards he  assisted  in  repairing  the  foun- 
tain of  Neptune  at  Versailles.  Ho 
executed  ten  statues,  which  adorn  the 
church  of  St.  Sulpice.  A  monument  to 
the  ducliess  of  Lauranguais,  made  by 
him,  is  also  in  that  church.  The  foun- 
tain in  the  rue  de  Grenelle,  which  tlie 
city  of  Paris  ordered  to  be  constructed 
in  1739,  was  made  by  him,  and  is  con- 
sidered his  masterpiece.  A  Cupid  which 
he  made  for  the  king  was  unsuccessful. 
For  the  "Traite  dcs  Pierres  gravees," 
Bouchardon  furnished  designs,  from 
which  the  plates  were  copied.  The  exe- 
cution of  tlie  greatest  monument  of  that 
period,  the  equestrian  statue  of  Louis 
XV.,  which  was  erected  by  order  of  the 
city  of  Paris,  was  committed  to  him.  He 
labored  twelve  years  on  this,  with  in- 
conceivable perseverance,  and  has  left, 
in  the  horse,  a  model  which  may  bo 
ranked  ^^•ith  any  work  of  antiquity.  D. 
1 7G'J.  Among  his  scholars,  Louis-*  'laude 
Vass('',  who  d.  in  1772,  is  distinguished. 
Caylus  has  written  his  life. 

i30UCHf;E,  Francis,  artist,  was  b.  at 
Paris  in  1704.     While  a  pupil  of  the  eel- 


BOU] 


(YCLOP.F-DIA    OF    IJIOGRAPUV. 


193 


obrated  Lenioine,  lie  frained,  at  the  no'c 
of  nineteen,  the  first  prize  of  tli  Aaoad- 
emy.  After  studyiiiLC  at  Konie  for  a 
sliort  time,  he  returned  to  Paris,  and 
was  styled  the  Painter  of  the  (Jracos— a 
title  wliich  he  did  not  merit.  lie  would, 
perhaps,  have  risen  to  excellcnee,  hail 
lie  not  yielded  to  the  eorrupt  taste  of 
his  aare,  and  had  devoted  himself  more 
completely  to  his  studies.  The  ease 
with  which  he  executed  made  him  eare- 
.css.  His  drawintj  is  faulty;  his  color- 
insi  does  not  harmonize,  especially  in  his 
naked  pieces,  which  are  so  glarinj?  that 
they  appear  as  if  the  light  was  reflected 
on  them  from  a  red  curtain.  In  a  word, 
he  is  looked  upon  as  the  corrupter  of 
the  French  school.  He  was  neither  en- 
vious nor  avaricions,  but  encouragrcd 
younger  artists  as  much  as  it  was  in  his 
power.  The  great  number  of  his  paint- 
ings and  sketches  shows  with  what 
rapidity  he  produced  them.  The  latter 
alone  amounted  to  more  than  10,000. 
He  has  also  etched  some  plates,  and 
many  of  his  paintings  have  been  en- 
graved. D.  1770. — Luc,  a  Jacobin  lead- 
er of  the  Faubourg  St.  Antoino,  who,  on 
the  20th  May,  1795,  forced  himself  into 
the  National  Convention,  and  seizing 
Fcrrand,  one  of  the  members,  beheaded 
him  in  the  lobby  with  his  own  hand, 
and  fixed  liis  head  on  a  pike,  para- 
ding it  through  the  "Salle."  He  was 
afterwards  guillotined. — Jonathan,  an 
p]n£rlish  divine ;  author  of  "The  Cum- 
berland Man,"  &c.     D.  1804. 

BOUDINOT,  Ei.iAs,  was  b.  in  Phila- 
delphia, May  2d,  1740.  He  was  descend- 
ed from  one  of  the  Huguenots,  who 
sought  refuge  in  America  from  religious 

Eersecution  in  France.  He  studied  the 
vw  and  became  eminent  in  that  profes- 
sion. At  an  early  period  of  the  revolu- 
tionary war,  he  was  appointed,  by 
congress,  commissary-general  of  prison- 
ers.' In  the  year  1777  he  was  chosen  a 
member  of  congress,  and,  in  1782,  was 
made  president  of  that  body.  After  the 
adoption  of  the  constitution  he  entered 
the  house  of  representatives,  where  he 
continued  six  years.  He  then  succeeded 
Eittenhouse  as  director  of  the  mint  of 
the  United  States,  an  office  which  he  re- 
signed in  tlic  course  of  a  few  years,  and 
lived  from  that  time  at  Burlington,  New 
Jersey,  He  devoted  himself  earnestly 
to  biV)Ucal  literature,  and,  bcincr  possess- 
ed of  an  ample  fortune,  made  munifi- 
cent donations  to  various  charitalile  and 
theological  institutions.  The  American 
Bible  Society,  of  which  he  became  pres- 
ident, was  partioularlv  an  object  of  his 

it' 


bounty.    He  d.  at  the  age  of  eighty-two, 
in  October,  1S21. 

BOUFFLEKS,  Marshal  de,  one  of  the 
most  celebrated  generals  of  his  age,  was 
b.  1044.     He  was  an  eli've  of  the  great 
Conde,   of   Turenne,    Crequi,    Luxem- 
bonr<T,    and   Catinat.      His   defence   of 
Namur,  in  1005,  and  of  Lille,  in  170S, 
are  famous.    The  siege  of  the  former 
place  was  conducted  by  King  William 
in  person,  and  cost  the  villies  more  than 
SO.itno  men.    The  latter  was  conducted 
by  Prince  Eutrene.    An  order  was  sent 
from  Louis  XIV.,  signed   by  hi^  own 
hand,    commanding    Boufflcrs    to   sur- 
render; but  he  kept  it  secret,  until  all 
means  of  defence  were  exhausted.    The 
retreat  of  tlie  French  after  their  defeat 
at  Malplaquet,  under  the  direction  of 
Boufflers,  was  more  like  a  triumph  than 
a  defeat.    D.  1711. — STA^•IsL,\.l•s,  cheva- 
lier de,  member  of  the  French  Academy, 
son   of  the   marchioness   of   Boufflcrs, 
mistress  of  Stanislaus,  king  of  Poland, 
b.   at  T;uneville,   1737,   was   considered 
one  of  the  most  ingenious  men  of  liis 
time,  and  was  distinguished  for  the  ele- 
gance of  his  manners  and  conversation. 
He  was  destined  for  the  church,  but  de- 
clared that  his  love  of  pleasure  would 
interfere  with  the  duties  of  this  profes- 
sion.    He  entered  the  military  career, 
was  soon  appointed  governor  of  Senegal, 
and   while   in   this   office,   made   many 
useful  regulations.     After  his  return,  he 
devoted  himself  to  that  light  kind  of 
literature  which  distinguished  the  age 
of  Louis  XV.     He  was  much  admired 
by  the  ladies,  and  in  the  higher  circles 
of  the  capital,  as  well  as  in  the  foreign 
courts  which  lie  visited.     His  reputation 
fjavo  him  a  scat  in  the  states-general, 
where  he  was  esteemed  for  his  modera- 
tion and   his   good  intentions.      After 
August  10th.  1702,  he  left  France,  and 
me?   with    a    friendly   reception    from 
Prince  Henry  of  Prussia,  at  Reinsberir, 
and  Frederic  William  II.     A  large  grant 
was  made  to  him  in  Poland  lor  cstab- 
lishinsr  a  colony  of  French  emigrants. 
In  1800  he  returned  to  Paris,  where  he 
devoted    himself   to  literary  pursuits, 
which,  in  1804,  procured  him  a  seat  in 
the  French  Institute.    D.  January  18th, 
1815. 

BOUO.VTNVILLE,  Loris  Antoixf.  de, 
count  of  the  empire,  senator,  and  mem- 
ber of  the  Institute  in  K'Ji),  was  b.  1720, 
at  Paris.  At  first  a  lawyer,  afterwards 
a  distinguished  soldier,  diplomatist,  and 
scholar:  he  was  always  remarkable  for 
his  enersv  of  character.  He  fought 
bravey  iii  Canada,  under  the  marquis 


194 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


L»o« 


of  Montcalm,  and  it  was  principally 
owing  to  his  exonions,  in  h'uS,  that  a 
body  of  oOou  French  witlistood  success- 
fully a  British  armj'  of  lG,i.iOo  men. 
Towards  the  conclusion  of  the  battle  he 
received  a  shot  in  the  liead.  After  the 
battle  of  September  13th,  1759,  in  which 
Montcalm  was  killed,  and  the  fate  of  the 
enemy  decided,  Bougainville  returned 
to  Fnuice,  and  served  with  distinction 
under  Choiseul  Stainville,  in  the  cam- 
paign of  1761,  in  Germany.  After  the 
peace,  he  entered  the  navy,  and  became 
one  of  the  greatest  naval  officers  in 
France.  He  persuaded  the  inhabitants 
of  St.  Malo  to  lit  out  an  expedition  for 
the  purpose  of  establishing  a  colony  in 
the  Falkland  Islands,  and  undertook  the 
command  of  the  cxjiedition  himself. 
The  king  appointed  Inm  captain,  and 
Bougainville  set  sail  with  his  little  fleet 
in  1703.  But,  as  the  Spaniards  luul  a 
prior  claim  to  the  islands,  France  was 
obliged  to  surrender  them,  and  Bou- 
gainville, having  returned  to  France, 
was  commissioned  to  carry  the  sur- 
render into  execution,  on  receiving  from 
Spain  a  remuneration  for  his  expenses. 
I'or  this  purpose,  he  set  sail,  with  one 
frigate  and  a  merchant  ship,  from  St. 
Malo,  December  15th,  1760.  After  the 
immediate  object  of  his  voyage  was  ac- 
complished, lie  circumnavigated  the 
world,  and  returned  to  St.  Malo,  March 
16th,  17G'J.  Ue  enriched  the  science  of 
geography  by  a  number  of  new  dis- 
coveries. In  the  American  war,  he 
commanded  several  ships  of  the  line, 
witli  great  honor ;  was,  in  177'J,  chef-d'es- 
cadre,  and,  in  the  following  year,  field- 
marshal  in  the  land  forces.  After  1790 
he  devoted  himself  to  .science.  D.  1811. 
— Jean  Pierre  de,  a  French  writer,  au- 
thor of  "  Philip  of  Macedon,"  a  tragedy, 
&c.  and  editor  of  Freret's  great  work 
on  '-Chronology."     B.  1722 ;  d.  1703. 

BOUGE.VNT,  GuiLLAUME  IIvACLN-rnE, 
a  French  Jesuit,  author  of  "  Amuse- 
ment I'hilosophique  sur  le  Langage  des 
Betes,"  (fee.    B.  IG'.tO;  d.  1743. 

BOUGUEK,  PiERHE,  a  French  math- 
ematician and  hydrographer,  author  of 
treatises  on  "  Navigation  and  Pilotage," 
and  on  ilie  '•  Construction  of  Ships," 
and  numerous  other  valuable  works  of 
science.     D.  175S. 

BOUIIIEli,  John,  an  eminent  French 
writer  of  the  17tli  century,  author  of 
'•  Letter;'  on  the  Tiierapeutai,"  "  Dis- 
Bertationi  on  Herodotus, "  &c.  B.  1073; 
d.  174.;. 

BOUIIOUKS,  UoMiMc,  a  French  Jes- 
uit and  critic,  autiior  of  "  Les  Entretiens 


d'Aristc  et  d'Eugene,"  "  Maniere  de 
bienPcnscrsurlesUuvragesdel'Esprit," 
&c.     B.  1028;  d.  1702. 

BOUILLE,  FRA^•CI3  Claude  Amocr, 
Marquis  de,  b.  1759,  a  distinguished 
French  general,  celebrated  by  his  ex- 
ploits up  to  the  era  of  tlic  French  revo- 
lution; from  which,  although  he  sat  on 
liberal  principles  in  the  first  assembly 
of  notables,  he  detached  himself,  and, 
after  making  excellent  preparations  to 
assist  the  unfortunate  Louis  XVL  in 
escaping  from  Vareunes,  which  his 
sovereign  refused  to  avail  himself  of, 
he  quitted  France  and  served  under  the 
allies.  His  "  Memoirs  of  the  French 
Eevolution"  rank  deservetUy  high.  D. 
IbOo. 

BOUILLON,  EosE,  h.  1770  ;  a  heroine 
of  the  French  revolution,  who  entered 
the  army  as  a  volunteer,  and  fought  as 
a  private  in  the  6th  battalion  of  the 
Haute  Saon,  at  the  battle  of  Limbach, 
where  her  liusband  was  killed  by  her 
side.  She  had  a  pension  from  the  Na- 
tioniJ  Convention. 

BOUILLY,  J.  N.,  an  eminent  French 
diplomatist,  b.  1770.  In  his  views  of 
the  revolution,  he  concurred  with  his 
friend  Mirabeau.  Author  of  "Pierre 
le  Grand,"  '•  L'Abbe  de  I'Epce,"  "  L6- 
onore,"  "Helena,"  "Amies  Sorel," 
"  La  Vieillesse  de  Piron,"  &c.    I).  1842. 

BOULAINVILLIEKS,  Henry  de, 
comte  de  St.  Saire,  author  of  a  "  His- 
tory of  Mahomet,"  a  "Histoiy  of  the 
Arabians,"  a  "History  of  the  Peerage 
of  France,"  A:c.     B.  165S  ;  d.  1722. 

BO UL ANGLE,  Nicholas  Antony,  a 
French  mathematician  and  engineer,  au- 
thor of  "Traite  du  Despotisme  Orien- 
talc,"  &c.     B.  1722 ;  d.  1750. 

BOULAED,  Antoine  Marie  Hentsi, 
a  distinguished  French  savant,  b.  1754, 
and  member  of  the  chamber  of  deputies 
in  1815.  He  is  author  of  numerous 
translations  from  English  standard  wri- 
tings, and  was  honored  by  the  friend- 
ship of  La  Harpe,  &c.     D.  1825. 

BOULAY  DE  LA  MEUETHE,  A. 
J.  C,  b.  1701 ;  one  of  tlie  most  distin- 
guished orators  in  the  French  revolu- 
tion, and  author  of  eminent  works  on 
political  science.  He  was  president  of 
the  civil  tribunal  at  Nancy,  in  17'J3,  and 
had  great  share  in  confirming  the  e.x- 
patriation  of  tlie  emigrants  in  1793,  when 
a  member  of  the  rive  hundred.  He 
was  subi-eipiently  faithful  to  Bonaparte 
through  all  his  changes  of  fortune;  and 
on  that  account  was  proscribed,  and 
banished  to  Frankfort,  by  the  Bour 
bons,  on  their  last  restoration  in  1815. 


BOU] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGKAPflT. 


195 


BOULTEK,  Hroii,  archbishon  of  Ar- 
mas;h,  cniiiicnt  for  his  benevolent  ex- 
ertions to  alleviate  the  distress  of  the 
Irish  during  the  scarcity  of  1740,  and 
for  the  part  he  took  in  establishing 
schools  fur  the  instruction  of  the  Irish 
children.     IX  1712. 

EOULTON,  Matthew,  an  eminent 
engineer,  wliose  spirit  and  talent  im- 
proved innumerable  mechanical  pro- 
cesses, and  wliose  name,  with  that  of 
his  partner,  Watt,  is  inseparably  con- 
nected with  that  of  the  wonderful  power 
of  wliic*"  they  made  such  skilful  use, 
ihc  steam-engine,  was  b.  at  Birming- 
ham, in  1728.  Among  the  many  great 
undertakings  in  which  Boulton  and 
"Watt  were  engaged,  one  of  the  most 
useful  and  important  was  the  improve- 
ment of  the  coinage,  the  coins,  struck  at 
the  "Soho"  manufactory  being  rarely 
surpassed  in  beauty  or  accuracy.  His 
long  life  was  uninterruptedly  devoted  to 
the  advancement  of  the  useful  arts,  and 
the  promotion  of  the  commercial  inter- 
ests of  his  countrv.     D.  1809. 

BOUQUET,  iMadamc,  b.  about  1773  ; 
a  victim  of  affection  and  hospitality,  du- 
ring the  revolution.  She  concealed  Pe- 
tliion  Buzot  and  her  uncle  Guadet, 
during  one  of  the  search  warrants  of 
the  terrorists,  and  their  retreat  being 
discovered,  she  was  sent  to  the  guillo- 
tine with  them,  and  died  with  great  for- 
titude. 

BOURBON,  Chakles,  duke  de,  con- 
stable of  France,  a  powerful  enemy  of 
Francis  I.,  and  his  opponent  at  Pavia 
■when  Francis  was  taken  prisoner.  His 
life  was  chiefly  spent  in  warfare,  and  he 
was  killed  while  heading  the  assault  on 
Rome,  in  1527. — Robert,  the  Strong, 
duke  of  Neustria,  founder  of  the  family 
which  has  so  long  governed  Franco, 
Spain,  Sicily,  &c.,  lost  his  life  in  a  battle 
with  the  Normans  in  866.  Historians 
differ  as  to  his  descent,  some  contend- 
ing that  Pepin,  of  Ileristel,  was  his  an- 
cestor; others  trace  his  genealogy  to 
the  kings  of  Lombardy  ;  and  some  say 
he  derived  his  origin  from  a  natural  son 
of  Cliarlemagno.  —  Louis,  cardinal  and 
archbishop  of  Toledo ;  son  of  Louis, 
brother  of  Charles  IH.  of  Spain.  After 
the  imprisonment  of  Ferdinand  at  Va- 
lengay,  he  joined  the  cortes,  and  ulti- 
mately became  president  of  the  provi- 
sional junta  before  which  the  king 
swore,  in  1820,  to  abide  by  the  consti- 
tution of  the  cortes  of  1812.  B.  1777  ; 
d.  182  1.  —  Louis  IIenky  Joseph,  duke 
de,  and  prince  de  Conde.  He  f>ught  in 
the  royalist  army;   and  after  the  cam- 


paign in  1800,  accompanied  his  father 
to  England,  and  was  residing  with  him 
at  Wanstead-IIouse  in  1804,  when  his 
son,  the  Duke  d'Engliien,  was  mur- 
dered. The  duke's  death  is  attributed 
to  the  excitement  of  his  mind  respecting 
the  revolution  of  July,  lS:jO.  His  prop- 
erty he  left  by  will  to  the  Duke  d'Au- 
male,  third  son  of  Louis  Philippe,  king 
of  the  French,  with  the  exceptysn  of  e 
large  bequest  to  Sophia  Dawes,  barones; 
de  Feucneres,  an  Englishwoman,  witl: 
whom  he  lived.  D.  1830. — Nicholas,  i 
French  poet,  author  of  "Nugse,"  a  col 
lection  of  Latin  epigrams ;  a  didacti' 
poem,  called  "Ferraria;"  a  trcati* 
"De  pucrorum  moribus,"  &c.  D.  lool 
— Nicholas,  nephew  of  the  above,  pro 
fessor  of  Greek,  author  of  ''An  Impr  ■ 
cation  ntrainst  the  Parricide  of  Hcu» ,' 
IV.,"  &c.     D.  1644. 

BOURCIIIER,  Thomas,  cardinal,  a-.d 
archbishop  of  Canterbury.  He  crowned 
no  fewer  than  three  kinirs,  viz..  E-lw-  rd 
IV.,  Richard  III.,  and  llenry  VII.  D. 
148(5. — JoHM,  Lord  Berners,  a  military 
commander  of  great  skill  and  repute  in 
the  reigns  of  Henry  VII.  and  VI II.,  by 
the  latter  of  whom  he  was  made  gov- 
ernor of  Calais,  author  of  a  translation 
of  "  Froissart,"  "  The  Life  of  Marcus 
Aurelius,"  &c.     D.  1532. 

BOURDALOUE,  Louis,  a  Jesuit,  and 
a  JYencli  preacher  of  consummate  elo- 
quence; was  b.  at  Bourgjs,  in  1632. 
The  reputation  which  he  acciuircd  by 
preaching  in  the  country,  inuuced  his 
superiors  to  send  him  to  Paris,  where 
he  immediately  acquired  popularity,  and 
became  the  favorite  preacher  of  Louis 
XIV.,  who  sent  him  into  Langucdoe,  to 
convert  the  Protestants.  The  latter  part 
of  his  life  was  spent  in  visiting  the  sick, 
and  the  prisons,  and  in  other  works  of 
charity.  His  sermons  occupy  16  vol- 
umes,' and  have  often  been  reprinted. 
D.  1704. 

BOURDON,  Sebastlvn,  a  painter  of 
merit  in  various  styles,  but  particularly 
in  landscape ;  was  b.  at  Montpclier,  in 
1616,  and  studied  at  Rome,  where  he 
was  the  friend  of  Claude  Lorraine.  In 
1652,  wishing  to  avoid  the  civil  wars 
which  threatened  France,  he  visited 
Sweden,  and  was  patronized  by  Chris- 
tina. She  made  him  a  present  of  some 
pictures  which  Gustavus  had  brouirht 
from  Dresden  ;  but  on  examininsr  them. 
Bourdon  disinterestedly  told  her  tluit 
she  ought  not  to  part  with  so  valuable 
a  collection.  Christina  afterwards  took 
them  to  Rome,  and  they  at  length  fonued 
a  part  of  the  famous   Orleans  gallery. 


196 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[sotr 


Ho  v.-as  an  engraver  as  well  as  a  painter. 
1).  1071. 

iJOLTKGEOlS,  Sir  Francis,  whose  pa- 
rents were  Swiss,  was  born  in  London, 
iu  1756,  and  was  designed  for  the  army, 
but  displayed  such  "an  attachment  to 
painting  that  he  was  placed  under 
Loutherbourg.  After  having  travelled 
for  improvement,  he  became  a  royal 
ncadenueian.  In  17'Jl  he  was  appointed 
painter  to  the  king  of  Toland ;  and,  in 
17'J4,  landscape  painter  to  George  III. 
The  splendid  collection  of  pictures  which 
Mr.  Desenfans  had  bequeathed  to  him. 
Sir  Francis  left  to  Dulwich  college,  with 
ten  thousand  pounds  to  build  a  gallery 
for  them.     D.  1811. 

BOUKGOING,  John  Francis,  Baron 
de,  was  b.  at  Nevers,  in  174S ;  served 
early  in  the  army,  and  successively  acted 
as  secretary  of  legation,  and  lastly  as  am- 
bassador at  various  courts.  Of  his  wri- 
tinirs,  the  principal  are,  the  "Picture  of 
Modern  Spain,"  3  vols.:  and  "Histori- 
cal and  Philosophical  Memoirs  of  Pius 
VI.     I).  ISll. 

BOURIGNON,  Antoinetta,  a  fanatic, 
\).  at  Lisle,  in  161G.  She  came  into  the 
world  so  very  deformed  that  a  consulta- 
tion was  hekl  in  the  family  some  days 
about  stifling  her  as  a  monstrous  birth. 
But  if  she  sunk  almost  beneath  humanity 
in  her  exterior,  her  interior  seems  to 
have  been  raised  as  much  above  it ;  for 
at  4  years  of  age  she  not  only  took  notice 
that  "the  people  of  Lisle  did  not  live  up 
to  the  principles  of  Christianity  which 
they  professed,  but  was  thereby  dis- 
turbed 80  much  as  to  desire  a  removal 
into  some  more  Christian  country.  Hav- 
ing an  aversion  to  matrimony,  she  twice 
eloped  from  home  to  avoid  it.  The  read- 
ing of  mystical  works  inflamed  her  ima- 
gination," and  she  believed  that  she  liad 
visions  and  ecstatic  trances,  in  which 
fihe  was  commanded  to  restore  the  true 
evangelical  spirit  in  the  world.  She 
wandered  about  incessantly,  and  w;vs 
expelled  from  many  countries ;  but  she 
made  numerous  proselytes,  among 
whom  were  men  of  abilities.  D.  at 
Franeker,  in  Holland,  lObO.  Her  reve- 
ries fill  22  volumes. 

BOUKLIE,  Anthonv  dk  Giiscard, 
Abbe  dc  la,  wlio  is  known  in  English 
history  as  the  Marrjuis  de  Guiscard;  was 
b.  in  'Quercy,  in  lij58,  and  entered  the 
church.  For  some  crime,  however,  he 
was  compelled  to  fly.  Failing  in  an 
attempt  to  spread  the  revolt  of  the  (/'c- 
vcnncs,  he  took  refuge  in  Englaml, 
where  he  received  a  pension  from  Queen 
Anno's  ministers ;  but  having  betrayed 


them  to  his  own  government,  he  was 
summoned  before  the  privy  council. 
There  he  stabbed  Mr.  Ilarley,  and  in 
return,  was  so  dangerously  wounded  by 
some  of  the  counsellors  that  he  d.  in 
Newgate,  in  1711. 

BOUKNE,  Benjamin,  of  Bristol, 
Ehode  Island;  was  b.  about  the  year 
1755,  and  educated  at  Harvard  college, 
where  he  was  graduated  in  1775.  He 
was  conspicuous  for  talents  and  learn- 
ing, and  spent  a  large  part  of  his  life  in 
public  and  honorable  employments.  Ho 
was  for  some  time  a  member  of  congress, 
^nd  in  1801  was  appointed  judge  of  the 
circuit  court  of  the  United  States.  D. 
1808. — Vincent,  one  of  the  most  elegant 
of  modern  Latin  poets;  was  educated 
at  Westminster  and  Trinity  college, 
Cambridge,  took  his  degree  of  M.A.  in 
1721,  and  d.  undermaster  of  Westmin- 
ster school  in  1747.  Cowper  describes 
him  as  having  been  the  neatest  of  all 
men  in  his  versification,  the  most  slov- 
enly in  his  person ;  and,  as  a  poet,  he 
thiiiks  him  not  at  all  inferior  to  Ovid. 

BOUKKIENNE,  Louis  Antoine  Fau- 
VELET  DE,  the  secretary  of  Napoleon,  whc 
had  formed  a  friendship  with  him  when 
they  were  scholars  at  Brienne,  was  b 
17G"9,  and  studied  law  at  Leipsic.  When 
Napoleon  was  first  consul  he  was  made 
counsellor  of  state.  Yet  afterwards  he 
was  accused  of  not  being  sincerely  at- 
tached to  the  government  of  Napoleon 
as  emperor.  He  was  an  inconsistent  and 
treacherous  politician,  and  even  wrote 
against  Ins  old  patron  and  friend.  His 
"  Memoirs  of  Napoleon"  have  been 
proved  to  be,  in  some  respects,  unworthy 
of  entire  confidence.     D.  1834. 

BOUKKIT,  Mark  Theodore,  a  native 
of  Geneva,  b.  1739,  was  a  chanter  in  the 
cathedral  of  his  native  city.  He  is 
known  to  the  public  by  his  various  jour- 
neys to  the  A1)is,  and  particularly  to  the 
glaciers  and  IMont  Blanc;  of  which  he 
published  narratives  in  1772  and  1785. 
The  last  of  these  works  was  reprinted 
in  1789,  with  a  "  Description  of  the  Gla- 
ciers of  the  Pennine  and  Khetian  Alps." 
I).  1819. 

B(JURSAULT,  Edmund,  a  French 
writer,  was  b.  at  Muci  TEveque,  in  Bur- 
gundy, 16-58,  and  though  his  father,  a 
dissipated  officer,  to  prevent  him  from 
knowing  more  than  himself,  would  give 
him  no  education,  he  acc|uired  a  con- 
summate knowledge  of  the  French  lan- 
guage. He  wrote'scveral  comedies,  par- 
ticularly "  Esop  in  Town,"  and  "  Esop 
at  Court,"  three  romances,  and  other 
works    of   considerable    merit,   among 


BOW  J 


CYCLOP.IiDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


197 


which  may  be  mentioned  "  Lcttei-s  to 
Babet."  Eovirsaiilt  was  a  man  of  nioilest 
mind  and  a  fovglvin.ir  spirit.     1).  1701. 

BOUKSIEK,  Lawuknce  Fkancis,  a 
doctor  of  tlie  Sorbonuc,  wlio  d.  at  Paris 
in  174'J,  a.ired  70.  He  was  author  of 
several  controversial  books  in  divinity, 
and  of  an  able  treatise  called  "  Taction 
do  Dieu  sur  les  creatures,"  2  vols.  4to.  or 
6  vols.  12mo.,  which  was  attacked  by 
Malebranclic.  lie  wrote  also  an  address 
to  I'ctcr  the  Great  wiien  he  visited  Paris, 
for  tlie  union  of  the  Greek  and  Latin 
churches. — Philip,  an  ecclesiastic  of  Pa- 
ris, who  was  the  first  concerned  in  the 
"  Nonvelles  Ecclesiastiques"  in  1727,  in 
which  he  was  assisted  by  Berger,  d'Etc- 
mare,  de  Fcrnanville,  and  others.     D. 

i7<;7. 

BOURVALAIS,  Paul  Poissox,  a  fa- 
mous French  financier,  who  rose  from 
obscurity  to  opulence  and  consequence, 
by  industry,  and  afterwards  by  dishon- 
est means.  lie  was  accused  of  having 
amassed  a  princely  Ibrtune  from  the  dis- 
tresses of  the  state  during  the  Spanish 
succession  war,  and  his  vast  wealth  was 
forfeited.  He  was  some  time  indemni- 
fied ;  but  his  disgrace  had  broken  a  heart 
uaturally  tierce  and  impatient.     D.  1710. 

BOUTERWEK,  Frederick,  profes- 
sor of  moral  philosophy  at  (iottingen,  a 
man  of  much  merit  as  an  academical  in- 
structor and  a  writer  on  literature,  was 
b.  April  15th,  1706,  at  (.)la'r,  a  village  not 
far  from  Goslar,  in  North  Germany. 
After  applying  himself  to  many  depart- 
ments of  learning,  inrisprudence,  poe- 
try, &c.,  he  at  last  became  entirely  de- 
voted to  philosophy  and  literary  history. 
Bouterwek  has  gained  a  pennancut 
reputation  by  his  "  History  of  lilodern 
Poetry  and  Eloquence,"  published  ISOl 
-1821,  a  work  which,  though  unequal 
in  some  respects,  and  in  parts,  especial- 
ly in  the  first  volume,  partial  and  s\iper- 
licial,  is  an  excellent  collection  of  notices 
and  observations,  and  may  be  considered 
one  of  the  best  works  of  the  kind  in 
German  literature.     D.  1828. 

BOWDICH,  Thomas  Edward,  a  wri- 
ter in  the  service  of  the  English  African 
Company,  was  a  native  of  Bristol,  lie 
was  selected  to  conduct  a  mission  to 
the  king  of  Ashantee,  of  which  mission 
he  published  a  very  interesting  account. 
lie  again  set  out  to  explore  the  interior 
of  Africa,  and  had  already  reached  the 
river  Gambia,  wlien  a  fever,  produced 
chiefly  by  anxiety,  terminated  his  life  in 
1824. "  lie  was  an  excellent  linguist  and 
a  pleasing  writer  ;  and  besides  tlie  work 
already  mentioned,  the  public  are  in- 
^  17* 


debtcd  to  him  for  a  translation  of  Mol- 
lah's  "  Travels  to  the  Sources  of  the  Sen- 
eo-al  and  Gambia,"  and  otlier  works. 
B.  1798. 

BOWDITCII,  N.\TiiAMEL,   j)resic.ent 
of  the  American  Academy  of  Arts  and 
Sciences,  was  b.  at  Salem,  ^lass.,  March 
2(5,  1773.     On  account  of  tlie  straitened 
circumstances  of  his  parents,  he  had  no 
advantages  of  education  than  those  af- 
forded by  the  common  town  schools  of 
that   period  ;  and   he  wa.s  taken   from 
school  at  the  early  period  of  10  years.    At 
the  age  of  12  or  l:;,  he  ^  as  ])laced  as  an 
apprentice,  or  clerk,  in  a  ship-chandler's 
sliop,   where  he   remained  till   he  was 
21.     In  his  22(1  year  he  wenfc  to  sea  in 
the  capacity  of  captain's  clerk  ;  and  he 
spent  about  nine  years  in  a  seafaring 
life,  during  which  he  made  five  voyages, 
four  of  tliem  to  the  East  Indies  ;  first  as 
captain's  clerk,  afterwards  as  supercar- 
go, and  finally  as  master.      After  relin- 
quishing his  nautical  life,  he  became,  in 
1804,  president  of  a  marine  insurance 
company,  in    Salcin,  which  station  he 
held  till' 1823,  when,   on  the  establish- 
ment of  the  JIassachusetts  Hospital  Life 
Insurance  Comjiany,  in  Boston,  he  was 
induced  to  leave  his  native  place,  and 
take  charge  of  the  institution.    Notwith- 
standing his  limited  advantages  of  edu- 
cation, and  his  engagements,  through 
life,   in  laborious  employments,  by  his 
extraordinary  genius,  and  almost  eciually 
extraordinary  economy  of  time,  he  gain- 
ed a  knowledge  of  the  Latin,  Greek,  Ital- 
ian, Spanish^  French,  Portuguese,  and 
German   languages,   made   himself  tke 
most  eminent  mathematician  and  astron- 
omer that  America  has  produced,  and 
did  more  for  the  reputation  of  his  coun- 
try among  men  of  science  aliroad,  than 
has    been    done    by    any    other    man, 
except,     periiaps,    Audulion    and    Dr. 
FranUlin.     His  tirst  publication  was  his 
well-known  "  Practical  Navigation,"  of 
which  the  first  edition  ap]ieared  in  1802, 
while  the  author  was  ongatrcd  in  a  sea- 
faring life,  in  the  capacity  of  supercargo. 
From  that  period  it  has  been  the  st;md- 
ard  work  on  the  subject ;  and  in  point 
of  practical  utility,  it  is  esteemed  one  of 
the  most  valuable  works  extant.    Among 
his  scientific  labors  were  numerous  and 
important  communications  to  the  Mem- 
oirs of  the  .\mcrican  Acailemy  ;  but  the 
great  work  \ipon  wliicli   his  fame,  as  a 
man  of  science  will  principally  rest,  is  his 
copious  andprotimnd  commentary  upon 
the  "  Mechairuiue  Celeste"'  of  L-i  Place, 
of  which  he  made  the  first  entire  trans- 
lation, and  which  he  has  elucidated  in  a 


198 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[boy 


manner  that  commands  the  admiration 
of  men  of  scieiK'c.     D.  IS'jS. 

BO  WDLEK,  Thomas,  an  English  pliy- 
sioian ;  author  of  "  Letters  from  llol- 
kiid,"'  and  editor  of  the  "  Family  Shak- 
speare,"  &q.  B.  1754 ;  d.  1825.— liAN.VAfi, 
was  sister  of  the  above ;  autlior  of 
'•roeins  and  Essays,"  and  of  some  popu- 
lar "Sermons  on  "the  Doctrines  and  Du- 
ties of  Christianity.''     D.  1880. 

BOWDOIN,  James,  a  governor  of 
Massachusetts,  was  born  at  Boston,  in 
tiie  year  17'i7,  and  was  graduated  at 
Harvard  college,  in  1745.  He  took  an 
early  stand  aj'ainst  the  encroachments 
of  the  British  government  upon  the 
provincial  rights,  and  in  1774  was  elected 
a  delegate  to  the  first  congress.  The 
state  of  his  health  prevented  his  attend- 
ance, and  his  place  was  afterwards  filled 
by  Jlr.  Hancock.  In  1778  he  was  chosen 
president  of  the  convention  which 
formed  the  constitution  of  Massachu- 
setts, and  in  1785  was  appointed  gov- 
ernor of  that  state.  He  was  a  member 
of  tlie  Massacluisetts  convention  assem- 
bled to  deliberate  on  the  adoption  of  the 
constitution  of  the  United  States,  and 
exerted  himself  in  its  favor.  He  was 
the  first  president  of  the  Academy  of 
Arts  and  Sciences,  established  at  Boston 
in  178ti,  and  was  admitted  a  member  of 
several  foiTign  societies  of  distinction. 
D.  at  Boston,  17'J0. 

BOWEK,  Archibald,  a  native  of  Dun- 
dee, b.  in  lOSiJ,  was  educated  at  St.  Omer, 
entered  tlie  order  of  the  Jesuits,  and  be- 
came a  secounllor  of  the  Inquisition,  at 
My,cerata,  iu  the  Papal  States.  He,  how- 
ever, fled  to  England,  in  17'2G,  embraced 
the  Protestant  faith,  and  was  patronized 
by  persons  of  eminence.  His  sincerity 
was  much  doubted,  and  his  conduct  was 
attacked  by  many,  particularly  by  Dr. 
Douglas,  the  detector  of  Lauder.  iJovver 
conducted  the  "  Historia  Literaria;" 
wrote  a  very  indiflerent  "  History  of  the 
Popes,"  and  contributed  largely  to  the 
•'Lniver.-al  History."     D.  1700. 

BOWLES,  Kev.  William  Lisle,  whose 
sonnets  exercised  no  unimportant  iufl.u- 
eiice  on  Englisli  literature,  was  b.  at 
Kintr's  Sutton,  in  Nortliamptonshire,  a 
parish  of  wliicii  liis  father  was  vicar,  in 
1762.  He  was  educated  at  Winchester 
and  at  Trinity  college,  (Jxford,  where  he 
took  his  degree  in  ll'.fz.  On  leaving  the 
university  he  entered  into  holy  orders, 
and  was  appointed  to  a  curacy  in  Wilt- 
Rliire;  from  which  he  was  [ireferred  to  a 
living  in  Gloucestershire,  and  in  180-'>  to 
a  canonry  in  Salisbury  cathedral.  His 
ui-xt  step  was  to  the  rectory  of  Bremhill 


in  Wiltshire,  to  which  he  was  presented 
by  Archbisliop  Aloore.  His  first  ap- 
pearance as  a  poet  was  in  a  small  collec- 
tion of  sonnets,  which  were  published 
in  178i),  and  may  be  reckoned  among 
the  first-fruits  of  a  new  era  in  poetry. 
In  these  sonnets  there  were  observed 
grace  of  expression,  a  musical  versifica- 
tion, and  especially  an  air  of  melancholy 
teuderncss,  so  congenial  to  the  poetical 
temperament.  The  subsequent  poems 
of  Mr.  Bowles  did  not  belie  the  promise 
of  his  youth.  The  chief  of  these  were 
his  "  Hope,  an  Allegorical  Sketch  "  "  St. 
Michael's  Mount,"  "  Coombe  Ellen," 
and  "  Grave  of  Howard."  His  "  Spirit 
of  Discovery  by  Sea,"  the  longest  of  his 

Sroductions,  was  published  iu  1804.  Mr. 
owles  published  also  an  edition  of 
Pope,  which  involved  him  in  the  famous 
controversy  with  Lord  Byron — as  well 
as  a  great  variety  of  smiill  tracts,  litera- 
ry, antiquarian,  and  theological.  He 
was,  in  fact,  a  very  frequent,  though  he 
cannot  be  called  a  voluminous,  contribu- 
tor to  the  literature  of  the  present  cen- 
tury.    D.  1850. 

BOWYEE,  "William,  an  eminent 
scholar  and  typograplier,  was  b.  in 
London,  in  1699,  and  al'ter  having  been 
for  some  time  at  St.  John's  college, 
Cambridge,  became  a  partner  with  his 
father  in  the  printing  business.  He  was 
printer  to  various  learned  bodies,  and 
to  the  house  of  lords.  lie  published 
several  philological  tracts,  and  added 
notes  to  many  erudite  works  iVom  his 
press;  but  his  principal  production  is 
an  edition  of  the  New  Testament  in 
Greek,  with  conjectural  emendations. 
D.  1777. 

BOXHOPvN,  Mark  Zuerius,  professor 
of  rhetoric,  politics,  and  history,  in  the 
university  of  Lcyden  ;  author  of  a  trea- 
tise on  tlic  Discovery  of  Printing,  and 
of  numerous  Latin  works,  both  prose 
and  verse.     B.  1612;  d.  105:1. 

BOYCE,  ^\'ILLIAM,  doctor  of  music, 
and  an  eminent  composer  both  of  saerea 
and  secular  pieces.     B.  1710;  d.  1779. 

BOYD,  Mark  Alexander,  an  eminent 
Scotch  writer;  author  of  "  Epistol»  He- 
roidis,"  &c.  B.  1562;  d.  1001.— Hugh 
Macaully,  a  Scotch  i)olitical  writer,  to 
whom,  without  any  sufficing  reason,  the 
celebrated  Jjetters  of  Junius  were  at  ono 
time  attributed.  He  accompanied  Lord 
Macartney  to  Madras.  D.  1791. — Rob- 
ert, an  eminent  Scotch  divine,  b.  at 
Glasgow,  in  1578;  d.  1627. — Zachary,  a 
Scotch  divine  of  the  17tli  century,  and 
twice  rector  of  the  university  of  Glas- 
gow. Among  various  other  works  which 


boy] 


CYCLOP^KUIA    OK    HIOGHAPIIY. 


199 


he  published,  is  "The  Last  Battle  of 
the  Soul  ill  Death;"  mid  ainon>^  the  nu- 
merous JISS.  ho  left,  id  a  collection  of 
quaint  poems,  entitled,  "  Zioa'ri  Flow- 
ers," popuhirly  called  "  Zauhary  Boyd's 
Bible.'  D.  l'i')3,  leaving'  a  considerable 
lejracy  to  the  Glasgow  college. 

BUYDELL,  John,  a  worthy  alderman 
of  London,  and  disUiiguislied  encour- 
ager  of  the  arts  of  painting  and  engrav- 
ing, b.  at  Dorington,  in  Shropshire,  1719, 
and  intended  for  a  land-surveyor,  which 
was  the  profession  of  his  fatiier;  but 
chance  having  thrown  in  his  way  "Bad- 
deley's  Views  ofdilferent  Country  Seats," 
he  determined  on  quitting  the  pen  for 
the  graver;  and  at  above  20  years  of 
age  put  himself  apprentice  for  seven 
years  to  Mr.  Toms,  whom  he  served  six 
years,  and  bought  up  the  seventh.  He 
then  applied  closely  till  he  had  engraved 
152  prints,  which  he  published  in  a 
book  at  the  price  of  five  guineas.  AVith 
the  profits  of  this  he  set  about  encour- 
aging other  professors  of  the  art;  he 
discovered  the  talents  of  AVoollett,  and 
employed  him  to  engrave  the  two  fa- 
mous pictures  of  '"Niobe"  and  "Phae- 
ton." He  soon  commenced  a  great 
foreign  trade  in  English  prints,  and 
realized  by  his  spirit  of  industry  and 
enterprise  a  considerable  fortune,  form- 
ing too  the  well-known  "Shakspeare 
Gallery."  The  long  duration  of  the 
French  war,  however,  having  almost 
wholly  stopped  liis  export  trade,  in 
which  he  had  embarked  large  sums  of 
money,  he  was,  in  the  spring  of  1804, 
induced  to  crave  permission  of  parlia- 
ment to  dispose  of  the  "Shakspeare 
Gallerv"  by  lottery.    D.  1S04. 

BO\'ELblEU,"ADBiAN,  one  of  the 
most  celebrated  opera  composers  of 
France.  He  was  b.  at  Kouen,  1775,  but 
went  early  to  Paris,  where  he  was  ap- 
pointed professor  of  the  piano  at  the 
Conservatoire.  He  wrote  "  Ma  Tante 
Aurora,"  and  the  "Calife  de  Bagdad," 
when  he  was  made  chapel-master  to 
Alexander  of  Russia,  and  repaired  to  St. 
Petersburg.  Li  l>sll  he  returned  to 
Paris,  and  wrote  "  Le  Dot  de  Susette," 
"Jean  de  Paris,"  "  Le  Chaperon  Eouge," 
and  best  of  all,  "  La  Dame  Blanche."  A 
sweet  and  natural  melody,  simple  but 
agreeable  accompaniments,  an  expres- 
sive gayety,  and  great  variety,  are  the 
characteristic  excellences  of  his  style. 
D.  1S84. 

Buyer,  Able,  a  well-known  glossog- 
rapher;  b.  at  Castres,  in  France,  IMi. 
The  work  he  is  chiefly  known  by,  is  a 
very  excellent  "  French  and  English,  and 


English  and  French  Dictionary."  He 
wrote  also  "  A  French  Grannnar"  in 
English,  which  still  retains  a  high  rank 
in  our  schools.  D.  1720. — .Jon.\  liArrisT 
Nicholas,  a  French  physician,  eminently 
skilful  iu  the  treatment  of  infections  dis- 
eases; author  of  a  '•  Pharmacopaeia," 
tracts  on  Contagious  Disorders,  cfcc.  D. 
1~6S. — Jkax  PiEUKi;,  a  celebrated  mu- 
latto president  of  the  island  of  Hayti; 
who  was  b.  at  Port  au  Prince  in  iVtiO. 
His  mother  was  a  negress  from  Congo, 
and  his  father  a  sliopkeeper  and  tailor 
of  good  repute.  Attacliing  himself  to 
Rigaud,  he  set  out  for  France,  but  was 
eajptured  by  the  Americans,  but  was 
released  at  the  close  of  the  war  between 
France  and  the  United  States.  He  took 
part  iu  Leclcre's  expedition  against  St. 
Domingo,  but  afterwards  joined  Potion's 
party,  and  rapidly  rose  till  he  was  luimed 
Petion's  successor  in  the  presidency. 
Adroitly  placing  himself  at  the  head  of 
the  various  insurgents  as  they  rose,  he 
reduced  the  whole  island  to  one  repul>- 
lican  government.  He  was  subsequently 
obliged  to  sock  safety  from  au  insurrec- 
tion excited  by  his  violence,  in  the  island 
of  .Limaica. 

BOYLE,  Robert,  a  philosopher,  who 
ranks  with  Bacon  and  with  Newton ; 
was  the  seventh  son  of  the  celebrated 
earl  of  Cork,  and  was  b.  at  Lismore,  in 
Ireland,  January  the  26th,  1626,  the 
year  that  Bacon  died.  Eton  has  the 
honor  of  his  early  education,  which  was 
pertijcted  by  private  tutors,  and  lastly 
at  Geneva.  After  having  travelled  over 
various  parts  of  the  Continent,  he  settled 
in  England,  and  devoted  himself  to  sci- 
ence, especially  to  natural  philosopliy 
and  to  chemistry.  Every  year  of  his 
life  was  mark(!(.l  by  new  experiments. 
We  ai'e  indebted  to  him  for  the  first  cer- 
tain knowledge  of  the  absor})tion  of  air 
in  calcination  and  combustion,  and  of 
the  increase  of  weight  wliich  metals  gain 
by  oxidation.  He  first  studied  the  elieiu- 
ieal  phenomena  of  the  atmosphere,  and 
was  thus  the  predecessor  of  Mavow, 
Hales,  Cavendish,  and  I'riestlcy.  In  all 
philosophical  inquiries,  he  displayed  an 
accurate  and  methodical  mind,  relying 
wholly  upon  experiments.  At  the  same 
time  his  imagination  was  warm  and 
lively,  and  inclined  to  romantic  notions, 
which  were  first  produced  in  his  child- 
hood, by  the  perusal  of  Amadis  of  Gaul, 
and  always  exercised  a  visible  influence 
on  his  character.  He  was  naturally  in- 
clined to  melancholy,  and  this  temper 
of  min<l  was  incre;ised  bv  circumstances. 
The  sight  of  the  great  Carthusian  mou< 


200 


CYCLOPAEDIA    Ol'    BIOGRAPHY. 


L30t 


astery  at  Grenoble,  tho  wildncss  of  the 
country,  as  well  as  the  severe  ascetic  lite 
of  the  monks,  made  a  deep  impression 
upon  him.  Tiic  devil,  as  he  said,  takinij 
advantage  ofliis  melancholy  disposition, 
lilled  bis  soul  with  terror,  and  with 
doubts  concerning  the  fundamental  doc- 
trines of  religion.  This  condition  was 
BO  iusutferabic,  that  he  was  tempted  to 
free  himself  from  it  by  committing  sui- 
cide, and  was  only  prevented  by  the 
fear  of  hell.  While  endeavoring  to  settle 
his  faith,  he  found  those  defences  of  the 
christian  religion,  which  had  been  pub- 
lished before  his  time,  unsatisfactory, 
hi  order  therefore  to  read  the  original 
works  which  are  considered  the  founda- 
tion of  Christianity,  he  studied  the  Ori- 
ental langua^res,  and  formed  connections 
with  J'orouke,  Thomas  Hyde,  Samuel 
Clarke,  Thomas  Barlow,  &e.  The  result 
of  his  studies  was  a  conviction  of  its 
trutli,  which  was  manitlKstcd  not  only 
by  his  tiieological  writings,  but  by  his 
benevolence  and  generous  disinterested- 
ness, lie  instituteil  public  lectures  for 
the  defence  of  Christianity.  _  D.  16H1.— 
KioFiAKD,  earl  of  Cork,  an  eminent  states- 
man in  tlie  reign  of  James  I. ;  and  foun- 
der of  a  family  greatly  distinguished  in 
the  arts,  sciences,  and  literature.  B.  at 
Canterbury,  15015 ;  d.  1643. — Roger,  earl 
of  Orrery,  lifth  son  of  the  above.  When 
only  7  years  old  he  was  created  Baron 
liroghill;  and,  from  an  early  age,  was 
conepicuons  for  his  zeal  in  the  king's 
Bervice.  But  after  the  king  was  put  to 
death,  the  i)aron  transferred  his  services 
to  Cromwell,  by  whom  he  was  greatly 
trusted  and  employed.  At  the  death  of 
Cromwell  he  aided  in  Ijringing  back 
Charles  II.,  and  was  created  earl  of 
Orrerv  for  liis  service  on  that  occasion. 
B.  1621 ;  d.  1679.— Cii.vRLEs,  Lord  Boyle, 
second  son  of  Koger,  earl  of  Orrery,  a 
statesman  and  scholar;  editor  of  the 
'•  Epistles  of  Phalaris,"  and  author  of 
some  slight  but  clever  literary  papers. 
B.  1676;  d.  1781.— Joiix,  earl  of  Cork 
and  Orrery,  only  son  of  the  last  named  ; 
author  of  a  translation,  with  notes,  of  the 
"Epistles  of  Pliny  the  Younger,"  "Ke- 
marks  on  the  I^ile,  and  Writings  of 
Swift,''  papers  in  the  Connoisseur  and 
the  Worhl,  &c.  B.  1707;  d.  1762.— 
IliciiAKD,  tiiird  earl  of  Burlington,  and 
fourtii  earl  of  Cork,  anotlier  branch  of 
the  same  distinguished  family.  He  was 
an  enthusiastic  amateur  of  architecture, 
and  a  very  srenenjus  fiicnd  to  men  of 
letters.  In  him,  Bishop  Berkeley  found 
his  earliest  and  most  efficient  patron ; 
and  Pope  did  him  the  honor  to  address 


to  him  his  fourth  epistle.    B.  1695;  d 

17.">:). 

BOYLSTON,  Zabdiel,  wash,  at  Brook- 
line,  Massachusetts,  in  1 684.  He  studied 
medicine  at  Boston,  and  entered  into  the 
practice  of  his  profession  in  that  place. 
In  1721,  when  the  small-pox  broke  out 
in  Boston,  and  spread  alarm  through  the 
whole  country,  the  practice  of  inocula- 
tion was  introduced  by  Dr.  Boylstou, 
notwithstanding  it  was  discouraired  by 
the  rest  of  the  faculty,  and  a  public  or- 
dinance was  passed  to  prohibit  it.  He 
persevered  in  his  practice  in  spite  of  the 
most  violent  opposition,  and  had  the 
satisfaction  of  seeing  inoculation  in  gen- 
eral use  in  New  England,  for  some  time 
before  it  became  common  in  Great  Brit- 
ain. In  1725  he  visited  Euirland,  where 
he  was  received  with  much  attention, 
and  was  elected  a  fellow  of  the  Royal 
Society.  Upon  his  return,  he  continued 
at  the  head  of  his  profession  for  many 
years,  and  accumulated  a  largo  fortune. 
Besides  communications  to  the  Royal 
Society,  he  published  two  treatises  on 
the  Small  Pox.  D.  1766. — •XicnoL.\s,  a 
benefactor  of  Harvard  college,  who  had 
been  au  eminent  merchant,  and  was 
about  to  retire  from  business,  to  enjoy 
the  fruit  of  his  industry,  when  he  d. 
He  bequeathed  to  the  university  at  Cam- 
bridge £1500,  as  the  Ibundation  of  a 
lectureship  on  rhetoric  and  oratory. 
John  Quincy  Adams,  in  1S06,  was  tho 
first  occupant  of  the  chair  thus  created. 
D.  1771. — Ward  Nicholas,  also  a  dis- 
tinguished patron  of  Harvard  college, 
having  given  to  the  medical  school  a 
collection  of  medical  and  anatomical 
books,  and  made  provision  for  its  en- 
lartjement. 

BOYS,  William,  b.  at  Deal,  in  Kent, 
1735,  was  bred  a  surgeon,  but  devoted 
much  of  his  time  to  antiquarian  re- 
searches, and  published,  besides  other 
works,  an  elaborate  and  valuable  "  His- 
tory of  Sandwich,  with  Notices  of  the 
other  Cinque  Ports,  and  of  Riehbor- 
ou?rh."     D.  1803. 

BoYSE.  John,  one  of  the  translators 
of  the  Bible  in  the  reign  of  James  I., 
was  b.  at  Nettlestead,  in  Suffolk,  1560, 
and  d.  1643.  leaving  a  great  many  manu- 
scripts behind  him,  particularly  a  com- 
mentary on  almost  all  the  books  of  tho 
"Sew  Testament. — Samuel,  a  very  in- 
genious person,  but  as  remarkable  for 
imprudence  as  lor  inj^'enuity,  b.  in  Dub- 
lin, 1709.  In  1731' he  published,  at 
Edinburjrh,  a  volume  of  poems  addressed 
to  tiie  countess  of  P^glinton.  He  wrote 
also  an  elegy  upon  the  death  of  Lady 


bra] 


CYCLOP-tDIA    OF    JUOGKAPHV, 


201 


Stormont,  entitled  "  The  Tears  of  tlie 
Muses;"  with  which  Lord  Stormont 
■was  so  muoli  pleased  that  he  ordered 
Bovsc  a  haiKlsouie  present.  These  pub- 
lieatiims,  and  tlie  honorable  notice  taken 
of  them,  wore  the  means  of  recommend- 
ing him  to  very  high  persons,  who  were 
desirous  of  serving  him ;  but  Boyso  was 
not  11  man  to  be  served.  He  made  an 
improper  use  of  these  recommendations, 
and  had  often  recourse  to  the  meanest 
arts  to  procure  benefactions.  At  some 
times  he  would  raise  subscriptions  for 
poems  which  did  not  exist ;  and  at 
others,  ordered  his  wife  to  inform  peo- 
ple that  he  was  just  expiring,  to  move 
the  compassion  of  his  friends,  who  were 
frequently  surprised  to  meet  the  num  in 
the  street  to-day  who  was,  yesterday, 
said  to  be  at  the  point  of  death.  In  May, 
1749,  however,  he  d.,  after  a  lingering 
illness,  in  obscure  lodgings,  near  Shoe- 
lane,  where  he  was  buried  at  the  ex- 
pense of  the  parish. 

BOZIv  ('laudk  Gros  de,  b.  at  Lyons, 
1680,  distinguished  for  his  knowledge 
of  anticjuities  and  medals,  which  gained 
the  patronage  of  Chancellor  Pontehar- 
train,  and  other  illustrious  characters, 
and  the  honor  of  a  seat  in  the  French 
Academy,  and  in  the  Academy  of  Belles- 
Lettres,  of  which  he  became  perpetual 
secretary.  lie  was  respected  for  his 
private  character,  as  well  as  his  great 
learning.  Ilis  works  were  on  medallic 
subjects,  besides  historical  panegyrics 
on  the  members  of  the  Academy,  the 
first  IT)  vols,  of  which  he  published — 
and  a  valuable  catalogue  of  his  own 
library.     T).  at  Paris,  1758. 

BRACCIOLINI  DELL'  API,  Franxis, 
an  Italian  poet  of  Pistoya,  who,  at  the 
age  of  40,  became  an  ecclesiastic,  and 
was  patronized  by  Pope  Urban  VIII., 
and  by  Cardinal  Antnony  Barbcrini, 
with  whom  he  had  been  secretary.  He 
wrote  several  tragedies,  comedies,  and 
pastorals — besides  "  La  Croce  Kiacqui- 
stata,"  a  poem  which  the  Italians  rank 
next  to  Tasso's  "  Jerusalem,"  and  a  jiocm 
in  twenty-three  cantos,  on  the  pope's 
election,  for  which,  at  his  patron  s  de- 
sire, he  assumed  the  surname  of  Delia 
Api,  and  added  to  his  arms  three  bees. 
D.  at  the  a-re  of  SO,  li!45. 

BRACIIMANN,  Louisa,  b.  1777,  a 
poetess  styled  the  "  Sappho  of  Ger- 
many ;"  she  was  found  drowned  in 
182'2  :  it  was  supposed  that  she  threw 
herself  into  the  water. 

BRAClvEXKIDGK,  Ilron  Hknry,  a 
judge  of  the  supreme  court  of  Pennsyl- 
vania.    He  was  graduated  at  Princeton 


college  in  1771.  In  1781  he  settled  at 
Pittsburg,  which  was  then  almost  a  wil- 
derness, but  he  predicted  llial  it  would 
soon  become  a  large  town,  and  in  its 
imiirovemenl  he  engaged  with  zeal.  In 
17iS'J  he  was  ajipointed  jmlge.  He  pub- 
lished a  poem  on  the  "Kising  Glory  of 
America,"  1774;  "  Eulogium  of  the 
Brave  Men  who  fell  in  the  Contest  with 
Great  Britain,"  1779  ;  "  Modern  Chival- 
ry, the  Adventures  of  Capt.  Farrago," 
1TJ2  ;  "  Incidents  of  the  Insurrection  in 
1794  in  Pennsylvania,"  1795  ;  "  Law  of 
Miscellanies,  containing  Instructions  for 
the  Study  of  the  Law,"  1814.     D.  1816. 

BKACKETT,  Joshua,  a  physician, 
graduated  at  Harvard  college,  17.j2.  He 
first  became  a  ^^reaeher,  but  gave  up  that 
profession  for  the  study  of  medicine, 
tie  established  himself  in  Portsmouth, 
New  Hampshire,  and  continued  there 
during  life.  He  took  a  deep  interest  in 
the  promotion  of  natural  history  at  Cam- 
bridge, and  requested  his  wife  to  appro- 
priate $1500  towards  the  professorship 
of  that  science  in  Harvard  college.  She 
complied  with  his  request,  and  added  to 
the  amount.  He  was  a  benefactor  of  the 
N.  II.  Medical  Society,  of  which  he  was 
president  from  1793  to  1799,  presenting 
to  it,  at  its  establishment,  143  vols,  of 
valuable  medical  books.     D.  1802. 

BKACTON,  HiiXRY  de,  a  native  of 
Devonshire,  who  studied  at  Oxford,  and 
became  eminent  as  a  lawyer,  and  in  1244 
■was  made  one  of  the  judges  itinerant  by 
Henry  III.  He  is  chiefly  known  by  his 
excellent  work  "  De  Legibus  and  Consu- 
etudinibus  Anglise,"  amost  finished  and 
valuable  perlbrmance,  divided  into  five 
books,  and  containing,  in  good  language, 
a  curious  and  interesting  detail  of  the 
legal  learning,  the  laws  and  customs  of 
our  ancestors.  Though  blamed  by 
Houard  for  mingling  too  nnicli  of  the 
civil  and  canon  law  in  his  compositions, 
he  has  long  been  held  as  a  writer  of  great 
authority,  and  deservedly  esteemed  by 
Lord  Coke,  and  other  great  lawyers,  as 
the  first  source  of  legal  knowledire. 

BKADBUKY,  TnoM.\s,  a  native  of 
Lonilon,  edueateil  at  Clapham,  in  com- 
pany with  Dr.  Watts,  and  distinguished 
among  the  Xoncontbrmists  as  a  boUl  and 
eloquent  preacher  in  defence  of  Calvin- 
istical  doctrines  and  revolution  princi- 
ples. He  wrote  some  theological  trea- 
tises, besides  three  volumes  of  seiTuons, 
and  the  "Mystery  of  Godliness."  D.  1757. 

BRADDOCK,"  Edw.uid.  major-general 
and  commantler  of  the  British  army  ii. 
the  expedition  against  the  French,  on  the 
river  Ohio,  in  1755,   arrived  in  Virginia 


202 


CVCLOP.EDIA    OF    BIOORAPHV. 


[URA 


in  February  of  that  year,  and,  in  the 
sprinor,  marched  acrainst  Fort  du  Quesuo, 
now  Pittj^burtr.  He  reached  the  Mouon- 
gahehi,  July  "sth,  at  tlie  head  of  1200 
men,  the  bairiraire  having  been  left  be- 
hind, under  the  care  of  Colonel  Dunbar, 
to  advanec  by  slower  inarches.  On  the 
next  day  he  moved  forward  to  invest  the 
fort,  and,  by  disregarding  the  caution  of 
nis  provincial  officers,  who  warned  him 
against  the  danger  of  a  surprise  in  an 
Indian  war,  fell  into  an  amouscade,  by 
■which  he  lost  nearly  one  half  of  his 
troops,  and  received  himself  a  mortal 
•wound.  All  his  officers  on  horseback, 
except  Colonel,  afterwards  General, 
Wasliington,  who  acted  as  aid,  being 
killed,  the  army  retreated  precipitately 
near  forty  miles,  to  Dunbar's  camp, 
where  the  general,  wlio  was  conveyed 
there  in  a  tumbril,  expired. 

BKAUFORD,  William,  the  second 
governor  of  Plymouth  Colony,  was  b.  at 
Austertield,  England,  in  loSS.  At  the 
age  of  IS  he  joined  those  dissenters  who 
lied  to  Holland,  to  enjoy  religious  free- 
dom. Ilis  leisure  hours  were  passed  in 
learning  the  art  of  silk  dyeing.  After  a 
residence  of  ten  years  he  removed  to 
America.  His  wife  fell  into  the  sea  and 
was  drowned,  just  before  the  place  for 
the  colonv  was  selected.  In  1621  he  was 
appointed  governor  of  the  new  settle- 
ment, when  one  of  liis  first  acts  was  to 
secure  the  friendship  of  the  Indian 
Massassoit,  and  all  his  subsequent  ca- 
reer was  one  of  devotion  to  his  duties. 
The  original  government  of  Plymouth 
was  founded  entirely  on  mutual  consent. 
The  first  patent  was  oVjtained  in  the 
r^ame  of  .John  Pierce  ;  but  another  pat- 
ent of  larger  extent  was  obtained  of  the 
council  tor  New  j;n<jland,  in  1630,  in 
the  name  of  William  Bradford,  his  heirs, 
associates,  and  assigns.  In  the  vear 
1040  the  general  court  requested  (Gov- 
ernor Bradford  to  surrender  the  patent 
into  their  hands.  With  this  request  he 
cheerfully  complied,  and  after  the  sur- 
render the  jiatent  was  immediately  de- 
livered again  into  his  custody.  Mr. 
Bradford  was  annually  chosen  governor 
ns  long  as  lie  lived,  excepting  in  the 
years  IG^.-?,  lC3i,  103(5,  1638,  and  1644. 
At  t]ie>e  times  it  v/as  In'  his  own  request 
that  the  peo[)le  did  not  elect  him.  I). 
16r)7. — U  iLLiAM.  a  lawyer  of  eminence, 
h.  in  Philadelphja,  1705.  In  the  spring 
of  1709  he  entered  the  college  at  Prince- 
ton, then  under  the  direction  of  the 
learned  Dr.  .John  Wotherspoon.  In  1779 
he  was  admitted  to  the  bar  of  the  su- 
preme court  of  Pennsylvania,  where  his 


character  soon  introduced  him  to  an  \in« 

usual  share  of  business  ;  and,  in  August, 
17S0,  only  one  year  after  he  was  licensed 
to  practice,  he  was  appointed  attorney- 
general  of  the  state  of  Pennsylvania. 
August  22d,  1701,  he  was  made  a  judge 
of  the  supreme  court  of  Pennsylvania. 
His  industry,  integrity,  and  ability,  en- 
abled him  to  give  general  satisfaction  in 
this  office.  On  the  attorncy-genrral  of 
the  United  States  being  proinotcd  to  the 
office  of  the  secretary  of  state,  Bradford 
was  appointed  to  the  vacant  otfice,  Janu- 
ary 2Sth,  1794.  This  office  he  iield  till 
his  death.  In  1793  he  published  an 
"Inquiry  how  far  the  Punishm«>'it  of 
Death  is  necessary  in  Pennsylv.  nia." 
This  performance  justly  gained  hi'n 
great  credit.  D.  1795. — Samuel,  was  b. 
in  Blackfriars,  20th  December,  1652,  and 
after  studying  at  St.  Paul's  school,  the 
Charter  house,  and  Benet's  college, 
Cambridge,  he  went  abroad  on  account 
of  some  scruples  of  conscience,  and  ap- 
plied himself  to  physic.  He  afterwards 
was  reconciled  to  the  doctrines  of  the 
church,  and  as  the  friend  of  Archbishop 
Sancroft,  and  the  chaplain  of  King  Wil- 
liam, he  rose  in  ecclesiastical  preferment 
to  the  rectory  of  St.  Mary-le-bow,  a  pre- 
bend of  Westminster,  and  the  master- 
ship of  his  own  college.  In  1718  he 
became  bishop  of  Carlisle,  and  in  1723 
of  Rochester,  which  he  held  to  the  time 
of  his  death,  1731.  He  edited  "Tillot- 
son's  Sermons." — Jon.v,  an  English  mar- 
tyr, b.  of  a  respectable  family  at  Man- 
chester. He  was  for  some  time  clerk  to 
Sir  John  Harrington,  the  treasurer  of 
the  English  forces  at  Calais,  but  after- 
wards turned  his  thoughts  to  the  study 
of  divinity,  and  took  his  master's  degree 
at  Cambridge.  He  was  eloquent  as  a 
preacher,  and  his  abilities  exposed  him 
to  persecution  in  Mary's  reign,  so  that, 
after  a  long  imprisonment,  he  was  burnt 
in  Smithfield,  1st  July,  1555.  Some  of 
his  letters  are  extant. 

BRADLEY,  James,  a  celebrated  as- 
tronomer, was  b.  at  Sherborne,  in  the 
year  1602.  He  studied  theology  at  0.x- 
ford,  and  took  orders ;  but  his  taste  for 
astronomy  soon  led  him  to  change  the 
course  of  his  life.  His  imele  instructed 
him  in  the  elements  of  mathematics,  his 
own  industry  did  every  thing  else,  and, 
in  1721,  he  was  appointed  professor  of 
astronomy  at  Oxford.  Six  years  after- 
wards, he  made  known  his  discovery  of 
the  aberration  of  light.  But,  although 
this  discovery  gave  a  greater  degree  of 
accuracy  to  astronomical  observations, 
and  although  the  discrepancies  of  differ- 


uvcLOP.KDiA   or  ciuc;R.\ruv. 


■iov. 


eiit  observations  were  much  diininislied, 
yet  slight  ditt'erenees  remained,  and  did 
not  escape  his  oijservation.  lie  btudied 
them  during  13  years  witli  the  greatest 
perseverance,  and  finally  discovered  that 
tliey  were  lullv  explained  by  the  supposi- 
tion of  an  oscillating  motion  ot'the  earth's 
axis,  completed  during  a  revolution  of 
the  moon's  nodes,  in  eighteen  years. 
He  called  this  phenomenon  the  nulation 
of  the  earth's  axis ;  and  published,  in 
1748,  (I'hilosoph.  Trans.  Ao.  785,')  his 
account  of  the  apparent  motion  of  the 
fixed  stars,  with  its  laws,  arising  from 
this  phenomenon  of  nutation.  iJ'Alcm- 
bert  afterwards  explained  the  physical 
causes  of  this  plienomenon,  upon  the 
principal  of  universal  attraction.  By 
these  two  discoveries,  astronomers  were 
for  the  first  time  enabled  to  malcc  tables 
of  the  motions  of  the  heavenly  liotlies 
•with  the  necessary  accuracy.  Bradley 
had  already,  in  1721!,  explained  the  me- 
thod of  obtaining  the  longitude  by  means 
of  the  eclipse  of  .Inpiter's  first  satellite. 
In  1741,  at  the  death  of  Doctor  Halley,  he 
received  the  appointment  of  astronomer 
royal,  and  removed  to  the  observatory  at 
Greenwich.  Here  he  spent  the  remain- 
der of  his  life,  entirely  devoted  to  his 
astronomical  studies,  and  left  thirteen 
volumes  folio  of  his  own  observations, 
in  manuscrijit.  Of  these,  the  first  vol- 
ume was  published  by  Iloresby,  179>*. 
The  whole  appeared  under  the  title  of 
"Astronomical  Observations  made  at  the 
Observatory  at  Greenwich,"  1750-62 ; 
Oxford,  1805.  D.  17(52.— EicHARU,  pro- 
fessor of  botany  at  Cambridge,  and  au- 
thor of  several  works,  chiefly  compila- 
tions on  botany  and  horticulture.  Dr. 
Brewster's  popular  invention,  the  ka- 
leidoscope, was  at  one  time  said  to  be  due 
to  Bradley  ;  but  it  appears  that  the  doc- 
tor's instrument  and  the  one  proposed 
by  Bradley  are  quite  ditferent,  and  th.'it 
the  latter  W'ould  be  very  inferior.  D. 
1732. 

BKADSIIAW,  .Toiix,  celebrated  as 
president  of  the  tribunal  by  which 
Charles  I.  was  tried,  is  said  by  some  to 
have  been  b.  in  Derbyshire,  and  by 
others  in  Cheshire,  in  1580.  lie  studied 
the  law  in  Gray's  Inn.  In  tiie  contest 
between  Charles  and  the  people,  Br.acl- 
shaw  espoused  the  cause  of  the  latter. 
The  parliament  made  him  chief  justice 
of  Chester,  and  he  was  also  chosen  to 
preside  in  the  high  court  of  justice 
which  sat  upon  tlie  king.  Cromwell, 
to  whose  usur])ation  he  was  hostile,  de- 
prived him  of  the  chief  justiceship.  D. 
1659 ;  but,  at  the  restoration,  such  was 


the  vehemence  of  the  roy  .list  bigotrj", 
his  remains  were  disinterred,  and  liang- 
ed  at  Tvburn. 

BKA'DSTKEET,  Simon-,  governor  of 
Massachusetts.  lie  was  in  5larch,  1630, 
chosen  an  assistant  of  the  colony  about 
to  be  established  there,  and  arrived  at 
Salem,  in  the  summer  of  the  same  year. 
He  was  at  the  first  court  which  was  held 
at  Charlestown,  August  23d.  He  was 
afterwards  secretary  and  agent  of  Mas- 
sachusetts, and  commissioner  of  the 
united  colonies.  lie  was  sent  with  Mr. 
Norton,  in  1662,  to  congratulate  King 
Charles  on  his  restoration,  and  as  agent 
of  the  colony  to  promote  its  interests. 
From  1673  to  167'J,  he  was  deputy-gov- 
ernor. In  this  last  year,  he  succeeded 
Mr.  Leverett  as  governoi",  and  remained 
in  oifiee  till  May,  1686,  when  the  charter 
was  dissolved,  and  Joseph  Dudley  com- 
menced his  administration  as  president 
of  New-  England.  In  May,  1689,  after 
the  imprisonment  of  Andros,  he  was 
replaced  in  the  office  of  governor,  which 
station  he  held,  tUl  the  arrival  of  Sir 
William  Phipps,  in  ilav,  1692,  with  a 
charter,  which  deprived  the  people  of 
the  right  of  electing  their  eluef  m;i«ris- 
tratc.  D.  1697. — Axne,  entitled  to  re- 
membrance as  the  author  of  the  first 
volume  of  poetry  published  in  America. 
Her  volume  was  dedicated  to  her  lather, 
in  a  copy  of  verses,  dated  March  20, 
1642.  The  title  is,  "Several  Poems, 
compiled  with  great  variety  of  wit  and 
learning,  full  of  delight ;  wherein  espe- 
cially is  contained  a  complete  discourse 
and  description  of  the  four  elements, 
constituting,  aires  of  man,  seasons  of 
the  year,  together  with  an  e.xact  epitome 
of  tile  tliree  first  monarchies,  viz. :  the 
Assyrian,  Persian,  Grecian,  and  Koman 
comnion-vvealth,  from  the  beginning  to 
the  end  of  their  last  king,  with  divers 
other  pleasant  and  serious  poems.  Bv 
a  Gentlewoman  of  New  England."  A 
third  edition  was  published  in  1758.  D. 
1672,  aged  60. — .John,  a  major-general 
in  America,  appointed  by  the  king  of 
Great  Britain,  was,  in  1746,  lieutenant- 
governor  of  St.  .Tolm's,  Newfoundland. 
He  was  afterwards  distinguished  for  his 
military  services.  It  was  thought  of 
the  highest  importance,  in  the  year  1756, 
to  keep  open  the  communication  with 
Fort  Oswego,  on  lake  Ontario.  General 
Shirley  accordingly  enlisted  forty  com- 
panies of  'ooatmen,  and  placed  them 
under  the  command  of  Bradstrcct.  In 
the  spring  of  this  year,  a  small  stock- 
aded post  of  25  meii  hnd  been  cut  otf. 
It  became  necessary  to  pass  through  th« 


•204 


CYCLOl'.iCDIA    OF    BIOUKAPllY. 


BRAj 


country  with  larjre  sqnadrons  of  boats, 
as  the  enemy  iiitested  the  passage 
through  the  Onondaga  river.  On  his 
return  from  Oswego,  July,  1756,  Col. 
Bradstreet,  who  was  apprcliensive  of 
being  anibusiied,  ordered  the  several 
divisions  to  proeeed  as  near  each  otlier 
as  possible.  lie  was  at  tlie  head  of 
about  300  boatmen  in  the  first  division, 
wlien  at  the  distauee  of  nine  miles  from 
the  fort,  the  enemy  rose  from  their  am- 
buscade and  attacked  him.  He  in- 
stantly landed  upon  a  small  island,  and 
with  but  six  men  maintained  his  posi- 
tion, till  he  was  reinforced.  A  general 
engagement  ensued,  in  which  Brad- 
street  with  gallantry  rushed  upon  a 
more  nimierous  enemy,  and  entirely 
routed  them,  killing  and  wounding 
about  20')  men.  His  own  loss  was  abotit 
80.  Ill  the  year  175S,  he  was  intrusted 
with  the  command  of  3000  men  on  an 
expedition  against  Fort  Frontenac,  which 
was  planned  by  himself.  On  the  27th 
of  August  it  was  surrendered  to  him. 
In  1704  he  compelled  the  Delawares, 
Shawnese,  and  other  Indians,  to  terms 
of  peace.  He  was  appointed  major- 
general  in  1772.     D.  1774. 

BKAinVAKDIN,  Thom.\s,  a  native 
of  Hatfield  in  Sussex,  educated  at  Ox- 
ford, where  he  was  proctor  and  divinity 
professor.  For  his  great  merit  as  a 
mathematician,  philosopher,  and  divine, 
he  was  made  confessor  to  Edward  III. 
during  his  wars  in  France,  where  as  a 
preaclier  his  eloquence  had  great  in- 
lluence  in  restraining  the  violence  and 
lawless  conduct  of  the  military.  He 
became  archbishop  of  Canterbury  in 
1348,  and  from  his  learning  was  called 
the  ''  Profound  Doctor."  Among  otlier 
things  he  published  a  tract  called 
"  Causa  Dei,"  besides  "  Gcometria 
Speculativa,"  "  Arithinetica  Specula- 
tiva,"  "Tractatus  Froportionum,  Ven- 
ice, l.")0.'>.  He  was  consecrated  at 
Avignon.     D.  1549. 

BKADY,  Nicholas,  an  English  di- 
vine; translator  of  the  jEneid,  and,  in 
coniunction  with  Tate,  of  the  Psalms. 
B.  at  Ban<lon,  Ireland,  ICVJ  ;  d.  1726.— 
KoBKRT,  an  English  physician  and  his- 
torical writer.     D.  ]7o0. 

BKAIIE,  Tvciio,  who  has  been  called 
the  restorer  of  aslroncmy,  was  b.  at 
Knudstorp,  in  Seania,  154tj,  of  a  noble 
family.  His  love  of  astronomy  was  ear- 
ly manifested,  and  his  discovery  in  1572, 
of  a  new  star  in  the  consteli.'ition  Cassi- 
opeia, made  him  known  to  tiie  scientific 
world.  After  many  tra\eld  and  adven- 
tures,  he    was  patronized   by   his  Hov- 


ereign,  Fredeiick  II.,  who  gave  him  a 
pension,  and  the  island  of  Hwcn,  in  the 
Sound,  on  which  Brahe  biiilt  a  splendid 
observatory,  named  Uraniburgh.  There 
he  resided  nearly  twenty  years,  assidu- 
ously laboring  in  his  astronomical  pur- 
suits. Soon  after  the  death  of  Frederic, 
however,  Brahe  lost  his  pensions,  be- 
came an  object  of  persecution,  and  was 
compelled  to  quit  his  country.  The 
Emperor  ilodolph  invited  him  to  Prague, 
and  the  expatriated  astronomer  settled 
there,  in  15yS  ;  but  he  did  not  long  sur- 
vive this  removal,  for  he  d.  in  the  Bo- 
hemian capital,  1(301.  Brahe  discovered 
two  new  inequalities  in  the  motion  of 
of  the  moon,  made  other  valuable  ob- 
servations on  that  sateUile,  was,  perhaps, 
the  first  who  had  correct  ideas  of  the 
nature  of  comets,  and,  with  less  happi- 
ness, invented  a  new  planetary  system, 
which  was  vainly  intended  to  supersede 
that  of  Copernicus.  He  is  the  author  of 
a  "  Treatise  on  the  iSew  Phenomena  of 
the  Heavens ;"'  and  other  astronomical 
works  written  in  Latin.  His  poems  do 
not  possess  much  merit,  though,  on  the 
whole,  he  was  one  of  the  most  remarka- 
ble men  of  his  age. 

BKAIDWOOD,  Thomas,  a  native  of 
Edinburgh,  the  first  person  in  Great 
Britain  who,  to  any  extent,  undertook 
to  atlbrd  instruction  to  the  deaf  and 
dumb.  In  1763  he  began  to  practise  his 
valuable  art ;  and,  in  1723,  he  removed 
his  establishment  from  Edinburgh  to 
Hackney.  D.  1806.  His  daughter,  who 
d.  in  ISiy,  also  conducted  a  seminary  of 
the  same  kind. 

BEAINAKD,  J.\mes  G.  C,  a  poet  and 
man  of  letters,  b.  in  Connecticut,  was 
graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1815.  Ho 
studied  the  profession  of  the  law  and 
entered  into  practice  at  Middletown, 
Conn. ;  but  not  finding  the  degree  of 
success  that  he  expected,  he  returned  in 
a  short  time  to  his  native  town,  whence 
he  removed  to  Hartford,  to  undertake 
tiie editorial  charge  of  the  "Connecticut 
Mirror."  His  poems  were  chiefty  short 
pieces,  composed  for  the  columns  of  this 
paper,  an<l  afterwards  collected  in  a  vol- 
ume. They  display  much  pathos,  bold- 
ness, and  originality.  D.  of  consump- 
tion, 1828. — David,  the  celebrated  mis- 
sionary, was  b.  at  Haddam,  Connecticut, 
in  1718.  From  an  early  period  he  was 
remarkable  for  a  religious  turn  of  mind, 
and  in  1739  became  a  member  of  Yale 
college,  where  he  was  distinguished  for 
application  and  general  correctness  of 
conduct.  He  was  expelled  from  this  in- 
stitution  in    1742,  in  consequence    of 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    I3I0(;RAPnV. 


205 


hftving  said,  in  the  warmth  of  his  reli- 
gious zcul,  tliat  one  of  tlic  tutors  was  as 
devoid  of  ffracc  as  a  chair.  In  tlic  spring 
of  1743  he  bco-au  the  study  of  divinity, 
and  at  the  cud  of  July  was  licensed  to 
preach.  Having  received  from  the  So- 
ciety for  propacatin?  Christian  Knowl- 
edge an  appointment  as  missionary  to 
the  Indians,  lie  commenced  his  labors  at 
Kaunameek,  a  village  of  Massachusetts, 
situated  between  Stock  bridge  and  Alba- 
ny. He  remained  there  about  twelve 
months,  and  on  the  removal  of  the 
Kaunaineeks  to  Stockbridge,  he  turned 
liis  attention  towards  the  Delaware  In- 
dians. In  1744  he  was  ordained  at 
>;cwark.  New  Jersey,  and  fixed  his  res- 
idence near  the  forks  of  the  Delaware 
in  Pennsylvania,  where  he  remained 
about  a  year.  From  this  place  lie  re- 
moved to  Crosweeksung,  in  New  Jersey, 
where  his  efforts  among  the  Indians 
were  crowned  with  great  success.  In 
1747  he  went  to  Northampton,  Massa- 
chusetts, where  he  passed  the  remainder 
of  his  life  in  the  family  of  the  celebrated 
Jonathan  Edwards.  His  publications 
are  a  narrative  of  his  labors  at  Kauna- 
meek, and  his  journal  of  a  remarkable 
work  of  grace  among  a  number  of  In- 
dians in  New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania, 
I74rt.     D.  1747. 

BKAITH  WAITE,  Jony,  an  ingenious 
mechanic,  constructor  of  a  diving  ma- 
chine, with  which  he  explored  the  Koyal 
George,  sunk  off  Spithead ;  the  Ilartwell 
East  Indiaman,  otl  one  of  the  Cape  de 
Verd(>,  Islands;  and  the  Abergavenny 
East  Indiaman,  off  the  Isle  of  Portlaml. 
From  the  first  he  only  succeeded  in 
raising  some  guns  and  an  anchor;  but 
from  the  second  and  third  he  brought 
up  property  to  a  verv  large  amount.  D. 
181S. 

BRAMAH,  Joseph,  an  English  en- 
gineer, distinguished  for  the  number, 
value,  and  ingenuity  i>f  his  mechaniail 
inventions.  Among  these  were  his  in- 
valuable hydrostatic  press,  his  safety 
locks,  various  improvements  in  the 
steam-engine,  in  the  process  of  making 
paper,  in  the  construction  of  main-pipes, 
wheel-carriages,  the  becr-machinc,  &c. 
B.  1749;  d.  1814. 

BRAMANTE,  D'UKBINO,  L.vz.uio, 
a  celebrated  Italian  architect,  much  em- 
ployed by  Pope  Julius  II.,  and  who  first 
designed  and  commenced  the  church  of 
St.  Peter  at  Rome.  He  was  a  skilfiil 
painter  and  musician  as  well  as  archi- 
tect, and  a  volume  of  poems  from  his 
pen  was  printed  in  1756.     D.  1514. 

BR.'VNOAS,  LAURAorAis,  duke  de, 
IS 


a  French  nobleman,  distinj^uishcd  for 
his  scientific  attainments  ;  discoverer  of 
the  composition  of  the  diamond,  and  a 
great  improver  of  the  manufacture  of 
porcelain.     B.  1705;  d.  1824. 

BRAND,  John,  an  able  and  volumi- 
nous writer  on  politics  and  political 
economy;  author  of  numerous  political 
pamphlets  and  some  poems.  He  was 
rector  of  Wickham  Market,  in  Suffolk, 
and  of  St.  George,  Southwark.  1).  1S09. 
— John,  an  English  divine  and  antiqua- 
ry ;  author  of  the  "  History  and  An- 
tiq^uities  of  the  Town  of  Newcastle," 
"  Observations  on  Popular  Antiquities," 
&c.     B.  174:'.;  d.  ]S0i3. 

BRANDER,  Gustavus,  an  English  an- 
tiquary and  naturalist.  He  was  of  a 
Swedish  family,  but  born  in  London, 
where  he  was  an  eminent  merchant  and 
a  director  of  the  bank.  He  contributed 
largely  to  the  Transactions  of  the  Anti- 
quarian Societj.  &c.     B.  1720;  d.  1787. 

BRANDES,  £i{NEST,  a  Hanoverian 
author  and  statesman,  b.  1758.  He  was 
a  friend  of  Burke ;  and  published  a  work 
on  the  French  revolution,  in  refutation 
ofBarruel.     D.  1810. 

BRANDT,  Sv.DASTiAS,  chancellor  of 
Strasburg  ;  author  of  "  Varia  Carmina," 
"  Navis  Stultifera,"  &c.  D.  1520.— Nich- 
olas, a  German  chemist,  who  is  said  to 
have  discovered  phosphorus  in  1667, 
while  attempting  to  find  a  solvent  by 
which  to  convert  silver  into  gold. — 
Ernevold,  count  de,  a  Danish  states- 
man, convicted  of  being  concerned  in 
the  conspiracy  of  Count  Struensee,  and 
executed  in  1772. — George,  an  eminent 
Swedish  natural  philosopher;  author  of 
accounts  of  various  valuable  experi- 
ments made  by  him  upon  the  metals. 
D.  1768. 

BRANTOME,  or  Pierre  de  BOUK- 
DEILLES,  a  celebrated  French  chron- 
icler. He  was  a  liivored  attendant  ujwn 
Charles  IX.,  Henry  III.,  and  the  duke 
d"Alen(;on ;  and  iVis  memoirs,  though 
somewhat  too  free  in  their  details,  are 
highly  valuable  as  graphic  and  faithful 
illustrations  of  an  interesting  period  of 
French  history. 

BRATTLE,"  Willi.\m,  a  man  of  ex- 
traordinary talents  and  character,  grad- 
uated at  Harvard  college,  1722.  Ho 
studied  theology  and  preached  with 
acceptance.  His  eminence  as  a  lawyer 
drew  around  him  an  abundance  of 
clients.  As  a  physician  his  practice  was 
extensive  and  celebrated.  lie  was  also 
a  military  man,  and  obtained  the  ap- 
pointment of  major-general  of  militia. 
While  he  seonred'the  favor  of  the  gov- 


206 


cyc'lop^t:di.v  of  iuography. 


[brk 


eruor  of  tho  state,  he  aiso  ingratiated 
himself  with  the  people.  At  the  com- 
meiicenicnt  of  the  American  revolution, 
an  uuliappy  sympa'liy  in  the  plans  of 
General  Gai!;e  incliieeel  him  to  retire  into 
Boston,  from  which  place  he  acconi- 
pauied  the  troops  to  Halifax,  where  he 
d.  177.".. 

BKAUN,  Geokge,  a  German  ecclesi- 
astic ;  author  of  '"Lives  of  Jesus  Christ 
and  the  Virgin  Mary ;"  an  oration 
against  dissolute  clerics,  &c.     D.  16i!i. 

BKAY,  Sir  Kegixald,  an  English 
statesman,  and  favorite  of  Henry  Til. 
He  was  a  frank  friend  to  that  sovereign; 
disdaining  to  withliold  his  disapproval 
when  it  was  deserved.  He  is  chiefly 
memorable  for  having  superintended 
the  erection  of  that  heantil'id  structure, 
Henry  VII. "s  chapel  at  Westminster, 
and  for  having  finished  that  of  St.  George 
at  Windsor.  D.  150;i. — Thom.vs,  an  En- 
glish divine,  who  labored  with  great  zeal 
in  propagating  the  gospel  in  foreign 
parts,  and  who  came  several  times  to 
America  to  promote  that  object.  B. 
165(3 ;  d.  rector  of  St.  Botolpli's,  Aid- 
gate,  1730. — William,  an  industrious 
antiquary  ;  editor  of  Evelyn's  Diary  and 
Mem<ri-s,  and  a  contributor  to  the 
ArchcC  ogia,  &c.     D.  18-32,  aged  97. 

BKEBEUF,  Georok  dk,  a  French 
poet ;  author  of  "  Lucan  Travestie," 
'Toetical  Eulogies,"  ifec.     D.  IGGl. 

BliP^DA,  John  van,  a  Dutch  painter ; 
a  very  close  imitator  of  the  style  of 
Wou\-ernians.     D.  17r)0. 

BREENBERG,  Bartholomew,  a  cel- 
ebrated painter,  particularly  skilful  in 
Binall  landscapes.  B.  at  Utrecht,  1620 ; 
d.  '660. 

iiREESE,  Mary,  a  singular  character, 
b.  at  Lynn,  in  Norfolk,  1721.  She  reg- 
ularly took  out  a  shooting-license,  kept 
as  good  greyhounds,  and  was  as  sure  a 
shot  as  any  man  in  the  county.  She 
never  lived  out  of  the  parish  in  which  she 
vva.s  born,  and  where  she  d.  1799.  By 
lier  desire,  her  dogs  and  favorite  mare 
were  killed  at  her  death,  and  buried  in 
one  grave  with  her.  The  L;uly  Gay 
Spanker,  of  a  modern  comedy,"  must 
have  been  suggested  by  this  woman. 

BREGUET,  Abraham  Louis,  an  emi- 
nent watch  and  chronometer  maker  at 
Paris,  by  birth  a  Swiss.  B.  1717;  d. 
182.^ 

BREISLAK,  Scipio,  b.  at  Rome,  170S, 
and  desiined  for  the  church,  lor  which 
reason  he  is  incnlioned  as  md  ahhate  in 
the  works  of  Si)ulanzaiii.  He  was  one 
of  the  most  ingenious  geologists  of  our 
times,  and  opposed  to  the  Neptunian 


system,  without,  however,  implicitly 
adopting  the  Vulcanian.  He  was  pro- 
fessor of  natural  philosophy  and  math- 
ematics at  Ragusa.  Ho  was  afterwards 
professor  in  the  coUegio  Nazareno,  at 
Rome,  made  a  scientific  tour  through 
Naples,  and  went  to  Paris,  where  he 
formed  an  iiatimacy  with  Fourcroy, 
Cliaptal,  Cuvier,  6cc.  Napoleon  ap- 
pointed him  inspector  of  the  saltpetre 
works  and  powder-mills  in  the  kingdom 
of  Italv.     D.  1S26. 

BREITKUPF,  John  Gottlob  Emanu- 
el, b.  at  Leipsic,  in  1719,  pursued  at 
first  a  literary  career.  During  his  stud- 
ies the  works  of  Albert  Durer,  in  wliieh 
the  proportions  of  letters  are  mathemat- 
ically calculated,  fell  into  his  hands.  He 
was  pleased  with  this  subject,  and, 
during  his  whole  life,  labored  with  zeal 
to  improve  the  German  characters.  An 
attempt  was  once  made  to  introduce 
into  Germany  the  Latin  characters  in- 
stead of  those  commonly  used  in  that 
country.  Breitkopf  was  one  of  the  most 
zealous  opposers  of  the  plan.  In  1755 
he  essentially  improved  the  art  of  print- 
ing music  with  movable  characters.  His 
invention  of  a  method  of  printing  maps, 
pictures,  and  even  Chinese  characters, 
by  means  of  movable  types,  is  ingeni- 
ous, though  less  useful  than  the  otliei". 
Although  the  pope,  as  well  as  the  Acad- 
emy in  Paris,  testified  their  great  ap- 
probation of  this  invention,  yet  no 
practical  use  has  yet  been  made  of  it. 
He  was  engaged  in  writing  a  history  of 
the  art  of  printing,  but  d.  in  1794,  before 
this  work  was  finished.  Breitkopf  was 
a  man  of  great  probity. 

BREMMER,  Sir  James  John  Gordon, 
a  distinguished  rear-admiral  of  England, 
who  figured  in  the  Chinese  war.  B. 
1786;  d.  1S50. 

BRENNER,  Henry,  royal  librarian 
of  Stocklujlm,  an  eminent  oriental  schol- 
ar ;  translator  of  the  "  History  of  Ar- 
menia"' from  the  language  of  that 
country  ;  and  author  of  "  Observations 
on  Czar  Peter  the  Great  against  the  Per- 
sians," &c..     D.  1753. 

BRENNUS,  a  general  of  the  Gauls, 
who,  after  ravaging  Thessaly  and  Greece, 
attempted  to  plunder  the  temple  of 
Delphos.  Being  repulsed,  lie  slew  him- 
self, 278  B.  c. — A  memorable  Gallic  gen- 
eral. Having  invested  Rome,  he  was 
offered  a  tliousand  pounds  weight  of 
gold  to  spare  the  city.  While  the  gold 
was  being  weighed,  he  threw  his  sword 
and  helmet  into  the  opposite  scale,  and 
when  reproached  for  his  injustice,  re- 
plied with    the    scornful    exclamation, 


CYCLOP.-EDI..    OF    KIOGKAPHV. 


•207 


"  Fee  victiaf — woe  to  the  vanquished  ! 
Enraged  at  this  insolence,  CiinnUiis  put 
an  end  to  the  negotiiition,  £r;ivc  buttle  to 
the  Gauls,  and  put  tliem  to  flight.  This 
oeeurred  about  uSS  u.  c. 

BKENTANO,  Cmsmext,  b.  at  Frank- 
fort on  the  Maine,  1777,  has  made  liiin- 
selt'  known  by  several  litcrarv  works, 
■especially  by  "  l)es  Knabon  \Vunder- 
horn,"  a  collection  of  German  popular 
songs,  which  he  edited  and  published  in 
connection  with  his  fiicnd  Achim  von 
Arnin.  He  also  published,  in  1888, 
"Gokel,  Iliukel,  and  Gakeleia,"  which, 
under  the  guise  of  a  fiction,  conceals  a 
most  pungent  satire  on  the  spirit  and 
tendcncios  of  the  age.     D.  1S42. 

BRENTON,  Edwakd  I'ELnAit,  an  En- 
glish naval  officer,  who  was  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  "Children's  Friend  So- 
cietv,"  and  author  of  a  "Naval  History 
of  Great  Britain."     D.  1839. 

BKEREWOOD,  Edward,  a  mathema- 
tician, was  b.  at  Chester,  in  1565,  studied 
at  O.vford,  was  appointed,  in  1596,  the 
first  astronomical  jirofessor  at  Gresham 
college,  and  d.  in  1613.  lie  is  the  author 
of  "t>e  Tonderibus  et  I'retiis  Vetcrum 
Numniorum,""  "Inquiries  Touching  the 
Diversity  of  Languages  and  lieligions," 
and  various  otlier  works. 

BEET,  AxTnosY,  a  French  writer; 
author  of  "  Connnentaries  on  Moliere," 
"  Qiiatre  Saisons,"  a  poem,  (fee.  D.  1792. 

ERETEUIL,  Louis  Auouste  de  Tox- 
NELiER,  an  eminent  French  diplomatist, 
and  at  one  time  secretary  of  state ;  but 
being  a  zealous  partisan  of  monarchy, 
he  was  compelled  to  tlee  from  France  at 
the  commencement  of  the  revolution. 
In  1802  he  was  permitted  to  return.  D. 
1807. 

BKETON,  Nicholas,  an  English  pas- 
toral poet  in  the  time  of  Queen  Eliz.a- 
beth  ;  author  of  "  An  Old  Man's  Lesson 
and  a  Young  Man's  Love,"  "  Phillida 
and  Corydon,"  &e. — Raymond,  a  French 
friar  and  missionary  to  the  West  Indies ; 
author  of  a  "French  and  Caribbean 
Diotionarv,"  &c.     1).  1679. 

BRETSCHNEIDER,  Henry  Godfrey 
VON,  an  Hungarian,  wliose  versatility  of 
talent  was  only  equalled  by  the  perseve- 
rance with  which  he  exercised  it  in  satir- 
izing the  follies  and  impostures  of  the 
age'    B.  1739:  d.  1810. 

BREUGHEL.  There  were  four  emi- 
nent painters  of  this  name. — Peter, 
commonly  known  as  Old  Breuffliel,  from 
his  being  the  father  of  Peter  the  young- 
er, and  the  J">nill,  t'rom  his  choice  of 
subie(!ts,  was  h.  near  Breda,  in  1510,  e.x- 
collod  in  landscape  and  ludicroufl  pic- 


tureSj  and  d.  in  1570. — Jonx,  his  son, 
called,  from  his  dress.  Velvet  Breugliel, 
was  b.  at  Brussels,  in  1560,  attained  high 
reputation,  and  d.  in  1625.  He  some- 
times painted  in  conjunction  witli  Ru- 
bens.— Peter,  tiie  younger,  another  son 
of  the  elder,  denominated  Hellish 
Breughel,  from  his  love  of  the  liorrible, 
d.  in  1642. — .\f.kaham,  a  native  of  Ant- 
werp, surnamed  the  Neapolitan,  was  b. 
in  1672,  excelled  in  fruit  and  flowers. 

BREWER,  Anthony,  a  dramatic  wri- 
ter, of  the  reign  of  James  L  Though 
he  enjoyed  great  reputation,  nothing  is 
known  of  Jiis  life.  Six  of  liis  pieces  are 
extant.  By  acting  at  Cambridge  in  one 
of  these,  named  "  Ling\ia,  or  the  Five 
Senses,"  the  dormant  ambition  of  Crom- 
well is  said  to  have  been  first  awakened. 
This  story,  however,  is  exceedingly 
apoervphal. 

BREWSTER,  William,  one  of  the 
first  settlers  of  Plymouth  Colony,  was  b. 
in  England,  165o',  and  educated  at  tho 
university  of  Cambridge.  After  com- 
pleting his  education,  lie  entered  into 
the  service  of  William  I)a\4son,  ambas- 
sador of  Queen  Elizabeth  in  Holland ; 
but  separated  from  hiri  when  he  med- 
dled with  tho  wawant '  Dr  the  execution 
of  Mary.  As  he  discc  rered  much  cor- 
ruption in  tho  constitu  ion,  forms,  cere- 
monies, and  discipline  )f  the  established 
church,  he  thought  it  jis  duty  to  with- 
draw from  its  comin  .nion,  and  to  es- 
tablish with  others  f.  separate  society. 
This  new  church,  v  r  der  the  pastoral 
care  of  the  aged  ^f  .•.  Clifton  and  Mr. 
Robinson,  met  at  ]Mi .  Brewster's  house, 
where  thev  were  en)  ertained  at  his  ex- 
pense, as  long  as  thjy  could  assemble 
without  interruptic  i."  They  were  at 
length  compelled  1 1  seek  refuge  in  a 
foreign  country.  1  .<  this  attempt  they 
were  opposed  by  tl  e  government,  and 
he  was  seized  with  Mr.  Bradford  and 
others,  just  as  they  were  going  to  Hol- 
land, in  1607,  and  imprisoned  at  Boston, 
in  Lincolnshire.  He  was  the  greatest 
sufterer  of  the  company,  because  he 
had  the  most  property.'  Havinsr  with 
mncli  difficulty  and  expense  obtained 
his  liberty,  he  first  assisied  the  poor  of 
the  society  in  their  embarkation,  and 
then  followed  them  to  Holland.  His 
estate  being  exhausted,  he  opened  a 
school  at  Leyden  for  teaching  the  En- 
glish tongue.and  being  familiar  with  Iho 
Latin,  he  found  no  impediment  t'rom  tho 
want  of  a  languaLre  common  to  both. 
By  means  of  a  grammar,  which  ho 
formed  himself,  he  soon  assistC'l  them 
to  a  correct  laiowledge  of  tho  English, 


208 


CYCLOP-'EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[bri 


By  the  help  of  some  friends  he  also  set 
up  a  pi"intiii<r-press,  and  published  sev- 
eral books  iiiriiiiist  the  hierarchy,  which 
could  not  obtain  !i  license  for  publication 
in  lM»yl:uid.  ISuch  was  his  reputation 
in  the  cluuvh  at  Leydcn,  that  he  was 
chosen  a  ruling  elder,  and  he  accompan- 
ied the  members  of  it  wlio  came  to  New 
England  in  1(320,  where  he  acted  for 
Bcvcral  years  as  a  preacher.     D.  1044. 

BKEVNIUS,  James,  a  botanist  of 
Dantziu  ;  author  of  "  Fasciculus  Planta- 
rum  Karioruni,"  &c.  D.  161(7. — John 
I'liiLip,  a  naturalist  of  the  18th  century; 
author  of  a  treatise  on  the  kermes  in- 
sect, itc. 

BRIDAINE,  James,  an  eminent  French 
ecclesiastic,  whose  indefatigable  zeal,  or 
itinerant  propensities,  induced  him  to 
undertake  250  journeys,  so  that  his 
powers  were  displayed  in  almost  every 
village  throughout  France.  He  was  the 
author  of  "Spiritual  Songs,''  which 
were  extremelv  popular.  B.  1701 ;  d. 
1767. 

BRIDGEWATEK,  Francis  Egerton, 
duke  of,  a  nobleman  who  devoted  much 
attention  to,  and  expended  large  sums 
in  the  improvement  and  extension  of 
canal  navigation,  sec(j»aded  bv  the  skill 
of  Brindlcv.     B.  1706;  d.  1808. 

BKIDPORT,  Alexander  Hood,  Ad- 
miral Lord,  the  youngest  brother  of 
Viscount  Hood,  like  his  relative,  entered 
the  navy  early ;  and,  like  him,  distin- 
guished himself  on  many  occasions,  as 
an  able  and  gallant  seaman.  He  bore  a 
part  in  the  action  of  the  1st  of  June, 
17y4,  and  in  June,  1795,  deteated  a 
French  squadron,  and  captured  three 
sail  of  the  line.  He  was  created  an 
Irish  peer  in  1794,  au  English  peer  in 
1790.     D.  1814. 

BKIEXNE,  Walter  de,  a  native  of 
Champagne,  distinguished  for  his  cour- 
age at  tlie  siege  of  Acre  against  the 
Saracens.  He  was  afterwards  king  of 
Sicily,  and  duke  of  Apulia,  and  was 
killed  in  120'),  in  defendmg  tlie  invaded 
rights  of  his  wife,  Maria  Alberic,  by 
v.hom  lie  obtained  his  dukedom.  His 
son  and  successor,  of  the  same  name, 
surnamed  the  great,  distinguisiied  him- 
self also  against  tiie  Saracens,  by  whom 
he  was  taken  prisoner  and  cruelly  put 
to  death,  12.'.1. 

BRIGIIAM,  Amariah,  a  distinguished 
physician  and  pliilanthropist,  formerly 
principal  of  the  Insane  Retreat  at  Hart- 
lord,  and  frcrtn  lyi2  till  liis  deatli,  su- 
pcrintendant  of  tlie  State  Asyhim  for 
the  Insane  at  Utlca,  N.  Y.  B.'l798;  d. 
18i9. 


BRIGGS,  Henry,  a  mathematician, 
b.  near  Halifax,  in  1.586,  was  educated 
at  St.  John's,  Cambridge,  and  was  lirst 
professor  of  geometry  at  Grcshara  col- 
lege, and  afterwards  at  Oxford.  He 
resided  at  Oxford  till  his  decease,  1630. 
Briggs  was  a  friend  of  Lord  Napier,  and 
mainly  contributed  to  improve  and  dif- 
fuse the  valuable  invention  of  loga- 
rithms. To  him  also,  in  tact,  belongs 
the  discovery  of  the  binominal  theorem, 
the  diU'erential  method,  and  other  things 
which  have  been  attr'^ited  to  a  later 
period.  Among  his  wc^ks  are  "  Arith- 
melica  Logarithmiea,"  "Trigonometria 
Britannica,"  completed  by  Gellibrand, 
and  "Tables  for  the  Improvement  oi 
Navigation." 

BRIL,  SIattiiew  and  Paul,  natives 
of  Antwer]-),  and  good  painters,  b.  in 
1550  and  1554,  and  eminent  for  per- 
formances in  history  and  landscape. 
Matthew  d.  1584;  Paul  1626. 

BRILLAT-SAVARIN,  Antuelme, 
was  b.  at  Belley,  on  the  Savoy  frontier 
of  France,  in  1755,  and  at  the  time  of 
his  death,  in  1826,  filled  a  place  in  one 
of  the  highest  French  tribunals.  He 
produced  various  works;  but  is  best 
known  by  his  "Physiology  of  Taste,  or 
Meditations  on  Transeendental  Gas- 
tronomy," which  has  passed  through 
several  editions. 

BRINDLEY,  James,  an  uncommon 
genius  for  mechanical  inventions,  and 
particularly  excellent  in  planning  and 
conducting  inland  navigations,  was  b. 
1716,  at  Tunsted,  in  Derbyshire,  and  d. 
at  Turnhurst,  in  Stattbrdshire,  Sep.  27, 
1772,  having  shortened  his  days  by  too 
intense  application ;  for  he  never  in- 
dulged or  relaxed  himself  in  the  com- 
mon diversions  of  life,  not  having  the 
least  relish  for  them  ;  and  though  once 
prevailed  on  to  yee  a  play  in  London, 
yet  he  declared  tliat  he  would  on  no 
account  be  present  at  another,  because 
it  so  disturbed  his  ideas  lor  several 
days  after,  as  to  render  him  unfit  for 
business.  When  any  extraordinary  dif- 
ficulty occurred  to  him  in  the  execution 
of  his  works,  he  generally  i-etired  to 
bed;  and  has  been  known  to  lie  there 
one,  two,  or  three  days,  till  he  has  sur- 
mounted it.  lie  would  then  get  up, 
and  execute  his  design  without  any 
drawing  or  model;  for  he  had  a  pro- 
digious memory,  ainl  carried  every 
thfng  in  his  head.  His  first  great  work 
was  the  construction  of  the  aqueduct 
of  the  Worsley  canal  over  the  river 
Irwell.  Among  his  other  most  remark- 
able works  were,  the  canal  which  joined 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    mOGRAPHY. 


209 


the  navijration  of  Bristol  -nith  thnt  of 
Livprpo'il,  by  tlic,  miioii  of  llie  Gnind 
Trunk  near  liiiywood,  ill  Stiitlorilsl'.irc  to 
the  Severn  near  Bewdley,  and  his  plan 
to  clear  the  Liverpool  docks  from  mud, 
and  to  check  the  nitrusions  of  tlie  kcu, 
by  walls  built  witliout  mortar.  His  at- 
taclniKMit  to  inland  navigation  was  such, 
that  when  asked  the  use  of  rivers,  in 
the  house  of  commons,  he  bluntly  re- 
plied, to  feed  navi(Table  canals. 

BRINVILIJEKS,  Maria  Margaret 
r/AuBUAi,  niarchioncss  of,  a  French 
lady,  known  for  her  intrigues  and  her 
crimes.  She  M-as,  when  veiy  young, 
married,  in  16")1,  to  the  marquis  of 
Brinviliicrs,  and  for  some  time  main- 
tained  a  character  of  prudence  and 
chastity.  The  introduction  of  a  young 
officer  of  Gascony,  called  de  St.  Croix, 
into  her  house,  by  her  husband,  how- 
ever, proved  the  beginning  of  her  life 
of  irregularity  and  crime.  She  loved 
this  stranger  with  great  ardor;  but  her 
father,  who  was  sensible  of  her  conduct, 
confined  her  lover  in  the  prison  of  the 
Bastilc,  whilst  his  daughter,  devoted 
herself  to  religious  duties,  and  assumed 
the  appearance  of  sanctity.  After  a 
year's  confinement,  de  St.  Croix,  who 
had  in  the  prison  learned  the  art  of  mix- 
ing poison  from  an  Italian  of  the  name 
of  Lxili,  was  permitted  to  visit  his  ia- 
vorite.  lie  communicated  the  fatal 
secret  of  poison,  and  she  with  alacrity 
received  it,  and  unsuspected,  by  slow 
degrees,  cut  otf  her  father,  her  two  bro- 
thers, and  her  sister,  in  1670;  and  if 
she  spared  her  husband,  it  was  because 
he  looked  with  inditfercnce  and  without 
jealousy  on  her  lewdness.  An  accident 
brought  her  crimes  to  light.  St.  Croix, 
in  working  some  subtile  poison,  was 
suddenly  overpowered  by  its  effluvia, 
and  dropped  down  dead.  As  no  rela- 
tion appeared  to  claim  his  property,  it 
was  sealed;  but  the  marchioness  in- 
sisted with  such  iniportunity  upon  ob- 
taining ]iossession  of  a  particular  box, 
that  its  contents  were  examined  upon 
suspicion,  and  it  was  discovered  to  con- 
tain papers  with  directions,  full  of  slow 
poison.  After  making  her  escape,  she 
was  arrested,  put  to  the  torture  and 
condemned  to  death.  Both  at  the  trial 
and  the  execution  she  manifested  the 
most  extraordinary  self-possession  and 
couratre.    She  was  killed,  1G76. 

BKISBANE,  Sir  Ciiari.es,  an  English 
admiral,  who  served  at  the  sieges  of 
Toulon  and  Bastia.     D.  lS-_>0. 

BEISSON,  or  BR1SS(1NIUS,  Barn.v- 
B.\a,  an  eminent  French  lawver  and  phi- 


lologist,  a^ithor  of  a  treatise  "De  Kegio 
I'ersarum  I'rincipatio,"  (Src.  During 
the  siege  of  Paris  by  Henry  IV.,  in  107'J, 
he  remained  in  the  city,  and  was  com- 
pelled by  the  partisans  of  the  League  to 
act  as  the  first  president  of  the  parlia- 
ment; and  his  conduct  as  a  magistrate 
was  made  the  pretext  for  putting  him  lo 
death,  in  ir/jl.  —  M.\TiiiaiN  James,  a 
French  chemist  and  naturalist,  author 
of  a  treatise  on  "  OrnitholoLry,"  &e. 
B.  1723  ;  d.  1806. 

BRISSOT  DE  WAEVILLE,  Jzan 
PiERui:,  one  of  the  most  active  of  the 
French  revolutionists,  and  from  whom 
a  faction  was  denominated,  was  b.  near 
Chartres,  in  1767,  and  was  originally 
brought  up  to  the  law.  He,  however, 
abandoned  that  pursuit,  and  became  a 
literary  character,  and  editor  of  the 
"  Courrier  de  I'Eu  ope."  His  first  works 
of  any  importance  were  a  "Theory  of 
Criminal  Law,"  and  a  "  i'hilosophical 
Library  of  Criminal  Law."  After  hav- 
ing visited  England,  he  returned  to 
Paris,  was  patronized  by  the  duke  of 
Orleans,  ancl  was  sent  to  the  Bastilc  for 
an  alleged  libel.  A  second  time  he  was 
on  the  point  of  being  imprisoned,  but 
he  made  his  escape.  In  17SS  he  went 
to  America;  but  he  did  not  long  remain 
there.  He  came  back  to  France  in  17S9, 
published  his  "Travels,"  and  became 
an  active  political  writer,  particularly  in 
the  journal  called  the  "French  Patriot." 
To  nn-alty  he  was  decidedly  hostile. 
In  17yi  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
legislative  assembh',  and  he  bore  a  pro- 
minent part  in  it,  as  well  as  in  its  suc- 
cessor, the  convention.  The  war  be- 
tween France  and  Austria  and  Great 
Britain  was  brought  about  chiefly  by 
his  exertions  and  intrigues.  After  the 
death  of  Louis  XVL  the  jacobin  faction 
gained  the  ascendency,  and  Brissot  was 
at  length  sent  to  the  scaffold,  on  the  Slst 
October,  1793. 

BKITANNICUS,  Jonx,  an  Italian 
critic  and  grammarian,  b.  at  Palazzolo 
near  Brescia,  about  the  middle  of  the 
15th  ccnturv,  and  d.  1510. 

BKITTON,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Hig- 
ham  Ferrers,  was  b.  1054,  and,  from  his 
trade  and  his  musical  taste,  was  known 
as  "the  musical  small  coal  man." 
TliouL'h  he  cried  his  small  coal  about 
the  streets,  he  gave  concerts  at  his 
humble  dwelling,  at  which  some  of  the 
most  eminent  professors  and  persons 
of  fashion  attended.  He  was  also  a  pro- 
ficient in  chemistry,  and  a  collector  of 
books  and  curiosities.  Britton  was  at 
last  frightened  to  death,  in  1714,  by  a 


210 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGKAPHY. 


[bro 


brutal  ventriloquist,  who  predicted  to 
him  liis  approacliinii  cud.  The  terrified 
votary  ol'  um»ic  took  to  his  bed,  and  died 
iu  a  lew  days. 

BK*.)CIv,  Is.\AC,  major-general  in  the 
Britisli  army,  ciiptured  Gen.  Ilidl  and 
bis  whole  army  at  Detroit,  August  10, 
1S12.  lie  afterwards  proeeedecl  to  the 
Niagara  frontier,  and  was  killed  in  the 
battle  of  Quucnstown,  Oet.  Wtli.  lie 
■was  rallying  his  troops,  whieh  liad  been 
put  to  niglit  by  a  desperate  eharge  of 
Col.  Chrystic,  when  he  was  pierced  by 
three  balls.  He  was  a  brave  and  gen- 
erous otiieer.  During  his  funeral  the 
guns  of  the  American  fort  were  fired  as 
a  token  of  respect. 

BlvtJCKLESHV,  EiCHARD,  a  physi- 
cian, was  b.  at  Mineheud,  in  1722,  took 
his  degree  at  Leydeu,  in  1745,  and,  after 
having  been  jihysician  to  tlic  army  iu 
Germany,  settled  in  London,  where  he 
became  popuhir.  D.  17'j7.  Broeklesby 
was  a  liberal-minded  man,  aiid  was  in 
habits  of  friendship  with  the  most  emi- 
nent of  his  eotemporaries.  Some  med- 
ical tracts,  and  a  *'  Dissertation  on  the 
Music  of  the  Aneieuts,"  are  his  only 
productions. 

BRODEAU,  John-,  was  b.  at  Tours, 
in  loUO,  and  rose  to  such  eminence  as  a 
scholar  and  critic,  that  Scaliger,.Grotius, 
and  others,  have  bestowed  on  his  merits 
the  most  unbounded  encomiums.  lie 
studied  law  under  Alciat,  and  afterwards 
applied  liimself  to  philosophy  and  belles 
leltres,  of  which  he  became  the  support 
and  the  ornament.  After  travelling  in 
Italy,  he  returned  to  France,  where  he 
lived  in  literary  retirement,  and  honor- 
able iudependeuee.  D.  l.)03.  His  an- 
notations on  several  of  the  classics  were 
publi.-hL'd  afti'r  his  death. 

BKoDZlNSKI,  Casimik,  one  of  the 
most  distingaislied  of  tlie  modern  poets 
of  Poland.  lie  was  b.  near  the  town  of 
Lipno,  17;tl,  and  in  curly  life  served  in 
an  artillery  corps.  He  fought  against 
Kussia  in  1812,  and  was  at  the  battle  of 
Leipsic,  where  lie  was  taken  prisoner. 
Being  liberated  on  his  parole  lie  went 
to  Cracow,  and  soon  after  to  Warsaw, 
where  he  acted  as  profi^ssorof  seslhetics 
iu  the  university,  lie  wnjte  vigorously 
in  defence  of  the  romanticists  as  against 
the  classic  school  of  critics.  After  the 
insurrection  of  1831  the  university  of 
Warsaw  wa.-i  suppressed.  This  preyed 
upon  his  mind  so  that  he  d.  at  Dresden, 
l>s;5. 

BKOECKIIOUSEX,  Jan  Van,  a  dis- 
tinguished Dutch  scholar;  author  of 
poem?,  and  editor  of  some  valuable  edi- 


tions of  Propertius,  Tibullus,  and  other 
classics.     D.  1707. 

BH(  )GLIE,  Victor  Francls,  duke  de, 
a  gdlant  French  general  under  the  old 
monarchy,  who  emigrated  at  the  com- 
mencement of  the  revolution,  and  put 
himself  at  the  head  of  a  corps  of  emi- 
grants at  Champaignc.    B.  1716  ;  d.  180-i. 

BKOGLIO,  Victor  Maurice,  count  de, 
marshal  of  France,  was  b.  of  an  illustri- 
ous family  at  Quercy,  and  distinguished 
himself  in  the  service  of  Louis  XIV. 
D.  1727,  aged  80. — -Fraxcis  Makie,  his 
son,  was  also  marshal  of  France,  and  de- 
served tlie  highest  honors  by  liis  war- 
like conduct  in  Italy,  and  in  the  cam- 
paigns of  1733  and  1734.  I).  1745. — 
Victor  Fkaxcis,  a  son  of  the  last,  also  a 
marshal,  was  the  conqueror  of  Berngen, 
and  greatly  distinguished  during  the 
seven  years'  war.  lie  quitted  France  in 
1794,  and  retired  to  Kussia,  where  he 
was  received  with  honorable  distinction, 
and  raised  to  the  same  rank  which  ho 
held  in  the  emperor's  service. — Clau- 
dius Victor,  prince  de  Broglio,  son  of 
the  preceding,  espoused  the  paity  of  the 
republicans  at  the  beginning  of  the  rev- 
olution, and  was  flattered  by  the  dema- 
gogues with  the  title  of  marshal.  His 
refusal  to  receive  as  law,  while  comman- 
der of  the  army  of  the  Khine,  the  de- 
cree which  suspended  the  king's  author- 
ity, proved  fatal  to  him.  He  was  called 
to  Paris,  and  condemned  to  death  by  the 
revolutionary  tribunal.  He  was  guillo- 
tined, 1794,  aged  37. 

BROKE,  Sir  Puilip  Bowes  Verb,  an 
English  rear-admiral,  who  performed  a 
great  many  services  to  his  country,  the 
chief  of  which  was  the  capture  of  the 
American  ship  Chesapeake  by  the  Shan- 
non in  June,  1813.    B.  1776  ';  D.  1841. 

BROME,  Alexander,  an  attorney  and 
satirical  poet,  whose  writings,  on  the 
side  of  Charles  L,  are  said  to  liave  great- 
ly obstructed  the  progress  of  puritanism. 
In  addition  to  writing  satirical  songs,  he 
translated  from  Lucretius  and  Horace, 
and  wrote  a  comedy,  called  "  The  Cun- 
ning Lovers."  B.  1020;  d.  IGOO.— Rich- 
ard, an  English  dramatist,  coteinpora- 
ry  with  Ben  Jonson,  to  whom  he  was 
originally  servant,  but  who  rose  by  force 
of  his  native  genius  to  considerable  emi- 
nence. His  comedies  were  formerly  very 
popuhir,  but  they  are  not  now  perform- 
ed.    D.  103-_>. 

BROMFIELD,  William,  an  eminent 
Enirlish  surjreon  ;  author  of  "  Chirurgi- 
eal  (Jbscrvations  and  Cases,"  "The  City 
Match,"  a  comedy,  &c.   B.  1712 ;  d.  1792. 

BE02ySTED,  ■Petek  Oluk,  a  philolo- 


BKOJ 


CYCLOP.tDlA    OK    BIOGRAPHi 


211 


ger  and  niitiquarian,  of  Jutland,  who 
wrotu  an  accotiiit  of  his  "Travels  ami 
KcseaiX'hfs  iu  Greece,"  which  is  greatly 
esteemed  by  men  of  science.  B.  1781 ; 
d.  1842. 

BEONGNIART,  Augustus  Louis, 
apothecary  to  Louis  XVL,  was  one  of 
those  wlio  earliest  and  most  sedulously 
contributed,  by  his  lectures,  to  dilfuse  a 
knowledge  of  phvsics  and  chemistry  in 
France.  D.  at  Paris,  1S04.  Besides 
many  scientific  essays,  he  is  the  author 
of  an  "  Analytical 'Description  of  the 
C^ombinations"  and  Decompositions  of 
various  Substances." 

BKONKUORST.  Pkter  V.vn,  a  Dutch 
painter,  b.  at  Delft.  15S8,  and  d.  IGiil. 
He  painted,  with  great  success,  pcrsiice- 
tive  views  of  temples  and  churclies, 
enlivened  with  small  but  well-executed 
human  figures.  Tn  the  town-house  of 
Delft  is  his  representation  of  Solomon's 
Judgment. — Jonx  van,  b.  at  Leyden, 
1048,  learned  the  art  of  painting  with- 
out any  instruction,  and  attained  to  a 
high  dcsree  of  perfection.  He  princi- 
pally painted  animals,  and  was  particu- 
larly successful  in  his  birds.  The  light- 
ness and  brilliancy  of  the  feathers  are 
represented  with  much  truth.  He  was 
a  pastry-cook  and  painted  merely  tor 
his  amusement. — Anotlier  John  van,  b. 
at  Utrecht,  1003,  was  a  painter  on  glass. 
His  works  in  the  new  church  at  Amster- 
dam are  much  esteemed.  He  has  also 
engraved  some  works  of  Cornelius  Poel- 
enburg. 

BRONZINO,  Anoklo,  a  painter  of 
the  Florentine  school,  and  imitator  of 
Michael  Angelo,  nourished  about  1.550. 
He  painted  a  great  number  of  portraits, 
and  his  historical  paintings  are  distin- 
guished by  the  striking  "and  pleasing 
features  of  the  heads  they  contain.  One 
of  his  best  paintings  is  a  "Christ,"  in 
the  church  of  Santa  Croce,  at  Florence. 
It  is  remarkable  for  its  grouping  and 
coloring,  as  well  as  for  the  heads,  many 
of  which  are  the  portraits  of  his  friends 
and  eotemporaries ;  yet  it  is  not  alto- 
gether free  from  mannerism  and  atfecta- 
tion.     D.  at  Florence,  l.JTO. 

BROOCMAN,  Cii.\RLE3  Ultiic.  a  Swe- 
dish writer  on  education,  especially  as 
regards  the  education  of  teachers.  His 
principal  work  is  "  An  Accoimt  of  the 
Educational  Institutions  of  Germany," 
from  the  earliest  period  up  to  his  own 
time.     D.  1812. 

BROOKE,  Sir  Robert,  chief  .iusticc 
of  the  common  pleas  in  the  reign  of 
Queen  Mary,  and  author  of  various  legal 
works.      D'.    1553. — Frances,    a    clever 


novelist  and  dramatic  ^jriter ;  authoress 
of  "  Lady  Juliet  Mandcvillc,"'  and  other 
novels;  'the  tragedies  of  "^'i^giniu," 
and  the  "Siege  of  Sinope;"'  "Rosina," 
a  musical  entertainment,  Arc.  D.  178'J. 
— IIknuy,  a  political  and  literary  writer; 
author  of  "  Letters  Addressed  to  the 
People  of  Ireland,"  "The  Earl  of  West- 
moreland," a  trasiedy,  the  celebrated 
novel  of  "Tlie  Fool  of  Quality,"  &c. 
B.  at  Rantavan,  in  Ireland,  1706  ;  d.  178:5. 
— James,  a  political  writer  and  poet.  He 
succeeded  Wilkes  as  editorof  the  "North 
Briton,"  which  he  continued  to  conduct 
to  the  end  of  its  publication.     D.  1807. 

BROOKES,  Joshua,  an  eminent  anato- 
mist and  suri,'eon,  b.  1701.  Afrcr  study- 
ing under  the  most  celebrated  men  of 
his  day,  commenced  his  career  as  a  pro- 
fessor'of  anatomy,  pathology,  and  sur- 
gery, when  about  20  years  of  age,  _  His 
museum  was  enriched  with  the  choicest 
anatomical  specimens  and  osteologieal 
preparations;  and  the  lectures  on  anato- 
my and  its  kindred  sciences,  which 
di'iring  a  long  life  he  was  in  the  habit 
of  delivering  to  his  pupils,  (of  whom  he 
could  reckon  7oOi\)  laid  the  foundation 
of  their  scientific  fame  to  some  of  the 
most  distincuished  members  of  the  pro- 
fession.    D.18v3. 

BROOKS,  John,  b.  at  Medford,  Mass., 
1752,  was  originally  a  physician,  but  on 
the  breaking  out  of  the  revolution,  took 
up  arms  in  behalf  of  his  country.  He 
was  soon  raist-d  to  the  rank  of  major  in 
the  continental  service,  and  was  distin- 
jruished  for  his  knowledge  of  tactics, 
being  associated  witli  Baron  Steuben,  in 
the  duty  of  introducing  a  uniform  sys- 
tem of  exercise  and  nianreuvres.  In 
1777  he  was  appointed  lieutenant-colo- 
nel, and  had  no  small  share  in  the  capture 
of  Burgoyne,  on  the  7th  of  October,  at 
Saratoga.  When  the  conspiracy  of  some 
of  the'officers  against  the  connnander- 
in-chief,  in  March,  1783,  had  mcU  ni<rh 
ruined  the  country,  Washington  rode 
up  to  Brooks  and  requested  him  to  keep 
Ins  officers  within  quarters,  to  prevent 
their  attending  the  insurgent  meeting. 
Brooks  re])liod,  "Sir,  1  have  anticipated 
your  wishes,  and  jny  orders  are  given." 
Washington  took  him  by  the  hand,  and 
said,  "Colonel  Brooks,  this  is  ji.st  what 
1  e.\pccted  from  you."  He  was  one  of 
the  committee  who  brought  in  the  reso- 
lutions of  the  officers,  expressing  their 
abliorrence  of  this  plot,  and  also  one  of 
that  appointed  by  the  officers  to  adjust 
their  accounts  with  congress.  After  the 
army  was  disbanded,  he  resumed  the 
practice  of  medicine  in   Medford.     He 


212 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[bro 


was  l",ir  inauT  years  muior-gcneral  of  the 
third  division  ot'  the  iiiissachusctts  mi- 
litin.  In  1812  he  was  appointed  adja- 
tant-ircueral,  which  otKce  he  held  during 
the  last  war  with  Knglaad.  Li  181*3  he 
was  iloetcd  governor  almost  without 
opposition,  and  was  annually  re-elected 
till  1S33,  when  he  deeliued  beino:  a  can- 
didate. D.  182.'>. — Ei.KAZEK,  a  brigadier- 
general  iu  Concord,  ^lass.,  in  1726. 
Without  the  advantages  of  education, 
he  acquired  a  valuable  fund  of  knowl- 
edge. It  wa.s  his  practice  in  early  life 
to  read  the  most  approved  books,  and 
then  to  converse  with  the  most  intelli- 
gent men  respecting  them.  In  1774  lie 
was  chosen  a  representative  to  the  gen- 
eral court,  and  continued  37  years  in 
public  life,  being  successively  a  repre- 
sentative, a  member  of  the  senate,  and 
of  the  council,  lie  took  a  decided  part 
in  the  American  revolution.  At  the 
head  of  a  regiment,  he  was  engaired  in 
the  battle  of  White  Plains,  in  1770,  and 
distinguished  himself  by  his  cool,  de- 
termined braverv.     U.  1806. 

BROO.ME,  Dr.  William,  an  English 
divine  and  poet.  In  addition  to  his  own 
poems,  and  a  translation  of  Anacreon's 
Odes,  he  contributed  eight  books  to 
l'ope"s  translation  of  the  Odyssey  ;  but 
having  complained  of  his  scanty  remu- 
neration, his  brother  bard  rewarded  him 
witii  a  niche  in  the  Dunciad.  He  was 
vicar  of  Eye,  Suir>lk.    D.  1745. 

BKOSCill,  Carlo,  better  known  by 
the  name  of  Farinelli,  one  of  the  tinest 
singers  ever  known.  He  was  retained 
to  divert  the  melancholy  of  Philip  V.  of 
Spain,  and  acquired  vast  political  power 
in  the  reigns  of  that  monarch  and  his 
successor.  Unlike  the  generality  of 
royal  favorites,  he  behaved  with  invari- 
able modesty  and  honor.  B.  at  Naples, 
170.5;  d.  1782. 

BROS.SAED,  Sebastian  de,  an  emi- 
nent French  musician;  author  of  "Pro- 
domus  Musicalis,"  &c.     1).  1730. 

BROSSE,  Guy  de  la,  a  French  botan- 
ist and  pliysician  to  Louis  XIII. ;  author 
of  "  L'Ouverture  du  Jardin  Royal,"  and 
other  botanical  works.     D.  1751. 

BKOSSKS,  Charles  de,  a  French  law- 
yer, and  the  schonl-fellow  and  friend  of 
"liutfon;  author  of  "Letters  on  Ilercu- 
laiieum,"'  &<:     B.  1700;  d.  1777. 

BROTHERS,  Richard,  a  fanatic,  who, 
iu  1703,  commenced  his  career  as  the 
apostle  of  a  new  relitcion,  and  announced 
liiinself  as  "  nephew  of  tiie  Ahniffhty 
and  prince  of  the  Hebrews,  aj^pointed 
to  lead  them  to  the  land  of  Canaan." 
He  predicted  variou.s  changes  as  about 


to  occur,  and  his  disciples  were  not  con- 
fined to  the  poor  and  ignorant.  The 
great  orientalist,  Halhed,  and  other  men 
of  unquestionable  ability  were  advocates 
of  his  claims,  but  his  career  at  leugtii 
attracted  the  notice  of  government,  and 
he  was  committed  to  Bedlam  for  life  aa 
a  confirmed  lunatic.  He  published  sev- 
eral works  on  his  peculiar  views  of  the- 
ology. 

BliOTIER,  Gabriel,  a  learned  French 
Jesuit,  and  librarian  to  the  college  of 
Louis  le  Grand;  author  of  a  treatise 
'■On  the  Ancient  Hebrew,  Greek,  and 
Roman  Coins,"  an  excellent  edition  of 
"Tacitus,"  and  other  classics,  &c.  B. 
1723;  d.  1780. — Andrew  Charles,  a 
French  abbe,  nephew  of  the  above.  He 
was  a  friend  to  the  royalist  cause,  and 
the  editor  of  "L'Annee  Litteraire," 
which  was  so  obnoxious  to  the  pjarty  ia 
power  that  he  was  transported  to  Guiana. 
D.  1708. 

BROUGHTON,  Hugh,  a  learned  He- 
brew scholar  and  polemical  writer,  who 
was  educated  at  the  expense  of  the  cele- 
briited  Bernard  Gilpin.  B.  1549  ;  d.  1612. 
— TiioM.vs,  a  prebendary  of  Salisbury, 
and  a  literary  character  of  considerable 
merit;  author  of  "Christianity  distinct 
from  the  Religion  of  Nature,"  "Disser- 
tations on  the  Prospects  of  Futurity," 
"Hercides,"  a  drama,  &c.  He  was  also 
one  of  the  principal  contributors  to  the 
Bio<iraphia  Brilannica.     D.  1774. 

BROUNCKER,  William,  Lord,  the 
first  president  of  the  Royal  Society  at 
Oxford,  and  author  of  some  papers  in 
the  Philosophical  Transactions,  &c.  D. 
1584. 

BROUSSAIS,  Francois  Joseph  Vic- 
tor, a  celebrated  French  physician  :  the 
author  of  some  very  learned  medical 
works,  which  for  a  time  had  the  most 
extensive  influence  in  France,  and  are 
still  not  without  their  adherents.  B. 
1772;  d.  1838. 

BROUSSONET,  Peter  Augl'stus  Ma- 
ria, an  eminent  French  naturalist ;  au- 
thor of  "  Icthyologia,"  "VariiE  Positi- 
oncs  circa  Rcspirationem,"  &c.  B.  1761 ; 
d.  1807. 

BROUWER,  Adrian,  a  celebrated 
painter  of  the  Dutch  school,  was  b.  at 
Haerlem,  in  1608,  or  more  probably  at 
Oudenarde,  where  his  father  was  a 
painter  of  common  paper  hangings. 
Poverty  contributed  perhaps  to  form  his 
talents.  When  a  child,  he  painted  flow- 
ers and  birds  to  be  stitched  on  caps, 
which  were  sold  by  his  mother.  Francis 
Hals,  a  skilful  painter,  expecting  to  profit 
by  the  talents  of  the  young  artist,  took 


mo] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    DIOGRAPHY. 


•13 


him  to  Haerlcm.  Here,  amidst  wearisome 
labors  and  poor  diet,  Broiuver  spout  the 
greater  part  of  liis  time  iu  a  (garret,  occu- 
pied in  makiiii,'  little  paiiitin>^s,  of  the 
value  of  whicli  ho  was  ignorant,  while 
Hals  kept  the  profits  of  them  to  himself. 
Two  pretty  painliugs  of  his,  "The  Five 
Senses"'  and  "The  Twelve  Months,"  are 
mentioned  as  belonging  to  that  period. 
By  the  advice  of  Adrian  of  (Jstadc,  his 
fellow-pupil,  he  escaped  to  Amsterdam, 
where  lie  was  surprised  to  hear  that  his 
paintings  were  esteemed.  He  now  giiined 
considerable  sums  by  his  labors  ;  but,  in- 
stead of  devoting  himself  to  his  art,  he 
made  the  inn  his  workshop,  never  ex- 
erting himself  till  the  hostess  insisted 
npon  payment.  He  threw  into  the  fire 
a  painting  tor  which  he  did  not  receive 
the  price  demanded,  and  began  a  new 
one  with  more  care.  Having  gone  to 
Antwerp  during  tlie  wars  of  the  Low 
Countries,  he  was  thrown  into  prison  as 
n  spy.  He  declared  that  he  was  a  paint- 
er, appealing  to  the  duke  of  Ahremborg, 
who  was  likewise  imprisoned  there ; 
and,  at  the  prince's  intercession,  having 
been  provided  with  materia'ls,  he  jiainted 
his  guards  playing  at  cards  with  so  much 
expression  and  truth,  that  Kubens,  at 
the  sight  of  the  picture  exclaimed,  "  This 
is  Brouwer's  work ;  none  but  he  can 
succeed  so  well  in  such  subjects."  Ku- 
bens eifected  his  release  by  standing 
bail  for  him,  clothed  him,  and  received 
him  into  his  house  and  at  his  table. 
Broawcr,  however,  instead  of  bein^ 
gratefid  for  this  generosity,  escaped 
secretly,  to  plunge  into  still  greater  ex- 
travagancies. He  took  lodgings  with  a 
baker,  Craesbeke,  who  became  a  skilful 
painter  by  his  instructions.  This  man, 
whose  inclinations  agreed  with  those  of 
Brouwcr,  had  a  handsome  wife,  and  the 
connection  between  these  three  persons 
became  so  intimate  that  they  were 
obliged  to  flee  from  justice.  Brouwer 
went  to  Paris,  but  finding  no  employ- 
ment there  returned  to  Antwerp,  where 
he  d.  in  the  hospital,  in  1610. 

BKOWALLJUS,  John,  bislion  of 
Abo ;  an  eminent  naturalist,  and  the 
author  of  various  tracts  on  botany,  &e. 
D.  1755. 

BROWN,  JoHX,  an  eminent  clergy- 
man and  multifarious  writer,  b.  1715, 
atRothbury,  North innberland,  educated 
at  St.  John's  college,  Cambridge;  and 
after  various  church  preferments  became 
chaplain  to  the  king.  The  chief  of  his 
numerous  works  arc,  "  Essays  on  the 
Characteristics  of  the  Eai-1  of  Shaftes- 
bury,"   " Barbarossa,"   a    tragedy;    an 


"Estimate  of  the  Manners  and  Princi- 
ples of  the  Times,"  a  "  History  of  the 
Rise    and    Progress    of   Poetry,"'    and 
"Thoughts  on  Civil  Liljcrty,  Licentious- 
ness, and  Faetion."     It  is  supposed  that 
his  mental  exertions  were  too  great,  for 
he  fell  into  a  state  of  dejection  which 
terminated  in  his  death  by  his  own  hand, 
in  1766. — JoHX,   a   Scotch    painter   and 
author,  favorably  known  in  the  former 
character  by  his  painting  of  the  bust  of 
Homer  from  the  Townley  marbles,  and 
by  his  portrait  of  Pope.     As  an  author 
he  is  even  more  distinguished  by  his 
"  Letters  on  the  Poetry  and  Music  of 
the  Italian  Opera,"  which  he  addressed 
to  his  friend  Lord  Monboddo.     B.  1752 ; 
d.  1787. — RoBEr.T,   the  founder  of  tho 
sect  of  the  Brownists,  b.  at  Northamp- 
ton, was  related  to  Lord  Burleigh.     He 
pursued     his     studies    at    Cambridge. 
About   1580,    he   began   to    attack    the 
government  and  liturgy  of  the  church, 
had  many  followers,  and  was  soon  im- 
prisoned by  the  ecclesiastical   commis- 
sions, but  was  liberated  by  the  interest 
of  Lord  Burleigh.     He  then  settled  at 
Middleburgh,    in    Holland,    collected   a 
congregation,  and  wrote  a  book,  entitled 
a   "Treatise   of   Reformation,    without 
taiTying  for  any  Man."     In  1585,  how- 
ever, he  returned  to  England,  became 
engaged  in  contests  with  the  bishops, 
was  disowned  by  his   father,  and  was 
at  length  excommunicated.     Conviction, 
or  perhaps  policy,  now  induced  him  to 
conform,  and  in  1590  he  obtained  a  liv- 
ing in  Northamptonshire.     His  end  M'as 
in  unison  with  his  life.     At  the  age  of 
more  than  80,  he  was  committed  to  jail 
for  striking  a  constable  and  abusing  a 
magistrate,  and  he  d.  shortly  after  his 
committal.     He  used  to  boast,  "  that  he 
had   been    incarcerated    in    thirty-two 
prisons,  in  some  of  which  he  could  not 
see  his   hand  at  noonday."      His   sect 
long  survived  him.     In  the  civil  wars 
it  bore  the  name  of  the  Independents. — 
Thomas,  a  writer  of  talent  and  of  con- 
siderable though  coarse   wit,   was   the 
son  of  a  farmer  at  Shifnal,  and  was  ed- 
ucated  at  Christ  church,    Oxford,   but 
quitted  college  on  account  of  his  irregu- 
larities.    For  a  while  he  was  a  school- 
master at  Kingston,  in  Surrey.    Quitting 
this  situation,  however,  he   settled   in 
London,  as  an  author  by  profession,  and 
gained  notoriety  by  his  lampoons,  his 
humor,  and  his'  conversational  powers. 
He  d.  in  1704.     Ilis  works  fori  i  4  vols. 
12mo. — Ulysses  Maximo.ian,  an  Austri- 
an field-marshal,  the  son  of  an  expatria- 
ted Irish  officer,  was  b.  at  Basil,  in  1705  ; 


214 


CVCLOP.EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHT. 


[bro 


Berved  with  distinctioa  against  tlio 
Turks,  iiud  at  tlio  battles  of  Parma  and 
Guiistalla;  was  made  lield-iuarshal  in 
1731) ;  sifinalized  his  talents  in  Italy, 
from  IT-Wto  1746,  particularly  at  the  bat- 
tle of  riaeentia ;  and  d.  in  tlic  Bolicmi- 
an  capital  in  1757,  of  the  wounds  which 
he  received  at  the  battle  of  Traguo. — 
John,  celebrated  as  the  parent  of  the 
Brunonian  system  of  medicine,  b.  1735, 
at  Buncle,  in  Berwickshire,  originally 
studied  with  a  view  to  the  church,  but 
afterwards   commenced    the    study    of 

Ehysie.  For  a  while  he  was  patronized 
y  Dr.  Cullen.  lie,  however,  quarrelled 
with  that  gentleman,  and  became  his 
active  opponent.  After  many  strug- 
gles and  vicissitudes  he  settled  in  Lon- 
don, in  178'i,  andd.  there,  October,  178S. 
leaving  a  numerous  family  in  want. 
His  misfortunes  principally  arose  from 
liis  habits  of  intemperance.  His  medi- 
cal system  is  developed  in  his  "  Elemen- 
ta  Medicinte,"  and  lias,  at  least,  the 
merit  of  simplicity,  a,s  it  classes  all  dis- 
eases under  two  'lieads — those  of  defi- 
cient and  those  of  redundant  excitement. 
— JoH.N%  an  eminent  landscape  engraver, 
was  a  fellow-pupil  of  Woollet,  and  for 
some  time  worked  in  conjunction  with 
liiin.  Their  teacher's  name  wasTinney. 
Brown  acquired  considerable  reputation 
for  the  taste  and  spirit  of  liis  burin,  and 
became  an  associate  of  the  Roval  Acade- 
my. D.  at  the  ago  of  60,  1801.— Wil- 
LLVM,  a  celebrated  gem  engraver,  b.  1748. 
At  the  commencement  of  his  career  he 
was  patronized  by  Catharine  of  Russia, 
and  subsequently  by  Louis  XVL  The 
French  revolution  drove  him  from  Paris, 
and  he  settled  in  London,  where  he  pro- 
duced many  excellent  works.  1).  1825. 
— .John,  a  painter,  b.  at  Edinbnrgli,  in 
1752,  resided  10  years  in  Italy,  and -ac- 
quired there  a  knowledge  of  all  the  ele- 
gant arts.  On  his  return,  he  settled  at 
Kdinburtrh,  in  which  city  he  d.  1787. 
He  was  the  intimate  friend  of  Lord  Mon- 
boddo,  to  whom  he  addressed  his  "  Let- 
ters on  the  Poetry  and  Music  of  the 
Italian  Opera."  Tliey  were  published 
by  the  learned  judge  in  1789. — Charles 
I5rockden,  an  American  novelist  and 
man  of  letters,  was  b.  in  Pliihulclphia  in 
January,  1771.  After  a  good  school  ed- 
ucation, he  commenced  the  study  of  the 
law,  in  the,  office  of  an  eminent  member 
of  the  bar.  During  the  preparatory 
term,  liis  mind  was  inuch  engaged  in 
literary  pursuits,  and  when  the  time  ap- 
proached for  his  admission  into  the 
courts,  he  resolved  to  abandon  the  pro- 
fession altogether.     His  iiassion  for  let- 


ters, and  the  weakness  of  his  physical 
constitution, disqualified  him  for  the  bus- 
tle of  business.    His  first  pubUcation  was 
"Alcuin,  a  Dialogue  on  the  Eights  of 
Women,"  written  in  the  autumn  and 
winter  of  17',)7.    The  first  of  his  novels, 
issued  in  1798,  was  "  Wicland,"  a  power- 
ful and  original  romance,  which  soon  ac- 
quired reputation.     After  this  followed 
'•Ormond,"  '' Arthar  Mcrvyn,"  "Edgar 
Huntley,"  and  "Clara  Howard,"  in  rapid 
succession,  the  last  being  published  in 
ISOl.     The  last  of  his  novels,  "  Jane 
Talbot,"    was    originally   published    in 
London,  in  1804,  and  is  much  inferior 
to    its    predecessors.     Hi    1799,  Browu 
published    the     first    number    of    the 
"  Monthly  Magazine  and  American  Re- 
view," awork  which  he  continued  for 
about  a  year  and  a  half,  with  much  in- 
dustry and   ability.     In   18t)5   he  cov^- 
menced  aiiothcr  journal,  with  the  title 
of  "The  Literary  Magazine  and  Ameri- 
can Register,"  aiid  in"  tliis  undertaking 
he  persevered  for  five  years.     During 
the  same  interval  he  found  time  to  write 
three  large  pplitical  pamphlets,  on  the 
"  Cession  of  Louisiana,"  on  the  "British 
Treaty,"   and  on  "  Commercial  Restric- 
tions."    In  1806  he  commenced  a  semi- 
annual "  American  Register,"  five  vol- 
umes of  which  he  lived  to  complete  and 
publish,  and  which  must  long  be  con- 
sulted as  a  valuable  body  of  annals.    Be- 
sides these  works,  and  many  miscellane  • 
ous  pieces  published  in  different  peri- 
odicals, he  left  in  manuscript  an  unfin- 
ished system  of  geography,  which  has 
been  represented  to  possess  uncommon 
merit.   D.  of  consumption,  1810. — John', 
b.  1736,  in  Providence,  R.  1.,  was  a  leader 
of  the  party  which,  in  1772,  destroyed 
the  British  sloop  of  war  Gasper,  in  Nar- 
ragansct  Bay.     He  became  an  enterpri- 
siiig  and  wealthy  merchant,  and  was  the 
first  in  his  native  state  who  traded  with 
the   East   Indies   and   Cliina.     He    was 
chosen  a  member  of  congress,  and  was  a 
generous   patron   of   literaturCj   and    a 
great  projector  of  works  of  public  utility. 
D.  18o3. — Dr.  TnoMAS,  a  man  eminent 
as  a  metaphysician,  moral  philosopher, 
and  poet,  b.  at  Kirkmabreck,  in  Scot- 
land, in  1777,  displayed  an  early  acule- 
ness  and  thirst  for  knowledge.   Ilis  first 
education  was  received  in  the  vicinity 
of  London,  and  was  completed  at  the 
university  of  Edinburgh.     At   the  age 
of  twenty  he  wrote  a  masterly  answer 
to  Darwin's  "Zoonomia."     In  1810  he 
succeeded  Mr.  Stewart,  at  Edinburgh, 
as  professor  of  moral  philosoi>hy,  and 
soon  gained  universal  admiration  as  a 


BROJ 


CYCLOPEDIA    OK    BIOGRAPHY. 


21; 


lecturei,  by  his  eloquence  and  talents, 
and   atl'ectiou    b\-    liis   kindness  to   tiie 
Bludeuts.     His  brilliant  career  was  un- 
tbrlunately  cut  short,  by  consumption, 
ou  the  'Jd'of  April,  ISiiO.     As  a  philoso- 
pher,  liis  reputation  is  establisiied    by 
his  inquiry  into  tlic  ■'  Kclation  of  Cause 
and  Ellect,"'  "  Lectures  on  the  Philoso- 
phy of  the  Human  Mind,"  and  "Physi- 
olo'fjy  of  the  Mind."     As  a  poet,  by  his 
poems,    in    two    volumes  :    "  Agnes,"' 
"The  Wanderer  of  Norway,"  and  "The 
Paradise    of   Coquettes." — William,  _a 
poet,  b.  in  1590,  was  a  native  of  Tavi- 
stock, and  was  educated  at  O.xford.     In 
1624  he   became   tutor  to   the   earl   of 
Caernarvon,  who   fell   at  the  battle  of 
Kewbury,  and  he  subsequently  resided 
in  the  family  of  the  earl  of  Pembroke. 
His  death  is  supposed  to   have   taken 
place  about  1G45.    His  "  Britannia's  Pas- 
torals," which    were   published  in   his 
23d  year,  and  his  "Shepherd's  Pipe," 
have  great   merit.     Discursiveness  and 
an  occasional  quaintness  are  the  faults 
of  his  poetry  ;  but  they  are  redeemed 
by  a  lively  fancy,   much  power  of  de- 
scription, and  llowincr  numbers. — Jacob, 
general,  and  at  the  time  of  his  death  at 
the   head  of  tlic  American   army.     In 
early  life  he  belonjred  to  the  sect  of  the 
Quakers,  and  was  employed  as  a  teacher 
of  youth.     In  1799  he  went  on  to  the 
froiitiers,  and  purchased  a  lot  of  land, 
took  his  a.\e,  and  began  to  fell  the  forest 
with  his  own  hand,  in  order  to  com- 
mence  a   settlement.      This   was   soon 
done.     He   purchased   more   land,    and 
was  made  agent  for  M.  I>e  Roy  de  Chau- 
mont,  a  distinguished  Frenchman,  who 
owned  n  large  tract  of  that  country,  and 
was  industrious   in   obtaining    settlers, 
and  when  he  had  enough  for  a  company 
of  militia,  they  were  formed,  and  he  so 
far   sliook   olf  the   Quaker  as   to  take 
command  of  them,  at  their  urgent  re- 
quest.    From  the  command  of  a  compa- 
ny he  soon  found  himself  at  the  head 
of  a  regiment.     M  the  commencement 
of  the  war  of  1S12  he  was  raised  to  the 
oflice  of  major-general  of  nnlitia.     Tlie 
general  government  soon  after  proftered 
him  a  hitrh  connnand  in  the  army  of  the 
United  States.     It  was  accepted,  and  he 
moved  on  from  one  degree  of  fame  to 
another  in  this  short  war,  until  he  found 
liimself  at  the  head  of  the  army  :  and  at 
the  return  of  peace  he  made  his  head- 
quarters at  AVashinL'ton.    D.  ISL'S. 

BROWNE,  Sir  Thomas,  a  nhysieian 
and  eminent  writer,  h.  in  Lond'H,  1605, 
and  educated  at  Winchester  and  Oxtbrd. 
He  took  hi8  degree  at  Leyden,  and  set- 


tled at  Norwich,  where  he  gained  exten- 
sive  practice.      Ili.^    **  Religio    iledici" 
liaving  been  surreptitiously  published, 
ho  gave  to  the  world  a  correct  edition 
in  1042,  which  was  soon  translated  into 
several   languages,   and   repeatedly   re- 
printed.    It  was  attacked  by  many  wri- 
ters, some  of  whom,  with  equal  absurdi- 
ty and  injustice,  accused  the  author  of 
ijeing  an  infidel,  and  even  an  atheist. 
Tills  work  was  followed  by  his  celebra- 
ted "Treatise  on  Vulgar  Errors,"  and 
"  Ilydriotaphia,  or  a  Treatise   on  Urn 
Burial,"  published  together  with  "The 
Garden  of  Cyrus."     D.  1082.     Browne 
was  a  man  of  great  benevolence,  and  of 
extensive  erudition.     His  style  is  singu- 
lar   and    pedantic,    but    has    generalh' 
strength,  and  often  felicity  of  expres- 
sion.— His   son    EnwAP.D,    who   was   b. 
about  1642.  and  d.  1708,  was  president 
of  the  College  of  Physicians,  and  is  the 
author  of  an  account  of  his  own  "Trav- 
els in  Austria,  Hungary,  Thessaly,  and 
Italy." — Simon,    b.   at  Shepton   Mallet, 
1680,  became  a  dissenting  minister,  first 
at  Portsmouth,    and  next   in    the   Old 
Jew-ry,  in  which  latter  situation  he  re- 
mained till  172:5,  when   liis  reason  was 
shaken  by  the  loss  of  his  wife  and  his 
only  son.    The  monomania  which  afllict- 
ed  him  was  of  an  extraordinary  kind. 
Though  retaining  the  power  of  reason- 
ing acaitely,  he  believed  that  God  "had 
annihilated  in  him   the   thinking   sub- 
stance," and  that  though  he  seemed  to 
speak  rationallv,  he  had  "no  more  no- 
tion  of  what  lie   said  than  a  parrot." 
Imagining  himself  no  longer   a   moral 
agent,  he  refused  to  bear  a  part  in  any 
act  of  worship.     While   in   this  state, 
however,  he  continued  to  write  forcibly, 
and,   among  other  things,   produced   a 
"Defence  of  the  Religion  of  Nature,  and 
the  Christian  Revelation,  against  Chris- 
tianity as  old  as  the  Creation."     To  this 
he  prelixcd  a  dedication  to  Queen  Caro- 
line, in  which  he  affectingly  expatiated 
on  Ills  soulless  state.     His  friends  sup- 
pressed tliis   melancholy   proof  of  his 
singular  insanitv  ;  but  it  is  preserved  in 
the   ".\i'.venturer.''      D.  1732.      He   is 
the  author  of  iiymns,  sermons,  and  vari- 
ous controversial  and  theological  pieces. 
— Sir  V.'ii.LiAM,  a  physician,  an  eccentric 
but  amiable  cliaraeter,  b.  1692,  studied 
at    Cambridge,    and    settled    at    Lynn, 
whence  he  removed  to  London,  w  here 
he  d.  1774.  In  dross,  style,  and  manners 
lie  was  a  com])lete  oddity,  a  circumstance 
which    exposed   him   to   the    shafts  of 
satire.      He    had,    however,    the    good 
sense  and  diguitv  of  mind  to  smile  at 


216 


CyCLOP-EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[bru 


Buch  attacks.  At  Lynn  lie  nailed  to  his 
house  door  a  pamphlet  which  was  writ- 
ten against  liiui ;  and  when  Foote  carica- 
tured liim,  in  the  "  Devil  on  Two 
Sticks,"  Browne  sent  him  a  note,  prais- 
ing the  accuracy  of  the  mimic's  persona- 
tion, and  sending  him  his  own  mutf  to 
complete  the  picture.  Browne  left  three 
gold  medals  to  be  yearly  given  to  Cam- 
bridge under-graduates,  for  Greek  and 
Latin  compositions ;  and  founded  a 
scholarship  at  Peterhouse,  where  he 
was  educated.  lie  translated  "  Grego- 
i-y's  Elements  of  Dioptrics,"  and  collect- 
ed, under  the  title  of  "  Opuscula,"  his 
own  light  pieces. — George,  count  de, 
an  Irisli  Catholic,  h.  in  1098,  entered 
into  the  Russian  service.  He  saved  the 
Empress  Anna  Ivaiiovua  from  the  con- 
spiracy of  the  guards,  and  served  with 
distinction  under  Lascy,  ilunich,  and 
Keith.  On  the  hanks  of  the  Volga  he 
stopped,  with  only  three  thousand  men, 
the  whole  Turkish  army.  He  was,  how- 
ever, taken  prisoner  by  the  Turks,  and 
sold  as  a  slave,  but  escaped.  In  the 
seven  years'  war,  he  distinguished  him- 
self at  the  batt!r-s  of  Prague,  Kollin, 
Jaegendorf,  and  Zorndorff.  Ilis  services 
■were  rewarded  with  the  government  of 
Livonia.  After  having  held  it  thirty 
years,  lie  wished  to  retire,  but  Catherine 
ll.  replied,  "Death  alone  shall  part  us." 
D.  1792. — Mosf;s,  a  divine  and  poet,  was 
b.  in  1703,  and  was  originally  a  pcncut- 
ter;  but,  through  the  interest  of  Har- 
vey, he  obtained  orders,  and  the  living 
of  Olney,  in  Buckinghamshire.  D.  in 
1787,  at  Morden  college,  of  which  he 
was  chaplain.  He  is  the  author  of  sev- 
eral works,  the  principal  of  which  arc 
"Piscatory  Eclogues,"  and  "Sunday 
Thoughts."  Browne  was  a  great  lover 
of  angling,  and  published  an  edition  of 
"Walton's  Angler.  —  Isaac  Hawkins,  a 
native  of  Buiton-upon-Trcnt,  b.  1706, 
studied  at  Westminster,  Cambridge,  and 
Lincoln's  Inn,  was  called  to  the  bar,  and 
became  M.  P.  for  Wenlock.  Though  a 
man  of  infinite  wit,  lie  was  mute  in  par- 
liament. He  is  the  author  of  an  excel- 
lent Latin  poem,  on  the  "  Immortality 
of  the  Soul,  which  has  been  more  than 
once  translated,  and  also  of  "Poems." 
Of  his  minor  poems,  the  "Pipe  of  To- 
bacco," in  which  he  admirably  imitates 
fii.x  ]ioets  of  that  ])eriod,  is  tlic  best 
known,  and  is  deservedly  popular.  D. 
17615. — Patrick,  a  botanist  and  physi- 
cian, b.  at  Crossboyne,  in  Ireland,  1720  ; 
Btudied  physic  at  Paris  and  Lcyden. 
He  then  went  to  the  West  Indies,  which 
he  had  visited  in  bis  youth,  and  finally 


took  up  his  abode  at  Jamaica.  Ketura- 
ing  at  length  to  Ireland,  he  d.  in  1720, 
at  Kusbrook,  in  the  county  of  Mayo. 
His  chief  work  is  the  "  Civil  and  Nat- 
ural History  of  Jamaica."  —  W^ixliam 
George,  an  English  traveller,  a  man  of 
fortune,  who  penetrated  into  the  interior 
of  Africa,  and  was  the  first  who  gave  an 
account  of  the  African  kingdoms  of 
Darfur  and  Bornou.  His  "  Travels  in 
Africa,  Egypt,  and  Assyria,  from  1792 
to  1798,"  were  published' in  1799.  About 
the  year  1814  he  was  murdered  in  Per- 
sia, while  on  his  way  to  explore  the  re- 
gions south  of  the  Caspian. 

BRUCE,  Robert,  the  deliverer  of  Scot- 
land from  the  English  yoke,  a  descend- 
ant, by  the  femaleside,  "from  David,  bro- 
ther of  William  I.  Like  his  father,  who 
was  a  competitor  for  the  crown  with  Ba- 
liol,  he  at  first  fought  under  the  English 
banners.  He,  however,  at  length  asserted 
his  right  to  the  sovereignty,  and  was 
crowned  at  Scone,  in  1306.  After  many 
reverses,  he  totahy  defeated  Edward  II., 
in  ISM,  at  Bannockburn,  and  thus  es- 
tablished himself  firmly  on  the  throne. 
He  d.  in  1329.  Tradition  says,  that  after 
one  of  the  defeats  which  he  sustained 
at  the  outset  of  his  career,  when  Bruce 
was  hiding  from  his  enemies,  and  almost 
disposed  to  relinquish  his  enterprise  in 
despair,  he  was  animated  to  persever-" 
anee  by  the  example  of  a  spider,  which 
he  saw  foUed  in  nine  attempts  to  reach 
a  certain  point,  but  which  persisted,  and 
succeeded  in  the  tenth. — James,  one  of 
the  most  celebrated  of  modern  travellers. 
For  a  short  time  he  held  the  post  of 
British  consul  at  Algiers,  but  resigned 
it  in  order  to  gratify  his  passion  for 
travelling.  After  traversing  the  greater 
portion  of  Asia  Minor,  he  set  out  on  a 
journey  to  ascertain  the  source  of  the 
Nile.  An  account  of  this  journey  he 
subsequently  published ;  and  some  of 
his  statements,  particularly  those  which 
referred  to  the  manners  and  customs  of 
Abyssinia,  were  received  with  mingled 
incredulity  and  ridicule.  Though  greatly 
annoyed  by  the  disgraceful  illiberality 
with  which  he  had  been  treated,  he  bore 
the  taunts  and  sheers  of  his  shallow 
critics  with  a  taciturn  pride,  not  deign- 
ing to  satisfy  disbelief,  or  to  disarm  ridi- 
cule, but  trusting  the  day  would  ere  long 
arrive  when  the  truth  of  what  he  had 
written  would  bo  confirmed  by  others ; 
and  it  is  now  clearly  proved,  from  the 
statements  of  many  subsequent  travel- 
lers, that  he  was  every  way  undeserving 
of  the  censure  bestowed  upon  him.  B. 
at  Kinnaird  house,  Stirlingshire,  1780 ; 


BRCJ 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHV, 


217 


and  d.  in  consequence  of  an  injury  sus- 
tained hv  Ihlliiiir  down  stairs,  at  liis  pa- 
ternal c-^tato,  IT'Jl. — John,  an  able  writer 
on  coininereo,  moral  pliilosopliy,  and 
political  economy;  author  of  "First 
Principles  of  I'liiJosopiiy."  "Annals  of 
the  East  India  Company,''  &c-  1^- 1^26, 
aged  82. — Michael,  a  Scotch  poet.  His 
parents  being  of  the  poorest  class,  his  ear- 
ly life  was  one  of  considerable  privation. 
This,  and  his  ardent  attachment  to  po- 
etry, probably  aggravated  a  constitu- 
tional predisposition  to  consumption, 
and  he  d.  in  tlie  21st  year  of  his  age,  in 
17(;7.  His  poems  are  few  in  number, 
])ut  sinirnlarly  plaintive  and  elegant. — 
Petek  Hexky,  a  German  military  officer 
of  Scotch  descent.  He  was  at  the  battle 
of  Truth,  and  was  several  times  em- 
ployed by  the  Russian  court  in  diplomat- 
ic missions.  His  memoirs,  puolished 
at^er  his  death,  give  some  curious  details 
of  his  travels.    He  d.  in  Scotland,  in 

BEUCKER,  John-  James,  a  German 
Lutheran  clergyman;  author  of  "  His- 
toria  Critica  Philosophla?,"  &c.  B.  16'j6  : 
d.  1770. 

BRUCKNER,  Joii>f,  a  Lutheran  di- 
vine, pastor  of  the  Walloon  congrega- 
tion at  Norwich  ;  author  of  "  Theorie  du 
Systenie  Animale,"  "  Criticism  on  the 
Diversions  of  Purlev,"  &e.  B.  172G  ; 
d.  1S04. 

BRUEYS,  David  ArcfSTix,  a  French 
dramatic  writer  ;  in  early  life  a  Protest- 
ant, but  afterwards  a  biiroted  adherent 
to  the  Catholic  faith.  B."  lG-10  ;  d.  1753. 
— Francis  Paul,  a  gallant  French  admi- 
ral, commanding  the  fleet  which  con- 
veyed the  army  of  Bonaparte  to  Egypt, 
and  killed  at  the  battle  of  the  Nile. 

BRUGMANS,  Sebald  Justinus,  a 
learned  Dutchman,  physician-in-chief 
of  the  army,  and  the  author  of  some 
valuable  medical  works.  After  the 
union  of  Holland  with  France,  Napoleon 
made  him  inspector-general  of  the  hos- 
pitals ;  and  it  has  been  remarked  that 
so  skilful  were  his  arrangements,  that 
the  number  of  deaths  by  wounds  and 
diseases  was  never  increased  by  hospital 
fevers.  After  the  battle  of  Waterloo,  he 
proniptlv  procured  medical  aid  for  up- 
wards of  20,00rt  men.     B.  1703  ;  d.  1819. 

BRUGNATELLT,  Louis,  an  Italian 
physician  and  chemist ;  author  of  "  Bib- 
liotheca  Tisica  d'Europe,"  <fce.  B.  172G ; 
d.  1818. 

BRUGUIERES,  John  William,  a 
French  naturalist  and  physician ;  author 
of  many  es3ays  on  subjects  of  natural 
history!  the  best  of  which  is  the  "  Nat- 


ural  History  of  "Worms''  in  the  Ency- 
clopi'die  Mcthodique.     D.  17  K*. 

IjKUGHL,  Henry,  count  of,  minister 
of  Augustus  III.  kingof  Poland  ;  one  of 
the  most  artful  and  expensive  courtiers 
tliat  ever  governed  a  weak  and  credidous 
prince.  He  kept  200  domestics,  paying 
them  better  than  the  king  himself,"and 
furnishing  a  more  sumptuous  table ; 
but,  as  was  natural,  he  plunged  the 
country  into  debt  and  disgrace.  B. 
1700;  d.  1703. — Frederic,  a  son  of  the 
preceding,  besides  being  remarkable  for 
Iiis  skill  in  the  fine  arts,  wrote  several 
good  plays.  D.  17i'3. — Hans  ^Ioritz, 
his  nephew,  gained  some  reputation  as 
an  astronomer  and  political  economist, 
and  d.  while  Saxon  ambassador  in  Lon- 
don, 1809. 

BRUMOY,  Peter,  a  learned  French 
Jesuit;  author  of  the  "Theatre  des 
Grecs,"  "  History  of  the  Galilean 
Church,^'  &c.     B.'lGSS  ;  d.  1742. 

BRUNCK,  Richard  Francis  Philip,  a 
profound  classical  scholar  and  critic,  was 
b.  at  Strasburg,  but  educated  by  tlie 
Jesuits  at  Paris.  For  some  time  he  was 
employed  in  state  atfairs,  but  at  length 
devoted  himself  wholly  to  study :  and 
produced  the  "  Greek  Anthology,"  be- 
sides highly  valuable  editions  of  Aris- 
tophanes, Sophocles,  Virgil,  <l'e.  When 
the  revolution  broke  out,  he  took  part 
in  it,  and  was  imprisoned  at  Besan(,'on 
by  the  tyrant  Robespierre,  whose  death, 
however,  released  him.  B.  1729 ;  d. 
1803. 

BRUNEAU.  Mathukin,  an  adventu- 
rer, who,  in  1818,  assumed  the  title  of 
Charles  of  France,  was  the  son  of  a  clog- 
maker.  After  numerous  efforts  to  pass 
for  some  person  of  importance,  he  wiis 
incarcerated,  and  from  his  confinement 
addressed  a  letter,  signed  Dauphin  Bour- 
bon, to  the  governor  of  the  Isle  of 
Guernsey,  rc<i_uesting  him  to  inform  his 
Britaimic  Majesty  of  the  captivity  of 
Louis  XVII.  This  letter  bemsr  inter- 
cepted by  the  local  authorities,  Bruneau 
was  transferred  to  the  prison  at  Rouen  : 
here  he  engaged  a  person  named  Bran- 
zon  as  his  secretary,  who  found  means 
so  tar  to  impose  on  the  Duchess  d'An- 
goulcmc,  as  to  obtain  her  interest ;  and 
at  length  a  party  in  his  favor  procured 
him  abundant  supplies.  This  encour- 
aged the  enterprise,  until  the  principal, 
his  secretary,  and  many  friends  were 
br^iughtljcfore  the  bar  of  justice,  whcro 
Bruneau  was  declared  an  impostor  and 
a  vagabond,  and  condemned  to  seven 
years'  imprisonment.  Findintr,  how- 
ever, that  the  fraud  was  still  maintained 


218 


CTCLOP-EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[bro 


by  a  powerful  party,  he  was  removed  to 
tlie  prison  at  Cucii  in  1821,  and  was  at- 
terwurds  sent  to  end  his  days  in  the 
castle  ot"  Mont  Saint  Michael. 

EKUNEL,  Sir  Isambert,  the  well- 
known  executor  of  that  great  work  of 
engineerinij  skill,  the  Thames  Tunnel, 
was  b.  at  llaequeville,  in  Normandy, 
17G'J.  He  was  intended  for  the  church  ; 
but  he  soon  evinced  so  strong  a  predi- 
lection for  the  physical  sciences,  and  so 
great  a  genius  for  mathematics,  that  he 
entered  the  royal  navy,  made  several 
voyages  to  the  ^Vest  Indies,  and  returned 
home  in  1792.  During  the  French  revo- 
lution he  emigrated  to'the  United  States, 
where  necessity  fortunately  compelled 
him  to  follow  the  naturiil  bent  of  his 
mind,  and  to  adopt  the  profession  of  a 
civil  engineer.  Here  he  was  engaged  in 
many  <^reat  works ;  but,  deterTnijied 
upon  visiting  Enaland,  he  otiered  his 
services  to  the  Britinli  government ; 
and,  after  much  opposition  to  his  plans 
for  making  ship-blocks  by  machinery, 
he  was  employed  to  execute  them  in 
Plymouth  dock-yard.  He  selected  Mr. 
Henry  Maudsley  to  assist  in  the  execu- 
tion of  the  work  ;  and  thus  was  laid  the 
foundation  of  one  of  tlie  most  extensive 
engineering  establishments  in  the  king- 
dom. The  visit  of  the  Emperor  Alex- 
ander to  England,  after  the  peace,  led 
him  to  submit  to  the  emperor  a  plan  for 
making  a  tunnel  under  the  Neva ;  where 
the  accumulation  of  ice,  and  the  sudden- 
ness with  which  it  breaks  up  on  the 
termination  of  winter,  renderea  the  erec- 
tion of  a  bridge  a  work  of  great  difficulty. 
This  was  the  origin  of  his  plan  for  a 
tunnel  under  the  Thames,  which  had 
been  twice  before  attempted  without 
success.     D.  lS-4',). 

BKUXELLESCHI,  Philip,  a  Floren- 
tine architect,  patronized  by  Cosmo  de 
Medici.  Among  the  chief  of  his  archi- 
tectural works  are  the  Pitti  palace,  the 
monastery  of  Fiesole,  and  the  cupola  of 
the  cathedral  church  of  Santa  Maria  del 
Friarc  at  Florence.  He  was  also  a  sculp- 
tor and  a  poet,  as  well  as  an  architect ; 
and  some  of  his  burlesque  verses  are 
l)ublislied  with  those  of  Burchiello.  B. 
VMT  ;  d.  1440. 

BRUNNER,  John  Coxbad,  Baron  de 
Brunn,  a  Swiss  physician  and  anato- 
mist ;  author  of  various  tracts  on  j)hysi- 
ology  and  anatomy.     B.  16'>:3;  d.  1727. 

BRUNO,  a  saint  of  the  Roman  calen- 
dar, and  founder  of  the  (,'arthusian  order 
of  monks,  the  Hrst  house  of  wliich  he 
estabiiihed  in  the  desert  of  Chartreuse. 
B.   1030;    d.  1101.— Thk  Great,   arch- 


bishop of  Cologne  and  duke  of  Lorraine; 
an  able  politician,  who  took  a  conspicu- 
ous part  in  all  the  great  transactions  of 
his  time.  He  was  the  brother  of  the 
Emperor  Otho  I.  D.  \)65. — ■Giord.vno, 
a  Neapolitan,  and  originally  a  monk  of 
the  Dominican  order.  The  boldness 
with  which  he  censured  the  irregulari- 
ties of  his  monastery  obliged  him  to 
leave  it ;  and  tiying  to  Geneva,  he  em- 
braced the  Protestant  religion.  Beza 
and  Calvin,  however,  obliged  him  to 
quit  that  city,  and  he  procee<ied  to  Paris, 
where  he  excited  much  attention  by  his 
strictures  on  the  Aristotelian  philoso- 
phy. After  visiting  England  he  settled 
at  Padua,  where  his  freedom  of  speech 
attracted  the  attention  of  the  Inquisition 
of  Venice.  He  was  apprelieuded,  and 
refusing  to  recant,  he  was  burnt  in  IGOO. 
BRUNSWICK,  Fekdinaxu,  duke  of, 
one  of  the  principal  generals  in  the  seven 
years'  war  in  Gennanv.  B.  1721;  d. 
17'.i2.—WOLFENBUTtEL,  Maximilian 
Julius  Leopold,  brother  of  the  prece- 
ding, a  prince  whose  name  is  revered  for 
his  disinterested  benevolence  and  hu- 
manity, of  which  the  last  action  of  his 
life  is  a  striking  example : — During  a 
terrible  inundation  of  the  Oder,  which 
spread  destruction  in  the  neighborhood 
of  Frankfort,  where  the  prince  com 
manded  a  regiment  in  the  garrison,  his 
zeal  to  save  the  lives  of  a  family  sur- 
rounded by  the  waters,  induced  him  to 
put  otf  in  a  boat  to  their  assistance, 
wlien  he  was  swept  away  by  the  torrent 
and  perished  in  the  attempt.  B.  1751 ; 
d.  1785.  — LUNENBURGH,  Charles 
William  Ferdixand,  duke  of,  nephew 
of  the  preceding,  who  highly  distin- 
guished himself  in  the  service  of  Fred- 
erick of  Prussia.  He  was  mortally 
wounded  at  the  battle  of  Auerstadt  in 
1806. — OELS,  Frederic  Auoustl's,  duke 
of,  younger  brother  of  the  above,  and  a 
general  officer  in  the  Prussian  service. 
He  was  more  distinguished  as  an  author 
than  as  a  general;  his  "Treatise  on 
Great  Men,"  "  Remarks  on  the  Charac- 
ter and  Actions  of  Alexander  the  Great," 
and  numerous  other  works,  having  been 
much  admired,  though  only  privately 
circulated.  B.  1741 ;  d.  180').— Fred- 
erick William,  duke  of,  youngest  son 
of  Charles  William  Fenlinanil  of  Bruns- 
wick, and  brother  of  Cineen  Caroline  of 
England,  was  b.  in  1771.  He  soon 
entered  the  Prussian  army,  and,  stimu- 
lated by  his  father's  fate,  took  an  active 
part  in  the  war  airainst  revolutionary 
France.  In  18'i9  lie  raised  a  body  of 
volunteers  in  Bohemia ;  but  finding  no 


BRU] 


ctclopjEdia  of  biogkaphy. 


219 


chance  of  making  an  effectual  stand 
against  the  power  of  France,  he  cm- 
burketl  hia  troops  I'or  England,  where 
they  wei'e  taken  into  the  British  service, 
and  employed  in  the  Peninsula,  i'ore- 
secing  that  great  changes  were  likely  to 
take  place  on  the  Continent,  he  hastened 
to  ills  paternal  dominions  in  1818,  raised 
a  large  body  of  troops,  and  was  among 
the  foremost  to  meet  the  French  army 
in  1815,  wlien,  two  days  before  the  de- 
cisive battle  of  Waterloo,  he  fell,  fight- 
ing at  the  head  of  his  troops. 

BRUNTON,  M.vitY,  the  daughter  of 
Colonel  Balfour,  was  b.  in  one  of  the 
Orkney  isles  ;  married  a  minister  of  tiie 
Scotch  church,  and  is  known  as  the 
authoress  of  the  novels,  "  Discipline," 
"Self-Control,"  and  other  works.  B. 
1778;  d.l818. 

BEUSONIUS,  L.  DoMiTirs,  author  of 
a  work  entitled  '•Facetiarnm  Exomplo- 
rumque  Libri  VII.,"  but  better  known 
by  the  title  of  "  Speculum  Mundi." 

ERUTO,  John  Michael,  an  eminent 
traveller  and  writer  of  the  10th  century; 
author  of  a  "History  of  Hungary," 
"Critical  Annotations  on  the  Works' of 
Cicero,  Horace,"  &c.,  and  of  the  "Eight 
First  Books  of  the  History  of  Florence." 
D.  ir.sM. 

BRUTUS,  Lucira  JcNrcs,  one  of  the 
most  celebrated  characters  of  antiquity,, 
was  the  son  of  Marcus  Junius,  a  wealtliy 
patrician  of  Rome.  The  father  and  bro- 
ther of  Lucius  Junius  were  assassinated 
by  order  of  their  relative,  Tarquin  the 
Proud ;  and  Lucius  Junius  owed  the 
preservation  of  his  life  to  an  assumed 
idiotism.  So  completely  did  this  impose 
upon  the  tyrant,  tliat  lie  not  only  spared 
his  young  relative's  life,  but  brought 
him  up  in  his  own  family,  where  he  was 
ireated  as  a  mere  idiot,  and  surnamed 
Brutus.  He  bore  all  contumely  with 
patience  until  the  outrage  of  Sext'ns  Tar- 
quin [xee  Li'chetia]  afforded  him  an  op- 
portunity to  arouse  the  people  against 
both  the  kinsj  and  his  sons.  Throwing 
off  his  pretended  want  of  intellect,  and 
displaying  an  ciicriry  tlie  more  startling 
by  contrast  with  his  former  manner,  he 
joined  with  Lucrctia's  husband,  CoUa- 
uniis ;  caused  the  gates  to  be  shut,  as- 
sembled the  senate,  dilated  upon  the 
tyrannies  of  Tarquin,  and  caused  a  de- 
cree to  be  made  for  banishing  the  king 
and  establishing  a  rei)ublic.  This  great 
change  accordingly  took  place,  and  Bru- 
tus and  CoUatinus  were  appointed  chief 
magistrat-cs  of  the  commonwealth,  with 
the  title  of  consuls.  Terrible  as  the 
tyranny  of  Tarquin  had  been,  his  ex- 


pulsion, and  the  entire  change  in  the 
form  of  government,  gave  great  offence 
to  many  of  tiie  Roman  patricians  ;  and 
among  those  who  were  opposed  to  the 
new  constitution  were  the  two  sons  of 
Brutus  and  three  nephews  of  Callatinus, 
all  of  whom  conspired,  with  otlicr  mal- 
contents, to  murder  the  two  consuls  and 
restore  Tarquin  and  the  monarchy.  The 
intentions  of  the  conspirators  were  dis- 
closed by  a  slave  to  Poplicola  Valerius, 
a  senator,   and  the   conspirators   were 
brought  before  the  consular  tribunal  lor 
judgment.      Mischievous   as  were    the 
intentions  of  the  criminals,  the  people 
would  fain  have  punished  them  only  by 
banishment ;  and  CoUatinus,  in  his  affec- 
tion for  his  nephews,  was  equally  dis- 
posed to  be  lenient.   Brutus,  on  the  con- 
trary, determined  to  show  that  no  rank 
or  relationship  should  avail  the  enemies 
of  Roman  liberty;  and  disregarding  the 
entreaties  of  the  multitude  and  his  own 
feelings  as  a  parent,  he  sternly  sentenced 
his  sons  to  death.   CoUatinus,  even  after 
this  signal  proof  of  the  inflexibility  of 
Brutus,  endeavored  to  save  his  nephews. 
But  tlie  young  men  were  executed,  and 
CoUatinus  retired  from  the  consiilsiiip. 
Poplicola  Valerius  was   elected   as   his 
successor,    and,    in    conjunction    with 
Brutus,  proceeded  against  the  Veientes, 
who,  with  Tarquin  and  his  partisans, 
were  marching  against  Rome.     The  Ro- 
man cavalry  was  commanded  by  Brutus, 
while  the  enemy's  cavalry  was  led  on  by 
Aruns,   one   of   the   sons   of   Tarquin. 
These  leaders   were    speedily  engatred 
hand  to  hand,  and  so  great  was  their 
mutual  hate,  that  each,  in  his  desire  to 
wound  his  opponent,  neglected  to  pro- 
tect  himself,    and   they  both  fell  dead 
upon  the  field.     The  conflict  ending  in 
the  victory  of  the  Romans,  the  body  of 
Brutus  was  interred  with  great  solemni- 
ty, and  a  statue  was  erected  to  his  memo- 
ry.    I).  500,  B.  c. — M.\RCL-s  Junius,  an 
illustrious  Roman,  and  a  descendant  of 
the  preceding.     His  mother  was  the  sis- 
ter of  Cato,  and  as  she  had  disgraced 
herself  by  an  intrigue  with  .Julius  Ca'sar, 
Marcus  was  by  many  thought  to  be  his 
son.     He   at  first  sided  with   Pompey, 
but  being  treated  with  great  Icnitv  aiid 
consideration  after  the  battle  of  Phar- 
salia.  he  attached  himself  to  Ciesar,  by 
wliom  he  was  greatly  caressed  and  in- 
trusted.    But  the  stern  republican  prin- 
ciple of  his  reputed  ancestor,  which  he 
inherited,  rendered  it  imjiossible  I'or  all 
CiPsar's   kindness   to  him    to   reconcile 
him  to  Ca;sar's   ambition ;    and   he   at 
length    conspired    with    Cassiua    and 


220 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OK    BIOGRAPHY, 


[brt 


Others,  and  slew  him,  39,  u.  o.  Antony 
euoeeedetl  in  exeitini>rthe  popuhir  indig- 
nutiou  against. the  murderers  of  Cajsar, 
who  lied  troiri  koine  and  raised  an  army, 
of  ;s-liich  Brutus  and  Cassias  took  the 
command  ;  but  being  totally  defeated  at 
the  battle  of  Philippi,  where  they  en- 
countered the  army  of  Antony,  Brutus 
escaped  with  only  a  few  friends,  passed 
the  night  in  a  cave,  and,  as  he  saw  his 
cause  "irretrievably  ruined,  requested 
Strato,  one  of  his  confidants,  to  kill 
him.  For  a  long  time  his  friend  refused, 
but  on  hearing  Brutus  call  one  of  his 
slaves  to  perform  the  fatal  office,  he  ex- 
claimed, "  Forbid  it,  gods,  that  it  should 
ever  be  said  that  Brutus  died  by  the 
liand  of  a  slave  for  want  of  a  friend  !" 
and  presenting  the  sword  as  he  turned 
away  his  face,  the  noble  Roman  fell  on 
it  and  expired,  42  b.  c,  in  the  43d  year 
of  his  age. 

BRL'i'EKE,  John  de  la,  an  eminent 
French  writer;  author  of  "Dialogues 
on  Quietism,"  published  after  his  de- 
cease; and  of  "Theophrastus,  translated 
from  the  Greek,  witli  the  Manners  of 
the  present  Age."  Of  this  admirable 
and  admired  work,  Voltaire  says,  "  Its 
rapid  and  nervous  style  struck  the  pub- 
lic at  once ;  and  the  allusions  to  living 
persons,  which  abound  throngh  its 
pages,  completed  its  success."  B.  1644 ; 
d.  VVJd. 

BRYAN,  Michael,  a  connoisseur  of 
paintings,  whose  judgment  was  highly 
esteemed,  though  he  lost  large  sums  by 
his  own  purchases.  He  was  the  author 
of  a  valuable  "  Biographical  and  Critical 
Dictionary  of  Painters  and  Engravers." 
B.  1757;  d.  1S21.— Sir  France,  a  distin- 
guished soldier  and  statesman.  lie 
served  with  great  credit  against  the 
French  in  the  earl  of  Surrey's  expedi- 
tion, and  subsequently  became  chief  jus- 
ticiary of  Ireland.  He  is  chiefly  mem- 
orable, however,  as  a  poet ;  his  works 
being  printed  with  those  of  his  friends 
Wyatt  and  Lord  Surrey.     D.  1550. 

BRYANT,  .Jacob,  a  distinguished  an- 
tiquarian and  philologist;  author  of  an 
able,  though  smgular  "  Analysis  of  An- 
cient Mythology,"  published"  in  3  vols. 
4to. ;  a  treatise  on  the  "  Truth  of  Chris- 
tianity," a  work  in  denial  of  the  exist- 
ence of  Troy,  and  various  other  publi- 
cations of  great  erudition  and  ingenuity. 
B.  1715;  d.  1804. 

BRYDGE.S.  Sir  Samuel  Egertox, 
hart.,  a  gentleman  of  versatile  talents 
and  eccentric  character.  B.  1762,  at 
Wootton  Court,  in  Kent,  was  educated 
at  the  King's  school.  Canterbury,  and 


at  Queen's  college,  Cambridge.  In 
1700,  after  the  death  of  the  last  duke  of 
Chandos,  he  induced  his  elder  brother, 
the  Rev.  £.  T.  Brydges,  to  prefer  a  claim 
to  the  barony  of  Chandos,  the  £onsid- 
eraiion  of  which  was  long  procrasti- 
nated ;  but  at  length,  in  1S03,  the 
house  of  lords  decided  aerainst  its  valid- 
ity. On  the  death  of  liis  brother,  in 
1807,  Sir  Egerton  pertinaciously  ad- 
hered to  his  favorite,  though  illusory 
notion  of  obtaining  a  coronet,  main- 
taining that,  though  defeated  by  parlia- 
mentary law,  he  could,  when  he  pleased, 
assert  his  rights  by  common  law,  while 
he  regularly  added  to  the  sitrnature  of 
his  name — '*/)(?/•  leffem  tcrrce,  JJ.  C.  nfS.'^ 
— meaning  Baron  Chandos  of  Su'dely. 
He  made  several  unsuccessful  attempts 
to  obtain  a  seat  in  parliament,  but  was 
ultimately  (1812)  returned  for  Maid- 
stone, which  borough  he  continued  to 
represent  about  six  years.  In  1814  he 
was  created  a  baronet;  and  in  1818, 
upon  the  loss  of  liis  seat  in  the  house 
of  commons,  he  visited  many  parts  of 
the  Continent.  In  1826  he  returned  to 
England,  for  two  years,  and  took  up  his 
abode  at  Lee  Priory,  the  scat  of  Col. 
Brydges  Barrett,  his  eldest  son ;  at  the 
expiration  of  which  time,  his  affairs  be- 
coming inextricably  embarrassed,  ho 
finally  quitted  his  native  land,  and  re- 
moved to  Geneva,  where  he  remained 
in  great  seclusion  until  his  death.  His 
literary  labors  were  exceedingly  multi- 
farious :  poetry,  romance,  politics,  gen- 
ealogical antiquities,  and  topography, 
were  the  principal ;  and  in  many  he  ac- 
quitted himself  with  considerable  skill. 
His  abilities  as  a  genealogist,  topogra- 

Eher,  and  bibliographer,  are  attested  by 
is  "Censura  Literaria  Restituta,"  10 
vols.;  "  Theatrum  Poetarum  ;"  "Stem- 
mata  Illustria ;"  "  British  Bibliog- 
raphy ;"  "  Lex  Terra>,"  &c.  Besides 
these,  he  published  the  novels  of  "  Mary 
de  Cliffnrd,"  "Arthur  Fitz-Albini,"  and 
"The  Hall  of  Hellingsey ;"  "Imaginary 
Biography,"  3  vols. ;  "'Recollections  of 
Foreign  Travels,"  2  vols. ;  "  The  Auto- 
biography, Times,  Opinions,  and  Co- 
temporaries  of  Sir  Egerton  Brydges," 
2  vols. ;  and  numerous  others,  inde- 
pendent of  contributions  to  many  jieri- 
odicals  on  almost  every  subject.  D.  18-57. 
BRYDONE,  Patihok,  a  Scotch  gen- 
tleman; author  of  "Travels  into  Sicily 
and  Malta,"  &c.     B.  1741 ;  d.  1810. 

BRYENNIUS,  Mancel,  an  early  mu- 
sical composer;  he  published,  in  the 
14th  century,  a  treatise  on  harmonics, 
of  which  a  Latin  translation,  together 


CYCLOl^BDIA    OF    mOGIlAPIIY. 


BPCJ 

with  the  compositions   of  the   author. 
was  piiblislic.l  l)y  ])r.  Wallis,  in  IG'.t'J. 

BUACIIK,  I'niLii',  an  able  French  liy- 
droyrapher;  author  of  some  valuable 
hvdrofrrapliioal  and  geographical  works. 
B.  IToO:  (1.  177.'). 

BUAT  NANC.'AY.  Louis  Gabriel  du, 
an  eminent  Frencli  diplomatist  and 
writer;  author  of  a  "History  of  the 
Ancient  Nations  of  Europe,"  "  Maxims 
of  Monarchical  Governmeut,"  &c.  B. 
1732 ;  d.  17S7. 

BUG,  Sir  Geokoe,  historian  and  anti- 
quary, was  a  gentleman  of  the  privy 
elianiber  to  James  1.;  and  author  of 
"The  Life  of  Richard  III.,"  "The  Art 
of  Revels."  &c. 

BUCIIER,  Maktin,  a  friend  of  Luther, 
and  so  eminent  a  preacher  of  the  re- 
formed faith,  that  Crunmer,  when  arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury,  invited^  him  to 
England,  and  lie  became  professor  of 
theology  at  Cambridge.  B.  14yi ;  d.  1551. 

BUCilAN,  Stuart  Erskine,  earl  of,  a 
nobleman  devoted  to  literary  and  scien- 
tific pursuits,  and  founder  of  the  Anti- 
quarum  Society  in  Scotland.  In  17^1 
he  instituted  an  annual  commemoration 
at  Ednam,  the  birthplace  of  Thomson, 
in  honor  of  the  poet ;  and  on  that  occa- 
sion, Burns  composed  his  "  Address  to 
the  Shade  of  the  Bard  of  Ednam."  D. 
1829. — William,  a  native  of  Scotland, 
and  author  of  the  well-known  "Domes- 
tie  Medicine,"  &c.     B.  172y  ;  d.  1805. 

BUCHANAN,  George,  an  eminent 
Scotch  historian  and  poet.  Tiie  few 
works  which  he  wrote  in  his  vernacular 
tongue  are  greatly  admired ;  but  his 
llimc  chiefly  rests  on  his  Latin  works, 
which  are  singularly  beautiful  in  their 
stylo.  B.  1506;  d. 'l5S2. — Claudius,  a 
Scotch  divine,  chaplain  at  Bengal,  and 
professor  and  vice-provost  of  the  college 
at  Fort  William.  Of  his  numerous 
works,  the  most  interesting  are  "Chris- 
tian Researches  in  Asia,"  and  a  "  Mem- 
oir on  the  Expediency  of  an  Ecclesias- 
tical Establishment  in  India."  B.  1766  ; 
d.  1815. 

BUCIIOZ,  P.  Joseph,  a  naturalist  and 
botanist  of  Metz,  who  must  have  been 
one  of  the  most  mdustrious  compilers 
that  ever  lived,  his  works  forming  more 
than  300  volumes.     B.  1737  ;  d.  1807. 

BUCKINGHAM,  George  Villiers, 
duke  of,  the  favorite  of  James  I.  and 
Charles  I.,  was  raised  to  the  highest  of- 
fices in  the  state,  became  the  dispenser 
of  all  favors  and  honors,  and  conducted 
himself  with  so  much  pride  and  inso- 
lence, as  to  excite  popular  hatred  and 
disgust.  Being  intrusted  with  the  com- 
19* 


221 


mand  of  an  army,  he  lost  the  flower  of 
it  in  an  ill-conducted  attack  on  the  Islo 
of  Rhe,  and  returned  to  refit  his  shat- 
tered armament.  When  he  was  again 
about  to  sail,  he  was  assassinated  at 
Portsmouth,  bv  a  lieutenant  of  the  name 
of  Felton,  August  23,  1G2«.— Gkougk 
Villiers,  duke  of,  son  of  the  preeediiie. 
B.  1G27;  studied  at  Cambridge;  served 
tbe  king  in  the  civil  wars ;  hud  his  es- 
tates seized  by  the  parliament,  which, 
however,  were  afterwards  restored  to 
liim  ;  and  he  eventually  became  a  min- 
ister to  Charles  II.,  and  was  one  of  his 
most  profligate  courtiers.  His  political 
conduct  was,  like  his  general  behavior, 
characterized  by  unprincipleil  levity  and 
imprudence;  and  though  his  literary 
and  conversational  powers  were  far 
above  mediocrity,  yet  he  was  an  object 
of  contempt,  and  d.  unregretted  at  Kir- 
by  Mooreside,  Yorkshire,  in  lOSs. — 
Anne  Eliza,  duchess  of,  daughter  and 
heiress  of  the  last  duke  of  Chandos  ;  b. 
1779  ;  married  to  the  marquis  of  Buck- 
ingham, then  Earl  Temi>le,  in  1796. 
Throughout  life  this  amiable  and  accom- 
plished woman  displayed  those  traits  of 
character  which  shed  the  brightest  lus- 
tre on  exaltea  rank,  and  hallow  the 
memory  of  their  possessors.  She  was 
boundless  in  her  charities  ;  pious,  affec- 
tionate, and  sincere  ;  Avithdrawing  from 
the  "pomps  and  vanities"  of  the  world, 
to  indulge  in  the  charms  of  retirement, 
where  she  could  cncouratre  the  deserv- 
ing, reform  the  erring,  and  minister  to 
the  necessities  of  the  distressed.  D.  at 
Stowe.  1836. 

BUCKINGHAMSHIRE,  John  Shef- 
field, duke  of,  son  of  the  earl  of  Mul- 
trrave.  B.  1649;  served  under  Marshal 
Turenne,  and  took  a  part  in  the  revolu- 
tion of  1668.  He  also  distinguished 
himself  as  a  poet.  Buckingham  house, 
in  St.  James's  park,  since  converted 
into  a  roval  palace,  was  originally  built 
for  him.  "  I).  1720. 

BUCKINK,  Arnold,  an  artist  of  the 
15th  century,  and  the  first  who  engraved 
maps  on  copper.  He  illustrated  an  edi- 
tion of  Ptolemy,  which  was  printed  by 
Sweynheiin,  of  Rome,  one  of  the  earliest 
printers  in  that  eountrv. 

BUCKMINSTER,  JosEi-ii,  a  famous 
preacher  of  Portsmouth,  N.  II.  He 
graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1770,  and 
from  1774  to  1778  was  a  tutor  in  that 
seminary.  He  was  ordained  in  1779. 
After  a"  ministry  of  thirty-three  years 
his  health  became  greatly  iiii paired.  1>. 
1812,  aged  Go.  It  is  remarkable,  that 
on  tiie  preceding  day  liis  eldest  son,  a 


222 


CYCLOP.iiDIA    OF    BIOGKAPHY. 


[bup 


clergrvman  in  Boston,  died  sifter  a  week's 
illness.  Altlioutrh  Dr.  13.  had  not  heard 
of  his  iiickness,  yet  lie  saiil  to  his  wife 
repeatedly  a  few  hourd  before  his  own 
death,  ^-Joseph  is  dead  T  He  published 
a  uuiuber  of  "  Sermons,"  wnd  a  short 
"Sketch  of  Dr.  Mackintosh."' — Joseph 
Stevens,  a  preacher  of  the  Brattle-street 
church  in  Boston.  lie  graduated  at 
Harvard  collcii'e  in  1800.  The  next  four 
years  were  spent  partly  in  the  family  of 
his  relative  Theodore  Lyman  of  Walt- 
liani,  partly  as  an  assistant  in  the  acad- 
emv  at  Exeter,  and  in  the  prosecution 
of  theological  studies.  He  was  ordained 
in  1j05,  and,  after  a  visit  to  Europe, 
preached  for  about  five  years.  Mr. 
Ijuckminster  was  a  very  interesting  and 
eloquent  preacher,  and  perhaps  as  pop- 
ular as  any  one  who  ever  occupied  a 
pidpit  in  Boston,  his  hearers  appearing, 
wherever  he  preached,  to  hanir  on  Ins 
lips  with  delight.  In  1808  he  published 
a  '-Collection  of  Hymns,"  for  the  use 
of  his  society,  a  number  of  "Kevicws" 
in  the  •'  Monthly  Anthology"  and  other 
periodicals;  "The  Right  lland  of  Fel- 
lowship" at  the  ordination  of  the  Kev_. 
C.  Lowell ;  "  A  Sermon  on  the  Death  of 
Gov.  Sullivan,"  1809;  "On  the  Death 
of  \V.  Emerson,"  1811:  and  "An  Ad- 
dress before  the  Phi  Beta  Kappa  So- 
ciety."    D.  1812. 

BUCQUOI,  CU.\RLES  BONAVENTURE  DE 

LoNGL'EVAL,  count  dc,  an  eminent  gen- 
eral, b.  1551,  entered  early  into  the 
Spanish  service,  and  signalized  his 
valor  in  the  Low  Countries.  In  1620, 
in  conjunction  with  the  duke  of  Bava- 
ria, he  entirely  defeated  the  Protestant 
army  near  Prague ;  but  he  stained  his 
laurels  by  his  subsequent  cruelties. 
After  having  reduced  Moravia,  he  was 
killed,  in  1621,  at  the  siege  of  Neu- 
hausel. 

BUDE,  or  BUDyEUS,  William,  b.  at 
Paris,  1467,  where  he  d.  1540,  spent  a 
youth  of  dissipation,  but  at  length  ap- 
plied himself  so  closely  to  study,  that 
his  classical  acquirements  gained  for 
liim  the  title  of  tlie  Prodigjf  of  France. 
He  was  employed  on  embassies  by  Louis 
XII.  and  Francis  I.,  to  the  latter  of 
whom  he  was  secretary  and  librarian. 
Bude  translated  some  treatises  from 
Plutarch,  and  wrote  several  works,  the 
chief  of  which  arc,  his  "Tractatus  de 
Asse,"  and  "  Commentarii  Linguae 
Grecae." 

BU  DGELL,  Eustace,  b.  at  St.  Thomas, 
near  Exeter,  about  168.",  and  educated 
at  Christ-church,  Oxford.  Addison, 
who  was  related  lo  him,  took  him  to 


Ireland,  as  one  of  his  clerks,  and  in  that 
country  Budgell  rose  to  offices  of  great 
trust  and  profit,  and  to  be  a  member  of 
the  Irish  parliament.  While  filling 
those  offices  with  diligence  and  honor, 
he  contributed  to  the  -'Spectator"  and 
"Guardian,"  translated  ihe  "Charac- 
ters of  Thcophrastus,"  and  wrote  vari- 
ous pieces  in  verse.  The  tide  of  fortune, 
however,  at  length  turned  against  him. 
He  was  dismissed  from  his  office  of  ac- 
comptant  and  comptroller  general  of 
Ireland,  for  satirizing  the  lord-lieutenant, 
who  had  treated  him  ill ;  he  lost  £20,000 
in  the  South  Sea  bubble ;  he  spent 
£50oO  more  in  vain  attempts  to  obiain 
a  seat  in  the  house  of  commons ;  and  at 
last  became  involved  in  lawsuits  and 
embarrassments.  The  finishing  stroke 
was  put  to  his  fate,  by  the  setting  aside 
the  will  of  Dr.  Matthew  TincHdl,  in 
which  appeared  a  bequest  of  £2000  to 
Budgell.  His  difficulties,  and  the  dis- 
grace of  having  a  forgery  attributed  to 
him,  stung  him  to  the  heart,  and  be 
ended  his  existence  by  throwing  him 
self  into  the  Thames,  May  4,  1787.  .Be- 
sides the  works  already  mentioned  he 
established  a  periodical  culled  the  "Bee," 
assisted  in  the  "Craftsman,"  and  wrote 
the  "History  of Cleomenes,"  and  "Me- 
moirs of  the  Family  of  the  Boyles." 

BUELL,  Jesse,  a  distinguished  agri- 
culturist, who  devoted  the  best  part  of 
his  life  to  the  ditfusion  of  knowledge  in 
his  favorite  branch  of  practical  science. 
In  the  year  1813  he  established  the 
"  Albany  Argus,"  a  political  paper, 
which  he  edited  till  1821.  He  was  for 
several  yeiu's  a  member  of  the  New 
York  legislature,  and  once  a  candidate 
for  governor.  But  he  was  best  known 
as  the  editor  of  "The  Cultivator," 
which  attained  a  large  circulation  among 
farmers  and  others  interested  in  agri- 
culture.    B.  1787;  d.  1809. 

BUFFIP2R,  Claude,  a  Jesuit,  b.  in 
Poland,  of  French  parents,  1661,  studied 
at  the  college  of  Kouen,  where  he  after- 
wards held  the  situation  of  theological 
professor.  Buffier  was  employed  in  the 
"  Mcmoires  de  Trevoux,"  and  likewise 
produced  a  great  number  of  theological, 
metaphysical,  biographical,  and  geo- 
graphical works.  Several  of  them  were 
collected  in  a  folio  volume,  with  the 
title  of  a  "  Course  of  Sciences  on  new 
and  simple  Principles."  Though  some- 
times superficial,  he  is,  on  the  whole,  an 
elctrant  and  instructive  writer.  D.  1737. 
BUFFON,  George  Louis  le  Clerc, 
count  de,  the  "Pliny  of  France,"  was 
the  son  of  a  counsellor  of  the  parliament 


bul] 


CYCLOIMIUIA    OF    lUOGKAPHV, 


223 


of  r>ijon,  and  wns>  b.  September  7,  1707, 
at  Miiiitburd.  iuBarLriuiily.  He  stiulied 
tlie  law  at  Di.jon,  but  never  praetised  it ; 
his  inclinations  loading  him  to  math- 
ematical and  physical  science,  and  Eu- 
clid being  his  constant  pocket  com- 
panion. After  having  travelled  into 
Italy  and  England,  lie  succeeded  to  his 
paternal  estate  at  Alontbard,  between 
which  and  Paris  his  time  was  spent. 
In  1739  he  was  appointed  keeper  of  the 
royal  garden  and  cabinet  at  I'aris,  the 
treasures  of  which  lie  greatly  increased. 
His  patent  of  nobility  he  obtained  in 
1771.  lie  was  also  a  member  of  the 
French  Academy,  and  of  the  Academy 
of  Sciences.  Bulfon  d.  April  16,  1788. 
As  a  man,  he  was  fond  of  dress  and 
display,  lax  in  his  morals,  and  immeas- 
urably vain.  Newton,  Bacon,  Leib- 
nitz, Montesquieu,  and  himself,  were 
the  only  persons  whom  he  would  allow 
to  be  great  geniuses  !  His  first  literary 
works  were,  "Translations  of  Hale's 
Vegetable  Statics,"  and  "  Newton's 
Fluxions."  But  for  his'fame  he  is  in- 
debted to  his  "  Natural  History,"  in  36 
volumes,  which  has  been  naturalized 
in  almost  every  European  language. 
Though  always  immethodieal,  though 
often  inaccurate,  and  though  full  of  the 
wildest  theories,  it  is  undoubtedly  an 
astonisliinu'  work,  whether  we  consider 
the  extent  of  its  information,  the  spirit 
of  its  descriptions,  or  the  eloquence  of 
its  style. 

BllGEAUD,  Mmishal,  duke  of  Isly, 
a  distinguished  French  soldier,  b.  at 
Limoges,  1784,  served  under  Napoleon 
at  Austcrlitz,  and  was  made  field- 
marshal  for  gaining  a  victory  over  the 
Moors  in  1844.     D.  1840.     , 

BUGGE,  Chevalier  Thomm,  an  emi- 
nent Danish  astronomer;  greatly  dis- 
tinguished by  his  trigonometrical  survey 
of  the  island  of  Zealand.  His  other 
chief  works  are  a  treatise  on  "  Math- 
ematics," and  "  An  Account  of  the 
state  of  the  Arts  and  Sciences,  &c.,  in 
France,  at  the  close  of  the  Kevolution." 
B.  1740  ;  d.  1815. 

BULIj,  John',  doctor  of  music,  was 
chamber  musician  to  James  L  His 
compositions  were  very  numerous  :  the 
,aatioua!  anthem  of  "  God  save  the  King'' 
being  among  thoin.  The  time  of  his 
death  is  uncertain,  but  he  was  alive  at 
the  commencement  of  the  year  1622. — 
Georok,  bishop  of  St.  David's,  a  learned 
prelate,  and  a  very  industrious  and  able 
theological  writer,  author  of  "Ilarmonia 
Apostolica,"  "Defensio  Fidei  Niceine," 
&c.    B.  1634;  d.  1709. 


BULLER,  Ch.vrles,  a  politician  of 
rare  promise,  b.  at  Calcutta,  ISdO.  re- 
ceived his  etUieation  nartly  at  Harrow, 
Edinburgh,  and  Camoridge,  and  from 
an  early  age  gave  promise  of  more  than 
ordinary  abilities.  In  his  24th  year  he 
entered  parliament  on  the  eve  of  the 
reform  bill  for  the  borough  of  West 
Looe,  which  belonged  to  his  family.  He 
voteel  for  the  bill.  On  all  questions  that 
came  before  parliament  he  took  an  active 
part;  and  on  many  occasions  his  opin- 
ions were  far  in  advance  of  the  whig 
party,  with  whom  he  subsequently  took 
otfice.  In  1838  he  accompanied  Lord 
Durham  to  Canada  as  his  private  secre 
tary;  and  in  this  capacity  drew  up  tho 
masterly  report  upon  the  affairs  ot  that 
colony,  which  is  considered  as  one  of 
the  most  ctfective  state  papers  of  the 
age.  In  1841  he  was  appointed  secre- 
taiy  to  the  Board  of  Control,  an  office, 
however,  which  he  relinquished  in  1842, 
on  the  formation  of  the  Peel  ministry. 
In  184G,  on  the  formation  of  the  whig 
cabinet,  he  was  appointed  judge  advo- 
cate ;  ill  November  of  the  same  year  he 
■was  nominated  a  queen's  counsel,  sworn 
of  the  privy  council  in  July,  1849,  and 
in  November  exchanged  the  easy  office 
of  judge  advocate  for  the  onerous  duties 
of  chief  commissioner  of  the  poor  laws, 
an  office  which  he  held  till  his  death. 
Besides  discharging  faithfully  liis  official 
duties,  he  found  leisure  for  literary  pur- 
suits, and  many  able  articles  in  the 
"Globe"  and  the  "  Edinburgh  Review" 
emanated  from  his  versatile,  pen.  D. 
1848. 

BULLET,  Petek,  an  eminent  Freneli 
architect  of  the  17th  century.  He  con- 
structed the  church  of  St.  Thomas  Aqui- 
nas, and  many  other  splendid  edifices 
in  Paris,  and  wrote  some  good  archi- 
tectural work's. 

BULLIALDUS.  Ismael,  a  French  as- 
tronomer and  mathematician,  author  of 
"  Philolaus  ;  a  Dissertation  on  the  True 
Svstem  of  the  World,"  "Tabulae  Phi- 
lolaica>,"  &c,     B.  1605;  d.  1694. 

BULLIAKD,  Pierre,  a  French  bota- 
nist, author  of  "  Dictionnaire  Elcmen- 
tairo  Botanique,"  "  Herbier  de  la 
France,"  &c.  He  designed  and  en- 
graved his  own  plates.  B.  1742  ;  d.  1793 

BULLINGEK,  Hexry,  a  Swiss  pastoi 
of  the  reformed  church,  and  the  inti- 
mate friend  of  Zuinglius,  whom  he  suc- 
ceeded as  pastor  of  Zurich.  His  wri- 
tings were  very  numerous,  but  being 
almost  entirely  controversial,  they  are 
now  little  regarded.     B.  l.')04;  d.  157''. 

BULOW,  Fkederio  WiLUAit,  count 


224 


CYCLOP.EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[bur 


♦■on  Dennewitz,  a  pallaiit  Prussian  gen- 
eral, whose  services  were  most  essential 
to  his  couutry  on  many  perilous  oeea- 
sious.  He  was  aetively  engaircd  against 
the  French  at  the  earliest  periods  of  the 
hitc  war,  and,  in  ISOS,  was  made  a  gen- 
eral of  brigade.  His  memorable  vic- 
tories, in  1813,  at  Moekern,  Luekau, 
Grosbceren,  and  Deunewitz,  were  re- 
warded by  promotion  and  a  title.  He 
afterwards  distinguished  himself  in 
Westphalia,  Holland,  Belgium,  &c. ; 
and,  as  commander  of  the  fourth  di- 
vision of  the  allied  army,  he  contributed 
essentially  to  the  victorious  close  of  the 
battle  of  Waterloo.  B.  175.5  ;  d.  1816.— 
Baron  Henry  von,  distinguislied  in  the 
annals  of  diplomacy,  b.  1790,  at  Meek- 
lenburgh  Scliwerin.  In  1826  he  was 
appointed  ambassador  of  Prussia  at  the 
court  of  St.  James's;  and  to  his  talents 
were  due  several  of  the  most  important. 
treaties  which  allayed  the  warlike  spirit 
of  the  times.  Here  he  remained  till 
1811,  when  he  was  nominated  minister 
of  foreign  affairs  at  Berlin  ;  but  the  crisis 
of  atfairs  in  Prussia  proved  too  much 
for  bis  exhausted  energies,  and  the 
overstraining  of  his  intellect,  in  his  at- 
tempt to  guide  the  vessel  of  the  state, 
procluced  a  mental  alienation,  under 
which  he  succumbed  in  18-46. 

BUNYAN,  John,  tiie  celebrated  au- 
thor of  "The  Pilgrim's  Progress,"  &c., 
was  the  son  of  a  travelling  tinker,  and 
for  a  time  followed  his  father's  occupa- 
tion. Mean,  however,  as  was  his  origin, 
and  dissipated  as  his  early  habits  con- 
fessedly were,  it  appears  tiiat  he  aban- 
doned the  latter,  and  attached  himself 
to  the  Anabaptists,  among  whom  ho 
soon  became  distinguished  as  a  preacher. 
Being  imprisoned  for  contravening  the 
laws  against  dissenters,  he  employed  the 
twelve  years  of  his  confinement  in  wri- 
ting the  most  popular  allegory  in  our 
language,  "The  Pilgrim's  Progress." 
He  was  at  length  released  throuirh  the 
interposition  of  the  bishop  of  Lincoln, 
and  resumed  his  ministry  at  Bedford. 
B.  1C2S  ;  d.  16S8. 

BUONO,  a  Venetian  architect  of  the 
12tii  century,  who  erected  the  well- 
known  tower  of  St.  Mark  at  Venice,  a 
campanile  or  bell-tower  at  Arezzo,  and 
several  other  grand  edifices.  He  is  de- 
servedly reckoned  amoiiir  the  earliest  im- 
provers of  modern  architecture. 

BUONONCINI,  Giovanni  Bai'tisti,  a 
celebrated  Italian  composer,  and  one  of 
Handel's  most  powerful  rivals  in  En- 
gland. Besides  operas,  he  composed 
various  cantatas  and  sonatas,  and  the 


grand  funeral  anthem  for  the  duke  of 
Marlboroutrh.  He  is  supposed  to  have 
d.  at  Venice  about  the  middle  of  the  Ibth 
century. 

BUPALUS,  a  famous  sculptor  of  the 
isle  of  Chios  in  the  6th  century  b.  c. 
He  is  said  to  have  hanged  himself  in 
vexation  at  a  satire  written  upon  him  by 
Hipponax,  a  poet,  whose  leanness  he  had 
caricatured  in  a  statue. 

BUECHARD,  or  BROCAEDUS,  bish- 
op of  W^orms,  in  the  11th  century.  As- 
sisted by  the  abbot  Albert,  he  compiled 
the  famous  collection  of  canons,  in  20 
books,  entitled  '*  Magna  Decretorum, 
seu  Canonum  Volnmen."     D.  1026. 

BUECHARD,  John,  a  native  of  Ger- 
many ;  master  of  ceremonies  to  the 
pope,  and,  subsequently,  bishop  of  Cit- 
ta  di  Castello ;  author  of  a  journal  or 
diary  of  Pope  Alexander  VI.,  the  MS.  ot 
which,  with  a  continuation  by  some 
other  hand,  is  in  the  Chigi  Library  at 
Rome.     1).  1505. 

BURCIIIELLO,  an  Italian  poet,  whose 
real  name  wa?  Dominico,  was  b.  at 
Florence,  in  1380,  and  d.  at  Rome,  14-48. 
Burchiclllo  was  a  barber,  and  his  shop 
was  the  resort  of  all  the  wits  of  the  city. 
Such  celebrity  did  this  humble  abode 
obtain,  that  the  representation  of  it  was 
painted  in  the  Medicis  gallery.  With 
much  wit  and  elegance,  his  poems  are 
in  style  the  most  eccentric,  and  often  un- 
intcllifriblo,  that  can  be  imagined. 

BUECKHARDT,  John  Lewis,  a  Swiss 
gentleman,  who  proposed  to  the  English 
association  for  exploring  Africa  to  be 
their  missionary.  He  was  unfortunate- 
ly carried  olf  by  dysentery  while  wait- 
ing fort  he  caravan  with  which  he  was 
to  go  to  Tioibuctoo.  His  papers  were 
sent  to  England,  and  from  them  have 
been  published  his  "  Travels  in  Nubia," 
and    "  Travels   in   Syria  and  the  Holy 

Land."      B.     1784:     d.     1816. John 

Cii.vRLEs,  a  learned  German  astronomer : 
author  of  "  Tables  de  la  Lune,"  &c., 
and  of  a  German  translation  of  La 
Place's  "La  Mdcaniqne  Celeste."  B. 
1773;  d.  1S25. 

BURDER,  George,  an  eminent  dis- 
senting minister  ;  author  of  "  Evan- 
gelical Truth  Defended,"  &c.,  and  one 
of  the  editors  of  the  "  Evangelical  Ma^ra- 
zine."     I).  1S32. 

BUEDETT,  Sir  Fr.\nci3,  bart.,  „n 
aristocrat  by  birth  and  fortune,  but  for 
a  long  series  of  years  one  of  the  most 
popular  members  of  the  British  parlia- 
ment, was  h.  in  1770,  ami  received  his 
education  at  Westminster  school  and 
Oxford  university.    On  returning  from 


buk] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGKAPIIY. 


225 


a  continental  tour,  during  which  he  had 
ample  oijport unities  of  witnessing  the 
pro;;ress  of  tlie  Frcneli  revolution,  he 
was  evidently  imbued  with  some  por- 
tion of  its  spirit,  which  was  in  no  small 
deirrec  fostered  and  encouraged  V)}'  his 
friend  and  instructor,  the  celebrated 
John  Ilornc  Tooke,  the  well-known  au- 
thor of  the  "  Diversions  of  Parley, "  of 
wliom,  indeed,  Sir  Francis  may  fairly 
be  considered  the  elere.  In  179;5  he 
married  the  youngest  daughter  of  Tho- 
mas Coutts,"csq.,  the  wealthy  banker, 
with  whom  he  received  a  large  fortune  ; 
and  in  four  years  afterwards,  on  the 
deatli  of  his  grandfather,  succeeded  to 
the  baronetcyi  In  1707  he  was  returned 
to  parliament;  and  he  soon  distinguish- 
ed himself  by  his  resolute  hostility  to 
the  measures  of  government.  His  op- 
position to  ministers  was  so  formida- 
ble and  unceasing  that,  in  1810,  having 
addressed  a  letter  to  his  constituents,  in 
which  he  declared  that  the  house  of 
commons  had  exercised  their  power  il- 
legally by  committing  John  Gale  Jones 
to  prison,  the  publication  of  this  letter 
was  deemed  a  gross  breach  of  privile<re, 
and  the  speaker  was  directed  to  issue  his 
w:arrant  for  the  apprehension  and  com- 
mitment of  Sir  Francis  Burdett  to  the 
Tower.  lie  refused  to  surrender,  and 
barricaded  his  house  ;  whereupon,  at\er 
a  lapse  of  two  days,  the  serireant-at- 
arms,  accompanied  by  police  officers  and 
a  military  force,  succeedq^d  in  breaking 
in,  and  conveyed  liim  to  the  Tower.  On 
the  return  of  the  military  the  infuriated 
mob  attacked  them,  and  in  their  defence 
they  shot  one  man  and  wounded  several 
others.  He  afterwards  brought  an  ac- 
tion against  the  speaker,  &e.,  but  was, 
of  course,  unsuccessful.  In  the  year 
1819  he  was  prosecuted  by  the  attorney- 
general  for  addressing  a  letter  to  his 
constituents,  strongly  animadverting  on 
the  proceedinirs  of  the  macristrates  and 
yeomanry  at  the  memorable  meeting  of 
the  people  at  Manchester.  Tlie  letter 
was  pronounced  a  libel,  and  he  was  sen- 
tenced to  three  months'  imprisonment 
in  the  Kind's  Bench,  and  to  pay  a  fine  of 
1000^.  Sir  Francis  Burdett  was  always 
a  loud  and  zealous  advocate  for  parlia- 
mentary rclbrni.  D.  184-1,  aged  74. — 
Lady  BuROEiT,  who  hud  for  many  years 
snfFered  {.''"catly  in  her  health,  d.  the 
same  month. 

BUKDON,  William,  an  able  English 
writer ;  author  of  "  Materials  for  Tliink- 
inir,"'  of  which  C'olton  largelv  availed 
himself  in  his  "  Lacon  ;"  ""Thoughts 
on  Politics,  Morality,  and  Literature," 


"  Life  and  Character  of  Bonaparte."  &c. 

D.  1818. 

BL'IIGEK,  Godfrey  ArousTus,  a  cele- 
brated German  poet,  was  b.  January  1st, 
1748,  at  W'ohnerswende,  near  Ilalbcr- 
stadt,  where  his  father  was  a  preacher, 
and  d.  June  18th,  1794,  at  Gottingen. 
He  learned  Latin  with  difficulty.  In 
1764  he  studied  theology  at  the  univer- 
sity of  Halle,  and  in  1768  he  went  to 
Gottingen,  in  order  to  exchange  theology 
for  law,  but  soon  formed  connections  here 
equally  disadvantageous  to  his  studies 
and  his  morals,  so  that  his  grandfather, 
who  had  hitherto  maintained  him,  with- 
drew his  support  from  him.  The  friend- 
ship of  several  distinguished  youn?  men 
at  the  university  was  now  of  great  ser- 
vice to  him.  In  union  with  his  friends 
he  studied  the  ancient  classics  and  the 
best  works  in  French,  Italian,  Spanish, 
and  English,  particularly  Shakspcare, 
and  the  old  English  and  Scottish  ballads. 
Percy's  Kelics  was  his  constant  compan- 
ion. '  His  poems  soon  attracted  attention. 
In  1772  he  obtained,  by  the  influence  of 
Boie,  the  small  office  of  bailey  in  Alten 
Gleichen,  and,  by  a  reconciliation  with 
his  grandfather,  a  sum  for  the  payment 
of  his  debts,-  which  he  mifortunately 
lost,  and  during  the  rest  of  his  lite,  was 
involved  in  pecuniary  difficulties.  In 
1774  he  married  the  daughter  of  a  noicrh- 
boring  bailey,  named  Leonhardt,  but  his 
marriage  was  unfortunate.  He  conceived 
a  violent  passion  for  the  sister  of  his 
wife,  and  married  her,  in  1784,  soon  af- 
ter his  first  wife's  death.  She  also,  his 
celebrated  Molhj,  died  in  the  first  year  of 
their  marriasre.  At  the  same  time  he 
lost  his  little  property  by  imprudent 
management,  and  was  obliged,  by  in- 
trigues, to  resign  his  place.  He  was 
made  professor  extraordinary  in  Gottin- 
gen, but  received  no  salarv,  and  this 
favorite  poet  of  the  nation  was  obliged 
to  gain  a  living  for  himself  and  his  chil- 
dren by  poorly  rewarded  translations  for 
booksellers.  'A  third  marriage,  in  1790, 
with  a  young  lady  of  Suabia,  who  had 
publicly  oll'eredhim  her  hand  in  a  poem, 
completed  his  misfortunes;  he  was  di- 
vorced from  her  two  years  afterwards. 
The  government  of  Hanover  afforded 
him  some  assistance  shortly  before  his 
death,  which  took  place  in  June,  1794, 
and  was  occasioned  by  a  complaint  of 
the  lungs.  In  the  midst  of  these  misfor- 
tunes and  obstacles  it  is  astonishin<rhow 
nmeh  he  did.  He  has  left  us  son^s, 
odi'S,  clefries,  ballads,  narrati\e  poems, 
and  epigrams.  Bur^'cr  is  a  poet  of  niore 
strong  than  comprehensive  imagination ; 


226 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[bcr 


of  more  houest  and  plain  than  delicate 
feelings  ;  bis  execution  is  more  remark- 
able tiian  his  conception. 

BUKGESS,  Daniel,  a  dissenting 
preaclier,  very  popular  in  his  day  on  ac- 
count ot'  his  quaint  and  familiar  style  of 
pulpit  oratory,  of  wbich  a  single  speci- 
men will  suttice.  "  If,"  said  he,  on  one 
occasion,  ''  any  among  vou  want  a  cheap 
suit,  he  mu^t  go  to  Monmouth-street ; 
if  a  suit  for  life,  be  ■will  go  to  the  Court 
of  Chancery  ;  but  if  you  want  an  eternal 
suit,  you  must  go  to  Christ,  and  put  on 
his  robe  of  righteousness."  B.  1645;  d. 
1713. — Thomas,  bishop  of  Salisbury,  b. 
175i5,  at  Odiham,  in  Hampshire,  where 
liis  fatlier  carried  on  business  as  a  grocer, 
■was  educated  at  Winchester,  obtained  a 
scholarship  at  Corpus  Christi  college, 
Oxford,  in  1775;  and,  by  his  t.alents  and 
diligence,  in  a  short  period  became  logic 
reader  and  tutor  of  the  college.  He  had 
by  this  time  distinguished  liimself  as  a 
scliolur  of  very  considerable  pretensions, 
by  the  publication  of  several  able  works  ; 
and  lie  found  a  patron  in  Dr.  Shutc 
Barrington,  ■vvho  collated  him,  in  1787, 
to  the  prebend  of  Wilsford  and  Wood- 
ford, in  Salisbury  cathedral,  and  aftcr- 
■wards  preferred  him  to  a  prebendal  stall 
at  Durham.  Among  his  numerous 
■works  are  editions  of  ''  Burton's  Penta- 
logia,"  and  "  Dawes's  Miscelhmea  Criti- 
ca,"  "  Considerations  on  the  Abolition 
of  Slavery,"  an  "Essay  on  the  Study  of 
Antiquities,"  "  First  Principles  of  Chris- 
tian Knowledge,"  "  Reflections  on  the 
Controversial  Writings  of  Dr.  Priest- 
ley," "Einendationes  in  Suida  met  He- 
sychium  et  alios  Lexicographos  Grrecos," 
4  vols. ;  "The  Bible,  and  Nothing  but 
the  Bible,  the  Religion  of  the  Church  of 
England  ;"  ■with  many  others,  theologi- 
cal, classical,  and  political.  Bishop  Bur- 
gess was  mainly  instrumental  in  tound- 
ing  the  Royal  Society  of  Literature,  of 
which,  in  1^21,  he  became  the  first  pres- 
ident ;  but  in  1832,  on  account  of  his 
loss  of  sight,  and  other  infirmities,  he 
resigned  the  oifice  in  favor  of  the  late 
Lord  Dover.     D.  1S37. 

BURG  II,  .Jamks,  the  able  author  of  the 
"  Difrnity  of  Human  Nature,"  &c.,  was 
a  native  of  Scotland,  and  educated  at 
St.  Andrew's.  Thouirh  brought  up  to  a 
trade,  be  afterwards  filled  several  situa- 
tions, more  or  less  connected  with  liter- 
ature, and  for  the  last  20  years  of  his 
life  was  master  of  an  academy  at  Stoke 
Newinirton.     B.  1714;  d.  177;'). 

BURG(JVNE,  John,  a  lieutenant-gen- 
eral ot'  the  British  army,  was  a  natural 
Bon  of  Lord  Bingley ;  entered  early  into 


the  army,  and  in  1762,  displayed  much 
talent  and  enterprise,  in  coniuiand  of  a 
party  of  troops  in  Portugal.  In  tlie 
American  war,  he  led  the  army  which 
was  to  penetrate  from  Canada  into  the 
revolted  provinces.  At  first  he  was  suc- 
cessful ;  but  insuperable  obstacles  thick- 
ening round  him,  he  was  ultimately 
compelled  to  surrender  at  Saratoga. 
Disgusted  by  the  conduct  of  the  minis- 
try after  his  return,  he  resigned  all  his 
employments.  Burgoyne  wrote  the  dra- 
mas ot'the  "Heiress,"  the  "Maid  of  the 
Oaks,"  the  "  Lord  of  the  Manor,"  and 
"  Richard  Cceur  de  Lion  ;"  some  pamph- 
lets in  his  own  defence;  and  a  "I'roba- 
tionary  Ode."     D.  1702. 

BURIDAN,  JouN,  a  native  of  Be 
thune,  in  Flanders,  b.  in  the  14th  cen- 
tury, a  nominalist  philosopher,  was  rec- 
tor of  the  university  of  Paris ;  and  has, 
but  erroneously,  been  deemed  the  foun- 
der of  the  university  of  Vienna.  He 
is  believed  to  have  died  about  1-358. 
His  memory  has  been  perpetuated  by 
his  dilemma  of  the  ass  between  two 
bundles  of  hay,  which  he  used  to  illus- 
trate the  doctrine  of  free  will,  and  which 
has  grown  into  a  proverb. 

BURIGNY,  John  Levesque,  a  French 
writer,  member  of  tlie  Academy  of  In- 
scriptions. He  wrote  histories  of  Pa^an 
Philosophy ;  Sicily ;  and  the  Constanti- 
nopolitan  Empire;  lives  of  Grotius, 
Erasmus,  Bossuet,  and  Cardinal  de  Per- 
ron; a  treatise  on  the  Papal  Authority; 
and  numerous  other  productions.  B.  at 
Rheims,  11391 ;  d.  at  Paris,  17S5, 

BURKE,  Edmund,  a  celebrated  states- 
man. B.  at  Carlow,  in  Ireland,  Jan.  1st, 
1730;  was  educated  at  Dublin,  vrhcre, 
after  three  years'  residence,  he  took  his 
bachelor's  degree,  1749.  He  afterwards 
applied  for  the  logic  professorship  at 
Glasgow,  and  when  his  solicitations  were 
unsuccessful,  he  came  to  London,  and 
in  1753  entered  at  the  Middle  Temple. 
But  though  possessed  of  great  powers 
of  elocution,  he  paid  no  serious  attention 
to  the  law,  considering  literature  and 
polities  as  the  fields  most  favorable  for 
the  exertion  of  his  genius.  His  first  ac- 
knowledged work,  which  was  published 
anonymously,  was  liis  "  Vindication  of 
Natural  Society,"  an  admirable  imitation 
of  Lord  Bolingbroke's  style  and  manner 
of  reasoning,  which  deceived  even  some 
of  the  best  judges.  This  was  followed, 
in  1757,  l)y  liis  "  Essay  on  the  Sublime 
and  Beautiful."  In  1758  Dodsley  bejran 
at  his  suggestion,  the  "  Annual  Register," 
which  owed  mucli  of  its  celebrity  to  his 
pen.     In   1761   he  visited  Ireland,  aa  a 


BUli] 


CVCLOl'.EUIA    OF    lilOGKArilY, 


i227 


companion  of  his  friend,  Singlespcech 
Hinuilton,  by  wliosc  interest  he  procured 
a  pension  oV  Jt;;iOO  on  the  Jrisli  eslub- 
lishnieut,  and  on  his  return  he  was  in- 
troduced by  Mr.  Fitzherbert  to  the  notice 
of  Lord  Kockingham,  tirst  lord  of  tlie 
treasury,  wlio  niado  him  his  secretary, 
and  hai  him  returned  to  parliament  for 
Wendovcr.  In  1774,  without  any  soli- 
citation on  his  part,  lie  was  elected  for 
Biistol ;  but  this  seat  he  lost  at  the  next 
election,  in  his  having  displayed  too 
much  liberality  of  principle,  with  respect 
to  the  Catholics  and  to  Ireland.  He  sub- 
sequently sat  for  Malton.  lu  the  mean 
while  he  gave  to  the  public  his  '•  Ob- 
servations on  Grenville's  State  of  the 
Nation ;"  a  "  Short  Account  of  a  late 
short  Administration  ;"  "  Thoughts  on 
the  Causes  of  the  present  Discontents;" 
and  his  speeches  on  American  att'airs. 
To  the  impohtic  contest  with  America 
be  made  a  strenuous  and  eloquent  re- 
sistance as  a  senator.  On  the  downfall 
of  Lord  North's  ministry,  Burke  obtain- 
ed the  oflice  of  paymaster-general,  and 
a  seat  in  the  council ;  and  he  availed 
himself  of  this  opportunity  to  carry  his 
celebrated  reform  bill,  which  he  had  pre- 
viously broutrht  forward  in  vain.  The 
expulsion  of  tlie  coalition  ministry  of 
course  deprived  him  of  his  ofhce.  The 
prosecution  of  Mr.  Hastings,  and  the 
opposition  to  Mr.  Pitt's  regency  bill, 
were  among  his  next  and  greatest  par- 
liamentary efforts.  Though  the  former 
of  these  has  drawn  down  upon  him 
much  censure,  and  even  calumny,  there 
can  be  no  doubt  that  he  undertook  it  as 
a  sacred  and  imperative  duty.  Tliis  is 
irrefragably  proved  bv  his  recently  pub- 
lished letters  to  Dr.  "Lawrence.  \\  hen 
the  French  revolution  took  place,  he 
early  foresaw  the  result,  and,  in  1790, 
he  produced  liis  celebrated  "Ueflections" 
on  that  event.  A  breach  between  him 
and  Mr.  Fox  was  also  occasioned  by  their 
difference  of  opinion  on  this  important 
subject.  In  179-1:  he  retired  from  parlia- 
ment, and  a  pension  of  £l'200  a  year  was 
bestowed  on  him  by  the  government. 
From  the  time  whoii  his  "  Refleetions" 
were  published,  till  his  decease,  his  lit- 
erary liostility  to  the  doctrines  of  revo- 
lutionary France  was  continued  with 
unabated  vigor.  The  last  work  which 
he  gave  to  the  press  was  "Two  Letters 
on  a  Kegieide  Vcace :"  the  concluding 
two  were  posthumous.  1).  July  Sth, 
1797.  His  compositions  have  been  col- 
lected in  16  volumes  octavo.  In  private 
life  Burke  was  amiable  and  benevolent ; 
in  public,  indefatigable,  ardent,  and  ab- 


horrent of  meanness  and  injustice.  It 
was  this  latter  (juality  whicii  rendered 
him  a  persevering  advocate  of  the  Irish 
Catholics.  As  an  orator  he  ranks  among 
the  tirst  of  modern  times ;  and  as  ■,\ 
writer,  whether  we  consider  the  splen  ■ 
dor  of  his  diction,  the  richness  and  va- 
riety of  his  imagery,  or  the  boundless 
stores  of  knowledge  which  he  displays, 
it  must  be  acknowledged  that  there  are 
few  who  equal,  and  none  who  transcend 
him. — Aedanus,  a  judge  of  the  court  of 
chancery  in  South  Carolina,  was  a  native 
of  Gahvay,  in  Ireland.  At  the  beginning 
of  the  revolution  he  came  as  a  volunteer, 
to  tight  for  American  liberty.  In  1773 
he  was  appointed  a  judge  of  the  supreme 
court.  In  17S9  he  was  a  delegate  in 
congress.  D.  1802,  aged  o9.  —  John 
DoLY,  author  of  a  history  of  Virginia, 
was  a  native  of  Ireland,  and  educated  at 
Trinity  college.  Coming  to  America  in 
1797,  he  conducted  for  a  short  time  ii 
paper  at  Boston,  and  afterwards  at  New 
York,  wliere  he  was  arrested  under  the 
sedition  law.  He  was  killed  in  a  due), 
in  180S.  lie  published  a  history  of  Vir- 
ginia from  its  tirst  settlement  to  1S04,  in 
3  vols.  He  published  also  "Bunker 
Hill,"  a  tragedy  ;  "  Bethlem  Gabor,"  an 
historical  drama,  1803;  and  an  oration 
delivered  March  4,  1808. 

BUliKITT,  William,  an  English  di- 
vine ;  author  of  a  "  Practical  Exposition 
of  the  New  Testament,"  wliich  has  gone 
through  manv  editions.  B.  1650 ;  d. 
1703. 

BURLAMAQUI,  John  James,  an  il- 
lustrious civilian,  b.  at  Geneva,  1694, 
was  afterwards  professor  of  civil  law 
there.  In  his  "  Principles  of  Natural 
Law,"  written  in  French,  he  is  suppo- 
sed to  have  incorporated  all  the  best 
things  from  Grotius,  Puffendorf,  and 
their  commentator  Barbeyrac.  He  pub- 
lished, some  time  after,  the  "Principles 
of  Political  Law,"  whieli  were  written 
in  the  same  language,  and  equally  well 
received.     D.  1748. 

BUELEIGII,  William  Cecii,,  lord 
high  treasurer  of  England  in  the  reign 
of  Elizabeth.  He  was  patronized  by  the 
Protector  Somerset,  in  Edward  V'l.'a 
reign,  and  made  a  privy  councillor ;  and 
when  Elizabeth  came  to  the  throne,  his 
political  sagacity  and  the  devotion  lie 
showed  to  his  sovereign  earned  for  him 
the  highest  honors.  His  state  policy  has 
been  admitted  on  all  hands,  hut  it 
squared  little  with  humanity,  as  may  be 
gathered  from  th.e  pr(.>sccutions  which  he 
encourajjed  atrainst  the  unfortunate  Ma- 
ry, queen  of  S(>ots.     B.  l.i'20  ;  d.  l.=)93 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[sun 


BUKMAN,  Peter,  an  eminent  critic, 
b.  at  Utrecht,  lOtiS,  was  professor  of  his- 
tory, eloquence,  and  Greek,  first  at 
Utrecht,  and  afterwards  at  Leydeu.^  He 
subsequently  V)ecame  professor  of  his- 
tory and  cliief  librarian  to  the  United 
Provinces.  Besides  publishing  valuable 
editions  of  many  of  the  Latin  classics,  and 
an  edition  of  Buchanan's  work,  he  wrote 
Latin  poems,  and  various  critical  and 
philological  dissertations, discourses,  and 
epistles. — Johx,  a  physician  and  botan- 
ist, the  pupil  of  Boerhaave,  and  nephew 
of  the  celebrated  critic.  He  was  profes- 
sor of  botany  at  Amsterdam.  Barman, 
anionff  other  tliinirs.  p\iblishcd  a  "  Cata- 
ioLTiic  ofC  ■ylouiaii  Plants, "  in  which  Lin- 
naeus assisted  him  ;  and  "  Descriptions 
of  rare  African  and  American  Plants  ;" 
and  translated  into  Latin  "  Rum- 
phius's  Herb.ll  of  Amboyna."  B.  1707  ; 
d.  1780. — Pktkk,  brother  of  the  bota- 
nist, b.  .at  Amsterdam,  1714,  was  brought 
up  by  his  uncle,  whom  he  assisted  in 
his  critical  labors,  and  of  whom  he  was 
no  unworthy  rival  in  erudition.  He 
was  professor  of  eloquence  atFraneker, 
and  afterwards,  professor  of  poetry,  li- 
brarian, and  keeper  of  the  gymnasium, 
at  Amsterdam,  where  he  d.  of  an  apo- 
plexy in  1778.  He  wrote  a  volume  of 
Latiii  poems,  and  edited  Aristophanes, 
Claudius,  Propertius,  and  other  classical 
writers.  Like  his  uncle,  he  was  irasci- 
ble, and  was  frequently  engaged  in  vio- 
lent literary  quarrels. 

BURN,  RicHAKD,  a  native  of  Kirkby 
Stephen,  in  Westmoreland,  was  edu- 
cated at  O.vford,  and  became  vicar  of 
Orton,  in  his  native  county,  a  magistrate, 
and  chancellor  of  Carlisle.  He  is  the 
author  of  the  useful  book  known  as 
"  Bnrn'.s  Justice ;"  a  similar  work  on 
Ecclesiastical  Law  ;  a  "  History  of  the 
Poor  Laws  ;"  and,  in  conjunction  with 
Nicholson,  a  "  Historv  of  Westmoreland 
and  Cumberland."    "D.  17S0. 

BURNES,  Sir  Alexander,  a  lieuten- 
ant-colonel of  the  British  army  in  In- 
dia, who  filled  several  important  of- 
fices at  Cabool,  where  he,  with  his 
brother  Charles  and  several  others,  were 
assassinatofl  in  1841. 

BURNET,  (riLBERT,  bishop  of  Salis- 
bury, b.  at  Edinburgii,  164!},  was  a  very 
zealous  promoter  of  the  revolution 
which  finally  placed  the  present  family 
on  tlie  English  throne.  As  a  writer,  he 
is  distiniruished  by  his  "  History  of  the 
Reformation,"  i)ublished  between  1079 
and  Ifi"!  and  for  which  he  had  the 
thanks  of  both  houses  of  parliament. 
In  1699  he  published  his  "  Exposition 


of  the  39  Articles  of  the  Church  of  En- 
gland ;"  and  after  his  death,  which  hap- 
pened March,  1714-15,  his  "History  of 
his  Own  Times,  with  his  Life  annexed," 
was  published  by  his  son,  Thomas  Bur- 
net, afterwards  &ir  Thomas. — William, 
eldest  son  of  the  foregoing,  was  suc- 
cessively governor  of  the  colonies  of 
New  York,  New  Jersey,  Massachusetts, 
and  New  Hampshire.  He  landed  at 
Boston.  July,  1728,  and  was  immediate- 
ly involved  in  provincial  disputes.  Ho 
was  a  man  of  learning,  and  published 
several  works  on  theological  and  scien- 
tific subjects.  B.  1688  Td.  1729.— Eliz- 
BETH,  third  wife  of  Bishop  Burnet,  was 
the  daughter  of  Sir  Richard  Blake, 
knight.  At  the  age  of  18  she  married 
Robert  Berkeley,  esq.,  with  whom 
she  went  to  reside  in  Holland  till  the 
revolution,  and  after  being  a  widow 
seven  years,  she,  in  1700,  married  the 
bishop'  of  Salisbury.  The  fortune 
which  she  possessed  was  employed  to 
the  most  benevolent  purposes,  and  the 
goodness  of  her  heart  was  displayed  in 
iier  maternal  attention  to  the  children 
of  her  last  husband.  She  published  a 
method  of  devotion,  a  book  of  merit, 
v/hich  showed  her  great  knowledge 
of  religion,  and  which  was  again  re- 
printed four  years  after  her  death.  B. 
1601 ;  d.  1709. — Thomas,  a  philosopher 
and  divine,  b.  at  Croft,  in  Yorkshire, 
about  1635,  was  educated  at  Cambridge, 
was  appointed  master  of  the  Charter- 
house, m  16S5,  and  became  chaplain  and 
clerk  of  the  closet  to  King  William.  As 
master  of  the  Charter-iiouse,  he  distin- 
guished himself  by  boldly  resisting  the 
attempts  of  James  H.  to  make  a  Roman 
Catholic  a  pensioner  of  the  establish- 
ment. As  a  literary  character,  he  ac- 
quired reputation  by  various  works  of 
merit,  but  particularly  by  his  "  Telluris 
Sacra  Theorie,"  which  ho  subsequently 
translated  into  English,  with  the  title  of 
the  "  Sacred  Theory  of  the  Earth,"  and 
which,  though  its  philosophy  is  radically 
defective,  will  always  bo  admired,  for 
the  sublimity  of  its  imagery  and  the  elo- 
quence of  its  stvlc.     1).  1715. 

BURNETT,  .James,  Lord  Monboddo, 
a  distinguished  Scotch  judge;  author 
of  a  "  Dissertation  on  the  Origin  of  Lan- 
guage," &c.  Though  both  learned  and 
acute,  he  exposed  himself  to  much  and 
merited  ridicule  by  asserting  the  exist- 
ence of  mermaids*  and  satyrs,  and  by 
other  ridiculous  theories,  particul.arly 
his  whimsical  speculations  relative  to  a 
supposed  affinity  between  the  human 
race  and    ne  monkev  tribe,     B,  1714; 


BUR 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    niOGRAPlIY. 


229 


d.  1779. — George,  a  modem  English  au- 
thor of  some  talent  nnd  more  industry. 
He  wrote  "  Letters  on  the  State  of  I'o- 
land,"  and  the  "  Introduction  to  Mavor's 
Universal  History;"  he  also  edited  vari- 
ous publications,  but  d.  in  penury,  1811. 
— Gilbert  Tiiomxs,  a  lineal  descendant 
of  the  celebrated  Bishop  Burnet,  having 
received  a  classical  and  scientific  educa- 
tion, studied  with  success  under  medi- 
cal and  anatomical  professors  ;  and  ulti- 
nuitely  became  the  professor  of  medical 
botany  at  King's  college,  London.  He 
had  for  some  time  prcviou>ly  lectured 
upon  his  favorite  study  at  the  Hunterian 
theatre  in  AVindmill-streel,  and  to  which 
he  owed  his  appointment  to  tlie  honor- 
ary professorship  to  the  Mcdico-lJotani- 
cal  boeiety,  before  his  election  to  the 
chair  at  King's  college.  B.  1800;  d. 
183.^. 

BURNEY,  Charles,  a  doctor  of  music 
and  literary  character  of  some  note,  was 
b.  at  Shrewsbury,  in  1726,  and  studied 
music  under  Dr.  Arne.  In  1749  he  pro- 
duced at  Drury-lane,  the  musical  pieces 
of ''Alfred,"  ''Kobin  Hood,"  and  "Queen 
Mab."  Ho  then  settled  at  Lynn,  where 
he  resided  nine  years,  during  which 
period  he  was  employed  on  his  "  Gener- 
al History  of  Music,"  tlie  first  volume  of 
which  however  he  did  not  give  to  the 
press  till  1770.  In  1760  he  returned  to 
the  capital,  and  in  1766  brought  out,  at 
Drury-lane,  an  English  version  of  the 
"  Devin  du  Village."  In  1770  and  1772  he 
travelled  through  France  and  Italy,  and 
Germany  and  tlie  Netlierlands  ;  of  which 
tours  he  published  interesting  narra- 
tives. He  became  a  member  of  the 
Royal  Society  after  his  second  return, 
and  contributed  to  their  transactions  an 
account  of  young  Crotch.  Besides  the 
productions  already  mentioned,  and 
many  musical  compositions,  he  pro- 
duced several  works,  one  of  the  cliicf 
of  which  is  a  "Life  of  Metastasio,"  in 
three  volumes.  D.  1S14.  —  Ch.\rles, 
second  son  of  the  preceding,  was  b.  at 
Lynn,  in  17.57,  and  educated  at  the  Char- 
ter-house, Caius  college,  Cambridge,  and 
Aberdeen.  After  having  been  an  assist- 
ant to  an  academy  at  Hi^hgato,  and 
afterwards  to  Dr.  Rose,  of  Chiswick, 
whose  daughter  he  married,  he  estab- 
lished a  school  at  Hammersmith,  which 
at  a  subsequent  period  he  removed  to 
Greenwich.  He  obtained  the  livinjrs  of 
Deptford  and  of  Clitl'e,  and  a  prebend 
at  Lincoln,  and  was  appointed  one  of 
the  king's  chaplains.  Dr.  Burney  was 
one  of  the  most  consummate  Greek 
scholars  in  Europe.      His  classical  ac- 


quirements -were  first  displavfid  in  his 
criticisms  in  the  "MonthlyReview."  He 
published  an  "Appendix  to  Scapula;" 
an  edition  of  the  "Choral  Odes  of  vEs- 
chylus  ;"  and  other  erudite  works.  His 
valuable  library  was  purchased  for  the 
British  Museum.  D.  1817. — James,  a 
son  of  the  historian  of  music,  b.  1739, 
accompanicr!  Captain  Cook  in  two  of  his 
voyages ;  was  much  beloved  by  John- 
son ;  became  a  rear-admiral,  and  dis- 
played a  respectable  portion  of  the  liter- 
ary talent  of  his  family,  in  a  "History 
of  Voyages  of  Discovery,"  5  vols.  4to; 
an  "Account  of  the  llussian  Eastern 
Voyages ;"  and  some  philosophical 
tracts.  D.  of  apoplexy,  1820. — William, 
master  of  the  royal  academy,  Gosport; 
a  school  where  many  distinguished  naval 
and  military  ofncers  have  been  educated. 
He  was  the  author  of  "  Lives  of  the  Na- 
val Heroes  of  Great  Britain,"  &c.  E. 
1762;  d.  1832. 

BURR,  Aat!ox,  president  of  tlie  col- 
lege of  New  Jersey ;  eminent  as  an  able 
and  learned  divine,  and  an  accomplished 
scholar ;  in  1748  was  unanimously  elected 
president  of  the  collesre  which  he  was 
instrumental  in  founding,  as  successor 
to  Mr.  Dickinson.  The  college  was  re- 
moved about  this  time  from  Elizabeth- 
town  to  Newark,  and  in  1757,  a  short 
time  before  the  death  of  Mr.  Bujt,  to 
Princeton.  In  1754  he  accompanied  Mr. 
Whitefield  to  Boston,  having  a  high 
esteem  for  the  character  of  that  eloquent 
itinerant  preaclur.  Mr.  Bun-  published 
a  treatise  entitled  "The  Supreme  Deity 
of  our  Lord  Jesus  Christ,"  maintained 
in  a  letter  to  the  dedicator  of  Mr.  Em- 
lyn's  inquiry :  reprinted  at  Boston  in 
1791.  He  published  also  a  "Fast  Ser- 
mon" on  account  of  the  encroachments 
of  the  French,  January  1,  1758;  "The 
Watchman's  Answer  to  the  Question, 
What  of  the  Night '''  a  sermon.  1756  ; 
a  funeral  sermon  on  Governor  Belcher, 
1757.  B.  1714;  d.  1757. — .Toseph,  a, 
philanthropist,  of  Manchester,  Vermont, 
who  gave  in  his  will  over  $90,000  to 
public  institutions.  D.  1S28. — Aarox, 
third  vii'e-presidentofthe  United  States. 
B.  at  Newark,  New  Jersey,  February  6, 
1756,  was  the  son  of  the  Rev.  Aaron 
Burr.  His  mother  was  the  dauffhter  of 
the  celebrated  Rev.  Jonathan  Edwards. 
He  was  graduated  at  the  college  in  Penn- 
sylvania. 1772,  at  the  age  of  16  ;  in  1775, 
in  his  2iHh  year,  he  joined  the  .\merican 
army,  under  Washinrrton,  at  Cambridge; 
accompanied  General  Arnold  as  a  pri- 
vate soldier  in  his  expedition  against 
Quebec  ;  after  his  arrival  there,  ho  acted 


230 


CVCL0P.!:D1A    of    mOGRAPHY. 


[buu 


OS  au  aid-de-camp  to  General  Mont- 
gomery; and  on  his  return,  in  1776, 
Geueriil  Washington  invited  liimto  join 
hisliimily  at  liead-quartcrs.  Some  cir- 
cnmstuuce  soon  tooK  place,  which  has 
not  been  fully  explained,  by  which  Burr 
lost  the  conlidence  of  Washington  ;  and 
the  hostility  of  the  former  to  the  latter 
from  that  time  was  uiKiisguiscd.  In 
1777  Burr  was  appointed  lieutenant- 
colonel,  and  distinguished  himself  as 
an  able  and  brave  officer;  but  in  March, 
177'.',  he  was,  on  account  of  the  state  of 
Ills  health,  compelled  to  resign  his  otiiee, 
and  retire  from  military  life.  He  tlicu 
devoted  himself  to  the  study  of  law; 
commenced  practice  at  Albany,  in  17S2, 
hut  soon  removed  to  the  city  of  New 
York ;  he  became  distinguished  in  liis 
prot'essiou ;  was  appointed  attorney- 
general  of  the  state  of  New  York  in 
17Sy  ;  from  1791  to  17'J7  he  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  United  States  senate,  and 
bore  a  conspicuous  part  as  a  leader  of 
the  republican  party.  At  the  election 
of  president  of  the  United  States  for  tlic 
fourth  presidential  term,  Thomas  JeH'er- 
son  and  Aaron  Burr  had  each  73  votes, 
and  the  choice  was  decided  by  congress, 
on  the  36th  ballot,  in  favor  of  Jetferson 
for  president,  and  Burr  for  vice-presi- 
dent. On  the  12tli  of  July,  lSu4,  Colonel 
Burr  gave  Alexander  Hamilton,  long  his 
professional  rival  and  political  opponent, 
a  mortal  wound  in  a  duel.  He  soon  after 
conceived  the  project  of  invading  Mexi- 
co ;  for  which  he  was  at  length  appre- 
hended and  brought  to  Kichmond,  in 
August,  1807,  on  a  charge  of  treason, 
and,  after  a  long  trial,  acquitted.  He 
afierwards  returned  to  the  city  of  New 
York,  practised  law  to  some  extent,  but 
passed  the  remainder  of  his  life  in  com- 
parative obscurity  and  neglect.  D.  at 
Staten  Island,  New  York,  September 
14th,  1836. 

BUliNS,  KoBERT,  the  greatest  of  Scot- 
tish poets,  was  tlie  son  of  Wm.  Burns, 
a  gardener  and  small  farmer,  near  the 
town  of  Ayr,  and  was  b.  January  25tli, 
IjVj^  He  was  brought  up  to  rustic 
iTEor ;  but  his  education  was  not  neg- 
lected, as  lie  received,  at  an  early  age, 
instructions  in  English  grammar,  by  a 
Mr.  Murdock,  to  wliicli  he  added  an  ac- 
quaintance with  the  French  language 
and  practical  mathematics.  Smitten 
with  a  passion  for  reading,  lie  devoted 
cver\-  moment  he  could  spare  to  the 
perusal  of  such  Vjooks  as  fell  in  his  way, 
and,  among  tiiem,  meeting  with  the 
works  of  some  of  the  best  English 
pools,  he  was  enabled  to  cultivate  and 


improve  a  taste  for  poetry  and  romantic 
fiction;  which  was,  perhaps,  first  in- 
spired by  the  chimney-corner  tales  of 
an  old  woman  in  his  father's  iamily, 
whose  memory  was  plentifully  stored 
with  adventures  of  fairies,  witches,  war 
locks,  ghosts,  and  goblins,  which  she 
religiously  believed,  and  therefore  do- 
tailed  with  the  most  impressive  clfect  to 
her  admiring  auditors.  Burns's  first 
poetical  etfusions  were  prompted  by 
love,  a  passion  of  which  he  was  pecu- 
liarly susceptible.  Having  begun,  he 
continued  to  make  verses,  which  at- 
tracted the  notice  of  his  neighbors,  and 
gained  him  considerable  reputation.  lu 
1781  he  engaged  in  business  as  a  flax- 
dresser,  in  the  town  of  Irvine  ;  but  his 
premises  were  destroyed  by  fire,  and  he 
was  obliged  to  relinquish  the  underta- 
king. His  father  dying,  he  took  a  small 
farm  in  conjunction  with  a  younger 
brother;  and  tliis  scheme  also  proved 
unsuccessful.  In  the  mean  lime,  he 
had  formed  a  connection  with  a  young 
woman,  whom,  on  her  becoming  pre»'- 
nant,  he  would  have  married  ;  but  his 
ruined  circumstances  induced  her  friends 
to  object  to  it.  Thus  unsuccessful  at 
home,  he  engaged  himself  as  assistant 
overseer  to  a  plantation  in  Jamaica.  To 
obtain  the  funds  necessary  for  the  voy- 
age, he  was  induced  to  publish,  by  sub- 
scription, a  volume  of  his  poetical  ett'u- 
sions.  It  was  accordingly  printed  at 
Kilmarnock  in  1786,  and  Burns,  having 
derived  from  the  publication  the  assist- 
ance he  expected,  was  about  to  set  sail 
from  his  native  land,  when  his  purpose 
was  prevented  bv  the  communication 
of  a  letter  from  ^Doctor  Blacklock  to  a 
tViend  of  the  Ayrshire  poet,  recom- 
mending that  he  should  xisit  Edin- 
burgh, in  order  to  take  advantage  of  tlio 
general  admiration  his  poems  had  ex- 
cited, and  ])ublish  a  new  edition  of 
them.  This  advice  was  eagerly  adopted, 
and  the  result  exceeded  his  most  san- 
guine expectations.  After  remaining 
more  than  a  year  in  tlie  Scottish  me- 
tropolis, admired,  flattered,  and  caressed 
by  persons  of  eminence  for  their  rank, 
fortune,  or  talents,  he  retired  to  the 
country  with  tlie  sum  of  £.500,  which 
he  had  realized  by  the  second  publica- 
tion of  his  poems.  A  part  of  this  sum 
he  advanced  to  his  brother,  and  with 
the  remainder,  took  a  considerable  form 
near  Dumfries,  and  at  the  same  time 
procured  the  otlice  of  an  exciseman, 
lie  now  also  completed  his  matrimonial 
engagement  with  Miss  Armour,  the 
young  woman  to  whom  he  had  beea 


11 U  It  J 


CYChOP-EUIA    OF    BIOCIUAl'llV. 


^31 


contracted.  His  convivial  habits  ere 
long  prevented  him  tVoni  paying  a  pro- 
pur  attention  to  ins  farm  ;  ami,  after  a 
trial  of  tiiree  years  and  a  half,  he  found 
liimself  obliged  to  rc-^ign  Iii.-<  lease,  and 
remove  to  the  town  of  Dumfries,  to  fol- 
low his  employment  as  an  exciseman. 
He  continued  to  exercise  his  pen,  par- 
ticularly in  the  comjiosition  of  a  nund:ier 
of  beautiful  songs,  adapted  to  old  Scot- 
tish tunes,  Ihr  a  j)eriodical  work  pub- 
lished at  Edinburgh.  But  his  residence 
in  l)unifrics  was  by  no  means  favorable 
to  his  habits.  His  society  was  courted 
by  the  idle,  the  gay,  and  the  dissipated, 
wlio  were  delighted  with  his  conversa- 
tion, or  charmeif  with  his  brilliant  wit ; 
and,  perhaps,  many  who  had  little  sym- 
pathy with  the  powers  of  his  genius 
were  eager  to  solicit  his  acquaintance 
and  society,  that  they  might  be  able  to 
boast  of  an  intimacy  with  so  extraordi- 
nary a  man.  In  the  winter  of  17t»5,  his 
constitution,  broken  by  cares,  irregular- 
ities, and  passions,  fell  into  premature 
decline.  The  sunnner  returned,  but 
only  to  sliine  on  his  sickness  and  his 
grave.  In  July,  17'.i6,  a  rheumatic  fever 
terminated  his  lite  and  sufferings  at  the 
early  age  of  ;57.  lie  left  a  wife  and  four 
children,  for  whose  support  his  friends 
and  admirers  raised  a  subscription  ;  and 
•with  the  same  object,  an  edition  of  his 
works,  in  four  volumes  8vo.,  was  pub- 
lished by  Dr.  Currie,  of  Liverpool.  In 
his  person.  Burns  was  about  five  feet 
ten  inches  high,  of  a  form  that  indicated 
strength  as  well  as  agility;  his  forehead 
wiis  linely  raised ;  his  eyes  were  dark, 
large,  fidl  of  ardor  and  intelligence.  Ilis 
character,  though  marred  by  impru- 
dence, was  never  contaminated  by  du- 
plicity or  meanness.  He  was  an  honest, 
proud,  warm-hearted  man ;  combining 
sound  understanding  with  high  pas- 
sions and  a  vigorous  and  excursive  ima- 
gination. He  was  alive  to  every  species 
of  emotion ;  and  he  is  one  of  the  few 
poets  who  have  at  once  excelled  in  hn- 
nior,  in  tenderness,  and  in  sublimity. 
His  songs,  his  talcs,  and  his  poetical 
epistles  display  pathos,  wit,  a  vigor  of 
sentiment,  and  a  purity  and  elegance  of 
style,  while  his  prose  is  almost  equal  to 
his  poetry. 

BUKKILL,  James,  a  distinguished 
lawyer  and  statesman  of  Rliode  Island, 
b.  at  Pro»idence,  1772,  was,  in  17'J7,  ap- 
pointed attorney-general  of  the  state, 
and  continued  to  discliarge  the  duties 
of  this  ofhce  for  more  than  sixteen 
vcars.  In  1813  he  was  elected  to  a  seat 
in  the  state  legislature,  and  in  the  fol- 


lowing year  was  chosen  speoKer  of  the 
house  of  representatives.  In  I'^IG  he 
was  appointed  chief  justice  of  the  su- 
preme court,  and  in  the  next  year  was 
elected  to  a  seat  in  the  senate  of  tho 
Lnited  States.  Of  this  body  he  con- 
tinued a  member  till  his  death  in  18:^0. 
Judge  Burnll  was  eminent  as  a  scholar 
in  general  literature ;  and  his  moral 
character  was  free  from  reproach  or 
suspicion.  His  moral  and  social  virtues, 
united  with  intellectual  attainments  of 
so  high  an  order,  gave  him  an  inlluenco 
in  the  circle  of  his  acquaintance  seldom 
surpassed. 

BUKKOUGHS,  George;  the  name  of 
this  man  ought  to  be  preserved  from 
oblivion,  as  a  memento  of  the  excesses 
to  which  mankind  may  be  driven,  when 
under  the  intiuence  of  any  powerful  de- 
lusion. He  was  graduated  at  Harvard 
college  in  1(570,  and  was  a  settled  min- 
ister in  Falmouth,  Maine,  now  Portland, 
and  afterwards  in  Salem  or  Danvers. 
In  17U2  he  was  prosecuted  for  witch- 
craft. The  evidence,  on  which  he  was 
convicted,  could  not  have  been  admitted 
in  any  court,  whose  members  were  not 
deeply  infected  with  the  prevailing 
mania.  The  witnesses  were  allowed  to 
tell,  that  two  of  his  wives  had  appeared 
to  them,  and  accused  him  of  being  the 
cause  of  their  death ;  and  threatening 
if  he  denied  it,  tliey  would  appear  to 
them  in  court.  This,  they  pretended, 
actually  happened,  and  that  they  had 
been  thrown  into  a  paroxysm  of  fear 
from  the  horrid  apparition. 

BURKOW,  Sir  James,  an  eminent 
English  lawyer,  author  of  four  volumes 
of  "Reports,"  an  "Essay  on  Punctu- 
ation," &c.  D.  1782. — Reube>-,  an  able 
mathematician,  author  of  a  tract  "  On 
Projectiles,"  a  "Restitution  of  Apollo- 
nius  on  Inclinations,"  Arc.     D.  17yl. 

BURROWS,  WiLLLVM,  an  officer  in 
the  American  navy.  In  171*9  he  re- 
ceived a  midshipman's  warrant,  and 
served  on  board  ditierent  ships.  In 
1803  he  was  under  Preble  in  the  Tripol- 
itan  war.  In  the  war  of  1812  he  was 
appointed  to  the  command  of  the  sloop 
of  war  Enterprise  ;  he  sailed  from  Ports- 
mouth, and  on  Sunday,  Sept.  5,  1813, 
fell  in  with  his  Britannic  majesty's  brig 
Boxer,  otf  Portland,  between  Seguir  anil 
Cape  Elizabeth.  After  an  action  of  45 
minutes,  the  Boxer  was  captured,  tho 
commander,  Blytli,  being  killed  by  a 
cannon-ball.  At  the  tlrst  tiie.  Lieut. 
Burrows  was  wounded,  but  refused  to 
be  carried  below.  AVluu  the  sword  of 
his  enemy  was  presented  to  him,  he 


232 


CVCLOP,EDI.V    OF    ClOGllAPHY, 


[but 


exelnimed,  claspiaj!^  his  hands,  "I  am 
satisliiHl :  I  die  couteuted." 

BUKTON,  Edwaiu),  resrius  professor 
of  divinity  in  the  university  of  Oxford, 
aud  rector  of  Eweltue,  was  b.  ITO-i ;  edu- 
Ciited  at  Westudiister,  and  inatricnhited 
at  Christ-ehurch,  Oxford.  His  talents, 
close  application,  and  exemplary  con- 
duct did  not  puss  unnoticed ;  and  he 
rose  from  one  honorable  station  to  an- 
other, liis  various  pamphlets,  and  the 
works  lie  edited,  prove  that  he  was  able 
aud  industrious.  D.  18;i6. — John,  an 
Knjrlish  divine  and  critic,  author  of 
various  theological  treatises,  poetry  in 
Greek,  Latin,  and  Enirlish,  and  other 
productions.  i).  ;'7i.  —  Hobert,  an 
En;,disli  divine,  author  of  that  sin- 
gular work,  "  The  Anatomy  of  Mel- 
ancholy;" whicli  Archbishop  Ilerrinj; 
describes  as  "the  pleasantest,  the  most 
learned,  and  the  most  full  of  sterling 
sense."  The  archbishop  adds,  that  the 
wits  of  the  reigns  of  Anne  and  the  first 
George  were  deeply  indebted  to  Burton; 
aud  we  may  venture  to  say,  that  the 
'•  wits"  of  the  succeeding  reigns  have 
been  no  less  so.     B.  1576  ;  d.  1640. 

BL'SBY,  Rich  Ann,  the  venerable  mas- 
ter of  Westminster  school — celebrated 
for  Ins  abilities  as  a  classical  teacher  and 
as  an  unflinching  disciplinarian — was  b. 
in  16IJ6.  He  held  the  situation  of  head 
master  from  1640  to  the  time  of  his  de- 
cease, in  1695. 

BUSCHE,  Herman  von  der,  a  learned 
German,  friend  and  fellow-laborer  of 
Lutlier,  author  of  Scholia  on  ancient 
writers,  Latin  poems,  &e.,  <fec.  1>. 
1534. 

BUSCHETTO  DA  DULICHIO,  a 
Greek  architect  of  the  11th  century. 
He  erected  tiie  cathedral  church  of  Pisa, 
the  fin^t  specimen  of  the  Lombard  ec- 
clesiastical style  of  bnil<ling. 

BUSCHIN'U,  Antuonv  Frederic,  an 
able  and  industrious  writer,  to  whom 
the  science  of  statistics  is  greatly  in- 
debted ;  author  of  a  "Magazine  of  Mod- 
ern History  and  Geography;"  "Ele- 
ments of  Natural  History;'  "Character 
of  Frederic  II.  of  ]'nissia;"  "History 
and  Tlieorv  of  the  Belles  Lettres,"  &o. 
B.  17ti4;  d".  17'j:5. 

BUSHE,  .Sir  Charles  Kenijal,  was  one 
of  the  most  eminent  of  all  the  lawyers 
and  the  statesmen  tliat  made  tlie  courts 
and  the  parliament  of  Ireland  so  bril- 
liant towards  the  close  of  the  ISth  cen- 
tury. Though  he  had  to  contend  against 
Bueii  opponents  as  Ponsonby,  Plunkett, 
Flood,  Grattan,  (Jurran,  and  Saurin,  he 
•was  never  found  unequal  to  the  contest, 


whether  at  the  bar  or  in  the  hovise.     He 

was  raised  to  the  chief  justiceship  of 
Ireland,  and  made  a  privy  councillor  in 
18:22,  and  shone  in  that'high  office  as 
brightly  as  he  had  shone  as  advocate 
and  orator.  The  infirmities  of  a  very 
advanced  age  at  length  compelled  him 
to  retire  upon  a  pension  of  £3000  per 
annum.     D.  1843. 

BUTE,  John  Stuart,  earl  of,  a  British 
statesman,  descended  from  an  ancient 
Scotch  family,  was  b.  early  in  the.  18th 
century.  In"  1738  he  was  appointed  one 
of  the  lords  of  the  bed-chamber  to  Fred- 
eric, prince  of  Wales,  the  fiither  of 
George  III.  Soon  after  the  young  kind's 
accession,  over  whom  Bute  possessed 
unbounded  influence,  he  was  made  sec- 
retary of  state,  and  quickly  after,  first 
lord  of  the  treasury.  Under  his  minis- 
try, a  peace,  which  disappointed  the 
hopes  of  the  people,  was  concluded  with 
France  and  Spain;  and  what  added 
greatly  to  his  unpopularity,  was  the 
marked  favoritism  he  showed  for  his 
countrymen,  filling  the  most  lucrative 
offices  "in  the  state  with  Scotchmen.  Ho 
at  length  resigned  his  offices,  and  re- 
tired into  private  life,  which  he  adorned 
by  his  benevolent  disposition,  and  his 
love  of  science.  Botany  was  his  favorite 
study,  and  he  expended  vast  sums  in 
its  pursuit.     D.  1792. 

BUTLER,  Alban,  an  English  Catho- 
lic divine.  He  was  for  some  time  chap- 
lain to  the  duke  of  Norfolk,  but  at 
length  became  president  of  the  college 
of  St.  Omer's.  The  chief  of  his  works 
is  the  "  Lives  of  the  Fathers,  Martyrs, 
and  other  principal  Saints."  I).  1773. — 
Charles,  a  Roman  Catholic,  bred  to  the 
legal  profession,  and  a  most  indefatiga- 
ble and  accomplished  scholar.  He  was 
the  author  of  "  Lives  of  the  Saints," 
"Historical  Account  of  the  Laws  against 
the  Roman  Catholics,"  "Book  of  the 
Catholic  Church,"  &c.  B.  1750  ;  d.  1832. 
— Joseph,  bishop  of  Durham,  an  ex- 
tremely learned  and  able  prelate;  aii- 
tlior  of  the  well-known  and  invaluable 
work,  "The  Analogy  of  Religion,  Natu- 
ral and  Revealed,  "to  the  Course  and 
Constitution  of  Nature,"  and  an  invalu- 
able collection  of  "Sermons."  B.  1692; 
1752. — Samuel,  an  En,i,dish  poet,  whose 
princip.al  work,  "Ihulibras,  '  is  proba- 
bly, both  in  design  and  execution,  tlie 
most  strikingly  orijrinal  we  have.  Wit 
abounds  throughout  it,  and  the  odd 
double  rhymes  in  which  the  author  so 
much  deii'_ditcd,  ai'e  singularly  well 
adapted  to  add  point  to  the  ridicule  he 
chose  to  inflict.    His  other  works  are 


ctl] 


CYCLOl'^tDIA    OF    DIOGRAl'IIY. 


^33 


far  inferior  to  "  Iludibras ;"  and  of  the 
tliousand  imitations  of  tliat  work,  not 
one  has  tlic  true  Jladihranllc.  comnun- 
^lin^'  of  wit,  Imiiior,  knowledge  of  the 
world,  and  facility  of  expression.  11. 
liil'J  ;  d.  UJSO.— Samuel,  bishop  of  Lich- 
field, a  learned  and  most  exemplary  En- 
jrusn  divine.  In  17',i8  he  was  appointed 
to  the  mastership  of  Shrewsbury  school, 
and,  about  the  same,  he  was  selected  for 
the  arduous  task  of  preparins;  a  new  edi- 
tion of -Ksehylus  I'or  the  univer.-^ity  press. 
Atk'r  reccivinLr  several  minor  prefer- 
ments, he  was,  in  18;j6,  promoted  to  the 
bishopric  of  Lichfield.  Thou!,'h  a  p^- 
fect  martyr  to  ill  health,  he  was  a  vjjy 
voluminous  author.  His  "Sketch  of 
Ancient  and  Modern  Geonrraphy,"  and 
his  "  Ancient  and  Modern  Atlases,"  arc 
the  best  works  of  their  kind.  B.  1774 ; 
d.  1840. 

BUTTNER,  CniMSTOPriER  William,  a 
German  naturalist  and  philolosrist,  whoso 
zeal  in  pursuit  of  his  favorite  studies  was 
such,  tliat  in  order  to  buy  books,  he  re- 
stricted himself  to  what  was  barely  ne- 
cessary to  sustain  life,  never  making 
more  than  one  frugal  meal  a  dav.  B. 
1710;  d.  1801. 

BUXHOWDEN,  Frederic  William, 
count  of,  a  general  in  the  Russian  army, 
lie  entered  on  a  military  life  at  an  early 
age,  and  was  engaged  in  the  war  against 
tiie  Turks  in  170'.);  till,  rising  by  de- 
grees, he,  in  1704,  obtained  the  com- 
mand of  \Varsaw  and  the  administration 
of  I'oland.  In  1805  he  connnanded  the 
left  wing  of  the  army  at  the  battle  of 
Ansterlitz,  which  advanced  while  the 
centre  and  right  w'nvx  were  beaten  ;  but, 
after  the  battle  of  Pultusk,  he  was  su- 
perseded by  Bennigsen.  He  was,  how- 
ever, again  made  commander-in-chief, 
and,  in  1808,  conquered  Finland.  D. 
1811. 

BUXTON,  Jedewah,  a  singularly 
gifted  person,  whose  powers  of  calcula- 
tion, derived  solely  from  nature,  have 
proljably  never  been  equalled.  It  is  said 
that  he  was  asked  this  most  difficult 
question  —  "In  a  body  whose  three 
sides  are,  respectively,  23,14r),789  yards, 
5, 042,732  yards,  and'  54,y65  yards,  how 
many  cubical  eighths  of  an  inch  are 
there  ?"  and  that,  amid  many  distrac- 
tions, he  gave  the  exact  answer  in  little 
more  than  live  hours  !  But  it  was  only 
in  calculating  that  he  had  any  intellect- 
ual .superiority ;  in  other  respects,  his 
mind  was  rather  below  than  above  the 
average.  D.  1775. — Sir  Thomas  Fowell, 
a  distiniruished  pliilanthropist.  B.  at 
Earl's  Colne,  Essex,  in  17S0 ;  and  re- 
20 


ceived  his  academical  education  ut 
Trinity  collcfre,  Dublin.  Having,  in 
1811,  .loined  the  tinn  of  Truman,  Han- 
bury  &  Co.,  the  eminent  London  brew- 
ers," his  connection  with  the  locality  of 
Spitalfields  made  him  yjersotially  ac- 
quainted witli  the  sutferings  of  his  poor 
neighbors  ;  and  the  powerful  appeals  he 
made  in  their  favor  in  181 G  led  to  an  ex- 
tensive and  well-organized  system  tor 
their  relief.  His  success  in  this  v-harita- 
ble  undertaking,  induced  him  (in  con- 
junction with  "  his  sister-in-law,  Mrs. 
Fry,  and  his  brother-in-law,  Mr.  Hoare,) 
to  examine  into  tiie  state  of  prisons,  and 
to  publish  the  result  of  his  labors.  This 
not  only  led  to  the  formation  of  the 
Prison  Discipline  Society,  but  was  the 
basis  upon  which  many  of  the  modern 
improvements  in  .lails  are  founded.  In 
1818  he  was  returned  M.  1'.  for  Wey- 
mouth, which  borough  he  continued  to 
represent  till  1837,  when  he  was  defeat- 
ed by  Mr.  Villicrs.  During  the  time  he 
held  a  seat  in  the  house,  his  energies 
were  almost  unceasingly  directed  to 
ameliorate  the  condition  of  th.c  oppress- 
ed. He  became  the  recognized  success- 
or of  Mr.  Wilberforce,  and  he  had  tho 
supreme  satisfaction  of  seein.ff  his  efforts 
for  the  abolition  of  slavery  crowned  with 
complete  success.  To  otlier  subjects  of 
paramount  interest,  viz. :  the  reform  of 
the  criminal  code — the  civilization  of 
Africa  by  commercial,  agricultural,  and 
missionary  enterprise — the  support  of 
benevolent  institutions,  particularly  such 
as  had  for  their  objects  the  education 
and  improvement  of  the  poor,  he  ap- 
plied himself  with  persevering  assidu- 
ity.    D.  1845. 

BUXTORF,  John,  a  Calvinist  divine, 
professor  of  Chaldee  and  Hebrew  at 
Basle;  author  of  "Thesaurus  Lingua? 
Hebraicae,"  "Institutio  Epistolaris  He- 
braica,"  &c.  B.  1504;  d.  1629.— John, 
son  of  the  preceding,  and  his  successor 
in  the  professorship  at  Basle;  author  of 
a  "Chaldaic  and  Syriac  Lexicon,"  «frc., 
besides  other  classical  and  theological 
works.  It  is  recorded  of  him,  that,  at 
the  early  age  of  lour  years,  he  was  ablo 
to  read  Hebrew  and  Latin. — Two  others 
of  the  same  name,  his  son  and  nephew, 
were  also  noted  lor  their  skill  in  tho 
Hebrew  tongue. 

BYLES,  Mather,  D.D.,  minister  of 
Boston.  He  graduated  at  Harvard  col- 
lesre  in  1725,  and  was  ordained  the  first 
piistor  of  the  church  in  Ilollis-street, 
1733.  It  was  not  long  before  he  attained 
considerable  eminence  in  his  profession, 
and  he  became  known  by  his  publication 


234 


CVCLOP.EDI.V    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[byr 


of  several  pieces  in  prose  and  verse.  He 
continued  to  live  happily  with  his  parish 
until  the  revolution  besan.  FallintC  un- 
der the  imputation  of  being  a  tory,  he 
was  in  1776  separated  from  his  people, 
by  the  jealousy  and  violence  of  the  times, 
and  he  was  never  afterwards  reunited 
to  them.  In  M:iy,  1777,  he  was  de- 
nounced in  town  meeting  as  a  person 
inimical  to  America,  and  lie  was  obliged 
to  enter  into  bonds  for  his  appearance 
at  court  the  June  following.  He  was 
pronounced  guilty,  and  sentenced  to 
eontinement  on  board  a  guard  ship,  and 
in  forty  days  to  be  sent  with  his  family 
to  Eaghmd.  The  sentence  was  after- 
wards altered  to  eontinement  in  his  own 
house,  with  a  guard  placed  over  him. 
This  was  accordingly  done  for  a  few 
weeks,  and  then  the  guard  was  removed. 
A  sliort  time  afterwards  a  guard  was 
again  placed  over  him,  and  again  dis- 
missed. Upon  this  occasion  he  observed, 
in  his  own  manner,  that  he  was  sruarded, 
reguarded,  and  disreguarded.  lie  pub- 
lislied  a  number  of  essays  in  the  "New 
EuLTland  Weekly  Jouriial,"  which  are 
marked  by  one  of  tlie  letters  composing 
the  worcLCeloiza;  a  poem  on  the  death 
of  George  I.,  and  the  accession  of  George 
II.,  1727  ;  a  poetical  epistle  to  Governor 
Belcher,  on  the  death  of  his  lady,  173ij. 
A  number  of  his  miscellaneous  poems 
were  collected  and  printed  in  a  volume 
in  1744.  He  also  published  numerous 
sermons.     D.  178S. 

BYNG,  John,  fourth  son  of  Viscount 
Torrington,  was,  like  his  father,  an  ad- 
miral. After  having  frequently  and 
liighly  distinguished  himself,  he  was 
tried  "by  court-martial  for  alleged  cow- 
ardice. "  He  was  disi^atehed  to  the  relief 
of  Minorca,  at  that  time  blockaded  by  a 
French  fleet;  and  his  hesitation  to  en- 
gaire  an  enemy  of  superior  strength  ex- 
cited the  clamor  of  the  nation  against 
him.  AVlien  the  news  arrived  in  En- 
gland, tlie  ministrj',  wishing  to  avert 
the  public  odium  from  their  unsuecess- 
fal  ineasurcs,  took  advantage  of  the  ad- 
miral's unriopularity:  and  though  the 
court  by  which  the  "ill-fated  commander 
wa.s  tried,  recommended  him  to  mercy, 
they  sutfercd  the  unjust  sentence  to  be 
carried  into  execution.  lie  was  shot  at 
Portsmouth.  March  14, 1757,  meeting  his 
death  with  the  firmness  of  a  hero  and 
the  resignation  of  a  Christian. 

BYRNE,  William,  an  eminent  En- 
glish engraver.  His  works  are  very 
numerous,  and  remarkable  for  the  ex- 
cellence of  their  aerial  perspective.  D. 
1805. 


BYROM,  JoHx,  an  ingenious  prose 
waiter  and  poet,  and  the  inventor  of  a 
system  of  stenography.  He  was  also  a 
contributor  to  tlie  tepectator,  under  the 
signature  of  "  John  Shadow."  B.  1691 ; 
d.  1763. 

BY'IION,  JoHX,  an  eminent  naval  com- 
mander and  circumnavigator,  whose  suf- 
ferings, when  wrecked  in  the  W^ager, 
are  graphically  described  in  his  "  Narra- 
tive!'' He  rose  to  the  rank  of  admiral, 
and  commanded  in  the  'West  Indies 
during  the  American  war.  B.  1723;  d. 
176S. — George  GoPwDox,  Lord,  grand- 
f  the  preceding,  b.  January  •22d, 
was  the  sixth  son  in  descent  from 


SOUvO 

hlr'ar 


liB  ancestor.  Sir  John  Byron,  who  re- 
ceived the  estate  of  Newstead  as  a  grant 
from  King  Henry  VIII.  The  conduct 
of  his  father,  Capt.  Byron,  wlio  had  de- 
serted his  wife  and  sipiandered  her  for- 
tune, made  hint  an  exile  from  England  ; 
and  he  d.  in  17'Jl,  leaving  his  widow 
and  son  almost  destitute.  Mrs.  Byron 
having  previous  to  this  event  retired  to 
her  native  city  of  Aberdeen,  in  order  to 
live  within  the  limits  of  her  scanty  in- 
come, placed  her  son  early  in  the  gram- 
mar school  of  that  city ;  but  when,  in 
17y8,  by  the  death  of  his  great-uncle, 
without  issue,  he  became  possessed  of 
the  family  title  and  estates,  he  was  placed 
under  the  guardianship  of  Lord  Carlisle, 
who  sent  him  to  Harrow.  His  love  of 
liberty  and  independence  were  promi- 
nent traits  in  his  disposition,  and  they 
were  seconded  by  a  fixed  aversion  to 
control.  In  1804  lie  went  to  Cambridge, 
and  there  became  chiefly  remarkable  tor 
his  eccentric  habits,  and  his  defiance  of 
the  rules  of  discipline.  On  quitting 
Cambridge  he  took  up  his  residence  at 
Newstead  abbey,  and  soon  after  pub- 
lished his  "  Hours  of  Idleness."  Al- 
though marked  by  some  features  of 
juvenility,  this  production  gave  un- 
doubted indications  of  poetic  genius ; 
but  it  met  with  most  severe  and  un- 
merited censure  from  the  "Edinburgh 
Review."  The  ridicule  thus  cast  by  the 
critic  on  the  poet  was  not  suffered  to 
rest  there  ;  he  exerted  his  powers,  and 
amply  revenged  himself  in  the  cele- 
brated satire  of  "English  Bards  and 
Scotch  Reviewers."  About  that  period 
he  experieiicerl  a  great  disappointment 
in  seeing  Miss  Chaworlh,  who  had  been 
the  early  oliject  of  his  love,  married  to 
another.  His  course  of  life  was  now 
marked  by  extravagance  and  dissipa- 
tion, impairing  both  his  health  and  for- 
tune; and  it  was  probably  to  extricate 
himself  from  the  snares  bv  which  lie 


cab] 


■was  stirrounded,  that  he  resolved  on  an 
excursion  to  the  Continent.  lie  was  ac- 
companied by  liis  friend  ;ind  ll'llow-col- 
Icf^iun,  JolmCuin  llobliouse,  e.sq. ;  and 
after  u  stay  of  two  years  he  i-clnrned, 
and  gave  to  the  world  the  first  two  can- 
tos of  "Childe  Harold's  riljrriniaffe." 
Tliis  was  qiiiclcly  succeeded  Ijy  "The 
Giaour,"  "The  Bride  of  Abydos," 
'•Lara,''  "The  Corsair,"  &c.;  and  the 
noble  bard  became  the  poetical  idol  of 
the  day.  In  January,  1815,  he  married 
Anna  Isabella,  only  dauirhter  of  Sir 
llalpli  Milbanke  Noel ;  but  tlic  union 
■was  not  productive  of  hap])iness,  and 
they  separated  soon  after  t!ie  birth  of  a 
dauirhter  This  rupture  jravc  rise  to 
many  rumors  redounding  lilile  to  Lord 
lJyroi:'n  credit,  and  he  ai^'ain  went  to 
the  Continent,  with  a  determination  not 
to  return  to  his  native  country.  He 
often  chancred  his  residence;  and  du- 
ring his  various  travels,  while  he  visited 
the  most  celebrated  parts  of  the  south 
of  Europe,  his  admirers  in  England 
were  indulged  with  the  productions  of 
his  powerful  and  versatile  genius.  In 
1823  the  State  of  the  (ireeks  awoke  his 
noble  feeling  of  independence;  and, 
with    disinterested    generosity    he    re- 


CYCLOP.tUIA    OF    mOGKAPHY. 


235 


solved  to  devote  his  fortune,  his  pen, 
and  his  sword  to  their  cause.  His  en- 
ergies, however,  were  no  soi^ncr  called 
into  action,  than  he  was  assailed  by  dis- 
ease; and  he  expired,  of  a  fever,  at  Mis- 
solonghi,  on  the  10th  of  April,  1824,  in 
the  37th  year  of  his  age,  to  the  inex- 
pressible sorrow  of  the  Greeks,  by  whom 
lie  was  venerated  for  liis  personal  exer- 
tions and  liberal  pecuniary  aid.  ^Vith 
faculties  superior  to  those  of  most  other 
nien,  he  was  capricious  and  unfixed;  and 
with  a  poetic  taste  that  approached  the 
sublime  was  sometitncs  mixed  a  reckless 
prolligacy.  In  prt)poniiiii,  therefore,  as 
we  admire  the  coimnandiiig  talents  and 
poetic  eloquence  of  Byron,  so  are  we 
compelled  to  deprecate  the  selfish  pur- 
poses to  which  they  were  too  often  made 
subservient. 

BYTHNER,  Victokixus,  was  a  native 
of  Poland,  but  educated  in  England, 
where  he  finally  established  himself  as 
a  physician  ;  author  of  "  L_>fa  x-ropheti- 
ca  Davidis  Kegis,"  &e.     D".  1664. 

BZOVIUS,  or  BZOVSKI,  Abraham,  a 
learned  Pole;  prol'cssor  of  theology  and 
philosophy.  He  wrote  the  "Lives  of 
the  Popes,"  "Annals  of  the  Church," 
&c.    B.  1567;  d.  1637. 


c. 


CAAB,  or  CAB,  Ben  ZoHAra,  an  Ara- 
bian Jew,  rabbi,  and  poet.  lie  satirized 
Mahomet  so  severely,  that  "  the  Proph- 
et" made  war  on  the  Arabian  Jews  tor 
the  purpose  of  getting  the  poet  into  his 
power ;  but  when  Mahomet's  success 
was  no  longer  doubtt'ul,  Caab  became 
his  zealous  panegyrist,  abandoned  Ju- 
daism lor  Mahomctanism,  and  was 
greatly  in  Mahomet's  favor.  He  is  said 
to  have  assisted  in  the  composition  of 
the  Koran.     D.  62-2. 

CABANIS,  Peter  Jonx  George,  a 
French  physician  of  considerable  emi- 
nence. Becoming  intimate  with  Mira- 
beau,  he  was  made  a  member  of  the 
council  of  Five  Hundred ;  and  under 
the  government  of  Napoleon  he  was  one 
of  the  senators.  His  writings  are  chiefly 
medical;  but  in  addition  to  these  he 
published  an  interesting  account  of  the 
last  illness  and  death  of  Mirabeau.  B. 
1757  ;  d.  1S07. 

CABAKKL'S,  Francois,  Count,  a 
Frenchman,  who  having  settled  in 
Spain  ill  a  commercial  character,  ren- 
dered that  country  considerable  service 


in  establishing  a  p>aper  currency,  when 
cut  off  from  her  resources  in  America. 
He  was  afterwards  the  Spanish  minister 
of  finance;  to  which  oifiee  he  was  ap- 
pointed by  Joseph  Bonaparte.  B.  1752 ; 
d.  1^10. 

CABESTAN,  or  CABESTAING, 
William  ue,  a  Provencal  poet  of  the 
13th  century,  celebrated  alike  tor  his 
talents  and  misfortunes.  Having  ex- 
cited the  jealousy  of  Kayinond  de  Seil- 
lans,  he  was  put  to  death  ;  and  his  heart 
was  dressed  and  served  up  to  the  lady, 
who,  on  learning  the  horrible  nature  of 
her  rcjiast,  died  of  grief. 

CABOT,  Sebastian,  an  English  navi- 
gator of  great  eminence,  was  the  son  of 
a  skilful  Venetian  pilot,  who  resided  at 
Bristol.  He  made  several  voyages  with 
his  father,  ^who  had  obtained  from  Henry 
VIII.  letters  patent,  empoweriiii,'  him 
and  his  three  sons  to  discover  unknown 
lands  and  conquer  them.)  and  they  on 
one  occasion  discovered  Ncwt'oundland, 
and  on  another  saw  tiie  mainland  of 
America,  being  the  first  Europeans  who 
had  done  so.     He  was  among  tlie  first  to 


236 


CyCLOP.EDIA  OF  BIOGRAPHY. 


[cad 


notice  the  variationa  of  the  needle.  His 
Bkill  in  UKU-itimc  aliairs  iudiiocd  Edward 
VI.  to  settle  a  pension  ou  hiin  as  graud 
pilot  of  Eiitrlaiid  ;  and  he  was  consulted 
on  all  questions  relating  to  trade  and 
navitration.  He  publislied  a  man  of  the 
world,  and  a  work  entitled  "  Aaviga- 
zione  nelle  parte  Septeutrionale."  B. 
1477  ;  d.  ir)57. 

CABRAL,  or  CABRAKA,  Pedro 
Alvajsez,  a  celebrated  Portuguese  navi- 
gator of  the  I'ith  century. 

CACCIA,  Gcolielmo,  surnamed,  from 
his  place  of  residence,  11  ilonealvo,  an 
excellent  painter,  lie  executed  some 
fine  altar-pieces,  but  his  fame  chiefly 
rests  upon  his  small  Madonnas,  which 
are  highly  valued.     D.  1625. 

CACCINI,  Giulio,  an  Italian  musician 
and  composer.  In  conjunction  with 
Peri,  he  composed  the  opera  of  "Eury- 
dice,"'  on  tlie  occa.sion  of  the  marriage 
of  Henri  Quatre  and  Mary  de  Medici ; 
and  it  is  said  to  have  been  the  first  opera 
performed  in  public.  He  was  also  the 
author  of  a  work  entitled  "  Nuovo  Mu- 
siche.''  D.  1015. — Francesca,  daughter 
of  the  above,  much  celebrated  at  Flo- 
rence in  the  17th  centuiy,  as  a  poetess 
and  composer  of  music. 

CADAMOSTO,  Louis,  a  Venetian 
navigator,  patronized  and  employed  bv 
the  king  of  Portugal.  He  discovered 
the  Cape'  Verd  Islands.  An  account  of 
his  voyages  and  discoveries  was  pub- 
lished after  his  death,  which  took  place 
in  1464. 

CADE,  Jack,  a  noted  rebel,  a  native 
of  Ireland,  who,  during  the  feeble  gov- 
ernment of  Henry  VI.,  put  himself  at 
the  head  of  2ii,00u  men,  collected  from 
the  populace  in  Kent,  and  marched  into 
London,  where  he  boldly  proposed  the 
rectifying  of  various  abuses  in  the  state. 
Elated  with  his  popularity  and  success, 
he  next  assumed  the  title  of  Lord  Mor- 
timer, declaring  himself  the  rightful  heir 
to  the  throne,  as  a  descendant  of  Ed- 
ward III. ;  but  this  extravagance  in- 
duced the  citizens  to  resist  liim,  and  the 
insurgents  were  compelled  to  submit  to 
the  royal  authority.  All  who  returned 
to  their  homes  were  pardoned ;  but 
Cade,  wiio  was  excepted  from  the  gen- 
eral amnesty,  and  for  whose  body  1000 
marks  were  oti'ercd  by  the  government, 
wandered  about  the  woods  of  Kent  and 
Sussex  for  a  time,  till  at  length  he  was 
discovered,  and  killed  in  a  garden  at 
llolkfiel'l,  Sussex,  by  a  crentleinan  of 
Kent,  named  Alexander  Ed<n. 

<JADET  DE  VAUX,  ANTnoNV  At.exlSj 
a  French  author,  editor,  and  member  ot 


various  learned  societies.  He  establish- 
ed the  "Journal  de  Paris,"  and  wrote 
several  works  connected  with  agricul- 
ture. B.  1743  ;  d.  1823.— De  G  assi- 
couRT,  Charles  Louis,  brother  of  the 
preceding;  author  of  the  "  Dictionaiy 
of  Chemistry,"  in  4  vols. ;  various 
Travels  ;  "  Letters  on  London  and  the 
Enghsh  Nation,"  &c.  B.  176'J  ;  d.  1821. 
CADMUS,  the  founder  of  Thebes. 
His  history,  like  that  of  many  other  per- 
sonages of  high  antiquity,  is  much 
mingled  with  fable.  It  seems  certain, 
however,  that  he  was  born  in  Phoenicia 
or  Egypt,  and  that  Greece  owed  to  him 
the  sixteen  letters  of  which  its  alphabet 
originally  consisted.  He  flourished  in 
the  IGth  century  B.C. — A  Milesian,  the 
first  Greek  author  who  wrote  a  prose 
history.  Dionysins,  of  Ilalicarnassus, 
a.scrib'es  to  this" writer  "  The  Antiquities 
of  Miletus  and  all  Ionia,"  but  no  portion 
of  the  work  is  now  extant. 

CADOG,  son  of  Brychan,  a  saint,  and 
founder  of  some  churches  in  Wales  in 
the  5th  century. — The  Wise,  a  Welsh 
bard  of  the  6th  century.  He  was  the 
first  who  made  a  complete  collection  of 
British  proverbs. 

CADOGAN,  William,  first  earl  _  of 
Cadogan,  entered  the  army  early  in  life  ; 
and,  after  he  had  attained  the  rank  of 
brigadier-general,  distinguished  himself 
at  the  battle  of  Blenheim.  He  was  pres- 
ent with  the  duke  of  Marlborough  in  all 
his  great  victories  ;  and,  at  his  death, 
succeeded  him  as  conunandcr-in-ehief 
and  master  of  the  ordnance.  D.  1727. — 
W^iLLiAM,  a  skilful  English  physician; 
author  of  a  treatise  on  the  gout,  in  which 
he  wisely  insists  upon  abstinence  as  the 
best  preventive  and  cure;  an  "Essay 
on  Nursing,"  &c.    D.  17U7. 

CADOUDAL,  Georges,  a  famous 
Chouan  chief.  After  the  ill  success  of 
his  elforts  for  the  restoration  of  the 
Bourbons,  he  came  to  terms  with  Gen- 
eral Brune,  in  ISoo,  dispersed  his  troops, 
and  proceeded  to  London.  While  there 
he  was  accused  by  tiie  French  govern- 
ment of  planning  the  infernal  machine, 
Georges  having  avowed  a  personal  hos- 
tility to  the  first  consul.  lie  afterwards, 
on  receiving  the  cordon  roiige  from 
Charles  X.,"and  a  lieutenant-creneral's 
commission,  embarked  with  I'ichegru 
in  a  secret  expedition,  and  landed  at 
Falaise.  It  has  been  said  that  the  ob- 
ject was  to  assassinate  Bonaparte,  as  well 
ns  to  excite  a  eoimter-revolution ;  and 
Pitt  was  accused  of  Banetioninir  the  en- 
terprise, by  a  letter  to  Lord  Hutchinson, 
which  is  denied.    He  was  traced  by  the 


CVCLOP^DIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


237 


Parisian  police,  and  put  under  arrest, 
■\vliile  dcscoiKlinj;  from  a  cabriolet,  du- 
ring which  he  wounded  two  of  the  otlL- 
cers ;  and,  after  a  sunimarv  judicia' 
process,  was  executed  on  tiic  6th  of 
June,  1804.  The  two  hrotlicrs  rolignac 
^vere  also  involved  in  the  same  process, 
and  condeunied  to  death,  bat  escaped 
throuirh  tiie  humane  exertions  of  Murat. 

CADWALADVK,  (.Iasaii.,  a  "Welsh 
poet  of  the  10th  century;  some  of  whose 
works  still  remain  in  M8.,  and  indicate 
much  abilitv. 

CAD\VALLADP:K,  Thom.vs,  a  phy- 
sician of  I'hihidclphia.  He  completed 
his  medical  education  in  Europe.  From 
1752  to  his  death  he  was  one  of  the  phy- 
sicians of  the  Pennsylvania  liospital. 
His  dissections  for  Dr.  Shippen  were 
amont,'  the  earliest  made  in  this  country. 
He  published  an  essay  on  the  Iliac  pas- 
sion, entitled,  •'  An  Essay  on  the  West 
India  D'v  Grijies,"  1745,  in  ■which  he 
recommended  the  use  of  opiates  and 
mild  cathartics,  instead  of  quicksilver, 
then  employed.  This  was  one  of  the 
earliest  American  medical  treatises.  1). 
1779. — John,  was  appointed  by  tlie 
American  congress  a  Drigadier-freneral 
in  the  army,  in  February,  1777.  He  was 
a  man  of  intiexiblc  patriotism  and  un- 
doubted bravery.  lie  fought  a  duel 
with  General  Conway,  in  consequence 
of  the  intrigue  in  which  Conway  was 
engaged  for  placing  Gates  at  the  head 
of  the  army.  After  the  war  lie  was  a 
member  of  the  assembly  of  Marvland. 
D.  17^6. 

C^'EDMON,  a  Saxon  ecclesiastic,  sup- 
posed to  have  flourished  in  the  5th  cen- 
tury. A  fragment  of  a  hymn,  by  this 
author,  is  preserved  in  King  Alircd's 
translation  of  Bede ;  and  is  the  oldest 
specimen  extant  of  Saxon  poetrv. 

CJiSALPINUS,  An-drkw,  an  Italian 
physician  and  natural  philosopher.  This 
enlightened  man  in  some  degree  antici- 
pated the  grand  discoveries  of  llarvej' 
and  Linnajus  ;  his  "Quasstiones  Peri- 
patetica;,"'  containing  some  hints  on  the 
circulation  of  the  blood,  and  his  treatise 
"De  Plantis,"  giving  the  first  example 
of  a  system  of  botanical  arrangement, 
based  on  similarity  of  structure.  1). 
1603. 

C^SAE,  Caius  Julius,  the  first  Ko- 
nian  emperor,  and  one  of  tlie  greatest 
men  that  Kome  produced.  At  tlie  early 
age  of  16  lie  lost  his  father,  who  was  a 
praetor;  and  verj-  shortly  after  that 
event,  he  married  Cornelia,  the  daugh- 
ter of  Cornelius  Cinna,  the  friend  of 
Marius.     This    conuection    gave   great 


oflfence  to  the  poweiful  Sylla  who,  hav- 
ing vainly  endeavored  to  bring  about  a 
divorce,  caused  Caesar  to  be  )>roscribed. 
Cscsar,  liowever,  escaped  the  search  tUnt 
was  made  after  him,  and  Sylla  was  at 
length  induced  to  exempt  him  from 
prosecution,  though  ho  did  so  very  un- 
willingly, telling  those  who  interceded 
with  him  that  they  would  repent  their 
kindness,  as  he  could  see  in  Cwsar  the 
germ  of  many  Mariuses.  Having  dis- 
tinguished himself  as  an  orator  in  the 
impeachment  of  Cornelius  Dolabella,  ho 
speedily  grew  a  public  favorite,  and 
became  successively  military  tribune, 
quffistor,  and  a'dilc.  The  profusion  with 
which  he  lavished  his  librTality  while 
in  these  offices,  involved  him  very  deep- 
ly in  debt ;  but  having  obtained  the 
government  of  Spain,  he  contrived  to 
amass  money  sufficient  for  their  dis- 
charge, though  they  are  said  to  have 
exceeded  a  million  and  a  half  sterling,  a 
fact  wliich,  as  he  hela  the  government 
only  a  year,  says  but  little  for  his  scru- 
pulousness as  to  the  means  he  used  for 
self-aggrandizement.  Having unitctl  with 
I'ompcy  and  Crassus  in  the  memorable 
coalition,  called  ''the  first  triumvirate,'' 
he  became  consul,  and  then  obtained 
the  government  of  Gaul,  with  the  com- 
mand of  four  legions.  And  now  it  was 
that  his  genius  had  ample  scope.  His 
military  career  was  rapid  and  brilliant, 
Belgians,  Helvetians,  and  Nervians  suc- 
cumbed to  him ;  the  German  tribes 
were  repulse<l,  and  Gaul  was  wliolly 
subjected  to  the  Koman  power.  These 
transactions,  and  his  invasion  of  Britain, 
are  beautifully  and  graphically  related 
in  his  "Commentaries."  His  successes 
had  the  effect  of  exciting  the  jealousy  of 
Tompey,  who  had  influence  enough  in 
the  senate  to  cause  Caesar  to  bo  recalled 
from  the  government  of  Gaul.  He  re- 
fused to  obey  this  order,  and  marched 
with  his  army  into  Italy,  Pomjiey  re- 
tiring into  Greece.  Having  seized  tho 
public  treasury,  and  eonnnissioned  Mark 
Antony  to  watch  over  his  interests  ia 
Rome,  he  proceeded  to  Spain,  where  a 
large  army  remained  in  Pompey's  in- 
terest, wliich  he  defeated,  and  on  his 
return  to  Kome  was  declared  dictator. 
He  then  followed  Pompcy  into  (4 recce, 
and  defeated  him  in  the  memorable 
battle  of  Pharsalia,  from  which  Pompey 
escaped  only  to  be  assassinated  in 
Egypt.  Having  crushed  every  attempt 
at  resistance  on  the  part  of  the  sons  and 
friends  of  Pom]iey,  and  havioix  bcea 
honored  with  fourseveral  triuninb.s,  he 
was  declared  perpetual  dictator  ;  a  title 


•238 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[CAL 


whicli  some  of  his  friends  wished  to 
alter  to  that  of  king.  And  as  the  great 
body  of  the  Koinan  peo]ilc,  dazzled  by 
his  military  genius,  and  gratified  by  the 
libcrulitv  of  his  largesses,  were  insen- 
sible of,"  or  iudillerent  to,  his  thirst  for 
domination,  it  is  more  than  probable  that 
he  would  have  bceome  an  absolute  king, 
but  that  Brutus  and  other  republieans 
penetrated  his  designs,  and  resolved  to 
make  his  lile  a  sacntiee  to  the  freedom 
of  his  eountry.  Notn-ithstanding  dark 
hints  had  been  given  to  him  of  his  dan- 
ger, he  attended'a  meeting  of  the  senate 
without  taking  any  measures  for  the 
safety  of  his  person,  and  fell  beneath 
the  tlagsirers  of  the  eonspirators  on  the 
ides  ot'  Jtlareli,  in  the  year  4:5  n.  c,  and 
in  the  L)6th  year  of  his' aire. — Sir  Juuus, 
an  eminent  English  civilian,  who  tilled 
various  important  offices  in  the  reigns 
of  Queen  Llizabeth  and  Kings  James  I. 
and  Charles  I.  His  last  office  was  that 
of  master  of  the  rolls,  which  he  held 
above  twenty  years.  B.  15.57  ;  d.  1036. 
OAFFA,  Melchior,  an  able  sculptor, 
many  of  whose  works  adorned  the 
churches  of  Kome.     D.  1687. 

CAFFAKELLI,  a  republican  French 
general,  b.  1756.  '  lie  protested  against 
the  despotism  of  Louis  XV'I.,  and  served 
with  great  distinction  under  Richer  and 
Morcau  on  tlie  Illiine,  where  he  lost  a 
leg,  and  under  Bonaparte  in  Egypt.  lie 
was  killed  at  St.  Jean  d'Acre,  in  1799, 
bv  a  cannon-ball ;  and  his  tomb  still  re- 
mains, without  the  walls.  —  Gaetako 
Majorano,  a  celebrated  Italian  singer. 
lie  studied  under  Porpira,  who  made 
him  practise  the  elements  of  singing 
from  a  single  sheet  of  music  paper  for 
five  years.  lie  was  so  well  rewarded 
for  his  talent,  that  he  purchased  the 
dukedom  of  Santo  Dorato.     I).  1733. 

C.\FFIAUX,  Joseph,  a  Benedictine 
of  the  congregation  of  St.  Maur,  author 
of  the  ''Genealogical  Trea!»ury,"  an 
"  Essay  towards  a  History  of  Music," 
&c.  t>.  1777. 
CAGLIAKI,   Paul,  see  Paul  Veeo- 

NE9E. 

CAGLIOSTRO,  Alexander,  Count, 
tlie  assumed  title  of  an  impostor,  whose 
real  name  was  Joseph  Balsatno.  He  was 
b.  at  Palermo;  and  having  lost  his  fa- 
ther at  an  early  age,  iie  was  placed 
under  the  protection  of  tlie  friars  of 
merfy,  whose  order  he  entered  as  a 
novice.  Here  he  acquired  the  elements 
of  chemistry  and  physic  ;  but  he  speed- 
ily made  his  escape,  and  committed  so 
riiany  frauds  in  Palermo,  that  he  was 
obliged  to  abscond.     After  visiting  va- 


rious parts,  he  at  length  reached  Naples, 
where  ho  married  a  woman  of  as  aban- 
doned a  disposition  as  himself,  with 
whom  he  travelled  to  Spain,  Portugal, 
and  England,  pretending  to  supernatu- 
ral powers,  and  wringing  considerable 
sums  from  those  who  became  his  dupes. 
In  England  this  exemplary  couple  estab- 
lished" an  order  of  what  they  called 
Eiryptinn  Masonry,  and  as  their  dupes 
wen;  of  the  higher  order,  they  easily 
obtained  from  thcin  the  loan  of  valuable 
jewels,  on  pretext  of  some  intended 
ceremonials.  With  these  they  went  otf 
to  Paris,  and  lived  there  in  the  utmost 
extravagance.  The  count,  however,  was 
thrown'into  the  Bastile,  on  a  charge  of 
being  concerned  in  the  fraud  of  the 
celebrated  diamond  necklace  of  Marie 
Antoinette;  and  when  he  obtained  his 
liberty,  he  judged  it  high  time  to  quit 
France.  He  tiien  went  to  Italy,  where 
his  wife  divulged  some  of  his  crimes  to 
the  Inquisition,  and  he  was  confined  in 
the  rlungcons  of  the  eastle  of  St.  Angelo. 
1).  J  794. 

CAIETAU,  the  assumed  name,  taken 
from  that  of  his  birthplace,  of  Thomas 
de  Vio,  a  Neapolitan  monk,  and  sub- 
sequently general  of  his  orcler,  author 
of  a  work  on  the  "  Power  of  the  Pope," 
which  procured  him  the  archbishopric 
of  Palermo,  and  a  cardinalate ;  "Com- 
mentaries on  Aristotle  and  Aquinas," 
&c.     I).  1534. 

CAILLE,  Nicholas  Louis  de  la,  an 
eminent  French  mathematician  and  as- 
tronomer, author  of  "Elements  of  As- 
tronomy," and  of  numerous  other  valu- 
able woVks  of  science.  B.  1713  ;  d.  1762. 
CAIUS,  otherwise  GAIUS,  an  emi- 
nent Roman  lawyer,  author  of  a  valuable 
body  of  legal  institutes.  He  died  about 
the  beginning  of  the  3d  century. 

CALAMY,  Edmund,  a  Presbyterian 
divine.  He  was  educated  at  CamlDridge, 
and  obtained  a  living;  but  he  rcsignecl 
it,  and  joined  the  nonconformists,  rather 
tlian  comply  with  the  order  for  readin" 
the  "Book  of  Sports."  He  entered 
warmly  into  the  religious  disputes  of 
the  tiiiie,  and  was  one  of  the  writers  of 
tlie  treatise  against  episcopacy,  entitled, 
from  the  initials  of  its  authors,  "  Sniec- 
tymnuus."  Though  he  preached  before 
the  house  of  commons,  and  was  one  of 
the  assembly  of  divines  at  Westminster, 
he  opposed  i)oth  the  execution  of  diaries 
I.  and  the  subsequent  domination  of 
Cromwell.  At  the  death  of  the  latter 
he  actively  aided  in  the  restoration,  and 
became  chaplain  to  Charles  II.  The  act 
of  uniformity  (vv^yt^id  him  again  to  ae- 


calJ 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


239 


cede,  and  ho  d.  in  retirement  in  1656. — 
EoMUM),  grandson  of  the  above,  and  a 
disseniing  minister  of  pveat  note.  lie 
was  a  very  voluminous  writer.  Besides 
numerous  sermons,  and  controversial 
tracts  against  Echard,  Iloadley,  and 
Others,  he  published  an  abridj^ment  of 
"  Baxter's  History  of  his  Life  and 
Times,"  with  numerous  supplementary 
artiele-s.    D.  1782. 

CALANUS,  an  Indian  philosoplicr, 
mueli  esteemed  by  Alexander  the  Great. 
At  the  asre  of  So,"bcinf,'  atHieted  with  a 
painful  illness,  he  caused  a  funeral  pile 
to  be  erected,  which  he  ascended  with  a 
composed  countenance,  and  expired  in 
the  names,  saying,  that  having  lost  his 
health,  and  seen  Alexander,  life  had  no 
more  charms  for  him. 

GALAS,  John,  a  merchant  of  Tou- 
louse, memorable  as  the  victim  of  judi- 
cial murder.  His  eldest  son  committed 
puicide;  and  as  he  was  known  to  be 
attached  to  the  Roman  Catholic  faith,  a 
rabble  cry  arose  that  he  had  on  that  ac- 
count been  murdered  by  his  father.  It 
was  in  vain  that  the  unhappy  parent 
pointed  out  the  fact  that  he  had  a  llo- 
man  Catholic  servant  who  was  unin- 
sured. He  was  condemned  literally 
without  the  shadow  of  a  proof  of  his 
guilt,  and  put  to  death  by  being  broken 
on  tiie  wheel.  Voltaire  and  others  sub- 
sequentlj'  caused  the  process  to  be  re- 
vised, and  tlie  unhappy  widow  procured 
a  pension.  The  unjust  and  ignominious 
death  of  Galas  took  place  in  1762. 

CALCAGNINI,  G(ELIo,  an  Italian 
military  olficer,  who  bore  arms  under 
the  Emperor  Maximilian,  and  Pope 
Julius  II.,  and  was  distinguished  er^ually 
as  a  soldier  and  a  negotiator.  Quitting 
the  profession  of  arms,  he  became  pro- 
fessor of  belles  lettres  in  the  university 
of  Ferrara.  His  Latin  poetry  was  much 
esteemed,  but  as  a  prose  writer  he  is 
more  valuable  for  his  matter  than  for 
his  style.     D.  15-41. 

CALDARA,  PoLinoRO,  b.  at  Caravag- 
gio,  14y"i,  went  to  Rome  in  his  youth, 
carried  bricks,  at  tirst,  for  the  masons 
who  worked  in  the  Vatican,  and  felt  a 
great  desire  to  become  a  painter,  from 
seeing  several  painters  who  were  occu- 
pied in  the  Vatican.  Raphael  employed 
him  in  the  galleries  of  tiiat  jialaee,  where 
he  painted,"  inider  his  direction,  several 
excellent  friezes.  At  Messina,  lie  exe- 
cuted an  oil  painting  which  represents 
Christ  bearing  the  cross,  contains  a 
number  of  beautifiil  ficrures,  an  1  proves 
liis  ability  to  treat  the  most  elevated 
Bubjeets.  *    He    lias  approached,   more 


than  any  one,  to  the  style  and  the  man- 
ner of  tlie  ancients,  particularly  in  imi- 
tating their  hanno-relievoK.     His   figures 
are    correct,    well-distributed    and    ar- 
ranged ;  the  positions  are  natural,  the 
heads  full  of  expression  ami  character. 
It  is  evident  that  he  would  have  acquir- 
ed great  celebrity  if  he  had  undertaken 
greater    works.      He    applied    himself 
to  the  chiaro-oscuro,  partictdarly  to  that 
kind   of  it   which   is    called   .i;/rajfia!o, 
but  showed,   also   much  talent   in   his 
landscapes.      At  the  sack  of  Rome,  in 
1527,  he  Hcd  to  Naples,  and  on  his  re- 
turn from  that  place  to  Rome,  in  1543, 
was  murdered  by  a  domestic, — A  cele- 
brated composer  of  the  18th   century, 
b.  at  Venice,  1714,  and   d.  1763.      His 
church  compositions  are  still  in  repute. 
GALDAS,  Francis  Joseph,  a  distm- 
guished   Spanish   naturalist.     He   was 
employed  by  the  congress  of  New  Gra- 
nada to  complete  the  Flora  of  Bogota, 
when  the  disturbed  state  of  public  attairs 
interrupted  the  work  ;  and  this  unfortu- 
nate gentleman  and  his  colleague,  Don 
Lozano,  having  sided  M-ith  the  patriot 
party,  were  put  to  death  by  the  Spanish 
treneral  Murillo,  in  1S16, 
"  GALDERON.     Don  Pedko  Calderox 
DE  LA  Barca  Henao  t  Riano,  descended 
IVom  an  ancient  family,  was  b.  at  Madrid, 
Jan.  1,  1511],  received  his  early  educa- 
tion in  tlie  Jesuit's  college  of  his  native 
city,  and  studied  at  Salamanca,  where 
he"  devoted  himself  chiefly  to  historv, 
philosophy,    and   jurisprudence.      liis 
poetical  genius  early  discovered  itself, 
having  even  before  his  14tli  vear  written 
his  tirst  play,  "  El  Garro  del  Cielo."     His 
talent  for  this  species  of  poetry,  which 
has  brought  his  name  down  to  posterity, 
and,  perhaps,  his  powers  of  invention 
in  the  preparation  of  entertainments  or 
festivals,  soon  gained  him  friends  and  pa- 
trons.   "When  he  left  Salamanca,  in  1625, 
to  seek  employment  at  the  court  of  Ma- 
drid, many  noblemen  interested  them- 
selves in    briii'jring  forward  the  young 
poet.     Bnt,  having  an  inclination  for  the 
military  profession,  he  entered  the  ser- 
vice in  li  25,  and  bore  arms  with  distinc- 
tion lor  lo  years  in  Milan  and  the  Nether- 
lands.    In  16"ii  he  was  recalled  by  Philip 
IV.,  wl'.o  saM'  him  the  direction  of  the 
court  entertainments,  and,  in  particular, 
the  pi-criaratioii  of  plays  for  the  court  the- 
atre.   Tlie  next  year  he  was  made  knight 
of  the  order  of  San  .Jago,  and  served  in 
the  campaign  in  Catalonia.     The  unex- 
pected termination  of  the  war  rcsti>rc'! 
him   again   to  his  peaceful   o.vuiiatioii. 
The  kin?  now  etuferred  on  him  a  u\outh- 


240 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[CAL 


ly  pension  of  thirty  escudos  d'  oro ;  but 
]\ti  still  einploycil  his  tiJcuts  with  uniii- 
tenuittcd  iiidusti'y  iu  composing  for  the 
theatre  and  the  church.  The  king 
spared  no  cost  in  the  representation  of 
his  theatrical  pieces.  Ten  years  after, 
in  1051,  he  procured  permission  from  the 
order  of  San  Jago  to  enter  the  clerical 
profession,  and,  in  10.j3,  obtained  a 
chaphiin's  ollice  iu  the  archiepiscopal 
church  at  Toledo,  without  quitting,  how- 
ever, his  former  occupation.  But,  as 
tliis  situation  removed  him  too  far  from 
court,  ho  received,  in  1003,  another  at 
the  king's  court-chapel, (being  still  allow- 
e  1  to  hold  the  former,)  and,  at  the  same 
time,  a  pension  was  assigned  him  from 
the  Sicilian  revenue.  His  fame  greatly 
increased  his  income,  as  he  was  solicited 
by  the  principal  cities  of  Spain  to  com- 

Eose  theirautos  sacramentales,  for  which 
e  was  liberally  paid.  He  bestowed  par- 
ticular pains  on  the  composition  of  these 
pieces,  and,  in  faet,  eclipsed  all  that  the 
Spanish  literature,  so  rich  in  this  depart- 
ment of  fancy,  had  hitherto  produced. 
Keligion  is  the  ruling  idea,  the  central 

Eoint,  of  his  poems.  Whatever  subject 
e  handles,  he  exhibits  true  poetical 
genius.  Even  allowing  that  he  is  infe- 
rior in  richness  of  invention  to  Lope  de 
Vega,  he  certainly  excels  him  in  fineness 
of  execution,  elevation  of  feeling,  and 
aptness  of  expression.  The  Spanish  na- 
tion esteem  Calderon  among  the  greatest 
poetical  geniuses,  and  many  faults  in  his 
writings  are  certainly  to  be  attributed  to 
the  age  and  circumstances  of  the  author. 
Among  his  dramatic  works  are  many 
pieces  of  intrigues,  full  of  complicated 
plots,  and  rich  in  stirring  incidents. 
There  are,  besides,  heroic  comedies  and 
historical  plays,  some  of  which  merit 
the  name  of  tragedies.  To  this  class 
belongs  the  "  Constant  Prince,"  which 
deserves  an  honorable  place  among  ro- 
mantic tragedies  of  tiie  first  rank.  Be- 
sides these,  he  has  left  9.5  autos  sacra- 
mentales, 200  loas,  ("preludes,)  and  100 
Baynetes,  (farces.)  He  wrote  his  last  play 
in  the  81st  year  of  his  age.    The  smaller 

Eoems  of  Calderon,  his  songs,  sonnets, 
allads,  &c.,  notwithstanding  the  ap- 
plause which  they  received  from  his  co- 
temporaries,  are  now  forgotten  :  but  liis 
plays  have  maintained  their  place  on 
the  stage  even  more  than  those  of  Lope 
de  Vega.  Tiie  number  of  Ids  collected 
plays  amounts  to  12S.  He  wrote,  how- 
ever, many  more,  some  of  which  were 
never  published.     D.  May  25th,  1CS7. 

CALDERWOOD,    DAvm,    a    Scotch 
Presbyterian  di^■ine   of  the   reign   of 


Charles  IL  His  opposition  to  episcopa- 
cy caused  him  to  be  banished,  and  he 
went  to  reside  in  Holland,  wliere  he 
published  his  celebrated  "Altaire  De- 
masccnum."  He  subsequently  returned 
to  Scotland,  and  by  his  writings  and 
personal  exertions  greatly  aided  in  the 
establishment  of  Presbyteriaaism.  D. 
1051. 

C.\LENIUS,  Walter,  a  native  of 
Wales  and  one  of  its  historians.  He 
was  archdeacon  of  Oxford  in  1120. 

CALENTIUS,  Elisius,  a  Neapolitan 
poet  anrl  prose  author.  He  was  precep- 
tor to  Frederic,  the  son  of  Ferdinand, 
king  of  Naples,  and  the  earliest  writer 
on  the  illegality  of  putting  criminals  to 
death  except  for  murder.     D.  1503. 

CALEPINO,  Ambrose,  an  Italian 
grammarian  and  philologist :  author  of  a 
very  valuable  "Polyglot  Dictionary,'"  and 
other  learned  and  useful  works.  1).  1510. 

CALETTI,  Giuseppe,  surnamed  It 
Cp.esionese,  an  admirable  Italian  painter. 
His  principal  picture  is  that  of  St.  Mark, 
in  the  church  ban  Benedetto,  at  Fcrrara. 
In  some  of  his  works  he  so  closely 
imitated  Titian,  that  connoisseurs  can 
scarcely  distinguish  them.     D.  1000. 

CALHOUN,  JoHX  Caldwell,  one  of 
the  most  eminent  of  American  states- 
men, was  of  Irish  descent,  but  b.  in 
Abbeville  district,  S.  C,  on  the  ISth 
March,  1782.  The  family  originally  re- 
sided in  Pennsylvania,  but  removed 
thence  to  Virginia,  and  afterwards  to 
South  Carolina.  In  1802  he  was  sent 
to  Yale  college,  studied  law  in  Litch- 
field, Conn.,  and  in  1807  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  of  his  native  state.  He  was 
elected  to  the  legislature  the  next  year, 
and  in  1811  was  chosen  to  congress, 
where  he  soon  greatly  distinguished 
himself  by  his  logical  power  as  a  debater, 
and  where  he  remained  till  1817,  when 
he  was  made  secretary  of  war,  under 
President  Monroe.  In  1825  he  was 
elected  vice-president  of  the  United 
States,  and  in  1831,  a  senator.  In  1843 
he  was  made  secretary  of  state,  and 
again  became  senator  in  1845.  Thus 
from  tlie  year  1821  till  his  death,  March 
31st,  1850,  he  was  rarely  absent  from 
Washington.  In  all  the  political  ques- 
tions which  arose  during  that  time  he 
took  an  active  and  prominent  part,  gen- 
erall}"  on  the  side  of  extreme  state  rights. 
His  speeches  were  full  of  thought  and 
knowledge,  terse,  bold,  and  manly,  and 
his  character  was  one  of  the  greatest 
integrity  and  elevation.  He  left  behind 
him  several  works  on  political  subjects, 
which  are  soon  to  be  published. 


cal] 


CYCL0P-4i;:>IA    01'     ElOGRAPIIV. 


241 


CALIGULA,  Caius  Cjesak  Auorsxis 
Germanici-s,  tlie  lioiiian  emperor  aiul 
tyrant,  bciran  liis  reign  a.  v.  07,  with 
every  promising  appearance  of  becom- 
ing the  real  lather  and  friend  of  his 
people  ;  but  at  the  end  of  eight  months 
he  was  seized  with  a  fever,  which,  it  is 
charitably  presumed,  must  have  perma- 
nently deranged  his  intellect,  for  his  dis- 
position totally  changed,  and  he  com- 
mitted the  most  atrocious  acts  of  impiety, 
cruelty,  and  folly.  He  caused  sacrifices 
to  beoft'ercd  to"  himself,  his  wife,  and 
his  favorite  horse ;  murdered  many  of 
his  subjects  with  his  own  hands  ;  had 
otiiers  j)Ut  to  the  rack  while  ho  was 
enjoying  his  meals,  or  beheaded  in  his 
presence.  But  in  the  midst  of  his  enor- 
mities lie  was  assassinated  by  a  tribune 
of  the  people,  as  he  came  out  of  the 
theatre,  a.  u.  41,  in  the  2'jth  year  of  his 
age. 

CALIPPUS,  a  Greek  mathematician 
of  the  4th  century  b.  c,  famous  for  hav- 
ing corrected  the  cycle  of  19  years, 
invented  by  Meton,  to  show  the  corre- 
spondence of  time  in  the  revolutions  of 
the  sun  and  moon. 

CALLCOTT,  John  Wall,  doctor  of 
music,  an  eminent  English  composer. 
The  Nobleman's  Catch-club  having  riro- 
poscd  a  prize,  he  sent  in  a  hundred 
compositions.  It  was  then  ruled  that 
no  individual  should  send  more  than 
three  compositions  of  a  sort;  and  Call- 
cott  accordingly,  in  1789,  sent  twelve, 
four  of  which  gained  the  four  medals. 
For  many  years  he  carried  oft'  at  least 
one  annual'prize,  until  1793,  when  the 
prizes  ceased  to  be  given.  He  wrote, 
besides  glees,  catches,  and  other  com- 
positions, a  "  Musical  Grammar,"  and 
made  some  progress  with  a  ''  Musical 
Dictionary."  B.  17G(3 ;  d.  1S21.— Au- 
gustus Wall,  brother  of  the  above,  an 
eminent  English  landscape  painter,  b. 
at  Kensington,  1779.  Originally  a  chor- 
ister in  Westminster  abbey,  he  was 
induced  to  try  his  hand  at  portrait  paint- 
ing; and  such  was  his  success,  that  lie 
immediately  followed  the  new  pursuit 
to  which  his  inclination  pointed.  Year 
after  year  his  reputation  increased ;  and 
from  1799,  when  ho  first  submitted  a 
specimen  of  his  abilities  for  exhibition 
at  the  Koyal  Academy,  till  lSlt>,  when  he 
was  elected  a  royal  academician,  he  had 
advanced  almost  to  the  summit  of  his 
profession.  For  many  years  his  pictures 
of  sea-coast  views  and  English  inland 
scenery  were  in  considerable  request ; 
nor  were  they  ever  deficient  in  number, 
his  industry  beins  on  a  par  with  his 
21 


ability.  On  his  marriage  with  the  widow 
of  Captain  Graham,  they  made  a  conti- 
nental lour,  and  it  was  evident  soon 
after  his  return  that  liis  study  of  Italian 
scenery  and  the  Italian  masters  had 
wrouglit  an  entire  change  in  his  style 
of  composition.  No  longer  did  wc  see 
rural  scenes  of  England — mills,  markct- 
earts,  or  ferry-boats ;  but  "  Morning" 
and  "Evening,"  Italian  compositions; 
"  Sunset  near  Canneglia,"  "  Italian  Girls 
at  their  First  Communion,"  and  others 
of  that  class.  Though  for  a  time,  how- 
ever, he  had  abandoned,  he  had  not 
forgotten  the  studies  of  his  earlier  years  ; 
and  in  18:57  the  public  were  both  sur- 
prised and  delighted  with  a  large  picture 
of  "  Raft'aelle  and  the  Fornarina,"  with 
figures  the  size  of  life.  In  that  year  he 
received  the  honor  of  knighthood.  D. 
1844,  aged  G-">. — Makia,  Lady,  daughter 
of  Rear-admiral  George  Dundas,  b.  1779. 
was  married  at  a  very  early  age  to  Cap- 
tain Graham,  E.  N. ;  she  accompanied 
him  to  India,  returned  to  England,  and 
published  her  travels  in  the  three  presi- 
dencies before  she  was  24  years  of  age. 
Some  years  later  she  accompanied  her 
husband  to  South  America,  where  he 
died,  and  she  was  in  Chili  during  the 
terrible  earthquakes  of  1822-3.  Besides 
the  "  Travels"  above  named,  she  pub- 
lished a  "History  of  Spain,"  a  "Scrip- 
ture Herbal,"  and  several  minor  works. 
Her  second  husband  was  Sir  Augustus 
Callcott,  the  artist.     D.  1842. 

CALLET,  John-  Fkancls,  a  celebrated 
French  mathematician,  hydrographcr, 
and  cntrineer ;  author  of  a  "  Memoir  on 
the  Discovery  of  the  Longitude,"  a 
"Supplement  to  Bezout's  Trigonome- 
try," and  a  "  Table  of  Logarithms,  from 
1  to  108,000."     D.  1798. 

CALLIMACHUS,  a  sculptor  and  ar- 
chitect of  Corinth.  He  is  said  to  have 
invented  the  Corinthian  order  of  archi- 
tecture, and  to  have  taken  the  hint  of 
its  capital  from  a  plant  of  the  acanthus 
which  surrounded  a  basket  covered  with 
a  tile  on  a  tomb.  He  flourished  in  the 
6th  century  b.  c. — A  Greek  poet  and 
historian.  The  remains  of  his  writings, 
consisting  of  elegies,  hymns,  and  epi- 
grams, liave  been  published  by  several 
eminent  editors,  and  translated  into  En- 
glish by  Dodd  and  Tytler. 

CALLINUS,  a  Grecian  orator  and 
poet,  supposed  to  have  lived  in  the  8th 
century  b.  c.  Some  of  his  poetry  is  in 
the  collection  of  Stobajus,  and  he  is 
said  to  have  been  the  inventor  of  elegiac 
verse. 

CALLISTHENES,  a  Greek  philoso- 


242 


CTCLOP^DIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[CAI. 


pher  and  poet,  a  relative  and  pnpil  of 
Aristotle,  by  whom  be  was  recommend- 
ed to  Alexander  the  Great.  He  aecom-- 
panied  that  prince  in  the  expedition 
asrainst  Persia,  and  was  at  first  much 
esteemed  by  him.  It  seems,  however, 
that  tlie  philosopher  had  no  smtdl  por- 
tion of  arrogance,  a  quality  not  likely  to 
serve  him  with  a  despotic  and  iiTitable 
prince.  lie  crowned  the  oftenees  of  his 
tree  speaking  by  boldly  reprobating 
Alexander's  assumption  of  divine  hon- 
ors.    For  this  he  was  put  to  death. 

CALLOT,  .James,  an  eminent  French 
engraver.  Ilis  plates  are  very  n\tmerous 
and  hicrhly  esteemed,  and  his  drawings 
scarcely  less  so.     D.  1636. 

CxVLLY,  Pierre,  a  French  divine  and 
philosopher.  lie  was  a  stanch  Cartesian, 
and  was  much  engaged  in  philosophi- 
cal controversies.  He  also  distinguish 
ed  himself  in  converting  Protestants 
to  the  church  of  Kome.  In  addition 
to  his  controversial  works,  he  wrote 
some  ficrmons,  and  an  "  Introduction  to 
Philosophy,"  and  edited  "Botthius  cle 
Consolatio'ne."     D.  1709. 

CALMET,  AuGusTiN,  a  French  Bene- 
dictine abbot  of  Senones ;  author  of  a 
"Universal  History,"  "Dictionary  of 
the  Bible,"'  and  other  learned  and  well- 
known  works.     B.  1672;  d.  1757. 

CALONNE,  Charles  Alexander  de, 
an  eminent  French  statesman,  who  suc- 
ceeded Necker  as  comptroller-general 
of  the  finances  in  1788;  but  after  four 
years  of  incessai\t  endeavors  at  financial 
reform,  was  obliged  to  retire  to  En- 
gland. He  wrote  "  Observations  sur 
plusieurs  Matieres  du  Droit  Civile  et 
Coutnmier,"  <tc.     B.  1784;  d.  18i>2. 

CALPRENEDE,  Walter  de  Costes, 
lord  of,  a  French  nobleman  and  friend 
of  the  crreat  Conde,  who  is  said  to  have 
aided  him  in  the  composition  of  "  Cas- 
handra,"  "  Pharamond,"'  &e.,  volumi- 
nous romances,  once  very  popular,  but 
now  suidc  into  almost  entire  oblivion. 
D.  166:^. 

C.\LVARE,  Dexis,  an  eminent  Dutch 
painter,  wlio  had  the  honor  of  giving 
tlie  earliest  instructions  to  Guido,  .\lba- 
no,  and  Domenichino.  His  cTief-cT cenvre 
is  the  picture  of  St.  Michael,  in  the 
church  of  St.  Peter,  at  Bolo'.nia.  I).  1010. 
CALVERT,  (;i:okoe.  first  Lord  Balti- 
more, an  EnL'lish  statesman.  He  was 
for  some  time  8 -cnMary  of  state  to  James 
I.,  but  was  obliired  to  resign  liis  office 
on  becom'n  r  a  Roman  Catholic.  He  did 
not  lose  the  favor  of  tiie  kinir,  how- 
ever; but  obtained  a  valuable  trrant  of 
land  in  America,  and  by  liis  wise  and 


just  conduct  formed  the  colony  which 
has  in  modern  times  inereasecl  to  the 
populous  and  wealthy  state  of  Maryland. 
D.  1GJ2. — Frederick,  seventh  Lord  Bal- 
timore; author  of  a  "Tour  to  the  East, 
with    Remarks  on  Constantinople    and 
the  Turks,"  "Coelestes  et  Inferi,"  &c. 
D.  1771. — Frederick,  an  ingenious  and 
enterprising  artist  residing  in  London, 
whose   numerous   drawings   and   litlio- 
graphic  prints   afford    ample    evidence 
both  of  his  versatility  and  untiring  as- 
siduity.    D.  1835. — Leonard,  first  gov- 
ernor of  Maryland,  was  the  brother  of 
Cecilius    Calvert,    the   proprietor,    who 
sent  him  to  America  as  the  head  of  the 
colony,  in   1633.     He   arrived   with   his 
colony   at  Point  Comfort,  in  Virginia, 
1634.     On  the  3d  of  March  he  proceeded 
in  the  bay  of  Chesapeake  to  the  north- 
ward,  aiid    entered    the    Potomac,    up 
which   he   sailed    twelve    leagues,    and 
came   to   an    anchor   under  an   island, 
which  he  named  St.  Clement's.     Here 
he  fired  his  cannon,  erected  a  cross,  and 
took  possession,   "in  the  name   of  the 
Saviour  of  tlie  world,  and  of  the  king 
of  England."     Ilnving  obtained  an  in- 
terview with  the  Werowance,  or  prince, 
Calvert  asked  him  whether  he  was  will- 
ing that  a  settlement  should  be  made  in 
his  own  country.     He  replied,  "  I  will 
not  bid  you  go,  neither  will  I  bid  you 
stay  ;  but  you  may  use  your  own  discre- 
tion."    Having   convinced   the   natives 
that   his   designs   were   honorable   and 
pacific,  the  governor  now  sought  a  more 
suitable    station    for    commencing    his 
colony.   He  visited  a  creek  on  the  north- 
ern  side   of  the   Potomac,   about   four 
leagues  from  its  mouth,  where  was  an. 
Indian  village.     Here  he  acquainted  the 
prince  of  the  place  with  his  intentions, 
and  by  presents  to  him,  and  his  princi- 
pal men,  conciliated  his  friendsliip  so 
much  as  to  obtain  permission  to  reside 
in  one  part  of  the  town  until  the  next 
harvest,  when  it  was  stipulated  the  na- 
tives  should    entirely   quit    the    place. 
Thus  the  governor  took  peaceable  pos- 
session of  the  country  of  Maryland,  and 
gave  to  tlie  town  the  name  of  St.  Mary's, 
and  to  the  creek  on  which  it  was  situa- 
ted the  name  of  St.  George.     The  prov- 
ince was  establislicd  on  the  broad  foun- 
dation of  security  of  property  and   of 
freedom  of  reliirion.     This  liberal  policy 
renilered  a   Roman   Catholic  colony  an 
asylum  for  those  who  were  driven  from 
New  England  by  the  persecutions  which 
were   there   experienced   from   Protest- 
ants.    The  governor  superintended  the 
aifairs  of  the  country  till  the  ciyil  war  in 


cam] 


CTCLOr.«:DIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


243 


England,  when  the  name  of  a  papist  be- 
came so  obnoxious  tliat  the  parliament 
assumed  the  {government  of  the  prov- 
ince, and  appointed  a  new  governor. 
On  the  restoration,  Ceciliiis  Calvert  re- 
covered iiis  right.     D.  167G. 

CALVl,  Lazzaho,  an  able  Italian  art- 
ist, but  of  so  jealous  and  evil  a  disposi- 
tion, that  he  poisoned  an  artist  who 
rivalled  him  ;  and,  on  finding  Luca  Cam- 
bvaso's  jiortiou  of  the  decoration  of  a 
church  preferred  to  his  own,  abandoned 
his  own  profession,  and  did  not  resume 
it  for  20  vears.     D.  1606. 

CALVIN,  properly  CAUVIN,  John, 
after  Luther  the  most  eminent  of  the 
religions  reformers.  His  writings,  both 
controversial  and  practical,  were  very 
numerous,  and  marked  by  great  vigor 
and  perspicuity ;  and  though  they  are 
now  little  read,  the  principles  they  in- 
culcate arc  held  by  a  vast  body  in  all 
countries  in  which  "the  reformed  religion 
is  established  or  tolerated.  There  is, 
however,  a  deep  stain  in  the  character 
of  this  reformer.  While  vindicating  the 
liberty  of  conscience,  he  so  far  forgot 
his  own  principles  and  disobeyed  the 
behests  of  the  gospel,  as  to  consign  to 
the  flames  the'  unfortunate  Servetus. 
The  principal  work  of  Calvin  is  his 
"  Christian  Institutes."  B.  at  Noyon,  in 
Picardy,  l.=i09:  d.  1564. 

CALVISIUS,  Sellius,  a  German  wri- 
ter; autlior  of  "Opus  Ckronolosjicum," 
a  work  much  praised  by  Scaliger  and 
other  learned  men  ;  a  treatise  on  music ; 
a  work  against  the  Gregorian  calendar, 
&c.  He  also  composed  several  psalms 
and  other  pieces  of  church  music.  D. 
1615. 

CAMBACERES,  Jean  Jacques  Regis, 
dnke  of  Rome,  &c.,  raised  to  distinction 
by  the  French  revolution,  was  b.  at 
Montpelicr,  in  1733,  brought  up  to  the 
legal  profession,  and  by  his  talents  soon 
attracted  the  notice  of  the  convention, 
by  whom  he  was  appointed  to  various 
judicial  offices.  In  the  discussion  rela- 
tive to  the  fate  of  Louis  XVI.,  although 
he  w.'is  one  who  declared  liim  guilty,  yet 
he  disputed  the  right  of  the  convention 
to  judge  hiin.  aiul  voted  for  his  proviso- 
ry arrest,  or.  in  case  of  hostile  invasion, 
his  death.  For  a  time  he  had  the  man- 
agement of  foreign  all'airs ;  and  when 
Bonaparte  was  first  consul,  Cambnccres 
was  chosen  second  consul.  After  Napo- 
leon became  emperor  he  was  an  especial 
favorite,  and  w;is  created  arehchancel- 
lor,  grand  oltieer  of  the  legion  of  honor, 
and  ultimately  duke  of  Parma,  anil  presi- 
dent of  tlie  chamber  of  peers.    In  fine, 


he  always  showed  a  sincere  attachment 
to  Napoleon,  and  devoted  his  best  ener-" 
gies  to  his  cause ;  and  though  he  was 
banished  on  the  second  restoration  of 
Louis  XVIII.,  yet  he  was  afterwards 
allowed  to  return  to  Paris,  where  he  d. 
in  IS'24. 

CAMBRIDGE,  Adolphus  Fp.edekio, 
duke  of,  the  seventh  and  youngest  son 
of  George  III.,  was  b.  1774  ;  d.lSoO. 

CAMERON  NE,  Pierke  Jacqce-s 
Etienne,  baron  de,  a  distinguished 
French  general,  was  b.  at  Nantes,  1770. 
Entering  the  army  in  1790,  he  served 
with  distinction  in  the  campaigns  of  the 
republic  and  the  empire.  He  accom- 
panied Napoleon  to  Elba  in  1814,  re- 
turned with  him  in  1816,  commanded 
a  division  of  the  Old  Guard  at  the  bat- 
tle of  Waterloo,  refused  to  surrender, 
though  his  men  were  nearly  destroyed, 
and  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  English, 
after  being  severely  wounded.  In  1S16 
he  was  brought  before  a  council  of  war ; 
but  though  'unanimously  acquitted,  he 
was  placed  in  retirement,  and  did  not 
re-enter  his  country's  service  till  1830. 
The  celebrated  words,  "  La  Garde  meurt, 
et  ne  se  rend  pas,"  are  attributed  to  him. 
D.  1842. 

CAMBYSES,  king  of  Persia,  succeed- 
ed his  father,  the  great  Cyrus,  in  529 
B.C.  He  was  of  a  violent  and  vindictive 
disposition,  which  he  manilested  equal- 
ly by  his  invasions  of  Egypt  and  Ethi- 
opia, and  by  his  cruel  treatment  of  his 
own  subiects.     D.  521  b.c. 

CAMDEN,  Charles  Pratt,  Earl,  a 
distinguished  British  lawyer  and  states- 
man, was  the  third  son  of  Sir  .lohn 
Pratt,  chief  justice  of  the  court  of  King's 
Bench,  b.  1713.  In  1757  he  was  ap- 
pointed attorney-general ;  and  in  1762 
made  chief  justice  of  the  common  pleas. 
In  1765  he  was  created  a  peer,  and  the 
year  following  advanced  to  the  dignity 
"of  lord  chancellor.  On  the  question  of 
libels  Lord  Camden  always  opposed  the 
doctrine  laid  down  by  high  authority, 
viz.,  that  juries  were  only  the  judges  of 
the  matter  of  fact,  and  not  of  tlie  law. 
In  1782  he  was  appointed  president  of 
the  council,  which  office  he  resigned  the 
following  year;  but  he  was  afterwards 
reappointed,  and  held  it  till  his  death 
in  1794. — John  Jeffreys  Phatt,  mar- 
quis of,  was  b.  in  1759,  being  the  only  >on 
of  Charles,  first  Earl  Camden,  some  time 
lord  high  chancellor  of  England.  He 
was  educated  at  Trinity  college,  Cam- 
bridge ;  and  in  1780  he  "was  returned  to 
parliament  as  one  of  the  members  for 
Bath ;  sl.ortly  after  which  he  received 


244 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    MOGRAPHY. 


[cam 


the  appoit.tment  of  one  of  the  tellci's  of 
•the  cx'.'licqucv.  In  1794  he  siiccoedcd 
liis  lather  in  the  pcera;:e,  luid  the  year 
followhig  he  was  made  lord  lieutenant 
of  Ireland.  For  his  eminent  services  to 
the  state,  he  was  created  Marquis  Cam- 
den and  carl  of  IJrceknoek  in  1812.  D. 
ISJtO. — William,  a  learned  Ensflish  an- 
tiquary. He  received  his  early  educa- 
tion at  Christ's  hospital,  and  subse- 
quentlv  studied  at  Oxford,  where  he 
took  his  B.A.  deiiree.  After  filling  the 
situations  of  second  and  chief  master  of 
Westminster  school,  his  proficiency  in 
antiquarian  lore  procured  him  the  lion- 
orable  and  lucrative  office  of  Claren- 
cieux  king-at-arms.  In  addition  to  his 
great  and  well-known  work,  "The 
Britannia,"  he  published  "iVnnals  of 
Queen  Elizabeth,"  a  Greek  grammar, 
&c.     B.  l.-)ol;  d.  1G23. 

CAMERARIUS,  Joachim,  a  learned 
German  writer,  the  friend  and  biogra- 
pher of  Melancthou.  B.  I'm ;  d.  1574.— 
JoAcniM,  son  of  the  above;  author  of 
some  botanical  essays,  &c.  B.  1534  ;  d. 
15yS. 

CAMERON,  Joiix,  a  Scotch  Protest- 
ant divine,  who,  after  filling  the  divin- 
itv  chair  at  Glasgow,  obtained  that  of 
Montauban,  in  France.  Mild  by  nature 
and  tolerant  by  Christian  philosophy,  he 
endeavored  to  mediate  between  Protest- 
ants and  Catholics;  but  some  zealots 
belonsing  to  the  latter  caused  him  to  be 
so  severely  assaulted,  that  he  died  from 
the  eftects'of  the  brutal  attack.     D.  1625. 

CAMILLA,  daughter  of  Metabus, 
king  of  the  Volsci.  On  succeeding  her 
fatlier  she  distinguished  herself  in  arms, 
and  fell  in  battle  assisting  Turnus  against 
jiEneas. 

C  AMILLUS,  MAKcrs  Furius,  a  Roman 
general.  After  obtaining  the  highest 
honors  from  his  apjilauding  compatriots 
he  was  charged  \vitli  peculation,  and 
went  into  exile.  But  when  Brennus 
and  his  Gauls  besieged  the  capital, 
Camillus  nobly  set-  aside  his  private 
feelings,  hastened  to  Rome,  and  Ireed  it 
from  the  barbarians  ;  after  which  he  was 
made  dictator.     I).  365  b.  o. 

CAMOENS,  Luiz  ue,  the  most  cel- 
ebrated poet  of  the  Portuguese,  was  b. 
at  Lisbon,  probably  in  1524;  for  it  ap- 
ijcars,  from  a  catalogue  of  persons  em- 
barking for  the  East  Indies  m  1550,  that 
Camoens,  whose  age  is  there  given  at 
twenty-five  years,  offered  himself  as  a 
volunteer  for  the  campajgn.  His  father 
was  a  seH-cai)tain,  and  perished  by  ship- 
wreck, on  the  coast  of  Goa,  in  1556. 
Camoens  .studiod  at  Coimbra,  and  hav- 


ing coir.pleted  his  education,  re  nirned  to 
Lisbon,  wliere    he  fell   deeply   in   love 
with   a   lady   of   the   palace,    Catharino 
d'Attayde.  '  He  was  exiled  to  Santarera, 
on  acco\int  of  disputes  in  which  tliis  love 
involved  liim.     i  rom  despair  he  became 
a  soldier,  and  served  in  the  fleet  which 
the   Portuguese   sent  against  Morocco, 
He   composed  poetry  in   ti)e  midst  of 
battles;    and,    as    danger    kindled    his 
genius,  so  genius  animated  his  courage. 
An  arrow  having  deprived  him  of  liis 
right  eye   before    Ceuta,    he    naturally 
hoped  that  his  wounds  would  receive  a 
recompense,  though  his  talents  were  not 
appreciated ;     but    envy    opposed    his 
claims.      Full  of  indignation  at  seeing 
himself    ncirlected,    he    embarked,     in 
1553,  for  India,  and  landed  at  Goa.     His 
powerful  imagination  was  e.xcited  by  the 
neroic  deedsof  his  countrymen  in  this 
quarter ;  and,  although   he   had   much 
reason  to  complain  of  them,  he  could  not 
resist  the  desire  of  celebrating  their  glory 
in  an  cpie.    But  this  vivacity  of  mind 
essential  to  the  poet,  is  not  easily  iniitec' 
with  the  moderation  which  a  dependen* 
condition  demands.     Camoens  was  dis- 
pleased with  the  abuses  of  the  govern- 
ment in  India,  and  wrote  a  satire,  which 
caused  his  banishment  to  Macao,  where 
he  lived  several  years  in  no  other  society 
than  that  of  nature,  and  composed  his 
Lusiad,  the  subject  of  which  is  Vasoo 
da  Gama's   expedition  to    India.     The 
parts  of  it  whicn  are  best  known  are  the 
episode  of  Ines  de  Castro,  and  the  ap- 
pearance of  Adamastor,  who,  by  means 
of  his  power  over  the  storms,  aims  to 
stop  Gama's  voyage,  when  he  is  about 
to  double  the  Cape.     The  versification 
of  the  Lusiad  has  something  so  charm- 
ing and  splendid,  that  not  only  culti- 
vated  minds,   but    even    the    common 
people,  are  enraptured  by  its  magic,  and 
learn   by  heart   and  sing   its   beautiful 
stanzas.     Being  at  last  recalled  from  his 
banishment,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river 
Meeon,  in  Coehin-China,  he  was  ship- 
wrecked, and  saved  himself  by  swim- 
ming ;  holding  in  one  hand,  above  the 
water,  the  inanuscript  of  his  poem,  the 
only  treasure  which  he  rescued  from  the 
waves,  and  which   was   dearer  to   him 
than  life.     In  Goa,  he  encountered  new 
persecutions  ;  he  was  confined  in  prison 
fjr  debt,   and    not    allowed,    until    his 
friends  became  responsible  for  him,  to 
embark   and  return  to  Lisbon,  in  156'J. 
King  Sebastian,  yet  hardly  past  the  age 
of  childhood,  took  an  interest  in  him. 
He  accepted  the  dedication  of  his  epic, 
(which  appeared  in  1572,)  and,  being  on 


cam] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    ItlOGRAPIIV. 


245 


the  point  of  embarking  on  bis  expedi- 
lion  airaiiist  t!i,'  Moors  in  AtVii'ii,  lie 
fflt,  more  sensibly  than  othnr.-*,  the  ge- 
nius of  tho  poet,  wiio,  like  him,  loved 
dantrcrs  it'  they  led  to  glory.  But  Sebas- 
tian was  killed  in  a  battle  before  Alcacar, 
in  1578,  when  every  source  of  assist- 
ance, as  well  as  every  hope  of  Camoens, 
was  destroyed  by  this  event.  So  great 
was  his  poverty,  that  at  night,  a  slave 
whom  he  had  brought  with  him  from 
India,  begged  in  the  streets,  in  order  to 
support  the  life  of  his  master.  In  tins 
misery  he  yet  wrote  lyrie  poems,  some 
of  which  contain  the  most  moving  com- 
plaints. This  hero  of  Portuguese  liter- 
ature, the  ornament  of  his  country  and 
of  Europe,  d.  at  last,  in  1579,  in  the 
hospital  at  Lisbon. 

CAMPAN,  Jeanne  Louise  IIenp.iette 
DE,  distinguished  no  less  for  her  amia- 
bility than  her  acquirements,  was  b.  at 
Paris,  1752.  Attached  to  the  court  in 
the  capacity  of  companion  to  the  French 
princesses,  she  was  particularly  dis- 
tinguished by  Jlurie  Antoinette,  wliosc 
good  and  evil  fortune  she  shared  with 
alfectiug  fidelity  and  devotion.  At'ter 
the  revolution  she  instituted  a  celebrated 
educational  establishment  at  St.  Ger- 
mains;  she  was  subsequently  appointed 
by  Xa])oleon  head  of  tlie  institution  for 
the  ei.lucation  of  the  daughters  of  officers 
whom  ho  had  enrolled  in  the  legion  of 
honor;  but  after  tiic  restoration  of  the 
Bourbons,  this  establishnient  was  dis- 
solved, and  lier  relationship  to  Marshal 
Ney  involved  her  in  various  unpleasant 
investigations  which  imbittered  lier  life. 
She  d.  in  1822,  leaving  behind  her,  be- 
sides a  respected  name,  many  educa- 
tional works,  (of  which  her  "Education 
des  Fillcs''  deserves  particular  notice,) 
and  valuable  memoirs,  rich  in  interest- 
ing sketches  of  the  private  life  of  her 
former  mistress  and  friend. 

CAMPANELLA,  Tmoma?,  an  Italian 
monk  of  the  Dominican  order.  Having 
strongly  opposed  the  I'eripatetic  philos- 
ophy, his  enemies  caused  him  to  be  ac- 
cused of  conspiracy,  and  he  was  confined 
first  at  Naples  and  afterwards  at  Kome. 
From  tho  latter  place  he  escaped  to 
France,  where  Cardinal  Richelieu  ob- 
tained him  a  pension.  His  best  works 
are  "Do  recta  Patione  Studendi,"  and 
"  Aphorisma  Politica.''     D.  lGo9. 

CAMPBELL,  Arciiibai-d,  marquis  of 
Argyle,  a  zealous  and  gallant  partisan  of 
the  Covenanters.  At  the  restoration 
of  Charles  IT.  the  marquis  was  commit- 
ted to  the  Tower.  After  remaining  a 
prisoner  about  five  mouths,  he  was  se?it 
21* 


to  Scotland,  where  he  was  tried  for  high 
treason,  and  beheaded  in  1001. — Ai'.eiii- 
liAi.i),  earl  of  Argyle,  son  of  the  above, 
and  a  zealous  adherent  of  the  royal 
cause,  was  excepted  from  the  general 
pardon  issued  by  Cromwell  in  1054. 
Though  he  defeated  the  endeavors  of 
his  enemies  to  bring  him  to  the  scattbld, 
he  most  nnlbrtunately  ventured  to  re- 
turn from  Holland,  where  he  had  found 
shelter,  and  being  apprehended,  was 
conveyed  to  Edinburgh,  and  beheaded 
in  1GS5.— .John,  duke  of  Argyle  and  of 
Greenwich,  was  distinguished  equally  as 
a  soldier  and  a  statesman,  lie  was 
brigadier-general  at  the  famous  battle 
of  Eamilies,  and  commanded  with  bril- 
liant effect  at  Oudenarde  and  Malphiquet. 
To  these  services  he  added  tliat  of  beat- 
ing the  earl  of  JSIur  at  Dumblain,  and 
compelling  the  Pretender  to  quit  the 
kingdom.  These  actions,  and  his  ex- 
ertions in  bringing  about  the  union, 
were  rewarded  with  the  garter  and  the 
English  dukedom  of  Greenwich.  He 
also  held  several  offices,  of  which  SirE. 
"Walpole  deprived  him,  but  which  he 
rcgamed  on  that  minister's  removal.  B. 
1071 ;  d.  1713. — Archibald,  a  relative  of 
the  above,  and  bishop  of  Aberdeen ; 
author  of  the  very  scarce  and  curious 
work,  "The  Doctrine  of  a  Middle  State 
between  Death  and  the  Resurrection." 
He  resigned  his  bishopric  in  172-1,  and  d. 
1744. — George,  a  Scotch  divine,  princi- 
pal of  Marischal  college,  Aberdeen,  and 
professor  of  divinity  there ;  author  of 
the  "  Philosophy  of  Rhetoric," — still  a 
standard  work, — a  "  Reply  to  Hume  on 
the  Miracles,"  "  Lectures  on  Ecclesiasti- 
cal History,"  &c.  B.  1709  ;  d.  1790.— 
John,  a  Scotch  architect,  surveyor  of 
the  works  at  Greenwich ;  author  of 
"  Vitruvius  Britannicus."  D.  1734. — 
John,  a  clever  and  industrious  Scotch 
writer ;  author  of  the  "  Military  His- 
tories of  Prince  Eugene  and  the  duke  of 
Marlborough  ;"'  a  "  Political  Survey  of 
Britain,"  the  "Lives  of  the  Admirals," 
Szc.  D.  1775. — Neil,  was  the  officer 
selected  by  the  British  government  to 
accompany  Napoleon  to  the  island  of 
Elba;  and  it  was  during  a  short  excur- 
sion, \vhich  his  bad  state  of  health  ren- 
dered necessary,  that  Napoleon  etTected 
his  escape.  After  spending  thirty-one 
years  in  the  service  of  his  country,  he  fell 
a  sacrifice  to  the  noxious  climate  of 
Sierra  Leone,  of  which  colony  he  had 
been  appointed  commander-in-chief.  D. 
1827.— Thomas,  an  eminent  poet,  was 
the  son  of  a  Scotch  merchant,  who  gave 
him  an  excellent  education  at  Glasgow, 


246 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    DIOGRAPHY. 


[cam 


■where  he  ;Treatly  distinguished  himself. 
A  tnmsLiiiuu  of  his  tVom  Aristopliiiiies 
was  nronoiuiued  by  the  best  judges  to 
be  the  lincst  college  exercise  they  hud 
ever  seeu  ;  aud,  v.-heii  little  more  than 
thirteen,  he  won  a  bursary  in  his  college 
iroiii  a  competitor  nearly  double  his  age. 
Leaving  Glasgow  at  an  eaily  age,  he 
beltled  in  Edinburgh  as  a  private  tutor  ; 
nd  here,  when  only  in  his  twenty- 
econd  year,  he  published  "The  Pleas- 
.n-es  of  Hope'" — by  all  judges  allowed 
to  be  one  ot  the  most  elegant  poems  in 
our  language.  The  success  of  this  work 
Was  such  as  to  allow  of  his  making  a 
tour  on  tlic  Continent,  whence  he  gave 
the  v.-orld  those  splendid  lyrics,  "Ye 
ilariners  of  England,''  "Tiie  Exile  of 
Erin,"'  and  "  liohenlindeu."  At  the 
buttle  of  Hohenlinden  he  was  so  near 
that  he  could  see  the  returning  conquer- 
ors wiping  their  blood-stained  sabres 
upon  their  horses'  manes  ;  a  cireuni- 
stance  to  which,  in  after  years,  he  was 
of.en  iieard  to  allude.  Soon  after  his 
return  from  the  Continent,  Mr.  Campbell 
married  and  settled  in  London,  employ- 
ing himself  not  only  in  occasional  com- 
position of  poetry,  but  also  in  tiie 
drudgery  of  mere  compilation.  He 
published  "Gertrude  ot  Wyoming," 
"The  Battle  of  the  Baltic,''  "Lord 
niin's  Daughter,"  and  "O'Connor's 
Child  ;"  and  he  was  engaged  by  Mr. 
Murray  to  write  the  admirable  and  well- 
known  "  Critical  Essays  and  Speci- 
mens." Subsequently  'he  edited  the 
Kew  Jlonthly  and  the  Metropolitan 
Muirazines,  and  published  "Theodoric," 
a  poem,  besides  editing  some  few  re- 
prmis  and  compilations.  Early  in  his 
career  he  was  relieved  from  the  absolute 
want  which  too  often  stings  genius  into 
imprudence,  by  the  kindness  of  Charles 
Fox,  who  put  him  on  the  pension  list 
for  £2' 10  per  annum.  Ills  health  liud 
for  some  years  been  but  feeble,  and  in 
184:3  he  retired  to  Boulogne,  where  he  d. 
June  15,  18 ll-,  ajred  07. 

C.\MI'E,  JoAcniM  Henry,  a  German 
writer,  author  of  a  "German  Diction- 
ary," "  Letters  from  Paris,  eulogistic 
of  the  French  Revolution,"  "Theoph- 
ron,"  and  the  "  New  Robinson  Crusoe." 
The  last-named  work,  by  which  he  is 
chiefly  known  in  Elngland,  is  founded 
on  the  popular  work  of  Defoe.  B.  174G  ; 
d.  1818. 

CAMPEGGIO,  LoBENZo,  originally  a 
professor  of  civil  law  at  Bologna,  but  on 
the  death  of  his  wife  he  entered  the 
church,  became  a  bishop,  and  at  length 
fi  cardinal.     In  1519  he  was  .sent  as  le- 


gate to  England,  and  while  there  was 
nominated  iiishop  of  Salisbury.  After 
being  some  time  in  Germany  as  legate, 
and  employed  in  opposing  Lutherunism, 
he  again  went  to  England  to  decide  be- 
tween Henry  VIIL  and  Catharine  of 
Aragon,  on  which  occasion  he  olfended 
Henry  without  being  of  any  real  service 
to  the  queen,  lie  appears  to  have  been 
a  man  of  considerable  learning  and  nat- 
ural ability;  for  he  reckoned  Erasmus 
and  other  eminent  scholars  among  his 
friends.  D.  1539. — A  brother  ot'  the 
above,  and  a  bishop,  author  of  several 
"Treatises  on  Canon  Law."    D.  15G4. 

CAMPER,  Petek,  a  Dutch  physician 
and  naturalist.  His  writings  on  various 
departments  of  "  Nutural  History  and 
Philosophy"  are  collected  in  0  volumes; 
and,  in  addition  to  these,  he  wrote  an 
ingenious  treatise  on  "The  Physiogno- 
mies of  Men  of  Ditferent  Nations."  B. 
17-22;  d.  17S9. 

CAMPHU  YSEN,  Dyrk,  a  Dutch  land- 
scape painter  of  the  17th  century,  dis- 
tinguislied  for  the  excellence  of  his 
moonlight  pieces. 

C  AMPI,  Berxardix,  an  Italian  painter, 
and  author  of  an  excellent  treatise  on 
the  principles  of  his  art.  D.  1584.^ 
Various  persons  of  this  name  are  dis- 
tintruished  in  the  annals  of  Italian  art. 

CAMPL\N,  Edmund,  an  English  Je- 
suit, lie  was  educated  at  Christ's  hos- 
pital, and  graduated  at  Oxford  ;  but  on 
a  visit  to  Ireland  was  induced  to  turn 
Catholic,  and  enter  as  a  Jesuit  at  Douay. 
He  wrote  "  Chronologiu  Universalis,'" 
and  a  drama,  called  "Nectar  and  Am 
brosia."  Being  chosen  by  Gregory 
XIII.  to  visit  England  as  a  missionary, 
he  was  discovered,  tried  for  high  treason, 
and  executed  in  1581. 

CAMPISTBON,  Jean  Gualbert  de, 
a  French  dramatic  poet.  Three  volumes 
of  his  plays  are  extant;  and  some  of 
them  are  thought  to  be  but  little  inferior 
to  those  of  his  celebrated  eotemporary, 
llaeine.     B.  1050;  d.  1723. 

CAMPOMANES,  Peduo  Rodriguez, 
count  de,  a  celebrated  Spanish,  states- 
man, whose  profound  views  in  political 
economy  obtained  him,  in  1705,  the  ap- 
]iointmcnt  of  fiscal  to  the  council  of 
Castile.  lie  was  afterwards  made  min- 
ister of  state,  and  wrote  many  useful 
works.     D.  1789. 

CAMPS,  Francis  de,  abbot  of  Ligny, 
author  of  a  "  History  of  France,"  "  Dia- 
sertutioii  on  Medals,"  &c.     D.  1723. 

C.VMPSON,  Gauri,  raised  by  tho 
Mamelukes  to  tlie  sultanship  of  Egypt  < 
and  slain,  after  a  beneficent  reign  of  12 


can] 


CYCLOP.KDIA    OK    IJIUGKAPUT 


247 


years,  in  an  action  with  Selim,  emperor 
of  the  Turks,  in  1516. 

(^AMUS,  Akmam)  Gastox,  was  one 
of  the  deputies  from  Paris  to  tlie  states- 
general  in  ITs'.t;  luid,  when  a  member 
of  tlic  convention,  voted  for  the  dcatli 
of  the  king.  Althongli  he  opposed  tlie 
cstablisliment  of  the  consular  govern- 
ment, vet  Bonaparte  continued  him  in 
his  olhce  of  arehivist,  wliioh  he  held 
several  years.  B.  1740;  d.  1804. — John 
I'kter,  a  French  prelate,  remarkable  for 
the  raillery  he  introduced  into  his  ser- 
mons. He  was  created  bishop  of  Bellay 
l>y  Henry  IV.,  but  his  severe  reproofs 
<if  the  monks,  and  his  endeavors  to 
cheek  their  irregularities,  made  him 
uiauy  enemies,  and  ho  at  length  re- 
signed his  bishopric  and  retired  to  a 
monastery.  Among  his  writings  were 
several  religious  romances,  written  witli 
the  intention  to  supplant  the  less  edify- 
ing fictions  which  were  just  at  that  time 
so  popular.     B.  15S2;  d.  1652. 

OAMUSAT,  NicnoL^vs,  canon  of 
Troyos,  author  of  '•  Melanges  Histori- 
ques,"  "Historia  Albigensium,"  &c. 
I).  1055. 

CANALETTI,  or  CANALE,  Anto- 
nio, a  Venetian  painter,  whose  excel- 
lence was  chiefly  m  landscape.  To  liim 
is  ascribed  the  merit  of  havmg  been  the 
lirst  to  make  the  camera  obscura  useful 
in  puiuting.    B.  1697;  d.  1768. 

(JANAXI,  JoHX  Baptist,  an  Italian 
anatomist,  professor  of  anatomy  and 
medicine  at  Ferrara,  author  of  a  valuable 
and  scarce  work,  entitled  "Musculorum 
Humani  Corporis  picturata  Dissectio." 
Some  writers  attribute  to  him  the  dis- 
covery of  the  valves  of  the  veins.  D. 
15t»0. 

CANDAULES,  a  king  of  Lydia,  put 
to  death  by  his  favorite,  Gyges,  at  the 
instigation  of  the  queen.  Gyges  sub- 
sequently slew  her  also,  and'  assumed 
the  crown,  718  b.  c. 

CAN  DIDO,  Peter,  whose  real  name 
is  said  to  have  been  De  Witte,  was  a 
native  of  Bruges,  where  lie  was  dis- 
tinguished as  an  historical  painter. 
Many  of  his  works  have  been  engraved. 

CANDOLLE,  Augustin  P.  de,  whose 
knowledge  of  botany  has  placed  him  in 
the  same  rank  with  Linnajus,  was  b.  at 
Geneva,  1778.  Having  finished  his 
studies  at  Paris,  he  soon  attracted  the 
notice  of  Cuvier  and  Lamarck,  whom 
he  aided  in  various  scientific  researches  ; 
and  in  ISoS  he  was  appointed  to  the 
chair  of  botany  in  Montpelier.  Oblisred 
to  quit  France  for  having  taken  ottice 
under    Napoleon   during   the   hundred 


days,  he  found  refuge  in  his  native  city, 
wljcrc  a  chair  of  natural  liisiory  was 
expressly  instituted  for  him,  and  Vhera 
he  continued,  for  many  years,  to  extend 
the  boundaries  of  his  favorite  science 
by  his  lectures  and  publications.  His 
clVicf  works  are  a  "  Thc'orie  f21cinentaire 
do  Botanique,"  "Eegni  Vcgetabilis  Sys- 
tema  Naturale,"  "  L'Organographie'  et 
la  Physiologic  Vegetales,"  &c. ;  in  all 
of  which  he  seeks  to  enforce  what  is 
called  the  natural  arrangement.  D.  1841. 

CANGE,  Charles  du  Fres.ve  d0,  a 
French  antiquary,  author  of  a  "  History 
of  the  Empire  of  Constantinople,"  ''By- 
zantine History,"  &c.     D.  16S8. 

CANNEMAN,  Euas,  a  Dutch  states- 
man, who,  in  17'J8,  joined  the  revolu- 
tion, and  held  a  high  financial  post  at 
the  Hague,  when  Holland  was  united  to 
France.  In  1813  he  was  among  the  first 
to  declare  the  independence  ot' Holland, 
and  chief  contributor  to  the  restoration 
of  the  house  of  Orange.     B.  1773. 

CANNES,  Francis,  a  learned  Span- 
iard, the  author  of  " A  Spanish  and 
Arabian  Grammar  and  Dictionary."  B. 
1787 ;  d.  1705. 

CANNING,  George,  a  highly  gifted 
orator  and  distinguished  politician,  was 
b.  in  London,  April  11,  1770.  His  fa- 
ther, who  was  from  Ireland,  was  a  man 
of  considerable  literary  abilities ;  but 
having  ofiendcd  his  family  by  marrying 
a  lady  without  fortune,  came  to  London, 
entered  himself  of  the  Middle  Temple, 
and  M'as  called  to  the  bar.  Like  many 
others  similarly  situated,  he  soon  aban- 
doned the  law  for  literature ;  but  this 
failing  to  provide  him  with  the  means 
of  support,  he  commenced  business  as  a 
wine  merchant,  and  failed.  Kepcated 
di-iappoiutments  seriously  aflccted  his 
health  and  spirits,  and  he  died,  broken- 
hearted, on  the  very  day  that  his  infant 
son  was  one  year  old.  His  widow,  re- 
duced by  dire  necessity,  had  recourse  to 
the  stage  for  support^  and  married  an 
actor:  he  also  died,  and  she  then  be- 
came the  wife  of  Mr.  Ilunn,  a  linen- 
draper  of  Exeter.  But  she  had  the 
happiness  to  live  to  see  the  success  of 
her  son,  and  to  receive  from  him  at  all 
times  the  tendcrest  marks  of  filial  alfec- 
tion.  The  friends  of  his  father  first 
placed  him  at  Hyde  Abbey  school,  Win- 
chester, and  afterwards  at  Eton,  where 
he  greatly  distinguished  himself  as  a 
scholar,  and  formed  many  connections 
which  were  of  great  service  to  him  in 
his  after  life.  While  at  Eton,  he  dis- 
played great  skill  as  an  author,  in  his 
contributions   to   the    "  ^licrocosm,"    a 


248 


CTCLOP.EUIA  OF  BIOGRAiniV. 


[cAS 


periocUoal  work  conducted  by  the  senior 
scliolai^.      At   Oxford  also   he   distin- 
guished hiniselt",  and  proceeded  thence 
to  Lincoln's  Inn,  his  oratorical  talents 
suggesiing   the    bar   as   tlie   profession 
best  adapted  for  him.    Being  introduced 
to  tlie  house  of  commons  by  Mr.  Pitt, 
he  abandoned  the  bar,  and  devoted  him- 
self wholly  to  politics.     His  strenuous 
and  able  'support  of  the  minister  was 
rewarded  in  171)6  with  an  under  secre- 
tary .ship  of  state;  and  in  the  year  1800 
he  Was  placed  in  affluence  by  his  mar- 
riage   witli     Miss    Joanna    Scott,    the- 
daughter  of  General  Seott,  with  a  for- 
tune of  £100,000.    Ilis  talents  as  a  poet 
and  political   writer  were    unquestion- 
able, and  lie  made   an   expert   tise  of 
them  in  the  articles  he  contributed  to 
the  '•  Antijacobin,"    a  celebrated  pub- 
lication, in  which  the  whigs  were  wit- 
tily,  unmercifully,  and  in   some   cases 
unjustiliably,  heicl  up  to  popular  con- 
temj)t.     After  the  death  of  Titt,  and  the 
dissolution  of  the  coalition  ministry  of 
Fc.K    and    Grenville,    Canning    became 
foreign  secretary  in  Percevars  adminis- 
tration ;    and    to    hira    may   justly  be 
ascribed   the   line  of  British   pohcy  in 
Spain,  which  destroyed  the  hopes  of 
Napoleon,  and  led   to   his   final   over- 
throw ;  for,  as  he  once  emphatically  de- 
clared, "  his  had  been  the  hand  which 
committed  England  to  an  alliance  with 
Spain."     Having,  as  it  was  alleged,  un- 
fairly endeavored  to  procure  the  removal 
of  Lord  Castlereagh  from  office,  a  duel 
took  place,  and  both  parties  had  to  quit 
office.   In  1812  lie  was  elected  a  member 
for  the  great  commercial  town  of  Liver- 
pool ;  and  in  ISIG  lie  again  became  min- 
ister, being  appointed  president  of  the 
board  of  control.     In  this  situation  he 
made  himself  extremely  unpopular  by 
his  defence  of  the  Six  Acts,  and  other 
no  less  obnoxious  measures.      On  the 
return  of  Queen  Caroline  to  England  in 
1820,  Mr.  Canning  retired  from  office, 
that  he  might  not  have  occasion  to  vote 
against  her.     This  did  not  prevent  his 
being    appointed    governor-<,'-encral    of 
India  in  1822 ;  and  he  had  already  made 
preparations   for   his  departure,    when 
the  death  of  the  marquis  of  London- 
derry caused   the  seals  of  the  foreign 
office  to  be  delivered  to  Mr.  Canning. 
In  conjunction  with  Mr.  Iluskisson,  he 
now  advocated  a  cour.--e  of  both  home 
and   foreign    polity    strikingly  at  vari- 
ance with  that  of  which  he  had  for  years 
been  the  wittiest  and  readiest,  if  not  the 
most    profound,    defender.      His   new 
policy  was  as  popular  as  his  old  had 


been  obnoxious ;  and  the  earl  of  Liver- 
pool being  seized  with  paralysis,  from 
whicli  there  was  no  hope  of  his  recovery, 
ilr.  Canning  reached  the  grand  object 
of  his  ambition — that  of  being  the  ac- 
knowledged head  of  the  administration. 
But  though  the  new  premier  was  pop- 
ular with  the  country,  the  party  with 
whom  he  liad  in  a  great  measure  ceased 
to  act  rendered  his  task  a  difficult  one. 
The  opposition  to  him  was  fierce,  almost 
rancorous  ;  and  it  was  soon  obvious  that 
he  was  sutfering  both  in  mind  and  body 
from  over-e.\ertion  and  constant  excite- 
ment. These,  aggravating  the  etlects 
of  a  severe  cold,  caught  wlvile  attending 
the  funeral  of  the  duke  of  York,  brought 
on  a  most  painful  inflammatory  disease, 
which  terminated  his  life  at  the  age  of 
57,  in  1827. 

CANO,  Aloxzo,  a  Spanish  painter, 
sculptor,  and  architect;  he  was  sur- 
named  the  Michael  Angelo  of  Spiiin. 
His  colossal  statues  of  St.  Peter  and  St. 
Paul  were  so  admirably  executed,  that 
foreign  artists  from  all  parts  travelled  to 
see  and  copy  thein.  Lnhappily,  in  the 
midst  of  his  triumph  and  celebrity,  he 
became  the  victim  of  a  horrible  suspi- 
cion. During  his  absence  from  home, 
his  wife  was  murdered  and  his  house 
robbed  by  an  Italian  servant;  and  Cano 
being  suspected,  was  put  to  the  rack. 
The  torture  itself  could  not  shake  his 
firmness,  and  as  therje  was  no  evidence 
against  him  he  was  released.  He  then 
entered  tlie  church ;  and  although  he 
strictly  attended  to  his  religious  duties, 
his  love  of  the  arts  was  unabated,  and 
tlie  "  ruling  passion"  was  so  strong,  that 
on  his  death-bed,  he  averted  his  face 
from  the  crucifix  of  his  confessor,  be- 
cause it  was  ill-carved.  B.  1608 ;  d. 
1676. — .James,  a  Portuguese  navigator, 
who  in  the  15th  century  discovered  the 
kingdom  of  Contro. — Joun  Skbastiax,  a 
Spanish  navigator,  who  was  employed 
as  principal  surveying  officer  by  Magel- 
lan, who  circumni'ivigated  the  globe  in 
1520-1.     D.  1526. 

CAXOVA,  Antonio,  a  celebrated 
modern  sculptor.  He  was  b.  in  1757, 
at  the  little  village  of  Passa^rno,  inthe 
Venetian  territory.  The  seigneur  of  the 
village,  having  seen  the  figure  of  a  lion 
modelled  by  Cnnova  when  only  12  years 
of  age,  was  generous  enough  to  place 
him  with  Torretii,  of  Vienna,  at  that 
time  the  greatest  living  sculptor.  At 
the  close  of  his  studies  at  Vienna  he 
settled  at  Venice,  and  manifestC'l  the 
originality  of  his  powers  by  various 
works.      From    Venice    lie    passed    to 


c.«.p] 


CTCLOP-EDIA    Of    lilOG  HAPIIV, 


M9 


lioiie,  where  he  was  greatly  patronizcrl, 
and  in  a  comparatively  brief  lime  he 
was  admired  by  all  P^urope,  and  more 
or  less  employed  by  every  European 
potentate.  Fortune  and  lionors  flowed 
HI  upon  him,  and  he  used  them  wisely 
and  honorably.  Amoii;;^  his  uumerous 
works  the  finest  are  "Cunid  and 
I'syehe,"  "Venus  and  Adonis,  "]\Iary 
Magdalen,"  and  "  Napoleon  holding  tlie 
Sceptre."     T).  1822. 

CANOVAI,  Stanislaus,  an  Italian 
mathematician,  broutrht  into  notice  by 
a  work  to  prove  that  Americo  Vespueeio 
was  the  hrst  discoverer  of  the  New 
AVorld.     B.  1740. 

CANSTEIN,  Chaulfs  Hildf.bkam), 
Baron,  a  German  nobleman,  distinguish- 
ed for  an  improvement  in  printin<r,  anal- 
ogous to  stereotyping.  He  caused  bibles 
and  testaments  to  be  printed  from  entire 
pages,  the  testanienls  being  sold  as  low 
as  fourpence  each.  liow  the  baron's 
pages  v.ere  formed  does  not  clearly  ap- 
pear.    D.  1710. 

CANTACUZENE,  Prince,  a  Greek 
patriot,  descended  from  the  famous 
Eastern  emperor,  John,  and  one  of  the 
first  to  join  Ypsilanti,  in  1821,  when  de- 
claring'for  the  liberty  of  Greece,  since 
re-established. 

CANTAOUZENUS,  Jonx,  emperor 
of  Constantinople.  After  tilling  Several 
important  offices  he  was  proclaimed 
emperor  by  the  nobles  and  soldiery : 
and  he  endeavored  to  heal  the  wounds 
which  five  years  of  civil  war  had  inflicted 
on  the  state  ;  but  the  jealousy  of  Paliie- 
olocrus,  the  rebellion  of  his  own  son, 
and  other  disasters,  induced  him  to 
resign  the  crown  and  to  retire  to  a  mon- 
astery, where  he  employed  himself  in 
literary  labors.  He  d.  in  1411,  being 
more  "than  100  years  old;  and  he  may 
be  considered  as  one  of  the  greatest 
amontr  the  successors  of  Constantine. 

CAXTAlvINI,  Simon,  surnamed  the 
Pezarese,  an  Italian  painter,  whose  works 
are  frequently  mistaken  for  those  of  his 
great  master,  Guido.     D.  1648. 

CANTEMIK,  IJemetiiics,  a  Moldavian 
prince;  author  of  "The  System  of  the 
Mahometan  Eeligion,"  a  "History  of  the 
Rise  and  Fall  of  the  Ottoman  Empire," 
<fce.  D.  1723. — Antiociius,  son  of  tiie 
above.  He  was  educated  in  Russia,  and 
employed  in  some  important  embassies 
from  that  country.  lie  was  the  author 
of  several  poems,  and  translated  Anae- 
reon  into  Russian.    D.  1774. 

("AXTERBURY,  Cuaules  Manners 
Sutton,  Viscount,  received  his  educa- 
tion at  Eton  and  Trinity  college,  Cam- 


bridge ;  entered  parliament  in  1807,  as 
member  for  Knaresborough,  wl)ich 
borough  he  represented  till  18:;2,  when 
he  was  elected  for  the  univerisity  of 
Cambridge.  In  li-O'J  he  was  appointed 
to  the  office  of  judge  advocate  general- 
and  on  Mr.  Abbot  (afterwards  Lord 
Colchester)  retiring  from  the  speaker- 
ship of  the  house  of  commons  m  1817, 
the  talent  and  political  integrity  of  Mr. 
Manners  Sutton  recommended  him  to 
the  house  as  one  eminently  qualified  to 
fill  so  distinguished  and  honorable  a 
situation.  It  being  reported  that  he  took 
an  active  part  in  the  formation  of  the 
Peel  ministry  in  18-34,  the  adherents  and 
friends  of  Lord  Melbourne  put  Mr.  Aber- 
crombie  in  nomination  for  the  speaker- 
ship, and  he  was  chosen  (Feb.  lU,  1835) 
by  a  majority  of  10.  Mr.  Manners  Sut- 
ton was  shortly  after  called  to  the  upper 
house  by  the  titles  of  Viscount  Canter- 
burv  and  Baron  Bottesford.     D.  1845. 

CANTIPRATANUS,  Thomas,  a  di- 
vine and  philosopher  of  the  loth  cen- 
tury; author  of  two  rare  and  curious 
treatises  on  the  "  Natural  History  of 
Bees."  He  is  also  said  to  have  trans- 
lated into  Latin  the  whole  of  the  works 
of  Aristotle;  but  Aventine  attributes  it 
to  Henry  of  Brabant. 

CANTON,  John,  an  ingenious  En- 
glish mechanician  and  experimentalist. 
The  chief  of  his  discoveries  was  that  of 
the  means  of  making  artificial  magnets, 
for  which  the  Royal  Society  gave  him  it! 
gold  medal,  and  elected  him  a  member. 
He  contributed  some  valuable  papers  to 
the  transactions  of  the  Royal  Society,  but 
published  no  separate  work.  B.  1718; 
d.  1772. 

CANUTE,  surnamed  the  Great,  king 
of  Denmark  by  inheritance,  and  of  En- 
gland by  conquest.  Though  his  autho- 
rity in  England  was  ill-obtained,  it 
seems  to  have  been  both  wisely  and 
justly  administered.  D.  1035. — IV., 
surnamed  the  Pious,  king  of  Denmark. 
He  endeavored  to  invade  England,  but 
was  unsuccessful,  and  was  slain  by  one 
of  his  subjects  in  a  revolt,  conseipient 
on  a  grant  he  had  made  to  the  church. 
D.  10S7. 

C.AJ^ASSO,  Nicholas,  an  Italian  di- 
vine, and  professor  of  civil  law  in  the 
university  of  Naples;  author  of  some 
works  on  theology  and  jurisprudence, 
which  are  now  but  little  known  ;  some 
spirited  and  popular  poetry,  Latin  and 
Italian ;  and  a  translation,  which  is 
hiijhly  popular  in  Naples,  of  "  Homer's 
Iliad"  mto  the  Neapolitan  patois.  B, 
1671;  d.  1746. 


250 


CVCl.Ol'.KDlA    OF    RXOGKAl'IIlf. 


[car 


CAPEL,  Arthur  Lord,  a  distin- 
guislied  royalist,  whj,  in  conjunction 
with  Lord  Norwich  und  Sir  diaries 
Lucas,  gallautlv  defended  Colchester 
against  the  parViamentary  troops.  He 
at  lengtli  surrendered  on  a  promise  of 
quarter,  but  was  beheaded  in  1648. 
While  contincd  in  the  Tower  he  wrote 
some  beautiful  verses ;  and  was  the 
author  also  of  a  moral  work,  entitled 
"  Daily  Meditations." — Arthur,  earl  of 
Esse.K,  son  of  the  above,  was  ambassador 
to  Denmark  and  lord  lieutenant  of  Ire- 
land, lie  subsequently,  for  a  short  time, 
held  the  office  of  first  lord  of  the  treas- 
ury ;  but  lost  his  favor  at  court  by  voting 
for  the  exclusion  of  the  duke  of  York. 
Being  accused  of  participation  in  the 
Eye-house  plot,  he  was  committed  to  the 
Tower,  where  he  cut  liis  throat,  in  1683. 

CAFELL,  EuwARD,  an  eminent  dra- 
matic critic;  editor  of  a  volume  of  an- 
cient poetry,  entitled  "  Prolusions,"  &c. ; 
but  chic^liy  known  for  his  edition  of 
Shakspeare,  a  task  which  is  said  to  have 
occupied  him  more  than  20  vears.  13. 
1718;  d.1781. 

CAPELLO,  BiANCA,  at  first  tlie  mis- 
tress, and  afterwards  the  wife  of  Francis, 
son  of  the  Grand-duke  Cosmo  de  Medici. 
She  was  possessed  of  great  ability,  but 
was  both  artful  and  cruel,  and  her  mem- 
ory is  literally  detested  by  the  Floren- 
tines. The  fact  that  her  husband  and 
herself  died  within  a  few  days  of  each 
other,  caused  it  to  be  surmised  that  they 
were  poisoned,  and  rnnior  charged  the 
dark  deed  upon  tiie  brother  of  her  hus- 
band, the  Cardinal  Ferdinand.     D.  ir)87. 

CAPISTRAN,  John,  a  friar,  who  dis- 
tinguished himself  in  the  14th  century 
by  the  zeal  with  which  he  labored  against 
Turks  and  heretics.  lie  headed  a  cru- 
sade against  the  Hussites,  of  whom  he 
is  said  to  have  made  many  converts. 
D.  14.0G  ;  and  nearly  two  centuries  after- 
wards was  canonized. 

CAPISUCCHI,  Bi.Asius,  marmiis  of 
Monterio,  and  general  of  the  Catholic 
forces.  Signalized  himself  by  great  da- 
ring and  zeal  against  the  Huguenots, 
•especially  in  defending  Poitiers  against 
them  in  1569.  The  besiegers  threw  a 
bridge  across  the  river,  when  Capisucchi 
and  two  companions  ])lunged  in,  and  in 
the  face  of  the  eiRMny  destroyed  the 
fastenings  of  the  bridge,  thereby  render- 
ing it  useless. — I'aui.,  bishop  of  Neoeas- 
tro.  He  was  appointed  by  the  pope  to 
examine  the  proccoflincrs  in  the  divorce 
of  Ilenry  V'lll.  and  Queen  (.'atharine, 
and  reported  that  that  measure  was  un- 
warranted.    D.  15S9. 


CAPMANI,  Don  Antonio,  a  Spanish 
philosopher,  b.  1749;  author  of  a  Spanish 
dictionary  and  several  elementary  works. 
D.  islO. 

CAPO  D'ISTKIA,  John,  count  of,  a 
Greek  diplomatist,  b.  at  Corfu,  1780 
He  was  the  son  of  a  physician,  and  him- 
self studied  physic  at  Venice.  His  fa- 
ther was  governor  of  the  seven  Ionian 
islands,  when  occupied  by  Russia ;  and 
when  the  treaty  of  Tilsit  transferred 
them  to  France,  Capo  d'Istria  entered 
the  official  service  of  the  former,  in 
Count  Eomanzof's  office.  In  1812  he 
was  sent  on  a  diplomatic  mission  to  Ad- 
miral Tchitchigolf.  In  1813  the  Em- 
peror Alexander  being  pleased  with  his 
conduct  on  that  occasion,  elevated  him 
to  the  rank  of  foreign  minister ;  and  in 
this  capacity  his  name  is  found  at  the 
foot  of  most  of  the  treaties  signed  by 
the  allies  on  the  downfall  of  Bonaparte 
in  1813-14.  Russia  allowed  him,  in 
1828,  to  quit  office,  in  order  to  become 
president  of  the  new  Greek  government. 
He  was  assassinated  in  the  autumn  of 
1821. 

CAPPE,  Newcome,  an  English  dis 
senting  divine,  pupil  of  Dr.  Doddridge ; 
author  of  "Illustrations  of  select  Pas- 
sages of  Scripture,"  "Discourses  on  the 
Providence  and  Government  of  God," 
&e.     D.  1791. 

CAPRAKA,  Cardinal,  a  distinguished 
Italian  ecclesiastic,  b.  1733.  Attached 
to  the  princijiles  of  the  French  revolu- 
tion, he  accompanied  Bonaparte,  in  1803, 
to  Brussels,  and  was  by  him  made  arch- 
bishop of  ililan.  It  was  by  Caprara  that 
Bonaparte  was  crowned  king  of  Italy  in 
180.").     D.  1810. 

CARACALLA,  Marcus  Abrelius  An- 
toninus, a  Roman  emperor.  He  was  b. 
in  183,  and,  in  conjunction  with  his 
brother,  Geta,  succeeded  his  fiither,  Se- 
verus,  in  211.  Having  murdered  Geta, 
he  was  so  much  enraged  at  the  people 
of  Alexandria  for  their  comments  on 
that  crime,  that  he  entered  the  city  with 
his  troops  and  slew  the  inhabitants. 
After  six  years'  reign  he  was  murdered 
by  one  of  his  guards,  in  217. 

'CARACCI,  Li-Dovico,  a  celebrated  Bo- 
lognese  painter.  His  works  are  chiefly 
to  be  found  in  the  churches  and  palaces 
of  Bologna,  though  some  other  Italian 
towns  boast  the  possession  of  a  few  of 
them.  He  was  an  extremely  amiable  and 
disinterested  man.  B.  155o;  d.  1619. — 
ANNmAi.E,  cousin  of  the  above,  and  still 
more  eminent  as  a  painter.  His  piiint- 
ing  in  the  palace  of  the  Cardinal  Far- 
ncse,  at  Rome,  is  said,  by  the  famous 


CAK 


CyCLOi'.KOIA    OJ-     lUOOKAl'llY. 


251 


Poussin,  to  excel  the  cftbrts  of  all  pre- 
ceding painters;  yet  lor  these  wonder- 
ful works,  which  occupied  him  eitrht 
years,  he  received  but  live  hundred  irold 
crowns.  D.  16(J'J. — Aoosti.no,  brollicr 
of  the  last  named,  lie,  like  his  distin- 
guished relatives,  was  an  eminent  jiaiut- 
er,  and  worked  sometimes  in  c(inj\inc- 
tion  with  tiiem;  but  he  was  still  more 
distiniruishcd  as  an  engraver.  His  prints 
after  Corrcirgio,  Paul  Veronese,  and  Tin- 
toretto, are  greatly  admired.     D.  Itj02. 

CAKACClO,  Antony,  an  Italian  poet 
of  the  17th  century ;  author  of  "  II  Cor- 
radino,"  and  other  tragedies;  and  an 
epic  poem,  entitled  '"  Imperio  Vindi- 
cato." 

CARACCIOLI,  Francisco,  Admiral, 
an  Italian,  b.  1770;  one  of  the  victims 
who  perished  by  the  sanguinary  reaction 
at  iSaples  in  17'J9,  when  the  rrench 
abandoned  the  town,  and  tlie  royal  fam- 
ily were  restored.  Notwithstanding  the 
capitulation  with  Cardinal  Eulfo  guar- 
anteed his  life,  he  was  hanged  at  the 
masthead  of  liis  vessel,  and  his  body 
thi'own  into  the  sea.  Much  has  been 
said  of  the  evil  influence  used  by  Lady 
Hamilton  over  Nelson,  then  stationed 
ott"  Naples,  to  get  Jiim  to  sanction  this 
outnige,  but  Lady  Hamilton  has  velie- 
jnentiy  denied  it.  —  Louis  Antony,  a 
rrench  writer.  His  works  are  numer- 
ous ;  but  none  of  them  obtained  so 
much  notice  as  his  pretended  letters  of 
Ganganelli,  Pope  Clement  XIV.  These 
are  so  superior  to  the  other  productions 
of  their  author,  that  the  ruse  succeeded 
iu  the  outset;  but  his  non-production 
of  the  original  MSS.,  and  certain  anach- 
ronisms in  the  work,  betraved  him.  B. 
1721 ;  d.  1803.— Robert,  an  Italian  bish- 
op, much  employed  by  popes  Calixtus 
III.  and  Sixtus  V.  His  sermons  contain 
passa<rcs  of  great  eloquence.     I).  14[)5. 

CAEACTACUS,  whose  real  name  was 
Caeadog,  was  the  king  of  an  ancient 
British  tribe  inhabiting  South  Wales, 
called  Silures.  He  gallantly  resisted  the 
Komaiis  for  a  considerable  "time,  but  was 
at  length  defeated  by  Ostorius,  a.  d.  7"). 
When  taken  prisoner  and  carried  before 
tbe  emperor  Claudius,  his  magnanimous 
behavior  and  sensilile  appeal  produced 
such  an  cflcet  on  the  Roman  enij)eror, 
that  he  gave  him  his  liberty  ;  but  what 
afterwards  became  of  him  is  not  re- 
corded. 

CAKADOG,  a  British  historian ;  au- 
thor of  "  Tlie  Chronicle  of  Wales." 
Several  MS.  copies  of  them  remain  ;  and 
one  of  them  has  beea  continued  as  far 
OS  1280.     D.  1156. 


CARAMUEL     DE     LOBKOWITZ, 

John,  bishop  of  Messi,  and  one  of  the 
true  ehur^-h-mililant ;  for,  though  a  bish- 
op, lie  fought  in  the  Netherlands,  and 
assisted  iu  defending  Prague  against 
the  Swedes.  He  was  a  vohnninous  but 
not  very  valuable  controversialist,  his 
zeal  greatly  outweighing  his  judgment. 
B.  10b(3;  d.  16S2. 

CAKAVAGGIO,  Michael  Anoelo 
Ameriohi  ua,  an  eminent  though  self- 
taught  Italian  painter.    B.  156'.);  d.  1609. 

CARxVUSIUS,  a  bold  Flemish  pilot, 
who  usurped  the  empire  of  Britain,  and 
became  so  formidable  by  his  possession 
of  Boulogne  and  of  a  large  fleet,  that 
the  Ronuuis  recognized  him  by  treaty. 
He  was  an  arbitrary  tyrant,  and  was 
murdered  by  a  servant  in  293. 

CARDAN,  Jerome,  an  Italian  physi- 
cian of  great  note  in  his  time.  Though 
he  appears  to  have  been  a  consummate 
empiric,  he  certainly  had  considerable 
talent.  He  was  an  excellent  matnema- 
tician,  but  so  addicted  to  astrology,  that, 
having  predicted  the  time  of  his  death, 
it  is  said  he  starved  himself  in  order  to 
^■erify  his  prediction.  His  works  on  va- 
rious subjects  were  printed  in  10  vols, 
folio,  at  Lyons,  in  1663.    B.  1501 ;  d  1576. 

CARDI,  Louis,  sometimes  called  Ci- 
voli  and  Cigoli.  an  eminent  Tuscan  paint- 
er and  engraver.  lie  greatly  atlV-ctcd  the 
style  of  Corrcggio.  The  masterpiece  of 
his  pencil,  "St.  Peter  Healing  the  Crip- 
ple," was  unfortunately  destroyed  by 
the  damp.     D.  1G13. 

CARDON,  Antoine,  an  eminent  Bel- 
gian engraver.     B.  1739  ;  d.  1S13. 

CARDONNE,  Dominic  de,  professor 
of  the  Turkish  and  Persian  languages  at 
Paris,  and  keener  of  manuscripts  in  the 
royal  library  tliere ;  author  ot  a  "His- 
tory of  Africa  and  Spain  under  the  Do- 
minion of  the  Arabs,"  "Indian  Tales 
and  Fables,"  &c.     B.  1720;  d.  1783. 

CAREW,  George,  an  English  mili- 
tary officer.  After  serving  with  great 
reputation,  he  was  ennobled  by  James 
I.,  and  made  master-general  of  the  ord- 
nance and  a  privy  councillor.  Charles 
I.  greatly  esteemed  and  raised  him  to 
the  ranU  of  earl  of  Totness.  He  wrote 
a  "  History  of  the  Wars  in  Ireland."  D. 
1629.— Tii'oM.\a,  an  English  poet.  His 
masque,  "Coelum  Britannicum."  was 
performed  before  the  court  at  Whitehall 
in  1663,  and  greatly  admired.  D.  1639. 
— Richard,  an  English  writer,  chiefly 
on  topogra])hy ;  author  of  "A  Survey 
of  Cornwall,""  &c.  D.  1620.— George, 
brother  of  the  above ;  was  much  em- 
ployed by  Queen  Elizabetli,  who  knight- 


25v 


CVCLOP-SDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[car 


ed  him.  He  wrote  an  account  of  France 
and  tlie  court  of  Henry  IV.,  which  was 
not  pubUshoil  till  above  a  century  after 
his  deatii.     D.  li;i-l. 

CAKEY,  Hknuv,  earl  of  Monmoi\th, 
an  Ensjlifih  nobleman,  distinfruished  for 
his  scholarship,  and  especially  for  his 
acquaintance   with  modern    languaares. 
He    tvanslutod    numerous   works    from 
the  French  and  the  Italian,  of  which  the 
most  important  are  Biondi's  "History 
of  t'le  Civil  Wars  of  England,"  and  Paul 
rnruta's  '•  History  of  Venice."     1>.  16i51. 
— Henry,  an  Enirlish  musician  and  poet. 
He  chiefly  excelled  in  ballads,  one  of 
which,  "  Sully  in  our  Alley,"  was  praised 
bv  Addison  "for  its  words,  and  by  the 
celebrated  Geminiana  for  its  music.     He 
was  the  author  of  several  burlesque  and 
other  dramatic  pieces  highly  popidar  in 
their  day.     D.  by  his  own  hand,  1743. — 
George'  Saville",  son  of  the  above,  in- 
herited  much   of  his  lather's   peculiar 
talent;  and,    though   intended    for  the 
business   of  a  printer,   speedily  aban- 
doned that  for  the  stage.     His  songs, 
chiefly  patriotic  ones,  were  inferior  to 
his  father's  both  in  poetry  and  music. 
Besides  these  and  some  farces,  he  wrote 
'•A  Rural  Ramble,"    "Balnea,"   being 
sketches  of  the  English  watering-places, 
&c.    D.  ISOl. — .Joseph,  a  French  printer, 
who  made    some'   important   improve- 
—  "nts   in   the   art  of  stereotyping.     D. 
..,^1. — William,    a    celebrated    Baptist 
missionary,  b.  at  Paulerspury,  North- 
•M.iptonsliire,  17G1.     His  father  kept  a 
small  school  in  the  village,  and  appren- 
ticed his  son  to  a  shoemaker  at  Hack- 
leton,  where  his  earnest  inquiries  upon 
religious  subjects  attracted  the  notice, 
ancT  soon  obtained  him  the  friendship 
of  the  Rev.  Thomas  Scott,  of  Raven- 
stone.      He  joined   a  congregation    of 
Baptists,  and  in  his  20th  year  began  to 
preach,   whicli    he   contimu' 1    for    two 
years,  when  he  was  publicly  baptized  in 
the  river  Nen.    In  1787  he  was  intrusted 
with  the  charge  of  a  congregation  at  Lei- 
cester; where,  persevering  in  his  benev- 
olent oVyect  of  converting  the  heathen, 
be  induced  other  ministers  to  join  him  ; 
and,  in  1702,  they  formed   themselves 
into  a  Baptist  Mis.sionary  Society  at  Ket- 
terintj.     William  Carey' was  nominated 
to  go  upon  their  first  mission,  and  India 
was  selected  as  the  most  desirable  field 
for  the  commencement  of  his  zealous 
eflTorts.     He  arrived  in  Bengal  in  1794, 
but  liad'tlie  ill  fortune  to  lose  all  his 
money  and  effects  by  the  sinking  of  a 
boat  "in  the  river  Hooghly.     After  pa- 
tiently enduring  severe  toils  and  priva^ 


tions  for  three  years,  (during  which  pe- 
riod however  he  acquired  the  Bengalee,) 
Mr.  Carey  preached  publicly ;  but  as  the 
East  India  Company  were  opposed  to 
his  object  of  forming  an  establishment 
inland,    in    1709   he   proceeded   to   the 
Danish  settlement  of  Serampore.  _  This 
little  missionary  settlement,  consisting 
of  four  preachers  only,  with  their  wives 
and  families,  rapidly  increased  ;  a  school 
was  opened,  and  type  being  sent  from 
England,  a  translation  of  the  Scriptures 
was  printed  in  the  Bengalee  language. 
Mr.  Carey  having  made  himself  a  com- 
plete mas'ter  of  the  native  language,  was, 
in  1801,  appointed  by  the  governor  pro- 
fessor of  Sanscrit  and  other  oriental  lan- 
guages at  the  college  of  Fort  William, 
Calcutta.     He  had  many  difficulties  to 
contend  with,  both  from"  the  prejudices 
of  the  natives,  and  the  political  views 
of  influential  individuals  at  home.    Ho 
never  relaxed  in  the  work  he  had  begun, 
but  translated  the  Scriptures  into  sev- 
eral of  the  Indian  languages,  and  lived 
to  witness  the  success  of  his  ardent  ex- 
ertions for  their  dissemination  among 
the  native  tribes.     D.  1S34.— MArrHEW, 
a  voluminous  writer  of  Philadelphia,  b. 
in  Ireland.     He  was  originally  a  printer 
and    bookseller,   but  in   1779   wrote   a 
pamphlet  against  the  oppression  of  the 
Irish  Catholics,  which  causing  alarm  for 
his  safety,  he  was  secretly  sent  to  Dr. 
Franklin'in  Paris,  and  gained  his  friend- 
ship.    In  1783  he  set  up  the  "Freeman's 
Journal,"  which  plead  the  Irish  cause 
witli  great  warmth.    He  was  prosecuted 
for  a  libel  on  John  Foster,  the  British 
premier,  and  sentenced  to  Newgate,  but 
he  was  released  at  the  instance  of  the 
lord  mayor  of  London,  in  1784,  and  em- 
igrated 'to  Philadelphia,  where  he  pub- 
lished the  "Pennsylvania  Herald,"  the 
"Columbian  Magazine,"  and  the  "Amer- 
ican Museum."     He  also  wrote,  in  1814, 
the  "  Olive  Branch,"  and  subsequently 
"Vindicia;  Hiberniese,"  the  "Philoso- 
phy of  Common  Sense,"  &c.    B.  1700 ; 
d.  '1839. 

CARISSIMI,  GiACOMO,  a  much  ad- 
mired musical  composer  of  the  17th 
century. 

CAlilTEO,  an  Italian  poet  of  the  15th 
and  l*)th  centuries;  author  of  "Opera 
Nuova  e  Amorosa  Composta,"  &c. 

CARLETON,  George,  bishop  of  Chi- 
chester, was  educated  by  tlie  famous 
Bernard  Gilpin,  who  sent  him  to  Oxford. 
His  literary  powers  arc  honoralily  men- 
tioned by  'Fuller,  Camden,  and  Pochard  ; 
and  his  writings  are  very  numerous. 
D.  1628.— Dudley,  Lord  Dorchester,  an 


,AK] 


CVCLOl'.EDIA    OF    BIOGRAl'IIV. 


253 


Enc;lish  statesman  during  the  reijrns  of 
Juines  T.  ami  CliailcM  I.  lie  was  a  man 
of  great  ability  ;  but,  like  Laud  aud 
other  statesmen  of  that  time,  he  had  a 
bigoted  loudness  for  arbitrary  govern- 
ment. As  an  author  he  is  chiefly  known 
by  Jiis  ''Letters  to  and  from  Sir  Dudley 
Carleton  during  his  embassy  to  Holland, 
from  January,  1616,  to  December,  1G20." 
These  letters,  which  were  edited  by 
Lord  Hardwieke,  contain  much  valuable 
information,  though  tluy  also  display 
much  prejudice.  J),  lij.i'i.— Guy,  Loril 
Dorchester,  a  military  nllicer  of  great 
conrau-o  and  skill.  Having  passed 
through  the  subaltern  ranks,  he,  in 
1762,  became  a  colonel,  and  distin- 
guished himself  very  greatly  at  the 
siege  of  Ilavanna.  In  1772  he  was  raised 
to  the  rank  of  major-general,  and  in- 
trusted with  the  important  office  of  gov- 
ernor of  Quebec,  in  which  situation  he 
defended  Canada  against  generals  Ar- 
nold aud  Montgomery.  For  this  Gen- 
eral Carleton  was  knighted,  and  promo- 
ted to  the  rank  of  lieutenant-general. 
lie  next  saceeedcd  General  Clinton  as 
commander-in-chief  in  America;  and, 
at  the  conclusion  of  the  war  here,  was 
raised  to  the  peerage,  and  made  gov- 
ernor of  Quebec,  New  Brunswick,  and 
Nova  Scotia.     D.  1808. 

CAi; LISLE,  A^•THo^•Y,  one  of  the 
most  distinguished  anatomists  and  phy- 
siologists of  the  age,  was  b.  at  Stilling- 
ton,  Durham,  1708,  and  commenced  his 
prot'essiouul  studies  at  York.  He  thence 
proceeded  to  London,  and  became  a 
resident  pupil  of  Mr.  H.  Watson,  a  sur- 
geon of  Westminster  hospital,  and  one 
of  the  court  of  examiners  of  burgeons' 
hall,  a  man  of  the  first  rank  in  his  pro- 
fession. In  17t'3,  that  gentleman  dymg, 
Mr.  Carlisle  succeeded  him  in  the  hospi- 
tal, aud  speedily  distinguished  himself, 
as  much  by  his  invariable  humanity  to 
the  sulferiug  poor  as  by  his  surgical 
skill.  He  was  senior  surgeon  to  the 
Westminster  hospiUil,  one  of  the  coun- 
cil aud  court  of  e.K;xminers  to  the  Eoyid 
College  of  Surgeons.  D.  1S40. — Nicno- 
i-.\s,  an  eminent  antiquary,  b.  at  York, 
1771.  After  receiving  what  he  himself 
calls  an  "  humble  educatiou,"  he  entered 
the  naval  service  of  the  East  India  Com- 
pany, aud  gradually  amassed  a  consider- 
able sum,  which  enabled  him  to  bo  of 
great  assistance  to  his  brother,  the  emi- 
nent surgeon,  at  the  beginning  of  his 
career.  In  1807  he  was  elected  secretary 
to  the  Society  of  Antiquarians,  his  com- 
petitor bein^  the  late  Dr.  Dibdin;  aud 
in  this  capacity  he  found  leisure  to  com- 


pile many  laborious  aud  useful  works. 
In  1812  he  was  appointed  assistant  libra- 
rian at  Buckingliam  house;  in  lb28  ho 
was  nominated  one  of  the  gentlemen  of 
the  privy  chamber;  and  in  testimony 
of  the  estimation  in  which  he  was  lieKl, 
he  received  orders  from  Austria,  Den- 
mark, and  Hanover,  and  from  Oxford 
the  hoiorary  degree  of  D.  C.  L.,  in  1835. 
D.  18-17.— Howard,  earl  of,  b.  in  1748 ; 
uncle  and  jruardian  of  Lord  Byron ;  to 
whom  the  latter  dedicated  his  "Hours 
of  Idleness ;"'  and  finding  them  too 
feebly  defended  from  the  attacks  of  the 
northern  critics  by  his  noble  relation,  he 
subjected  him  to  the  rack  of  satire, 
along  with  his  presumed  enemies,  in 
"  English  Bards."  The  earl  of  Carlisle 
always,  after  he  was  superseded  by  the 
duke  of  Portland,  in  Ireland,  acted  with 
the  Whig  opposition.  Some  of  this 
nobleman's  literary  works  deserve  a 
higher  character  than  thev  have  attain- 
ed. "The  Step-Mother,"  and  "A 
Father's  Vengeance,"  tragedies,  are  pub- 
lished with  a  collection  of  his  lordship's 
poems,  in  Svo. 

CAKLOS,  Don,  son  of  Philip  II.  of 
Spain,  was  b.  lol.j.  He  was  tie  formed 
and  sickly,  and  of  an  extremely  violent 
disposition.  He  was  to  have  espoused 
Elizabeth  of  France,  but  his  father,  be- 
coming a  widower,  married  that  princess 
himself.  This  circumstance  greatly  irri- 
tated him,  aud  it  is  said  that  he  had 
entered  into  a  conspiracy  iigainst  his 
king  and  father.  On  this  charge  he  was 
thrown  into  prison,  where  ho  died  about 
six  months  after  his  arrest.  The  man- 
ner of  his  death  is  variously  stated,  some 
affirming  that  he  was  poisoned,  bled  to 
death,  or  strangled,  while  others  attri- 
bute his  death  to  his  own  acts.  B.  lo45  ; 
d.  1567. 

CAELY'LE,  JosepuDacke,  an  English 
divine  and  linguist.  He  accompanied 
Lord  Elgin  on  his  embassy  to  Constan- 
tinople, aud  took  that  opportunity  to 
explore  various  parts  of  Asia  JMinor, 
Egypt,  &o.  His  specimens  of  Arabic 
poetry,  aud  a  learned  sununary  of  the 
atlairs  of  Egypt,  from  the  year  971  to  the 
year  1453,  were  published  during  his 
lifetime,  aud  procured  him  considerable 
celebrity.  Alter  his  death,  a  volume 
appeare'd  of  his  "Poems  suggested  by 
Scenes  iu  Asia  Minor,  Syria  and  Greece.'' 
D.  1804. 

CAKMONTELLE,  a  French  writer; 
author  of  "Proverbes  Dramatiques," 
some  romances,  conversations,  d'c.  D. 
1806. 

CAKNAEVON,  Hf.n-ry  John  Georob 


254 


CVCl.OP.EDIA    OJ'    BIOGRAPHi', 


[car 


Herbert,  third  earl  of,  eminent  as  an 
author,  a  traveller,  and  a  politician,  was 
b.  1800.  After  linieihinir  hisseh'iol  edu- 
cation at  Eton,  he  repaired  to  Christ- 
ehurch,  O.^tbrd,  and  his  university  ca- 
reer tenninuted.  he  entered  upon  a  well- 
devisuil  plan  of  travel,  extendinsr  over 
Italy,  the  Peninsula,  yiarts  of  Africa  and 
Greece;  and  the  results  of  which  he, 
from  time  to  time,  ^a\'C  to  the  world  in 
works  abound inar  in  animated  and  pic- 
turesque descriptions.  His  most  popu- 
lar work  was  his  '"rortuijal  and  Galli- 
oia,"'  but  his  ''  Moor,"'  a  poem,  and  "  Don 
Pedro,"  a  tragedy,  evince  poetic  powers 
of  no  mean  order.     D.  1849. 

CAKNE,  John,  a  modern  author,  who 
travelled  for  a  considerable!  time  in  tlie 
East,  and  gave  the  fruits  of  Ids  travels  in 
the  volume  entitled  "  Letters  from  tlic 
East,"  which  oriijinally  apjieared  as  a 
Scries  of  ])apers  in  tlio  "?\ewMontldy 
Ma<razine."  Subsequently  he  published 
''Recollections  of  the  East,"  "Letters 
from  Swi'zerland  and  Italy,"  "Lives  of 
the  most  Eminent  Missionaries,"  "  Tales 
of  the  West."  "  Stratton  Hill,"  &c.  He 
had  taken  deacon's  orders,  but  never 
officiated.     B.  1780  ;  d.  1844. 

CAKNEADES,  an  eminent  Greek 
philosopher.  He  was  a  pupil  of  Dioge- 
nes the  Stoic,  and,  subsequently,  of 
Ejresinus.  Wlien  he  became  a  teacher 
he  opposed  Chrysippus,  opposed  the 
theolo<ry  of  the  Stoics,  and  argued 
against  their  doctrine  of  fate.  "But 
though  as  a  philosopher  he  was  free 
from  many  of  the  errors  of  his  time,  it 
was  rather  in  a  political  than  a  philoso- 
phical eliaracter  tliat  he  was  serviceable. 
Itome  having  levied  a  fine  on  Athens, 
Carneades,  with  Diogenes  and  Critolaus, 
was  sent  to  plead  against  it.  lie  did  so 
successfully,  and  so  great  a  sensation 
did  his  eloquence  make,  that  Cato  feared 
its  etfect  on  the  Roman  youth.     D.  125 

B.  C. 

CARNOT,  Lazark  Nicholas  Margue- 
BrrE^  a  French  mathematician,  and  war 
minister  under  Napoleon,  was  b.  in  Bur- 
gundy, in  17')-3,  entered  tiie  corps  of 
engineers,  and  received  promotion  from 
the  prince  of  Condc ;  yet,  at  the  com- 
mencement of  the  revolution  he  bec:une 
a  decided  partisan  of  the  republic,  and, 
as  a  memoer  of  the  convention,  voted 
for  the  death  of  the  kinir.  During  the 
reiirn  of  t"iTor  lie  took  an  active  part  in 
public  affairs ;  and,  on  the  establish- 
ment of  the  executive  directory,  he  be- 
came one  of  its  five  members.  In  tliis 
office  he  remained  till  1797,  when,  with 
Barthelemy  and  others,  he  was  accused 


as  a  royalist,  and  exiled.  Bonaparte,  on 
becoming  first  consul,  recalled  Carnot, 
and  made  lam  minister  of  war.  In  this 
office  he  quarrelled  so  much  with  the 
finance  ministetj,  that  he  was  at  length 
compelled  to  resign.  He  subsequently 
served  Bonaparte  in  various  capacities, 
and  under  all  the  aspects  of  the  em- 
peror's fortune  ;  but  the  emperor  seems 
always  to  have  undervalued  his  talents. 
As  a  writer,  Carnot  is  very  favorably 
known  by  his  "Reflexions  sur  la  Meta- 
physique  du  Calcnl  Infinitesimal,"  "  La 
Gcometrie  de  Position,"  and  other  scien- 
tific treatises.     D.  1823. 

CARO,  Anxibale,  an  Italian  poet. 
Ilis  parents  were  very  poor,  but  in  early 
life  he  had  the  good  fortune  to  be  patron- 
ized by  Pietro  Ludovico  Farnese.  Sub- 
sequently he  became  secretary  to  the 
Cardinal  Alexander  Farnese,  who  lit- 
erally heaped  preferments  upon  him. 
Though  greatly  engaged  in  public  affairs 
he  wrote  much.  His  original  works, 
both  prose  and  poetry,  are  of  a  very  hiirh 
order ;  but  his  great  merit  is  in  his 
translations  from  the  Greek  and  Latin. 
From  the  latter  he  translated  the  ^neid, 
B.  1507;  d.  1606. 

CAROLINE,  Amelia  Elizabeth,  wife 
of  George  IV.,  king  of  Great  Britain  and 
Hanover,  second  daughter  of  Duke 
Charles  William  Ferdinand  of  Bruns- 
wick, and  of  the  Princess  Augusta  of 
England,  sister  of  George  III.,  was  b. 
1768 ;  married  the  prince  of  Wales  in 
17'.i5,  and  gave  birth  to  the  Princess 
Charlotte  in  the  year  following;  but  was 
scarcely  recovered  from  her  confinement 
when  her  husband  abandoned  her,  with- 
out assigning  any  other  reason  than  that 
"  no  one  could  force  his  inclinations." 
The  discarded  princess  retired  to  a  man- 
sion at  Blackheath,  where  she  devoted 
herself  to  the  arts  and  sciences,  and 
dispensed  no  inconsiderable  part  of  her 
income  in  acts  of  benevolence.  Mean- 
while, the  friends,  or  rather  the  spies, 
of  the  prince,  circulated  many  reports 
of  her,  unfavondjle  to  her  general  de- 
portment, accusing  her  of  illicit  connec- 
tions, and  even  asserting  that  she  was 
tiie  mother  of  a  boy  named  William 
Austin,  whom  she  had  adopted,  and 
that  the  father  was  Sir  Sidney  Smith. 
Tins  led  to  a  "delicate  investigation," 
as  it  was  termed ;  and  on  the  whole 
evidence  being  submitted  to  George  III., 
he  declared  himself  satisfied  of  lier  inno- 
cence, and  received  her  with  marks  of 
his  especial  favor.  In  1813  the  contest 
was  renewed  between  the  two  parties ; 
the  princess  of  Wales  complaining^,  aa 


CAU] 


CYCLOP-EDIA    OF    RlOOHArnv. 


255 


ft  iTiother,  of  the  clifficultics  opposed  to 
licr  seeing  her  duiifrhter  ;  but  the  prhicc 
of  Wnles,  then  rcirciit,  disrefriirdcci  tlic-se 
coinjihiints.  Upon  this,  in  Jtdy,  1S14, 
the  princess  obtained  permission  to  po 
to  Bninswielv,  nnd,  nfterwards,  *•">  make 
tiie  tour  of  Italy  and  Greece.  On  quit- 
tiller  En5:land,  she  assumed  the  title  of 
countess  of  Wolfenbuttel ;  and,  while 
at  Milan,  took  into  her  service  an  Italian, 
named  Bartolomco  Bergami,  in  the  capa- 
city of  a  courier,  whom  slie  soon  eleva- 
ted to  the  ollice  of  chamberlain,  and 
appointed  his  sister  one  of  her  maids  of 
honor.  For  a  time  she  resided  at  a  villa 
on  the  banks  of  tlic  lake  of  Como  ;  but 
afterwards  visited  Tunis,  Malta,  Athens, 
Constantinople,  Ephesus,  and  lastly  Je- 
rusalem. While  there  she  exhibited 
e.\traordinai';v  munificence  in  ffifts  to  the 
conventual  fathers,  as  well  as  to  the 
poor;  and  took  upon  herself  to  found  a 
new  order  of  knifrhthood,  entitled  the 
order  of  St.  Caroline,  of  which  she  con- 
stituted Bcrirami  ir^nd  master.  Her 
indiscretion  in  thus  exalting  liergami, 
and  the  improper  familiarity  with  which 
it  was  alleged  she  treated  him,  became 
a  theme  of  general  conversation;  and 
commissioners  were  secretly  sent  out  to 
Milan  by  the  prince  regent,  in  order  to 
make  inquiries  into  her  conduct,  and  to 
furnish  the  necessary  evidence  on  which 
to  obtain  a  divorce.  All  circumstances 
appeared  favorable  to  him  for  the  con- 
summation of  this  long-desired  ol)jeet. 
While  absent  from  Ensrland.  death  had 
dopi-ived  her  of  her  friends.  George  III., 
and  the  duke  of  Kent;  of  her  daughter, 
the  T'rincess  Charlotte  ;  and  her  brother, 
the  duke  of  Brunswick,  who  fell  in  re- 
sistin;;  the  French,  previous  to  the  bat- 
tle of  Waterloo.  Yet,  on  the  prince  of 
Wales  ascending  the  throne,  January 
2ii,  1820.  the  ministry  ottered  her  an  in'- 
come  of  .£,')0,iiOO  sterlinir,  the  title  of 
queen  of  Er.gland,  and  all  the  dignities 
appertaining  thereto,  on  the  condition 
that  she  should  continue  to  reside 
abroad.  This  proposal  she  rejected  with 
great  indignation,  accused  her  enemies 
ot"  the  basest  eonsnirncy  against  her,  and 
returned  to  England,  cheered  by  the 
enthusiastic  welcome  of  nine-tenths  of 
the  people.  She  was  now  ]iub!icly  ac- 
cused by  the  minister,  Lord  Liverpool, 
of  adultery  ;  and,  after  a  protracted  trial, 
the  bill  of  ]iains  and  penalties  was  y.assed 
to  a  third  reading',  by  a  trifling  majority  ; 
but  ffovernmcnt  thought  it  prudent  to 
withdraw  it,  and  tlie  jn-oceedintrs  drop- 
ped. Atter  this  outrage  on  public  de- 
cency, preparations  were  made  for  the 


king's  coronation.  The  queen  nt  iirst 
demanded  to  be  crowned  with  him  ;  nnd 
this  being  peremptorily  refused,  she  re- 
quested to  be  present  at  the  ceremony, 
but  had  to  endure  the  mortification  of 
being  repeatedly  turned  from  the  doors 
of  Westminster  abbey,  and  refused  ad- 
miission.  The  spirit  of  Caroline  sunk 
under  this  last  elfort.  She  was  sud- 
denly taken  ill,  while  witnessing  a  per- 
formance at  Drury-lane  theatre,  and  d. 
1821.  Ilavincr  expressed  a  wish  that  she 
should  not  be  buried  in  England,  her 
remains  were  removed  to  Brunswick, 
and  deposited  between  those  of  her 
fatlier  and  brother.  On  the  funeral  pro- 
cession passing  through  London,  a  vio- 
lent conflict  took  place  between  the 
life-guards,  who  were  conducting  it,  and 
the  populace.  To  what  extent  the  oueen 
was  guilty  no  one  can  say,  the  evidence 
being  most  conflicting  and  unsatisfacto- 
ry :  but  never  was  a  woman  more  deci- 
dedly the  victim  of  brutal  vengeance,  or 
one  who  had  so  many  pleas  to  urge  in 
extenuation  of  her  crime,  if  really 
guiltv. 

CAEPENTER,  Laot,  an  eminent  theo- 
losrical  writer,  1).  at  Kidderminster,  1780  ; 
was  drowned  5th  April,  1850.  Dr.  Car- 
penter was  a  most  industrious  writer. 
Besides  publishing  numerous  sermons 
and  polemical  pamphlets,  he  contributed 
largely  to  Kees's  Cyclopaidia  and  many 
periodicals ;  and  his  substantial  works, 
published  both  during  his  life  and  since 
Ills  death,  are  masterpieces  of  style  and 
argument.  His  "Apostolical  Harmony 
of  the  Gospels"'  is  referred  to  as  an  au- 
tliority  even  by  his  theological  oppo- 
nents.— KiciiARD,  an  English  divine  of 
the  17th  century.  lie  was  orisjinally 
educated  for  the  established  church, 
but  seceded  from  it,  and  became  a  Catho- 
lic priest.  He  again  recanted,  and  ob- 
tained a  vicarage  in  Sussex  ;  but  at  the 
rebellion  he  quilted  Entrhmd,  and  again 
professed  himself  a  Catholic.  Tiie  res- 
toration caused  him  to  return  to  En- 
gland, and  turn  Protestant.  Here  it 
might  have  been  supposed  his  turnings 
would  end,  but  he  in  fact  changed  (>nee 
more,  and  died  a  Catholic.  The  writings 
of  this  unprincipled  man  are,  "  Expe- 
rience, History,  and  Divinity,"  and 
"  The  Pragmatical  Jesuit." 

CARPI,  Ul)o  da,  a  painter  and  engra- 
ver of  the  Kith  century,  to  whoni  is 
generally  attributed  the  invention  of  the 
kind  of  "engraving  called  ehiaro-oscuro. 
— GiROLAMi  DA,  a  painter  of  the  lOth 
century,  and  a  very  successful  imitaUr 
of  Correggio  and  Parmejiano. 


256 


CVCLOP.EDIA    OF    lilOGRAPHV. 


[car 


CAKPINI,  JoHX  DE  Plano,  a  Domin- 
ican Iriar  of  the  loth  century,  and  one 
of  the  embassy  from  Pope  Innocent  IV. 
to  the  descendants  of  Zenghis  Khan, 
sent  to  prevent  them  from  invading 
Europe,  and  to  induce  tlieni  rather  to 
turn  their  arms  against  the  Saracens  and 
Turks. 

OAEPOCKATES,  a  heretic  of  the  2d 
century,  who  denied  the  divine  nature 
of  Christ.  His  followers  were  accused 
of  lewd  and  immoral  practices,  but  Dr. 
Larduer  thinks  the  accusation  to  have 
arisen  rather  from  enmity  than  tact. 

CAKR,  John,  an  English  attorney  and 
writer;  author  of  '-The  Stranger  in 
France,"  ''  The  Stranger  in  Ireland," 
"A  Tour  througli  Scotland,"  etc.  While 
vx  Ireland,  he  was  knighted  by  the  lord 
lieutenant.  D.  1822. — William  Hol- 
WELL,  an  English  clergyman,  and  a  dis- 
t'nguished  patron  of  the  tine  arts.  He 
spent  large  sums  in  pictures,  which  he 
bequeathed  to  the  National  Gallery.  D. 
1830. 

CAEEA,  Jonx  Louis,  a  French  wri- 
ter and  politician.  In  addition  to  a  pe- 
riodical, entitled  "  Les  Annales  Poli- 
tiques  et  Litteraires,"  he  published 
several  essays.  Having  ioined  the  party 
of  Brissot,  he  was  condemned  on  the 
fall  of  that  leader,  and  guillotined  in 
1793. 

CARRANZ.\,  Bartholomew,  a  French 
Dominican.  He  distinguished  himself 
at  the  council  of  Trent,  and  had  the 
honor  to  accompany  PhUip  II.  of  Spain 
to  England,  where  !ie  labored  so  zealous- 
ly to  establish  Catholicism,  that  the  king 
muiie  him  archbishop  of  Toledo.  Here, 
however,  his  success  ended  ;  for  being 
accused  of  heresy,  he  was  imprisoned  at 
Rome  for  10  years,  and  subsequently 
sent  to  a  monastery  for  the  remainder  of 
his  life.  His  chief  works  are,  a  "Sum- 
mary of  the  Council,"  and  a  "  Treatise 
on  tlie  Residence  of  Bishops."     I).  ITiTO. 

CARRE,  Louis,  an  eminent  French 
matlieinatician.  Besides  many  import- 
ant contributions  to  the  "Memoirs"  of 
the  Academy  of  Sciences,  he  published 
an  elaborate  "  Method  of  Measuring 
Surfaces  and  Solids,  and  finding  their 
centres  of  Gravity,  Percussion,  and  Os- 
cillation."   D.  nn. 

CARREL,  Akmand,  chief  editor  of 
the  "  Paris  National,"  and  a  distinguish- 
ed political  writer.  I),  ol"  a  woimd  he 
received  in  a  duel  with  M.  Girardin,  a 
few  davs  previous.  .Julv  24,  1836. 

CAPJiENO  DK  :^II'RAXDA,  Juan, 
Don,  an  eminent  Snauisli  painter,  pa- 
tronized by  Philip  IV.    In  coloring  he 


surpasses  all  his  countrymen,  with  the 
exception  of  JIurUlo.     l3.  1685. 

CARRERAS,  Jose  Miguel,  Ju.vn,  and 
Luis,  throe  brothers,  distinguished  in 
the  revolution  of  Chili ;  who  for  patriot- 
ism, talents,  and  pui-ity  of  cliaracter  bad 
not  their  equals  in  that  country  ;  yet,  bv 
a  singularly  adverse  fortune,  they  all 
perished  at  Mendoza,  under  the  merci- 
less rule  of  O'lliffgins  and  San  Martin. 
With  brutal  cruelty  the  latter  sent  their 
aged  father  an  account  of  the  expenses 
of  the  execution  of  Juan  and  Luis,  who 
sutfered  in  1818,  with  an  order  for  its 
immediate  payment.  He  paid  it,  and, 
two  days  afterwards,  expired  of  a  broken 
heart.  '  Don  Jose  Miguel  did  not  meet 
his  unhappy  fate  till  1822,  when  endeav- 
oring to  take  advantage  of  a  popular 
movement  in  his  favor,  he  was  sur- 
rounded by  a  superior  force,  made  pris- 
oner, and'  executed  on  the  very  spot 
where  his  brothers  had  sutfered. 

CARRIER,  John  Baptist,  a  monster 
of  ferocity,  gendered  in  the  French  rev- 
olution, was  b.  near  Aurillac,  1756.  He 
was  sent  on  a  mission  to  La  Vendee, 
where  he  caused  thousands  of  victims, 
men,  women,  and  children,  to  be  drown- 
ed, beheaded,  or  shot,  the  ordinary 
mode  of  execution  being  too  tardy  lor 
him.  Fifteen  tliousand  individuals  per- 
ished in  this  way ;  in  short,  the  banks 
of  the  Loire  were  strewed  with  the  dead 
bodies,  and  the  water  was  so  polluted, 
that  it  was  prohibited  to  drink  it.  On 
the  fall  of  the  party  called  the  Mountain, 
he  was  tried  before  the  revolutionary  tri- 
bunal which  condemned  him  to  the  guil- 
lotine, 1794. 

CARRINGTON,  Edward,  a  valuable 
oilicer  in  the  American  revolution,  was 
some  time  quartermaster-general  of  the, 
army  mider  Gen.  Greene,  in  tiie  South, 
and  by  his  judicious  counsels  and  unre- 
mitted exertions  in  supplying  the  army, 
greatly  contributed  to  the  advantages 
gained  over  the  enemy.  He  afterwards 
was  attached  to  the  army  in  the  North, 
but,  previously  to  the  evacuation  of 
Charleston,  resumed  his  former  station. 
After  the  peace  he  was  a  representative 
in  congress  from  Virginia.  WlienAarou 
Burr  was  tried  for  high  treason,  he  was 
foreman  of  the  jury.    B.  17+9  ;  d.  1810. 

CARROLL,  John,  first  Catholic  bish- 
op in  the  United  States,  was  b.  at  Upper 
Marli)orough  in  Maryland,  1 731,  and  sent 
for  education  at  the  age  of  13  to  Flan- 
ders. From  St.  Omer's,  where  he  re- 
mained 6  years,  he  was  transferi'cd  to 
the  colleges  of  Liege  and  Bruges.  He 
was  ordained  a  priest  and  became  a  Jes- 


car] 


CVCLOP.EDIA    OF    BIOGKAPIIY. 


257 


uit.  In  1775  he  Kturned  to  America, 
and  engacred  in  the  duties  of  a  pan.sh 
priest.  Ill  173ij  lie  was  appointed  vicar- 
fjeneral,  and  settled  at  Baltimore.  lu 
1790  he  was  consecrated  in  England, 
Cutliolic  bishop  of  the  United  States, 
and  returned  with  the  title  of  the  bishop 
of  Baltimore.  A  few  years  before  his 
death  he  was  created  archbishop.  _  1). 
ISlf). — Charles,  the  last  surviving  sign- 
er of  the  Declaration  of  American  Inde- 
pendence. He  was  b.  at  Annapolis,  on 
the  120th  of  Sept.,  17^7  ;  and  d.  at  Balti- 
more, Nov.  14,  1832,  in  his  OOtli  year. 
He  was  descended  of  a  respectable  Irish 
tiunily  ;  inherited  a  large  estate,  and  was 
of  the  Catholic  religion,  lie  was  educa- 
ted and  studied  civil  law  in  France. 
Subsequently  he  went  to  England  and 
pursued  the  study  of  common  law  at  the 
Temple.  At  the' age  of  27  years  he  re- 
turned to  America,  and  was  soon  known 
us  an  advocate  for  liberty,  and  one  of 
the  ablest  political  writers  of  Maryland. 
In  1776  he  was  elected  a  delegate  to  con- 
gress, and  subscribed  his  name  to  the 
Declaration  of  Independence.  In  1778 
lie  left  congress,  and  devoted  himself  to 
the  councils  of  his  native  state  ;  in  1789 
he  was  elected  a  senator  in  congress ; 
and  in  ISIO  he  quitted  public  life  at  the 
age  of  04,  and  passed  the  remainder 
of  his  days  in  traiiquiHity,  beloved  and 
revered  by  his  friends  and  neighbors, 
and  honored  by  his  country.  His  mind 
was  highly  cultivated,  and  he  was  much 
distinguished  for  urbanity  of  manners 
and  social  virtue. 

CAESTARES,  "Willlvm,  a  Scotch  di- 
vine, but  of  more  influence  as  a  politi- 
cian, was  b.  at  Cathcart,  1049.  In  order  to 
remove  him  from  the  danger  of  being  led 
into  politics,  his  friends  sent  him  from 
Edinburgh,  where  he  had  commenced 
his  studies, to  Utrecht.  Becoming  known 
to  the  prince  of  Orange  he  soon  obtain- 
ed his  contideneo,  and  was  much  em- 
ployed by  hiin  in  Ibrwarding  his  inten- 
tions ujion  England.  Being  privy  to  the 
Rye-house  plot  he  was  apprehended,  and 
put  to  the  torture,  which  he  bore  with 
much  fortitude,  but  at  length  was  in- 
duced to  make  a  statement,  which  was 
afterwards  nsed  against  his  friend,  Mr. 
Baillie.  On  his  liberation  he  returned 
to  Holland,  wliere  the  prince  received 
him  very  cordially,  and  made  him  his 
cliaplain.  He  accompanied  William  to 
England,  and  though  nominally  only  his 
chaplain,  was  in  fact  one  of  the  most  in- 
fluential and  able  of  his  state  advisers. 
Under  Queen  Anne  he  had  no  political 
power,  but  she  caused  him  to  be  made 


principal  of  the  university  of  Edinburgh, 
in  which  iTiiportaut  post  he  gave  satisfac- 
tion eoually  to  her  majesty  and  to  the 
Scottisli  public.  By  the  house  of  Han- 
over he  was  equally  patronized,  and 
he  continued  a  favorite  till  his  death,  in 
1715. 

CAESTENS,  AsMcs  Jacob,  a  Danish 
painter  of  very  consideraisle  merit.  His 
subjecta,  nearly  all  taken  from  the  classic 
authors,  exhibit  gracefulness  of  attitude 
with  vigorous  expression.  B.  1754 ;  d. 
179S. 

CARTE,  Samuel,  an  English  divine 
and  antiquary,  author  of  a  valuable  and 
elaborate  work,  entitled  "Tabula  Chro- 
nologica,"  &c.  D.  1740. — Thomas,  son 
of  the  above,  and  like  him  an  antiquary 
and  historian,  and  a  divine.  On  the 
accession  of  George  I.,  feeling  tliat  he 
could  not  conscientiously  take  the  re- 
quired oaths,  he  abandoned  his  profes- 
sion; and  during  the  rebellion  of  1715 
he  was  so  strongly  suspected,  that  a 
warrant  was  issued  against  him,  but  he 
was  safely  concealed  in  the  house  of  a 
clergyman  in  Warwickshire.  As  an 
author  he  is  chiefly  known  by  his  "  His- 
tory of  England,"  and  that  of  the  "Rev- 
olution of  Portugal."     B.  16SC  ;  d.  1754. 

CARTER,  Elizabeth,  an  English  lady, 
daughter  of  a  clergyman  residing  at 
Deal,  in  Kent.  Under  the  instructions 
of  her  father  she  became  an  admirable 
Greek  and  Latin  scholar,  and  was  well 
skilled  in  German,  French,  Spanish, 
Italian,  Portuguese,  Hebrew,  and  Ara- 
bic ;  nor  was  she  a  mere  reader.  She 
translated  Crousaz's  critique  on  Pope's 
"Essay  on  !Man,"  Algarotti's  explana- 
tion of  Newton''s  philosophy,  and  Epie- 
tetus.  These  dissimilar  labors  appeared 
during  her  life  ;  and,  after  her  decease, 
six  volumes  of  her  correspondence  were 
published,  which  are  calculated  to  give 
even  a  higher  opinion  of  her  intellect 
than  her  more  learned  and  masculine 
performanccj>.  B.  1717;  d.  1800. — Joiix, 
an  eminent  draftsman,  architect,  and 
antiquary.  In  the  latter  character  he 
wrote  ably  and  zealously  in  reprobation 
of  the  disfigurement  of  the  remains  of 
ancient  beauty  by  tasteless  attempts  at 
improvement.  Of  his  ability  as  a  (-fral'ts- 
man  and  engraver  there  is  abundant 
proof  in  the  plates  of  the  "Views  in  En- 
gland," &Q.;  and  it  is  worthy  of  notice, 
that  his  various  powers  were  devclopea 
by  his  own  industry,  unaided  by  early  ed- 
ucation. D.  1818. — Thomas,  an  eminent 
Irish  musician  and  composer  of  vocal 
music.  Among  his  conqiositious  are 
the  songs,  "  Oh,  Nannie,  wilt  thou  gang 


258 


CYCLOP-EDIA    OF    BI0GRAPU1. 


[OAH 


wi'  me  1"  nnd  '•  Stand  to  your  guns,  ray 
Learts  of  oalc."  D.  1801.— N.\tiianii;l 
H.\ZELTi.\E,  a  si^holar  aud  travoUur,  grad- 
uated at  Dartuioutli  college  in  IS  11,  aud 
afierwards  studietl  law.  lie  was  two 
or  three  years  professor  of  languages  iu 
Dartmouth  university.  In  1>;20  he  be- 
came the  proprietor  aud  editor  of  a 
newspaper  iu  the  state  of  New  York, 
i'rom  162')  to  1S27,  he  was  abroad  trav- 
elling upon  the  continent  of  Europe,  as 
the  companion  and  guide  of  a  young 
gentlenuui  of  New  York,  whose  father 
defrayed  the  expenses  of  the  tour.  Du- 
ring his  abst'uce  he  enriched  his  paper 
with  letters  from  Europe,  which  on  his 
return  lie  collected  and  published,  com- 
prising the  "  Journal  of  a  Tour  through 
Ireland,  Eusxlaiid,  Scotland,  France, 
Italy,  and  Switzerland,"  1827.  In  182'J, 
ho  relinquished  his  paper,  and  for  the 
benefit  of  his  health  proceeded  again  to 
France.  He  d.  at  Marseilles,  1880,  aged 
42.  lie  Wiis  a  poet  as  well  :is  a  writer 
of  prose;  his  largest  poetical  piece  is 
entitled  the  "  Pains  of  Imagination," 
delivered  at  Dartmouth  college. 

CAKTEllE  T,  Sir  Geokge,  one  of  the 
proprietors  of  IS'ew  Jersey.  Tlie  name 
of  rsew  Jersey  was  given,  because  Car- 
teret's family  were  from  the  isle  of 
Jersey.  Elizabethtown  is  said  to  have 
been  named  from  his  wile. — John,  earl 
of  Granville,  an  eminent  English  states- 
man, was  b.  lOyO.  Immediately  on  at- 
taining his  majority,  he  took  his  seat  in 
tlie  house  of  lords."  Warmly  supporting 
the  Hanoverian  succession,  he  was  no- 
ticed by  George  I.,  and  employed  by 
him  in  various  posts  until  1721,  when 
he  succeeded  Craggs  as  secretary  of 
state.  In  172-'.  he  was  appointed  lord 
lieutenant  of  Ireland;  and  though  he 
pave  the  irritable  natives  some  otl'cnce 
by  prosecuting  the  printer  of  the  Dra- 
per's (Swift's)  letters,  ho  was  on  the 
whole  a  popular  viceroy.  In  the  reign 
of  George  11.  he  again  held  that  distin- 
guished post,  and  with  even  more  suc- 
cess than  before.  On  his  return  to 
England  he  became  a  strono;  opponent 
of  Walpulc;  and  when  he  had  succeeded 
in  removing  that  statesman,  and  pro- 
curing office  ibr  himself,  he  supported 
mexsiires  similar  to  those  he  had  for- 
merly condemned.  But  though  as  sec- 
retary of  stivtc,  and  as  president  of  the 
council,  in  which  office  he  died,  his 
conduct  was  marked  by  much  vacilla- 
tion, lie  retained  his  court  I'avor  to  the 
last.  D.  17ti8. — I'liiLii',  a  distinguished 
uaval  officer  of  the  Ihtli  century.  In 
conjunction    with    Captain    AVallia    ho 


commanded  an  expedition  to  the  South 
Seas,  iu  176(5.  Of  the  discoveries  they 
made,  some  account  is  given  by  Ilawkes- 
worth  in  the  introduction  to  his  narra- 
tive of  Cook's  voyage. 

CAKTIEK,  James,  a  French  navi- 
gator, who  made  several  voyages  of 
discovery  on  the  coasts  of  North  Amer- 
ica, especially  in  Canada,  from  1534:  to 
1542. 

CAKTWEIGIIT,  John,  an  English 
gentleman,  distinguisliied  for  his  zealous 
attachment  to  political  reform.  His 
writings  in  favor  of  American  inde- 
pendence, and  on  universal  liberty,  as 
well  as  the  public  addresses  wiiieh  ho 
promoted  in  furtherance  of  a  radical 
reform  of  the  government,  made  him 
conspicuous,  lie  also  displayed  great 
firmness  and  disinterestedness  on  aU 
occasions  where  multitudes  assembled 
to  advocate  and  petition  for  popular 
rights.  D.  1824,  aged  84.  —  Euiiu.ND, 
brother  of  the  preceding,  and  a  clergy- 
man of  the  established  cliurch.  In  1770 
he  published  a  poem  called  "  Armine 
and  Elvira;"  but  he  is  chiefly  known 
by  some  valuable  discoveries  in  me- 
chanics, which  obtained  for  him  £10,000 
from  parliament  as  the  reward  of  his 
ingenuity.  D.  1S24. — Thomas,  an  emi- 
nent I'uritan  divine  of  the  reigns  of 
Elizabelli  and  James  I.,  author  of  "Com- 
mentaria  Tractica  in  totain  Historiam 
Evangelicam,"  a  "Body  of  Divinity," 
"  Conimentaria  Succiuta  et  Dilucida  in 
Proverbia  Salomonis,"  &c.  D.  1603, 
aged  68. — William,  an  English  divine 
and  poet.  Both  as  a  preacher,  and  as  a 
member  of  the  council  of  war  at  Oxford, 
he  served  the  cause  of  Charles  I. ;  ana 
his  exertions  in  the  latter  capacity  caused 
him  to  be  for  a  short  time  imprisoned 
by  the  parliament.  His  literary  talents 
must  have  been  great,  for  Bishop  Fell 
said  that  he  was  "all  that  man  could 
arrive  at ;"  and  Ben  Jonson,  in  his 
familiar  way,  said,  "  My  son,  Cartwright, 
writes  all  like  a  man."  But  tire  remains 
of  Cartwrigiit  are  very  disproportionate 
to  these  high  praises,  consisting  only  of 
four  plays  aud  a  few  poems.    D.  1643. 

CAKUSO,  LuiGi,  an  eminent  Nea- 
politan composer.  His  "II  Fanatico  per 
la  Musica"  is  the  work  by  which  he  is 
best  known  in  this  country  ;  but  all  his 
works  are  very  popular  in  Italy  and  Ger- 
many. He  died  early  in  the  present 
century;  but  it  is  not  precisely  knowa 
at  what  date. 

CARVER,  John,  first  governor  of 
Plymouth  colony,  was  a  native  of  En- 
gland, aud  was  among  the  emigrants  to 


oar] 


CYCLOP.KDIA    OK    BIOGKAPHY. 


259 


Leyden  who  composed  Mr.  Robinson's 
C'liurrli  in  tliat  pliicu.  Wiicn  u  renioviil 
to  America  was  contemplated,  lie  was 
appointed  one,  ot'tlie  agents  to  negotiate 
witli  tlie  Virtrinia  company  in  England 
for  a  suitable  territory.  lie  obtained  a 
patent  in  liJiy,  and  in  the  following  year 
came  to  IS'ew  England  with  the  lirst 
company.  As  they  arrived  without  the 
territory  of  tlic  south  Virginia  company, 
from  whom  they  had  received  the  char- 
ter, which  was  thus  rendered  useless, 
it  was  tliought  best  tliat  a  political  asso- 
ciation sliould  be  formed.  A  written 
instrument  was  drawn  up  and  sub- 
scribed before  they  landed,  and  Mr. 
(I'arver  was  unanimously  elected  gov- 
ernor for  one  year,  lie  conducted  the 
affairs  of  the  colony  with  great  prudence, 
and  discovered  great  address  in  his 
management  of  the  natives.  In  the 
ensuing  March  lie  was  confirmed  as 
governor  for  another  year.  He  died 
suddenly  in  April  following.  —  Jon.v- 
THAx,  an  enterprising  traveller,  was  a 
native  of  Connecticut.  He  was  intended 
for  the  profession  of  medicine,  but  he 
quitted  it  for  a  military  life.  He  v/as 
an  oJlieer  in  the  French  war,  and  served 
with  reputation  till  the  peace  of  ITii;}. 
After  this  he  spent  two  years  and  five 
months  in  exploring  the  most  interior 
parts  of  Nortii  America,  and  penetrated 
to  the  Faeitic  Ocean,  over  that  broad 
part  of  the  continent,  which  lies  between 
the  iod  and  the  4t3th  degrees  of  north 
latitude.  He  hoped  to  facilitate  the 
discovery  of  a  nortliwest  passage,  or 
of  ft  communication  between  Hudson's 
bay  and  the  Faeitic  ocean.  He  arrived 
at  Boston  in  October,  176S,  after  having 
travelled  nearly  7000  miles.  He  went 
to  England  for  the  pur]iose  of  pulilish- 
ing  his  journals  and  charts.  Though 
he  presented  a  petition  to  the  king,  even 
his  expenses  were  never  refunded  to 
him.  When  his  papers  were  almost 
ready  for  the  press,  under  a  permission 
he  had  obtained  lor  tlieir  publication, 
an  order  in  council  requireJ  him  to 
oeliver  thcin  into  the  plantation  otiice, 
to  do  wliich,  he  was  compelled  to  re- 
purchase them,  from  the  bookseller,  to 
M'hom  he  had  sold  them.  About  ten 
years  afterwards  he  published  an  ac- 
count of  his  travels.  D.  in  abject  want 
in  London,  1780,  aged  -18. 

GARY,  Thomas,  deputy  governor  of 
Nortli  Carolina  tor  tlie  proprietors,  and 
collector  of  their  ouit  rents,  succeeded 
Daniel  in  the  administration  of  the 
province,  b\it  was  removed  from  his 
offices  iu  1700j  for  neglecting  to  account 


to  his  employers.  He  continued  to  sit 
in  the  council,  and  the  next  year  at- 
tempted to  resume  the  reigns  of  gov- 
ernment by  force,  in  order  tliat  he  might 
retain  the  treasures  which  were  iu  his 
hands.  He  armed  a  band  of  insurgents, 
but  was  at  length  repulsed  and  his  fol- 
lowers dispersetl.  He  was  carried  to 
England  for  punishment,  but  was  never 
tried. — IIenkv  Fhancls,  the  well-known 
translator  of  Dante,  was  b.  at  Gibraltar, 
1772.  His  father  was  a  captain  iu  the 
army;  but  soon  after  the  birth  of  liis 
sou  he  settled  iu  Stalfordshire,  and  scut 
him  when  eight  years  old  to  Uxbridge 
school,  and  at'terwards  successively  to 
Riigl)y  and  Birmingham.  In  17U0  he 
was  admitted  as  a  connnoner  of  Clirist- 
churcli,  Oxford,  and  after  finishing  Uis 
college  studies  he  was  presented  s.ie- 
cessively  with  the  livings  of  Abbot's 
Bromley  in  Staflbrdshire  and  Kingsbury 
iu  Warwickshire.  The  delicacy  of  iiis 
health  having  obliged  him  to  have  re- 
course to  the  best  medical  advice,  he 
went  to  Loudon  in  1808,  aud  after  hold- 
ing various  cures  in  the  metropolis  and 
the  vicinity,  in  IS'2.3  he  became  assistant 
keeper  of  printed  books  iu  the  British 
Museum,  au  otliee,  however,  which  he 
resigned  in  18;;7,  when  his  application 
for  the  chief  librarianship  was  rejected, 
ilr.  Cary  was  addicted  to  literature  from 
his  youtli  up  ;  he  contributed  largely  to 
the  '•  Gentleman's"'  aud  the  '•  Loudoa 
Magazine,"  iiroduced  translations  of  the 
"Birds"'  of  Aristophanes  aud  the 
"  Odes"'  of  Pindar,  aud  wrote  a  series 
of  "Lives  of  the  English  Poets,"  in 
contuiuatiou  of  Dr.  Johnson's;  besides 
editing  the  works  of  Pope,  Cowper, 
Milton,  Thomson,  and  Young  ;  but  his 
chief  reputation  rests  on  his  admirable 
translation  of  Dante,  which,  though 
somewhat  neglected  on  its  first  appear- 
ance, has  since  received  the  meed  of 
acknowledgment  from  all  competent 
critics.  D.  18W. — RoiiEKT,  an  English 
divine  and  writer.  During  the  civil 
war  he  distinguished  himself  by  leaving 
the  established  church  and  joined  the 
Presbyterian  party  ;  aud,  at  the  resto- 
ration, he  disgraced  the  cluirch  by  again 
espousing  its  principles.  His  tergiver- 
sation was  rewarded  by  an  archdeaconry, 
from  which,  however,  he  was  ejected  iu 
IG'U.  He  wrote  a  learned  and  useful 
work,  entitled  "PaUeologia  Clirouica." 
D.  16^8. 

CARYL,  John,  secretary  to  Ifary, 
queen  of  James  II.  He  remained  faltli- 
fiil  tu  that  unfortunate  prince,  and  wa8 
rewanled  for  his  fidelltv  with  the  titles 


260 


cyclop.*:dia  of  bioguapiiy. 


[cAS 


of  Earl  Caryl  and  Favou  Dartford.  _  lu 
the  ruigu  of  Queen  Auiio  he  was  living 
in  Enghind,  and  was  intimate  witli 
Fope.  He  was  the  aatlior  of  some 
poeuis,  some  translations  of  psalms 
from  the  Vulgate,  and  of  two  plays, 
"The  English  I'riucess,"  a  tragedy; 
and  '■  Sir  Solomon,  or  the  Cautious 
Coxcomb,"  a  comedy.  The  date  of  his 
death  is  unknown. — Josepji,  an  eminent 
noneonfarmist  divine,  author  of  a  vo- 
luminous and  valuable  "Commentary 
on  Job.'     D.  1073. 

CASA,  John-  de  la,  secretary  of  state 
under  Fope  Taul  IV.  Jle  was  distin- 
;:juished  as  a  statesman,  and  as  an  ec- 
clesiastic ;  but  his  fame  rests  upon  his 
writings,  which  arc  considered  among 
the  piu'est  specimens  of  Tuscan  com- 
posiiion.  His  poems,  both  light  and 
serious,  are  of  a  very  high  order,  but 
his  chief  work  is  a  prose  dialogue,  ''  Ga- 
lateo,  or  the  Art  of  Living  in  the  World." 
}].  Io03  ;  d.  liioij. 

CASANOVA,  M.vRK  Antoxi',  a  mod- 
ern lyatin  poet.  He  imitated  Martial  in 
his  style,  and  made  I'ope  Clement  VU. 
a  favorite  object  of  his  attack.  He  at 
length  otfended  so  greatly  that  he  was 
condemned  to  die.  Clement,  however, 
was  induced  to  pardon  him.  But  the 
unlucky  satirist  escaped  execution  only 
to  perish  still  more  miserably ;  for,  on 
the  taking  of  Kome  by  the  Imperialists, 
be  was  reduced  to  the  necessity  of  lit- 
erally begging  for  bread,  and  at  length 
diedof  disease  produced  by  hunger,  in 
1527. — De  Sein-galt,  Jean  Jacques, 
whose  career  of  adventure  and  intrigue 
in  almost  all  the  countries  of  Europe  has 
gained  for  him  the  name  of  the  Gil  Bias 
of  the  ISth  century,  was  b.  at  Venice, 
1725.  He  figured  as  priest,  soldier,  and 
statesman,  successively ;  found  means 
to  srain  the  tavor  of  some  of  the  greatest 
poti^iitates  of  Europe,  among  others, 
i-'redcric  the  Great  ami  Catharine  II. ; 
and  after  roaming  from  place  to  place 
I  for  liis  intriguing  spirit  frequently  led 
to  a  forced  change  of  quarters)  he  ended 
his  long  life  of  mingled  eharlatauerie, 
profligacy,  and  ability  at  Vienna,  1803. 
llis  love  of  literature  and  science,  and 
his  proficiency  in  them,  brought  him 
acquainted  with  Voltaire  and  other  cele- 
brated literary  men  of  the  day ;  and 
besides  other  works  he  left  copious 
memoirs  of  his  life  and  times.  Brock- 
haus  the  Leipsic  bookseller,  to  whom 
the  MS.  was  intrusted  for  publication, 
publislied  them  in  lS-i-2.— Fuancis,  bro- 
ther of  the  preceding  an  eminent  painter, 
olncf  V  "f  landscapes  and  battle-pieces. 


He  was  employed  by  Catharine  11.,  of 
Kussia,  to  paliit  the  victories  of  her 
armies  over  the  Turks.  B.  in  London, 
1727 ;  d.  1805. — Jean  Baptiste,  another 
brother  of  the  adventurer,  was  b.  in 
London,  1730.  He  was  a  pupil  of  Mengs, 
and  closely  connected  with  Winckel- 
mann  in  his  antiquarian  researches.  It 
is  said  that,  by  way  of  testing  the  saga- 
city of  the  German  antiquary,  he  sent 
him  two  pictures,  which  he  had  him- 
self painted  in  the  style  of  those  a  short 
time  previously  found  at  Herculaneum, 
declaring  them  lo  be  ancient  discoveries; 
and  that  Winckelmann  was  so  taken  in 
as  to  insert  enijravings  of  them  in  the 
first  edition  of  his  "History  of  Ancient 
Art,"  with  an  elaboi-ate  connnentary 
upon  their  merits.  Casanova  was  pro- 
fessor of  painting  in  the  Dresden  Acad- 
emy ;  and  his  works  on  ancient  art  are 
still  cited  by  the  Germans  as  authorities. 
D.  IT'JS. 

CASAS,  Baetholomew  de  l.\s,  a 
Spanish  prelate,  distinguished  for  his 
generous  and  constant,  though  unavail- 
ing, exertions  in  favor  of  the  natives  of 
South  America.  Ho  was  b.  in  1474,  and 
in  his  lyth  year  accompanied  his  father, 
who  sailed  with  Columbus,  to  the  West 
Indies.  On  his  return.to  Spain  he  em- 
braced the  ecclesiastical  profession,  in 
order  that  lie  might  act  as  missionary 
in  the  western  hemisphere,  "there  to 
spend  his  days  in  preaching  the  gospel 
to  the  Indians,  and  humanity  to  their 
oppressors."  Never  did  man  more 
zealously  endeavor  to  eflect  a  great  and 
good  object.  Twelve  times  he  crossed 
the  ocean,  to  plead  at  the  foot  of  the 
Spanish  throne  the  cause  of  the  WTCtehcd 
Indians,  and  passed  fifty  years  of  his 
life  in  attempting,  though  with  little 
eft'cct,  their  amelioration.  He  was  made 
bishop  of  Chiapa  in  1544,  !)ut  he  re- 
signed his  SCO  m  1551,  returned  to  his 
native  country,  and  d.  at  Madrid,  15(56. 
Of  the  writings  of  Las  Casas,  the  most 
valuable  is  his  "  General  History  of  the 
Indies." 

CASAUBON,  Isaac,  a  native  of  Gene- 
va, distinguished  by  his  great  erudition 
and  powers  of  criticism.  For  several 
years  he  held  the  Greek  ^irofessorsiiip  at 
Geneva;  but  at  length  tceling  dissatis- 
fied with  the  amount  of  remuneration, 
lie  gave  up  his  professorship,  and  re- 
moved to  raris.  Tliere  he  was  made 
professor  of  the  belles  lettres,  and  had  a 
pension,  not  very  punctually  paid,  as- 
signed to  him  by'  Henry  IV. ;  at  whoso 
death  Casaubon"  went  to  England,  and 
•Tames  1.  gave  ';im  two  jSrcbends.     In 


CASJ 


CrCLOl'.'EDIA    or    JilOURAl'lIV. 


2(51 


return,  nowever,  the  pedantic  king  re- 
cjuireJ  the  aid  of  the  grtiut  eritiu  in  wri- 
tin2f  ivirainst  the  Koiiiau  Calholie;'. 
Casaubou's  editions  of  classic  authors 
are  very  numerous,  and  display  itu- 
niciise  industry  and  erudition.  B.  155!) ; 
d.  Ifil4. — Meric,  am  of  the  above.  His 
"I'ietas  contra  Maledicos,"  written 
aji'aiiist.  the.  (.'at holies,  and  ill  vindication 
of  his  father,  introduced  him  to  the  no- 
tice of  Kinij  Cliarles  I.,  by  whom  lie 
was  presented  to  some  valuable  church 
preferments.  Durinirthc commonwealth 
lie  was  persecuted  and  imprisoned,  but 
reniairu'd  unshaken  in  liilelity.  At  the 
restoration  he  recovered  his  livings. 
Amon^X  his  writing's  the  best  is,  "  A 
Treatise  concerning  Enthusiasm."  D. 
1671. 

CASE,  Jonx,  an  English  ]ihysician 
and  ])hiiosophical  writer;  autlior  of 
"  Sumnui  vcterum  Interpretuin  in  uni- 
versam  Dialecticam  Aristotelis."  1). 
1599. 

CASANEUVE,  Fikrrk  de,  a  learned 
French  antiquarian  ;  author  of  •'  (^ri- 
gines  an  Etymoloijies  Franc;oises,"  "  La 
Catalotrue  Fran(;oise,"  &c.     D.  IGoO. 

CASIMIR  HI.,  called  the  C.reat,  one 
of  the  most  illustrious  sovereigns  the 
world  has  over  seen,  was  b.  130i».  Hav- 
ing succeeded  his  father  on  tlie  throne 
of  Poland  in  1385,  he  entered  upon  a 
course  of  vigorous  and  enlightened  re- 
form, and  dosed  a  long  life  of  devotion 
to  his  people's  welfare  in  1370. 

CASLON,  William,  an  English  letter- 
founder,  to  whom  we  are  indebted  for 
improvements  in  i^rinting  type.  B.  1692 ; 
d.  1766. 

CASSAGNES,  Jacques,  a  French  ec- 
clesiastic and  poet.  He  was  of  so  irri- 
table a  nature,  that  a  satire  of  Boiloau's 
actually  drove  him  mad,  and  ho  was 
obliired  to  be  coutined  in  the  convent  of 
St.  Lazarus  until  his  death,  in  1679. 

CA8SANDEK,  Geokoe,  an  able  Ger- 
man controversialist.  Of  his  writings, 
which  are  very  nnmcrons,  the  ablest 
and  most  elaborate  is  his  "  Consnltatio 
Cassandri."  I)e  Thou  praises  his  mild- 
ness and  modesty ;  qualities  but  too 
rarely  belons;ing  to  controversialists.  B. 
1515;  d.  1566.  ' 

CASS  AS.  Loris  Francjois,  an  eminent 
Frencli  anti<(uarian  and  artist ;  aiithor 
of  "  VoyaiTo  I'ittorcsque  de  la  Syric,  de 
la  Phenicie,  de  la  Palestine,  et  de  la 
Basse  Eirvpte."     B.  1756  ;  d.  1S27. 

CASSERIO,  or  CASSERIUS,  Gil'lio, 
anatomical  professor  at  Padua.  He  was 
at  first  the  menial  servant  of  the  jrrcat 
ftiatomi-^t.  Fabricius,  at  Aquapendeute, 


to  whom  he  became  a.ssistant,  and,  final- 
ly, successor  in  the  professorship.  Ilia 
only  published  work  is"  Pcntffisthesioii," 
or  a  ti'eatise  on  the  five  senses.     D.  1616. 

CASSINJ,  Joiix  DoMi.vic,  an  eminent 
astronomer,  was  b.  at  PerinaMo,  near 
Nice,  and  studied  at  Geneva  with  the 
Jesuits.  His  fame  reaching  France,  he 
was  invited  to  pay  a  visit  to  that  coun- 
try, where  the  kindness  shown  to  him 
by  Louis  Xl\'.,  and  his  great  minister, 
Colbert,  caused  him  to  remain  for  tlie 
rest  of  his  lite.  He  was  tlie  first  resi- 
dent in  the  royal  observatory  at  Paris, 
and  he  continued  to  inhabit  it  lor  up- 
wards of  forty  years.  Durinir  that  time 
he  determined  the  parallax  of  Mars  with 
the  sun,  demonstrated  the  diurnal  mo- 
tion of  Jupiter  round  his  axis,  and  dis- 
covered the  four  satellites  of  Saturn,  in 
addition  to  that  which  Huygcns  had  dis- 
covered. 1).  1712. — James,  son  of  the 
preceding,  and,  like  him,  an  eminent 
astronomer  ;  author  of  "  A  Treatise  on 
the  Figure  and  Magnitude  of  the  Earth," 
"  The' Elements,  or  Theories  of  the 
Phvnets,"  ifec.  B.  at  Paris,  1677 ;  d. 
1756. — De  TiiuuY,  C^sar  Francis,  soa 
of  the  last  named,  and  his  successor  ia 
the  royal  observatory.  Like  his  father 
and  grandfather,  he  did  muck  to  ad- 
vance science ;  and,  having  better  in- 
struments than  theirs,  lie  was  enabled 
to  improve  upon  their  labors.  B.  1714; 
d.  17s-)-. — The  last  member  of  this  illus- 
trious family,  whose  name  is  also  asso- 
ciated with  theirs  iu  the  pursuit  of 
science,  d.  in  1845. 

CASSIODOKUS,  Marcus  Aurelics,  a 
Koman  statesman  and  historian.  He 
was  of  a  noble  tamily,  and  held  some  of 
the  hi?hest  offices  of  state,  ineludiiitr  that 
of  consul.  His  writings  are  cxtrcinely 
valuable,  especially  his  twelve  booJcs  of 
epistles,  on  account  of  the  liijht  they 
throw  upon  the  manners  of  his  time; 
but  his  St  vie  is  condemned  by  Gibbon 
as  being  tjuaiut  and  declamatory.  D. 
575. 

CASSIUS,  LoNoiNus  Caius.  a  Roman 
of  the  last  aire  of  the  republic,  and  tlie 
associate  of  Brutus  in  the  assassination 
of  Julius  Ciesar.  That  his  patriotism 
was  sincere  may  fairly  be  inferred  from 
his  reply  to  Antonv,  who,  on  the  day 
id'ter  the  assassination  of  Caesar,  taunt- 
ingly asked  him  if  he  had  another  dag- 
ger ;  "  Yes,"  was  the  reply,  "  if  you 
become  a  tyrant."  At  the  battle  of 
Philippi  he  commanded  the  let"t  wing, 
and  on  its  giving  way  he  retired  to  a 
tent  with  his  freedman,  by  whom,  as  it 
is  thought,  he  was  slaui,  as  he  was  found 


262 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY", 


[cAS 


^^nth  his  head  severed  from  his  body. 
Brutus,  in  lai«entiiig  him,  called  him 
"  ultiraus  Komauorum."     I).  42  b.  c. 

CASTAGNO,  Andke.^  del,  so  called, 
after  the  village  in  which  he  was  b.,  was 
the  son  of  very  poor  parents,  and,  being 
earlv  left  an  orphan,  was  adopted  by  an 
uncle,  who  employed  him  m  tending 
cattle'in  the  tields.  In  this  situation  he 
made  some  attempts  at  dra\A'ing,  which 
caused  Bernard  do  Medici  to  place  him 
with  a  master.  While  studying  at  Flo- 
rence he  became  acquainted  with  Do- 
menico  Venetiano,  who  was  acquainted 
with  the  new  method  of  painting  in  oil 
and  varnish.  Thcspleudor  of  this  mode 
of  coloring,  the  art  of  which  was  then 
unknown  in  Tuscany,  was  much  ad- 
mired, and  Castagno 'availed  himself  of 
Domenico's  friendship  to  obtain  the 
secret ;  but  not  satisfied  with  this,  he 
was  wretch  enough  to  murder  his  friend 
and  benefactor,  in  order  to  be  the  sole 
possessor.  This  he  efi'cetcd  without 
suspicion,  but  just  betbre  his  death  con- 
fessed the   horrid   crime.    B.  1409;  d. 

CASTALIA,  Sebastian,  one  of  the 
earliest  friends  and  fellow-laborers  of 
Calvin.  Unfortunately  for  Castalio's 
worldly  condition,  he  'diftered  from  the 
great  reformer  on  some  theological  ques- 
tions. He  was  in  consequence  deprived 
of  his  office  of  teacher  in  tlie  college  of 
Geneva,  and  repaired  to  Basle,  where 
lie  occupieil  himself  with  a  Latin  and  a 
French  version  of  the  Bible,  gaining  a 
scanty  subsistence  for  his  family  by 
teaching  Greek.  Calvin,  unmoved  by 
the  indigence  to  which  his  conscientious 
and  candid  opponent  was  reduced,  used 
all  his  influence  to  thwart  his  exertions. 
He  even  brought  against  him  an  accu- 
t-ation  of  theft,  from  which  Castalio 
cleared  himself  triumphantly.  1).  1563. 
CASTKLL,  Edmund,  an  English  divine 
and  lexicographer,  was  a  n.itive  of  Hat- 
ley,  Cambridgeshire.  He  spent  a  hand- 
some fortune,  and  occupied  seventeen 
years,  in  the  composition  of  his  "Lexi- 
con Ileptaglotton,"  a  dictionary  in  seven 
hinguiures ;  but  nearly  all  the  copies  re- 
mained unsold,  and  but  for  some  prefer- 
ment in  the  church,  and  the  Arabic 
professor  at  Cambridge,  his  zeal,  learn- 
ing, and  diligence  would  have  been 
unrewarded.     B.  1600;  d.  1G85. 

C.VSTELLT,  Bernardo,  a  Genoese 
painter,  a  friend  of  Tasso,  for  the  plates 
of  whose  "  Jerusalem,"  engraved  by 
Avostino  Caracci,  he  drew  the  designs. 
D.  1629. 

CASTELLO,  Gabriel  Launoelot,  a 


Sicilian  gentleman,  distinguished  for  his 
zeal  and  talent  as  an  antiquarian  ;  author 
of  "  The  Literary  History  of  Sicily," 
"  Critical  Kemarks  on  a  Book  printed  in 
Catania,  in  1747,"  "Dissertation  on  a 
Marble  Statue  found  in  the  Campagna 
of  Alessa,"  &c.     B.  1727  ;  d.  1794. 

CASTELNAU,  Michael  le,  lord  of 
Mauvissierc,  an  eminent  statesman  and 
soldier  in  the  reigns  of  Charles  IX.  and 
Henry  III.  He  was  very  often  in  En- 
gland in  the  character  of  ambassador 
from  France.  While  resident  there  he 
acted  with  great  kindness  towards  the 
unfortunate  Mary,  queen  of  Scots.  He 
left  memoirs  of  his  negotiations,  of  which 
there  is  an  English  translation  bv  his 
daughter.     D.  lo92. 

CASTI,  Giambattista,  an  Italian  poet ; 
author  of  an  epic,  entitled  "  Gli  Aniinali 
Parlanti,"  translated  into  Engbsh  by 
Mr.  Kosc  ;  a  satire,  entitled  "  Tartaro  ;" 
and  some  novels,  <tc.  B.  1721 ;  d.  1803. 
CASTIGLIONE,  Balthazar,  an  Ital- 
ian statesman  and  writer.  He  v/as  em- 
ployed by  various  princes  in  very 
delicate  negotiations.  In  particular  he 
was  sent  by  the  pope,  Clement  VII.,  as 
nuncio  to  "the  emperor,  Charles  V.,  on 
which  occasion  he  displayed  great  talent 
and  dexterity.  His  celebrity,  however, 
chiefly  rests  upon  his  writings.  His 
poems,  both  Latin  and  Italian,  are  much 
admired,  as  are  his  letters,  which  throw 
much  light  on  the  affairs  of  his  time. 
15ut  his  chief  work  is  "II  Cortegiano," 
the  courtier.  This  work,  which  is  a 
bod}'  of  information  on  the  art  of  living 
at  court,  is  so  much  admired  by  the 
Italians,  that  they  call  it  "  The  Golden 
Book."  B.  1468;  d.  1529.— Giovanni 
Benedetto,  a  Genoese  artist.  lie  ex- 
celled in  landscapes  and  animals,  but  his 
picture  of  "  The  Nativity"  shows  that 
lie  had  power  for  the  highest  walk  of 
art.  lie  was  also  an  admirable  engraver. 
D.  1670. 

CASTILLO,  Bernal  diaz  del,  a 
Spanish  officer  of  the  16th  century,  one 
of  the  companions  of  Fernando  Corte/, 
in  his  expedition  to  South  America.  He 
wrote  a  work,  rough  in  stylo,  but  full 
of  valuable  information,  entitled  "His- 
toria  Vcrdadera  de  la  Conquista  do 
Nueva  Espacrna." 

CASTOLDI,  Giovanno  Giacomo,  a 
musical  composer  of  the  16th  century. 

CASTKACANI,  Castruccio,  an  Ital- 
ian general  of  great  skill  and  courage. 
He  rendered  great  service  to  the  empe- 
ror, Louis  V.  of  Bavaria,  wlio  rewarded 
him  with  the  duchy  of  Lucca.  Though 
he  was  almost  constantly  in  service,  ho 


OAS] 


CYCLOP.tDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


263 


found  time  to  cultivate  hift  mind,  and 
his  name  is  mnonor  tlie  minor  Italian 
poets.     B.  1281  :  d.  13-2:3. 

CASTRO,  John  de,  a  celebrated  Por- 
tii^aiese  general,  who  attended  Charles 
V.  in  the  expedition  against  Tunis,  and 
was  afterwards  made  governor  of  tlie 
Portuguese  settlements  in  the  Jlast  In- 
dies. Ho  was  as  disinterested  as  brave, 
and  at  his  death  only  three  rials  were 
found  in  Ins  coifers.    "B.  l.JOO;  d.  1548. 

CASTEUCCI,  I'lETUo,  a  celebrated 
violinist,  who  led  tlie  orchestra  at  the 
King's  Theatre  in  the  early  part  of  the 
last  century,  lie  was  of  a  very  irritable 
disposition  ;  and  Ilogartli  has  given  an 
admirable  caricature  portrait  of  him  in 
the  well-known  print  of  "  The  Enraged 
Musician." 

CASTRUCIO,  Castracani,  a  celebrated 
general,  who  was  a  foundling,  discover- 
ed by  the  monk  Antonio,  and  his  sister 
Dianora,  in  a  heap  of  leaves  in  a  vine- 
yard, at  Lucca,  in  Tuscany,  in  ISS-l.  He 
was  tenderly  brought  up  by  the  human- 
ity of  his  preservers,  and  intended  for 
the  church ;  but  his  fondness  for  bold 
exertions  and  military  exercises  made 
Lim  prefer  the  profession  of  arms.  He 
entered  in  his  ISth  year  as  a  lieutenant 
in  the  army  of  the  (ihibelins,  whom  the 
party  of  the  Guelt's  had  just  driven  from 
Pavia.  The  valor  and  coolness  which 
be  displayed  recommended  him  to  the 
good  opinion  of  Gninigi,  the  general,  and 
he  soon  rose,  though  o)>posed  and  even 
imprisoned  by  his  enemies,  to  the  high- 
est honor,  and  was  at  last  declared  by 
the  people  of  Lucca  their  sovereism 
prince.  The  Florentines,  however, 
viewed  his  elevation  with  jealous  en- 
mity, and  oO,OiiO  foot,  and  10,000  horse 
appeared  in  the  field.  22,000  of  whom  he 
destroyed,  with  the  loss  of  only  IfiOO  of 
his  own  men.  But  here  fortune  checked 
the  career  of  his  greatness ;  fatigued 
after  the  bloody  contest,  and  regardless 
of  a  chill  north  wind  which  blew  upon 
him,  be  was  seized  with  an  ague,  which 
carried  him  olf  in  a  few  days,  when  he 
expected  to  rise  to  the  sovereignty  of 
Italy.     D.  1S2S. 

CASWELL,  RiniARD,  governor  of 
North  Carolina.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  first  congress,  1774.  In  177i)  he  was 
at  the  head  of  a  regiment,  and  was  en- 
gaged by  a  body  of  loyalists  under  Gen- 
eral McDonald,' at  a  place  called  Moore's 
creek  bridge.  McDonald  was  defeated, 
and  taken  prisoner  by  Caswell,  with  the 
loss  of  70  men  in  killed  and  wounded, 
and  1500  excellent  rittes.  This  victory 
•-?fts  of  eminent  service  to  the  Amcrieau 


cause  in  North  Carolina.  He  was  pres- 
ident of  the  convention  which  formed 
the  constitution  of  North  Carolina  in 
December,  177'5,  under  which  constitu- 
tion he  was  governor  from  1777  to  1780, 
and  from  1785  to  1787.     D.  178'J. 

CATALANI,   Angelica,  one   of  the 
most  celebrated  singers  of  modern  times, 
was  b.  at  Sinigaglia  in  the  papal  states, 
1782.     Her  early  years  were  spent  in  tho 
convent  of  Gubio;  and  so  perfect  were 
her  vocai  vrgans,-  even  in  her  infancy, 
that  the  sanctity  of  the  church  itself  was 
violated    by   the    applause    which    her 
choral  perlbrmances  called  forth.     Soon 
after  quitting  the  convent,  she  made  her 
debut  in  the  theatre  Argentina,  at  Rome, 
in  1802  ;  and  the  immense  success  which 
she  achieved  on  tiiis  stage  procured  her 
immediate  engagements  in  all  the  the- 
atres of  Italy.     At  Lisbon,  Madrid,  and 
Paris  new  triumphs  awaited    her:  but 
even  those  were  far  outshone,  in_  ISOH, 
by  the  enthusiasm  of  her  reception  in 
England,    where    she    remained    eight 
years,  delighting  the  metropolis  with  her 
appearance   at    the    Italian   opera,  and 
reaping  large  harvests  both  of  fame  and 
wealth  in  lier  provincial  tours.     After 
the  restoration  of  the  Bourbons,  she  re- 
turned to  Paris,  where  she  undertook 
the  management  of  the  opera  buffa;  but 
this  speculation   was   unfortunate,  and 
Madame  Calalani,  to  repair  her  shattered 
fortunes,    made     a    iirofessional     tour 
through  all  the  capitals  of  Europe,  and 
at  lenijth  returned  to  England  in  1822, 
when  the  enthusiasm  of  her  reception 
suifered  no  abatement.     There  she  re- 
mained three  years.     In  1825  she  again 
visited  Paris,  and  after  once  more  going 
the   round   of   Europe,   she   retired  _  to 
Italy  in  ls:50,  v.-hen  she  purchased  a  villa 
near  Florence,  and  spent  the  remainder 
of  her  life  in  the  bosom  of  her  family. 
She  had  been  long  married  to  a  French 
captain,  called  Valiabregue.     D. at  Paris, 
1849. 

(?ATEL,  CiiAni.K3  Simon,  an  eminent 
composer,  b.  1773.  at  Paris,  was  tho  au- 
thor of  the  ffimous  "Traite  d'llar- 
mone,"  and  of  many  operas,  the  chief 
of  which  are  "Semiramis,"  "  Les  Baya- 
deres," "  L'Aubergc  de  Bagueres,"  &c. 
D.  18^0. 

CATRSBY.  Mark,  an  eminent  En- 
glish nat^rali^t.  patronized  by  Sir  Hans 
Sloane  and  (.ther  wealthy  lovers  of 
science.  He  sjient  many  years  in  Amer- 
ica, for  the  purpose  of  "collecting  and 
describing  tlie  most  curious  natural  pro- 
ductions bf  that  country.  He  fixed  his 
resideni^e  in  raroliiui,  whence  he  made 


264 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[cat 


excursions  into  Florida,  Georsria,  and 
the  Bahama  Islands.  The  result  of  his 
labors  was  '•  The  Natural  History  of 
Canada,  Florida,  and  the  Bahama  Isl- 
ands ;■'  a  very  splendid  work  in  two 
folio  volumes,  illustrated  by  upwards 
of  200  plates.     B.  lOSO  :  d.  17-i9. 

CATIIAPvINE,  St.,  of  Sienna,  was  b. 
at  Sieiina,  13-17,  and  when  she  was  20 
years  of  age  beeame  a  sister  of  the  order 
of  St.  Dominic.  Having  considerable 
ability  and  a  very  lively  imagination,  she 
became  celebrated  as  a  seer  of  visions. 
So  great  an  influence,  in  fact,  did  her 
alleged  visions  and  revelations  obtain 
her^  that  she  was  able  to  prevail  on 
Gregoiy  XI.  to  be  reconciled  to  the 
Florentines,  and  to  remove  the  papal 
seat  to  Eome  from  Avignon,  after  it  had 
for  70  years  been  fixed  at  the  latter  place. 
She  wrote  si.x  treatises  on  the  "  Provi- 
dence of  God,"  "  The  Divine  Doctrine 
delivered  by  the  Eternal  Father  speaking 
to  the  Spirits,"'  some  .short  prose  pieces 
of  devotion,  and  some  poems.  D.  1380, 
and  was  canonized  by  rope  Pius  II.  in 
14G4-. — Of  France,  daughter  of  Charles 

VI.  of  France,  and  the  wife  of  Henry  V. 
of  England,  who,  on  his  marriage  to  her, 
was  declared  successor  to  the  French 
crown.  Their  sou,  afterwards  Henry 
VI.,  wa.s  crowned  in  both  countries 
while  still  an  infant.  Being  left  a  wid- 
ow, she  privatelj'  espoused  Owen  Tudor, 
a  Welsh  gentleman,  by  whom  she  had 
two  sons,  the  elder  of  whom,  Edmund, 
earl  of  Kichmond,  was  father  of  Henry 

VII.  B.  liOl;  d.  1438.— Of  Aragox, 
daughter  of  Ferdinand  and  Isabella  of 
Castile,  was  b.  1483.  In  her  18th  year 
Bhe  was  married  to  Arthur,  prince  of 
Wales,  oldest  son  of  Henry  VII.  The 
young  prince  dying  in  a  few  months 
after  his  marriage,  Henry's  mercenaiy 
dread  of  losing  the  rich  dowry  of  Catha- 
rine, induced  her  brother-in-law,  after- 
ward.s  Henry  VIII.,  to  marry  her.  The 
vast  religions  changes  to  which  this 
marriage  gave  place,  belong  rather  to 
history  than  to  biography.  Sullice  it, 
therefore,  to  say.  tliat  after  years  of 
an.Kiety  and  spirited  resistances,  he  was 
divorced.  But  though  she  was  no  lon- 
ger called  queen  at  court,  her  attend- 
ants at  Kimbolton  castle,  where  she 
took  up  her  residence,  were  never  al- 
lowed to  address  her  otherwise  than  as 
queen,  a.s  she  protested  to  the  last  that 
tlie  divorce  was  unjust  and  illegal.  Just 
before  her  death  she  wrote  so  pathetic  a 
letter  to  Henry  in  favor  of  Mary,  their 
daughter,  thatj  stern  as  the  tyrant  was, 
he  is  said  to  have  shed  tears  as  he  pe- 


rused it.  She  possessed  considerable 
literary  ability,  but  some  devotional 
pieces,  which  are  sometimes  attributed 
to  her  pen,  were  in  fact  the  production 
of  Queen  Catharine  Parr.  I).  1536. — 
The  eldest  daughter  of  Sir  Thomas  Parr, 
of  Kendal,  in  Westmoreland.  She  was 
married  early  in  life  to  Edward  Burghe  ; 
and,  surviving  him,  she  was  next  mar- 
ried to  John  Neville.  Lord  Latimer. 
Her  second  husband,  too,  she  survived ; 
and,  in  1643,  was  raised  to  the  throne  by 
King  Henry  VIII.,  being  the  sixth  and 
last  wife  of  that  polygamic  monarch. 
Her  attachment  to  the  reformed  religion, 
and  her  kindness  to  those  who  support- 
ed it,  gave  deep  and  deadly  ofl'ence  to 
the  still  powerful  Catholic  faction. 
Gardiner,  Wriothesley,  and  others,  de- 
termined to  remove,  if  possible,  so  dan- 
gerous an  opponent  from  court,  but 
failed.  Though  during  the  king's  last 
illness  he  was,  in  the  words  of  a  writer 
of  that  time,  "as  furious  as  a  chained 
lion,"  Catharine  continued  to  retain  her 
ascendency  over  him,  and  at  his  death 
he  left  her  a  legacy  of  £4000  in  addition 
to  her  jointure,  "ibr  her  great  love,  obe- 
dience, chasteness  of  life,  and  wisdom." 
She  afterwards  married  Sir  Thomas  Sey- 
mour, uncle  of  Edward  VI.,  but  they 
lived  by  no  means  happily  together ; 
and  when  she  died,  though  in  childbed, 
it  was  currently  reported  that  she  was 
poisoned.  D.  l.HS. — De  Medici,  the  wife 
of  Henry  II.  king  of  France,  was  the 
daughter  of  Lorenzo  de  Medici,  duke  of 
Urbino.  In  1519,  being  then  only  in  her 
16th  year,  she  was  married  to  Henry, 
duke  of  (Jrleans,  son  and  successor  to 
Francis  I.  of  France.  Her  beauty  and 
accomplishments  made  her  the  orna- 
ment of  the  French  court;  and  young 
as  she  was,  she  had  deceit  and  cunning 
enough  to  make  herself  acceptable  to  all 

Eartics.  For  ten  years  she  brought  her 
usband  no  children,  but  she  subse- 
quently had  10,  of  whom  three  success- 
ively were  kings  of  France.  With  pro- 
found jiolicy  she  secured  the  affection 
and  contidence  of  her  children  in  their 
earliest  youth,  thereby  assuring  to  her- 
self that  influence  which  she  desired  to 
exercise  over  their  maturer  age.  On  the 
death  of  her  husband,  and  the  accession 
of  Francis  II.,  the  powerful  Guises 
shared  her  political  power ;  and  it  is 
probable  that  it  was  in  order  to  avoid  col- 
lision Willi  them  tliat  she  joined  in  their 
detestable  fury  against  the  Huguenots. 
But  the  reign  of  Francis  was  very  brief; 
and  when  Charles  IX.,  then  only  in  his 
11th  year,  succeeded  him,  Cath.irinebad 


oat] 


CVCLOP.EDIA    OF     BIOGUAPMV, 


265 


all  the  aiiUionty  of  re;?ent,  though  not 
the  title.  Tlic  death  of  the  duke  of 
Guise  still  furtlicr  jiiorcased  lit-r  power, 
uiid  she  WHS  joined  heurt  and  soul  with 
the  Catliolies  in  perseeutinj;  tiio  Iluirue- 
nots.  To  ehuracterize  her  ])olitical  con- 
duct at  this  time,  wcneed  only  name  the 
horrible  massacre  of  iSt.  Bartholomew, 
an  atrocity  which  just  and  humane  men 
of  every  creed,  country,  and  ai,'c  will 
join  in  Veprobatinir.  That  Charles  IX. 
was  urged  to  this  horrid  act  by  the  per- 
suasions of  Catharine  most  historians 
admit;  and  in  less  than  two  years  after 
the  massacre  he  died,  worn  out  in  mind 
and  body  by  the  stinifs  of  remorse.  At 
the  deatli  of  Charles,  Catharine  was  de- 
clared regent  until  the  arrival  of  her  son 
Henry  from  Poland.  During  her  regen- 
cy she  governed  rigorously  and  saga- 
ciously, and  deliveretl  up  the  kingdom 
to  lienry  III.  on  his  arri\al,  in  such  or- 
der as  \vith  only  connnon  prudence  and 
firmness,  would  have  insured  him  a 
peaceable  reign.  But  the  new  king's 
weakness  soon  relaxed  the  bands  which 
his  mother  had  so  lirmly  drawn  around 
faction,  and  civil  disturbances  ensued, 
by  which  Catharine's  later  years  were 
much  imbittered.  Admitted  by  all  to 
be  a  sagacious,  lulroit,  and  courageous 
woman,  but  detested  by  every  piarty  in 
the  state,  she  d.,  aged  85,  in  1.589. — Of 
Bkaoanza,  daughter  of  .John  IV.  of  Por- 
tugal, and  queen  of  (.'harles  II.  of  En- 
gland. The  dissolute  conduct  of  her 
husband,  and  the  shameful  openness  of 
liis  illicit  amours,  gave  her  much  pain. 
But  though  neglected  by  him,  she  stead- 
ily and  sternly  preserved  her  own  honor, 
and  his  so  far  as  it  depended  on  her. 
After  his  deatli  she  returned  to  Portu- 

fal,  and  when,  in  1704,  her  brother,  Don 
'edro,  was  compelled  by  his  increasing 
infirmities  to  retire,  she  was  made  re- 
gent. She  held  this  office  but  for  a  brief 
space  ;  but  her  conduct,  both  as  regards 
her  internal  measures  and  her  carrying 
on  the  war  with  Spain,  showed  consid- 
erable political  ability.  D.  in  the  6"th 
year  of  her  age,  1705. — I.,  empress  of 
Russia,  was  the  illegitimate  daughter  of 
a  Livonian  peasant.  After  some  years 
spent  in  the  service  of  a  clergyman,  she 
married  a  Swedish  dragoon,  wlio  shortly 
afterwards  went  on  an  expedition  and 
never  returned.  S!ie  then  resided,  it  is 
doubtful  whether  as  servant  or  para- 
mour, with  the  Russian  general,  Bauer, 
Then  Prince  Menkzikotf  became  enam- 
■•ed  of  her  charms,  and  made  her  his 
mistress.  Peter  1.  now  distinguished 
hor  by  his  notice,   and  she  became  at 


first  his  mistress  and  afterwards  i  s  em- 
press. During  his  lifetime  she  snowed 
great  devotion  to  him,  and  at  his  death 
siie  was  proclaimed  his  successor.  But 
her  reign  was  short ;  for  her  indulgence 
in  intoxicating  liquors  produced  a  dis- 
ease of  which  she  d.  in  1727,  at  the  age 
of  41. — II.,  empress  of  Russia,  was  the 
daughter  of  the  prince  of  Anhalt-Zerbst, 
b.  1720,  and  in  1745  became  the  wife  of 
the  emperor  Peter  III.  Tiiis  prince  was 
addicted  to  low  society  and  to  the  most 
scandalous  excesses ;  and  Catliarine, 
even  in  her  youth,  was  by  no  means  re- 
markable for  chastity.  "\Vith  the  incon- 
sistency usually  to  be  observed  in  such 
cases,  each  party  reproached  the  other ; 
Catharine,  stung  by  her  husband's  bru- 
tality, became  still  more  openly  indeco- 
rous in  her  conduct,  and  Peter  indulged 
in  low  wassail  to  such  an  extent  that  he 
must  have  been  deranged.  lie  at  length 
became  so  infatuated  by  his  disgust  for 
Catharine  and  his  passion  for  one  of 
his  mistresses,  the  Countess  "VVoronzoff, 
that  he  had  determined  to  divorce  and 
imprison  the  former,  and  make  the  lat- 
ter his  empress.  Informed  of  his  de- 
signs, Catharine  promjitly  exerted  her 
self,  caused  her  husband  to  be  seized, 
and  sent  him  as  a  prisoner  to  a  small 
Xialace  about  20  miles  from  St.  Peters- 
tjurgh,  where  Prince  Alexis  Orloff  put 
him  to  death,  with  the  connivance,  if 
not  at  the  jiositivc  command,  of  the 
empress.  This  occurred  in  .luly,  17C2, 
and  in  the  next  month  Catharine  was 
solemnly  crowned  empress  of  all  the 
Eussias.  Ill  as  her  power  was  obtain- 
ed, she  used  it  wisely  and  well.  She 
trod  firmly  in  the  footsteps  of  Peter 
the  Great,  aiming  at  once  to  enrich  and 
civilize  her  dominions.  Schools  and 
towns  were  founded,  public  works  of 
equal  magnificence  and  use  were  com- 
menced and  finished,  and  the  horrible 
tortures  which  had  been  inflicted  on 
Russian  criminals  were  almost  totally 
abolished.  But  her  amonrs  in  the  mean 
time  injured  her  as  a  woman,  and  her 
tyrannous  conduct  towards  Poland  is  a 
foul  blot  upon  her  escutcheon  as  a  sover- 
eign. Ambition,  however,  and  lack  of 
female  virtue  did  not  wholly  degrade 
her,  for  her  internal  policy  was  ns  much 
directed  to  the  useful  as  to  the  irrand; 
and  amid  all  the  distraction  of  business 
and  dissipation  she  found  time  to  en- 
courage literature.  Indeed,  she  was 
herself  the  author  of  instructions  for  ft 
code  of  hnvs,  which  she  also  translated 
into  German;  and  she  wrote  several 
dramatic   pieces,  and  some  moral  tfJca 


266 


CYCLOP-EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[cat 


for  the  uso  of  children.  D.  aged  67, 
179fi. 

CATHARTNUS,  Ambrose,  an  Italian 
divine ;  author  of  "  Treatises  ajrainst  the 
Doctrines  of  Luther  and  Ochinus."  He 
attended  the  council  of  Trent,  and  be- 
came succes:<ivcly  bishop  of  Minori  and 
archbishop  of  Cauza.     D.  I'j.iS. 

CATIIKALL,  Isaac,  a  physician  in 
Philadelphia  :  studied  in  that  Citj,  and 
in  London,  Edinburfrh,  and  Paris,  and 
returned  home  in  1793.  During  the 
prevalence  of  the  yellow  fever  in  that 
year,  and  in  1797,"  1798,  and  1799,  he 
remained  at  his  post,  and  even  dis- 
sected those  who  died  of  the  disease. 


He  defeated  the  duke  o  Savoy  very  sig- 
nally  in  16S8,  and  in  1697  he  took  tlie 
fortress  of  Ath,  in  Flanders,  after  expe- 
riencing a  desperate  resistance.  In  1701 
he  wasappointed  to  the  chief  command 
of  the  army  in  Italy  ;  but  either  his  skill 
was  inferior  to  that  of  Prince  Eugene, 
to  whom  he  was  opposed,  or  age  had 
somewhat  weakened  his  high  qualities, 
for  he  was  decidedly  worsted  and  com- 
pelled to  retreat.     I).  1712. 

CATO,  Makcus  Portius,  surnamed 
the  Censor,  an  illustrious  Roman.  At 
the  early  age  of  17  he  commenced  his 
career  as  a  soldier,  and  distinguished 
himself  equally  by  his  courage  and  by 


s,  1797  ;  "  Memoir    Sicily,  and  then  qufestor  in  Africa,  under 
he  Black  Vomit,"     Scipio.     In  both  these  important  situa- 


He  published  "Remarks  on  the  Yellow    his  singular   temperance.      After  some 

Pever,"    1794;     "Buchan's    Domestic    time  he  was  made  military  tribune  in 

Medicine,"  with  note 

on  the   Analysis  of  the 

showing  that  it  might  be  safely  tasted, 

1800,  in  5th  vol.  of  the  transactions  of 

the    American    Philosopliical    Society ; 

and  a  pamphlet  on  the  vellow  fever,  in 

conjunction   with  Dr.   Carris,  in  1802. 

D.  1819. 

CATILINE,  Lucius  Sergius  Catalina, 
a  Roman,  of  a  noble  family  and  great 
talents,  but  of  most  depraved  habits  and 
evil  ambition.  He  was  high  in  favor 
with  Sylla,  who  advanced  him  to  the 
qu£Estorship  and  other  offices  of  honor 
and  profit.  After  the  death  of  this 
powerful  patron,  Catiline  conspired  with 
other  dissolute  nobles  and  their  follow- 
ers, to  murder  the  consuls  and  senators, 
and  assume  the  government.  Fortu- 
nately for  Rome,  Cicero  was  one  of  the 

consuls ;  and  he,  on  being  made  aware 

of  Catiline's  dcsiirns,  branded  him  with 

them  in   those  famous  orations  which 

alone  would  suffice  to  give  liim  the  first 

rank  amoncr  orators,  ancient  or  mo<lern. 

Even  the  effrontery  of  Catiline  quailed 

before  the  indiirnant  eloquence  of  the 

consul.      He   left    Rome  and   marched 

towards  Cisalpine  Gaul,  his  confederates 

in  the  mean  time  endeavoring  to  corrupt 

the  ambassadors  of  the  Allobroges.     In 

this  they  were  defeated  by  the  vii^ilance 

and  promptitude  of  Cicero  ;  and  Catiline 

being  stopped  in  liis  march  by  the  pro- 
consul. Q.  Sletellus  Celer,  an  engagement 

ensued,  in  wliicli  Catiline,  at  the  head 

of  his  associates,  finrliting  with  the  most 

most   desperate  courage,  was  slain,  62 

B.  C. 

CATINAT,  Nicholas,  an  illustrious 
French  t'cneral,  as  eminent  for  his  vir- 
tues as  for  his  military  talents.  lie  was 
edncateil  for  the  law,  but  abandoned  the 
bar  for  tlic  army,  and  rose  to  the  highest 
military  honors  by  his  skill  and  courage. 


Scip: 

tions  his  conduct  was  marked  by  a  risrid 
and  honorable  economy  of  the  public 
money  ;  and  in  his  40th  year  he  arrived 
at  the   hiffh   dignity  of  the  consulship. 
In  tills  situation   he  strongly  opposed 
the  luxury  of  the  Romans,  and  inces- 
santly endeavored  to  animate  their  ha- 
tred "of  the  Carthaginiatis,  by  speeches 
in  the  senate,  usually  concluding  with 
"  Delenda    est   Carthago;"    "Carth:i£-e 
must  fall."     He  composed  many  works ; 
but  only   "De  Re  Rustica,"  and  some 
fragments  of  Roman  history,  are  all  that 
we  know  of  his  writings.    He  was  twice 
married,  and  had  a  son  by  each  of  his 
wives.    B.  232  b.  c.  ;    d.  148. — M.\rcus 
PoKTius,  surnamed,  from  his  birthplace, 
"  of  Utica,"  was  grandson  of  the  younger 
son  of  the  last  named.     Being  early  left 
an  orphan,  he  was  taken  into  the  family 
of  his  uncle,  Livius  Drusus.     He  served 
for  some  time  in  the  army,  and  obtained 
the  commission  of  tribune  in  the  army 
sent  against  Macedonia.     He  then  be- 
came quaestor,  and  exerted  himself  for 
the  reformation  of  abuses.    His  conduct 
in  this  respect,  and  the  iravarying  gravi- 
ty of  his  demeanor,  rendered  him  almost 
firoverbial  for  integrity ;  and  Cicero,  to 
whose  consular   exertions  he  gave  hia 
support,  called  him  "the  father  of  his 
country."      Perceiving   the   designs  of 
Csesar.'he  had  the  honesty  and  courage 
to  oppose  him  ;  and  considering  Cresar 
more  dangerous  than  Pompftv,  he  ranged 
himself  under  the  banners  of  the  latter. 
The  fatal  battle  of  Pharsalia  compelled 
him  to  fiy  to  his  native  Utica ;  and  when 
the   triumphant   Cipsar    arrived    before 
that  place,   Cato   calmly  retired  to  his 
chamber,  read  Plato's  "Phffido,  or  Dia- 
logue on  the  Immortality  of  the  Soul, 
and  ended  his  life  by  falling  upon  his 


oat] 


CVCLOP^DIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


267 


•word,  45  B.  c. — Valerius,  a  Latin  poet 
and  graminariun.  All  that  remaiiis  of 
his  \vritiui3  is  ''  Dirue,"  a  poem,  which 
is  to  be  found  in  Muttaire's  ''Corpus 
Poetarum."     D.  00  b.  c. 

CATRUU,  Fkancis,  a  learned  French 
Jesuit;  author  of  a  "Translation  of 
Virgil,"  "A  History  of  the  Empire  of 
Mogul,"  "A  Koman  ]Iistory,"  &c. ; 
and  for  many  years  a  contributor  to  the 
"Journal  de  Trcvoux."     D.  1737. 

CATTEXBURG,  Adklvn  Van,  a 
Dutch  divine  of  the  sect  of  Eemon- 
strauts,  professor  of  theology  at  Rotter- 
dam ;  author  of  "  Syntagma  Sapientiie 
Mosaicse,"  "Tlie  Life  ot  Gi'otius,"  iu 
Dutch,  &c.     D.  1737. 

CATULLUS,  Cahis  Valerius,  an  ele- 
gant but  licentious  Roman  poet.    D.  40 

B.  C. 

CATZ,  James,  a  Dutch  statesman  and 
poet,  was  b.  1."j77,  at  Brouwersliaven,  iu 
Zealand.  lie  held  various  important 
otftces,  was   twice  ambassador  to   En- 

fland,  and  for  flfteen  years  tilled  the 
igh  station  of  pensionary  iu  Holland. 
D;  lOHO. 

CAULAINCOUET,  Armand  Augus- 
TiN  Louis  de,  duke  of  Vicenza,  a  descen- 
dant of  a  noble  and  ancient  family  of 
Picardy.  In  the  early  days  of  the  rev- 
olution he  was  imprisoned  as  a  suspected 
royalist,  but  was  liberated  on  being 
drawn  as  a  recruit  for  the  republican 
ariny.  There  he  rose  from  rank  to  rank 
until  he  became  aid-de-camp  to  Bona- 
parte, whom  lie  attended  in  the  cam- 
paigns of  1805-6-7.  Subsequently  he 
was  employed  in  confidential  missions, 
and  in  the  post  of  foreign  minister. 
After  the  restoration  he  lived  in  retire- 
ment.    B.  1773;  d.  1S27. 

CAUSSIX,  Nicholas,  a  Frencli  Jesuit, 
confessor  to  Louis  XLII. ;  author  of  a 
treatise  "  De  Eloqueutia  Sacra  et  Hu- 
mana," &c.  He  was  banished  from 
court  for  opposing  Cardinal  Richelieu. 
D.  16->1. 

CAVALCAXTI,  Bartolomeo,  a  learn- 
ed Italian ;  author  of  a  work  on  "  Rhet- 
oric," and  of  another  on  the  "Forms  of 
a  Republic;"  both  able  treatises.  He 
served  for  some  time  as  a  military  ofReer, 
and  was  einj)l<\ved  in  some  important 
neirotiations  In' Pope  Paul  III.  1).  l.")t!2. 
— Guiuo,  a  Florentine  pliilosopher  and 
poet  of  the  13th  century,  was  a  friend 
of  Daiite,  and,  like  hiin,  an  active  Ghib- 
elline.  His  poems,  which  are  eliiefiy 
amorous,  are  above  mediocrity.   D.  1300. 

CAVALIER,  John,  the  son  of  a 
French  peasant,  was  b.  1679.  lie  be- 
came leader  of  the  Camisardes,  or  Prot- 


estants of  Langnedoc,  when  thev  re- 
volted against  the  tyranny  of  the  king : 
and  led  by  him,  they  forced  Marshal 
Villars  to '  make  a  treaty  with  them. 
Cavalier  then  became  a  colonel  in  the 
king's  service,  but  fearing  some  treach- 
ery he  transferred  his  skill  and  courage 
to  England,  and  d.  governor  of  Jersey, 
1740. 

CAVALIERI,  BoNAVENTURE,  an  Ital- 
ian friar,  who  became  a  disciple  of  Gali- 
leo. He  was  professor  of  matheinatica 
at  Bologna,  and  wrote  some  valuable 
treatises  on  geometry,  conic  sections, 
&c.    D.  1647.^ 

CAVALLINI,  PiETRO,  a  Roman  paintr- 
er.  He  was  pujiil  of  Giotto,  wliom  he 
assisted  in  tlio  famous  mosaic  in  St. 
Peter's.     D.  1364. 

CAVALLO,  Tiberius,  an  ingenious 
natural  philosopher,  b.  at  Naples  1749, 
who  went  to  England  for  commercial 
objects,  and  was  so  struck  with  the  dis- 
coveries at  that  period  in  physical  sci- 
ence, that  he  abandoned  his  pursuits, 
settled  in  London,  and  devoted  his 
future  life  to  the  advancement  of  science. 
He  was  author  of  many  treatises  on 
"Electricity,"  "Aerostation,"  "Mag- 
netism," &'c.,  and  contributed  largely  to 
the  "  Ph^osophical  Transactions."  D. 
1809. 

CAVE,  Edward,  an  enterprising  book- 
seller, was  b.  at  Newton,  W  arwicKshire, 
Iti'Jl,  and  educated  at  Rugby  school. 
Having  been  deprived  of  a  clerkship  in 
the  post-office,  in  consequence  of  his 
resistance  to  some  abuses  of  the  privi- 
lege of  franking,  he  took  a  shop  by  St. 
John's  gate,  Clerkenwell,  and  commen- 
ced the  "  Gentleman's  Magazine."  The 
work  was  highly  successful;  and  among 
the  contributors  to  it  was  the  subse- 
quently famous  Dr.  Johnson,  of  whom 
Cave  was  one  of  the  earliest  friends  and 
employers.  D.  17o4. — William,  a  learn- 
ed Ensrlish  divine;  author  of  "Primi- 
tive Christianity,"  "Lives  of  the  Apos- 
tles and  Martyrs,"  and  "  Historia  Lile- 
raria."  The  last-named  work  is  an 
account  of  the  writers  against  and  in 
defence  of  Christianity  down  to  the  14tb 
century.     B.  1637;  d.  1718. 

CAVEDONE,  GiACOMO,  an  eminent 
Italian  painter.  He  was  a  disciple  of  the 
Caracci;  but  though  some  of  his  works 
are  said  to  be  equal  to  those  of  his  mas- 
ters, he  d.  in  absolute  destitution,  in 
1660. 

C.\VENDISII,  Thomas,  an  English 
navigator  in  the  reign  of  Elizabeth,  was 
a  native  of  Sullblk,  where  he  inlierited 
a  good  e'^tate ;   but  having  injured  bis 


•208 


CVCLOP.EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[jAZ 


fortune  by  early  extravagances,  he  fitted 
out  three  vessels  to  cruise  against  the 
Spaniards ;  and  sailing  for  the  coast  of 
South  Ainorica,  succeeded  in  taking  sev- 
eral valuable  prizes.  After  circumnavi- 
gating the  gloiic,  he  returned  to  England 
with  a  large  fortune.  This  lie  soon  dissi- 
pated, an  Jagain  went  to  sea;  but  meeting 
witli  no  success,  d.  of  cliagrin  while  off 
the  coast  of  Brazil,  in  1592. — William,  a 
native  of  Suffolk,  was  b.  1505.  lie  ob- 
tained the  oliicc  of  usher  to  Cardinal 
W'olscy;  and  the  fidelity  he  displayed 
on  the  fall  of  his  patron  endeared  him 
to  Henry  VIII.,  who  took  him  into  his 
service  and  knighted  him.  In  the  suc- 
ceeding reigns  lie  was  equally  favored, 
and  his  sou  became  the  earl  of  Devon- 
shire, lie  wrote  the  life  of  his  early 
triend  and  patron.  Cardinal  Wolsey.  D. 
15')7. — "William,  cluke  of  Newcastle,  son 
of  Sir  Charles  Cavendish,  the  youngest 
son  of  the  last  named.  By  .lames  I.  he 
was  made  a  knight  of  the  Bath,  Baron 
Ogle,  and  Viscount  Mansfield.  Charles 
I.  appointed  him  governor  to  the  prince 
of  A\  ales,  and  made  him  earl  of  Kew- 
castle.  The  earl  proved  himself  worthy 
of  the  favor  shown  to  him ;  for,  when 
Chai-les  I.  resolved  on  an  expedition 
against  the  Scots,  he  contributed 
£10,000, — a  very  large  sum  at  that  time 
— besides  raising  a  troop  of  horse.  Du- 
riuii  the  civil  war  he  behaved  with  great 
gallantry ;  and  when  the  royal  cause 
became  hopeless,  he  joined  Charles  II. 
in  his  exile.  At  the  restoration,  he  was 
created  duke  of  Newcastle.  He  was  the 
author  of  several  pnems  and  plays,  but 
is  now  chiefly  remeinl)cTed  as  an  autlior 
for  his  treatise  on  "  Horsemansliip."  B. 
1.592;  d.  167G.— William,  first  duke  of 
Devonshire,  was  the  son  of  William, 
third  carl  of  Devonshire.  He  was  b. 
1640,  and  attended  James,  duke  of  York, 
as  a  volunteer  against  the  Dutch;  but 
he  soon  made  himself  obnoxious  at 
court  by  his  opposition  in  parliament. 
He  gave  evidence  in  favor  of  Lord  Wil- 
liam Russel,  and  even  offered  to  ex- 
change clothes  with  that  unfortunate 
nobletnan  to  enable  him  to  escape.  In 
IGsi  lie  succeeded  to  the  title  of  earl  of 
Devonshire,  and  was  shortly  afterwards 
imprisoned,  and  fined  £30,000  for  stri- 
king Colonel  Culpepper,  in  the  presence 
chamber.  For  the  jiayment  of  tliis  large 
sum  he  gave  bond,  but  before  it  heeaine 
due,  the  arrival  of  tiie  jirinee  of  Orange 
had  put  an  end  for  ever  to  tiie  tyranny 
of  .James.  The,  earl  now  became  a  favo- 
rite at  court,  and  in  1694  his  earhloin 
was  raised   to  n  dukedom.     1^.  1707. — 


John,  Lord,  brother  of  the  preceding; 
an  able  statesman,  who  distinguished 
himself  by  his  opposition  to  Lord  North, 
and  succeeded  that  nobleman  as  chan- 
cellor of  the  exchequer.  D.  17ii6. — 
Henrv,  a  member  of  the  Devonshire 
family,  and  one  of  the  most  eminent 
natural  philosophers  of  modern  times, 
devoted  himself  exclusively  to  scien- 
tific pursuits,  acquiring  a  distinguisiied 
rank  among  those  who  have  most  con- 
tributed to  the  progress  of  chemistry  ; 
and  his  researches  relative  to  hydrogen 
gas,  or  inflammable  air,  gave  rise  to^he 
practice  of  aerostation.  By  the  death 
of  an  uncle,  in  1773,  he  received  a  large 
addition  to  his  fortune ;  and,  being  ex- 
tremely regular  and  simple  in  his  man- 
ner of  living,  he  left  at  his  death  the 
enormous  sum  of  £l,200,o00,  to  his 
relations.  It  has  been  truly  said  of  him, 
that  he  was  "the  richest  among  the 
learned,  and  the  most  learned  among 
the  rich  men  of  his  time."  B.  1731 ;  d. 
1810. 

CAW^TON,  Thom.\s,  a  nonconformist 
divine.  Being  implicated  in  Love's  plot 
against  Cromwell,  he  fled  to  Holland. 
and  became  pastor  of  the  English  church 
at  Rotterdam.  He  was  skilled  in  the 
oriental  lanffuages,  and  assisted  in  the 
Polyglot  Bible,  and  Dr.  Castell's  Poly- 
glot Lexicon.  D.  1659. — Thomas,  son 
of  the  above,  and,  like  him,  a  Puritan 
divine  and  an  oriental  scholar.  He  otR- 
ciated  to  a  dissenting  congregation  in 
Westminster ;  and  was  author  of  "  Dis- 
sertatio  de  Usu  Linguae  Hebraicse  in 
Philosophia  Theoretica,"  a  "Life  of  his 
Father,"  Arc.     D.  16G7. 

CAXTON,  William,  the  earliest  En- 
glish printer,  was  a  native  of  Kent,  b. 
about  1410.  Having  served  his  time  as 
a  mercer,  he  went  abroad  as  agent  to 
the  Mercers'  company,  and  afterwards 
was  taken  into  the  suite  of  Margaret  of 
York,  wife  of  the  duke  of  Burgundy. 
AV'liilc  residing  in  Flanders,  he  acquired 
a  knowledjre  of  the  art  of  printing,  and 
translated  and  printed  in  that  coimtry 
the  "Recuyell  of  the  History  of  Troy." 
Returning  to  England,  he  set  up  a  press 
in  Westminster  abbey  ;  and  1474  issued 
the  "(Jame  of  Chess,"  the  first  book 
ever  printed  in  England.     I).  1491. 

CAYLUS,  Anne  Claudk  I'nii,n»  he, 
count  of,  a  French  writer;  author  of  the 
"  Descrijition  of  the  Gems  in  the  Koyal 
Cabinet,"'  a  truly  splendid  work  ;  "  Dis- 
sertation on  the  Arts,"  &c. ;  and  found- 
er of  a  prize  for  di'awing  in  the  Academy 
of  Painting.     B.  1720;  d.  17G5. 

CAZES,  Pierre    .L^oques,    a    French 


OBI.] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGilAI'HV, 


269 


painter,  pupil  of  Bouloerne  and  tlie  elder 
Houasse.  Ills  prinwpul  worlc  is  a  noble 
Scripture  piece  ot'  ''The  Woman  witli 
im  Issue  of  Blood,"  in  the  church  of 
Kotre  Dame.     B.  1676;  d.  175-i. 

CAZOTTE,  John,  a  French  writer; 
author  of  •'  Lc  Diable  Amoureux,"  ''Oli- 
vier," and  otlier  poems,  chiefly  of  the 
humorous  kind.  In  the  revolution, 
which  he  opposed  with  all  his  power, 
lie  was  thrown  into  the  prison  of  tlic 
Abbaye,  with  his  daughter  Elizabeth ; 
and  when  the  massacre  of  the  prisoners 
took  place,  his  daughter  threw  herself 
between  him  and  the  murderers,  there- 
by preventing  the  execution  of  their 
purpose ;  but  he  was  again  condemned 
to  death,  and  perished  by  the  guillotine, 
1702,  at  the  age  of  72.  'Prouf  the  scaf- 
fold he  cried  with  a  tirm  voice  to  the 
multitude,  "I  die,  as  I  have  lived,  faith- 
ful to  God  and  to  my  king." 

CKBA,  AuFALDo,  a  Genoese  poet ;  au- 
thor of  two  tragedies,  a  history  of  Kome, 
and  two  heroic  poems,  "II  Furio  Ca- 
millo,"  and  "Esther."    D.  1G23. 

CEBES,  a  Theban  philosopher,  pupil 
of  Socrates.  The  Tablaturc  of  Human 
Life,  usually  printed  with  the  Enchiri- 
dion of  Epietetus,  is  generally  attributed 
to  him,  but  by  somo  his  authorship  is 
disputed. 

CECCO  DE  ASCOLI,  whose  proper 
name  was  Francis  degi.i  Stabili,  an 
Italian  physician,  mechanician,  and 
poet;  author  of  -'L'Aceria,"  a  poem, 
«fec.  In  1322  he  obtained  the  appoint- 
ment of  professor  of  philosophy  and  as- 
trology at  Bologna,  and  subsequently 
that  of  physician  and  astrologer  to  the 
duke  of  Calabria ;  but  being  accused  of 
inagic,  he  was  condemned  by  the  In- 
quisition, and  burnt  to  death  in  1327. 

CECIL,  KoBEKT,  carl  of  Salisbury,  was 
the  second  son  of  Lord  Burleigh,  the 
prudent  minister  of  Queen  Elizabeth. 
Trained  to  business  under  his  father,  he 
became  first  the  assistant  and  then  the 
successor  of  secretary  Walsingham. 
Towards  the  close  of  Elizabeth's  reign, 
he  sedulously  cultivated  the  friendshij) 
of  James  VI.  of  Scotland.  The  event 
justified  his  foresight,  for  he  was  made 
high  treasurer,  and  created  earl  of  Salis- 
bury almost  immediately  after  James's 
uccession  to  the  English  crown.  He 
■was  an  extremely  able,  and,  generally 
speaking,  unriglit  minister;  but  the 
share  he  hatl  in  causing  the  deaths  of 
Essex  and  Raleigh,  tends  much  to  sink 
him  in  the  estimation  of  posterity.  B. 
1563;  d.  1(512. 

CECEOPS,  an  Egyptian,  wlio  married 


the    daughter    of   Actseus,    a    Grecian 
prince ;  and  founded  Athens  about  1556 

li.C. 

CEDllEMIS,  George,  a  Greek  monk 
of  the  11th  century,  who  wrote  a  "His- 
tory of  the  World,  from  the  Creation  to 
the  Year  1057,"  which  was  printed  with 
a  Latin  version  at  Paris  in  1647. 

CELESTI,  Andrea,  a  Venetian  paint- 
er. Ho  executed  some  beautiful  land- 
scapes and  some  tine  altar-pieces.  D. 
1706. 

CELESTINE  L,  saint  and  pope ;  suc- 
cessor of  Boniface  I.  He  became  pope 
in  422,  condemned  the  doctrine  of  Nes- 
torius  in  43o,  and  d.  in  432,  with  a  high 
reputation  for  i)iety  and  wisdom. — III., 
pope,  succeeded  Clement  III.  in  ll'Jl. 
lie  claimed  the  kingdoms  of  Naples  and 
Sicily,  and  conferred  the  latter  on  Fred- 
eric, son  of  the  Emperor  Henry  VI.,  on 
condition  that  he  should  be  tributary  to 
the  holy  see.  1).  1198. — V.,  a  pope  and 
saint.  He  was  a  Benedictine  monk, 
and  founder  of  an  order  called  Celes- 
tines,  which  was  suppressed  in  France. 
He  led  a  life  of  great  seclusion,  and  the 
fame  of  his  austerity  caused  him  to  be 
elected  pope  in  1294.  Cardinal  Cajetan 
persuaded  liim  to  resign,  and  then,  hav- 
ing caused  himself  to  be  elected,  by  the 
title  of  Boniface  VIII. ,  imprisoned  Ce- 
lestine.    D.  in  confinement,  in  1296. 

CELLAKIUS,  CimisToPHER,  a  learned 
German  writer,  professor  of  history  at 
Halle ;  author  of  "  Notitia  Orbis  Anti- 
quse,"  "  Atlas  Coslestis,"  &c.,  and  editor 
of  several  Greek  and  Latin  authors.  D, 
1707. 

CELLIER,  Eeni,  a  learned  French 
Benedictine  ;  author  of  an  "  Apology 
for  the  Morality  of  the  Fathers,"  written 
against  Barbeyrac,  and  compiler  of  a 
"  General  History  of  Sacred  and  Eccle- 
siastical Authors."     D.  1761. 

CELLINI,  Benvenuto,  a  Florentine 
artist,  of  equal  genius  and  eccentricity. 
He  was  apprenticed  to  a  goldsmith  and 
jeweller,  and  at  the  same  time  learned 
drawing,  engravimr,  and  music.  Clem- 
ent VII.  employed  him  both  as  gold- 
smith and  musician;  and  such  was  his 
reputation  for  courage,  that  when  Pome 
was  besieged  by  the  duke  of  Bourbon, 
Cellini  was  charged  with  the  detl-nce  of 
the  castle  of  St.  Angelo.  Diu'ing  tiio 
life  of  Clement,  Cellini  was  em]>loycd  to 
make  stamps  for  the  mint,  and  his  coins 
and  medals  are  exquisite  specimens  of 
skill.  On  the  death  of  his  patron  he 
went  to  France,  where  he  was  patronized 
and  employed  by  Francis  I. ;  but  he 
soon  returned  to  Pome,  and  being  ao- 


270 


CYCLOPAEDIA  OF  UIOGRAPHV. 


[CKR 


cased  of  havinsr  robbed  the  castle  of  St. 
Angelo  while  intrusted  with  its  defence, 
he  was.  there  imprisoned.  Ilo  however 
ese«ped,  was  retaken,  but  finally  released 
!it  the  interecssion  of  the  Cardinal  Fer- 
rara.  lie  once  more  went  to  France, 
wliere  he  e.xecuted  some  matrnitieent 
works,  espeei:dly  some  larjre  ti^nires  in 
metal.  In  live  years  he  left  France  for 
Florence,  where  he  was  employed  by  the 
Grand-duke  Cosmo.  Working  equally 
well  in  metal  and  marble,  on  the  largest 
and  the  most  minute  scale,  Cellini,  even 
as  an  artist  alone,  was  a  most  wonderful 
man.  But  when  we  remember  that  he 
was  a  musician,  an  author,  and  an  ad- 
mirable m.aster  of  the  sword,  it  is  im- 
possible to  withhold  our  ailmiration 
from  the  extent  and  variety  of  his  genius. 
As  an  author,  he  produced  a  work  on 
sculpture  and  the  casting  of  metals,  a 
treatise  on  the  goldsmith's  art,  and  an 
antobiogniphy  full  of  vivi'l  and  vigorous 
writiu;,'.  This  last  work,  which  contains 
some  details  scarcely  credible,  even  with 
a  large  allowance  for  the  evident  vanity 
of  the  author,  has  been  translated  into 
all  the  modern  languages.  B.  1500;  d. 
1570. 

CELSIUS,  Olaus,  a  learned  Swede; 
the  early  patron  of  Linnseus,  and  the 
first  promoter  of  the  science  of  natural 
liistory  in  Sweden,  lie  publisiied  va- 
rious "theological  and  other  works,  par- 
ticidarly  one  entitled  "  llierobotanicou," 
an  accmuit  of  the  plants  mentioned  in 
the  Bible.     B.  1670;  d.  175<). 

CELSUS,  AuKELius  CoiiNELirs,  a  Eo- 
man  physician  of  the  time  of  Tiberius  ; 
author  of  treatises  on  agriculture,  rheto- 
ric, and  military  af&iirs,  and  of  8  books 
on  medicine.  All  except  the  last  work 
is  lost,  but  that  is  used  in  the  medical 
schools  of  every  nation  in  Europe. — An 
Epicurean  philosopher  of  the  2d  cen- 
tury, lie  wrote  a  book  against  the 
Christian  religion.  It  is  not  extant,  but 
if  we  may  judge  from  Origen's  reply  to 
it,  Celsus  was  a  keen  disputant,  even 
with  the  disadvantage  of  assailing  truth 
and  defending  error. 

CELTES,  Conhad,  a  modern  Latin 
poet,  native  of  Germany.  lie  wrote 
odes,  amatory  poems,  and  epigrams,  and 
a  prose  liistory  of  Nuremburg.    J).  1508. 

CENSOHlS'US,  a  lioman,  twice  con- 
fiul.  In  270  the  soldiery  compelled  him 
to  accept  the  purple,  and  murdered  him 
a  week  after  he  had  done  so. 

CEXTLIVUE,  Susannah,  an  English 
dramatic  writer  and  actress ;  author  of 
"The  Busy  Bodv,"  "A  bold  Stroke  fur 
•  Wife,"  ice.     iler  writingH  are  viva- 


cious and  elegant,  but  they  are  occasion- 
allv  indelicate.     D.  1723. 

CEOLWULF,  a  king  of  Northumber- 
land in  the  8th  century,  of  whom  the 
Venerable  Bede  makes  honorable  men- 
tion as  a  I'ust  and  pious  king.  His  do- 
minions being  overrun  by  Ethelbald, 
king  of  Mercia,  Ceolwulf  retired  to  the 
monastery  of  Lindisfarne,  and  spent  the 
remainder  of  his  life  in  retirement  and 
prayer. 

CEFIIALON,  an  Ionian  author  of  an 
epitome  of  general  history  from  the  time 
of  Ninus  to  that  of  the  emperor  Adrian, 
in  whose  reign  he  flourished,  and  of  a 
history  of  Troy.  In  imitation  of  Herod- 
otus, iie  divided  his  epitome  into  nine 
books. 

CERACCIII,  Joseph,  a  Roman  sculp- 
tor, a  pupil  of  the  great  Canova.  He 
unfortunately  involved  himself  in  polit- 
ical disputes,  and  was  obliged  to  seek 
shelter  in  France,  where  he  was  engaged 
in  a  conspiracy  against  the  life  of  Bona- 
parte, for  which  he  was  executed  in  1801. 

CEKATINUS,  .James,  a  learned  Dutch- 
man, professor  of  Greek  at  Leipsic,  which 
ottice  he  owed  to  the  recommendation 
of  Erasmus.  His  true  name  was  Teyng, 
that  which  he  adopted  being  a  Greek 
derivative  equivalent  to  Horn,  the  name 
of  his  native  place.  He  wrote  "  l)e 
Sono  Grteearum  Literarum,"  compiled  a 
Greek  and  Latin  lexicon,  &c.     D.  1530. 

CERCEAU,  John  Anthonv  du,  a 
French  poet.  He  wrote  several  critiques, 
some  comedies,  and  Latin  and  French 
poems.  B.  1676  ;  and  accidentally  shot 
in  1730,  by  the  prince  of  Couti,  to  whom 
he  was  tutor. 

CERDA,  Berxarda  Ferreira  de  la, 
a  Portuguese  lady  of  the  17th  century, 
remarkaljle  for  the  extent  and  variety 
of  her  accomplishments.  She  was  well 
versed  in  the  ancient  and  modern  lan- 
guages ;  excelled  in  rhetoric,  mathemat- 
ics, and  philosophy;  was  a  most  skilful 
musician;  and  wrote  various  poems  and 
comedies  of  great  merit. 

('ERE,  John  Nicholas,  a  distinguish- 
ed French  botanist,  director  of  the  bo- 
tanic garden  in  the  Isle  of  France.  He 
greatly  extended  the  culture  of  cloves 
and  other  spices  in  the  island,  and  pub- 
lished a  valuable  memoir  on  the  cultiva- 
tion of  rice.     1).  1810. 

CERINI,  Giovanni  Domknico,  an  Ital- 
ian painter,  chiefly  of  historical  subjects. 
B.  1606  ;  d.  1681". — Joseph,  an  Italiaa 
poet  and  dramatist.     B.  1738;  d.  1779. 

CERINTIIUS,  a  hercsiareh  of  the  1st 
century.  He  was  by  birth  a  Jew,  and  is 
supposed  to  have  been  a  pupil  of  Sinioi 


cha] 


CVCLOP-i:DIA    OF    UIUUKAIMU'. 


271 


Majjus.  His  doctrine  was  a  compound 
of  juchii.s'.ii,  Chri^tiiinity,  and  the  specu- 
lations of  the  Gnostics. 

CEKUTI,  Frederic,  a  learned  Italian 
Bclioolniiister.  He  wrote  a  Latin  dia- 
loirtie  on  the  "  Riyht  Ediu'ation  of 
Yoiitli,'  and  anotiier  on  "  Ci)inedy," 
and  pubiislied  editions  of  Horace,  Juve- 
nal, and  Pei-seus,  each  witli  a  para- 
plirase.     B.  l-Hl ;  d.  1579. 

CEKUTTI,  Josicrri  Anthont  JoAcnnr, 
a  Jesuit,  tor  some  time  professor  in  the 
society's  collesre  at  Lyons ;  author  of  an 
"  Apoloory"  for  his  order,  and  of  various 
miscellaneous  pieces.  He  entered  with 
ardor  into  the  attairs  of  tlie  revolution, 
and  conducted  a  paper  called  'Teuille 
Villaffcoise."     ]{.  173>') ;  d.  17y2. 

CERVANTES,  de  Saavedra,  Miguel, 
the  celebrated  Spanish  novelist,  was  b. 
1547.  Althousjh  he  {,'avo  early  promise 
of  literary  talent,  he  was  compelled, 
through  poverty,  to  seek  a  subsistence 
in  some  other  profession,  and  became  a 
page  to  the  cardinal  Giuiio  Aquaviva,  in 
Rome.  He  then  entered  the  navy,  and 
lost  his  left  ann  at  the  famous  battle  of 
Lepanto.  After  this,  ho  joined  the 
troops  at  Naples,  in  the  servieo  of  the 
Spanish  kins';  i"it,  returninj;  home- 
ward, he  was  unfortunately  taken  pris- 
oner l)y  a  corsair,  and  remained  in 
slavery  at  Altricrs  live  years.  When  lie 
was  at  leng-th  ransomed,  lie  settled  at 
Madrid,  married,  and  published  in  the 
course  of  lu  years  about  30  dramas  ;  but 
though  he  showed  great  genius,  he  was 
not  so  successful  as  his  rival.  Lope  de 
Vega,  and  he  reliictautly  abandoned  this 
species  of  composition  for  that  which 
has  immortalized  his  name — the  produc- 
tion of  "  Don  Quixote."  Cervantes  had 
in  view,  by  this  work,  to  reform  the 
taste  and  opinions  of  his  countrymen. 
He  wished  to  ridicule  that  adventurous 
heroism  which  was  the  source  of  innu- 
merable novels  on  kniirht-errantry.  The 
work  was,  at  first,  coldly  received,  but 
it  soon  met  with  applause,  and  it  may 
now  safely  be  said  to  be  tlie  most  popu- 
lar work  that  was  ever  written.  Still  its 
extraordinary  good  fortune  did  not  ex- 
tend to  the  author,  who  struggled  on 
for  many  years  with  nothing  to  console 
hiin  in  liis  poverty  but  his  genius,  and 
a  pro|ier  estimation  of  his  own  merit. 
D.  Ifilti. 

CEEVETTO,  a  celebrated  Italian  mu- 
sician, who  performed  at  Drury-lane 
in  the  time  of  Garrick.  He  much  of- 
fended that  irritable  performer  by  loudly 
snoring  one  niijht,  when  the  audience 
was  in  a  state  of  the  most  perfect  silence. 


Garrick  reproached  him  in  the  green- 
room, but  the  fiddler  appeased  the  actor 
by  exclaiming,  '•  Ah,  Mr.  Garrick,  it  is 
aivav  the  var  ven  I  be  ver  much  please  I" 
D.  1783,  at  the  age  of  103. 

CESARINI,  .JuLiAX,  a  cardinal.  He 
was  employed  by  Martin  V.  and  Eugc- 
nius  IV.,  in  political  negotiations.  Be- 
ing sent  by  the  latter  pope  to  Hungary, 
he  persuatled  Ladislaus  to  break  trace 
with  tlie  Turks.  The  battle  of  Varna 
ensued,  and  the  cardinal  was  slain,  iHi. 
— ViKoiNio,  an  Italian  writer,  vvliose 
Latin  and  Italian  poems  are  distin- 
guished by  great  elegance.    D.  lG2i. 

CESAKUTTI,  Melchior,  an  Italian 
poet,  and  professor  of  rhetoric,  Greek, 
and  Hebrew,  in  the  university  of  I'adua ; 
author  of  "Essays  on  the  Origin  and 
Progress  of  Poetry,"  "  On  the  Italian 
Language,"  &c. ;  and  translator  into 
Italian  of  the  "Iliad,"  and  of  "Ossian's 
Poems."     B.  1730  ;  d.  IbuS. 

CESPEDES,  Paul,  an  eminent  Span- 
ish painter.  His  principal  work  is  "  The 
Last  Supper,"  an  admirable  picture  iu 
the  cathedral  of  Cordova.  He  was  the 
author  of  a  learned  treatise  on  ancient 
and  modern  painting.     D.  Ii503. 

CEZELLI,  CoxsTANXE,  a  heroine  of 
the  loth  century.  Her  husband,  while 
defending  Leucatc,  was  taken  by  the 
Spaniards,  and  they  threatened  Con- 
stance tliat  they  would  put  liim  to  death 
if  she  did  not  surrender  the  fortress. 
She  ret'used,  but  ottered  all  her  property 
to  ransom  him.  Tliis  was  uiuivailing ; 
and  being  foiled  in  tw'o  assaults,  they 
raised  the  siege,  and  put  their  barbarous 
threat  in  fDrce. 

CHABEIiT,  Joseph  Bernard,  mar- 
quis of,  a  distinguished  navigator,  as- 
tronomer, and  geographer,  b.  at  Toulon, 
17ii4:.  He  performed  several  distant  voy- 
ages, and  formed  the  project  of  a  chart 
of  the  Mediterranean;  but  the  American 
war  interrupted  the  work,  and  called 
Chabert  to  his  post,  where  he  distin- 
guished himself  so  highly,  that,  in  1781, 
he  was  made  commander  of  a  squadron. 
The  revolution  drove  him  to  England. 
In  ISOO  he  lost  his  sight,  in  consequence 
of  his  intense  application  to  study;  and, 
in  1802,  he  returned  to  Paris,"  where 
Bonaparte  assigned  him  a  pension.  D. 
ISOn. 

CHABRET,  Pierre,  an  able  French 
advocate ;  author  of  a  work  entitled 
"The  French  Monarchy  and  its  Laws." 
D.1786. 

CIIABKTAS,  an  Athenian  general,  to 
whom  a  statue  was  erected,  for  aidinaf 
the    Boeotians    against   Agesihius.     He 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGliAPHY. 


[CIIA 


conquered  C^'prns  for  the  Iving  of  Egypt, 
aii'l  was  slain  at  Cliio,  08.1  u.  c. 

C'HABKY,  ^L\KK,  a  French  painter 
nud  si.ti!i>tor.  His  best  works,  inclu- 
dinsr  a  tine  equestrian  statue  of  Louis 
XIV.,  ailorned  the  city  of  Lyons,  but 
thev  were  destroved  bv  the  revolution- 
ary'rabble.     D.  1727. 

0HA18,  Ohakles.  a  Protestant  divine, 
lie  was  a  native  of  Geneva,  but  for  many 
years  otlieiated  as  pastor  of  the  French 
church  at  tlie  Hasrne.  He  was  author 
of  "  An  Apoloey  for  Inoculation,"  some 
theolo!.'ical  cssavs,  and  a  French  ti'ansla- 
tion  of  the  Bible.     D.  1785. 

CHAISE,  Francis  de  la,  a  French 
Jesuit,  confessor  to  Louis  XIV.,  over 
wlioin  lie  acquired  a  vast  intluence.  D. 
IT*"'!*.  The  site  of  his  house  and  grounds 
at  Paris  is  now  occupied  by  the  beauti- 
ful comctcrv  which  bears  liis  name. 

CHALCIDIUS,  a  Tlatonie  philosopher 
of  the  od  century.  He  wrote  a  com- 
mentary on  the  Timaaus  of  Plato,  of 
which  a  Latin  version  was  published  at 
Levden. 

OHALCONDYLES,  DraETRirs,  a 
learned  Greek,  who,  on  the  taking  of 
Constantinople  in  1479,  established  him- 
self as  a  teacher  of  Greek  in  Italy.  He 
■\vTotc  a  Greek  grammar,  and  edited  the 
lexicon  of  Suidas.     I).  1513. 

CHALKS,  Claitdius  Fkaxcis  de,  a 
French  Jesuit,  professor  of  hydrogra- 
phy and  mathematics ;  author  of  a 
"  History  of  Mathematics,"  a  "  Treatise 
on  Navigation,"  "Researches  on  the 
Centre  of  Gravity,"  &<i.     I).  1678. 

CHALLE,  Chaklks  Michael  Angelo, 
a  French  painter,  and  pnifessor  of  paint- 
ing in  the  Paris  acadi'my.  He  was  a 
successful  imitator  of  Salvator  Kosa  and 
offiiiido.     1).  1778. 

CHALMEPS,  Alexander,  wash.  1759, 
at  Aberdeen,  wliere  his  father  carried  on 
business  as  ai^rinter.  When  he  was  18 
years  of  age,  an  appointment  of  assist- 
ant surgeon  in  the  West  Indies  was 
procured  for  him;  but,  instead  of  sail- 
ing for  .Lamaica  he  proceeded  to  Lon- 
don, where  he  connected  himself  witii 
the  press.  lie  became  editor  of  the 
"  Public  Ledger"  and  "  London  Packet" 
newspapers,  during  the  period  of  the 
American  war.  Party  politics  were  then 
runninif  hlL,'h,  and  Air.  Chalmers  ob- 
tained much  credit  as  a  political  writer 
to  other  journals,  under  the  signature 
of  Scnex.  lie  was  for  a  \nu<r  time  a 
contributor  to  tlie  "  Morninir  Chroni- 
cle," and  afterwards  editor  of  the  "Morn- 
ing Herald."  He  also  entered  into  en- 
gagements with  several  publishers,   to 


edit  their  books,  and  published  many 
works  in  his  own  name.  In  181:i  the 
first  portion  of  the  work  appeared, 
which,  of  all  his  productions,  has  the 
most  largely  contributed  to  his  fame, 
namely,  "The  General  Eiographieal  Dic- 
tionary," which  was  conqiletcd  in  15>17 ; 
and  he  continued  to  occupy  Iiiinself  in 
literary  pursuits  till  ill-lieattli  compelled 
him  to  abandon  them.  D.  1834.  — 
George,  a  Scotch  writer  of  considerable 
ability  and  industry;  author  of  "Cale- 
donia," "An  Estimate  of  the  Compara- 
tive Strength  of  Great  Britain,"  &c. 
llis  statistical  ability  procured  him  the 
situation  of  chief  clerk  of  the  Board  of 
Trade,  which  he  enjoved  for  manv  vears. 
B.  1744;  d.  1825.— riioMAs,  was'b.  at 
Anstruther,  in  Fife,  on  the  17th  of 
ilareli,  17^0,  and  was  early  sent  to  study 
at  St.  Amlrcw's  university.  On  the  com- 
jiletion  of  his  theological  studies,  he  otti 
ciated  for  about  two  years  as  assistant 
in  the  parish  of  Cavers,  and  in  1803  he 
obtained  a  presentation  to  the  parish  of 
Kilmany,  in  Fifeshire.  Here  he  remained 
for  some  years,  in  the  quiet  discharge  of 
his  clerical  duties,  when  he  was  suddenly 
awakened  to  a  knowledge  of  "vital  Chris- 
tianity," while  engaged  in  writing  the 
article  "Christianity"  for  "Brewster's 
Edinburgh  Encyclopedia,"  and  from  this 
moment  his  quickened  and  concentrated 
faculties  were  intent  on  reviving  the  old 
"evangelism  of  the  Puritans  and  the 
Eetbrmers."  The  heroism  with  which 
he  avowed  his  change,  and  the  fervor 
w'ith  which  he  proclaimed  the  gospel, 
made  a  great  sensation  in  the  quiet 
country  round  Kilmany ;  and  at  last  t'he 
renown  of  this  upland  Boanerges  began 
to  spread  over  Scotland,  when,  in  1815, 
the  tow'n  council  of  Glasgow  invited  him 
to  be  the  minister  of  their  Tron  church 
and  ]iarisli.  Thither  he  repaired,  and 
in  that  city  for  8  years  sustained  a  series 
of  the  most  brilliant  arguments  and 
overpowering  appeals  in  behalf  of  reli- 
gion. In  1817  he  visited  London.  Here 
his  popularity  was  not  less  overwhelm- 
ing. Tlie  churches  in  which  he  was  to 
E reach  were  crowded  to  suffocation  long 
eforc  the  service  commenced ;  and 
amongst  his  auditors  were  a  number  of 
the  distinguished  clergy,  ])cers,  mem- 
bers of  parliament,  and  literary  charac- 
ters of  all  classes  and  denominations. 
After  continuing  about  four  years  min- 
ister of  the  Tron  chureli,  he  was  re- 
moved to  the  new  church  of  St.  John's. 
In  this  new  sphere  he  tried  to  give 
practical  direction  to  the  theories  he 
had  propounded,  relative  to  the  support 


en  A  J 


cycloim;i)Ia  ok  uiooitvi'iiv. 


273 


and  the  suppression  of  pauperism.  In 
management,  he  cxpeeted  it  to  become 
a  model  for  all  the  parishes  in  Scotland, 
in  the  independence  of  its  provision  for 
the  abatement  of  panperisin,  as  well  as 
in  the  spiritual  ayency  it  was  to  adopt. 
But  the  work  ho  had  undertaken,  and 
the  invasions  made  upon  his  time,  de- 
prived him  of  tliat  solitude  so  much 
required  for  pulpit  preparations,  especi- 
ally for  such  pulpit  exhibitions  as  he 
was  wont  to  give  ;  and  he  was  fain  to 
seek  relief  in  an  academic  retreat.  In 
1824  he  accepted  the  chair  of  moral  phi- 
losophy at  St.  Andrew's  ;  in  1828  he  was 
removed  to  tlic  eliair  of  thcoloiry  in  the 
university  of  Edinburgh ;  and  here  he 
prosecuted  his  multifarious  labors,  lec- 
turing, preaohing,  publishing,  organi- 
zing schemes  for  the  welfare  of  the 
einireh,  and  taking  an  active  manage- 
ment in  her  courts,  till  tiie  disruption 
in  the  church  of  Scotland,  in  184:3,  when 
he  joined  the  Free  Church,  which  lie 
mainly  contributed  to  found,  and  be- 
came principal  and  professor  of  theology 
to  the  seceding  body.  D.  1847. — Lioxkl, 
a  physician  of  South  Carolina,  eminent 
for  medical  science.  He  first  practised 
in  Christ-church,  but  soon  removed  to 
Charleston,  where  he  continued  till  his 
death.  He  wrote,  in  1754,  useful  re- 
marks on  opisthotonos  and  tetanus, 
which  were  published  in  the  first  vol- 
ume of  the  observations  and  inquiries 
of  the  Medical  Society  of  London.  His 
most  respectable  work  is  an  essay  on 
fevers,  published  at  Charleston,  1767,  in 
which  he  gave  the  outlines  of  the  spas- 
modic theory,  wiii<-h  had  been  ta'ught 
by  Hoffman,  and  whicli  was  afterwards 
more  fully  illustrated  by  Cullen.  Besides 
several  smaller  productions,  he  also  pub- 
lished a  valuable  work  on  the  weather 
and  diseases  of  South  Carolina.  1). 
1777. 

CIIALONER,  Thomas,  an  English 
statesman.  He  obtained  his  knight- 
Imoil  by  his  gallantry  at  the  battle  of 
Musselburgh,  and  was  afterwards  em- 
ployed as  Queen  Elizabeth's  ambassador 
to  Spain  and  Germany.  He  translated 
"  Erasmus's  Praise  of  Folly,"  and  wrote 
"  De  Ecpublica  Anglorum  instauranda, 
libri  decern,"  itc.  1).  I'jC.'). — Thomas, 
son  of  the  above,  was  <listinguished  as  a 
chemist  and  natural  philosopher,  author 
of  a  tract  on  the  virtues  of  nitre.  D. 
lOOS. — Edwakd,  an  EiiLdish  divine,  son 
of  the  above,  chaplain  to  .lames  1.,  and 
one  of  the  most  celebrated  preachers  of 
his  time.  T).  1025. — Tamks,  brother  of 
the  preceding,  a  member  of  parliament, 


and  one  of  the  judges  of  the  ill-fated 
Charles  I.  His  zeal  in  the  parliamentary 
cause  obtained  him  the  governorship  of 
Peel  castle,  in  the  Isle  of  Man.  At  the 
restoration  in  IGOO,  messengers  were 
sent  to  apprehend  him,  wlien  he  com- 
mitted suicide. — Thomas,  brother  of  the 
last  named,  and  also  one  of  the  king's 
judges  ;  author  of  an  account  of  the 
(pretended)  discovery  of  the  tomb  of 
Moses.  He  absconded  from  England  at 
the  restoration.     I).  1061. 

CHAMBEP.LAINE,  Eobert,  an  En- 
glish poet,  author  of  "The  Swaggering 
Damsel,"  a  eomedv  ;  "  Nocturnal  Lu- 
cubrations," &c.    "D.  16B7. 

CHAMBERLAYNE,  Edward,  av.thor 
of  an  al)le  work,  entitled  "The  present 
State  of  England,"  &c.  D.  170:3. — JoH?f, 
son  of  the  above,  translator  of  the  "Ee- 
ligious  Philosopher,"  bv  Nieuwentyt, 
&c.     D.  1724. 

CHAMBERS,  Ephraim,  an  able  and 
most  industrious  English  writer,  com- 
piler of  the  well-known  "Cyclopaedia" 
which  bears  his  name.  I).  1740. — Sir 
Wiluam,  an  able  architect.  He  built 
that  fine  structure,  Somerset  house,  and 
was  the  author  of  a  valuable  treatise 
on  "  Civil  Architecture."  Though  of 
Scotch  descent,  he  was  by  birth  a  Swede, 
and  his  knighthood  was  conferred  by 
the  king  of  Sweden.     D.  1706. 

CIIAMIEK,  Daniel,  a  French  Prot- 
estant divine,  author  of  a  treatise  "De 
(Ecumenico  Pontifice,"  and  other  learned 
works.  His  reputation  as  a  politician 
■was  so  great,  that  ho  was  intrusted  with 
the  important  task  of  drawing  up  the 
edict  ot- Nantes.  He  was  killed  during 
the  siege  of  .Montauban,  in  1621. 

CHAMILLAKD,  Stephen,  a  learned 
but  very  credulous  French  Jesuit  and 
antiquary,  author  of  "  Dissertations  on 
Medals,  Gems,  and  other  Monuments 
of  Antiquity."     D.  17:30. 

CH.\MISSO,  Adflbert  vox,  son  of 
Louis,  vicompte  d'Onnont,  was  b.  at 
Roncourt  in  Champagne  in  1781.  Driven 
with  his  parents  from  their  home  by  the 
Freneli  revolution,  he  was  educated  in 
Berlin,  where  he  became  one  of  the 
royal  pages,  served  in  the  Prussian 
army  till  the  peace  of  Tilsit,  and  then 
returned  to  France,  where  he  remained 
till  1S12,  as  professor  at  Napoleonville. 
But  his  strong  inclination  for  liis  favo- 
rite study,  natural  history,  and  the  at- 
tachment he  had  imbibed  for  the  land 
of  his  education,  once  more  drew  him 
to  Berlin,  whore  he  seized  the  oppor- 
tunity of  accompanying  Kotzebue  in  his 
voyage  round  the   world  in  ISliJ;  and 


274 


CYCLOP.-EUIA    OF    ClOGKAPHY. 


[CHA 


on  his  return,  in  1818,  lie  ■\^•i^s  appointed 
Buperintendent  of  the  botanic  {rurden  in 
Berlin,  an  otlJee  whieli  he  lield  till  his 
death.  Chamisso's  works  rauire  over 
various  departments  of  literature.  "His 
Views  and  Observations  during  a  Voy- 
age of  Diseovery"  are  replete  ■:\"itli  in- 
teresting matter ;  liis  poems  take  rank 
among  liis  countrymen  with  those  of 
Uhlund;  and,  as  the  author  of  "Peter 
Schlemil,"  he  has  obtained  a  European 
fame.     D.  1S33. 

CHAMPAGNE,  Philippe,  an  eminent 
Flemisli  painter,  was  b.  at  Brussels  in 
l'jo2;  went  to  Paris,  where  he  studied 
under  Poussin,  and  became  painter  to 
the  Queen  Maria  de  Medici,  who  gave 
him  tlie  direction  of  the  paintings  in 
the  Luxembourg,  and  he  was  also  made 
director  of  the  academy  of  fine  arts. 
His  paintings,  wliich  are  very  fine,  adorn 
the  dome  of  the  Sorbonne,  the  museum 
of  Paris,  &c.     D.  1074. 

CHASIPE,  John,  sergeant-major  of 
Lee's  legion  of  cavalry  in  the  revolu- 
tionary wai".  Immediately  after  the 
treason  of  Arnold  he  was  sent  by  Lee, 
at  the  request  of  Washington,  as  a  spy 
to  New  York,  for  two  purposes  :  to 
ascertain,  whether  another  American 
general  was  also  a  traitor,  as  had  been 
suggested  in  some  papers  in  the  hands 
of  Washington ;  and,  if  possible,  to 
bring  oif  Arnold  to  the  American  head- 
quarters, that  he  might  be  tried  and 
punished,  and  thus  Andre  be  saved. 
It  was  with  a  daring  spirit  of  patriotism, 
that  Champe  undertook  this  enterprise. 
He  feared  not  the  danger;  but  the  ig- 
nominy of  <lesertion  and  of  enlisting  in 
the  army  of  the  enemy,  he  apprehended, 
would  destroy  his  liope  ol  promotion, 
should  lie  live  to  return.  He  was  as- 
sured, that  his  character  should  be  pro- 
tected at  a  proper  time.  At  11  o'clock 
the  same  night  Champe  took  his  cloak, 
valise,  and  orderly  booK,  drew  liis  liorse 
from  tlie  thicket,  and  fled  as  a  deserter 
from  the  American  camp  at  Tappan. 
In  half  an  liour  the  desertion  was  re- 
ported to  Lee,  who  made  all  the  delay 
III  liis  power,  and  then  ordered  a  pur- 
suit about  I'J.  At  day-l)rcak  a  few  miles 
north  of  the  villacre  of  Bergen  the  j)ur- 
suing  party  behel  1  from  the  summit 
of  a  lull,  the  deserter  half  a  mile  in 
front.  Champe  now  put  spurs  to  his 
horse  and  the  pursuit  was  hot;  he 
passed  tiiroutrh  liiTxen,  to  reach  the 
British  galleys  a  few  miles  west  at  Eli- 
zabethtown  point.  Getting  abreast  of 
the  galleys,  having  lashed  liis  valise  on 
his  shoulders,  be  dismounted,  and  run- 


ning through  the  marsh  plunged  into 
the  river,  and  called  to  the  galleys  for 
help.  This  was  promptly  given,  and  a 
boat  sent  to  take  liim  up.  The  horse 
was  carried  back  to  camp.  To  Wasli- 
ington  the  success  of  Champe  was  very 
acceptable  intelligence.  Champe  was 
taken  to  New  York  and  examined  by 
Sir  Henry  Clinton,  and  by  him  sent  to 
Arnold,  who  offered  liim  the  place  of 
sergeant-major  in  the  legion  he  was 
raising.  On  the  last  day  of  September 
he  was  appointed  one  of  Arnold's  re- 
cruiting sergeants.  He  enhsted  for  the 
purpose  of  being  near  the  person  of 
Arnold.  The  dearest  wish  of  Washing- 
ton's heart,  in  this  business,  could  not 
be  accomplished,  as  Champe  could  not 
secure  Arnold  in  season  to  save  Andre, 
whose  execution  could  be  delayed  only 
to  the  3d  of  October.  In  a  few  days 
Champe  sent  ample  evidence  of  the  in- 
nocence of  the  accused  general,  so  that 
General  Washington  dismissed  all  his 
suspicions.  Washington  expressed  his 
approbation  of  Champe's  plan  for  taking 
Arnold,  of  whom  he  wished  to  "  make 
a  public  example."  The  plan  was,  to 
seize  Arnold  when  in  nis  garden, 
whither  he  went  at  a  late  hour  every 
night,  to  gag  him,  and  to  drag  him  be- 
tween two  men,  as  a  drunken  soldier, 
to  a  boat  on  the  Hudson,  and  to  deliver 
him  to  a  party  of  horse  on  the  Jersey 
shore.  It  failed :  it  appeared  that  on 
the  eventful  day,  Arnold  removed  his 
quarters,  and  the  American  legion,  to 
which  Champe  belonged,  was  trans 
ferred  to  the  fleet  of  transports,  and 
landed  in  Virginia.  Champe  rejoined 
the  American  army  in  North  Carolina. 
When  his  story  was  known  it  secured 
him  the  love  and  respect  of  the  whole 
army.  Washington  granted  him  a  dis- 
charge, lest  falling  into  the  hands  of  the 
enemy,  he  should  die  on  a  gibbet.  In 
1798  inquiry  was  made  for  Champe  at 
the  request  of  Washington,  it  was  tbnnd 
that  he  removed  to  Kentucky  and  soon 
after  died  there. 

CHAMPEAUX,  William  DE,  a  divine 
and  philosopher,  teacher  of  the  cele- 
brated Abelard,  who  subsequently  be- 
came his  rival.  Champeanx  rose  to  be 
bishop  of  Chalons,  nnci  wrote  a  treatise 
"On  the  OriL'in  of  the  Soul."     I).  1121. 

CHAMPIEK,  SyiirnoKiEN,  a  French 
physician.  He  wrote  several  learned 
works,  and  founded  the  college  of  phy- 
sicians at  Lyons.  He  also  served  under 
the  duke  ot'  Lorraine,  l)y  whom  he  was 
knighted  for  his  courage.  He  compiled 
several  works,  of  which  the  most  valu- 


CIIA 


CVCLOP.EUIA    OK    BlOGKAPHr. 


275 


ablo  is  "  Lcs  Grands  Chroniqucs  des 
Dncs  de  Savoie."     D.  l.")4ii. 

CHAMPLAIN,  Samuel  de,  a  French 
naval  oltieer.  He  was  governor-^'ciicral 
of  Canada,  and  founded  the  city  of  line- 
bee  ;  and  tliere  is  a  lake  in  Canii<la  which 
still  bears  his  name.  His  "Travels  in 
Canada"  contain  much  curious  inform- 
ation.    1).  16:54. 

CHAMPMESLE,  Mary  Desmares  de, 
a  French  actress.  She  was  originally 
only  a  member  of  a  strolling  company, 
but  when  she  appeared  in  Paris,  the 
great  Kacine  praised  her  tragic  perform- 
ance, and  even  afforded  her  instruction. 
This  raised  her  to  eminence  in  her  pro- 
fession, and  she  became  highly  popular. 
D.  1698. 

CHAMPOLLION,  Jean-  Fraxcis,  a 
French  writer,  distinguished  for  his  ac- 
quaintance with  arclueologv,  especially 
as  regards  Egypt.  In  18'2S  ho  went  with 
an  expedition  of  learned  men  to  Egypt, 
at  the  expense  of  the  king,  and  made 
many  important  discoveries  there. 
Among  his  numerous  works  are  "Pre- 
cis du  Systeme  Ilicroglyphique  des  An- 
eiens  Egyptiens,"  and  "Pantheon 
Egvptien.''     B.  1700;  d.  1SS2. 

CHANCELLOR,  Kkhard,  an  English 
navigator,  and  founder  of  the  English 
Kussia  company.  By  this  company  he 
was  sent  to  Russia  a  second  time,  and, 
while  on  liis  return  with  the  Russian 
ambassador  and  suite,  ho  perished  off 
Norwav,  in  l.").')i>. 

CHANDLER,  Edward,  bishop  of 
Durham;  author  of  a  "Defence  of 
Christianitv  from  the  Prophecies  of  the 
Old  Testament,"  Ac.  B.  1671 ;  d.  1750. 
— Mary,  an  Entrlish  poetess.  B.  1G87 ; 
d.  1745.^RicnAnD,  a  divine  and  anti- 
quary. He  travelled,  in  1761,  throus:h 
Asia"  Minor  and  Greece,  at  the  expense 
of  the  Dilettanti  Society;  anil  wrote 
"Travels"  in  those  countries. — Samuel, 
an  eminent  dissenting  divine;  author 
of  a  "Vindication  of  the  Christian  Re- 
ligion," a  "Vindication  of  the  llistory 
of  the  Old  Testament,"  a  "  History  of 
Persecution,"  "  History  of  the  Life  of 
David,"  *c.     B.  1693;  d.  1766. 

CHANDOS,  John,  an  English  gener- 
al of  great  celebrity,  in  the  14th  centu- 
ry ;  distinguished  not  more  for  bravery 
than  for  his  generosity  and  moderation. 
He  was  killed  at  the  bridge  of  I.eusac, 
near  Poitiers,  in  1Q69. 

CHANNING,  "William  Ellery,  was 
b.  at  Newport,  Rliode  Island,  1780.  His 
maternal  irrandfather,  William  Ellery, 
was  one  of  those  who  signed  the  Decla- 
ration of  Independence,  and  his  father 


wa.s  a  partner  in  the  eminent  mercantile 
firm  of  Gibbs  A:  Channing.  at  Newport. 
Educated  at  Harvard  college,  he  was 
early  induced  to  abandon  the  profession 
of  niodicine,  for  which  his  fatlier  intend- 
ed him,  and  to  prepare  himself  for  tlio 
Unitarian  ministry ;  and  in  1S03  he  com- 
menced his  career  by  taking  charge  of 
the  congregation  of  the  Unitarian  cha]  el 
in  Federal-street,  Boston.  His  eloquence 
rendered  him  from  that  time  forth  one 
of  the  !nost  conspicuous  men  in  Amer- 
ica. His  discourses  display  great  genius ; 
they  are  beautiful  specimens  of  pulpit 
eloquence;  chaste,  earnest,  pure,  and 
sublime.  He  took  an  earnest  part  in  all 
the  great  religious  and  moral  move- 
ments of  the  day,  and  by  the  fervor  of 
his  convictions,  the  chasteness  and  per- 
suasiveness of  his  style,  his  dignified 
character,  and  fearless  utterance  of  what 
he  thought,  wielded  a  potent  influence 
not  only  over  the  opinions  of  his  cotem- 
poraries,  but  over  the  whole  future  mind 
of  his  country.  To  him  more  than  to 
any  one  else  the  people  of  New  England 
are  indebted  for  the  liberality  and  tol- 
erance of  religious  controversy.  Dr. 
('haniiing  was  ever  the  advocate  of 
peace,  and  though  he  could  not  but  be 
aware  that  his  opposition  to  the  slave 
system  must  needs  diminish  his  popu- 
larity, he  was  instant  in  season  and  out 
of  season  in  denouncing  it.  D.  Oct.  2, 
1842,  aired  62. 

CHANTREY,  Fraxcis,  a  sculptor  of 
eminence,  was  b.  at  Norton,  near  Shef- 
field, 1781.  When  a  mere  child  he  dis- 
covered considerable  talent  in  drawing 
and  modelling ;  and  during  his  appren- 
ticeship with  Mr.  Ramsey,  a  carver  and 
gilder  at  Shetfield,  the  wliole  of  his  leis- 
ure hours  were  most  assiduously  devoted 
to  the  study  and  practice  of  his  favorite 
pursuits,  ilaving  made  a  compensation 
to  his  master  for  the  remaining  term  of 
his  apprenticeship,  he  paid  a  short  visit 
to  London,  and  attended  the  school  of 
the  Royal  Academy.  He  then  returned 
to  Sheffield,  where,  at  20  years  of  age, 
he  may  be  said  to  have  commenced  bus- 
iness ;  but  his  career  of  lame  and  for- 
tune was  not  begun  until  1809,  when  ho 
received  an  order  from  Mr.  Alexander, 
the  architect,  for  four  colossal  busts  of 
Howe,  St.  Vincent,  Duncan,  and  Nelson, 
for  the  Trinity  House,  and  for  the  Grecn- 
wich  Naval  Asylum.  From  this  period 
he  was  unrelaxing  in  his  etforts,  and 
continually  suceesslul ;  anil,  amonir  the 

admirable"  productions    of   his    chisel, 
.    .     .  .  .  j^ 

io 


there  appeared,  in  1817,  that  exquisit 
group  oi  "The  Sleeping  Children."  i 


2TG 


CVCLOP.EDIA    OF    DIOGRAPIIV. 


[CHA 


Lichfield  Cathedral;  universiilly  ac- 
knowledged as  "images  of  artless  beau- 
tv  and  innocent  and  unalleeted  grace." 
His  busts  of  Lord  Oastlercagh,  Sir  Wal- 
ter Scott,  the  poets  Wordsworth  and 
and  Southey,  Mr.  Canning,  John  Een- 
nie,  George  IV.,  Willian'  IV.,  Queen 
Victoria,  Lord  Melbourne,  Sir  Eobert 
Peel,  and  tlie  dnke  of  Wellington ;  and 
statues  of  James  Watt,  Dr.  Cyril  Jack- 
son, Grattan,  Washington,  Sir  Joseph 
Banks.  Spencer  Terceval,  Canning,  Sir 
.lohu  Malcolm,  Dr.  Dalton,  Roseoe,  Gen. 
Gillespie,  Lady  Louisa  Kussell,  (when  a 
cliild,)  Bishops  Bathurst  and  Kyder,  are 
amoncr  his  cliiuf  works.  D.  Nov.  25, 1842. 
CliAF^tAN,  Frederic  nENRY,^  a 
Swedish  viee-adniiral ;  author  of  a 
"  Treatise  on  Marine  Architecture."  D. 
1808. — George,  an  English  poet.  He 
wrote  17  dramatic  pieces,  but  he  is 
chiefly  remembered  for  his  vigorous 
translation  of  Homer,  of  wliich  Pope  is 
said  to  have  made  more  use  than  he 
chose  to  admit.  D.  IGO-i.  —  John,  a 
learned  English  divine;  author  of  "Eu- 
sebius,  or  a  Defence  of  Christianity," 
&c.     B.  1704;  d.  178i. 

CIIAPONE,  Hester,  was  the  daugh- 
ter of  a  Mr.  Midso,  of  Twywell,  North- 
amptonshire. Among  her  first  produc- 
tions is  the  interesting  story  of"  Fidelia," 
in  tlie  "Adventurer;"  but  she  is  prin- 
cipally known  by  her  valuable  "Letters 
on  the  Improvement  of  the  Mind,"  ad- 
dressed to  a  voung  lady,  and  published 
in  1773.     D."l801. 

CHAPPE  D'AUTEEOCHE,  Jonx,  a 
Frcncli  astronomer.  In  1760  he  went 
into  Siberia  to  observe  the  transit  of  the 
planet  Venus;  and,  in  1708,  lie  gave 
tlie  publican  account  of  his  journey  in 
three  volumes.  He  then  went  to  Cali- 
fornia for  tlic  same  purpose,  but  died 
there  in  17C9.— Ci.ArnE,  nephew  of  the 
preceding,  was  b.  1703.  He  introduced 
the  use  of  telegraphs  into  France,  and 
the  first  public  event  communicated  by 
it  was  the  cajiturc  of  Conde,  in  1793. 
The  honor  of  tlic  discovery  being  claim- 
ed by  others,  his  mind  was  so  much 
affected  that  he  committed  suicide  in 
180.-.. 

CIIAPPLE,  William,  an  English  to- 
pographer, lie  contributed  largely  to 
the  "Gentleman's  Magazine,"  and  ed- 
ited a  part  of  "  liisdou's  Survey  of  Dev- 
onsliire.     1).  1781. 

CIIAPTAL,  Jean  Antotne  Claude, 
count  of  Chanteloupe,  a  French  peer. 
Statesman,  an<l  writer.  lieing  a  younger 
son  he  was  destined  for  the  profession  of 


when  he  was  induced  to  accept  tho  pro- 
fessorship of  chemistry  at  Montpelier. 
His  lectures  procured  him  great  repu- 
tation, and  on  the  breaking  out  of  the 
revolution  he  took  an  active  part  in  it, 
and  was  selected  by  the  new  govern- 
ment to  supply  the  army  with  gunpow- 
der. In  1709  the  first  consul  made  him 
counseUor  of  state  ;  and,  in  the  following 
year,  minister  of  the  interior.  He  waa 
the  inventor  of  several  kinds  of  cement, 
and  wrote  learnedly  and  well  on  national 
industry  and  chemistry.  B.  1756;  d. 
1832. 

CHAEDIN,  Sir  John,  a  French  trav- 
eller, whose  travels  in  Persia  and  the 
East  Indies  are  extremely  valuable.  The 
revocation  of  the  edict  of  Nantes  drove 
him  to  England,  where  he  was  well  re- 
ceived by  Charles  XL,  who  knighted  him. 
D.  1713.' 

CHAEENTON,  Joseph  Nicholas,  a 
French  Jesuit,  and  for  many  years  a 
missionary  in  I'ersia.  He  translated 
Maricana's  "History  of  Spain"  into 
French,  and  appended  some  valuable 
notes.     D.  1735. 

CHAEETTE  DE  LA  COINTEE, 
Francis  Athanasius  de,  a  French  roy- 
alist, and  leader  of  the  party  in  La  Ven- 
dee. He  displayed  great  bravery  in 
numberless  combats,  but  being  at  length 
defeated  by  the  republicans,  and  wound- 
ed, he  was  taken  prisoner,  and  shot  at 
Nantes,  in  1796. 

e;iIAELEMAGNE,  or  Charles  tho 
Great,  king  of  the  Franks,  and  subse- 
quently emperor  of  the  West,  was  b. 
742.  lie  was  the  son  of  Pepin,  and  suc- 
ceeded his  elder  brother,  Carloman,  in 
771.  Having  defeated  the  Saxons,  and 
overrun  Lombardy,  he  was  crowned 
emperor  in  800.  Tliough  of  a  warlike 
turn,  and  continually  engaged  in  war, 
he  was  a  great  friend'to  learning,  found- 
ed several  universities,  and  attracted 
by  his  liberality  the  most  distinguished 
scholars  at  his  court;  among  others, 
Alcuin,  from  England,  whom  he  chose 
for  his  own  instructor.  He  completed 
many  important  national  works,  encour- 
aged agriculture  and  tlie  arts,  and  ren- 
dered his  name  immortal  by  the  wisdom 
of  his  laws.  In  private  life,  Charle- 
magne was  exceedingly  amiable,  a  good 
father,  and  generous  friend.  Ills  do- 
mestic economy  afforded  a  model  of 
frugality  ;  his  person  a  rare  example  of 
simplicity  and  greatness.  He  despise! 
extravagance  of  dress  in  men,  though, 
on  solenui  occasions,  he  appeared  in  all 
the  splendor  of  state;  and  as  his  person 


medicine,  and  had  completed  his  studies  I  was  commanding  and  his  countenance 


cha] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OJ    BIOGRAPHY. 


277 


noble  and  beneficent,  lio  inspired  tboso 
who  siuv  liini,  wilii  seutimcuts  of  love 
and  respect.  He  d.  at  Aix-la-Cliapelle, 
ill  H\4. 

CIIAELEMONT,  James  Caulfield, 
earl  of,  au  Irish  nobleman,  distinguisheci 
as  t\ui  political  coadjutor  of  Burke,  Flood, 
Grattan,  and  the  otiicr  patriotic  advo- 
cates of  Ireland,  and  as  tlie  commander 
of  the  Irish  volunteers.  lie  possessed 
considerable  literary  talents,  and,  after 
his  death,  his  correspondence  with 
Burke  and  other  eminent  men  was  pub- 
lislie.l.     B.  172S;  d.  IT'JO. 

CHARLES  IV.,  emperor  of  Gernianv, 
son  of  John  of  Luxemburcr.  and  grancl- 
son  of  tlie  emperor,  llenrv  V'll.,  ascend- 
ed the  throne  in  lS-17.  His  reign  was 
distinguished  by  the  golden  bull  of  the 
diet  of  Nuremburg,  by  which  the  Ger- 
manic constitution  was  established.  D. 
l.j"S.  — v.,  emj)eror  of  Germany  and 
king  of  Spain,  succeeded  his  grandfather, 
Ferdinand,  on  the  throne  of  Spain,  in 
lolC,  and  became  emperor  of  Germany 
on  the  death  of  Maximilian,  in  151'j. 
His  title  to  the  imperial  crown  was  dis- 
puted Iw  Francis  I.  of  France;  but, 
aided  by  Henry  VIII.  of  England, 
(."liarles  maintained  himself,  and,  at  the 
battle  of  I'avia,  even  took  his  rival  pris- 
oner. His  whole  reign,  however,  was 
stormy  —  France,  the  Mooi's,  and  the 
Protestant  princes  of  Germany  gave  him 
full  employment,  until,  in  IrioG,  lie  re- 
signed the  crown  to  his  son,  and  sought 
in  private  life  the  happiness  he  had  not 
found  in  governing  an  empire.  Taken 
altogether,  he  is  one  of  tiie  most  retnark- 
al)K'  I'haracters  in  history.  He  exhibited 
no  talents  in  his  youth,  it  not  being  till 
his  ,'>otb  year  that  he  showed  himself 
active  and  independent ;  but,  from  that 
time  till  his  abdication,  he  was,  through- 
out a  monarch.  He  was  indefatigable 
in  business,  weighing  the  reasons  on 
both  sides  of  every  ease  with  great 
minuteness  ;  very  slow  in  deciding,  but 
firm  of  purpose,  and  prompt  to  execute. 
Being  equally  rich  in  resources  and  saga- 
cious in  the  use  of  them;  gifted  with  a 
cool  judgment,  and  always  master  of 
himself,  he  steadily  pursued  his  plans, 
and  was  generally  able  to  ovei'come  the 
greatest  obstacles.  I).  1558. — VI.,  son 
of  the  Emperor  Leopold,  was  declared 
king  of  Spain  by  his  father,  in  1703,  and 
crowned  emjicror  in  1711.  Tlie  taking 
of  Belgrade  by  his  geiural,  rrince  Eu- 
gene, compelled  the  Turks  to  make 
peace  with  him  ;  and  his  alliance  with 
Holland,  France,  and  EiiLdand  enabled 
him  to  obtain  considerable  advautanfCfi 
21 


over  Spain.  Subsequently,  however,  ho 
was  at  war  with  his  allies,  and  thu.s  lost 
Naples  and  Sicily;  and  was  also  en- 
gaged in  an  injurious  contest  with  Tur- 
key. D.  1740.— VIII.,  elector  of  Bavaria, 
was  raised  to  the  empire  of  Germany  in 
1742,  by  the  influence  of  France  and 
I'russia,  though  he  had  a  powerful  rival 
in  ilaria  Theresa  of  Hungary,  who  was 
supported  by  England  and  Sardinia. 
D.  174.5. — II.,  suruamed  the  Bold,  king 
of  France.  He  was  crowned  king  in 
840,  and  elected  emperor  by  the  Itomans 
in  b75.  1).,  supposed  by  poison,  in  877. 
—III.,  Iving  ol  France,  surnained  the 
Simple.  He  ascended  the  throne  in  893. 
His  whole  reign  was  one  of  struggle 
against  the  iS'ormaus  and  his  turbulent 
barons,  who  at  length  caused  Itobert, 
a  prince  of  the  blood  royal,  to  be  crown- 
ed. Ill  the  battle  Ibuglit  between  the 
two  sovereigns,  Robert  was  slain;  but 
his  son,  Hugh  the  Great,  pressed  Charles 
so  hard,  that  ho  sought  shelter  in  the 
castle  of  the  count  of  Vermandois, 
where  be  d.  029. — 1\^,  son  of  Philip  the 
Fair,  succeeded  to  the  crown  of  France 
in  1^22.  His  reign  lasted  only  six  years, 
and  in  that  brief  time  he  was  deprived 
by  England  of  the  province  of  Guienne. 
1).  1328. — v.,  suriiamcd  the  Wise,  was 
the  first  prince  who  bore  the  title  of 
dauphin,  on  the  death  of  his  brother,  in 
1804.  His  reign  was  very  beneficial  to 
his  people,  whose  commerce  and  agri- 
culture he  greatly  promoted.  He  found- 
ed the  library"  of  Paris,  and  gained 
several  advantages  over  the  Englisii.  D. 
1080. — VI.,  suruamed  the  Wcli-beloved, 
was  sou  and  successor  of  the  above. 
Owing  to  tlie  feuds  of  the  dukes  of  Bur- 
gundy and  Orleans,  and  the  misconduct 
of  his  ministers,  he  was  unable  to  resist 
the  warlike  Edward  of  England,  who 
conquered  France  and  disinuerited  the 
danpliin.  D.  1 122.— VII.,  surnained  the 
Victorious.  He  was  crowned  in  1422, 
and  recovered  the  whole  of  his  domin- 
ions from  the  English,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  Calais.  1).  Utjl.— VIII.,  king  of 
France,  surnamed  the  Affable,  was" the 
son  of  Louis  XL,  and  ascended  the 
throne  of  France  in  1483,  at  the  early 
age  of  thirteen.  He  was  a  warlike 
prince,  and,  in  1495,  obtained  a  victory 
over  an  army  of  Italians  five  times  as 
numerous  as  hi3  own.  D.  1498.— IX., 
king  of  France,  succeeded  to  the  throne 
in  1G50.  The  civil  wars,  and,  above  all, 
the  massacre  of  Paris,  have  left  an  in- 
delible stain  upon  the  memory  of  this 
prince,  D.  1574. — X.,  or  Chables-Phi- 
LippB    DK  Bourbon,   (known  as  Count 


278 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[CIIA 


d'Artois  until  the  Hccession  of  his 
brother  l.juis  XVIII.,  and  afterwards 
a^  Miiiisiuiir, )  vviis  the  tifili  and  yoiiiig-est 
son  of  rhc  dauphin  J.ouis,  son  of  Louis 
X\'.,  and  was  b.  IT-T.  In  1773  he  mar- 
ried the  princess  Maria  Theresa,  dautrh- 
tcr  of  Victor  Auiadciis  111.,  kinpr  of 
Sartlinia.  On  his  succeeding  to  the 
throne  of  France  in  1624,  it  was  seen 
that  he  adhered  too  mv.ch  to  the  ex- 
ploded dogmas  of  the  old  rcgirae  to  ac- 
quire the  same  degree  of  popularity  that, 
by  good  tact  and  a  more  complying  dis- 
position, his  predecessor  had  enjoyed. 
On  the  25th  of  July,  1830,  in  conse- 
quence of  the  result  of  a  general  election, 
Charles  X.  issued  his  two  fatal  ordi- 
nances, one  abolishing  the  free<loin  of 
tlie  press,  and  tlie  other  changing  the 
mode  of  election.  As  a  resmt,  "  the 
glorious  revolution  of  1830"  took  place, 
in  Paris,  and  paved  the  way  for  Louis 
Pliilippe.  The  king  retreated  from  St. 
Cloud  to  liamhouillet,  wliere  he  ottered 
to  abdicate  in  favor  of  his  grandson,  the 
duke  of  Bordeaux,  and  requested  from 
'tlie  provisional  government  a  safe-con- 
duct to  a  seaport.  Emljarkiiig  at  Cher- 
bourg lie  sailed  for  England,  and  for  a 
time  took  np  his  residence  at  Luhvortli 
castle,  and  then  removed  to  Ilolyrood 
house,  the  scene  of  his  former  exile. 
There  he  remained  about  a  twelvemonth, 
and  afterwards  retired  to  the  Austrian 
dominions.  D.  at  Goritz,  in  Illyria, 
1837.  Tlie  latter  years  of  this  monarch 
were  passed  in  acts  of  superstitious  de- 
votion :  he  constantly  wore  hair-cloth 
next  liis  skin,  he  fasted  much,  and  fre- 
quently imi)Osed  upon  himself,  as  a 
penance  for  some  hasty  expression,  an 
absolute  silence  tor  several  hours.  The 
dukes  d'Aniroulcmc  and  de  Herri  were 
his  sons. — II.,  surnamed  the  ISad,  king 
of  Navarre.  He  succeeded  to  his  king- 
dom when  only  18  years  of  age,  and  his 
rei'.;n  was  marked  by  much  wickedness, 
lie  murdered  the  constable,  Charles  of 
Angouleme  ;  seduced  tlie  daupliin,  after- 
wards Cliarles  v.,  into  retiellion  against 
his  father;  and  was  accused  of  employ- 
ing a  pierson  to  administer  poison  to 
Charles  V.  His  death  was  as  horrible 
as  his  life  had  been  wicked.  Being  ill 
of  a  leprosy,  his  physicians  caused  him 
to  be  swathed  in  cloths  dipped  in  spirits 
of  wine,  and  covered  with  brimstone, 
and  his  page  accidentally  setting  fire  to 
these  innainmable  materials,  Charles  d. 
in  great  tortuj-e,  in  138". — I.,  king  of 
-Naples  and  Sicily.  He  was  the  son  of 
Louis  VIII.  of  France,  and,  raarryins 
the  daughter  of  tho  count  of  Provence, 


he  became  possessed  of  Provence,  and 
of  Anjou  and  Maine.  Defeating  Man- 
fred, the  usurper  of  "Sicily,  he  assumed 
the  style  of  king  oi*  Naples  ;  and  taking 
his  rival,  Conradin,  duke  of  Suabia,  and 
the  duke  of  Attstria  jjrisoners,  he  eter- 
nally disgraced  himself  by  causing  them 
to  be  put  to  deatli  on  the  scaffold.  His 
tyranny  at  length  so  much  enraged  the 
Sicilians,  that  on  Easter  Monday,  in 
12«2,  they  massacred  SOOOof  the  French 
— an  event  spoken  of  in  kistory  as  the 
"  Sicilian  Vespers."  After  this  they 
chose  Peter  of  Aragon  for  their  king. 
D.  1285. — IL,  son  of  the  above,  at  the 
time  of  his  father's  decease,  was  a  pris- 
oner in  the  hands  of  the  Sicilians,  and 
would  most  probably  been  put  to  death 
by  them  but  for  the  humane  interces- 
sion of  Coustantia,  the  wife  of  Peter  of 
Aragon.  At  her  request  he  was  set  at 
liberty,  in  12S8,  on  condition  of  his  re- 
nouncing all  claim  to  the  crown  of  Sicily; 
a  condition  from  which  the  pope  ab- 
solved hiin.  liis  attempts  upon  Sicily 
were,  however,  of  no  avail,  and  he  wa3 
obliged  to  content  himself  with  Naples, 
which  he  governed  with  wisdom  and 
moderation.  D.  loU'J. — III.,  king  e>f 
Naples,  great  grandson  of  the  last 
named,  lie  married  Margaret,  niece  of 
Joan,  queen  of  Naples  ;  and  when  Joan 
was  excommunicated,  in  1380,  he  ob- 
tained that  kingdom  from  the  pope.  He 
put  the  deposed  queen  to  death,  and  was 
in  his  turn  excommunicated  by  tlie  pope. 
This  did  not  prevent  his  endeavoring-  to 
possess  himself  of  the  crown  of  Hun- 
gary, but  he  was  slain  in  the  atteiniit  in 
1386.— X.,  GvsT.vvLs,  king  of  Sweden. 
He  was  the  son  of  John  Casiniir,  and 
ascended  the  throne  on  the  abdication 
of  C[ueen  Christina,  in  1654.  He  was 
very  sueecssful  against  Poland,  but  was 
compelled  to  raise  the  siege  of  t'opeu- 
liayeu,  which  he  sought  to  possess  him- 
self of,  on  account  of  Denmark  liaviug 
allied  itself  with  Poland.  D.  1660.— XL, 
king  of  Sweden,  son  and  successor  of 
the  preceding.  He  lost  several  import- 
ant places  during  his  war  with  Denmark, 
but  they  were  restored  to  him  at  the 
peace  of  Nimeguen.  He  greatly  in- 
creased the  power  and  resources  of  his 
kingdom.  D.  1697.  — XIL,  king  of 
Sweden,  son  and  successor  of  the  ])rc- 
ccding.  He  was  only  15  years  of  age 
when  he  ascended  the  throne,  and  hia 
youth  encouraged  Kussia,  Denmark,  and 
I'oland  to  unite  against  him.  Those 
powers,  however,  found  him  fully  equal 
to  the  task  of  humbling  them.  Den- 
mark being  subdued,  he  attacked  ICus- 


cha] 


CYCLOP.'RDTA    OF    lUOGRAPHY. 


278 


aiii ;  and  in  the  famous  battle  of  Narva, 
ill  IToM,  he  is  saiil  1"  liiivc  shiin  ;'iO,itiii» 
of  till)  cucniy,  .basidc-j  nialvintr  'J'J,oOii 
jirisoners,  llfoii^h  his  own  force  was 
short  of  10,000.  Poland  next  felt  his 
i(i;\ver;  lu!  detliroiied  Auirustus,  and 
iiiade  Stanislaus  king  in  Ids  siead.  Thus 
far  liis  wliole  course  had  been  prosper- 
ous ;  but  in  seekincr  utterly  to  erusli 
I'eter  the  Great,  he  sustained  a  terrible 
defeat  attlic  battle  of  Pultovva,  and  was 
himself  so  severely  wounded,  that  he 
was  removed  from  the  field  on  a  litter, 
and  compelled  to  seek  shelter  in  Turkey. 
Here  his  edii'.luet  was  so  violent  that 
tlio  Grand  Seignior  was  compelled  to 
besiege  his  residence.  Afier  desperate 
resistance  Charles  was  overpowered,  and 
for  ten  months  he  was  kept  a  prisoner, 
lie  no  sooner  was  allowed  to  return  to 
his  own  dominions  than  he  commenced 
an  attack  on  Norway,  and  in  besieging 
i<'rederickshall  was  killed  by  a  cannon- 
shot,  in  171S.  lie  was  one  of  the  great- 
est warriors  of  liistory. — XIII.,  king  of 
Sweden,  was  b.  in  17i8  ;  and  being  aji- 
])ointed,  at  his  birth,  high  admiral  of 
Sweden,  his  education  was  directed 
chictly  to  the  learning  of  naval  tactics, 
anil  in  178S  he  defeated  the  Kussians  in 
the  gulf  of  Finland.  On  the  murder  of 
Gustavus  111.  he  was  placed  at  the  head 
of  the  regency;  but  he  resigned  the 
government,  in  17'.tG,  to  Gustavus  Adol- 
phus  IV.,  who  had  become  of  age,  and 
did  not  appear  again  in  public  life  till  a 
revolution  hurled  the  king  from  the 
throne.  lie  was  then  elected,  and  sub- 
sequently bestowed  his  entire  contidenee 
on  Marshal  Bernailottc,  whom  the  cr^tatcs 
had  chosen  to  succeed  Prince  Christian 
in  ISlo.  1).  1818. — (IiiAiti.Es  Albert, 
king  of  Sardinia,  son  of  Carlo  Emanuele, 
prince  of  Carignano,  was  b.  ITilS.  At 
his  birth  he  had  but  little  chance  of  ever 
swaying  the  sceptre,  for  there  wore  seven 
male  heirs  of  the  house  of  Savoy, 
through  whom  the  crown  might  have 
descended.  Ills  early  life  was  conse- 
quently passed  in  comiiarativc  insigniti- 
canec,  and  his  name  was  but  slightly 
known  to  lOurope  tuitil  the  revolution  of 
lS-21,  which  broke  out  in  support  of  the 
so-called  Spanish  constitution  of  1812, 
compelled  King  Vittorio  Euianuele  to 
abdicate  in  favor  ol'his  brother,  and  led 
to  Charles  Albert's  nomination  as  regent 
of  tiic  kingdom.  Charles  Albert,  "who 
h  id  all  along  l)een  in  the  secrets  of  the 
conspirators,  took  measures  to  carry  out 
tluir  desiu'us  ;  b\it  the  duke  of  Gencvois, 
in  whose  favor  Kiuif  Vittorio  had  resign- 
ed the  crown,  having  refused  to  sanction 


the  proceedings  of  the  new  government, 
and  liaviu!.''  taken  instant  me:i>:iiiv.'s  to 
put  dojijii  the  insurgents,  Charles  Albert 
lied  to  No  vara,  and  deserted  and  be- 
trayed the  party  witii  whom  he  had  co- 
operated, lienouncing  the  opinioiis  he 
had  adopted,  he  acted  as  a  volunteer  in 
1823,  in  Spain,  under  the  duke  d'An- 
gouleme,  and  there  lent  his  aid  to  crush 
the  constitution,  tlie  principles  of  which 
he  had  so  lately  attempted  to  establish  in 
Sardinia.  On  his  return  to  Turin  he  re- 
mained in  retirement  mitil  the  death  of 
Carlo  Felice  led  to  ins  accession  to  the 
throne,  27th  April,  18:31.  During  the 
first  17  years  of  his  reign,  kw  events 
occurred  to  give  a  clear  insight  into  the 
natural  bent  of  his  mind;  but  in  March, 
1848,  after  the  Milanese  ha<l  driven  out 
the  Austrians  from  Northern  Italy,  he 
a  second  time  unfurled  the  revolutionary 
banner,  and  in  a  proclamation  to  the 
"  people  of  Londwrdy  and  Venice," 
espoused  the  cause  of  Italian  regenera- 
tion against  Austria.  Ills  arms  were  at 
first  crowned  with  success;  but  tlie 
Austrian  field-marshal  Radetzky  having 
regained  step  by  step  the  T)ositions  he 
had  lost,  at  length  compelled  the  Sar- 
dinian forces  to"  evacuate  Milan  in  Au- 
gust of  the  same  year,  and  in  September 
an  armistice  was  signed  by  the  contend- 
ing parties.  In  March,  184'J,  Charles 
Albert  was  forced,  by  the  clamors  of  his 
subjects,  to  renew  the  war  with  Austria. 
But  the  Sardinian  army  was  detl^ated  at 
all  points  by  Marshal  Eadctzky  in  the 
shortest  campaign  on  record,  four  days ; 
and  immediately  afterwards,  on  the  24th 
March,  Charles  Albert  abdicated  the 
throne  in  favor  of  his  eldest  son,  and 
precipitately  leaving  Turin,  took  up  his 
residence  at  Oporto,  where  he  died,  as 
it  is  alleged,  of  a  broken  heart,  July  18, 
184'.'. — LotTis  DE  LoKRAiN'E,  archdukc  of 
Austria,  a  distinguished  miliUiry  com- 
mander, son  of  Leopold  II.,  and  younger 
brother  of  Francis  II.,  was  b.  1771.  He 
first  enterc'l  on  the  career  of  arms  under 
Prince  Coburg  in  17y3;  aiid  his  great 
abilities,  not  less  than  his  exalted  rank, 
rapidly  procured  his  elevation  in  com- 
mand. After  the  battle  of  Nerwinde, 
which  restored  that  rich  jirovinee  to  the 
imiKfial  power,  lie  was  appointed  gov- 
ernor of  the  Low  Countries,  and  was 
soon  after  created  a  field-marshal.  In 
17',»U  he  was  promoted  to  the  command 
of  the  imperial  armies  on  the  Rhine, 
gained  some  advantafres  over  the  repub- 
lican generals,  .jourdan  and  Moreau, 
wliom  he  compelled  to  retire  across  the 
Rhine ;  took  kehl  in  17y7 ;  sulse  luoutly 


i>SO 


CYCLOP-EDIA    OF    I.iOGR.'vPHV. 


[CIIA 


commanded  in  Italy  arcainst  Bonaparte 
and  Massena  ;  Ions,'  disputod  viclorv  at 
Caldiero,  Ecknuihl,  and  Essling;    but 
lost    the    decisive    battle   of   Wagram, 
■ftlicre   he   was   wounded.      After  this 
event   he   livetl   in  retirement,    during 
wliieli  he  wrote  a  huninous  and  impar- 
tial narrative  of  Ids  campaigns,  and  en- 
riched military  science  with  the  profound 
views  set  forth  in  his    "Principes    de 
Strategic."'     D.  1S47. — I.,  king  of  En- 
gland," was   b.  in  Scotland,  IGOO.      He 
was  the  second  son  of  James  VI.  of 
Scotland,  and  I.  of  England,  by  Anne, 
daughter  of  the  king  of  Denmark ;  and 
upon  the  death  of  Prince  Henry,  his 
elder    brother,    in    1612,    was    created 
prince  of  Wales.     On  the  death  of  his 
father,  in  1625,  he  ascended  the  throne, 
his  kingdom  being  engaged  in  war  with 
Spain,  and  much  imbittcred  against  his 
fi-iend   and   minister  Buckingham.     It 
unfortunately  happened  for  C'harles  I. 
that  he  had  to  the  full  as  liigh  and  ex- 
acting a  notion  of  the  royal  prerogative 
as  either  his  father  or  Elizabeth,  while 
be  had  to  deal  with  an  entirely  ditlcrent 
state  of  public  opinion.     The  parliament 
impeached  Buckingham,  and  the  king 
supported  him;   war  with  France  was 
declared,  against  the  popular  wish,  be- 
cause   Buckingham   so    willed   it;    and 
then  the  king,  obstinate  and  impolitic 
in  his  enforcement  and  extension  of  his 
prerogative,  got  at  loggerheads  witli  his 
parliament,  and   ultimately   forced   the 
nation  into  civil  war.     The  first  battle 
between  the  king's  forces  and  the  par- 
liameutary   army   was    at   Edgchill,   in 
which  neither  party  had  much  to  boast 
of.     For  some  time,  however,  the  royal- 
ists were  generally  successful ;  but  the 
battles  of  Marston  Moor,  Newbury,  and 
Naseby  were  all  singularly  unfavorable 
to  the'  royal  cause.     Indeed,  after  the 
defeat  at  Naseby,  the  king  was  so  power- 
less, that   he   took    the    resolution    of 
tlirowiu^  himself  upon  the  good  feel- 
ing of  the   Scottish    army,   then   lying 
before  Newark ;  and  by  that  army  he 
was  sold,  and  delivered  into  the  hands 
of  the  parliament.     For  a  time  he  was 
treated  witli  mucli  outward  respect,  but 
becoming  alarmed  for  his  personal  safe- 
ty, he  toiind  means  to  malce  his  escape 
from  Ilamj/ton  Court.    On  arriving  on 
the  eoa-st,  whither  he  went  with  tiie  in- 
tention   of  quitting    the   kingdom,   he 
could  not  obtain  a  Vessel  to  go  abroad, 
but  crossed  over  to  the  Isle  of  Wight, 
where  the  governor,    Hammond,   eon- 
tiued  him  in  Carisbrook  eastle.     While 
there,  negotiations  were  carried  on  be- 


tween him  and  the  parliament ;  but  the 
domhuuit  party,  commanding  the  army, 
cleared  the  bouse  of  commons   of  the 
moderate    and    timid     members,     and 
erected  a  court  for  the  trial  of  the  king. 
He  was  condcmuJd  to  death,  and  on  the 
80th  January,  164y,  beheaded  at  White- 
hall, a  warning  to  hypocrites  and  tyrants. 
— II.,  son  of  the  above,  was  b.  in  1630. 
He  was  living  as  a  refugee  at  the  Haguo 
when  the  sentence  on  his  father  was 
ean'icd  into  execution.      He,  neverthe- 
less, assumed  the  regal  title,  and  finding 
that  the  Scots  had  proclaimed  him,  he 
left  the  Hague  for  Scotland,  and  was 
crowned  at  Scone.     Cromwell  marched 
towards  Scotland  to  give  him  battle,  and 
Charles  passed  by  forced  marches  into 
England.      Cromwell,  however,  whose 
force    was    superior,    discovering     the 
manoeuvre,  turned  back  in  pursuit ;  and 
the  royal  army  was  overtaKen  at  Wor- 
cester, and  utterly  routed.     After  ditti- 
culties  and  escapes  which  have  rather 
the  air  of  romance  than  of  fact,  Charles 
escaped  to  France,  where  he  resided  lor 
some  years,  keeping  up  the  mimicry  of 
a  court,  but  frenuently  reduced  to  ex- 
treme distress.     The  death  of  Cromwell, 
the  general  discontent  of  the  people,  and 
the  dexterous  policy  of  Genend  Monk, 
restored  Charles  to  his  crown  and  king- 
dom ;  and  he  reigned  with  a  power  far 
greater  than  that  for  aiming  at  which 
his  father  had  been  put  to  death.     Un- 
taus^ht  by  adversity,  he  was  luxurious, 
selfish,  and  indolent.   The  English  non- 
conformists were   treated  with  jealous 
rigor,    and    the    Scottish    Covenanters 
were  shot  and  sabred  without  compunc- 
tion.    And,  perhaps,  Charles's  reply  to 
some  complaints  made  to  him  of  Lau- 
derdale's cruelty  in  Scotland,  will  give 
quite  as  full  a  clew  to  his  kingly  char- 
acter as  'can  be  required  :  "  I  perceive," 
said  Charles,  '•  that  Lauderdale  has  been 
guilty  of  many  bad  things  against  the 
peopk  of  Scotland;  but  I  cannot  find 
that  he  has  acted  against  my  interest." 
D.  1685.     During  this  monarch's  reign 
the  capital  was  visited  by  heavy  calain- 
ities  ;  the  plague  in  1665,  ami  the  fire 
of  London  in  the  following  year  ;  while 
pretended  plots  and  conspiracies  were 
made  jiretexts  tor  brin;,'ing  some  emi- 
nent persons,   wlio  were  obnoxious  to 
the  court,  to  an  ignominious  deatli.     As 
to  the  character  of  Charles  II.,  he  was, 
in  the  fullest  acceptation  of  the  terms,  a 
sensiuilist  and  voluptuary:  encouraging, 
by   his   example,    a   taste   for   dissolute 
nianners,    which    poisoned    the    moral 
health  of  society ;  and  though  he  pre- 


chaJ 


CYCLOI'.EUIA    OF    BIOGKAPllY. 


>81 


served  a  degree  of  popularity  with  the 
multitude,  from  the  easiness*  of  his 
manners,  yet  ho  was  totally  destitute  of 
exalted  sentiments.  —  Edwauo  Stuaiit, 
called  the  Pretender,  was  tlie  graiulsou 
of  James  II.,  and  b.  at  Kome,  1720.  In 
17i:>  he  lauded  in  Scotland,  and  pub- 
lished a  manifesto  exhibitiuic  the  claims 
of  his  father  to  the  Enj.dish  throne.  lie 
v,'as  joined  by  several  of  the  Ilij^hlanders, 
and  on  entering  EdinbnrLch,  ho  caused 
his  fatiier  to  be  proclaimed;  on  which 
General  Cope  hastened  towards  the 
ca[iital,  but  was  attacked  by  the  Pre- 
*euder  at  Preston  Pans,  and  defeated. 
Instead  of  making'  a  proper  use  of  this 
victory,  by  advancinjf  into  England, 
Charles  relumed  to  Edinburjj^h,  wastin;,' 
his  time  iu  an  idle  parade  of  royalty. 
Afterwards,  on  being  joined  by  lords 
Kihnaruoek,  Cromart;y,  Bahuerino,  and 
other  discontented  chiefs,  he  marched 
as  far  as  Manchester ;  but  hearing  that 
the  king  was  about  to  take  the  field,  he 
returned  to  Scotland,  where  lie  defeated 
the  English  forces,  under  Ilawley,  at 
FalUirk.  In  the  meantime  the  duke  of 
Cumberland  advanced  to  Edinburgh, 
and  from  theuee  to  Aberdeen,  the  Pre- 
tender retreating  before  him.  At  last 
the  two  armies  met  at  Cullodcn,  April 
27,  174(),  when,  after  an  obstinate  con- 
flict, in  which  the  Highlanders  displayed 
prodigious  courage,  liis  army  was  sig- 
nally defeated,  and  entirely  dispersed. 
Charles,  after  wandering  about  in  dif- 
ferent disguises,  chiefly  among  the  He- 
brides, effected  liis  escape  to  France. 
D.  at  Florence,  178S. 

CIIARLETON,  Lewis,  bishop  of 
Hereford,  an  able  prelate,  distinguished 
for  his  proficiency  in  theology  and  the 
mathematics.  D.  130'.).  —  Walter,  an 
English  physician.  He  resided  abroad 
witli  Ciuu-les  II.,  and  returned  ^vith  him 
at  the  restoration.  His  writings,  in 
natural  history,  medicine,  thcoloiry,  and 
natural  philosophy,  are  very  numerous 
and  learned,  especially  his  "Onomas- 
ticon  Zoicon"  and  "  Chorea  Gigantum  ;'' 
the  former  a  classified  arrangement  of 
animals,  the  latter  ai>  essay  on  Stone- 
hentre.     D.  17o7. 

ClIAKLEVOIX,  Peter  Francis  Xa- 
viER,  a  French  Jesuit,  and  for  some 
time  a  missionary  in  America.  On  his 
return,  he  became  conductor  of  the 
•'  Journal  de  Trevoux."  In  addition  to 
his  numerous  contributions  to  thiit 
work,  lie  wrote  "  Ilistoire  Gencrale  de 
Paraguay,"'  "  Histoire  Gcnerale  de  la 
Nouvelle  France,"  ifce.     D.  1761. 

CHARL<)TTE  AUGUSTA,  daughter 
24* 


of  George  IV.  and  Queen  Caroline,  waa 
b.  Jan.  7,  1790,  and  married  to  Prince 
Leopold  of  Coburg,  May  2,  ISIO.  Her 
marriage  was  the  result  of  mutual 
esteem.  But  their  anxious  wishes  as 
parents  were  suddenly  blighted:  on  the 
ijth  of  November,  1817,  the  princess  was 
delivered  of  a  still-born  child ;  and,  in 
a  few  hours  after,  she  was  seized  with 
convulsions  and  expired.  Never  before, 
perhaps,  was  national  and  individual 
borrow  so  strikingly  expressed.  The 
unhappy  dissensions  of  her  royal  pa- 
rents, and  the  vicious  blandishments  of 
courtly  parasites,  were  contrasted  at 
Claremont  by  conjugal  atfection  and  the 
pleasures  of  a  virtuous  life. 

CHARNOCK,  John,  an  English  naval 
oflicer  and  miscellaneous  writer,  author 
of  a  "History  of  Marine  Architecture," 
"Biographia  Navalis,"  a  "Supplement 
to  Campbell's  Lives  of  the  Admirals," 
&c.  I).  1807. — Stephen,  a  nonconfor- 
mist divine.  He  was  an  eloquent  and 
popular  preacher,  and  advocated  Calvin- 
istical  doctrines  witli  great  force  and 
originality.  His  "Discourse  on  Provi- 
dence" is  considered  the  best  of  his 
writinirs.     I).  IGSO. 

CHARPETIER,  Fiiancls,  the  author 
of  a  treatise  "  On  the  Excellence  of  the 
French  Language,"  and  other  works. 
D.  1702. 

CHARRERIE,  Madame  de  St.  Hya- 
ciNTiiE  DE,  a  French  lady  of  vcrsatllo 
ability;  authoress  of  "Lettres  Neu- 
cliatelloises,"  "  Caliste,  ou  Lettres 
ecrites  de  I^ausanne,"  and  several  suc- 
cessful novels  and  ilramas.     D.  1806. 

CUARRON,  Peter,  a  French  divine, 
and  a  friend  of  Montaigne,  who,  by  will, 
left  him  the  privilege  of  bearing  his 
arms  ;  a  strong  proof,  considering  the 
pride  of  a  Gascon,  of  his  personal  con- 
sideration. His  chief  worlcs  are  "  The 
Three  Smiths,"  a  "Treatise  on  Wis- 
dom," and  a  volume  of  "  Christian  Dis- 
courses." 

CHASE,  Samuel,  a  judge  of  the  su- 
preme court  of  the  United  States  under 
the  constitution  of  1789.  He  was  set- 
tled in  the  practice  of  law  at  Annapolis, 
at  the  conuncncement  of  the  American 
revolution,  was  a  delegate  to  the  general 
convention  at  Philadelphia,  1774,  and 
served  in  that  body  several  years.  When 
the  proposition  for  independence  was  be 
fore  compress,  as  he  had  been  prohibited 
from  voting  for  it,  by  the  convention  of 
Maryland,  he  innnediately  traversed  the 
province,  and  summoned  county  meet- 
mars  to  address  the  convention.  In  this 
way  that  body  was  induced  to  vote  for 


2S2 


C\'CLOP/EDIA    OF    mOGKAPIiy 


[CUA 


iudepeudence. ;  and  with  this  authority 
Mr.  Chnso  rt;turiied  as^iun  lo  congress  iu 
season  to  vote  I'or  the  dochiratlon.  Iu 
1783  he  was  sent  to  Eughnid  as  the 
affcnt  of  the  state  of  Maryhind  to  re- 
claim a  hirjxe  amount  of  property,  which 
had  been  intrusted  to  the  bank  of  En- 
ghnid.  In  1785  he  removed  to  BaUi- 
more.  In  I7'.t0  he  was  a  member  of  the 
convention  in  Maryland  for  considering 
the  constitution  o*f  tlie  rnited_ States. 
In  17'Jl  he  was  appointed  chief  justice 
of  the  general  court  of  Maryland,  and 
ill  1796,  an  associate  judge  of  tlie  su- 
preme court  of  the  United  States,  in 
which  station  he  continued  till  his  death. 
In  ISO?  Judge  Chase  was  impeached  for 
his  conduct" in  tlie  trials  of  Fries  and 
Callender,  solely  on  politiciil  grounds, 
and  the  senate  acquitted  him.     D.  1811. 

CHASLES,  Francis  James,  a  French 
writer  of  the  18th  century  ;  compiler  of 
the  "  Dictioimaire  do  Justice." — Grego- 
ry DE,  a  French  naval  officer  and  a  witty 
writer;  author  of  "  Les  lllustres  Fran- 
coises," "  Journd  d'un  Vovage  fait  aux 
Indcs  Orientalcs,"  &c.     D.  1720. 

CHASSENEUZ,  BiUJTHOLOMEW  de,  an 
eminent  French  lawyer;  author  of 
"Catalogus  Glorias  Mundi,"  "Oonsilia, 
or  Consultations  on  Points  of  Law,"  &c. 
It  is  greatly  to  his  credit  tluit  he  used  all 
his  power  :is  president  of  the  parliament 
of  Provence  to  delay  the  decree  issued 
by  that  body  against  the  Vaudois  of  Me- 
ri'ndol  and  Cabricres.  Indeed,  it  was 
suspected  that  his  humanity  caused  his 
enemies  to  hasten  his  end  by  poison. 
D.  1541. 

CIIASTELAIX,  Ci.AUDE,  a  French 
ecclesiastical  writer;  author  of  a  "Uni- 
versal Martyrology,"  the  "  Koman  Mar- 
Ivrolo'V,"  and  a  journal  of  his  own  life. 
1).  171-i. 

CIIASTELAKD,  Pierre  de  Boscole 
DE,  a  Frenuli  gentleman,  whom  Do  Thou 
supposes  to  have  been  grandson  of  the 
Chevalier  Bayard.  He  went  to  Scotland 
in  the  suite  of  the  untbrtunatc  Mary,  and 
became  so  violently  enamored  of  his 
roval  mistress,  jis  to  secrete  himself  in 
licT  apartment.  Being  discovered  when 
the  queen  retired  to  rest,  lie  was  com- 
mitted to  prison,  and  finally  beheaded 
on  a  oharL'c.  of  trca'^on 

CIIASTKLER,  Joiiv,  mar(iui3  of,  an 
eminent  Austrian  general.  lie  was  se- 
verely wounded  at  the  siege  of  Valen- 
eierincs  in  17!i'5,  and  was  subsequently 
orijKjscd  successively  to  Lcfevre  and 
Mtirat.  In  ISOS,  with  llormayer,  lie  was 
the  soul  of  tlie  famous  Tyri)lese  insur- 
rection ;  and  he  was  characterized  by 


Kapolcon,  in  a  wiatnrul  proclamation,  as 
"  the  leader  of  a  band  of  robbers,"  and 
an  outlaw.  Iu  all  his  engagements  he 
displayed  equal  skill  and  courage,  aud 
was  at  length  rewarded  with  the  post  of 
governor  of  Venice.     B.  17()3;  d.  1820. 

CIIASTELET,  Gaerielle  Emilie  ue 
Bretelil,  marchioness  of,  a  Freucli 
lady,  distinguished  by  her  proficiency 
in  science.  "She  translated  the  "  Insti- 
tutes of  the  Pliilosophy  of  Leibnitz" 
from  the  German,  aud  subsequently  be- 
coming acquainted  with  the  philosophy 
of  Newton,  she  translated  his  "  Prin- 
cipia,"  and  added  an  able  commentary. 
B.  170G  ;'  d.  1749. 

CIIASTELLUX,  Francis  John,  Mar- 
quis de,  a  French  field-marshal ;  autlior 
of  "  Travels  in  North  America,"  and  a 
treatise  on  "  Public  Happiness."  D. 
1738. 

CHATEAUBRIAND,  Francis  Au- 
GUSTE,  vicomtc  de,  wliose  checkered  ca- 
reer and  numerous  productions  gained 
him  a  prominent  place  in  the  history  of 
his  time,  was  b.  at  St.  Malo,  17G9.  Afto. 
pursuing  his  studies  at  Dol  and  Kennes, 
m  his  ifth  year  he  joined  the  regiment 
of  Navarre  as  sub-lieutenant,  and  re- 
paired to  Paris.  On  the  eve  of  the 
meeting  of  the  states-general  in  1789, 
animated  by  a  love  of  adventure,  he  went 
to  America".  Here  he  spent  two  years 
amid  tlie  wild  grandeur  of  savage  life, 
"  tlio  world  forgetting,  by  the  world  for- 
got," when  accident  threw  into  his 
hands  a  journal  whiej  revealed  to  him 
the  immense  events  which  three  years 
had  sulicred  to  bring  about  in  his  native 
country,  and  he  returned.  Wounded  at 
the  siege  of  Thionville  in  1792,  he  was 
conveyed  in  a  dying  state  to  Jersey ; 
and  after  a  partial  recovery  sailed  for 
England,  where  he  sulfered  great  priva- 
tions, whicli  a  few  translations,  and,  as 
he  subsequently  made  known,  the  time- 
ly aid  of  the  Literary  Fund  Society,  en- 
abled liim  to  mitigate  rather  than  relieve. 
Here  he  published  his  first  work,  enti- 
tled "  P>sai  Ilistorique  ct  Politiciue  sur 
les  Eevolutions  Anciennes  et  Moder- 
nes,"  1797.  After  the  ISth  Bruraairo 
he  returned  to  France,  and  contributed 
to  the  Mereure.  His  "  Attala"  appeared 
in  1801 ;  and  was  followed  in  1802  by  his 
most  celebrated  work,  the  "Genie  du 
Christianismo."  Soon  afterwards  ho 
was  appointed  by  Napoleon  secretary  to 
the  French  embassy  at  Koine.  In  Marcli, 
1804,  he  was  nominsitcd  minister  [ileni- 
])0t';iitiary  to  Switzerland  ;  but  he  re- 
signed oil  learning  the  melancholy  fate 
ot^the  duke  d'Eughien,  and  resisted  all 


('II  a] 


Ci'CLOl'.KDIA    UK    lUUUliAlMIV, 


283 


the  overtures  which  Napoleon  subse- 
quently made  to  him.  In  1S07  lie  pub- 
hshccl  "  Les  Miirtyns,"  and  four  years 
hvter  his  "  Itinrrairc  dc  Paris  a  Jerusa- 
Ic-ui."  Ill  1814,  Cliateuubriand  hailud 
the  restoration,  iii  a  brochure,  cnlitlLMl 
•■  I'onaparte  ct  Ics  Bourbons.''  At 
G'lient  he  was  considered  one  of  the 
iniuisters  of  Louis  XV'III. ;  in  181.")  he 
was  created  a  peer  of  France;  in  the  fol- 
lowing^ year  he  became  a  uiember  of  ihe 
Institute.  "La  Monarchie  scion  la 
('liarlc,"  wliich  he  published  the  same 
year,  threw  him  for  some  years  into  dis- 
credit with  the  court;  but  in  1S2U  the 
hi^'hest  state  appointments  once  more 
lay  open  to  him,  and  he  became  success- 
ively ambassador  at  Berlin  in  1820,  and 
at  London  in  1S22,  and  the  same  year 
minister  of  lbrei,ii:n  atiairs  in  the  Vilcle 
ministry,  when  lie  ori;anizcd  the  inva- 
sion of  Spain  under  the  duke  d'Angou- 
leme,  ana  took  part  in  the  congress  of 
Verona,  the  history  of  which  he  after- 
wards recorded.  In  1324,  being  sum- 
marily dismissed  from  otiice,  lie  took 
refuge  in  the  columns  of  the  Journal 
dcs  Debuts,  where  he  vigorously  attack- 
ed his  former  colleagues  ;  and  on  their 
fall  in  1823,  he  was  sent  as  ambassador 
to  Home,  but  resigned  his  office  in  1829, 
on  the  formation  of  the  Polignac  admin- 
istration. On  the  news  of  the  outbreak 
of  the  revolution  of  1830,  he  hastened  to 
Paris,  where  he  was  hailed  with  accla- 
mation by  the  people,  but  after  deliver- 
inir  a  glowing  oration  in  favor  of  the 
duke  of  Bordeaux,  he  retired  from  the 
chamber  of  peers,  never  to  enter  it 
again.  From  this  period  he  personally 
took  leave  of  politics;  but  he  continued 
to  send  fortii  from  time  to  time  pam- 
phlets on  the  government  of  Louis  Phi- 
lippe, conceived  in  so  bitter  and  violent 
a  spirit,  that  he  became  an  object  of  sus- 
picion to  the  ministry,  and  was  summa- 
rily arrested,  but  soon  discharged.  Ills 
last  years  were  spen^,  in  domestic  privacy. 
Besides  the  works  above  meiUioned, 
Chateaubriand  wrote  "  Etudes  llisto- 
riques,"  "  Essai  sur  la  Littcraturc  An- 
glaise,"  (a  poor  production,)  and  numer- 
ous pamphlets  upon  historical  suljjects 
and  tlie  (lolitics  of  the  dav.     D.  1843. 

ClIATEAUBPvUX,  Joi'in  Baptist  Vi- 
vian dh,  a  French  dramatic  writer  ;  au- 
thor of  "  Philoetetes,"  "  Mahomet  IL," 
"  Lei  Trovennes,"  &e.     D.  177'). 

C1L\TEAUKEXAUD,  Fran-cis  Loui? 
Roissiii.iiT,  count  of,  a  distinguished 
French  admiral.  lie  was  a  great  scourge 
to  the  Sallee  rovers,  and  signally  defeat- 
ed the  Dutch  fleet  in  1675.    D.'l716. 


CIIATEL,  Fkancis  du,  a  Flemish 
painter  of  the  lUth  century.  Ills  chief 
work,  wliich  is  in  the  town-hall  of 
Ghent,  represents  the  king  of  Spain  re- 
ceiving the  oath  of  lidelity  from  the 
states  of  Flanders  and  Brabant. — Pif.rue 
uv,  bishop  of  Orleans,  a  strenuous  de- 
fender of  the  Galilean  church.  He  was 
an  excellent  scholar,  and  assisted  Enus- 
nuis  in  his  translations  from  the  Greek, 
lie  wrote  a  Latin  letter  against  the  em- 
peror, Charles  V.,  and  two  funeral  ora- 
tions for  Francis  I.  1).  l.')52. — Taxxe- 
GUY  w,  an  able  French  general.  Ho 
was  in  the  famous  battle  of  Agincourt: 
and  when  tlie  Burgundians  surprised 
Paris,  he  was  fortunate  enough  to  save 
the  dauphin,  between  whom  and  the 
duke  of  Burgundy  lie  afterwarils 
brought  about  a  reeouciliation.    D.  144H. 

ClIATELKT,  Paul  du  Hay,  lord  of, 
a  French  othccr  of  state  iu  the  reign  of 
Louis  XIII. ;  author  of  the  '■  History  of 
Bertrand   du    Gueselin,"   constable    o£^ 
France.     D.  liJ36. 

CHATHAM,  William  Pitt,  earl  of, 
one  of  the  most  illustrious  statesmen  that 
ever  graced  the  British  senate,  was  b. 
1708.  After  studying  at  Eton  and  Ox- 
ford, he  entered  the  army  as  a  cornet  of 
dragoons,  but  quitted  it  on  being  re- 
turned to  parliament  as  a  member  for 
Old  Sarum.  His  talents  as  an  orator 
were  soon  displayed  in  opposition  to  Sir 
Robert  Walpolc,  and  had  so  great  an  ef- 
fect, that  the  duchess  of  Marlborough, 
who  had  a  deadly  hatred  to  that  minis- 
ter, bequeathed  to  Mr.  Pitt  a  legacy  of 
£lO,OuO.  On  the  change  of  administra- 
tion, he  v,-as  made  joint  vice-treasurer  of 
Ireland  and  paymaster-general  of  the 
army,  which  jilaces  he  resigned  in  1755  ; 
but  tlie  year  following  he  was  appointed 
secretary  of  state.  In  a  few  mouths  he 
was  again  dismissed  from  office  ;  but  an 
efficient  administration  being  wanted  in 
1757,  and  the  nation  being  enthusiasti- 
cally attache<l  to  him,  lie  returned  to  his 
former  situation  as  secretary  of  state. 
His  great  mind  now  revealed  its  t'uU 
force,  and  his  ascendency  was  complete 
over  the  parliament  no  less  than  in  the 
ministry,  ile  aroused  the  English  na- 
tion to  new  activity,  and,  in  the  space 
of  a  few  years,  it  recovered  its  superior- 
ity over  France,  am  ihilating  her  navy, 
and  stripping  her  of  her  colonies. 
France  was  beaten  in  the  four  quarters 
of  the  world.  In  17150  lie  advised  tlio 
declaration  of  war  ajrainst  Spain,  while 
she  was  unpre;)ared  for  resistance,  as  ho 
Ibresaw  that  she  would  assist  France. 
The  elevation  of  England  on  the  ruins 


284 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[ctIA 


of  the  boupc  of  Bourbon  was  the  great 
object  of  liis  poHi^v.  But  his  plans  were 
sudJeul>-  iiuerrupted  by  the  cloath  of 
George  II.,  Avliose  successor  was  preju- 
diced against  Pitt  by  his  adversary,  the 
earl  of  Bute,  a  statesman  of  limited 
views.  Pitt,  therefore,  resigned  his  post 
in  1761,  only  retaining  his  seat  in  the 
house  of  commons.  Foreseeing  the 
separation  of  the  American  colonies 
from  the  mother  country,  if  the  ai-bitra- 
ry  measures  then  adopted  should  be 
continued,  he  advocated,  especially  in 
ITtiii,  a  conciiiatory  policy,  and  the  re- 
y)cal  of  tlip  ^tamp  act.  In  the  same 
year  he  wa .  .nvited  to  assist  in  forming 
a  new  ministry,  in  which  be  took  the 
otiice  of  privy  seal,  and  was  created  vis- 
count Burton,  baron  Pynsent,  and  earl 
of  Chatham  ;  but  in  1768  he  resigned,  as 
he  found  himself  inadequately  seconded 
by  his  colleagues.  In  the  house  of 
lords,  he  continued  to  recommend  the 
abandonment  of  the  coercive  measures 
employed  atfainst  America,  particularly 
in  1774:  but  liis  warning  was  rejected, 
and,  in  1770,  the  colonies  declared  them- 
selves independent.  He  still,  however, 
labored  in  the  cause,  and  used  all  his 
efforts  to  induce  the  government  to  ef- 
lect  a  reconciliation  with  the  American 
states ;  and,  as  he  was  speaking  with 
his  accustomed  energy  on  the  subject, 
in  the  house  of  lordsVApril  8,  1778.  he 
fell  down  in  a  convulsive  fit.  He  d.  on 
the  11th  of  the  following  month,  and 
his  body,  after  lying  in  state,  was  sol- 
emnly interred  in  Westminster  abbey, 
where  a  superb  monrimcnt  was  erected 
to  his  memory  at  the  national  expense. 
— .John,  earl  of,  &c.,  eldest  son  of  the 
celebrated  statesman,  was  b.  175G,  and 
fiucceedcd  to  the  peerage  on  the  death 
of  his  father,  in  1778.  On  the  death  of 
the  duke  of  Kent,  lie  was  appointed 
governor  of  Gibraltar,  which  he  held, 
with  other  offices,  to  the  time  of  his 
death,  in  1S35.  lie  was  the  last  peer  of 
the  I'itt  familv. 

CIIATTERTON,  Tuoma.s,  an  English 
poet,  Avliose  precocious  genius  and  mel- 
anclioly  fate  liave  gained  liim  much 
celebrity,  was  b.  at  Bristol,  17.52.  Ilis 
fithcr  was  sexton  of  Redeliff  church, 
Bristol,  and  young  Chatterton  professed 
to  have  receive<l  from  him  several  an- 
cient MSS.  These  he  p;ilined  upon  the 
world  a-s  the  poems  of  Rowley,  a  priest 
of  Bristol  in  the  l.'ith  century;  and  so 
admirably  was  his  forgery  executed,  that 
it  is  even  now  ratlicr  assumed  than 
prove*].  Having  vainly  endeavored  to 
persuade    Horace    Walpolc    and    other 


scholars  of  the  genuineness  of  the  MSS., 
Chatterton,  tlioiiLdi  still  a  mere  boy,  bo- 
came  a  party  writer ;  but  even  this  re- 
source failed  him,  and  in  a  state  of  deep 
despondency,  produced  by  absolute 
want,  he  destroyed  himself  by  poison, 
in  1770,  at  the  age  of  IS. 

CIIAUCEK,  Geoffiset,  an  immortal 
poet,  to  whom  is  justly  given  the  title 
of  tlie  f\ithcr  of  English  poetry.  He 
studied  law  in  the  Temple,  but  soon 
turned  his  attention  to  the  court,  and 
became  successively  yeoman  and  shield- 
bcarcr  to  Edward  III.,  and  comptroller 
to  the  customs  of  London.  In  the  fol- 
lowing reitrn,  having  embraced  the  doc- 
trines of  Wicklitf,  he  was  committed  to 
prison,  but  released  on  recanting  his 
opinions.  He  now  retired  to  Wood- 
stock, where  he  composed  his  treatise 
on  the  astrolabe.  lie  seems  to  have 
been  fortunate  beyond  the  usual  lot  of 
poets ;  for,  independent  of  bounties  he 
had  bestowed  on  him  by  the  crown,  he 
derived  considerable  property  and  influ- 
ence from  his  marriage  with  a  connectioii 
of  the  great  John  of  Gaunt,  duke  of 
Lancaster.  As  a  poet,  Chaucer  is  far 
less  read  and  understood  than  he  de- 
serves, for  his  writing  has  a  fresh  and 
lusty  vigor,  rarely  to  be  met  with  in 
more  modern  poesy.     B.  1328  ;  d.  1400. 

CIIAUNCEY,  C'nARLES,  an  American 
divine,  and  one  of  the  most  eminent 
writers  of  the  Universalists  ;  author  of 
"Thoughts  on  the  State  of  Eeligion  in 
New  England,"  "  The  Benevolence  of 
the  Deity  considered,"  "  A  True  .Sketch 
of  the  Sutrerinirs  and  Misfortunes  of 
the  Town  of  Boston,"  ^c.  B.  1705 ;  d. 
1787. — Henry,  an  English  lawyer  and 
antiquarian.  He  was  knighted  by  Charles 
II.  in  IflSl,  and,  in  1C88,  was  made  a 
AV'elsh  judge.  Just  before  his  death  he 
publishod  the  "Historical  Antiquities 
of  Hertfordshire,"  one  of  the  most  valu- 
able of  J.nglish  county  histories.  1). 
1700. — CnAiii.Es,  second  president  of 
Harvard  college,  was  b.  in  England,  in 
1589.  He  received  his  grammar  educa- 
tion at  Westminster,  and  took  the  degree 
of  M.D.  at  the  university  of  Cambridge. 
He  emigrated  to  New  England  in  10=38, 
and  after  serving  for  a  number  of  years 
in  the  ministry  at  Scituate,  was  appoint- 
ed, in  1054,  president  of  Harvard  college. 
In  this  ofHce  he  remained  till  his  death, 
in  1071. — Isaac,  a  distinguished  commo- 
dore of  the  navy  of  the  United  States. 
He  was  b.  at  Blackrock,  Conn.,  and  fol- 
lowed the  sea  in  the  earlier  part  of  his 
life.  In  1798  he  was  appointed  lieuten- 
ant ill  the  navy,  and  served  with  honor 


CYCLOI'.'EDI.V    OF    BIOGR.U'IIV. 


che] 


nndcr   TriTxton,    Preble,    and    others,  i 
Durinir  the  war  of  1812  ho  had  com- 
mand of  hike  Ont;irio,  and  in  181(5  nogo- 
liatod  the  treaty  with  Algiers.    J).  I»i0. 

C'llAUSSE,  MiciiAKL  Angelo  de  la,  a  1 
French  archjcological  writer;  author  of 
"Museum   Komainim,"   "Picturic  An- 
tique Cryptarum  Koniimarum,"  cfec.   D. 
17  ■-'4. 

CHEKE,  John,  an  eminent  English 
statesman  and  scholar,  jirofcssor  of 
Greek  at  Cambridge,  liesulcs  his  cor- 
respondence with  Gardiner,  he  wrote 
and  translated  several  treatises.  Ho 
also  left  in  MS.  an  English  translation 
of  St.  Matthew,  in  which  no  word  was 
admitted  of  other  than  Saxon  origin. 
B.  1514;  d.  15.-)7. 

ClIEMNIZER,  Ivan  IvAxovrrcn,  a 
Russian  soldier  and  yjoct.  lie  served 
several  campaigns  in  the  imperial 
guards,  and  afterwards  entered  the 
corps  of  engineers.  "When  he  at  length 
retired  he  published  various  tales  and 
fables,  which  the  Kussian  critics  com- 
pare to  those  of  La  Fontaine.  B.  1744 ; 
d.  1784. 

CPIEINEVIX,  Richard,  an  Irish  gen- 
tleman of  great  and  versatile  ability  as 
a  writer ;  author  of  •'  Remarks  on  Cherai- 
cal  Nomenclature  according  to  the  Sys- 
tem of  the  French  Neologists,"  "  Ob- 
scrxations  on  Mineralogieal  Systems," 
'•The  Mantuan  Rivals,"  a  comedy; 
"Henry  VII.,"  a  tragedy;  "An  Essay 
on  National  Ciiaracter,"  &c.     D.  1830. 

CIIENIER,  Makie  Joseph,  a  French 
writer;  author  of  "Charles  IX.,"  "The 
Death  of  Galas,"  and  some  other  dra- 
mas; of  several  odes  sung  on  public 
occasions  during  the  revolution,  and  of 
"An  Historical  Sketch  on  the  State  and 
Progress  of  French  Literature."  D. 
1841. 

('HERON,  Elizabeth  Sophie,  a  French 
lady,  eminent  as  a  portrait  painter.  She 
possessed  considerable  talent  for  music 
and  poetry,  and  wrote  several  psalms 
and  canticles  in  French.  D.  1711. — 
Loois,  brother  of  tlie  above,  and  also  a 
painter.  Being  refused  admittance  to 
the  academy  of  painting  in  Paris,  on 
account  of  his  being  a  Calvinist,  he  went 
to  Eiitrland  in  169o,  and  remained  there 
till  Ids  death,  in  1713. 

CIIERUBIN,  a  French  Capuchin  friar, 
astronomer,  and  mathematician  of  the 
17th  century;  author  of  "  Dioptrique 
Oculaire,"  "A  Treatise  on  the  Theory, 
Construction,  and  Use  of  the  Telescope," 
and  "La  Vision  Parfaite." 

CIIERUBINI,  Salvador,  a  distin- 
guished musical   composer,  was   b.  at 


285 


Florence  in  1700.  His  precocious  skill 
in  music  attracti'd  tlie  attention  of  the 
grand-duke  of  Tuscany,  who  gave  liim 
a  pension,  and  tliis  enabled  him  to 
complete  his  studies  under  Sarti,  whom 
he  afterwards  assisted  in  his  composi- 
tions. In  1784  he  repaired  to  London, 
where  lie  produced  the  "Finta  I'rinci- 
pessa,"  ana  "Giulio  Sabino."  In  1786 
ne  settled  in  Paris,  which  thenceforward 
became  his  adopted  country,  and  the 
scene  of  his  greatest  triumphs.  His 
operas  of  "  Iphigenia,"  "  Lodoiska," 
"  All  Baba,"  would  alone  have  testified 
to  the  extent  and  variety  of  his  powe-rs  ; 
but  his  fame  chiefly  rests  upon  Ins  sa- 
cred music,  of  which  his  "  Requiem," 
composed  for  his  own  obsequies,  de- 
serves particular  notice.  He  was  di- 
rector of  the  Conservatoire  at  Paris. 
D.  1842. 

CHESELDEN,  William,  an  eminent 
English  surgeon  and  anatomist ;  author 
of  a  treatise'  on  "  The  Anatomy  of  the 
Human  Body,"  a  treatise  "  On  the  High 
Operation  for  the  Stone,"  "  Osteoc'raphy, 
or  Anatomy  of  the  Bones,"  a  translation 
of  "  Le  Dran's  Surgery,"  &c.  He  was 
an  admiralilc  oculist;  and  invented  a 
svstem  of  lithotomv.  B.  It588  ;  d.  1752. 
■^  CHESTERFIELD,  Philip  Dormer 
Stanhope,  earl  of,  was  b.  10'J4.  lie  was 
a  particular  favorite  of  Gcorje  II.,  on 
whose  accession  he  was  sworn  a  privy 
councillor;  was  appointed,  in  1723,  am- 
bassador extraordinary  to  Ilolland ;  made 
a  knight  of  the  Garter  in  1730,  and  was 
appointed  steward  of  the  liousehold. 
The  latter  otHcc  he  soon  after  resigned, 
and  he  continued  for  several  years  the 
strenuous  opponent  of  Sir  R.  Walpole, 
distinguisheil  himself  by  his  writing's 
in  the  "Craftsman,"  as 'well  as  by  his 
powerful  eloquence  in  the  house.  _  In 
1745  the  government  once  more  availed 
itself  of  ins  talents,  and  he  was  sent  to 
Ireland  as  lord-lieutenant,  where  he 
continued  a  year,  exercising  his  power 
in  a  manner  calculated  to  erain  tlie  ap- 
probation of  the  people.  He  was  after- 
wards secretary  of  state,  but  deafness 
and  deelining '  health  induced  him  to 
relinquish  office  in  1748.  He  wrote 
some  papers  in  the  "  World,"  and  sev- 
eral poetical  pieces,  but  he  is  principally 
known  as  tlie  author  of  "  Letters  to  his 
Son."     D.  1773. 

CHETHAM,  HuMPHERT,  a  wealthy 
merchant  of  Manchester,  to  whose  well- 
directed  munificence  that  town  owes  its 
collesre  and  lihrarv.     D.  1()53. 

CHETWOOn, "  Knightly,  dean  of 
Gloucester ;  author  of  a  "  Life  of  Virgil," 


286 


CVCLOP.CDIA    OF    mOGRAPir 


[CHI 


a  "Life  of  Lycnrgns,"  &c.  D.  1T20.— 
"William  IJuirs,  a  dnunatic  -wi-itcr; 
author  of  somu  plays,  and  of  a  "Gen- 
eral Ilistorv  of  the  Stage."     D.  1766. 

CIIEVALIEK,  Antony  Eodolpu  de, 
French  tutor  to  Princess,  afterwards 
Queen,  Elizabeth  of  England.  lie  was 
au  erudite  scholar,  and  published  an 
excellent  "Hebrew  Grammar,"  an  im- 
proved edition  of  the  "Thesaurus  of 
Sanct.  Pagninus,"  &c.  lie  had  com- 
menced a  "Bible  in  four  languages,  but 
did  not  live  to  finish  it.    D.  1572. 

CIIEYERU8,  Lefebcre  de,  Cardinal, 
archbishop  of  Bordeaux,  was  b.  at  May- 
enne,  17GS;  came  to  America  after  tlie 
French  revolution,  and  was  consecrated 
first  Catholic  bishop  of  Boston  in  1810 : 
returned  to  France  by  the  invitation  of 
Louis  XVII I.,  and"  was  consecrated 
bishop  of  iMontaubau  in  1823,  and  arcli- 
bishop  of  Bordeaux  in  1820  ;  and  was  in 
1835,  made  a  cardinal,  lie  was  a  man 
of  distinguished  talents,  and  extensive 
scientific  and  literary  acquirements. 
Daring  his  residence  in  Boston,  he 
sustained  the  character  of  a  most  amia- 
ble, exemplary,  and  devout  man.  lie 
devoted  himself  with  great  zeal  and 
assiduity  to  tlie  duties  of  his  otiiee,  not 
overlooking  the  meanest  of  his  flock ; 
and  he  was  rcirarded  by  Protestants,  as 
well  as  by  Catliolics,  with  sincere  afl'ec- 
tion  and  hiffh  respect.    J).  July  19, 1836. 

CIIEVILLIEE,  Andrew,  a  French 
ecclesiastic  and  antiquary,  librarian  to 
the  Sorbonne.  He  published  a  Latin 
dissertation  on  the  "Council  of  Chalce- 
don,"  an  historical  dissertation  on  the 
"  Origin  of  Printing  in  Paris,"  &c.  D. 
1700. 

CIIEVREAU,  Urban,  au  eminent 
French  scholar.  lie  became  secretary 
to  Queen  Christina  of  Sweden,  and  is 
said  to  have  had  considerable  share  in 
converting  her  to  Catholicism.  After 
actinar  as  tutor  and  secretary  to  the  duke 
of  Maine,  he  at  length  retired  from  all 
public  duties,  and  devoted  himself  to 
literature.  He  wrote  "  Etfets  de  la  For- 
tune," a  romance;  "A  History  of  the 
World,"  some  plays,  &c.    D.  1701. 

(JHEYNE,  George,  an  eminent  phy- 
sician and  writer,  settled  in  London. 
His  tirst  YAiblication  was  a  mathematical 
treatise,  entitled  "Fluxionum  Mcthodus 
inversa,"  whicli  procured  him  consider- 
able reputation,  and  admission  to  the 
Koval  Society.  His  chief  works  are 
"The  English  ?ilalady,  a  Treatise  on 
T^crvous  Disorders,"  ""  A  Treatise  on 
Gout,"  and  an  "Essay  or.  Regimen." 
D. 1743 


CIIIAIiPvEKA,  Gabriel,  Veiled  tne 
Italian  Pindar,  was  b.  at  Savona,  1552, 
Besides  odes  and  epic  poems,  which  are 
chiefly  Anacreontic,  he  wrote  several 
dramas.    D.  I('>;i7. 

CHIAPvAMONTI,  SciPio,  an  Italian 
ecclesiastic  and  writer.  His  works  are 
very  numerous,  and  are  chiefly  on  the 
mathematics  and  natural  philosophy. 
He  founded  the  academy  of  the  Oifus- 
cati,  at  Usena,  in  Bologna,  and  was 
president  of  it  when  he  d.,  1652. 

CHIAKI,  Pietro,  an  Italian  ecclesi- 
astic  and  poet  of  the  18th  century.  He 
was  a  rival  of  Goldoni,  and  his  comedies 
attained  considerable  popularity.  Those 
of  Chiari  were  however  much  inferior  to 
those,  of  his  rival.     D.  1788. 

CHICIIELEY,  Henet,  archbishop  of 
Canterbury,  an  able  and  acconrplished 
scholar  and  statesman,  was  b.  at  Higham 
Ferrers,  1302.  On  the  accession  of  the 
inflmt  king,  Henry  VI.,  he  became  first 
privy  councillor,  and  directed  all  his 
attention  to  church  affairs,  striving  at 
once  to  check  the  progress  of  Wiekliff- 
ism,  and  to  modcrato'the  ardor  of  the 
Catholic  court.  He  founded  and  en- 
dowed AU  SouFs  college,  Oxford,  made 
many  important  improvements  in  Lam- 
beth palace,  and  built  the  western  tower 
of  Canterbury  cathedral  at  his  own  ex- 
pense.    D.  1443. 

CHICOYNEAU,  Francis,  an  eminent 
physician  and  professor  of  medicine  at 
Montpclier.  When  the  plague  was  ra- 
ging at  Marseilles,  he  was  sent  to  the 
relief  of  the  sufferers,  whom  he  reas- 
sured by  his  calm  courage.  The  import- 
ant services  he  rendered  on  this  occasion 
procured  him  a  pension  and  several 
appointments  at  court.  His  principal 
literary  production  is  a  work  "  On  the 
Origin",  Syin])toins,  and  Cure  of  the 
Plague;"  a  work  doubly  valuable  on 
account  of  the  interesting  narratives 
with  which  it  is  interspersed,  being  the 
result  of  the  author's  own  experience. 
D.  1752. 

CHILD,  .TosTAii,  an  eminent  London 
merchant  of  the  17th  century,  and  au- 
thor of  several  works  on  subjects  con- 
nected with  political  economy,  among 
which  may  be  noticed  his  "Discourse 
on  Trade,'"  *c.  B.  1630;  d.  1699.— 
William,  an  Ensrlish  musical  composer 
and  musician.  He  was  for  many  years 
oriranist  in  St.  George's  chapel,  Wind- 
sor, and  in  the  Cliapcl  Royal,  at  White- 
hall. The  simple  style  of  his  composi- 
tions caused  fliem  to  be  neglected  in  his 
own  lime,  but  tliey  arc  now  mueli  ad- 
mired.    D.  1697. 


caoj 


cvci-oiMcuiA  OF  inuuitAiMir. 


287 


CIIILDEBERT   I.,   king  of   Frauce, 

who  ascL'iiikHl  the  tliroiic  in  511.  Aided 
hy  his  bfothcirs,  Ciotuiro  and  Clodumir, 
do  nltafkcd  aud  dclcated  Sigisiiuind, 
king  of  Biirgiiiidy.  Childebert  and 
Clntairo  tiicn  liinicd  their  arui.s  against 
S[iaiH,  hut  without  success.  1).  5.")8. — 
I  h,  king  of  Fnmce,  succeeded  liis  father, 
Sigebcrt,  in  u75.  On  the  death  of  liis 
uncle,  Cliilperic,  king  of  Soissons,  he 
gained  the  kingdoms  of  Orleans  and 
Bin-gimdy.  D.  by  poison,  5'JO. — III., 
king  of  France.  lie  ascended  the  throne 
at  the  very  early  age  of  12  years;  of 
wliicli  circumstance  Pepin,  mayor  of  tlie 
nahice,  took  advantage  to  trovern  both 
Kinir  and  kintrdom.     D.  711. 

ClIILDKKIC  1.,  k-ing  of  France.  He 
succeeded  liis  father,  Merovanis,  in  450  ; 
was  dcjiosed  in  tlie  following  year,  and 
reinstated  upon  tlie  throne  in  4(i3.  D. 
4S1. — H.,  king  of  France,  was  the  son 
of  Clovis  11.,  and  succeeded  his  brother, 
(.'loluire  111.,  in  673.  lie  was  a  de- 
bauched and  cruel  tyrant,  aud,  together 
with  his  wife  and  son,  was  assassinated 
in  (J73. — III.,  surnanied  the  Idiot,  king 
of  France,  began  his  reign  in  742,  and 
was  deposed  in  752. 

CIIILLINGWOUTII,  Wiluam,  an 
English  divine,  lie  was  a  sound  schol- 
ar, an  able  niathcmatician,  and  above 
mediocrity  as  a  poet.  But  his  chief  bent 
was  towards  disputation  and  metapliys- 
ics;  and  he  was  so  acute  in  discovering 
difficulties,  that  he  doubted  where  men 
of  far  less  natural  capacity  and  acquired 
knowledge  would  have  been  presump- 
tuously certain.  In  this  state  of  mind 
a  Jesuit  convinced  him  of  the  truth  of 
the  tenets  of  Papacy,  and  he  actually 
went  to  the  Jesuit's  college  at  Douay. 
"While  there,  he  meditated  the  publiea- 
lion  of  a  vindication  of  his  conversion 
to  the  church  of  Rome,  but  Lund,  then 
bishop  of  London,  dissuaded  him  from 
nis  iniriiose.  lie  subsequently  returned 
t"  EiiLrland,  became  a  Protestant  again, 
and  i>iililislied  the  masterly  treatise, 
entitled  "The  Keligion  of  I^rotestants, 
a  safe  Way  to  Salvation."  Some  hesi- 
tation about  signing  the  thirty-nine 
articles  jireventcd  him  from  obtaining 
preferment  in  the  church ;  but  he  at 
length  consented  to  sign,  aud  became 
chancellor  of  Salisbury,  &c.  At  the 
breaking  out  of  the  civil  war,  he  warmly 
espoused  the  royal  cause,  and  published 
a  treatise  on  the  "Unlawfulness  of  Ee- 
sisting  the  Lawful  Prince,  althoush 
most  Tyrannous,  Impious,  an  1  Idola- 
trous." He  also  invented  a  machine, 
or  rather  imitated  one  described  bv  some 


ancient  authors,  for  the  attack  of  fortified 
places.     ]).  Ii;i4. 

CHILMEAD,  Edmi-nd,  an  English 
mathematician  and  musician ;  author 
of  a  treatise  "  On  the  Music  of  Ancient 
Greece ;"  another,  which  was  not  printed, 
"On  Sounds,"  and  a  "Catalogue  of  the 
Greek  MSS.  in  the  Bodleian  Library." 
D.  1C54. 

C'lIILO,  one  of  the  seven  sages  of 
Greece.  lie  flourished  in  the  6tii  cen- 
tury 15.  c,  and  was  celebrated  for  his 
just  conduct  as  a  magistrate.  It  was  he 
who  caused  the  celebrated  "Know  thy- 
self," to  be  graven  on  the  temple  of 
Delphi. 

ClUPMAN,  Nathaniel,  a  distin- 
guished lawyer  and  judge  of  V'ermont, 
b.  at  Salisbury,  Ct.,  1752,  and  in  1786 
made  judge  of  the  supreme  com-t  of 
Vermont,  whither  he  had  removed.  In 
17t)l  he  negotiated  the  admission  of 
Vermont  into  the  union  as  a  state.  In 
1793  he  j)ublished  a  small  work  called 
"Sketch  of  the  I'rinciples  of  Govern- 
ment," which  was  afterwards  expanded 
in  a  larger  work.     T).  1S43. 

CHITTENDEN,  TnoM^v.s,  fii-st  govern- 
or of  Vermont,  was  a  member  of  the 
convention  which  declared  Vermont  an 
iiKlcpendent  state,  aud  one  of  the  com- 
uiittee  to  solicit  an  admission  into  tho 
union  in  177S  ;  he  was  elected  governor, 
and  continued  so  till  his  deatli.    D.  17'J7. 

CHITTY,  Joseph,  an  eminent  special 
pleader,  aud  the  author  of  many  well- 
known  works,  which  have  become  in- 
dispensable auxiliaries  to  every  legal 
student  and  practitioner.  D.  1841,  aged 
65. 

CIIOISI'>l'L,  Stephen  Fkancis,  duke 
of,  entered  the  army  early,  was  appoint- 
ed ambassador  to  Rome  and  Vicuna,  and 
honored  with  a  peerage.  He  then  be- 
came prime  minister  of  France,  to  which 
station  lie  was  raised  through  the  in- 
fluence of  niadame  de  Pompadour.  He 
made  many  judicious  reforms  and  alter- 
ations ill  the  French  army,  increased 
the  navy,  and  brought  about  the  cele- 
brated family  compact.  In  1770  he  was 
dismissed  from  olhce,  aud  exiled  to  one 
of  his  estates.     B.  1714;  d.  1785. 

CHOISI,  I'"i;ancis  Timoleon  de,  a 
French  ecclesiastic  and  writer.  In  his 
youth  he  was  of  very  debauched  and 
abandoned  habits.  For  some  vears  ho 
wore  the  dress  of  a  woman,  ant."!  passed 
by  the  name  of  the  Countess  des  Barres ; 
but  a  severe  illness  had  the  good  efl'ect 
of  awakening  him  fi'om  this  way  of  life, 
aud  he  became  an  abbe.  Besides  a 
"  Life  of  David,"  a  "Lif<»  of  Solomon," 


J88 


CYCLOP.'EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[CHR 


and  a  "History  of  tlic  Church,"  he 
pivc  the  "  Memoirs  ol'tlie  Countess  des 
Barres,"  containing  some  account  of 
his  youthful  irrejjuhiritics.  He  also 
■vvrote  and  translated  several  other  jiieces, 
but  thev  arc  held  in  very  little  estima- 
tion.    l3.  17:i4. 

CHOl'lN,  Frederic,  a  great  modern 
composer  and  pianoforte  player,  was  b. 
near  Warsaw,  1810.  Compelled  to  leave 
I'dhind  in  consequence  of  political  con- 
vuI>ions,  lie  played  in  jjublic  at  Vienna 
and  ^Munich  in  1^31,  ami  soon  afterwards 
repaired  to  Paris,  where  he  continued  to 
exercise  his  art  till  the  revolution  of 
It-lS  drove  him  to  England.  He  re- 
turned to  Paris  in  1849;  and  d.  in  the 
autumn  leaving  behind  him  a  reputation, 
both  as  a  player  and  a  composer,  which 
will  not  soon  pass  away. — Eene,  an  emi- 
nent French  lawyer  and  writer,  author 
of  "The  Custom  of  Aujou,"  "The 
Custom  of  Paris,"  "  De  Sacra  Politica 
Monastiea,"  &c.     D.  1(506. 

CH(_)KIEK,  ^^icnoLAS,  a  French  law- 
yer *and  writer,  author  of  a  "  General 
History  of  Dauphiuy,"  &c.     D.  16it2. 

C'HOKIS,  Louis,  an  eminent  Eussian 
artist  and  traveller,  b.  17'.I5.  He  was 
appointed  drauglitsman  to  Captain  Kot- 
zebue's  expedition  round  the  world  in 
1814,  and  on  his  return  published  his 
"Voyage  Pittorcsqne,"  accompanied 
with  Cuvier's  descriptions.  lie  also 
published  "  Les  Cranes  Humains," 
with  observations  by  Dr.  Ciall  and 
others.  In  IS'27,  M.  Cfhoris  sailed  from 
France,  with  the  intention  of  travelling 
through  America;  but  while  on  his 
journey  in  Mexico,  in  company  with  an 
English  gentleman,  they  were  attacked 
by  robbers  near  Xalapa,  and  Choris  lost 
his  life,  March  lit,  1828. 

CHKETIEN,  Florent,  a  French  poet 
of  noble  family,  tutor  to  Henry  IV.  of 
France.  Besides  writing  satires  and 
tragedies,  he  translated  Oppian,  some 
of  the  plays  of  Aristophanes,  and  I'aca- 
tus'  panegvric  of  Theodosius.     I).  15',H]. 

CHKISflAN,  Edward,  an  English 
lawyer,  author  of  an  "  Account  of  the 
Origin  of  the  Two  Houses  of  Parliament 
with  a  Statement  of  the  Privileges  of  the 
House  of  Commons,"  a  "Treatise  on 
the  Bankrupt  Laws,"  &c.  He  was 
Downing  professor  of  law  in  the  nui- 
versitv  of  Cambridge,  and  chief  justice 
of  the' Isle  of  Ely.     D.  1823. 

CHRISTIE,  James,  the  son  of  an  emi- 
nent auctioneer  in  London,  was  distin- 
guished for  his  critif'al  taste  in  tlic  fine 
arts,  and  his  aiitiquarian  knowledge. 
Though  he  followed  his  ijather's  profes- 


sion, he  found  time  to  give  to  the  world 
some  ingenious  and  valuable  works, 
viz.,  an  "Essay  on  the  Ancient  Greek 
Game  invented  by  Palamedes,"  show 
ing  the  origin  of  the  game  of  chess ;  a 
"  Disquisition  upon  Etruscan  Vases  ;" 
an  "Essay  on  the  Earliest  Species  of 
Idolatry,"  &c.     D.  1831. 

CHKISTIN  A,  queen  of  Sweden.  She 
was  the  only  child  of  the  famous  Gusta- 
vus  Adolphus,  whom  she  succeeded  in 
1032,  being  then  only  G  years  old.  Du- 
ring her  minority  the  kingdom  was 
wisely  governed  by  the  Chancellor  Ox- 
eustiern ;  and  when  she  was  crowned, 
in  1550,  she  formally  declai-ed  her 
cousin,  the  count  palatine  Charles  Gus- 
tavus,  her  successor.  For  four  years 
she  governed  the  kingdom  with  an  evi- 
dent desire  to  encourage  learning  and 
science ;  and  at  the  end  of  that  time, 
weary  either  of  the  task  of  governing, 
or  of  the  personal  restraint  which  roy- 
alty imposed  upon  her,  she  abdicated  in 
favor  of  her  cousin,  and  proceeded  to 
Eome,  where  she  surrounded  herself 
with  learned  men,  and  busied  herself 
with  learned  pursuits.  At  Paris,  on 
one  of  the  various  occasions  of  her  vis- 
iting that  city,  she  had  her  equerry,  an 
Italian,  named  Monaldeschi,  murdered 
in  her  own  residence,  and  almost  in  her 
own  presence ;  a  crime  which  seems  to 
have  had  no  other  cause  than  the  un- 
fortunate equerry's  indifference  to  the 
blandishments  of  his  mistress.  In  IfiGO, 
the  death  of  the  king,  her  cousin, 
caused  her  to  go  once  more  to  Sweden ; 
but  her  change  of  religion,  and  the  re- 
ports which  had  reached  that  country 
of  her  conduct  elsewhere,  had  so  dis- 
gusted her  former  subjects  that  they 
resolutely  refused  to  reinstate  her  in  the 
sovereignty.  Being  threatened  with  the 
loss  of  her  revenues  as  well  as  her 
crown,  she  consented  to  preserve  the 
former  by  finally  renouncing  the  latter; 
and  she  retired  to  Eome.    D.  1689. 

CHEISTOPHE,  IIe.nry,  a  negro,  one 
of  the  leaders  of  the  insurgent  slaves  of 
St.  Domingo.  He  possessed  consider- 
able ability,  but  his  courage  was  carried 
to  ferocity.  He  successfully  opposed 
the  French,  whose  perfidious  seizure  of 
tlie  negro  chief,  Toussaint  Louverture, 
he  amply  revenged,  and  assumed  tlie 
title  of  Henry  I.,  king  of  Hayti ;  but  he 
acted  80  despotically  that  a  consjuiraey 
was  formed  against  him ;  and  Boyer, 
the  successor  of  Petion,  who  had  estab- 
lished a  republic  in  the  south  of  Do- 
mingo, was  invited  to  take  part  with  the 
discontented  subjects  £>f  Christ ophe,  and 


CHU] 


CYCLOl'.-EDIA    OF    BIOGIIAPIIV 


289 


demanded  his  deposition.  At  length, 
flndiuj^  that  even  his  body-guard  was 
no  loiij,'o,r  to  be  depended  on,  lie  shot 
himself  ihrou-rli  the  heart,  Oet.  8,  IS-'O. 

CHRISTOl'liEKSON,  John,  bishop 
of  Chiehester,  durinij  the  r(;i!jns  of 
Ilenrv  VII 1.  and  Edward  \'l.  lie 
trunsiated,  from  Greek  to  Latin,  Philo, 
Eusebius,  and  other  authors ;  but  he 
was  rather  industrious  tlian  learned,  and 
succeeding  authors  have  been  much 
misled  hy  him.     D.  I."i58. 

CllKVSOLOKAS,  Manuel,  a  Greek 
of  nijble  family.  Beiui;  sent  to  Europe 
by  tlic  Emperor  Manuel  TaUeologus  to 
Bolieit  the  Christian  princes  to  aid  Con- 
istantinople  against  tlie  Turks,  he  settled 
at  Florence  as  a  teacher  of  Greek.  Sub- 
.soquenlly  he  tauLcht  at  Milan  ;  but  when 
the  Eiupcriir  Mnmiel  came  to  that  city, 
he  was  employed  by  him  in  a  mission  to 
the  court  of  the  Emperor  Sigismund, 
and  afi,  nvards  to  the  general  council  at 
Coustatee,  in  which  city  he  died.  He 
was  author  of  a  "  Greek  Grammar,"  a 
"  Parallel  between  Ancient  and  Modern 
Eome,"  etc.     D.  UU. 

CllKYSOSTOM,  .John,  St.,  was  really 
name<l  Secundus,  l^ut  was  called  Chry- 
sostoui,  which  signifies  "golden  mouth," 
on  account  of  his  eloquence.  He  was 
b.  at  Antioch,  and  was  intended  for  the 
bar;  but  being  deeply  impressed  with 
religious  feelings,  he  spent  several  years 
in  solitary  retirement,  studying  and 
meditating  with  a  view  to  the  church. 
Having  completed  his  voluntary  proba- 
tion, he  returned  to  Antioch,  was  or- 
dained, and  became  so  celebrated  for 
the  eU>(|uence  of  his  preaching,  that  on 
the  death  of  Nectarius,  patriarch  of  Con- 
stantinople, he  was  raised  to  that  high 
and  important  post.  He  now  exerted 
himself  so  rigidly  in  repressing  heresy 
and  paganism,  and  in  enforcing  the  ob- 
ligatmns  of  monachism,  that  Theop'ii- 
lus,  bishop  of  Alexandria,  aided  and 
encouraged  by  the  Empress  Eudoxia, 
eaussd  him  to  be  deposed  at  a  synod 
hckl  at  Chaleedon,  in  4i13.  His  deposi- 
tion gave  so  much  olfence  to  the  people, 
by  whom  he  was  greatly  beloved,  tliat 
the  empress  was  oblii^red  to  interfere  lor 
his  reinstatement.  He  soon,  however, 
provoked  her  anger  by  opposing  the 
erection  of  her  statue  near  the  great 
church ;  and,  in  4o4,  another  synod  de- 
posed him,  and  exiled  him  to  Armenia. 
He  sustained  his  troubles  with  admira- 
ble courage;  but  being  ordered  to  a  still 
greater  distance  from  tiie  capital,  where 
his  enemies  still  feared  his  influence,  he 
died  while  on  his  journey.     D.  407. 


CHUBB,  TnoM\s,  in  English  deistical 
writer,  author  of  "  Die  Supremacy  of 
the  Father  asserted,"  "Discourae  ou 
Miracles,"  &c.     B.  ltJ79;  d.  1747. 

CIIUKCH,  Bknjamin,  celebrated  for 
his  exploits  in  the  Indian  w"ar.s  of  New 
liLnirland,  was  b.  at  Duxbury,  Mass., 
li&J.  He  commanded  the  party  that 
killed  Philip  in  August,  107ij. — IJenja- 
Mix,  a  physieiau  of  some  emii'cucc,  and 
an  able  writer,  was  graduated  at  Har- 
vard college  in  1754,  and  practised  med 
icine  in  Boston.  For  several  years  be- 
fore the  revolution,  lie  was  a  leading 
character  among  the  whigs  and  patriots ; 
and  ou  the  commencement  of  ti  e  war 
he  was  appointed  physician-general  to 
the  army.  While  in  the  performance 
of  the  duties  assigned  him  ui  this  capa- 
city, he  was  susp)eetcd  of  a  treacherous 
correspondence  with  the  enemy,  aiul 
immediately  arrested  and  imprisoncid. 
After  remaining  some  time  in  prison, 
he  obtained  permission  to  depart  for 
the  West  Indies.  The  vessel  in  which 
he  sailed  was  never  heard  from  after- 
wards. He  is  the  author  of  a  number 
of  occasional  poems,  serious,  pathetic, 
and  satirical,  which  possess  considerable 
merit. 

CHURCHILL,  Charles,  an  English 
clergyman  and  poet.  The  death  of  his 
father,  who  was  curate  of  St.  John's, 
Westminster,  brought  him  to  Lond(jn, 
anil  he  obtaine<l  the  vacant  curacy.  His 
income  was  small,  while  his  love  of  gay 
and  expensive  pursuits  was  unbounded, 
and  he  was  on  the  verge  of  imprison- 
ment, when  Dr.  Lloyd,  of  Westminster 
school,  interfered,  and  etiected  a  com- 
position with  the  creditors.  He  now 
determined  to  exert  the  talents  he  had 
so  long  allowed  to  lie  idle ;  and  his  first 
production  was  "  The  Eosciad,"  an 
energetic  description  of  the  principal 
actors  of  the  time.  Public  attention 
was  fixed  on  this  poem  by  the  vehe- 
mence with  which  the  players  replied 
to  it,  and  Churchill  found  it  worth  his 
while  to  give  the  town  a  new  satire, 
under  the  title  of  an  "Apology"  for  Ins 
former  one.  "Night,"  "The  Ghost," 
— in  which  lie  assailed  Dr.  Johnson,  at 
that  time  all  but  omnipotent  in  the  lil- 
erai'v  world — and  the  "  Prophecy  of 
Famine,"  followed  ;  he  at  length  threw 
aside  all  regard  for  his  profession,  sep- 
arated from  his  wife,  and  became  a  com- 
plete "man  of  wit  about  town."  IIo 
now  rapidly  produced  an  "  Epistle  to 
lloirarth,"  '"  The  Conference.'  "The 
Duellist,"  "  The  Author,"  "  Gotham," 
"  The  Candidate,"  "  The  Times,"  "  lu- 


290 


CVCLOF.EDIA    OK    lUOUKAPllY. 


depeudcnce,"  nud  "  The  Journey." 
The  viijor  disphiyed  iu  these  makes  it 
prob;ib!e  thiit  lie  would  in  time  liavo 
devoted  himself  to  higher  subjects  than 
party  politics,  and  have  produced  works 
ealeidated  to  jrive  him  a  higher  and 
more  lasting  fame;  but  a  fever  hurried 
him  to  the  grave,  at  the  early  age  of  8-i, 
iu  1704.  —  Winston,  a  Cavalier,  whose 
estates  \vcre  sequestered  during  the 
commonwealth  ;  but  they  were  restored 
to  him  by  Charles  II.,  who  also  knighted 
him.  He  wrote  "Divi  Britannici ;" 
histories  of  the  English  monarchs.  1). 
I'iSS. 

ClIUECIIYARD,  Thomas,  an  English 
poet,  author  of  "The  AVorthiness  of 
Wales,"  &e.  He  flourished  in  the  reign 
of  Queen  Elizabeth. 

CIACOXILrS,  Peter,  an  eminent 
Spanish  scholar.  Pope  Gregory  XIII. 
employed  him  to  superintend  an  edition 
of  the  Bible,  the  '"Decretal"  of  Gratian, 
and  other  works,  which  that  pontitf 
caused  to  be  printed  at  the  \  atican 
press.  He  wrote  some  very  learned 
notes  on  Tcrtullian,  Pliny,  Seneca,  and 
other  Latin  writers  ;  a  variety  of  tracts 
on  Italian  antiquities;  a  treatise  on  the 
old  Koman  calendar,  &c. ;  and  he  aided 
Claviiis  iu  reforming  the  calendar.  D. 
15S1. 

CIAMPINI,  John  Justin,  a  learned 
Italian,  author  of  "  Vetera  Monumenta," 
a  "  History  of  the  College  of  Abbrcvia- 
tors,"  "  Lives  of  the  Popes,"  &c.  He 
w:us  one  of  the  literary  associates  of 
Christina,  queen  of  Sweden,  during  her 
residence  at  Rome,  and  was  much  aided 
by  her  in  forming  an  academy  for  the 
study  of  mathematics,  and  another  for 
tlie  study  of  ecclesiastical  history.  D. 
16'J.S. 

CIBBER,  CoLLEY,  an  actor  and  dram- 
atist, was  the  son  of  Gabriel  ('ibber,  a 
celebrated  sculptor,  and  b.  in  London, 
1071.  Being  disappointed  of  a  scholar- 
ship at  Cambridge,  he  entered  the  army 
which  did  not  suit  his  taste;  and  when 
only  about  18  years  old  he  (piitted  it  for 
the  stage.  For  some  time  ho  had  but 
little  success;  but  his  jjertbrmanec  of 
Foinllewife,  iu  the  "Old  Bachelor," 
made  him  very  popular,  and  obtained 
him  the  monopoly  of  parts  of  that  kind 
at  Driiry-lane.  liis  first  dramatic  effort, 
"Love's  Last  Shift,"  appeared  in  1095; 
and  it  was  followed  by  "Woman's 
Wit"  and  "The  Careless  Husband." 
His  next  yiroducliDM  as  a  dramatist  was 
an  adaptation  of  Molii'-re's  Tai'tulfe, 
under  the  title  of  the  "Nonjuror,"  of 
which  the    "  Hypocrite"    of  the  more 


[cic 


modern  stage  is  a  new  version.  Tho 
piece  was  wonderfully  popidar,  and,  iu 
addition  to  the  large  prDfits  Gibber  de- 
rived from  its  peribrmance,  it  procured 
him  the  situation  of  j)oet-laureate.  This 
appointment  drew  upon  him  the  rancor 
of  cotcmporary  M'it,s  and  poets,  and  of 
I'ope  among  the  number;  but  Gibber 
had  the  good  sense  to  think  solid  profit 
more  important  than  the  censure  of  the 
envious  was  injurious  ;  and  he  wore  the 
bays,  and  performed  in  his  own  pieces 
till  he  was  neai'ly  74  years  of  age.  Be- 
sides tragedies  and  comedies,  to  the 
number  of  twenty-five,  some  of  which 
still  continue  to  be  played  as  stock 
pieces.  Gibber  wrote  an  "  Apology"  for 
his  own  life ;  an  "  Essay  on  the  Charac- 
ter and  Conduct  of  Cicero,"  and  two 
expostulatory  epistles  to  his  assailant 
Pope.  D.  1757.  —  TiiEOPniLus,  son  of 
the  above,  an  actor  and  dramatist,  but 
very  inferior  in  both  capacities  to  his 
father.  He  wrote  a  musical  entertain- 
ment called  "Pattie  and  Peggy,"  and 
altered  some  of  Shakspeare's  p1la^  s. 
"  The  Lives  of  tho  Poets  of  Great  Brit- 
ain and  Ireland"  appeared  with  his 
name ;  but  the  work  was  said  to  be 
written  by  Shields,  subsequently  aman- 
uensis to  Dr.  Johnson,  from  materials 
furnished  by  Thomas  Coxeter.  Gibber 
was  of  very  extravagant  habits,  and  his 
life  was  consequently  spent  in  much 
distress.  He  was  drowned  in  his  pas- 
sage to  Ireland,  1757.  —  Anna  Mauia, 
wife  of  the  last  named,  and  an  actress 
of  the  highest  class.  Her  union  with 
Theo]>liilus  Gibber  was  productive  of 
both  discomfort  and  disgrace,  and  she 
was  se])arated  from  him  for  many  years. 
Her  conduct,  however,  made  it  evident 
that  he  had  been  more  to  blame  for  tho 
circumstance  than  she  had;  and  she 
was  as  much  respected  in  private  life  aa 
she  was  ailmired  on  the  stage.  Her 
style  of  acting  was  well  adapted  to  that 
of  Garriek,  with  whom  she  frequently 
performed.     1).  1706. 

CICCARELLI,  Alphonso,  an  Italian 
physician ;  author  of  "  De  (jlitumno 
Flumine,"  "  Istoria  di  Casa  Monaldes- 
ca,"  &e.  Having  forged  genealogies, 
and  committed  otlier  literary  impo.stures, 
he  was  executed  at  Rome,  in  loSO. 

G1CER(J,  Makcus  Tl'i.i-ius,  the  prince 
of  Roman  orators,  was  the  son  of  noble 
parents,  and  at  an  early  age  save  such 
decided  indications  of  his  ability,  that 
after  having  served  in  a  single  cam]iaien 
under  Sylla  and  P.  Strabo.  lie  devoted 
hin\self,  by  the  advice  of  his  friends,  to 
the  bar.    For  this  purpose  he  studied 


cim] 


CYCL01M':i)IA     OF    JiUJCRArilV. 


201 


under  Molo,  an  eminent  lawyer,  and 
Philo  the  Athenian,  then  resident  at 
Rome  ;  and,  at  the  a_f,'e  of  26,  he  coni- 
monced  praetiee  as  a  pleader ;  his  first 
important  cause  beinjj  the  defenec  of 
Sextns  Koseius  Amarinus,  who  was  ac- 
cused of  parricide  by  one  ChrysoLfonus, 
a  freed  man  of  tiie  dictator  fivUa.  He 
saved  his  client,  but  was  obligetl  to  with- 
draw to  Athens  from  fear  of  resentment 
of  the  dictator.  As  lon<r  as  Sylla  lived 
(.'icero  remained  at  Athens,  turning 
even  his  exile  into  a  benefit  by  diligent- 
ly studying  under  Antioeluis  and  other 
eminently  learned  men.  When  he  re- 
turned to  Koine  he  rapidly  rose  in  his 
profession,  and  the  qua?storship  in  Sicily 
was  bestowed  upon  him.  In  this  office 
he  made  himself  very  popular;  and 
henceforth  his  course  was  ;{ll  prosperous, 
until  he  attained  the  great  object  of  his 
ambition — the  consulship.  The  bold 
and  evil  designs  of  L'atiline  made 
Cicero's  consular  duty  as  difficult  and 
dangerous  as  his  performance  of  it  was 
able  and  honorable.  But  his  popularity 
declined  very  soon  after  the  cxi)iration 
of  his  consulship,  and  it  was  chiefly  as 
an  advocate  and  author  that  he  for  some 
time  afterwards  exerted  his  splendid 
talents.  At  length  the  task  of  averting 
ruin  from  his  own  head  tasked  even  his 
powers  to  the  utmost.  Pulilius  Clodius 
wlio  had  now  become  tribune  of  the 
people,  raised  such  a  storm  aixainst  him 
that  he  was  a  second  time  obliged  to  ^ro 
into  exile.  This  time  he  sought  shelter 
with  his  friend  Plancus,  in  Thessaloniea, 
until  tlie  repentant  Komans  recalled  him, 
making  him  nuigniftecnt  recompense  for 
the  depredation  and  devastation  by 
which  he  had  liecn  impoverished.  In 
the  struggle  between  ('tcsar  and  Pom- 
pev,  Cicero  espoiised  the  cause  of  the 
latter;  but  after  the  fatal  battle  of  Phar- 
?alia  he  made  his  peace  with  tiie  former, 
with  whom  he  continued  to  all  appear- 
ance friendly,  imtil  Cii^sar  fell  under  tiie 
daggers  of  Brutus  and  his  friends.  He 
now  took  part  with  Octavius,  and  pro- 
nounced the  bitter  piiilippics  against 
Antony,  which  at  once  shortened  his  life 
and  added  to  his  fame.  Antony,  stuns: 
to  the  quick,  insisted  upon  the  death  of 
Cicero,  and  Octavius  basely  consented 
to  the  sacrifice.  In  endeavoring  to 
escape  from  Tuscuhun,  where  he  was 
livinir  when  the  newsof  his  proscription 
arrived,  he  was  overtaken  and  intu'ciered 
by  a  party  of  soldiers,  headed  by  Popi- 
lius  Licnas,  whose  life  h?  had  formerly 
saved  by  his  eloquence  ;  and  his  hcaid 
and  hands  were  publicly  exhibited  on 


the  rostrum  at  Rome.  Cicero  was  b.  at 
Arpinum.  lO'J  n.  c,  and  perished  in  his 
0  Itli  year,  43  b.  c.  lie  was  a  perfect 
model  of  eloquence  ;  and,  as  Augustus 
truly  said,  "  he  loved  his  country  sin- 
cerely." Of  his  works,  which  are  mii- 
versally  known,  and  far  too  numerous 
to  be  even  named  here,  there  liave  been 
almost  innumerable  editions. 

CI  I),  Tlie,  a  Spanish  hero,  whose  real 
name  was  Don  lioderigo  Dias  do  Bivar. 
lie  was  knighted  in  consequence  of  tlie 
valor  he  bad  displayed  in  his  very  youth  ; 
ani_l,  in  1063,  marched  with  Don  Saucho 
of  Castile  against  Rainiro,  king  of  Ara- 
gon,  who  fell  in  battle;  after  which  ho 
went  to  the  siege  of  Zamora,  wliero 
Sancho,  now  become  king,  was  slain. 
On  Sancho's  death,  his  brother  Alfonso 
ascended  the  throne  of  Castile ;  but 
Eoderigo,  instead  of  continuimj  the 
peaceful  and  obedient  subject,  declared 
himself  independent,  and,  after  depopu- 
lating the  coimtry,  fixed  his  habitation 
at  Pena  de  el  Cid,  the  rock  of  the  Cid, 
near  Saragossa.  lie  afterwards  took 
Valcntia,  and  maintained  his  independ- 
ence till  his  death,  1090.  The  history 
of  this  hero,  whose  name  Cid  signified 
lord,  has  been  immortalized  in  the  ro- 
mances of  the  Spaniards,  and  jiarticu- 
larly  in  the  popular  tragedy  of  Corneiile. 

CIMALINE,  John,  a  Florentine  paint- 
er. He  painted  only  in  distemper,  oil 
colors  being  then  undiscovered  ;  and 
tlioiigh  he  painted  historical  subjects,  he 
had  no  idea  of  light  and  shadow.  Danto 
praises  him ;  and,  considering  the  bar- 
barism of  the  time  at  which  he  lived, 
the  praise  was  not  undeserved. 

CliSIAEOSA,  DoMENico,  a  Neapolitan, 
famous  as  a  nmsical  composer.  When 
the  army  of  revolutionized  France  took 
possession  of  Italy,  Cimarosa  so  openly 
sympathized  with  rcvolution.ary  princi- 
ples, that,  when  the  French  withdrew, 
he  was  thrown  into  prison,  and  treated 
with  a  riffor  which  is  supposed  to  have 
materially  shortened  his  life.  Of  twen- 
ty-six operas  which  he  composed,  and 
most  of  which  are  comic,  "  11  Matrimo- 
nio  Segreto"  and  "  II  Matrimonio  per 
Susurro,"  arc  the  most  admired.  B. 
l-.-.-l:  d.  1801. 

CIMON,  a  celebrated  Athenian  gen- 
eral. He  was  the  son  of  Jliltiades,  and 
first  distinguished  himself  at  the  buttle 
of  Salarais.  Aristides,  surnamed  tho 
Just,  thought  so  hiarhlyof  him,  notwitl;- 
standin?  his  youth  had  been  very  dis- 
sipated, that  he  initiated  him  into  public 
business.  After  having  repeatedly 
beaten  the  Persians,  and  enriched  bis 


OQO 


CVCLOP.EDIA    OF    HIOGKAPHY. 


[CLA 


country  by  the  spoils  lie  wrested  from 
tlie  enemy,  the  party  of  Pericles  caused 
him  to  be  ostracized,  on  a  charj,'-e  of 
having  been  bribed.  At  the  end  of  five 
years,  which  was  only  half  the  term  for 
which  he  had  been  banished,  he  was  re- 
called, and  a<rain  led  the  Athenians  to 
victory  over  their  Persian  foe.  While 
l)esieging  Citium,  in  Cyjirus,  he  died  ; 
having  served  Athens,  "not  only  by  his 
prowess  as  a  soldier,  but  also  by  his 
wi>dotn  in  foundinij  public  schools.  lie 
flourished  in  the  otli  century  b.  c. 

CINCINNATUS,  Lucius  Qcintus,  one 
of  the  most  illustrious  characters  of  an- 
cient Kome.  He  was  made  consul  when 
the  senate  and  the  people  were  striving 
for  the  aseendency  ;  and,  being  much 
incensed  airainst  the  latter  for  having 
banished  his  son,  he  sternly  resisted 
their  demands.  He  was  named  consul 
a  second  time,  but  refused  the  office  and 
retired  to  his  farm,  whence  he  did  not 
again  emerge  until  he  M-as  saluted  dic- 
tat()r,  and  entreated  to  lend  his  aid 
against  the  jEqui,  who  had  closely  in- 
vested the  consul  Minucius,  and  the 
army  nnder  his  command.  Steppinsr  at 
once  from  the  petty  details  of  a  farm  to 
the  momentous  duties  of  a  general  and  a 
statesman,  Cincinnatus  exerted  himself 
so  efficiently,  that  the  ^qui  were  fain 
to  retire,  after  having  passed  under  the 
yoke.  Having  caused  uis  son  to  be  re- 
called from  exile,  after  the  chief  witness 
against  him  had  been  convicted  of  per- 
jury, lie  laid  down  his  vast  authority 
and  returned  to  his  farm.  He  was  agairi, 
though  80  years  of  age,  made  dictator, 
when  Moelius  conspired  to  overthrow  the 
republic  ;  and  he  put  down  the  domestic 
conspirator  as  promptly  as  he  had  for- 
merly repelled  the  ^Equi.  He  flourished 
in  the  r>tii  century  u.  c. 

CINELLl,  Giovanni,  a  Florentine 
phvsician  ;  author  of  "  Bibliothcca  Vo- 
laii'te."     B.  1625;  d.  1700. 

CINNA,  Lucius  Cornklics,  a  Koman  ; 
the  friend,  partisan,  and  fellow-consul 
ofMarius.  He  it  was  who  drove  Sylla 
from  Rome,  and  recalled  Marius  from 
his  African  exile.  He  participated  in 
the  numerous  murders  which  followed 
the  return  of  Marius;  and  when  in  his 
third  consulship,  and  while  preparing 
for  hostilities  with  Sylla,  was  assassin- 
ated, 84  B.  0. 

CIXO  DA  PISTOIA,  an  Italian  juris- 
consult and  jioet,  b.  at  Pistoia,  1270, 
whose  proper  name  was  Guittone.  He 
Was  very  eminent  as  a  lawyer,  and  be- 
came a  senator  of  Kome,  and  professor 
Bueeessively  at  various  universities.     In 


addition  to  some  elegant  poetiy,  by 
which  he  is  chiefly  known,  he  wrote  a 
"  Commentary  on  the  Digest."     D.  13oG. 

CINQ-MAKS,  Henky  OoirriEK,  mar- 
quis of,  was  son  of  the  marquis  d'Effiat, 
marshal  of  France.  He  was  introduced 
by  Cardinal  Richelieu  to  the  notice  of 
Louis  XIII.,  and  was  for  some  time  a 
most  distinguished  favorite  of  that  mon- 
arch. Ungrateful  equally  to  the  cardinal 
and  to  the  king,  he  instigated  Gaston, 
duke  of  Orleans,  tlie  king's  brother,  to 
rebellion.  They  had  proceeded  so  far  in 
their  treasonable  designs  as  to  set  ou 
foot  a  treaty  with  Spain,  ensraging  that 
power  to  assist  them.  But  tlie  vigilaueo 
of  tlie  cardinal  discovered  their  plans, 
and  the  marquis  was  apprehended  •jud 
beheaded  in  1642. 

CIPRIANI,  John  Baptist,  an  emi.ieut 
painter,  b.  at  Pistoia,  in  Tuscany.  His 
drawings  are  greatly  admired  for  their 
correctness,  fertility  of  invention,  and 
harmonious  coloring ;  and  many  exqui- 
site enirravings  were  made  from  them 
by  Bartolozzi.     D.  1785. 

CIECIGNANO,  Nicholas,  an  Italian 
painter,  several  of  whose  works  are  in 
the  churches  of  Loretto  and  Rome.  D. 
15S8. — Anthony,  son  of  the  above,  and 
also  eminent  as  a  painter.    D.  lG2o. 

CIRILLO,  Dominic,  an  Italian  bota- 
nist, president  of  the  Academy  at  Naples, 
and  professor  of  medicine  in  the  uni  ■ 
versity  of  that  city;  author  of  "Tiie 
Neapolitan  Flora,"  a  "Treatise  on  the 
Essential  Characters  of  certain  Plants," 
&c.  When  the  French  entered  Naples, 
Cirillo  took  an  active  part  against  his 
sovereign,  and  on  the  restoration  of  le- 
gitimate govermiieut  was  executed  as  a 
traitor  in  'I71t5. 

CLAGGETT,  "VYilliam,  an  English 
divine;  author  of  four  volumes  of  ser- 
mons, and  of  some  well-written  tracts 
airainst  dissent  and  jiapacy.  D.  1727. — 
Thomas  Joun,  bishop  of  the  diocese  of 
Maryland.  He  was  consecrated,  Sep- 
tember 17,  1792,  and  d.  August  2,  ISltt. 

CLAIR,  Arthur  St.,  was  b.  at  Edin- 
burgh, and  came  to  this  country  with 
Admiral  Boseawen,  in  1755.  He  served 
as  a  lieutenant  under  Wolfe.  In  the  rev- 
olutionary war  he  espoused  the  Amerieari 
cause.  He  was  appointed  a  brigadier- 
general  in  1770,  and  a  major-general  in 
1777.  He  evacuated  Ticoiideroga  in 
July,  1777,  on  the  approach  of'Bur- 
goyne's  army.  A  court  of  inquiry  hon- 
orably acquitted  him  of  charges  of 
cowardice  and  treacliery.  He  was  a 
delegate  to  congress  from  Pennsylvania 
in  1784,  and  in  17S7  was  chosen  presi- 


tla] 


CYCLOP.KDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


293 


dent  of  congress.  He  was  appointed 
governor  of  the  territory  northwest  of 
tiie  Oliio,  in  Oct.,  IT'^D.  "in  179L  he  wii.s 
appointed  coinuiander-in-ehief  of  the 
forees  to  bo  employed  against  the  In- 
dians, lie  suttered  a  sii,'nal  defeat  in  the 
neigldjorliood  of  the  Miami  viUatres,  in 
November.  It  is  said  that  sucli  was  tlie 
panic,  tliat  the  troops  fled  precipitately 
thirty  miles,  though  pursued  only  four. 
There  was  no  ground  of  censure  on  St. 
Clair  for  this  defeat.  Tlie  next  year, 
however,  he  resigned  his  military  com- 
mission. Ohio  was  erected  into  an  in- 
dei>endcnt  state  in  1S02.  In  an  adilress 
to  tlie  people  ho  declined  being  ii  candi- 
date for  governor.  Before  the  election 
of  a  governor  by  the  peoj)le,  he  was  re- 
moved from  office  by  Mr.  Jefferson.  D. 
1818. 

CLAIEAULT,  Alexis,  a  French 
mathematician  ;  author  of  "  Elements 
of  Geometry,"  "Elements  of  Algebra," 
a  "  Treatiseon  the  Figure  of  the  Earth," 
&c.  He  was  remarkable  for  the  pre- 
cocity of  his  talent ;  for  at  four  years  of 
age  ho  could  read  and  write,  at  nine  he 
had  so  far  studied  mathematics  as  to  be 
able  to  solve  some  difficult  problems, 
and  at  eleven  he  published  a  work  on 
curves.     B.  171:5;  d.  17()5. 

CLAIEON,  Clahje  Josephine  de  la 
TuDE,  a  celebrated  French  actress,  b. 
near  Conde,  172:5,  and  who,  commen- 
cing her  histrionic  efforts  at  the  early 
age  of  12  years,  soon  became  the  first 
tragic  performer  of  her  age  and  country. 
D.  180=5. 

CLAIRBORNE,  William  C.  C,  gov- 
ernor of  Mississippi  and  Louisiana. 
Being  bred  a  lawyer,  he  settled  in  Ten- 
nessee, of  whicli  state  he  assisted  in 
forming  the  constitution,  and  afterwards 
represented  it  in  congress.  In  18u2  he 
was  appointed  governor  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi territory,  and  in  180-4,  of  Louis- 
iana, to  which  office  he  was  chosen  by 
the  people,  after  the  adoption  of  its  con- 
stitution, from  1812  to  1816.  He  was 
then  elected  a  senator  of  the  United 
States,  but  d.  before  he  took  his  seat,  in 
1817. 

CLAPPEETON,  IlroH,  the  celebrated 
African  traveller,  was  b.  in  Annan,  Dum- 
friesshire, 1788,  and  at  the  ago  of  13  was 
apprenticed  to  the  sea-service.  Having 
during  his  apprenticeship  inadvertently 
violated  the  excise  laws,  by  taking  a  few 
pounds  of  rock  salt  to  the  mistress  of  a 
liouse  which  the  crew  frequented,  he 
consented  (rather  than  imdcrgo  a  trial) 
to  go  on  board  the  Clorinda  frigate, 
commf.nded  by  Capt.  Briggs.  Through 
25* 


the  interest  of  friends  he  was  soon  pro 
moled  to  be  a  mid>lupman,  and  in  1814 
was  raised  to  the  raidi  of  lieutenant,  and 
appointed  to  the  command  of  the  Con- 
lianee  schooner,  on  lake  Erie.  In  1822 
he  was  chosen  to  accompany  Dr.  Oud- 
ney  and  Lieutenant  Dcuham  on  an  e.\- 
peclition  to  Central  Africa,  and  on  his 
return  to  England  he  received  the  rank 
of  captain.  In  six  months  afterwards 
he  was  dispatched  on  a  second  mission 
for  exploring  tlie  country  from  Tripoli 
to  Bornou,  but  was  not  allowed  to  cater 
the  place.  It  was  during  the  period  of 
his  detention  that  he  was  attacked  with 
dysentery,  which  proved  fatal  at  Sacka- 
too,  on  the  13th  of  April,  1827. 

CLAEENDON,  Euward  Hyde,  earl 
of,  lord  high  chancellor  of  England,  was 
b.  at  Dinton,  in  Wiltshire,  16u8.  He 
was  educated  at  Oxford,  and  studied  law 
under  his  uncle,  Nicholas  Hyde,  chief 
justice  of  the  King's  Bench.  During 
the  civil  wars  he  zealously  attached  him- 
self to  the  royal  cause,  and  contributed 
more  than  any  other  man  to  the  resto- 
ration. In  his  judicial  capacity  his  con- 
duct was  irreproachable,  though  he  was 
a  strong  loyalist.  But  he  at  length  be- 
came unpopular,  and  was  removed  from 
his  high  employments,  and,  in  order  to 
escape  the  consequences  of  impeach- 
ment, found  it  prudent  to  go  into  vol- 
untary exile.  D.  at  Kouen,  1764.  His 
'•  History  of  the  Eebcllion,"  taken  as  a 
whole,  is  an  admirable  work,  and  calcu- 
lated to  secure  to  his  memory  a  lasting 
fame.  His  daughter  Anne  was  married 
to  the  duke  of  York,  afterwards  James 
II. ;  and  two  daughters,  Anne  and  Mary, 
the  fruit  of  this  marriage,  both  ascended 
the  English  throne. — Hexry  Hyde,  carl 
of,  son  of  the  foregoing,  was  b.  1688. 
He  was,  for  a  short  time,  lord  lieutenant 
of  Ireland,  in  the  reign  of  James  II., 
and  wrote  a  "History  of  the  Irish  Ee- 
bellion,"  &c.    D.  170i). 

CLAEK,  William,  originally  of  Vir- 
ginia, was  b.  1770,  and  moved  with  his 
father's  family  to  Kentucky,  in  1784. 
They  arrived  at  the  falls  of  Ohio,  where 
the  city  of  Loviisville  now  stands,  on  the 
4tli  of  March,  the  town  then  consisting 
of  but  a  few  log  cabins,  surrounding  a 
fort,  but  a  short  time  established  by 
Gen.  George  Eogers  Clark,  the  brother 
of  the  deceased.  In  1808  he  was  ten- 
dered by  Mr  Jefferson,  the  appointment 
of  captain  of  engineers,  to  assume  joint 
command  with  Captain  Mcrriwether 
Lewis,  of  the  northwestern  expedition 
to  the  Pacific  ocean.  Tiiis  was  accepted, 
and  the  party  left  .St.  Louis  for  the  vast 


294 


CYCLOP-liDiA    OF    UIOGRAPIIY. 


[ULA 


ami  then  uucxplorcd  regions  between 
tlie  Mississippi  river  uml  the  oeeiin,  in 
Miuvh,  ISo4.  On  tiiis  perilous  expedi- 
tion, he  was  the  prlneipiil  military  di- 
reetor,  wliile  Lewis,  assisted  by  liiniself, 
was  tlie  seicntilie  niana<;er.  Gen.  Chirlv 
kept  and  wrote  tlie  journal,  which  has 
been  sinoe  published,  and  assisted  Lewis 
in  all  celestial  observations  when  they 
were  to.j-ilhcr.  In  1815,  President  Mad- 
ison ap[)ointed  liini  governor  of  the  ter- 
ritory and  superintendent  of  Indian 
atfrtirs.  lie  held  these  offiees  in  junc- 
tion, until  Missouri  was  admitted  into 
the  union,  in  18-_'o.  In  18-22  he  was  ap- 
jiointed,  i)y  J'resident  ilonroe,  superin- 
tendent of  Indian  affairs.  As  connnis- 
sioncr  and  superintendent  of  Indian 
atiairs  for  a  loner  series  of  years,  he 
made  treaties  with  almost  every  tribe 
of  Indians.     D.  lSo8. 

CLAKKE,  Adam,  one  of  tlie  iiiost 
eminent  modern  scholars  in  the  oriental 
laiiiruasres,  and  biblieal  antiquities.  He 
was  1).  in  Ireland,  and  received  the  ru- 
diments of  learning  from  his  father, 
who  was  a  schoolmaster  in  that  eoun- 
try;  but  subsequently  studied  at  the 
school  I'ounded  by  John  Wesley,  at 
Kingswood,  near  Bristol.  At  the  early 
age  of  18  he  beeame  a  travelling  preach- 
er in  the  Methodist  connection,  and  for 
'^0  years  continued  to  be  so.  But  though 
he  was  very  popular  as  a  preacher,  it  is 
chiefly  as  a  writer  that  he  is  known, 
lie  i)ublished  a  very  curious  and  uset'ul 
"Bibliographical  Dictionary;"  a  supple- 
ment totliatwork;  a  laborious  "Com- 
mentary on  the  Bible  ;"  a  "  Narrative 
of  the  last  Illness  and  Death  of  Kichard 
I'orson;"  "Memoirs  of  the  Wesley 
Family;"  and  edited  "Baxters  Chris- 
tian Directory,"  and  several  other  reli- 
gious works.  His  "Commentary  on 
the  Bible"  alone  would  have  been  a  long 
labor  to  a  man  of  ordinaiy  industry. 
But  such  were  his  energy  and  perseve- 
rance, that  besides  the  above  works  and 
numerous  sermons,  he  wrote  ibur  elab- 
orate and  valuable  re]>orts  on  the  state 
of  the  public  records,  and  edited  the 
first  volume  of  a  new  and  laborious  edi- 
tion of  ]{ymer"s  "Fojdcra."  B.  1702; 
(1.  of  cholera,  18^52. — Edward  Daxiei,,  a 
celebrated  moflern  traveller,  antl  profes- 
sor of  miiu-niloiry  at  (.'ambridge,  was  b. 
171)7.  lie  ai'cOTU])anicd  Lord  Berwick 
to  Italy  in  17'J4;  and  in  1799  he  eoin- 
menced  a  tour  tlirough  Denmark,  Swc- 
df!i,  J/'.pland.  Finland,  Russia,  Tavtary, 
•  .'ir-'assia,  A-^ia  Minor,  jsyria,  Pal'/stine, 
j'^.'yjit.  (irecee,  aii'I  Turkey,  returning 
in  18U2,  through  Germany  and  France. 


By  his  exertions  the  library  of  Cam- 
bridge was  enriched  with  nearly  a  hun- 
dred volumes  of  manuscripts,  and  the 
colossal  statue  of  the  Eleusinian  Ceres, 
lie  also  brought  to  England  the  sar- 
copliagus  of  Alexander,  and  a  splendid 
colleetiou  of  mineralogical  specimens, 
which  he  turned  to  the  best  advantage 
in  his  subse(|uent  popular  lectures  on 
mineralogy,  wlien  ho  was  appointed  to 
the  professor's  chair  in  18o8.  D.  1321. 
— JekemL/VH,  organist  to  St.  Paul's  ca- 
thedral. His  compositions  are  not  nu- 
merous, but  they  are  remarkable  for 
pathetic  melody.  An  imprudent  and 
hopeless  passion  for  a  lady  of  high  rank 
so  much  disordered  his  mind,  that  he 
committed  suicide,  in  17o7. — John,  an 
American  divine  and  writer;  author  of 
"Funeral  Discourses;"  a  popular  fnct, 
entitled  "An  Answer  to  the  Quest, sn, 
'Why  are  You  a  Christian?'"  <fec.  D. 
1798. — Samuel,  a  learned  English  di- 
vine; author  of  "Seientia  Metrica  et 
Ehythmiea,"  &c.  D.  IGUy. — Abraham, 
a  signer  of  the  Declaration  of  Indepen- 
dence, was  b.  in  New  Jersey  in  172G. 
He  was  a  delegate  to  the  continental 
congress,  a  member  of  the  general  con- 
vention which  framed  the  constitution, 
and  a  representative  in  the  2d  congress 
of  the  United  States.  D.  1794.  He  v.-aA 
a  man  of  exemplary  and  unsullied  in- 
tegrity.— George  Kogers,  colonel  in  the 
service  of  Yiririnia  against  the  Indians 
in  the  revolutionary  war,  distinguished 
himself  greatly  in  that  post,  and  ren- 
derc'I  efficient  service  to  the  inhabitants 
of  the  frontiers.  In  1779  he  descended 
the  Ohio,  and  built  Fort  Jcflferson  on 
the  eastern  bank  of  the  Mississippi;  ia 
1781  he  received  a  general's  commission. 
D.  1817,  at  his  seat  near  Louisville,  Ken- 
tucky.— Samuel,  a  celebrated  English 
tbeoioirian  and  natural  philosopher,  was 
b.  at  Norwich,  167o.  While  at  college, 
he  translated  "Kohaulfs  Physics,"  in 
order  to  familiarize  students  with  the 
reasonintr  of  the  Newtonian  philosonliy. 
When  he  took  orders,  he  liecame  eiiap- 
lain  to  the  Ijishop  of  Norwich,  and  ap- 
peared as  an  author  in  his  own  profes 
sion,  in  l<i99,  when  he  published  "  Three 
practical  Essays  on  Baptism,  Confirma- 
tion, and  Kepentanee."  By  this  work 
he  established  his  reputation  as  a  writer; 
and  he  now  entered  the  lists  as  a  con- 
troversialist, by  publishing  "Keflec- 
tions"  on  a  book  by  Toland,  entitled 
"  Amyntor."  In  17<)i— ">  he  was  appoint- 
ed to  preach  the  sermons  at  Boyle's 
Lecture,  and  took  tor  the  subjects  of  his 
sixteen  sermons,  "  The  Being  and  Attri- 


cla] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    IJIOGKAl'IIV. 


20." 


Imtcs  of  God,"  and  "The  Evidences  of 
NatHi-al  and  Eevealed  Kelinrioii."  In 
1712  he  imbli.Hliod  a  new  and  valuable 
edition  of  "  Ciesar's  Commentaries,"  and 
a  work  entitled,  "Tlie  Si-ripture  Doc- 
trine of  tlie  Trinity."  Tliis  work  in- 
volved liim  in  a  controversy,  in  which 
his  principal  opponent  was  Dr.  Water- 
land  ;  and  the  heterodoxy  of  Dr.  (Jlarke 
was  made  the  subject  of  a  complaint  in 
the  lower  house  of  convocation.  Sub- 
sequently lie  had  a  controversy  with 
Leibnitz  on  tlie  principles  of  religion 
and  natural  philosophy ;  and  gave  con- 
siderable olfence  by  altering  the  sint^in? 
jisalms  at  St.  James's,  where  he  was 
cliMjilain  to  Queen  Anne.  The  latter 
])art  of  his  lill-  was  distinffuishcd  by  his 
letter  to  Mr.  Iloadlcy,  "On  the  Propor- 
tion of  Velocity  and  Force  in  Bodies  in 
Motion,"  and  his  edition  of  "  Homers 
Iliad"  with  a  Latin  version.  D.  172'J. — 
.loiiN,  brother  of  the  above,  dean  of 
Salisbury;  author  of  "Sermons  on  the 
Oriirin  of  Evil,"  a  translation  of  Gro- 
tius's  "De  Veritate,"  &c.  D.  17'20.— 
Wii.i.iAM,  a!i  Entrlish  divine  and  writer; 
author  of  "The  Connection  of  the  Ro- 
man, Saxon,  and  Entrlish  Coins,"  "  A 
Discourse  on  the  Commerce  of  the  Ko- 
mans,"  S:c.     D.  1771. 

CTjAKIvSOX,  Thom.V!,  a  man  whose 
wiiole  life  may  be  said  to  have  almost 
passed  in  laborinij  to  cttect  the  extinc- 
tion of  the  slave  trade,  was  b.  at  Wis- 
beach,  in  Suffolk,  in  1700.  He  was  first 
brouLdit  into  notice  as  the  friend  of  the 
ncLrro  by  a  I^atin  pri/.e  essay  upon  this 
subject,  which  was  afterwards  published 
in  Enii'lish.  Associations  were  formed, 
and  the  question  was  agitated  and  dis- 
cussed throughout  England  ;  at  length 
Mr.  Clarkson  having  become  acquainted 
with  Mr.  Wilbcrtbrce,  it  was  agreed  that 
the  latter  gentleman  should  bring  the 
subject  under  the  notice  of  parliament. 
This  was  in  17S7,  and  it  there  met  with 
various  success  until  1S07,  when  the 
memorable  anti-slavery  law  obtained  the 
sanction  of  the  legislature.  D.  Sept.  26, 
ISlt".,  a<rc<l  85. 

CLAUDE.  JoriN,  an  eminent  French 
Protestant  divine,  lie  composed  a  re- 
ply to  a  work  of  the  Port-Royalists  on 
the  cucharist,  and  was  involved,  in  con- 
sequence, in  a  controversy  with  the 
Catholic  writers,  in  which  he  displayed 
iunnt'iise  controversial  )>owcr.     D.  IC'^7. 

CLAUDE  LORRAINE,  so  called  fmm 
tiie  place  of  his  birth,  W'ts  an  admirable 
laudso;qu'  painter.  His  real  name  was 
CLAvnK  Gki-ee,  and  he  was  the  son  of 
poor  parents,  -who  put  him  apprentice, 


it  is  said,  but  doubtfully,  to  a  pastry- 
cook. The  love  of  art,  however,  pre- 
vailed over  the  circumstan'-es  in  which 
he  was  ])laced ;  and  having  received 
some  instructions  in  drawing  from  his 
brother,  who  was  a  wooil-enirraver,  he 
went  to  Rome,  and  was  employed  by 
the  painter  Tassi,  from  whom  he  re- 
ceived instructions  in  the  fundamental 
principles  of  his  art.  But  it  was  from 
the  study  of  nature  that  he  derived  ins 
best  lessons,  and  in  that  study  he  was 
unwearied,  passing  entire  days  in  the 
fields,  noting  every  change  in  the  aspect 
of  nature  at  the  various  stages  of  the 
day,  from  sunrise  to  dusk.  The  sight 
of  some  ])ictures  by  Godfrey  Vals  en- 
chanted him  so  much,  that,  in  spite  of 
his  poverty,  he  travelled  to  Naples  to 
study  with  the  artist.  His  genius  now- 
unfolded  itself  with  such  rapidity,  that 
he  was  soon  considered  one  of  the  first 
landscajte  painters  of  his  time;  particu- 
larly after  he  had  studied,  in  Londiardy, 
the  paintings  of  Giorgione  and  Titian, 
whereby  his  coloring  and  chiaro-oscuro 
were  greatly  imuroved.  After  making 
a  journey  into  his  native  co\mtry,  he 
settled,  in  lt;27,  in  Rome,  where  his 
works  were  creatly  sought  for,  so  that 
he  was  enabled  to  live  much  at  his  ease, 
until  lfi'-^2,  when  he  died  of  the  gout. 
The  principal  galleries  of  Italy,  France, 
England,  Spain  and  Germany  are  adorn- 
ed with  his  productions. 

CLAUDIANUS,  CbAT-nius,  a  Latin 
poet,  whose  place  of  nativity  is  sup- 
posed to  be  Alexandria,  in  Egypt.  He 
flourished  under  the  reigns  of  Theodo- 
sius,  Arcadius,  and  Honorius  ;  and  a 
statue  was  erected  to  his  honor  in  the 
forum  of  Trajan. 

CLAUDIUS,  TnsERirs  Dnusrs.  a  Ro- 
man emperor,  was  b.  9  r.  c.,  at  Lyons, 
and  origmally  called  Germanieus.  After 
spending  50  years  of  his  life  in  a  private 
station,  nnhonored  and  but  little  known, 
he  was,  on  the  murder  of  Caliirula,  hia 
uncle,  proclaimed  emperor  by  the  body- 
guard, and  confirmed  in  the  sovereiirnty 
by  the  senate.  At  first  he  performed 
some  praiseworthy  acts,  but  he  soon  be- 
came contemptible  for  his  debauchery 
and  voluptuousness,  and  he  died  of 
poison  administered  by  his  second  wife, 
Affrippina,  r>4. — II.,  Makcvs  Ai-rf.i.us 
Fi.AVus.  surnamed  Gothkts,  a  Roman 
emperor,  b,  214,  was  raised  to  the  tiirone 
on  tb.e  death  of  Gallienus  ;  and,  by  liia 
virtues,  as  well  as  by  his  splendiil  victn- 
rres  over  the  Goths,  he  i)roved  hiniseU" 
worthy  of  his  exalted  station,     D.  270. 

CLAUSEL,  BERTRiiND,  a  distinguish- 


206 


CYCLOV.-EDl.V    OK    UIOGKAPHY. 


[CLB 


ed  French  soldier,  b.  at  Mirepoix,  1773. 
Ho  hud  nh'eadv  ffaiiicd  distinction  in  tlie 
anny  of  tlie  ryrenccs,  at  St.  Domingo, 
in  Italy,  and  Duhnatia,  when  he  was 
sent  to"  Sjiain  in  ISIO,  under  Jnnot  and 
:^[asscna.  lie  be^iotred  Ciiidad  IJodrigo, 
was  wovinded  at  Salamanca,  and  having 
saved,  dnriiicr  a  retreat  nieniovable  in 
military  annal.**,  the  army  of  Portug'al, 
and  led  it  into  Spain,  was  appointed 
commander-in-ehicf  in  the  north  of 
Spain,  1813.  Banished  on  the  return  of 
the  Bourbons  in  1815,  he  retired  to  the 
United  States,  where  he  remained  some 
years.  Innnediately  after  the  revolution 
of  isr.o  lie  w;is  appointed  commander- 
in-chief  of  the  forces  in  Algeria;  but 
the  check  he  sustained  at  Constantine, 
in  1S:{(>,  led  to  his  resignation,  and  the 
rest  of  his  davs  were  passed  in  retire- 
ment.    1).  1842. 

CLAVIERE,  Etienne,  a  statesman 
and  financier,  was  a  native  of  Geneva, 
and  for  some  time  conducted  a  bank  in 
tiiat  city  ;  but  was  forced  to  emigrate  to 
Prance  on  account  of  the  part  he  took  in 
some  T)olitical  offences.  In  conjunction 
witli  Brissot,  he  published  a  treatise, 
"  Do  la  France  ct  des  Etats  Unis."    Dis- 

iilaying  great  zeal  in  revolutionizing 
''ranee  and  her  colonies,  he  obtained 
cousideraljle  influence;  but  on  the  fall 
of  tlic  Girondists  he  was  arrested,  and 
committed  suicide  in  prison,  17'J3. 

CLAVIGERO,  Francesco  Saveiro,  a 
native  of  Vera  Cruz,  in  Mexico.  Hav- 
ing made  himself  acquainted  with  the 
traditions  and  antiquities  of  the  Mexi- 
cans, he  wrote  a  very  v.alnable  work, 
entitled,  "Tlie  History  of  Mexico." 

CEAV'IUS,  ( 'imisTopiiKR,  a  German 
Jesuit  and  luatbcniatician.  By  order  of 
Pope  Gregory  XIII.  he  corrected  the 
calendar  ;  and  lie  ably  defended  himself 
against  the  animadversions  on  his  labor 
of  the  elder  Scaliger  and  otb.ers.  He 
also  publi.shed  some  valuable  mathe- 
matical works,  among  which  was  an 
edition  of  Euclid,  with  annotations.  1). 
1612. 

CLAYTON,  Egbert,  bisho]^  of  Clog- 
her;  author  of  an  "Introduction  to  tlie 
History  of  tlie  .Jews,"  "  The  Chronology 
of  the  Bihlc  \'indicated,"  "A  Vindica- 
tion of  the  Histories  of  the  Old  and 
New  Testament,"  written  against  Bo- 
lingbroke,  &c.,  &c.  B.  1  flO.O  ;  d.  17r,8.— 
JoH.N',  an  eminent  botanist  and  physi- 
cian of  Virginia,  was  b.  in  England,  and 
came  to  America  in  1705.  He  was  clerk 
or  prothonotary  for  Gloucester  county, 
in  Virginia,  51  years.  1).  177-3,  aged  87. 
— Joshua,  a  physician,  was  the  president 


of  Delaware  from  1789  to  l7iR,  and 
govern<n-  under  tlie  present  constitution, 
from  17'J0  to  17'.iG.  In  1798  he  was  elect- 
ed to  the  senate  of  the  United  States. 
During  the  war,  when  the  Peruvian 
bark  was  scarce,  he  substituted  for  it 
successfully  in  his  practice,  tiie  poplar 
LivioJendron  tuUpijera,  combined  with 
nearly  an  equal  q\  luitity  of  the  bark  of 
the  root  of  the  dogivood,  Cornus  Flofida. 
D.  17'.i9. 

CLEAVER,  William,  bishop  of  St. 
Asaph,  and  principal  of  Brazonose  col- 
lege, Oxford  ;  author  of  "  Directions  to 
tlie  Clergy  on  the  Choice  of  Books," 
"  Observations  on  Marsh's  Dissertations 
on  the  Gospels  of  Matthew,  Mark,  and 
Luke,"  "  Sermons,"  and  other  theologi- 
cal works,  and  a  "  Treatise  on  Greek 
Metres."  He  was  also  editor  of  the 
celebrated  "  Oxford  Homer,"  published 
under  the  patronage  of  Lord  Grenville. 
D.  1815. 

CLEGHORN,  George,  a  Scotch  phy- 
sician, surgeon,  and  anatomist;  authoi 
of  a  "  Treatise  on  the  Diseases  of  Minor- 
ca," &c.    D.  1789. 

CLELAND,  James,  a  distinguished 
statistical  writer,  who  held  the  office  of 
superintendent  of  public  works  at  Glas- 
gow, and  by  his  numerous  publications 
of  a  local  nature,  gained  the  esteem  of 
all  conversant  with  political  economy. 
B.  1770  ;  d.  1840. 

CLEMENS,  Eomanus,  an  early  Chris- 
tian, a  fellow-traveller  of  St.  Paul,  and, 
subsequently,  bishop  of  Rome.  His 
epistle  to  the  church  of  Corinth  is  to  be 
found  in  the  "  Patres  Apostolici"  of  Le 
C^lerc.  Clemens  is  said  to  have  died  at 
Rome,  at  the  end  of  the  1st  century. — 
TiTi's  Flavius,  known  as  Clement  of 
Alexandria,  one  of  the  fathers  of  the 
cliureh.  About  the  year  189  he  succeed- 
ed Pantreniis  in  the  catechetical  school 
of  Alexandria,  and  taught  there  until 
202,  when  the  edict  of  Severus  compelled 
him  to  seek  a  new  abode.  When  or 
where  he  died  is  unknown.  His  chief 
works  are  "Pra;trepticon,  or  an  Exhort- 
ation to  the  Pagans,"  "  Pa>dagogus,  or 
the  Instructor,"  "What  Rich  Man  shall 
be  Saved,"  and  "  Stroir.ata,"  the  last 
named  of  which  is  a  very  valuable  mis- 
cellaneous work,  contai:  ing  facts  and 
quotations  to  be  met  with  in  no  other 
writer. 

CLEMENT  XIV.,  Pope,  whose  real 
name  was  Gangaxellt,  was  a  native  of 
St.  Archangelo,  near  Rimini.  In  1759 
he  was  raised  to  the  cardinalate  by  Pope 
Clement  XIII.,  and  on  the  death  of  that 
pontiff   ho  M'aa  elected  his  successor. 


cle] 


CYCLOPiEDrA    01''    BIOGRAPIIY. 


297 


lie  was  at  first  apparently  disinclined  to 
the  supprussiim  of  the  powerful  but 
■unpopular  order  of  the  Jesuits,  but  he 
at  IniiTth  beeanic  convinced  of  the  ne- 
cessity for  their  suppression,  and  he 
signed  the  brief  for  it  in  1773.  Clement 
was  one  of  the  most  enlij^htcned  and 
benevoleut  characters  that  ever  wore 
the  tiara.  D.  1775. — Franck,  a  Frencli 
Eencdictine  monk;  author  of  a  comple- 
tion of  "L'Art  de  verilicr  Ics  Dates,"  a 
'•Treatise  on  the  Oriirin  of  the  Samari- 
tan Bible,"  &c.  I).  17'j:5. — Jk.vn  :\Iauie 
IJeunard,  a  Frencli  critic  and  dramatic 
writer,  who  distinguished  himself  by 
his  strictures  on  the  works  of  Voltaire, 
I.a  Ilarpe,  and  others.  He  is  the  author 
of  the  trairedv  of  "Medea." — B.  1742; 
(1.  1S12. 

(,'JjEMENTI.  Muzio,  ail  eminent  cora- 
])0ser  and  pianist ;  the  fatlier  of  piano- 
forte music,  and  a  genius  whoso  fancy 
was  as  unbounded  as  liis  science.  B.  at 
IJome.  17.52;  d.  1832. 

CLJiOPATUA,  queen  of  Egypt,  was 
the  daughter  of  Ptolemy  Auletes,  who, 
at  his  death,  left  his  crown  to  her  and 
her  younger  brother,  Ptolemy;  but  be- 
ing I'ninors,  they  were  placed  under  the 
guardianship  of  Px)thinus  and  Achilles, 
who  deprived  Cleopatra  of  her  share  ot 
the  government.  Cu'sar,  however,  who 
liad  met  her  at  Alexandria,  being  struck 
with  her  youthful  charms,  proclaimed 
her  queen  of  Egypt ;  and  for  some  time 
Cleopatra  exercised  a  very  potent  and 
injurious  influence  over  the  Roman 
wjnrior.  After  Cwsar's  death  she  ex- 
erted her  art,  and  used  her  beauty  and 
accomplishments  to  entangle  the  trium- 
vir, M;\vk  Antony ;  and  becoming  in- 
volved in  the  ruin  he  brought  upon 
himself  in  his  contest  witii  Octavius,  she 
]uit  an  end  to  her  existence,  by  applying 
an  asp  to  her  arm,  the  bite  of  which 
caused  her  immediate  death,  80  B.C., 
aired  3'J. 

■"  CLEOSTK  ATUS,  a  native  of  Tencdos, 
and  an  eminent  astronomer  and  mathe- 
matician. He  first  arranged  tiie  signs 
of  the  zodiac,  Aries  and  Sagittarius,  and 
corrected  the  error  of  the  length  of  the 
Grecian  year,  by  introducinir  the  period 
termed  Oetoetarls.  According  to  Dr. 
Priestley,  he  flourished  in  the  Gth  cen- 
tury B.  0. 

CliERC,  John  le,  a  celebrated  scholar, 
b.  at  Geneva,  16-)7.  As  his  father  was  a 
physician  of  eminence,  and  a  Greek  pro- 
fessor at  Geneva,  the  greatest  attention 
was  ]iaid  to  his  education,  and  after 
studying  lielles  lettrcs  anil  the  classics 
with  tlie  most  iudefatigalile  earaestness, 


he  directed  his  thoughts  to  divinity  at 
tlic  age  of  l'.»,  and  was  at  the  proper 
time  admitted  into  orders.  He  soon 
after  embraced  Arminianism,  and  after 
residing  some  time  at  Saumur,  he  visit- 
ed England,  where  he  was  honored  with 
the  acquaintance  of  many  learned  and 
respectable  characters.  At  Amsterdam, 
1683,  he  became  popular  as  a  preacher, 
and  particularly  as  professor  of  philos- 
ophy, nebrew,'and  ])olite  literature.  His 
"Ars  Critica"  was  published  in  1G1.'6, 
and  in  17oy  appeared  his  '•  Sulpicius 
Severus,"  his ''Grotius,"  and  also  the 
"  Remains  of  Menander  and  Philemon," 
a  collection  which  drew  upon  him  the 
severe  censures  of  those  able  scholars, 
Bentley  and  Burman.     D.  173r.. 

CLERFAYT,  Francis  Seeasti.\.n 
Charles  .Joseph  ue  Ckoix,  count  de,  an 
Austrian  general,  who  served  with  great 
distinction  in  the  seven  years'  war,  par- 
ticularly at  the  battles  of  Prague,  Lissa, 
&c.  From  the  conclusion  of  that  war 
till  1788,  when  he  took  the  field  against 
the  Turks,  he  lived  in  retirement ;  but 
in  the  war  which  arose  out  of  tlie  French 
revolution,  he  commanded  the  Austrian 
army  with  great  credit  to  himself,  in 
17y3  and  17y4,  though  overborne  by 
numbers,  and  often  defeated  in  conse- 
quence. In  1795  he  was  made  field- 
marshal,  and  general-in-chief  on  the 
Rhine,  and  closed  his  military  career  Vjy 
totally  foiling  the  plans  of  the  French. 
He  tiien  resigned  his  command  to  the 
Archduke  Charles,  and  became  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Austrian  council  of  war.  D. 
1798. 

CLERMONT  TONNERE,  Astoine 
Jules  de,  cardinal,  and  chief  of  the 
French  bishops,  was  bishop  of  Chalons 
in  1782,  and  was  an  active  member  from 
his  diocese  to  the  states-general.  He  is 
chiefly  mentioned,  however,  as  the  au- 
thor of  a  most  interesting  "Journal  of 
what  occurred  at  tlie  Temple  during  the 
Captivity  of  Louis  XVI."  B.  1749 ;  d. 
1839. — Stanislaus,  count  de,  was  one 
of  the  first  among  the  nobility  to  side 
with  the  popular  party  in  the  opening 
scenes  of  the  French  revolution.  Hav- 
ing at  length  given  umbrage  to  his  party 
he  was  put  to  death  in  1792. 

CLEVELAND,  John,  a  political  wri- 
ter of  the  time  of  Charles  L  He  stren- 
uously supported  the  cause  of  that 
monarch,  and,  tor  a  time,  prevented 
Cromwell  from  being  returned  member 
of  parliament  for  Cambridge.  'Syhea 
the  civil  war  actually  broke  out  he  join- 
ed the  royal  army,  and  was  made  judge 
advocate  to  the  troops  which  garrisoned 


298 


CYOLOP/EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY, 


[CLI 


Newark.  Of  his  satires  several  editions 
have  been  printetl,  but  they  have  shiircd 
tlio  fate  of  most  works  written  on  tem- 
porarv  subiccts,  and  are  Jiow  known  to 
but  fi-w.     J).  16n!\ 

CLlFi'H)]n>.  Ckokoe,  carl  of  Cumber- 
land, an  eminent  naval  commander  and 
scholar  of  tlie  time  of  Queen  Elizabeth. 
He  was  present  at  the  trial  of  the  unfor- 
tunate queen  of  Scotland,  and  in  the 
same  year  sailed  for  the  coast  of  South 
America,  where  he  made  himi5elf  very 
formidable  to  the  Portuguese.  He  was 
captain  of  one  of  the  ships  engaged 
against  the  memorable  "  Armada"  of 
Spain,  and  subsequently  commanded 
several  expeditions  to  the  Spanish  main 
and  tlie  Western  islands ;  in  one  of 
which  expeditions  he  liad  the  good  for- 
tune to  capture  a  iralleon,  valued  at 
£150,000.  B.  1558;  d.  1605.— Anne, 
dauglitcr  of  the  preceding.  She  was 
married  first  to  Kichard,  Lord  Buck- 
lun-st,  afterwards  earl  of  Dorset,  and 
second  son  to  Philip,  earl  of  Pembroke. 
Slie  possessed  considerable  literary  abil- 
ity, and  wrote  memoirs  of  her  first  hus- 
band, and  of  some  of  her  ancestors. 
But  she  was  chiefly  distinguished  by 
lier  generosity  and  high  spirit.  She 
built  two  hospitals,  repaired  severjil 
churches,  and  erected  monuments  to  tlie 
memory  of  Spenser  and  Daniels,  the 
latter  of  whom  had  been  her  tutor. 

CLINTON,  .James,  was  b.  1736,  in 
Ulster  county.  New  York.  He  display- 
ed an  early  inclination  for  a  military  life, 
and  held  successively  several  offices  in 
the  militia  and  provincial  troops.  Du- 
ring tlie  French  war  he  e.xhibited  many 
proofs  of  courage,  and  received  tlie  ap- 
pointment of  cantain-eommandant  of  the 
four  regiments  levied  for  the  protection 
of  the  western  frontiers  of  tlie  counties 
ristcr  and  (Jrange.  In  1775  lie  was  ap- 
pointed colonel  of  the  third  regiment  of 
New  York  forces,  and  in  the  same  year 
marched  with  Montgomery  to  Quebec. 
During  the  war  he  rendered  eminent 
Bervices  to  his  country,  iuid  on  the  con- 
clusion of  it  retired  to  enjoy  repose  on 
liis  ample  estates.  He  was,  however, 
frequently  called  from  retirement  by  tlie 
nnsolicited  voice  of  liis  fellow-citizens  ; 
and  was  a  member  of  the  convention  for 
the  adoption  of  the  present  constitution 
of  the  L'liite.l  States.  D.  IRl 2. —George, 
vice-president  of  the  United  States,  was 
h.  in  the  county  of  Ulster,  New  York, 
1730,  ami  was  educated  to  the  nrofession 
of  the  law.  In  HOS  he  was  cliosen  to  n 
(seat  in  the  colonial  iissembly,  and  was 
elected  a    lelegate    to    the   continental 


congress  in  1775.  In  1776  he  was  ap- 
pointed a  brigadier  in  the  army  of  the 
United  States,  and  continued  during  the 
progress  of  the  war  to  render  importauL 
services  to  the  military  department.  Iji 
April,  1777.  he  was  elected  both  i;over- 
nor,  and  lieutenant-governor  of  New 
York,  and  was  continued  in  the  formei 
office  for  eighteen  years.  He  was  unan- 
imously chosen  president  of  the  con- 
vention which  assembled  at  Pough- 
keepsie,  in  1783,  to  deliberate  on  the 
new  federal  constitution.  In  ISOl  he 
again  accepted  the  office  of  governor, 
and  after  continuing  in  that  capacity  for 
three  years  he  was  elevated  to  the  "vice- 
presidency  of  the  United  States  ;  a  dig- 
nity whicii  he  retained  till  liis  death  at 
"Washington,  in  181'2. — De  "Witt,  was  b. 
1769,  at  Little  Britain,  in  Orange  county, 
New  York.  He  was  cducatcil  at  Colum- 
bia college,  commenced  the  study  of  the 
law,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  but 
was  never  much  engaged  in  professional 
practice.  He  early  imbibed  a  predilec- 
tion tor  political  life,  and  was  appointed 
the  private  secretary  of  his  uncle,  Geo. 
Clinton,  then  governor  of  the  state.  In 
1797  he  was  sent  to  the  legislature  from 
the  city  of  New  York  ;  and  two  years  after 
was  chosen  a  memberof  the  state  senate. 
In  ISOl  ho  was  appointed  a  senator  of 
the  United  States,  and  continued  in  that 
capacity  for  two  sessions.  He  retired 
from  the  senate  in  1808,  in  consequence 
of  his  election  to  the  mayoralty  of  New 
York,  an  office  to  which  he  was  annual- 
ly re-elected,  with  the  intermission  of 
but  two  years,  till  1815.  In  1817  he  was 
elected,  almost  unanimously,  governor 
of  the  state,  wa*s  asain  chosen  in  1820, 
but  in  1822  declined  beini;  a  candi<late 
for  re-election.  In  1810  Mr.  Clinton  had 
been  appointed,  by  the  senate  of  his 
state,  one  of  the  board  of  canal  commis- 
sioners, but  the  dis])Ieasure  of  his  jiolit- 
ic:il  opponents  haviuf,'  been  excited,  lie 
was  removetl  from  this  office  in  1823,  by 
a  vote  of  both  branches  of  tho  legisla- 
ture. This  insult  created  a  strong  re- 
action  in  popular  feeling,  and  Mr. 
Clinton  was  irmncdiately  nominated  lor 
governor,  and  elected  by  an  unprece- 
dented majority.  In  1826  he  was  again 
elected,  but  he  d.  before  the  completion 
of  his  term,  February  11,  1828.  Mr. 
Clinton  was  not  only  eminent  as  a  states- 
man, but  ho  occu]Vicd  a  coiisi)icuous 
rank  as  a  man  of  learninir.  His  national 
services  were  of  the  liiLrhcst  importance, 
and  the  Erie  ciuial  especially,  thouu'h 
the  honor  of  projecting  it  may  belong  to 
another,  will  remain  a  perpetual  monu- 


CLO] 


cvclop.t:dta  of  monrtAPiiY. 


299 


nient  ofthepnlriotism  and  pcr;;ovcr<ancc 
of  Clinton.— Sir  IIknkv,  an  English 
^'oiicral,  served  in  tlic  Hanoverian  war, 
imd  was  sent  to  America  in  1775,  witli 
tlie  nmk  of  major-ffcneral.  Ho  distin- 
o-nished  liini-self  at  tiie  liattle  of  Biuiker 
Hill,  evaenated  I'liiladelpliia  in  1778, 
and  took  Cliarlest  )ii  in  1780.  He  re- 
turned to  EnL'land  in  1782,  and  soon 
after  ]iublislicd  an  account  of  tlie  cani- 
i>aii,'n  in  1781-83,  which  Lord  Cornwal- 
lis  answered,  and  to  which  Sir  Henry 
made  a  reply.  Ho  was  governor  of 
(iibraltar  in  "l 705,  and  also  ineniber  for 
Newark,  and  d.  soon  after.  He  was  the 
author  of  •'Observations  on  Stedman's 
History  of  the  American  War." 

(JLITUS,  a  distinguished  Macedonian 
general,  who  saved  the  life  of  Alexander 
the  Great  at  the  battle  of  the  Granicus, 
but  who,  having  expostulated  with  his 
imperial  master  when  the  latter  was  in  a 
lit  of  intoxication,  was  slain  by  liim. 

CLIVE,  KoBEisT,  Eord  t'Ln'K,  and 
baron  Plassky,  was  b.  1725,  and  in  his 
llith  year  went  to  India  as  a  writer,  but 
soon  quitted  that  employment  for  the 
arm^•.  Heintr  intrusted  with  the  attack 
of  i)evieoltali,  a  fort  of  the  rajah  of 
Tanjore,  he  performed  this  important 
duty  so  well,  that  be  was  shortly  after- 
wards made  commissary.  The  French 
having  artfully  obtained  cdnsiderable 
teri'itory  in  the  ('arnatic,  Clire  advised 
that  an  attack  should  be  made  on  the 
city  of  Arcot,  which  being  intrusted  to 
liim,  a  complete  victory  ■was  obtained. 
This  unexpected  victory  drew  off  the 
French  from  Ti'ichinopoly,  wliicli  they 
were  then  besieging,  to  retake  Arcot, 
which  ('live  defended  in  such  a  manner 
that  they  were  compelled  to  raise  the 
sictre.  This  was  followed  by  a  scries  of 
victories ;  and  in  1753  he  embarked  for 
l']ngland,  where  he  received  a  valuable 
])resent  from  the  East  India  Company, 
and  was  raised  to  the  rank  of  lieutenant- 
colonel  in  the  king's  service.  After  a 
short  stay  in  England  t"or  the  benefit  of 
his  health,  ho  returned  to  India,  and 
was  shortly  called  upon  to  march  to  ('al- 
cutta,  of  which  the  nabob  Surajali  Dow- 
lah  had  taken  ))ossession.  He  was  again 
successful,  and  iiercciving  that  there 
could  be  no  permanent  peace  obtained 
until  the  nabob  was  dethroned,  he  made 
the  necessary  arriitigcments,  and  in  the 
i'amous  luittle  of  I'lassey,  put  the  nabob 
completely  to  the  rout,  and  established 
the  power  of  the  English  more  firmly 
than  it  had  ever  before  been.  As  gov- 
ernor of  Calcutta,  Lord  Clivc  performed 
great  services,  both  civil  and  militai-y ; 


and  when  he  returned  to  Enirhmd  ho 
was  raised  to  the  first  peeratrc  by  tlic 
titles  which  stand  at  the  head  of  this 
article.  He  once  more  visited  India, 
but  was  called  upon  only  for  civil  meas- 
ures, which  he  took  with  his  usual 
sagacity.  In  17ii7  he  returned  to  En- 
irland,  iiaving  done  more  to  extend  the 
English  territory  and  consolidate  the 
English  power  in  India  than  any  other 
connnander.  But  the  large  W'Calth  he 
had  ac^iuired  during  his  long  and  ardu- 
ous services  exposed  him  to  an  accusa- 
tion in  the  house  of  commons  of  having 
abused  his  ])ower.  Tl  c  charge  fell  to 
the  ground,  but  it  had  .he  etteet  of  in- 
juring hi.s  mind  so  deeply  tnat  he  com- 
mitted suicide  in  1774. — Catiiaiuxe,  a 
celebrated  actress,  was  the  dautrhter  of 
an  Irish  gentleman  named  lluftar.  At 
an  early  age  she  gave  her  hand  to  Mr. 
Clivc.  a  barrister;  but  a  separation 
taking  place  between  them,  she  took 
tlie  stage  for  her  profession,  and  became 
a  very  great  favorite.  In  private  life  her 
wit  caused  lier  to  be  souelit  by  persons 
of  the  liiL'-hest  rank.    D.  1785.' 

CLOGTS,  JoHX  Baitist  de,  a  Prus- 
sian baron,  better  known  as  ANAcnAr,.«H 
Cloots,  one  of  the  wildest  and  most 
violent  actors  in  the  early  scenes  of  the 
French  revolution.  He  was  b.  at  Cleves, 
and  very  early  dissipated  the  greater 
portion  of  his  fortune.  In  1790,  being 
at  Paris,  he  presented  himself  at  the 
bar  of  the  national  assembly,  attended 
by  a  mimber  of  men  dressed  to  repre- 
sent various  foreign  nations  ;  and,  de- 
scribing himself  as  the  "  orator  of  the 
huinan  race,"  he  demanded  the  risjht  of 
confederation.  After  making  hitnself 
conspicuous  by  a  variety  of  projects,  he 
was  in  17'.>2  sent  to  the  national  conven- 
tion as  deputy  from  the  department  of 
the  Oise.  He  was  among  those  who 
voted  for  the  death  of  the  unfortunate 
Louis  XVI.,  but  becoming  an  object  of 
suspicion  to  Pobcspierre,  he  was  arrest- 
ed, and  LTuillotincd  in  1794. 

CLOSTEKMAX,  Jonx,  a  German 
portrait  painter.  He  was  employed  in 
Spain,  Italy,  and  England:  in  the  latter 
country  there  are  many  of  his  works ; 
among  them  the  great  picture  of  Queen 
Anne,  in  Guildhall,  Lon.lon.     I).  1713. 

CLOVIS,  the  first  Ciiristian  kinir  of 
France.  From  a  comparatively  petty 
tract  he  extended  his  rule  tiir  and  wide, 
partly  by  force  of  arms  and  partly  by 
his  marriage  with  Clotilda,  dauL'hter  of 
Childcric,  the  deceased  king  of  the  Bur- 
gundinns.  Having  conquered  the  petty 
independent  staites  of  Gaul,  lie  added 


300 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[cob 


them  to  liis  dominions,  and  established 
tlie  capital  of  his  kingdom  at  I'uris, 
■where  lie  d.  in  511. 

CLOWES,  JoHX,  an  EnKlish  divine, 
rector  of  the  church  of  .St.  John  at  Man- 
clicpter.  Embracing'  the  doctrines  of 
Swcdenbort:,  lie  published  translations 
of  a  large  portion  of  his  theological  wri- 
tinirs,  and  nianv  works  in  agreement 
whh  them.    E.  1743;  d.  1831. 

CLUBIJE,  Jonx,  an  English  divine, 
author  of  a  satirical  tract,  entitled  "The 
History  and  Antiquities  of  Wheatfield," 
intended  as  a  satire  on  conjectural  ety- 
mologists ;  "  A  Letter  of  Advice  to  a 
Young  Clergyman,"  &e.  D.  1773. — 
William,  son  of  the  above,  vicar  of 
Brandeston,  in  Suffolk ;  translator  of 
Horace's  "  Art  of  Poetry,"  and  of  six 
of  the  satires  of  that  poet,  and  author 
of  three  Ivrio  odes,  &c.     D.  1814. 

CLUTTERBUCK,  Egbert,  an  English 
antiquary  and  topographer,  was  a  native 
of  lierttordshirc,  and  having  an  inde- 
pendent fortune,  devoted  his  time_  to 
seientitic  and  literary  pursuits.  Having 
collected  materials  for  a  new  edition  of 
Chauncey's  "  History  of  Hertfordshire," 
he  changed  his  plan,  and  produced  a 
new  work  instead  of  re-editing  the  old 
one.    D.  1S31. 

CLUVIER,  Philip,  a  Dutch  soldier 
and  scholar,  author  of  "  Germania  An- 
tiqua,"  "  Sicilia  Antiqua,"  "  Italia  An- 
tiqua,"  &c.  He  is  said  to  have  under- 
stood and  spoken  with  fluency  no  fewer 
than  nine  languages.    D.  1623. 

CLYMER,  George,  a  patriot  of  the 
American  revolution,  and  one  of  the 
signers  of  the  declaration  of  independ- 
ence. He  was  educated  a  merchant. 
In  1775  he  was  one  of  the  first  conti- 
nental treasurers.  In  1780  he  co-oper- 
ated with  Robert  Morris  in  the  estal> 
lishment  of  a  bank  for  the  relief  of  the 
country.  He  was  a  member  of  congress 
under  "the  present  constitution.  In 
1791  he  was  placed  at  tlie  head  of  the 
excise  department  in  Pennsylvania.  In 
1796  he  was  sent  to  Georgia  to  negotiate, 
togetiier  with  Hawkins  and  Pickens,  a 
treaty  with  the  Cherokee  and  Creek 
Indians.  He  was  afterwards  president 
of  the  Pliiladelphia  bank,  and  of  the 
academy  of  fine  arts.  1).  1813,  aged  73. 
COBB,  Samuel,  an  ingenious  poet, 
educated  at  Christ's  hospital,  of  which 
he  afterwards  became  master.  He  was 
of  Trinity  college,  Cambridtre.  D.  at 
London,  "l713.  He  wroti;  observations 
on  Virgil,  and  a  collection  of  poems. 
He  also  assisted  Rowc  in  his  "Calli- 
psedia."    and  Ozcll   in   his    "Boileau's 


Lutriu."  —  Ebenezer,  remarkable  for 
longevity,  was  b.  in  I'lymouth,  Mass., 
March  22,  1694,  and  was  ten  years  co- 
temporary  with  Peregrine  White,  of 
Marshfield,  the  first  son  of  New  En- 
gland, who  was  born  on  board  the  May- 
flower in  Cape  Cod  harbor  in  Nov.,  1620. 
D.  at  Kingston,  Dec.  8,  1803,  aged  107 
years. — James,  secretary  to  the  East  In- 
dia Company,  author  of  "  The  Siege  of 
Belgrade,"  ''  The  Haunted  Tower,"  and 
other  dramatic  pieces.     D.  1818. 

COBBETT,  William,  was  b.  in  the 
parish  of  Farnham,  Surrey,  1762,  and 
brought  up  from  his  earliest  years  on 
his  fathers  farm.  An  accident  —  the 
mere  sight  of  the  stage-coach  on  its 
journeyto  London  while  he  was  going 
to  Guildford  fair  —  led  him  suddenly  to 
quit  his  homo  and  rustic  pursuits,  in 
order  to  seek  his  fortune  in  a  wider 
sphere.  His  first  employment,  unfitted 
as  he  was  for  it  by  nature  and  hal)it, 
was  that  of  an  "  under-strapping  quill- 
driver"  in  Gray's  Inn.  After  nine 
months'  drudgery  he  enlisted  as  a  sol- 
dier, and  he  was  sent  to  the  depot  at 
Chatham,  where  he  remained  about  a 
year,  attending  closely  to  his  duty,  but 
applying  every  leisure  moment  to  the 
improvement  of  his  mind.  The  regi- 
ment at  length  sailed  for  Nova  Scotia, 
and  was  then  ordered  to  St.  John's,  New 
Brunswick,  where  he  soon  attracted  the 
notice  of  his  superiors  by  his  industry, 
regularity,  and  habitual  temperance ; 
and  was 'rewarded  by  being  appointed 
sergeant-major  of  the  regiment.  After 
seven  years'  service,  the  regiment  re- 
turned to  England;  and  Sergeant-major 
Cobbctt  solicited  and  received  his  dis- 
charge. But  seeing  that  a  war  with  En- 
gland was  inevitable,  he  embarked  for 
America,  where,  under  the  sobriquet  of 
Peter  Porcupine,  he  quickh'  bcgan_  to 
exercise  his  talents  by  the  publication 
of  his  "Observations"  and  other  polit- 
ical pamphlets,  opposed  to  the  preva 
lence  of  French  principles.  But  he 
found  it  necessary  to  quit  America; 
and,  on  his  return  to  England,  com- 
menced a  daily  paper  called  the  "  Por- 
cupine," in  which  at  first  he  strenuously 
supported  the  government.  He  then 
began  a  publication  styled  "  The  Weekly 
Register,"  which  contained  various 
articles  which  were  severely  denomi- 
nated libels,  and  he  was  arrested,  fined, 
and  imprisoned.  From  this  period  a 
gradual  change  may  be  discovered  in 
the  tone  of  (.'ohV>ett's  political  disquisi- 
tions, and  ere  long  he  was  looked  upon 
as  the  leader  of  the  radical  reformers. 


coc] 


CYCL0PJ2DIA    OF    BIOGRAPilV, 


;ioi 


111  1S03  bo  agiiiii  attracted  the  notice  of 
Sir  Viciiry  Gibb.s,  at  that  time  liis  maj- 
esty's attoriipy-gcnaral.  The  libel  re- 
lated to  the  lloirjriiii;  of  some  men  in  the 
local  militia,  at  Ely,  iu  Cambridgeshire ; 
he  was  found  guilty,  sentenced  to  two 
years'  imprisonment  in  Newg-ate,  to  pay 
a  fine  of  £1000  to  the  king,  and  at  the 
expiration  of  the  two  years  to  give  se- 
curity for  his  good  behavior  for  seven 
years,  himself  in  £300,  and  two  securi- 
ties in  £100  each.  This  severe  sentence 
Cobbett  never  forgot  or  I'orgave.  Ko 
sooner  was  he  liberated  than  lie  showed 
his  enemies  that  his  active  mind  had 
received  a  fresh  stinmlus  ;  he  reduced 
his  "Kegister"  to  2d.,  wherel)y  its  sale 
was  inunensely  increased,  and  he  sought 
for  every  possible  means  of  annoying 
those  who  had  persecuted  him.  At 
length  the  arbitrary  "Six  Acts''  were 
passed ;  and  as  he  'firmly  believed  they 
were  passed  for  the  express  purpose  of 
silencing  him,  (particularly  the  Power 
of  Imprisonment  Act,)  he  instantly  took 
his  dr[>artare  for  America,  and  settled 
in  Long  Island  ;  from  which  spot  his 
future  "Kegisters"  were  dated,  till  his 
return  to  England,  in  1819,  after  that 
act  was  repealed.  Cobbett  announced, 
on  his  arrival  at  Liverpool,  that  he  had 
brought  with  him  the  bones  of  the  cele- 
brated republican,  Tom  I'aine.  In  18-32 
he  was  chosen  a  member  of  parliament. 
His  writings  are  numerous,  spirited,  and 
valuable.  "  D.  1S35. 

COBENTZEL,  Charles,  count  de,  an 
eminent  statesman.  He  was  a  native  of 
Lavbaeh,  and  at  an  early  ago  cominen- 
cod  his  public  career.  During  the  trou- 
bles iu  the  reign  of  Maria  Theresa,  his 
services  gave  so  mucli  satisfaction,  that 
in  17o3  he  was  placed  at  the  head  of  af- 
fairs in  the  Austrian  Netherlands.  In 
this  important  situation  he  showed  great 
respect  for  literature  and  the  arts,  and 
several  useful  reformations  were  carried 
into  etfect  by  him.  Among  his  other 
services  was  that  of  founding  the  Acad- 
emy of  Sciences  at  Brussels.  D.  1770. 
— l.ouis,  count  de,  sou  of  the  above, 
and,  like  him,  a  diplomatist.  At  the 
early  age  of  27  he  was  intrusted  with 
a  mission  to  Catharine  II.  of  Kussia,  and 
his  gallantry  and  compliance  with  her 
taste  for  theatricals  made  him  a  great 
favorite  with  her.  From  179o  he  was 
concerned  in  many  of  the  important  ne- 
gotiations between  Austria  and  other 
powers,  until  the  treaty  of  Luneville,  in 
1801.  That,  treaty  restoring  peace  be- 
tween Austria  and  France,  he  was  sliort- 
Iv  afterwards  made  minister  of  state  for 
26 


foreign  affairs  at  Vienna.  In  ISO")  ha 
was  dismissed  from  this  oflice,  and  he  d. 
in  180'J. — Joii.v  riiiLip,  count  de,  a 
cousin  of  the  last  named,  and  also  a 
diplomatist.  Being  sent  to  Brabant  to 
treat  with  the  Netherlauders,  who  re- 
sisted some  edicts  of  the  emperor  which 
they  considered  oppressive,  they  refused 
to  receive  him,  and  the  edicts  were  in 
consequence  revoked.  This  failure  pre- 
vented him  from  l)cing  emi)loyed  again 
during  the  following  10  years;  but  at 
length,  in  ISOl,  he  was  sent  ambassador 
to  i'aris.     I).  1810. 

COBURG,  Fbeuekic  Josias,  duke  of 
Saxe-Coburg,  an  Austrian  field-marshal, 
was  b.  17u7.  In  1780  he  commanded  the 
imperial  army  on  the  Danube,  and,  in 
connection  with  the  Kussian  general, 
SuwarrotT,  defeated  the  Turks,  and  con- 
quered Bucharest.  In  1793  he  deteated 
the  French  at  Neerwinden,  expelled 
them  from  the  Xetherlands,  and  invaded 
France,  taking  Valenciennes,  Cambray, 
and  other  places;  but  when  the  English 
army,  under  the  duke  of  York,  separa- 
ted "from  him,  he  sustained  several  de- 
feats, retreated  across  the  Ehine,  and 
resigned  his  command.     D.  1815. 

COCCEIUS,  John,  a  Dutch  scholar  of 
the  17th  century,  professor  of  theology 
at  Leyden.  He  taught  that  the  ()ld 
Testament  was  merely  a  type  of  the 
Kew ;  and  the  book  of  Eevelations  being 
a  principal  object  of  his  attention,  he 
warmly  asserted  the  doctrine  of  the 
Millennium.  His  followers  formed  a 
rather  numerous  sect,  called  Cocecians. 
Besides  10  folio  volumes  of  writings  on 
divinity,  which  he  published  during  his 
life,  he  left  a  work,  not  printed  till  many 
years  after  his  death,  entitled  "  Opera, 
Anecdotica  Theologica  et  Philologica."' 
B.  1G03;  d.  1G69.— IIenrv,  an  eminent 
Dutch  civilian  ;  author  of  "  Proilroinus 
Justitire  Gentium,"  "Theses,"  &c.  lie 
was  raised  to  the  dignity  of  a  baron  of 
the  empire  in  1713,  and  d.  1719. — Sam- 
uel, son  of  the  last  named,  and  succes- 
sor to  his  title.  He  became  grand  chan- 
cellor of  Prussia,  under  Frederic  the 
Great,  and  was  a  chief  author  of  the 
Frederickiau  code.  He  also  published 
a  valuable  edition  of  Grotius,  "De  Jure 
Belli  ft  I'acis."     I).  175.1. 

COCHIN,  CiiAULEs  Nicholas,  an  emi- 
nent French  engraver  and  writer  of  the 
18th  century;  author  of  "Travels  in 
Italy,"  "  Letters  on  the  Pictures  of 
Ilerculancum,"  "  I)issertation  en  the 
Ellect  of  Light  and  Shade,"  &c«^  His 
plates  nr(\  numerous  and  well-executed. 

COCHLJi^US,  JoH.v,  an  able  hut  bit- 


J03 


CVCLOr.EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY, 


[cod 


ter  opponent  of  Luther,  Calvin,  and 
otlier  rotbnncrs,  bnt  more  especially  of 
the  first  named,  whom  he  censured  with 
great  asperity  in  his  work,  "  De  Actis  et 
bcriptis  Lutheri."  He  published,  be- 
sides this  work,  a  very  curious  "  Histo- 
ry of  the  Hussites,"  and  he  maintained 
a  fierce  controversy  with  Dr.  Morrison, 
an  Enslish  eler<rynian,  on  the  subject  of 
the  niarriatre  of  Henry  Vlll.  and  Anne 
Bolevn.     1).  ir.52. 

COCHRAN,  William,  a  Scotch  ar- 
tist of  considerable  talent  and  reputa- 
tion. After  studyinjr  at  Rome,  he  settled 
at  Glasffow,  wliere  his  abilities  were  so 
well  appreciated,  that  he  realized  a  re- 
spectable fortune.  Of  his  historical 
pieces,  "  Endyniion"  and  "Daedalus" 
are  lield  in  high  estimation.  B.  173S  : 
d.  17*.^. 

COCHRANE,  AucniBALD,  earl  of 
Dundonald,  b.  174y.  He  became  a  cor- 
net of  tirafroons,  but  exchanged  from  the 
army  to  the  navy,  and  had  'risen  to  the 
rank  of  lieutenant  wlien  he  succeeded 
to  the  earldom.  He  then  devoted  him- 
self entirely  to  scientific  pursuits,  with 
the  intent  of  making  improvements  in 
the  commerce  and  manufactures  of  tlie 
kingdom.  Among  tlie  numerous  works 
published  by  him  in  the  prosecution  of 
this  patriotic  intention,  were  "  Tlie 
Principles  of  Chemistry  applied  to  the 
Improvement  of  Agriculture,"  "  An  Ac- 
count of  the  Qualities  and  Uses  of  Coal 
Tar  and  Coal  Varnish,"  &c.  He  made 
many  useful  discoveries,  for  some  of 
wliich  lie  obtained  patents ;  but  unfor- 
tunately, though  he  did  good  service  to 
his  country,  he  was  so  far  from  enrich- 
ing liimself,  that  he  was  at  one  time 
actually  obliged  to  receive  aid  from  the 
Literary  P'und.  D.  1831. — .John  Dun- 
D.V.S,  nephew  of  the  above,  an  English 
naval  onicer.  On  retiring  from  the  na- 
val service,  he  travelled  on  foot  through 
France,  Spain,  and  Portugal ;  and  then 
throuirh  tlie  liussian  empire  to  Kam- 
sehatka.  Of  this  latter  journey  he  pub- 
lished an  account  in  two  volumes,  which 
contain  much  curious  information.  He 
was  about  to  travel  on  foot  across  South 
America,  when  he  d.  at  Valentia,  in  Co- 
lumbia, lf?25. 

COCKBURN,  Catiiarixe,  an  English 
anthoress.  Tliough  almost  self-educa- 
ted, sjie  began  to  publish  at  the  early 
age  of  17,  her  first  pruduetion  being  a 
trairedy,  entitled  "  Airnes  de  Castro." 
In  two  years  more  she  produced  another 
triigedy,  entitled  "  Fatal  Eriendship," 
which  was  received  with  much  approoa- 
tion    at  the  theatre  in  Lincoln's  Inn 


Fields.  Besides  these,  and  a  tragedy, 
entitled  "  The  Revolution  of  Sweden," 
she  published  some  poems,  a  "  History 
of  the  Works  of  the  Learned,"  "  Vindi- 
cations of  the  Philosophy  of  Locke," 
and  several  metaphysical  treatises.  B. 
1G79;  d.  174'.». 

COCKER,  Edward,  an  English  pen- 
man and  arithmetician  ;  whose  fame  as  a 
computist  was  formerly  held  in  such  re- 
pute, that  "  according  "to  Cocker"  is  still 
used  as  an  arithmetical  proverb.  D. 
1677. 

COCLES,  PuBLius  HoRATirs,  a  valiant 
Roman.  He  was  a  descendant  of  the 
Horatii,  and  proved  himself  worthy  of 
his  line.  When  Porsenna,  king  of  the 
Etruscans,  had  pursued  the  Romans  to 
the  wooden  bridge  over  the  Tiber,  Co- 
des and  two  companions  l)oldIy  with- 
stood the  enemy  unt  the  Romans  had 
crossed  the  bridge.  His  two  compan- 
ions then  retired,  bi  t  Codes  remained 
until  the  bridge  was  broken  down  be- 
hind him,  and  then  plunged  into  the 
river,  and  swam  to  the  city. 

CODDINGTON,  William,  the  father 
of  Rhode  Island,  was  a  native  of  Lin- 
colnshire, England.  He  came  to  this 
country  as  an  assistant,  or  one  of  the 
magistrates  of  Mass.  and  arrived  at  Sa- 
lem in  the  Asbella,  1630.  He  removed 
to  Rhode  Island,  1638,  and  was  the  prin- 
cipal instrument  in  effecting  the  origi- 
nal settlement  of  that  place.  After  va- 
rious vioionary  projects,  something  like 
a  regular  plan  ot  government  was  adopt- 
ed, and  Mr.  Coddington  chosen  govern- 
or, and  continued  in  that  office  until 
the  charter  was  obtained,  and  the  island 
was  incorporated  in  Providence  planta- 
tions. In  1647  he  assisted  in  forming 
the  body  of  laws,  which  has  been  the 
basis  of  the  government  of  Rhode  Island 
ever  since.  In  1648  he  was  elected  gov- 
ernor, but  declined  the  office.  In  1651 
he  went  to  England  and  was  commis- 
sioned governor  of  Aqnetneeh  island, 
separate  from  the  rest  of  the  colony ; 
but  as  the  people  were  jealous  lest  his 
commission  should  affect  their  laws,  he 
resigned  it.  He  was  governor  in  the 
years  1674  and  1675.     D.  1678,  aged  77. 

CODRINGTON,  Christopher,  a  na- 
tive of  Barbadoes,  was  educated  at  All 
Saints  college,  Oxford  ;  to  which  he  be- 
queathed tiie  sum  of  £10,000  for  the 
erection  of  a  library,  leaving  liis  AVest 
Indian  estates  to  the  Society  for  the  Pro- 
pagation of  tlie  Gospel.  As  an  author, 
this  munificent  gentleman  is  only  known 
by  some  verses  addressed  to  Garth,  on 
the  publication  of  his  "  Dispensary," 


COK  I 


CYCI.OP.F.ni.V    OF    niOfiRAPUV. 


803 


and  bv  somo  Latin  poems  in  the  "Mu- 
sa'  Ani;liL-ana\"     15.  Uii;y  ;  d.  1710. 

CUDKL'S,  tlio  ITtli  and  last  kiui;:  of 
AUien.s.  Disffuised  as  a  common  per- 
son, he  rushed  into  the  midst  of  tlie 
army  of  tl\o  lleraclidaj,  and  was  shiin;  a 
sacridce  he  was  led  to  make  by  the  ora- 
cle having  pronoiuiecd  tiiat  the  leader 
of  tlie  conquering  party  must  fall.  At 
his  death,  tlie  Athenians  deeming  no  one 
worthy  to  be  worthy  to  be  the  successor 
of  their  patriotic  monarch,  established  a 
repviblic. 

COEIjLO,  Aloxzo  Sanchez,  an  emi- 
nent painti^r,  a  native  of  I'ortugal,  wliose 
works  obtained  for  him  the  appellation 
of  the  Portuguese  Titian.  B.  1515 ;  d. 
1710. 

COEN,  John  Peterson,  governor  of 
the  Dutch  settlements  in  the  East  In- 
dies, and  founder  of  the  eitv  of  Batavia. 
lie  went  to  India  as  a  mercfiant,  and  in 
l(il7  succeeded  to  tlic  governorship  of 
Bantam,  when  in  1619  he  removed  to 
the  new  factory  he  had  founded.  After 
passing  a  short  time  in  Europe,  he,  in 
1027,  returned  to  Batavia,  and  bravely 
defended  that  place  against  the  emperor 
of  Java.  So  many  men  perished  in  this 
memorable  contest,  that  their  bodies 
produced  a  pestilence,  of  which  Coen  d., 
1629. 

COEUR,  James,  a  French  merchant  of 
the  15th  century.  His  trade  surpassed 
that  of  any  other  individual  in  Europe  ; 
and  he  is  said  to  have  had  'Son  agents  in 
the  Mediterranean,  lie  lent  Charles  VII. 
an  immense  sum,  to  enable  him  to  con- 
quer Norn^andy,  which  was  never  re- 
paid; for  being  falsely  accused  of  pec- 
ulation, and  of  poisoning  the  king's 
mistress,  he  was  so  disgusted,  that,  on 
getting  his  release,  he  went  into  volun- 
tiiry  exile.     D.  1456. 

Coffey,  Chaules,  a  poet  and  dram- 
atist ;  author  of  "  The  Devil  to  Pay," 
&c.,  and  editor  of  an  edition  of  the 
works  of  Drayton.  He  was  deformed 
in  person,  and  performed  the  part  of 
yEsop  for  his  own  benefit.     D.  17-15. 

COGAN,  Thomas,  an  English  phy- 
sician, b.  in  Somersetshire.  In  1574  he 
was  chosen  master  of  the  school  at  Man- 
chester, wliere  he  also  practised  in  his 
Iiroper  profession.  Ho  wrote  the  "  Ha- 
ven of  Health,"  "A  Preservative  from 
the  Pestilence,"  and  an  "  Epitome  of 
Cicero's  Epistles."  D.  1607. — Thomas, 
n  physician,  b.  at  Kibworth,  Leicester- 
slnre,  17o6 ;  who,  in  conjunction  with 
Dr.  Ilawes,  lounded  the"  Humane  So- 
ciety. He  translated  the  works  of  Cam- 
per," and  was  the  author  of  "A  Philo- 


sophical Treatise  on  the  Passions," 
"  Theoloirical  Disquisitions,"  «fcc.  D. 
181!^. 

COGSWELL,  WiixiAM,  an  eminent 
divine  and  writer  of  New  Hampshire, 
secretary  of  the  Education  Society,  and 
at  first  "a  professor  at  Dartmouth,  and 
then  president  of  the  Gilmantic  Theo- 
logical Seminary.    B.  178S  ;  d.  18.50. 

COHAUSEN,  John  Henut,  a  German 
physician.  He  wrote  a  curious  work, 
nistrueting  his  readers  how  to  live  to 
115  years  of  age;  it  was  translated  into 
English  by  Dr.  Campbell,  under  the 
title  of  "  I'lcrmippus  Kedivivus,  or  the 
Sage's  Triumpli  over  (Jld  Age  and  the 
Grave."     D.  in  his  85th  year,  1750. 

COHOEN,  Menno,  Baron,  a  celebrated 
Dutch  engineer,  who,  after  distinguish- 
ing himself  as  a  military  officer  on  many 
important  sieges  and  battles,  Ibrtified 
Nanuir,  Bergen-op-Zoom,  and  other 
towns.  He  was  the  author  of  a  "  Trea- 
tise on  Fortification."     D.  1704. 

COKAYNE,  Sir  Aston,  a  poet  and 
dramatist  of  the  17th  century.  A  col- 
lection of  his  plays  and  poems  was 
printed  in  1658.     1).  1634. 

COKE,  Sir  Edward,  a  celebrated  En- 
glish .iudge  and  law  writer,  b.  at  Mile- 
ham,  Nortblk,  1549,  He  pleaded  his  first 
cause  in  1578;  and  having  married  a  sis- 
ter of  the  minister  Burleigh,  he  possessed 
considerable  political  inliuence.  In  1592 
lie  had  obtained  a  high  reputation,  and 
was  appointed  solicitor-general ;  and  in 
1600,  being  then  attorney-general,  he 
prosecuted  the  earl  of  Essex ;  and  the 
asperity  with  which  he  conducted  him- 
self to  that  nobleman  amounted  to  very 
little  less  than  brutality.  In  1603  hd 
was  knighted;  and  we  find  him  prose- 
cuting >^ir  Walter  Ealeigh,  and  l)ehaving 
to  him  as  unfeelinglvas"he  had  formerly 
behaved  to  Essex,  "in  1606  he  was  made 
chief  justice  of  the  common  pleas;  and 
in  1613  he  was  sworn  of  the  privy  coun- 
cil, and  removed  to  the  court  of  King's 
Bench.  His  activity  in  the  case  of  Sir 
Thomas  Overbury's  murder  made  him 
many  enemies ;  and  his  opposition  to 
the  king  and  Chancellor  Egerton  caused 
liim  to  be  removed  from  office  in  1616. 
Having  vainly  endeavored  to  get  into 
favor  with  the  court,  he  in  1621  joined 
the  popular  party,  and  was  committed, 
though  only  for  a  short  time,  to  the 
Tower.  In  1028  ho  represented  the 
county  of  Buckingham  in  parliament, 
and  distinguished  himself  by  his  zeal 
against  the  duke  of  Buckingham.  In 
mere  legal  knowledge  he  has  never  per- 
haps been  equalled ;  but  for  the  nobler 


304 


CYCLOP.tDT.\    OF    EIOGKAPHY. 


[col 


qualities  of  his  niiucl  wo  may  sock  in 
vaiu.  His  "  Oonimcntarv  on  Littleton" 
and  Lis  "llcports"'  are  mvaluable.  D. 
1634. 

COLBERT,  John  Baptist,  marqnis  of 
Seguclai,  a  colcbratcd  French  statesman, 
to  whose  talents,  activity,  and  enlarged 
views  France  owes  niueli  of  its  financial 
and  eommercial  prosperity,  was  de- 
scended from  a  Scottisli  lamily,  but  b. 
at  Khcims,  liilO,  where  his  father  was 
a  wine  merchant.  In  1G4S  he  became 
clerk  to  the  secretary  of  state,  Lc  Tellier, 
whose  daufrhter  he  married ;  and  his 
conduct  in  this  situation  recommended 
him  to  the  king  as  intendant  of  finances. 
Subsequently  he  became  superintendent 
of  buildings,' secretary  of  state,  and  min- 
ister of  the  marine ;  and  in  every  ca- 
pacity he  acted  so  as  to  merit  the  love 
of  Ills  countrymen,  and  obtain  the  ap- 
probation of  his  king.  To  literature  and 
the  arts  he  constantly  gave  encourage- 
ment ;  he  instituted  the  Academy  of 
Sciences,  and  that  of  sculpture  and  paint- 
ing ;  and  it  was  at  his  reconnnendation 
that  the  royal  observatory  was  erected. 
To  him,  too,  Paris  owed  the  erection  of 
many  elegant  buildings  ;  and,  if  a  less 
brilliant  minister  than  some  of  his  pre- 
decessors, he  certainly  conferred  more 
substantial  benefits  upon  his  country 
than  most  of  them.  D.  1683.— John 
Baptist,  marquis  of  Torcy,  son  of  the 
preceding.  lie  filled,  successively,  the 
offices  of  secretary  of  state  for  the  foreign 
department  and 'director-general  of  the 
posts;  and  wrote  "Memoirs  of  the  Ne- 
gotiations from  the  Treaty  of  Ryswick 
to  the  Peace  of  Utrecht."  B.  1665;  d. 
1746. 

COLBURX,  Zera,  an  arithmetical 
prodigy,  b.  at  Cabot,  Vt.,  1804.  His 
powers  of  mental  calculation,  displayed 
at  an  early  age,  made  him  famous  both 
in  this  country  and  in  Enirland.  He 
could  solve  the  most  diflficult  problems 
almost  instantaneously.  "While  in  En- 
gland he  studied  under  Charles  Kemble 
for  the  stage,  but  the  experiment  was  a 
failure.  lie  subsequently  became  a 
teacher  of  a  school  at  Fairfield,  N.  Y., 
and  afterwards  a  Methodist  preacher. 
D.  1840. 

COLCHESTER,  CiiART.ES  Abbot,  Lord, 
•was  b.  at  Abingdon,  Berks,  17-57 ;  and 
liaving  received  the  nwUments  of  his 
education  at  Westminster  school,  was 
entered  of  Christ-church,  Oxford,  in 
177.5.  After  spending  some  time  abroad, 
be  was  called  to  the  bar,  and  practised 
with  every  prosj'cct  of  becaming  a  popu- 
lar  advocate-     Ilia    forensic    pursuits, 


however,  were  but  of  short  continuance, 
for  on  entering  parliament  for  lielston 
he  was  speedily  noticed  for  his  talent 
and  business-like  habits,  and  on  the 
formation  of  the  Addington  ministry  he 
was  appointed  secretary  for  Ireland,  and 
keeper  of  the  privy  seal.  He  now  com- 
menced some  useful  reforms  in  Ireland, 
but  before  he  could  complete  them  he 
was  elected  speaker  of  the  house  of 
commons.  In  1817  an  attack  of  erysipe- 
las obliged  him  to  resign  the  otfiee  of 
.'•peakcr ;  on  which  occasion  he  was  called 
to  the  upper  house  by  the  title  of  Baron 
Colchester,  with  a  pe'nsion  of  £4000  per 
annum.     I).  1829. 

COLDEN,  Cadwallader,  was  b.  in 
Dunse,  Scotland,  1688.  After  studying 
at  the  university  of  Edinburgh,  he  turned 
his  attention  to  medicine  and  mathe- 
matical science  until  the  year  1708,  when 
he  emigrated  to  Pennsylvania,  and  prac- 
tised physic  with  much  reputation  till 
1715.  In  1718  he  went  to  the  city  of 
New  York,  and  relinquishing  the  practice 
of  physic,  turned  his  attention  to  public 
atfairs,  and  became  successively  sur- 
veyor-general of  the  province,  master 
in  chancery,  memlier  of  the  council,  and 
lieutenant-governor.  His  political  char- 
acter was  rendered  very  conspicuous  by 
the  firmness  of  his  conduct  during  the 
violent  commotions  which  preceded  the 
revolution.  His  productions  were  nu- 
merous, consisting  of  botanical  and 
medical  essays.  His  descriptions  of 
between  three  and  four  hundred  Ameri- 
can plants  were  printed  in  the  "  Acta 
Upsalicnsia."  He  also  published  the 
"  History  of  the  Five  Indian  Nations." 
D.  1775.  He  had  three  sons,  Cadwalla- 
der,  David,  and  Alexander,  all  of  whom 
acquired  more  or  less  local  distinction 
in  and  about  New  York. — David,  tiie 
youngest,  excelled  in  mathematics  and 
natural  philosophy,  and  was  a  corre- 
spondent of  Dr.  Franklin. — Cadwalla- 
DEK  D.,  son  of  David,  was  b.  on  Long 
Island,  1769.  He  practised  law  at 
Poughkeepsie,  till  he  came  to  New 
York,  1796.  He  was  there  made  dis- 
trict attorney,  and  acquired  the  highest 
rank  in  his'  profession.  He  was  mem- 
ber of  the  assembly  in  1818,  mayor  of 
the  city  after  De  Witt  Clinton,  in  1823, 
member  of  congress,  and  in  1824,  of  the 
state  senate.  He  was  an  active  pro- 
moter of  public  schools  and  all  other 
charitable  projects.     D.  1834. 

COLE,  Wili-iam,  an  English  herbalist. 
He  was  educated  at  Merton  college,  O.x- 
Ibrd,  and  became  secretary  to  Dr.  Duppa, 
bishop  of  Wincheetei .    His  works  ar% 


col] 


CVCLOlMiDIA    OK    jftOGKAHHY. 


.305 


"The  Art  of Simpling,"  and  "Adam  in 
Eclon,  or  Naturo'rt  raVatlise.''  1).  l''ii)-j. 
— TiiM.MAS,  one  ol'  thy  iiio>t  t-niiuciit 
AiiK-iieau  hiudscape  painters,  was  b.  in 
Knj,dand,  but  was  broiiglit  to  this  coun- 
try, wliere  his  parents  had  previously 
resided,  when  a  cliild.  Tliev  livoi,!  for 
a  liruo  at  Philadelphia,  ami  then  re- 
moved to  the  West.  His  father,  in  181S, 
esiablished  a  paper  factory  at  Steuben- 
ville,  Ohio,  where  young  Cole  took  his 
tirst  lessons  ia  drawing,  lie  was  ex- 
ceedingly fond  of  the  art,  and  passion- 
ately in  love  with  natural  scenery. 
About  ISiiO,  a  Mr.  Stein,  a.  travelling 
portrait  painter,  lent  him  an  English 
work  on  painting,  which  opened  and 
turned  his  mind  to  the  art.  He  pursued 
it  from  that  tiiue  with  indefatigable  in- 
dustry aiul  zeal.  Like  Goldsmith,  with 
HI)  eonifianion  but  liis  flute,  he  then 
began  to  wander  over  the  West  as  a 
portrait  painter.  He  met  at  first  with 
mditl'erent  success,  but  tiiudly  reached 
liie  city  of  rhiladelphia.  There  he  paint- 
ed some  transparencies  to  celebrate  the 
arrival  of  Lafayette,  which  enabled  him 
to  go  to  New  York,  whither  his  lather 
had  removed.  He  erected  his  easel  in 
the  family  garret,  where  lie  was  long 
without  a  patron,  till  Mr.  Ct.  W.  Bruen 
gave  him  a  small  commission,  and  he 
gradually  got  into  notice.  Mr.  Cole 
subsequently  went  to  Europe,  passed 
some  time  in  Italy,  and  on  his  return 
painted  those  splendid  serial  works,  the 
"  Course  of  Empire,"  the  '"Voyage  of 
Life,"  "  Past  and  Present,"  with  numer- 
ous laridscapcs,  which  have  made  his 
name  immortal.  The  latter  part  of  his 
existence  was  passed  at  Cattskill,  in  the 
jiroseeution  of  his  art.  D.  1847.  Mr. 
Uryant,  tlie  poet,  his  fritiud,   has  com- 


memorated his  genius  in  a^fci^i^nl  and 

appreciative  discourse,  deliveretFbcToro^^appeared  in  the  public  journals 

tlie  Academy  of  Desisfn  of  New  York. 

COLEBKOOKE,  Henry  Thomas,  an 
eminent  orientalist,  and  director  of  the 
Koyal  Asiatic  Society,  was  b.  1765,  and 
in  1782  was  ap})ointed  to  a  writership  in 
India.  Heing  sent  as  one  of  a  deputa- 
tion to  investigate  the  resources  of  a 
part  of  the  country,  it  led  to  his  publish- 
mg  "  Keniarks  on  the  Husbandry  and 
Commerce  of  Bengal;"  in  which  treatise 
liC  advocated  a  free  trade  between  Great 
Britain  and  her  eastern  possessions. 
Soon  after  this  he  began  tlie  study  of 
the  Sanscrit  language,  in  wiiich  lie  sub- 
sequently became  so  eminent.  The 
translation  of  the  groat  "'Digest  of 
Hindu  Law,"  which  had  been  compiled 
nader  Ihe  direction  of  Sir  W.  Jones, 


but  left  unfinished  at  his  death,  was 
conlidcd  to  Mr.  Colebrooke  ;  and  wiiilo 
engagei-1  ia  this  work,  he  was  api)ointcd 
to  a  judicial  situation  at  Mirzapore, 
where  he  completed  it  ia  17'JiJ.  His 
other  works  consist  of  a  "Dictionary 
of  the  Sanscrit  Lan<'uage,"  the  "Alge- 
bra of  the  Hindoos,"  and  various  trea- 
tises on  their  laws,  philosophy,  and 
arithmetic ;  besitles  numerous  coannuai- 
catioas  to  the  society  of  which  he  was 
director.     D.  18:37. 

COLERIDGE,  Samuel  Taylor,  eini- 
neat  as  a  poet,  essayist,  iind  moral  phi- 
losopher, was  b.  at  Bristol,  in  1770, 
where  he  received  the  rudiments  of  his 
education.  He  was  afterwards  sent  to 
Christ's  hospital,  London,  at  which 
establishment  he  made  great  progress 
ia  the  classics ;  aad  he  coaipleted  his 
studies  at  Jesus  college,  Caaibridge, 
wliere,  ia  1792,  he  obtained  the  gold 
medal  lor  the  best  Greek  ode.  It  ap- 
pe  irs  that  he  was  first  inspired  with  a 
taste  for  poetry  by  the  perusal  of  Lisle 
Bowles'  Sonnets:  and  his  intimacy  with 
such  men  as  Southey  aad  Wordsworth 
(which  coaanenced  ia  early  life)  was 
likely  to  produce  a  contreaiality  of  feel- 
iags  aad  lead  to  similar  results.  Tho 
chief  of  Mr.  Coleridge's  works  are, 
"Sibylliae  Leaves,"  a  collection  of 
poeais;  "  Biographia  Literaria,"  or  bio- 
graphical sketches  of  his  life  and  opin- 
ions;  "Aids  to  lietiection,  in  the  Form- 
ation of  a  Manly  Character,"  &e. ;  aad 
'"The  Friead,"  a  series  of  essays;  be- 
sides a  variety  of  aiiaor  poeias,  laaay 
of  which  are  replete  with  beautiful  ima- 
gery and  sublime  feeliag ;  aad  numerous 
treatises  and  essays  connected  with 
public  events  ia  the  moral  aad  ])olitlcal 
jy-orld,  some  of  which  were  published 
ia  a  separate  form,  but  the  major  part 
.ppeared  in  the  public  journals.  D.  at 
iii'digate,  1834.  His  "  Specimens  of 
Table  Talk,"  and  some  of  his  otlicr 
productions,  were  published  after  his 
death  by  his  nephew,  Henry  Nelsoa 
Coleridge,  who  distiaguished  hiiaself 
by  various  valuable  eoatributloas  to 
"  Knight's  Quarterly  Magazine"  and 
other  words,  aad  who  d.  a  victim  to 
rheumatism,  184:*. — Hartley,  one  of  the 
most  original  aad  pleasing  writers  of  the 
day,  son  of  the  above,  was  b.  17'.i7.  He 
was  the  author  of  many  miaor  poems 
of  great  merit,  of '"  Biographies  of  North- 
ern Worthies,"  and  an  extensive  con- 
tributor to  "'Blackwood's  Mairaziae." 
D.  1849. 

COLIGNI,  Gaspard  ue,  admiral  of 
France.    Ou  the  death,  of  Ueary  II.,  he 


300 


CYCLOP.EDfA  OF  BIOGRAPHY. 


[col 


became  cliief  of  the  Calvinist  party,  and 
the  most  ellifiont  of  its  leaders  ag-ainst 
the  Guises.  When  peace  was  tempo- 
rarily established  in  loTl,  he  appeared 
at  court,  and  was  received  wutli  eveiy 
appearance  of  cordiality.  But  at  the 
horrible  massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew, 
in  1572,  he  was  amouij  the  victims  of 
party  raixe ;  and  the  infamous  Catharine 
de  Medici  ordered  his  bead  to  be  sent  to 
the  pope. — Odet,  brother  of  the  above, 
archbishop  of  Toulouse,  was  deposed 
for  having  embraced  the  Protestant 
faith,  and  retired  to  England,  where  he 
was  poisoned  by  a  servant,  in  1571. — 
Hesriett.v,  countess  de  la  Suse ;  an 
ingenious  French  poetess,  whose  odes 
and  songs  are  printed  with  the  poems 
ofPelisson.     D.  1673. 

CULLADO,  Diego,  a  Spanish  Domin- 
ican, superintendent  of  the  convents  of 
the  Philippines;  author  of  a  Japanese 
dictionary,  and  a  treatise  on  the  Japan- 
ese arrammar.     D.  1638. 

COLLANGE,  Gabriel  de,  a  French 
writer;  author  of  "  Polygraphy,  or  Uni- 
versal Cabalistieal  Writing."  This  book, 
which  he  published  under  the  name  of 
J.  M.  Trithemius,  subjected  the  author 
to  the  charge  of  magic.  At  the  massa- 
cre of  St.  Bartholomew,  in  1572,  he  was 
mistaken  for  a  Protestant,  and  murdered 
— as  one  of  his  biographers  naively  says 
— "by  mistake." 

COLLEGE,  Stephen,  a  mechanic  of 
the  time  of  Charles  IL  lie  was  a  very 
zealous  supporter  of  Protestantism, 
whence  he  obtained  the  sobriquet  of 
the  "Protestant  joiner;"  and  probably 
it  was  on  this  account  that  some  inform- 
ers charL'ed  him  with  being  concerned 
in  a  jilot  against  tlie  king.  He  defended 
himself  with  spirit  and  ability,  but  was 
condemned  and  executed  in  1681. 

COLLEONE,  Bartholomew,  an  Ital- 
ian soldier  of  fortune,  b.  at  Bergamo,  in 
1400.  lie  served  at  first  under  De  Mon- 
tone,  and  then  in  the  army  of  Queen 
Joan  of  Naples.  Passing  into  the  ser- 
vice of  Venice,  he  totally  destroyed  the 
army  of  Xiciiolas  Pieeinino ;  but  being 
ill  rewarded,  he  left  the  Venetians,  and 
took  his  troops  to  tlie  aid  of  Philip  Vis- 
C'lnti.  lie  next  served  with  Francis 
Sforza,  and  gained  the  battle  of  Frascati 
over  the  French.  The  Venetians  now 
made  him  their  generalissimo,  and  when 
lie  d.,  in  1475,  the  senate  erected  a  statute 
to  his  memory. 

COLLI  EK,'j£RF,MiAn,  an  English  non- 
juring  divine  and  learned  writer,  b. 
i650.  At  the  revolution  he  refused  to 
take  the  oaths,  and  was  imprisoned  in 


Newgate  for  w'riting  in  favor  of  James  IT. 
He  attended  Sir  John  Friend  and  Sir 
William  Perkins,  when  they  were  exe- 
cuted for  the  "assassination  plot."  Two 
noujuring  clergymen  who  accompanied 
hiiu  on  this  occasion,  were  taken  up, 
but  Collii  r  escaped,  and  lay  hidden  un- 
til the  atfair  had  blown  over,  when  he 
acain  made  liis  appearance,  and  publish- 
ecl  "  Essays  on  Miscellaneous  Subjects." 
This  worli  obtained  him  considerable 
reputation ;  and  his  next  publication 
was  a  spirited  attaclc  upon  the  licen- 
tiousness of  the  stage.  lie  was,  as  a 
matter  of  course,  replied  to  by  many  of 
the  dramatic  writers  of  the  time.  He 
next  translated  and  continued  "  Moreri's 
Dictionary;"  and  his  reputation  had  riow 
so  much  increased,  that  Queen  Anne's 
government  ottered  him  valuable  church 
preferment,  which,  with  a  rare  consist- 
ency, he  steadily  declined.  His  remain- 
ing works  were,  an  "  Ecclesiastical  His- 
tory," brought  down  to  the  death  of 
Charles  II. ,  some  sermons,  pamphlets, 
and  a  translation  of  "Marcus  Antoni- 
nus."    1).  1726. 

COLLIN,  D'Harville,  Johx  Franols, 
a  French  advocate,  dramatist,  and  poet; 
author  of  "The  Inconstant,"  "  Le  Vieux 
Celebataire,"  and  various  other  dramas. 
B.  1750;  d.  1606. — Hexry  de,  a  German 
poet ;  author  of  six  tragedies,  some  frag- 
ments of  an  epic  poem,  entitled  "  The 
Kodolphiad,"  and  a  number  of  spirit- 
stirring  war  songs.    B.  1772  ;  d.  1811. 

COLLINGS,  tloHx,  a  nonconformist 
divine  ;  author  of  "  The  Weaver's  Pock- 
et Book,  or  Weaving  Spiritualized,"  and 
other  works  of  a  similar  class.  At  the 
restoration  he  was  one  of  the  Presbyte- 
rian divines  at  the  famous  Savoy  con- 
ference.    1)._^390. 

C()LL1,N.«^'00D,  Cotiibert,  Lord,  a 
tDeleLriiTcd  English  admiral,  was  b.  at 
Newcastle-upon-Tyne,  1748.  He  enter- 
ed the  navy  when  only  13  years  of  age, 
and  his  services  were  long,  arduous,  and 
valuable.  In  the  action  of  June  1, 175)4, 
he  was  flag-captain  to  Admiral  Bowyer 
on  board  the  Prince ;  and  at  the  battle 
of  Cape  St.  Vincent,  in  1797,  he  com- 
manded the  Excellent.  Having  attained 
the  rank  of  vice-admiral  of  the  blue,  and 
being  second  in  command  at  the  battle 
of  Trafalgar,  where  the  hero  of  England's 
navy  fell,  the  command  of  the  fleet 
devolved  upon  Admiral  Collingwood, 
whose  gallant  conduct  at  the  onset  had 
called  forth  an  exclamation  of  delight 
from  Nelson,  and  to  whose  skill  and 
judgment,  after  the  battle,  the  preserva- 
tion of  the  captured  vessels  was  chiefly 


COL 


CYCLOPEDIA    OK    BIOGKAPKV. 


307 


attributable.  For  this  and  liis  other  im- 
jiortant  surviees  lie  was  promoted  to  the 
runk  of  vioc-udiiiiral  ol'tlic  red,  and  ele- 
vated to  the  pecraije.  His  letters,  pub- 
lished since  his  death,  which  took  place 
in  IfilO,  show  hiui  to  have  possessed 
considerable  literary  ability.  —  Fkancis 
Edwaku,  a  captain  in  the  English  navy, 
was  a  midshipman  on  board  the  Victory, 
at  the  l)attle  of  Trafali^ar;  and  to  him  is 
ascribed  the  honor  of  beintr  the  avenger 
of  Nelson's  death,  having  shot  the 
Frenchman  in  the  maintop  of  the  Ke- 
doubtabie,  who  was  seen  to  take  delib- 
erate aim  at  the  English  hero  the  mo- 
ment licfore  he  fell.     D.  1S05. 

COLLINS,  Anthoxt,  a  deistical  con- 
troversialist, was  b.  at  Ileston,  Middle- 
sex, in  1070.  Among  his  works  are  "  A 
Discourse  on  Free  Thinking,''  "  A  Dis- 
course on  the  Grounds  and  Eeasons  of 
tlie  Christian  Keligion,"  •'  Priestcraft  in 
Perfection,"  etc.  lie  was  intimate  with 
Locke  a"d  other  great  men,  and  spent 
his  life  ii  literary  pursuits,  and  his  wri- 
tings exhibit  him  as  a  determined  foe  to 
(Christianity.  B.  lOTO;  d.  17-29. — Ar- 
Tnni,  a  celebrated  English  genealogist; 
author  of  an  EnufHsh  "Peerage"'  and 
"Baronetage;"'  lives  of  "Cecil,  Lord 
Burleigh,"  and  "Edward  the  Black 
Prince,"  &e.  lie  was  rescued  from 
jjoveriy  by  a  pension  of  £400  per  an- 
num, granted  to  him  by  George  II.  B. 
10S2;  d.  1700.— David,  grandson  of  the 
above,  a  distinguishcil  military  otheer, 
and  govi'rnor  of  Van  Dieman's  Land ; 
author  of  "A  History  of  Botany  Bay," 
which  is  written  in  a  very  unpretend- 
ing style,  and  abounds  with  interest- 
ing information.  D.  1810.  —  Fkancls, 
doctor  of  the  Ambrosian  college,  at 
Milan;  author  of  a  treatise,  "  De  Ani- 
niabus  Paganornm,"  &c.  I).  1640. — 
JoH.v,  an  able  mathematician  and  ac- 
countant. He  was  for  some  time  in  the 
naval  service  of  "Venice  against  the 
Turks ;  but  at  the  restoration  he  was 
appointed  to  the  otlice  of  accountant  to 
tlie  excise  otlice,  the  court  of  chancery, 
itc.  lie,  however,  found  time  to  eon- 
tribute  largely  to  the  transactions  of  the 
Koyal  Society ;  corresponded  with  Bar- 
row, Newton,  and  other  eminent  math- 
ematicians ;  and  wrote  various  mathe- 
matical works.  B.  1G24;  d.  168:5.— 
Wii.i.i.vM,  a  highly  gifted  but  ill-fated 
Enulisli  poet;  author  of  odes,  eclogues, 
(te.,  was  b.  1720,  at  Chichester.  In 
1774,  he  settled  himself  in  London,  but 
suffered  from  poverty  even  beyond  the 
common  lot  of  poets.  The  death  of  his 
uncle,  Colonel  Martin,  who  bequeathed 


him  a  legacy  of  £200,  raised  him  from 
this  abject  condition ;  but  his  health 
and  spirits  were  broken,  and  atU-r  lin- 
gering for  some  time  in  a  state  of  men- 
tal imbecility,  ho  d.  17  oG.  His  odes, 
whicli  when  published  were  utterly  dis- 
regarded, an*  unquestionably  among  the 
liist  procluctions  of  British  poesy :  and 
the  fate  of  their  author  is  an  indelible 
disgrace  to  the  pretended  patrons  of 
genius,  and  the  age  in  which  he  lived. 
—William,  an  artist  of  distinguished 
merit,  was  b.  in  London,  1787.  He  in- 
herited an  enthusiastic  admiration  for 
the  beauties  of  nature  from  both  his  pa- 
rents. His  father,  who  was  one  of  the 
first  picture  dealers  of  his  time,  was  a 
man  of  considerable  literary  attain- 
ments ;  and  his  friendship  with  Mor- 
land  the  painter,  early  led  to  his  son's 
initiation  into  the  mysteries  of  the  |3en- 
cil.  In  1807  he  becaiiie  a  student  ot  the 
Koyal  Academy,  and  having  prosecuted 
his  studies  with  great  zeal  and  success, 
he  was  chosen  an  associate  in  1814,  and 
elected  an  academician  in  1820.  Down 
to  the  year  1846  he  contributed  regularly 
to  every  exhibition,  displaying  the  ver- 
satility of  his  powers  by  most  elaborate 
productions  illustrative  of  history,  and 
by  fre([ucnt  revivals  of  those  more  do- 
mestic subjects  by  which  he  had  won 
his  early  fanie.  True  to  his  "  first  love," 
his  last  production,  "  Early  ilorning," 
was  an  En^rlish  sea-piece.     D.  1847. 

COLLINSON,  Peteu,  an  English  bot> 
anist,  was  b.  10'j4.  He  was  intimate 
with  Franklin  and  Linnrcus,  the  latter 
of  whom  gave  the  name  Collinsonia  to  a 
genus  of  plants.     D.  1768. 

COLLOT  D'HP:KB(:)IS,  Jean  M.vkie, 
a  French  actor  of  little  repute,  but  a 
fierce  rejiublican.  On  the  breaking  out 
of  the  revolution  he  became  a  conspicu- 
ous agitator,  and  was  the  iirst  who  voted 
for  the  abolition  of  royalty.  When  Ko- 
bespierre  was  falling  he  joined  in  im- 
peaching him,  while  las  treatment  of 
the  royalist  Lvoncse  obtained  him  the 
sobriquet  of  tfie  Tiffcr  Ho  wrote  some 
dramatic  pieces,  and  the  almanac  of 
Father  Gerard.  Being  transported  to 
Cayenne,  he  d.  1796. 

C0LLYP2R,  Joseph,  senior  associate 
engraver  of  the  Royal  Academy,  w.is  b. 
of  parents  who  were  conspicuous  in  the 
literary  world  by  their  translations  from 
Gesner  and  Boder.  when  the  German 
language  was  but  little  known  in  En- 
gland. He  showed  stiperior  talent  in 
the  stippled  style  of  engraving;  his 
portraits  in  that  line  stand  unrivalled. 
D.  1827. 


308 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    «IOGRAPIIV. 


[col 


CULM  AN,  George,  a  dramatic -nTiter 
and  accomplished  seliolar,  was  b.  at 
Florence,  1733,  where  liis  lather  at  that 
time  resided  as  the  British  envoy, 
llavinsj  received  his  education  at  West- 
minster school  and  at  Christ-church, 
Oxford,  lie  turned  his  attention  to  the 
law  as  a  profession ;  but  his  ■^Titinsrs 
in  "  The  Connoisseur"  bavins^  met  with 
success,  pave  him  a  bias  towards  po- 
lite literature.  His  first  dramatic  at- 
tempt was  "Polly  Iloneycombe,"  which 
was  performed  at  Drnry-lane  with  wreat, 
thouarli  only  temporary  success.  In  the 
following  year,  1761,  lie  produced  his 
comedy  of  the  "Jealous  Wife,"  which 
at  once  became  popular,  and  has  ever 
since  kept  the  stage.  "  The  Clandes- 
tine ^larriage,"  "The  English  Mer- 
chant," etc.,  added  to  his  fame :  and 
he  wrote  a  number  of  other  pieces, 
which,  though  inferior  to  these,  were  by 
no  means  deficient  in  merit.  He  also 
translated  the  comedies  of  Terence,  and 
Hc-nce's  "  Dc  Arte  Poetica."  IX  17H4. 
— G>.uRRE,  "the  younger,"  an  eminent 
dramatist  and  wit,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  b.  17G2.  In  17S4  his  first  acknowl- 
edged play,  called  "Two  to  One,"  was 
lirouuht  forward,  and  introduced  to  the 
public  by  a  prologue  from  the  pen  of 
his  father,  who  announced  it  as  the  pro- 
<ltK'tion  of  "a  chip  of  the  old  block." 
The  success  of  this  exceeded  his  most 
sanguine  expectations.  '*'ln  1787  his  cel- 
ebrated opera  of  "  Inkle  and  Yarico" 
appeared,  and  at  once  stamped  his  feme. 
Ills  principal  works  were,  "The  Moun- 
taineers," "The  Iron  Chest,"  "The 
Heir  at  Law,"  "Blue  Beard,"  "The 
I!eview,  or  Wags  of  Windsor,"  "The 
Poor  Gentleman,"  "Love  lausrhs  at 
Locksmiths,"  "John  Bull,"  "Who 
wants  a  Guinea?"  "  We  flv  by  Niijht," 
"The  Africans,"  and  "X."  Y.'  Z." 
These,  with  numerous  preludes  and  in- 
terlndes,  prologues  and  epilogues,  may 
be  said  to  embrace  his  dramatic  works  : 
his  other  compositions,  entitled  "Ran- 
dom Kecords,"  "  My  Nightgown  and 
Slippers,"  "Broad  Grins,"  "Poetical 
Viuraries,"  "\'agarie3  Vindicated,  or 
Hviioeritic  Ilvpercritics,"  complete  the 
list.     I).  lft!?6*. 

C<^LOCCI,  Anoet-o,  an  Italian  bishop, 
author  of  some  verv  elegant  Latin 
poems.  After  the  fasliion  of  his  time, 
lie  assumed  a  Latin  name  ;  that  of  An- 
gelas Colotins  Bassus.     I).  151!i. 

COLOCOTRONIS,  Tiikoo.,  one  of 
the  regenerators  of  modern  (Greece,  was 
b.  in  Mcsserua,  1770 ;  distinguished 
liimself  in  numerous  engagements  with 


the  Tiirkish  oppressors  of  his  country, 
and  contributed,  by  his  heroic  conduct 
during  the  insurrection,  to  the  final 
triumph  of  the  Greek  cause  in  1S28. 
After  the  death  of  Capo  d'lstria,  he  be- 
came a  member  of  the  provisional  gov- 
ernment; but  having  conspired  against 
the  regency  established  till  the  majority 
of  King  Otho  in  1884,  he  was  condemned 
to  death,  and  owed  his  escape  to  the 
clemenev  of  the  kinar.    D.  1843. 

COLOMIES,  otherwise  COLOME- 
SIUS,  Paul,  a  French  scholar  and 
critic.  He  was  librarian  to  the  arch 
bishop  of  Canterbury,  but  lost  that 
office  on  the  deprivation  of  Sancroft. 
He  wrote  "  Icon  Theologorum  Presby- 
terianorum,"  "Bibliotheque  Choisie," 
&c.     1).  1692. 

COLON N A,  Francis,  an  ingenious 
philosopher,  author  of  the  "  Natural 
History  of  the  Universe."  He  was 
burnt  to  death  in  his  house,  at  Paris, 
in  1726.  —  Prospero,  son  of  Anthony, 
prince  of  Salerno,  was  a  very  distin- 
guished military  officer.  He  assisted 
Charles  VI II.  of  France  to  conquer 
Naples,  but  subsequently  aided  in  re- 
taking it  for  the  house  of  Aragon.  I>. 
1528.— Pompeo,  nephew  of  the  above, 
a  restless  and  intriguing  Eoman  cardi- 
nal, who  at  length  became  viceroy  of 
Naples.  A  poem  of  Ins  is  extant,  en- 
titled "  De  Laudibus  Muliebrum."  T>. 
1582. — ViTTORiA,  marchioness  of  Pes- 
cara,  a  celebrated  Italian  poetess,  whose 
works  are  alike  remarkable  for  the 
beauty  of  their  thoughts  and  the  ele- 
gance" of  their  diction.  B.  1400;  d.  1547. 

COLOTIIES,  or  COLOTES,  a  Grecian 
sculptor,  cotemporary  with  Phidias, 
whom  he  is  said  to  have  assisted  in  the 
statue  of  Jupiter  Olympus.  Several  of 
his  works  are  spoken  of  in  very  high 
terms,  especially  an  ivory  figure  of  ^]s- 
culapius. 

COLQUIIOUN,  Patrick,  a  celebrated 
writer  on  statistics  and  criminal  juris- 
prudence. He  was  a  native  of  Dum- 
barton, in  Scotland,  b.  1745,  and  early 
in  life  came  to  America.  On  his  return 
from  that  country  he  settled  at  Glasgow 
as  a  merchant,  and  became  lord  provost 
of  the  city,  and  president  of  its  chainVier 
of  commerce.  Subsequently  he  removed 
to  London,  and  in  1702  he  was  made  a 
police  maeistrate.  He  published  sev- 
eral valuable  works,  including  a  "  Trea- 
tise on  the  Police  of  tlic  Jiletropolis,"  a 
tract  on  the  "Education  of  the  Laboring 
( 'lassos,"  "  A  Treatise  on  the  Popula- 
tion, Wealth,  Power,  and  Kcsourccs  of 
the  British  Empire,"  &c.    I).  1820. 


com] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHV. 


309 


COLTON.  Calkr  C,  a  writer  of  con- 
Bidcnihlc  talent,  but  of  eeoentric  unci 
discreditublc  habits,  lirst  attracted  no- 
tice l)y  the  publiealion  of  a  })auiplilet, 
entitled  "A  plain  and  uutlienlic  iNarra- 
tive  of  the  Sumpford  (ihost,"  in  which 
he  attempted  to  prove  that  certain  oc- 
currences which  took  place  in  a  house 
at  Sanipford  J'everell,  near  Tiverton, 
originated  in  supernatural  agency,  lie 
also  wrote  a  satirical  poem,  entitled 
"Hypocrisy,"  and  another  on  "Napo- 
leon;" but  he  obtained  most  of  his 
fame  from  "  Lacon,  or  Many  Things  in 
Few  Words,"  which  he  }iuV)lished  in 
1820.  Though  a  beneticetl  clergyman, 
holding  the  vicarage  of  Kew  with  Tc- 
tersluun,  in  Surrey,  he  was  a  well-known 
frecpienter  of  the  gaming-table ;  and 
suddenly  disappearing  from  his  usual 
haunts  in  the  metropolis  about  tlie  time 
of  Weare's  murder,  it  was  strongly  sus- 
pected that  he  had  fallen  by  the  hand 
of  an  assassin.  It  was,  however,  after- 
wards ascertained  that  he  had  absconded 
to  avoid  his  creditors ;  and,  in  182S,  a 
successor  was  appointed  to  his  living. 
He  then  came  to  reside  in  America ;  but 
subsequently  lived  in  Paris,  a  professed 
gamester;  and  it  is  said  that  he  ijained 
by  this  vicious  course  of  lile,  in  two 
years  only,  the  sum  of  £:i5,000.  He 
blew  out  ids  brains  while  on  a  visit  to  a 
friend  at  Fontainbleau,  in  1832. — Wal- 
ter, an  American  author,  and  chaplain 
in  the  United  States  navy.  His  prin- 
cipal work  is  "Ship  and  Shore,"  a 
series  of  sketches  in  the  couutr'.es  bor- 
dering the  Mediterranean.     D.  1850. 

COLUMBA,  St.,  a  native  of  Ireland, 
who  went  to  Scotland,  and  founded  the 
famous  monastery  of  loolmkill.    1).  rili". 

COLUMBUS,  CnRisTOPUER,  the  most 
celebrated  navi<;ator,  and  in  mtmy  re- 
spects one  of  the  greatest  men  record- 
ed in  history,  was  b.  at  Genoa,  14:j7. 
He  soon  evinced  a  strong  passion  for 
geographical  knowledge,  together  with 
an  irresistible  inclination  for  the  sea. 
After  many  years  spent  in  the  active 
duties  of  a  maritime  life,  lie  went  to 
Lisbon,  where  an  elder  brother  of  his 
was  settled  ;  married  the  orphan  daugh- 
ter of  Palestrello,  an  Itidian  navigator; 
and  studied  all  tlie  maps  and  charts  he 
could  procure,  making  occasional  voy- 
ages. His  own  rctioctions,  corroborated 
by  facts  of  which  he  was  informed  by 
various  seamen,  led  him  at  lenirth  to 
feel  convinced  that  there  were  unknown 
lands  separated  from  Europe  by  the 
Atlantic.  After  vainly  seeking:  aid  from 
Genoa,  Portugid,  aud  England,   he  at 


length  induced  Ferdinand  and  Isabella 
of  Spain  to  equiiiand  man  three  vessels 
for  a  voyaire  of  discovery ;  it  being 
stipulated  that  Coluudjus  should  have  a 
tenth  of  all  prolits,  and  be  viceroy  of  all 
the  land  he  expected  to  discover.  He 
set  sail  from  Falos,  on  his  daring  ad- 
venture, on  the  2d  August,  14'.i2  ;  and, 
after  sailing  for  two  months,  was  in  im- 
minent danger  of  losing  the  reward  of 
all  his  study  and  toil,  the  variation  of 
the  needle  having  so  much  alarmetl  his 
crews,  that  they  were  on  the  point  of 
breaking  into  open  mutiny,  and  he  was 
obliged  to  promise  that  if  three  days 
produced  no  discovery  he  would  com- 
mence his  homeward  voyage.  On  the 
third  day  they  happily  hove  in  sight  of 
one  of  the  Bahamas,  and  subsequently 
explored  some  other  of  the  West  India 
Islands.  Having  thus  far  succeeded,  he 
built  a  fort  at  Hispaniola,  left  some  of 
his  men  there,  and  then  set  out  on  his 
return  to  Europe,  where  he  was  re- 
ceived with  every  mark  of  admiration 
and  regai-d.  The  gold  and  other  valu- 
ables which  be  presented  to  the  king 
and  queen  in  toKen  of  his  success,  ex- 
cited the  spirit  of  adventure  in  both  the 
sovereigns  and  their  subjects,  and  in 
his  second  voyage  he  had  no  difficulty 
in  obtaining  followers.  It  was  not  until 
his  third  voyage,  made  in  1498,  that  ho 
saw  the  nuiinland  of  America,  which 
both  Americus  Vespucius  and  Sebas- 
tian Cabot  reached  betbre  him.  Having 
assumed  the  command  of  the  settlement 
at  Hispaniola,  various  complaints  were 
nuide  against  him,  and  Columbus  was 
not  merely  displaced,  but  Bobadilla,  a 
new  governor,  who  had  been  dispatched 
thither  by  the  court  of  Spain,  even  sent 
him  to  tluit  country  manacled  as  a  pris- 
oner. Columbus  endured  this  outrage 
with  noble  equanimity ;  and  on  his  re- 
turn, having  obtained  an  audience  of 
his  sovereigns,  was  partially  restored  to 
his  dignities ;  but  he  found  that  full 
justice  was  never  intended  to  be  award- 
ed him.  Yet,  notwithstanding  this  un- 
worthy treatment,  he  made  another 
voyatre,  in  which  he  encountered  every 
imajrinablc  disaster  from  storms  and 
shipwreck  ;  and,  two  years  after  his  re- 
turn, his  noble  mind  sunk  under  the 
load  of  injustice  and  oppi'ession.  D.  at 
Valladolid,  15o0. — B.vrthoi.omkw,  Don, 
brother  of  the  above,  was  famous  for 
his  skill  in  constructing  sea-charts.  D. 
1501. 

COMBE,  Dr.  Andrew,  one  of  the 
most  eminent  medical  praetitionei^i  and 
writers  of  our  time,  wa.s  b.  at  Edin- 


310 


CVCLOr.EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHV. 


[con 


bm-irli,  1797.  lu  1825  he  took  the  de- 
gree of  il.I).,  and  two  years  hiter  was 
elected  president  of  the  rhreuolonieal 
Society.  Daring  tliesc  and  several  fol- 
lowing years,  he  contributed  many  in- 
teresting papers  to  the  "  rhreuological 
Journal,"  and  publislicd  a  work  on 
mental  derangement.  In  lb36  he  had 
tlie  gratitieation  of  being  appointed 
pliysieian  to  tlie  king  of  the  Belgians. 
Between  the  years  1834-39,  he  publish- 
ed t  lie  three  great  works  for  which  he 
had  been  long  and  carefully  collecting 
and  arranging  the  nuiterials,  "•The 
Principles  of  L'liysiology  applied  to  the 
I'reservation  of  Uealth  and  to  Educa- 
tion," "The  Pliysiology  of  Digestion," 
and  "The  Moral  and  riiysical  Manage- 
ment of  Infancy."  In  1838  he  was  ap- 
pointed one  of  the  physicians  extraor- 
dinary to  the  queen  in  Scotland.  D. 
1847." 

COMENIUS,  JoHx  Amos,  a  Moravian 
minister.  He  for  some  time  officiated 
as  pastor  to  a  congregation  at  Fulnec, 
but  was  driven  thence  by  tlie  invasion 
of  the  Spaniards,  and  settled  in  Poland, 
Avhere  he  published  a  work,  entitled 
"Janua  Linguarum,"  which  obtained 
liim  so  gi-eat  a  celebrity  that  he  was 
invited  to  England ;  but  the  breaking 
out  of  the  civil  war  rendered  his  stay 
both  brief  and  unprolitable,  and  he  set- 
tled for  the  remainder  of  liis  life  at  Am- 
sterdam.    B.  1592;  d.  1671. 

COMES,  Natalls,  the  Latinized  name 
of  iS'atal  Coxti,  an  Italian  writer,  au- 
thor of  poems  in  Greek  and  Latin,  &c., 
and  of  a  system  of  mythology.  D.  1500. 
C0MMAXDI^"E,  Frederic,  an  Ital- 
ian matlicmatician,  the  author  of  some 
original  works,  and  translator  of  Ar- 
cliimedes,  Apollonius,  and  other  ancient 
matliematioians.     1).  1575. 

(,'(>MMELIN,  Jerome,  a  very  learned 
Erencli  jirintcr.  lie  established  his 
press  lirst  at  Geneva,  and  subsequently 
at  Heidelberg;  and  published  several 
of  the  Greek  and  Latin  fatliers,  with 
notes  from  his  own  pen.     D.  1598. 

COMMERSON,  PniLrsERT,  a  French 
physician  and  botanist.  He  wrote 
"  lethyology,"  two  quarto  volumes ; 
and  the  "  Martyrology  of  Botany,"  an 
account  of  those  who  had  lost  their 
lives  in  botanical  pursuits.  B.  1721 ;  d. 
1773. 

COMMINES,  or  COMIXES,  Philip 
i)E,  lord  of  Argonton ;  an  eminent  liis- 
torian,  statesman,  and  courtier  of  the 
reign  of  Louis  XL,  b.  in  Flanders,  1445. 
His  "Memoirs  of  liis  own  Times" 
abound  with  valuable  facts  and  obser- 


vations, though  he  is  too  lenient  when 
speaking  of  the  atrocities  of  Louis  XL 
On  the  death  of  that  monarch,  Com- 
niines  was  thrown  into  prison  and 
treated  with  great  severity,  but  was  at 
lcui,'th  liberated.     D.  1509. 

COMMIliE,  John,  a  French  Jesuit, 
distinguished  for  his  Latin  poetry. 
Among  his  works  are  fables,  which 
some  have  considered  equal  to  Phie 
drus.     D.  1702. 

COMMODI,  Andrea,  an  Italian  his- 
torical painter.  His  best  work  is  a  pic- 
ture painted  for  Paul  V.,  of  the  angels 
falling  from  heaven.     I).  1638, 

COMMODUS,  Lucius  Aurelius  An 
TONiNus,  a  Koman  emperor,  sou  and 
successor  of  Antoninus  the  philosopher. 
He  was  guilty  of  the  worst  crimes,  and 
was  poisoned  by  his  concubine,  Marcia, 
who  had  discovered  that  he  intended  to 
put  her  to  death,  122. 

COMNENUS,  Demetrius  Stephano- 
poi.i  CoNSTANTixE,  the  supposed  de- 
scendant of  the  celebrated  family  of  the 
Comneni,  which  for  ages  sat  on  the 
throne  of  the  eastern  empire,  was  b. 
1749,  in  the  island  of  Corsica.  After 
studying  at  Eome,  with  the  intention 
of  becoming  an  ecclesiastic,  Demetrius 
entered  into  the  service  of  France,  and 
obtained  a  captaincy  in  a  regiment  of 
dragoons  in  1778.  At  the  beginning  of 
the  revolution,  he  fought  under  "the 
banners  of  Conde,  and  went  into  exile 
with  other  royalists ;  but  he  returned 
to  France  in  1802,  and  lived  on  a  pen- 
sion of  4000  francs,  assigned  to  him  by 
Napoleon.  Louis  XVIII.  confirmed 
this  stipend,  and  made  him  marechal 
de  camp,  and  knight  of  St.  Louis.  D. 
1821. 

(MJilPTE,  Louis  le,  a  French  Jesuit 
and  mathematician.  He  was  for  some 
time  a  missionary  in  China,  and  on  hi.* 
return  to  Europe  published  memoirs  of 
that  country.     D.  1729. 

COMPT(')N,  Spencer,  carl  of  North 
ampton,  one  of  the  bravest  and  mos 
zealous  adlierents  of  Cliarles  I.  Being 
overpowered  at  tlie  battle  of  Ilopton 
Heath,  he  was  olfcred  <(uarter,  but  in- 
dignantly refused  it,  and  was  slain,  1643. 

CONCA,  Sep.astian,  an  eminent  Ital- 
ian painter.     I).  1761. 

CONCINO  CONCINI  (more  celebra- 
ted and  better  known  by  his  title  of 
Marshal  d'Ancre)  was  by  birth  a  Flor- 
entine, :ind  accomr)anied  Mary  de  Me- 
dici, the  wife  of  Henry  IV.,  to  France. 
He  obtained  great  preferment,  and  after 
tiie  death  of  Henry  IV.  so  much  abused 
the  influence  he  had  over  the  queen- 


CON 


CVCLOP.tDIA    OK    BIOGRAPIIV. 


311 


regent,  that  when  lier  sou,  Louis  VIII., 
became  old  enoutrli  to  act  for  liiiiiself, 
lie  ooiiseiUed  to  ihc  assassination  ot'tiio 
niurqiiis,  which  accordingly  took  place 
in  liJlT  ;  and  in  the  same  jcar  his  wife 
Was  burned  to  death  as  a  sorceress.  The 
judges  wlio  tried  her  on  this  absurd 
charge,  demanded  of  her  by  what  arts 
slie  iuid  gained  her  asccndcuey  over  tlie 
queen,  when  she  made  the  memorable 
reply,  "  My  only  sorcew-y  has  been  the 
jntluence  of  a  strong  mind  over  a  weak 
one." 

C(JNDE,  Louis,  first  prince  of,  was 
the  son  of  Charles  of  Bourbon,  duke  of 
Vendome,  and  greatly  distinguished 
himself  at  the  battle  'of  St.  Ciuintin, 
though  he  was  then  very  young.  At 
the  death  of  Henry  II.  he  became  a 
leader  of  the  Huguenots,  and  was  killed 
at  the  battle  of  Jarnae,  in  15(JV».  His 
memoirs  were  published  after  his  death. 
— -IIkn-ky,  prince  of,  who,  at  the  request 
of  Henry  l\'..  became  a  Catholic,  was  b. 
l.")88.  In  lOlG  he  was  sent  to  the  Bas- 
tile,  where  lie  remained  three  vears. 
After  the  death  of  Louis  XIII.  tiie 
prince  was  liberated,  and  made  minister 
of  state  to  the  regent.  D.  1646. — Loi.is, 
prince  of,  duke  of  Entrhien,  the  illus- 
trious son  of  the  prececUng,  and  usually 
called  the  Great,  was  b.  at  Paris,  1621. 
When  he  was  a  mere  boy,  his  conversa- 
lion  evinced  so  much  talent,  that  Cardi- 
nal Kichelicu  predicted  that  he  would 
become  "  the  first  general  in  Europe  and 
the  first  man  of  his  time."  When  only 
2'J  years  of  aire  he  gained  the  victory  of 
Kocroi,  over  the  Spaniards;  and  follow- 
ed nj)  that  achievement  by  the  capture 
of  Thionville  and  other  important  places. 
Subsecjuently  he  distinguished  himself 
in  various  actions  iu  Germany,  T\-hence 
he  was  recalled  and  sent  to  Catalonia,  but 
was  repulsed  before  Lerida.  In  1641  ho 
defeated  the  Imperialists  in  Flanders, 
on  which  occasion  the  slaughter  was 
prodigious.  For  a  time  he  sided  with 
the  queen-mother  and  her  advisers,  and 
even  succeeded  in  reconciling  them  to 
their  opiionents ;  but  bein>>:  ill-treated 
by  Cardinal  Mazarin,  he  j. lined  the  mal- 
contents, and  fought  against  the  court 
in  the  civil  war  of  1652.  Kefusing  to 
accede  to  the  peace  made  betw-een  the 
contending  parties,  he  entered  into  the 
service  of  Spain;  but  at  the  peace  of 
1659  he  was  restored  to  the  favor  of 
France,  and  greatly  distinguished  him- 
self, particularly  in  the  conquest  of 
Fraucne  Compte,  until  infirniif.  of  body 
compelled  lam  to  retire  to  privaio  life. 
D.  1686. 


CONDILLAC,  Stepiiex,  a  French 
metaphysician  ;  author  of  an  "  Essay  oa 
the  Origin  of  Human  Knowledge,"  a 
"Treatise  on  Animals,"  a  "Treatise  on 
the  Sensations,"  "A  Course  of  Study 
drawn  up  for  the  Instruction,  of  the 
I'rinee  of  Parma,"  to  whom  he  was 
tutor,  &c.     D.  17S0. 

CO^■DOKCET,  Joiix  Antiioxv  Nich- 
olas Cakit.vt,  marquis  of,  a  French 
mathematician  and  philosopher,  was  b. 
at  Kibeinont,  in  Picardy,  in  1743,  and  ed- 
ucateil  at  the  college  of  Navarre.  When 
only  22  years  of  age  he  distinguished 
himself  among  nih.'ematicians  Ijy  the 
publication  of'  his  work  on  "Integral 
Calculations."  Two  years  afterwards 
he  published  a  treatise  on  "The  Prob- 
lem of  the  Three  Bodies,"  and  in  the 
following  year  his  "Analytical  F^ssays." 
In  176'J  he  was  chosen  member  of' the 
Academy,  and  in  1773  became  its  secre- 
tary, in  which  situation  lie  distinguish- 
ed himself  by  the  graccfid  eloquence  of 
his  elo(je^.  In  17'Jl  he  became  .1  mem- 
ber of  the  national  assembly  and  of  the 
Jacobin  club,  and  he  sooii  became  as 
noted  for  his  political  virulence  as  he 
h.ad  already  been  eminent  for  his  scieu- 
titic  genius.  Becoming  ort'ciisive  to 
Eobespierre,  that  tyrant  threw  him  into 
prison,  where,  on'^  the  third  moriiin?, 
2Stli  Mareh,  1794,  he  was  found  dead  iu 
his  bed.  Besides  the  works  named 
above,  he  wrote  "A  Sketch  on  the  Pro- 
gress of  the  Human  Mind,"  an  "Ele- 
mentary Treatise  on  Arithmetic,"  and  a 
tract  on  "Calculation." 

CONFUCIUS,  or  CONG-FU-TSE,  a 
Chiaese  philosopher,  was  b.  551  b.  c. 
He  spent  his  life  in  endeavoring  to  en- 
lighten and  improve  his  fellow-subjects, 
and  his  advice  was  attended  to  by  tlie 
king  of  Ln,  with  a  respect  little  'short 
of  reverence.  His  deseeiulants  to  this 
day  are  mandarins  of  the  highest  but- 
ton, and  his  books  are  regarded  by  the 
Chinese  as  treasures  of  the  purest  mo- 
rality.    D.  407  !i.  c. 

Ct)NGlvE\'E.  William,  an  eminent 
English  dramatist,  was  b.  near  Leeds, 
1670,  and  educated  at  Trinity  college, 
Dul)lin.  He  entered  himself  as  a  stu- 
dent at  the  Middle  Temple,  but,  like 
many  more  belore  and  since,  abandoned 
the  law  for  literature.  His  first  piece, 
written  at  the  age  of  17,  was  a  romance, 
entitled  "Inco-rnita,  or  Love  and  Duty 
Keconciled."  In  1693,  being  then  only 
21  vears  old,  he  wrote  his  first  eonicdv, 
"The  Old  Bachelor."  This  j-rodneed 
him  not  only  great  reputation,  but  also 
the  Bubstantiij  benefit  of  a  commission- 


312 


CYCI.OP.^;DIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[con 


ersliip  ill  the  hackncy-conch  ofTice, 
which  was  irivcn  to  liitii  bj'  the  carl  of 
Halifax,  who  afterwards  still  further 
patronized  and  favored  him.  He  wrote 
also  "Love  for  Love,"  "The  Dou- 
ble DciJer,"  "  The  Jlonrning  Bride," 
"The  Way  of  the  "World,"  an  opera; 
and  some  poems.  D.  1729.  "Witty  and 
spirited  as  Congreve's  plays  are,  they 
are  too  licentious  to  keep  possession  of 
the  stage  at  the  present  day ;  and  in  his 
own  time  they  received  severe  eastiga- 
tion  from  the  celebrated  Jeremiah  Col- 
lier.— Sir  AViLLi.vM,  the  inventor  of  the 
Congrcve  rockets,  was  b.  in  1772,  and 
entered  the  military  service  early,  in 
which  he  obtained  the  rank  of  lieuten- 
ant-colonel. He  possessed  much  inven- 
tive talent,  whicli  he  applied  to  the 
mechanic  arts  ;  and  for  several  years  the 
rocket  which  bears  his  name,  and  which 
was  first  used  in  the  attack  on  Boulogne, 
in  1806,  was  considered  a  grand  auxili- 
ary in  warlike  operations,  although  it 
has  now  fallen  into  comparative  disre- 
pute.    I).  1828. 

CONNOIi,  Bkrnard.  nu  Irish  physi- 
cian, for  some  time  settled  at  Warsaw: 
author  of  a  "  History-  of  Poland,"  and 
also  of  a  Latin  work  on  the  miracles  of 
our  Saviour.    D.  1098. 

C02\RAD  I.,  count  of  Franconia.  In 
912  he  was  elected  king  of  Germany,  but 
Arnaul,  duke  of  Bavaria,  disputed  his 
title,  and  engaged  the  Huns  to  overrun 
Germany.  Conrad,  however,  avoided 
the  threatened  ruin  by  engaging  to  pay 
a  yearly  tribute.  D.'  918. — 11.^  son  of 
Herman,  duke  of  Franconia,  was  elected 
king  of  Germany  in  1024.  Attempts 
were  made  to  displace  him,  but  he  beat 
his  opponents,  and  in  1027  was  crowned 
emperor  at  Rome.  By  the  will  of  Ro- 
dolphus  the  kingdom  of  Burgundy  be- 
came his  in  1033.  D.  1039.— III.,  em- 
peror of  Germany,  was  son  of  Frederic, 
duke  of  Suabia,  and  before  liis  election 
was  duke  of  Franconia.  His  election 
produced  civil  war;  b\it  he  terminated 
that  and  went  to  the  Holy  Land,  where 
he  lost  a  vast  niimber  of  his  troops 
through  the  Greeks  poisoning  the  tbun- 
tains.  He  died  in  liis  own  dominion, 
1152. — IV.,  duke  of  Sunbia,  was  elected 
emperor  at  the  death  of  his  father,  Fred- 
eric II.  The  jiopc,  Innocent  I"V.,  pre- 
tended that  the  right  of  appointment 
lay  in  him,  and  jjreaclied  a  crusade 
against  the  new  emperor.  Conrad  re- 
plied to  this  Ijy  marcliing  into  Italy,  and 
taking  several  important  places.  I). 
1254. — Co.NKAD,  or  CuNKADiN',  son  of  the 
last  named,  who  left  him  the  kingdom 


of  Naples.  Pope  Urban  IV.  gave  the 
kingdom  to  Charles  of  Anjou,  who  de- 
feated Conrad,  then  only  16  years  old, 
and  caused  him  to  be  beheaded  in  1268. 
CONRINGIUS,  Heemanx,  professor  of 
physic  and  politics  at  the  university  of 
Helmstadt;  author  of  valuable  treatises 
on  law,  German  antiquities,  and  on  the 
Aristotelian  system.     D.  16S1. 

CONSALV'I,  Ercole,  cardinal  and 
prime  minister  of  Pope  Pius  VII.,  was 
b.  at  Toscanella,  1757.  As  he  had  ever 
opposed  the  French  party  in  Rome  to 
the  utmost  of  his  power,  he  was  ban- 
ished from  that  city  when  the  French 
took  possession  of  it.  W^hen,  however, 
the  papal  aflairs  were  in  a  better  condi- 
tion he  returned;  and,  as  secretary  of 
state,  he  concluded  the  famous  concor- 
dat with  Napoleon  ;  continuing,  in  fact, 
at  the  head  of  all  the  political  and  eccle- 
siastical atfairs  of  the  Roman  state  till 
the  death  of  the  pope.     D.  1824. 

CONSTABLE,  Archibald,  the  most 
enterprising  bookseller  that  Scotland  has 
ever  produced,  was  b.  at  Kellie,  in  Fife- 
shire,  1775.  After  serving  his  appren- 
ticeship to  Mr.  Peter  Hill,  of  Edinburgh, 
the  friend  and  correspondent  of  Burns, 
he  commenced  business  for  himself  in 
1705  ;  and  his  obliging  manners,  general 
intelligence,  and  indefatigable  activity 
gained  him  the  esteem  of  all  who  came 
in  contact  with  him.  His  reputation  as 
a  publisher  dates  from  1802,  when  ho 
published  the  first  number  of  the  Edin- 
burgh Review ;  and  in  1805  he  published, 
in  conjunction  with  Messrs.  Lono-man 
*  Co.,  "The  Lay  of  the  Last  ^Min- 
strel," the  first  of  that  long  series  of 
original  and  romantic  publications  in 
poetry  and  prose  which  has  immortal- 
ized the  name  of  W:dter  Scott.  The 
well-known  "Miscellany"  that  bears  his 
name  was  his  last  project.  I).  1827. — 
John',  an  eminent  landscape  painter, 
was  b.  at  E:ist  Bergholt,  in  Suffolk,  1776. 
Having  early  displayed  a  love  of  art.  he 
visited  Loudon  in  1795,  and  in  1802  sent 
bis  first  picture  to  the  exhibition  of  the 
Royal  Academy.  From  this  period  lie 
was  a  regular  contributor  down  to  the 
year  of  his  death.  Few  pencils,  indeed, 
have  been  more  prolific  ;  and  the  works 
he  has  left  behind  him,  both  in  number 
and  excellence,  have  earned  for  him  a 
distinguished  place  among  the  land- 
scape painters,  not  only  of  Englimd,  but 
of  the  world.  In  1829  he  was  elected 
an  academician.     D.  1837. 

CONSTANS  I.,  Fr.Avirs  Jri.irs,  one 
of  the  sons  of  Constantine  the  Great, 
and  his  successor  in  the  sovereignty  of 


con] 


CVCLOI'.EDIA    OF    BI0f5RArHY, 


313 


Africa,  Italy,  and  Western  Tllyrionin. 
His  brothov  C'diistantiiic  endeavored  to 
dispossess  liini  of  it ;  but  ijeiriff  defeat- 
ed and  slain  in  tiio  attempt,  Oonstans 
hoeanic  master  of  the  whole  empire, 
llis  conduct  was,  however,  so  offensive 
to  the  ]ieople,  that  the  standard  of  revolt 
was  hoisted,  and  Constans  was  put  to 
ileath,  ;i50. 

CONSTANT  DE  EEBECQUE,  Ben- 
jamin UK,  a  distinsuished  orator  and 
author,  attached  to  the  liberal  or  consti- 
tutional party  in  France.  He  was  b.  at 
Lausanne  in  17G7,  and  at  the  commence- 
nu'ut  of  the  Frencii  revolution  went  to 
reside  at  Paris,  where  he  soon  distin- 
^'uished  himself,  both  by  his  political 
writings  and  Ins  eloquent  speeches  in 
the  senate.  His  conduct,  however,  ren- 
dered him  obnoxious  to  the  first  consul, 
and  he  was  dismissed  from  his  office  in 
1802.  After  rctirinir  to  Germany  he 
again  appeared  at  I'aris  in  1814,  and 
publicly  advocated  the  cause  of  the  Bour- 
bons, "in  1819  he  was  elected  a  mem- 
ber of  the  chambi.T  of  deputies,  where 
he  long  remained  as  a  clistinijuished 
leader  of  the  opposition,  particularly  in 
all  the  vliscussions  relating  to  tlic  cen- 
sorship of  the  press  and  the  rights  of 
the  people.  He  wrote  many  works  on 
political  questions,  was  one  of  the  editors 
of  "  La  Minerve,"  and  a  contributor  to 
the  "  Biographic  Univcrselle."  As  an 
orator  he  "was  eloquent  and  profound; 
and  as  a  writer  lively,  imaginative,  and 
acute.    D.  1830. 

CONSTANTINE,  Caius  Flavius  Va- 
lerius AuRKLU's  Ci.AfDiL-s,  surnamed 
the  Great,  emperor  of  the  Romans,  was 
the  son  of  Constantius  Chlorus,  by 
Helena,  and  b.  a.  d.  27i.  On  the  death 
of  his  tather,  in  306,  he  was  proclaimed 
emperor  by  the  troops.  After  defeating 
the  Franks,  he  crossed  the  Ehine  into 
Belgium,  which  he  overran.  In  307  he 
married  Fausta,  the  daughter  of  Maxi- 
man,  but  he  was  soon  involved  in  a  war 
with  his  father-in-law.  who  assumed  the 
title  of  emperor.  The  usurpers  reign 
•was  brief;  and  on  his  being  taken  pris- 
oner, Constantine  caused  him  to  be 
strangled.  Tiiis  involved  him  in  a  war 
with  Maxentius,  son  of  Maximinian,  in 
which  the  latter  was  defeated  and  drown- 
ed in  the  Tiber.  It  was  at  this  time  that 
the  emperor,  as  he  alleged  to  Eusebius, 
saw  a  luminous  cross  in  the  heavens, 
with  the  inscription,  "  In  hoc  signo 
vinces."  (Under  this  sign  thou  shalt 
conquer.)  He  accordingly  caused  a 
standard  to  be  made  in  imitation  of  this 
cross;  marched  to  Komc  in  triumph; 


puljlished  the  memorable  edict  of  toler- 
ation in  favor  of  the  Christians  ;  and  was 
declared  by  the  senate,  chief,  Augustus, 
and    pontifcx    niaximus.      Constantine 
had  married  his  daughter  to  Licinius; 
but  the  latter,  jealous  of  his  fame,  took 
up  arms  against  him,  and  they  met  iu 
Fannonia,  a.  n.  314.     Constantine,  sur- 
rounded  by  bishops    and    priests,  in- 
voked the  aid  of  "  tlie  true  God  ;"  while 
Licinius,  calling  upon  his  soothsayers 
and  magicians,  relied  v.pcr   them  and 
their  gods  for  protection.    The  Chris- 
tian emperor  was  victorious,  and  a  peace 
was  granted  to  Licinius  ;  but  he  after- 
wards renewed  hostilities,  was  again  de- 
feated, and  finally  put  to  death.    Thus 
Constantine  became,  in  325,  sole  head  of 
the  Eastern  and  Western  empires  ;  and 
his  first  care  was  the  establishment  of 
peace  and  order.     Though  his  actions 
on  the  whole  entitled  him  to  the  proud 
suriuune  of  "  The  Great,"  yet  various 
acts  of  cruelty,  and,  above  all,  the  mur- 
der of  his  son  Crispus,  have  left  a  stain 
upon   his   character  alike  as  a  man,  a 
Christian,  and  an  emperor.    D.  ;'37_. — 
IL,  son  of  the  above.     In  the  division 
of  the  empire  he  had  for  his  share,  Gaul. 
Spain,  and  Britain  ;   but,  discontentea 
with    the     arrangement,    he    marched 
against  his  brother  Constans,  and  was 
killed  at  Aquileia,  340. — Fi-Avirs  .luLirs, 
a  private  soldier,  who  was  raised  by  the 
army  in  Britain  to  the  imperial  dignity 
in  4o7,  on   which   he   crossed  over  to 
Gaul,  antl  conquered  that  country  and 
Spain.      He   fixed   his   court  at   Aries, 
wnere  he  was  besieged  by  Constantius, 
the  general  of  the  Emperor  Honor! us, 
to  whom  he  surrendered  on  the  promise 
that  his  life  shotild  be  spared ;  but  it  was 
basely  violated,  and  both  Constantino 
and  his  son  were  put  to  death,  a.  d.  411. 
— IV.,  who  was  called  the  Bearded,  was 
son  of  Constants  II.,  whom  he  succeeded 
in  658.     The  army  having  set  up  his  two 
brothers  as  his  coadjutors,  he  ordered 
their  noses  to  be  cut  olf.     He  defeated 
the   Saracens,  and  called   a  council   at 
Constantinople,  at  which  the  doctrine  of 
the  Monothelites  was  condemned.     1). 
635. — VI    was  son  of  Leo  11. ,  whom  ho 
succeeded.    Being   only  ten  vears   old 
when  his  father  died,  his  motlier  Irene 
was  his  guardian  and  regent  of  the  em- 
pire.    On  arriving  at  a  mature  age  he 
assumed  the  government  himself;  but 
Irene,  made  cruel  by  ambition,  took  ad- 
vantage of  an  invasion  of  the  Bulgarians 
to   cause  her  son  to  be  seized  and  de- 
prived of  his  eyes.     This  occurred  ia 
(92,  and  the  unfortunate  emperor  laii- 


ai4 


CTCLOP.EUIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[coo 


puislied  sonic  years  in  obscurity,  and 
when  lie  d.  ■\va.s  succeeded  by  liis  un- 
natural parent. — VII.,  surnauied  Por- 
jiliyrosieuitur*,  snceoeded  Leo  the  Wise 
in  912.  He  drove  the  Turks  from  Italy, 
and  defeated  the  Lombards.  Hut  mil- 
itary atfairs  did  not  prevent  him  from 
attending  to  letters  ;  and  besides  other 
writings,  he  lett  a  treatise  on  state  af- 
fairs, the  treoirraphy  of  the  empire,  and 
the  ••  Life  of  the  Emperor  Basilius  the 
Macedonian."  D.  959. — IX.,  was  son 
of  the  Emperor  Eoinanus,  and,  in  cou- 
junetion  with  his  brother,  Basil  II., 
sueceeded  John  Kimisees  in  976  ;  the 
actui'.l  power,  however,  was  chiefly 
wielded  by  Constantino.  D.  1023.— 
Dkaiosks  or  PAL.E0L0GUS,  tlic  List  of  the 
Greek  emperors,  succeeded  to  the  throne 
in  1449.  lie  was  killed  in  bravely  de- 
feudiiiir  Constantinople  affainst  Mahomet 
II.,  who,  in  1453,  besieged  the  city  with 
300,000  men.  The  heroic  valor  display- 
ed by  Constantino  in  this  unequal  eon- 
test  demands  our  admiration  ;  but  valor 
Was  of  no  avail,  the  city  was  taken  by 
storm,  and  thus  ended  the  Greek  em- 
pire.— C-fiSAROviTcii  Paulovitch,  grand- 
iirince  of  Russia,  second  son  of  the 
Cmperor  Paul,  and  brother  of  Alexan- 
der, was  b.  1779.  lie  attended  his 
brother  in  all  his  campaigns,  and  was 
distinguished  for  bravery  in  the  field : 
but  he  possessed  the  characteristics  of  a 
lu-Jf-eivilized  ruler,  being  cruel  and 
tyrannical  in  all  that  related  to  the  gov- 
ernment of  the  Poles,  over  whom  he 
was  placed.  lie  formally  renounced  his 
right  of  succession  to  his  younger  bro- 
ther, the  Emperor  Nicholas,  and  was 
])resent  at  his  coronation.     D.  1831. 

CONSTANTIUS,  Chlorcs,  the  son 
of  Eutropius,  and  the  father  of  Constan- 
tine  the  Great.  He  obtained  the  title  of 
(_'a-sar  from  his  victories  in  Germany 
and  Britain  ;  anil  on  the  abdication  of 
I):i.<-letiaii  was  chosen  the  colleague  of 
GiJerius.  He  d.  at  York,  in  306. — 
Flavius  .Ji-Lirs,  the  second  son  of  Coii- 
stantine  the  Great,  was  b.  317,  made 
Ca?sar  in  323,  and  elected  emperor  in 
337.  The  soldiers,  to  secure  the  throne 
to  the  three  sons  of  Constantine,  mas- 
sacred the  uncles  and  cousins  of  those 
princes,  with  the  exception  of  .lulian  the 
Apostate,  and  his  brotlier  Gallus.  After 
tins  the  sons  of  Constantino  divided  the 
empire,  Constantius  taking  the  East  to 
his  share.  lie  d.  on  his  march  against 
Julian  in  301. 

<  ONTAT,  LouLSE,  rnadame  de  Parny, 
a  French  actress,  remarkable  for  her 
beauty,  vivacity,  grace,  and  dignity  ;  b. 


1760  ;  sustained  her  station  on  the  st.ige 
82  years  ;  and  d.  1813. 

CONTE,  Nicholas  Jacques,  a  French 
painter,  Init  more  distinguished  for  the 
ingenuity  of  liis  mechanical  contrivances. 
He  accompanied  the  expedition  to  Egypt, 
where  his  services  were  of  the  greatest 
value ;  for,  the  machines  and  instru- 
ments of  the  army  having  fallen  into  the 
hands  of  the  Arabs,  he  constructed  corn 
and  gunpowder  mills,  manufactured 
swords,  engineering  instruments,  tele- 
scopes, and,  in  short,  every  thing  neces- 
sary for  a  military  and  scientific  expedi- 
tion.    B.  1755  ;  d.  1805. 

CONWAY,  Henry  SETMOtrK,  was  a 
distinguished  military  officer  and  states- 
man, b.  1720.  He  served  with  applause 
in  the  seven  years'  war,  was  secretaiy 
of  state  from  1765  to  1768,  appointed 
commander-in-chief  in  1782,  and  d.  in 
1795,  being  at  that  time  the  senior  Brit- 
ish field-marshal. 

CONYBEARE,  John,  bishop  of  Bris- 
tol ;  autlior  of  an  able  "  Defence  of 
Revealed  Religion,"  against  TindfPs 
"Christianity  ;is  Old  as  the  Creation," 
and  of  two  volumes  of  sermons.  D. 
1757. — John  Josias,  a  learned  English 
divine,  critic,  and  antiquary ;  author  of 
a  volume  of  sermons,  preached  at  the 
Bamptoii  Lecture,  and  of  various  arti- 
cles on  Saxon  literature,  contributed  to 
the  "  Censura  Literaria,"  and  the  "  Brit- 
ish Bibliographer."     D.  1824. 

COOK,  Henry,  an  English  painter. 
He  studied  in  Italy  under  Salvator 
Rosa,  but  for  many  years  after  his  re- 
turn to  England  he  lived  in  obscurity 
and  distress.  He  was  at  length  em- 
ployed by  King  William  to  repair  the 
cartoons,  from  which  time  he  seems  to 
have  been  comparatively  prosperous,  as 
Horace  Walpolc  mentions  several  pub- 
lic works  which  were  either  wholly  or 
in  part  performed  by  him.  IX  1700. — 
James,  a  celebrated  English  navigator, 
was  b.  at  Marton,  in  Yorkshire,  1728, 
and  his  parents  being  poor,  his  early 
education  included  only  reading,  wri- 
ting, and  the  rudiments  of  common 
arithmetic.  He  commenced  his  naval 
career  in  the  merchant  service,  then  en- 
tered on  board  the  Eagle  man-of-war, 
and  after  four  years'  meritorious  service, 
was  made  master  of  the  Mercury.  This 
vessel  formed  part  of  the  squadron  sent 
against  Quebec,  and  Cook  performed 
the  difficult  task  of  taking  soundings  in 
the  St.  LawTcnce,  in  the  very  face  of  the 
French  encampment,  and  of  making  a 
chart  of  the  St.  Lawrence  below  Que- 
bec.   After  various  and  arduous  servi- 


cooj 


CYCLOP-KDIA    OK    iilOGKAI'U V. 


315 


CCS  he  was  at  length  raised  to  the  rank 
of  lieutenant,  and  tlieu  commenced  tliat 
series  of  voyages,  the  details  of  which 
form  one  of  the  most  popular  and  de- 
lif,'htrul  books  in  our  lanLCuaL'!-'.  Un- 
happily, wliile  touching  at  Owhyhcc, 
Captain  Cook,  in  spite  of  the  utmost 
prudence  and  Imnianity,  was  involved 
m  a  dispute  with  tiie  natives,  and  while 
endeavoring  to  reaeii  his  boat,  was  sav- 
agely murdered,  on  St.  Valentine's  Dav, 
177 'J. 

COOKE,  Benjamin,  an  able  musician 
and  composer;  author  of  "How  Sleep 
the  Brave,"  "Hark,  hark,  the  Lark," 
and  many  other  beautiful  and  popular 
glees.  D.  1S14. — Gkorge  Fkeuerick, 
an  eminent  modern  EnLclish  actor,  was 
b.  1756.  In  early  life  he  was  appren- 
ticed to  a  i)rinter,  but  his  attention  to 
theatricals  so  completely  absorbed  his 
mind,  that  his  master  soon  had  his  in- 
dentures cancelled.  He  then  tried  the 
navy  with  no  better  success,  his  inclina- 
tion for  the  stage  being  unconquerable. 
In  October,  1800,  he  made  his  appear- 
ance at  Covent-garden,  iu  the  character 
of  Kichard  III.  His  performance  of 
this  character  gave  him  at  once  a  place 
among  the  very  first  histrionic  artists  of 
the  day.  He  afterwards  accepted  an 
engagement  in  America,  where  he  per- 
formed with  similar  success,  but  liis 
indulgence  in  deban<^hed  hal>its  broke 
his  originally  vigorous  constitution,  and 
he  d.  "in  1812.^— TnoMAS,  an  English 
poet,  translator  of  the  works  of  Hesiod, 
and  of  some  of  those  of  Cicero.  He 
also  wrote  some  political  tracts,  dramas, 
and  poems,  the  latter  of  which  gave 
otfencc  to  Pope,  and  procured  tlieir  au- 
thor a  place  iu  the  "Dunciad."  I). 
175G. —  Tho.m,vs,  whose  versatility  of 
musical  talent  has  had  few  equals,  was 
h.  at  Dublin,  1781.  He  evinced  even  in 
his  infancy  a  genius  for  music;  and  so 
assiduously  did  he  cultivate  his  talents, 
that  at  the  age  of  lo  he  became  leader 
of  the  band  at  the  Theatre  Koyal  of  his 
native  city.  His  tirst  appearance  as  a 
singer  was  in  the  character  of  Seraskier, 
in  the  "Siege  of  Belgrade."  In  1813 
he  appeared  on  the  boards  of  the  En- 
glish Opera  liousc,  now  tlic  I>yceum,  in 
London,  where  he  at  once  became  a 
public  favorite.  Besides  being  tiie  lead- 
er of  the  Philharmonic  concerts  for 
many  years,  and  a  conductor  on  many 
occasions,  he  was  appointed,  in  1846, 
leader  of  the  Concerts  of  Ancient  Mu- 
sic, and  was  reiu^atedly  engaged  in  the 
same  capac'.'y  for  the  great  nmsical  fes- 
tivals throughout  the  country.    D.  1848. 


— William,  an  euiinent  English  lawyer, 
author  of  a  "  Compendious  System  of 
the  Bankrupt  Laws,  with  an  Appendix 
of  Practical  Precedents."  1).  1832.^ 
William,  a  pijct  and  biographer,  b.  at 
Cork,  in  Ireland;  author  of  "Tlie  Art 
of  Living  in  London,"  "P^lements  of 
Dramatic  Criticism,"  "Biographies  of 
Macklin  and  Foote,"  "Conversation," 
a  didactic  poem,  etc.     D.  1824. 

COOJIBE,  William,  an  imlustrious 
and  clever  writer;  author  of  "  The  Dia- 
boliad,"  a  satire;  "The  Devil  upon  Two 
Sticks  in  England,"  "Tour  of  Dr.  Syn- 
tax in  Search  of  the  Picturesque," 
"History  of  Johnny  Quae  Genus," 
"English  Dance  of  Death,"  &c.  D. 
1823. 

COOPER,  Anthoxt  Ashley,  first 
carl  of  Shaftesbury,  an  eminent  states- 
man, b.  1621.  He  studied  for  a  short 
time  in  Lincoln's  Inn,  but  at  the  early 
age  of  19  he  was  elected  member  of 
parliament  for  Shrewsbury.  At  the 
breaking  out  of  the  civil  war,  lie  at  first 
sided  with  the  king,  but  afterwards 
went  over  to  the  parliament,  raised 
troops,  and  stormed  Warehain.  in  Dor- 
setshire. After  serving  in  the  long  par- 
liament, and  in  the  convention  which 
succeeded  it,  and  being  also  one  of 
Cromwell's  privy  councillors,  he  be- 
came one  of  Monk's  colleagues  in  bring- 
ing about  the  restoration  of  Charles  II. 
The  king,  in  1672,  created  him  earl  of 
Shaftesbury,  and  raised  him  to  the  high 
and  important  post  of  lord  high  chan- 
cellor. This  omce,  however,  he  held 
only  a  year:  and  on  the  seals  being 
taken  from  him  he  became  one  of  the 
opposition.  In  this  capacity  he  was  so 
violent  that  he  was  at  length  sent  to 
the  Tower,  where  he  remained  more 
than  a  year,  and  onlv  obtained  his  re- 
lease at  last  by  making  a  full  submis- 
sion. When  he  again  got  into  power, 
he  iiad  the  merit  of  bringing  forward, 
and  causinir  to  be  passed,  the  invaluable 
law  called  the  hahea-s  (yn-ptis  act.  His 
unremitting  etlbrts  to  exclude  the  duke 
of  York  from  the  succession,  roused 
that  prince  to  such  strenuous  exertions, 
that  m  four  montlis  the  ministrv  was 
turned  out,  and  shortly  afterwarcls  the 
earl  was  sent  to  the  Tower  on  a  charire 
of  high  treason.  On  this  perilous  charirc 
he  was  acquitted,  to  the  great  joy  of  the 
people  at  large ;  but  his  triumph  was 
somewhat  damped  by  the  withering 
satire  witli  whicii  his  character  was  de- 
picted in  Dryden's  "  Absalom  and 
Achitophel."  D.  1683. — Anthony  Ash- 
ley, third    earl    of  Shaftesbury,    and 


310 


CVCLOP/EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHV. 


[cop 


{rrandson  oftlic  last  naniod,  was  an  emi- 
iient  Englisli  writer,  b.  Vul.  In  1693 
he  was  elected  member  of  parliament 
lor  Poole,  in  Dorsetshire.  lie  was  the 
author  of  various  works,  the  principal 
one  of  which  is  entitled  '•Characteristics 
of  Men,  Manners,  Opinions,  and  Times." 
As  a  man,  both  in  public  and  private 
life,  he  was  beloved  and  respected  by 
all  parties.  I).  1713.— Sir  Asti.ey  Pas- 
Tox,  a  surgeon  of  distinguished  celebri- 
ty, was  b.'at  Brooke,  in  Norfolk,  1763. 
In  his  20th  year  he  went  to  London,  and 
took  up  his"  abode  with  ^Ir.  Cline,  who 
found  him  bo  able  a  coadjutor,  in  his 
situation  of  demonstrator  to  the  stu- 
dents, as  to  assiijn  him  a  share  in  his 
anatomical  lectures  also.  In  this  promi- 
nent position  he  outshone  all  who  had 
jiroccaed  him  as  a  popular  teacher.  Ilis 
class  of  students  increased  from  50  to 
400,  which  was  the  largest  ever  known 
in  London.  In  1792  he  visited  Paris, 
and  attended  the  lectures  of  Desault 
and  Chopart;  and  on  his  return  he  took 
up  his  residence  in  London,  first  in 
Jetiery-square,  and  afterwards  in  Broad- 
street!  llis  practice  had  now  become 
immense,  and  long  before  he  removed 
to  New-street,  Spring  Gardens,  he  was 
decidedly  atHuent.  While  there  he  for 
many  years  realized  from  £18,000  to 
£20,000  per  aniunn.  The  honor  of  a 
baronetcy  was  conferred  on  him  at  the 
coronation  of  George  IV.,  to  whom  he 
had  been  appointed  surgeon.  T>.  1841. — • 
John  Gilbekt,  a  clever  English  writer; 
author  of  "The  Power  of  Harmony,"  a 
poem  ;  "  The  Life  of  Socrates,"  "  Let- 
ters on  Taste,"  "The  Tomb  of  Shak- 
speare,"  &c.  D.  1769. — Samuel,  an 
eminent  English  painter  whose  excel- 
lence in  miniature  painting  gained  him 
the  name  of  the  Miniature  Vandyke. 
One  of  his  best  works  is  his  portrait  of 
Oliver  Cromwell.  D.  1672. — Samuel,  an 
American  clergyman,  distinguished  both 
as  a  preacher  and  a  patriot.  He  was 
among  the  foretnost  in  opposing  Great 
Britain  in  her  dispute  with  the  colonies, 
and  -WTote  many  political  tracts  ;  and  he 
was  also  an  eminent  critic  and  theologi- 
an. B.  1725;  d.  1823. — Thomas,  bishop 
of  Winchester;  author  of  "An  Epit- 
ome of  the  Chronicles,"  ".\n  Exposi- 
tion of  the  Sunday  Lessons,"  "Thesau- 
rus Lingua;  Komanro  et  Britannie;c,  et 
I)ictionariuni  Ilistoricum  ct  Poeticum," 
(tc.  Jle  was  a  very  learned  and  zealous 
prclat(!,  and  much  favored  by  (iucen 
Elizabeth.  D.  1594.— Tmo.mas,  a  dis- 
'linguished  political  ^vTilcr,  b.  at  Lon- 
don, 1759,  educated  as  a  phynician,  and 


■^^•llo  took  an  acti^'c  part  in  defence  of 
the  French  revolution.  He  was  de- 
nounced by  Burke  for  his  democratic 
sentiments.'  lie  came  to  America,  joined 
Priestley  in  Pennsylvania,  where  he  es- 
tablished himself"^  as  a  lawyer.  His 
early  opposition  to  the  administration 
of  the  elder  Adams,  caused  him  to  be 
prosecuted  under  the  sedition  act.  He, 
was  afterwards  appointed  to  the  chair 
of  chemistry  in  l)ickenson  college,  and 
then  to  that  of  Columbia  college,  S.  C. 
He  was  also  the  author  of  a  translation 
of  ".lustinlan's  Institutes,"  a  treatise 
on  "Bankrupt  Laws,"  and  a  great  many 
minor  essays,  metaphysical,  political,  re- 
ligious, ancl  scientific. 

"COOTE,  Sir  Eyre,  a  distinguished 
military  olliccr.  He  was  b.  in  Ireland, 
1726,  and  as  early  as  the  rebellion  of 
1745  bore  arms  in  the  king's  service. 
His  regiment  being  ordered  to  the  East 
Indies  in  1754,  he  greatly  distinguished 
himself  at  the  sieges  of  Haughley,  Chan- 
dernagore,  and  Pondicherry,  and  at  the 
battle  of  Plassey,  &c.  In  1780,  Ilyder 
Ally  having  invaded  the  Carnatic,  Sir 
Eyre  Coote,"  with  a  vastly  inferior  force, 
arrested  his  progress,  and  in  various 
encounters  signally  defeated  him.  i>. 
at  ISIaclras,  1783. 

COPERNICUS,  NicnoLAS,  a  cele- 
brated mathematician  and  astronomer, 
was  a  native  of  Thorn,  in  Prussia.  He 
travelled  into  Italy,  and  became  a  pro- 
fessor of  mathematics  at  Eome.  On  his 
return  to  his  native  country,  his  uncle, 
the  bisliop  of  Warmia,  gave  him  a  can- 
onry;  and  being  thus  at  ease  as  to 
fortune,  he  diligently  labored  to  improve 
the  science  of  astronomy ;  and  the  fruits 
of  his  researches  appeared  in  his  Latin 
treatise  "On  the  Revolutions  of  the 
Celestial  Orbs,"  in  which  he  represent- 
ed the  sun  as  occupying  a  centre  round 
wliich  the  earth  and  the  other  planets 
revolve.  Ilis  great  work  remained  in 
MS.  some  years  after  he  had  completed 
it,  so  ditlid'cut  was  he  as  to  the  reception 
it  might  meet  with;  and  it  was  only  a 
few  hours  before  his  death  that  a  print- 
ed copy  was  presented  to  him,  giving 
him  assurance  that  his  opinions  would 
see  tlio  light,  though  he  would  be  be- 
vond  the  reach  of  censure  and  persecu- 
tion.    r>.  1473;  d.  1.543. 

COI'LKSTON,  EnwA-RD,  bishop  of 
Llandafl",  and  dean  of  St.  Paul's,  was 
b.  fit  Olfvvcll  in  Devonshire,  of  which 
7)arish  his  father  was  at  once  the  patron 
and  incumbent,  1776.  At  an  early  age 
of  his  life  he  gained  great  distinction  by 
his  polemical  pamphlets  in  favor  of  the 


cor] 


CVCLOP.^JDIA    OF    DIOGRAPHY. 


517 


university ;  and  besides  contributing' 
Viiriou.s  arlicliis  to  the  '"Quarterly  Ke- 
view,"  gave  to  tlic  world  nuiuerou.s 
serinoua  and  cliarfres,  ail  ol"  tlieni  dis- 
tinguished by  vigor,  clearness,  and  pre- 
cision of  thouirht.     J).  184'J. 

COl'LEY,  Joirx  Sin'gletox,  an  emi- 
nent painter,  was  b.  at  Boston,  1738 ; 
visited  Italy  iu  177-i ;  and  in  1776  went 
to  Kui,^land,  and  was  cliosen  a  member 
of  the  Koyal  Academy.  As  an  artist  he 
was  self-educated,  and  had  executed 
many  works  of  merit  before  lie  left 
America :  but  his  "  Death  of  Lord 
Chatham  established  his  fame  in  En- 
gland. Many  other  tine  historical  sub- 
jects were  subsequently  produced  by 
him,  among  which  were  "The  Siege 
of  Gibraltar,"  "Death  of  Jlajor  Pier- 
son,"  "  Charles  I.  in  the  House  of  Com- 
mons," &c.  Mr.  Copley  was  the  father 
of  Lord  Lvudhurst,  late  lord  chancellor 
of  England,  and  since  chief  baron  of  the 
exchequer.     1).  1815. 

COKBET,  KioHAKD,  an  English  di- 
vine, and  a  poet;  author  of  a  spirited 
"  Narrative  of  a  Journey  to  France," 
and  of  various  other  poems,  published 
under  the  title  of  "I'oetica  Stromata." 
He  was  remarkable  for  wit,  and  no  less 
so  for  an  eccentricity  and  mirthful  jocu- 
larity, which  did  not  very  well  accord 
with  the  character  of  his  profession.  It 
did  not,  however,  prevent  him  from 
being  raised,  successively,  to  the  bish- 
oprics of  Oxford  and  Norwich.  B.  1582 ; 
d.  1G35. 

COliDAEA,  Julius  C^saRj  an  Italian 
Jesuit,  author  of  an  able  work,  entitled, 
"Historia  Societatis  Jesu,"  &c.  D. 
1784. 

COED  AY  D'AEMANS,  Marie  Anne 
Chaklotte.  a  female  of  great  beauty  and 
courage,  wlio,  in  revenge  for  the  death 
of  her  lover,  an  officer  iu  the  garrison 
of  Caen,  became  the  murderer  of  Marat. 
Inspired  with  a  deep-rooted  hatred 
against  him,  she  left  her  home,  and  on 
arriving  at  Paris,  (.July  12,  17'J3,)  she 
went  to  his  house,  but  was  not  ailmit- 
ted.  On  tlie  same  evening  she  wrote  to 
him  as  follows: — "Citizen,  I  have  just 
now  come  from  Caen.  Your  love  for 
your  country  no  doubt  makes  you  de- 
sirous of  being  informed  of  the  unliappy 
transactions  in  that  ]iart  of  the  republic. 
Grant  me  an  interview  for  a  moment. 
I  have  important  discoveries  to  make 
to  you."  The  following  day  came,  and, 
with  a  dacrger  in  her  l)osom,  she  pro- 
ceeded to  the  house  of  Marat,  who.  just 
on  the  point  of  coming  out  of  his  bath. 
immediately  gave  orders  that  she  should 
27* 


be  admitted.  The  asscmblica  at  Cal- 
vados were  the  lirst  subjects  of  conver- 
sation, and  Marat  heard  with  eagerness 
the  names  of  those  who  were  present 
at  them.  "  All  these,"  he  exclaimed, 
"  shall  be  guillotined."  At  these  words 
Charlotte  plunged  her  dagtrer  into  his 
bosom,  and  he  instantly  expired,  utter- 
ing the  words,  "To  me,  my  friend  I" 
Meanwhile  the  maid  remained  calm  and 
tranquil  as  the  priestess  before  the  altar, 
in  the  midst  of  the  tumult  and  confu- 
sion. She  was  afterwards  conducted  as 
a  prisoner  to  the  Abbaye.  A  young 
man,  who  begsjed  to  die  in  her  place, 
was  also  condemned  to  death.  Her  first 
care  was  to  implore  the  forgiveness  of 
her  father  for  oisposing  of  her  life  with- 
out his  knowledge.  Siie  then  wrote  to 
Barbaroux  as  follows:  "  To-morrow,  at 
five  o'clock,  my  trial  begins,  and  on  the 
same  day  I  hope  to  meet  with  Brutus 
and  the  other  patriots  in  elysium." 
She  appeared  before  the  revolutionary 
tribunal  with  a  dignified  air,  and  her 
replies  were  firm  and  noble.  She  spoke 
of  her  deed  as  a  duty  which  she  <)wed 
her  country.  Her  defender,  (Chaveau 
Lagardc,)  full  of  astonishment  at  such 
courage,  cried  out,  "  You  hear  the  ac- 
cused herself!  She  confesses  her  crime : 
she  admits  that  she  has  coolly  reflectea 
upon  it ;  she  conceals  no  circumstance 
ot  it;  and  she  wishes  for  no  defence. 
This  unshaken  calmness,  this  total 
abandonment  of  herself,  these  appear- 
ances of  the  utmost  intcrnid  tranquillity, 
are  not  natural  1  Such  appearances  are 
not  to  be  explained  only  by  that  polit- 
ical fanaticism,  which  armed  her  liand 
with  the  dagger.  To  you  then,  gentle- 
men of  the  jury,  it  belongs  to  judge  of 
what  weight  this  moral  view  may  be  in 
the  scale  of  justice  !"  His  words  could 
make  no  impression  on  the  minds  of  the 
judges.  She  was  condemned,  and  led 
to  the  scalfold,  retaining  her  calmness 
and  presence  of  mind  to  the  last,  though 
pursued  by  the  crowd  with  yells  and 
shouts  of  execration.  She  was  b.  at  St 
Saturnin,  near  Seez,  in  Normandy,  KGS, 
and  sutfored  by  the  guillotine,  July  17, 
1793.  Lamartine  calls  her  the  "angel 
of  assassination." 

COEDIEE,  MATHUitrN',  an  eminent 
professor  at  Paris  in  the  li'ith  century, 
better  known  by  his  Latin  name,  Cuk- 
DEiiiL's;  author  of  the  "Colloquies"  so 
much  used  in  the  education  of  youth, 
and  various  otiier  works.     D.  154G. 

COKOIN  EK,  CuAKf.r.s,  an  antiquariau 
and  topographical  writer,  was  b.  at  Pe- 
terhead,  1746.      He  wrote    "The  Pic- 


318 


OYt'LUl'.tlUA     Ul<     IJiUUhAi'Ur, 


[cor 


tnresquc  Scenery  and  Antiquities  of  the 
North  of  Scotland, "  17S0,  London. 
The  cuiiraviiiirs  wliich  iicconipany  this 
work  arc  from  designs  by  !>Ir.  Cordiner, 
and  are  much  admired  for  tlieir  ac- 
curacy.    1).  1794. 

CtJKDOVA,  Jose,  g'eueral  in  chief 
.">f  the  auxiliary  Colombian  army  in  Bo- 
livia, who  repeatedly  distinsiui^hed  him- 
self by  his  I)ravcry,  and  was  for  a  long 
lime  the  faithful  adherent  of  Bolivar; 
hut  he  .set  up  the  standard  of  revolt  in 
Antioquia,  where  he  was  attacked  by 
General  O'l-earv,  and  slain,  1820. 

eOKlATK,  oV  COEYATE,  Thomas, 
an  Euirlish  traveller  and  writer.  For  a 
considerable  time  he  held  a  situation  in 
the  household  of  Prince  Henry,  son  of 
James  ].,  and  was  so  remarkable  for 
oddity  and  eccentricity,  that,  us  An- 
thony Wood  remarks,  "he  was  the 
whetstone  for  all  the  wits  of  the  age." 
In  lijiis  he  commenced  a  pedestrian  tour 
of  f^iirope ;  and  liaving  walked  'JOO 
miles  with  one  pair  of  shoes,  he  liung 
them  up.  on  his  return,  in  the  parish 
church  of  iiis  native  place,  Odcomoe,  in 
Somersetshire.  This  eccentric  traveller, 
who  is  said  to  have  introduced  into  En- 
gland the  use  of  table  forks,  published 
"Crudities  hastily  gobbled  up  in  Five 
Months'  Travel  in  France,  Savoy,  Italy, 
Klietia,  Helvetia,  Germany,  and  the 
Netherlands;"'  "Coriate's  Crambe,  or 
his  Colewort  twice  Sodden,"  "Traveller 
for  the  En^'lisli  Wits,"  and  "  A  Letter 
from  the  Court  of  the  Great  Mogul." 
D.  while  travelling  in  the  East  Indies, 
1617. 

COEILLA,  Mari.v  Madelixa  Fer- 
nandez, a  celebrated  improvisatrice. 
Hi;r  abilities,  botli  as  a  poetess  and  a 
musician,  were  very  great  and  versa- 
tile. She  became  amcinl)er  of  the  acad- 
emy of  the  Arcadi  at  Home,  and  was 
solemnly  crowned  at  the  accession  of 
I'ius  VI.  She  was  married  to  a  Signor 
Morelli,  of  Leghorn ;  but  lier  conduct 
after  marriage  was  very  unworthy  of  her 
great  genius.     IJ.  ISOO. 

(HjRlXNA,  a  celebratcil  poetess,  to 
whom  the  Greeks  gave  the  appellation 
of  tiie  Lyric  Muse.  She  composed  a 
great  number  of  poems,  of  which  only 
a  few  fragments  liave  come  do\ni  to  us  ; 
and  five  times  obtained  the  poetic  wreath 
from  her  yreat  competitor,  I'indar.  She 
flourished  in  the  5th  century  b.  c,  and 
a  tomb  was  erected  to  her  memoiy  in 
her  native  citv.  Tanacra,  in  Boiotia. 

COKIOLA.N'US,  Caius  Maucils.  was 
a  descendant  of  the  ])atrician  family  of 
the  Marcii,  and  was  from  an  early  age 


distinguished  for  the  courage  and  pride 
so  much  prized  by  the  Eomuns.  In  a 
war  with  the  Volscians,  the  Romans  be- 
sieging Corioli,  the  capital  of  the  Vol- 
scians, were  driven  back  to  their  lines. 
Marcius  rallied  his  countrymen,  pursued 
the  enemy,  and  possessed  himself  of 
Corioli ;  ibr  which  he  was  rewarded 
with  a  large  share  of  the  spoil,  and  with 
the  surname  of  Coriolanus.  Subse- 
quently, in  disputes  which  took  jjlace 
between  the  patricians  and  plebeians, 
Coriolanus  made  himself  so  obnoxious 
to  the  latter,  that  he  was  banished. 
Stung  by  the  ingratitude  of  his  coun- 
trymen, he  joined  the  Volscians,  and, 
jointly  with  Tullus  Autidius,  led  a  nu- 
merous army  against  liomc.  He  had 
encamped  within  live  miles  of  the  city, 
and  its  ruin  seemed  inevitable,  when, 
at  the  urgent  entreaties  of  his  mother, 
he  withdrew  his  army.  It  is  generally 
supposed  that,  in  a  tumult  of  the  en- 
raged Volscians,  he  was  assassinated  as 
a  traitor  to  their  cause ;  but  the  histo- 
rian Fabius  affirms  that  he  lived  many 
years  after  this  event.    448  e.  c. 

COKNARO,  LuDovico,  a  Venetian 
noble,  who,  having  greatly  injui'ed  his 
health  by  too  free  indulLrence  in  the 
pleasures  of  the  table.  Ijad  the  resolu- 
tion entirely  to  abandon  that  indul- 
gence, and  to  restrict  himself  to  twelve 
ounces  of  food  and  fourteen  ounces  of 
wine  in  the  24  hours.  Having  by  this 
regimen  restored  himself  to  healtli,  he 
wrote  various  treatises  recommendatory 
of  the  system  from  which  he  liad  de- 
rived so  much  benefit.  Besides  these, 
v/hich  are  collected  under  the  title  of 
"  Discorsi  dclla  Vita  Sobria,"  he  wrote 
"  Trattato  dclle  Aeque."  He  com- 
menced his  dietary  rule  when  he  was 
40,  and  died  at  the  great  age  of  104,  in 
15G6.  —  Helena  Lucretia,  a  learned 
Venetian  lady,  who  was  educated  at  tho 
university  of  Padua,  where  she  took  her 
degrees,  and  was  made  a  doctor,  and 
received  the  title  of  Unalterable.  At 
Rome  she  was  admitted  at  the  univer- 
sity, and  was  entitled  the  Humble.  She 
made  a  vow  of  perpetual  celibacy,  that 
she  might  with  more  intense  application 
devote  herself  to  literary  pursuits  ;  and 
so  great  was  the  reputation  of  her  learn- 
intr,  that  the  most  illustrious  characters 
who  travelled  through  Venice  were 
more  anxious  to  see  her  than  all  the 
curiosities  of  the  citv.     D.  1685. 

C<JRNBURY,  Edward  Hyde,  lord, 
governor  of  New  York,  was  the  son  of 
the  earl  of  Clarendon,  and  one  of  the 
fir.st  officers  who  deserted  the  army  of 


CORj 


CYCLOlMilMA    OF    lilO(;  UAIMIY, 


I'J 


King  James.  King  William,  in  grati- 
tude I'or  his  Bcrvic'cs,  appointed  him  to 
au  American  governmeut.  lie  com- 
menced liis  administration  as  a  sue- 
ccseor  of  J^ord  Bellamantin,  1702.  lie 
was  a  bigot  in  religion,  and  oppressive 
and  uujuiit  in  his  athiiinistratiou  of  the 
government.     D.  lT'i3. 

COKNi';iLLE,  PiiiKBK,  the  greatest 
of  the  French  dranuitic  poets,  was  b.  at 
Kouen,  lUuG,  and  for  some  time  prac- 
tised in  tiiat  city  as  an  advocate.  His 
tirst  dramatic  performance  was  "  Me- 
lite,"  a  comedy,  whicli  met  with  such, 
distinguished  success,  that  lie  was  eu- 
couraged  to  devote  his  rare  powers  to 
the  drama.  The  tragedies  of  "  Medea," 
''The  Cid,"'  '"The  lloratii,"  and  "Cin- 
na,"  followed,  and  established  for  their 
author  a  pre-eminent  station  among 
French  dramatists.  J5esides  the  fore- 
going, he  wrote  many  other  tragedies  ; 
and  translated  Thomas  a  Kcmpis,  "  On 
the  Imitation  of  Jesus  Christ."  It  is 
melancholy  to  reflect  that  the  great  Cor- 
neille,  who  had  achieved  fame  equally 
for  himself  and  his  country's  literature, 
ended  his  days  in  poverty  and  distress. 
D.  16S4. — TiioMAs,  brother  of  the  prc- 
eedino:,  and  also  a  fertile  and  successful 
dramatist,  was  b.  1C'J5.  Several  of  his 
tragedies  are  admirable;  in  fact,  there 
seems  to  be  a  good  deal  of  truth  in  Vol- 
taire's assertion,  that  Thomas  Conicille 
would  have  had  a  great  reputation,  if 
lie  had  not  had  a  great  brother.  Be- 
sides dramatic  works,  he  wrote  a  "  Dic- 
tionary of  Arts  and  Sciences,"  a  "Geo- 
graphical and  Historical  Dictionary," 
ancla  translation  of  the  Metamorphoses 
of  Ovid.     1).  1708. 

COKNELIA,  au  illustrious  Eonian 
lady.  She  was  the  daughter  of  Seipio 
Africanus,  wife  of  Tiberius  Sempronius 
Gracchus,  and  mother  of  the  two  famous 
tribunes.  She  was  of  a  grave  and  dig- 
nified deportment,  and  possessed  so 
great  a  control  over  her  feelings,  that 
when  a  friend  condoled  with  her  on  the 
death  of  her  sons,  she  replied,  "The 
woman  who  had  tlie  (Jracchi  for  sons 
cannot  be  considered  unfortunate."  Her 
literary  talents  must  have  been  consid- 
erable, as  Cicero  very  highly  commends 
some  of  her  epistles."  She  flourished  in 
the  2d  century  h.  c,  and  after  her  death 
the  Komans  erected  a  statue  to  her 
memory,  hearing  tlie  inscrijition,  "To 
Cornelia,  the  mother  of  tlie  tiracelii." 

C()KN\\'ALL1S,  Sir  Chaklks,  an  able 
English  statesman.  He  was  sent  to 
Spain  as  ambassador  t'rom  James  I.,  and 
was  treai-.urer  to  tlie  king's  son,  Priueo 


Henry.  D.  1630.  —  Charles,  marquis 
of,  son  of  the  tirst  Earl  Cornwallis,  was 
b.  173s,  ami  entered  the  army  as  soon 
as  he  bad  completed  liis  education  at 
Cambridge.  la  America  he  acted  a 
conspicuous  part,  and  greatly  distin- 
guished himself  at  the  battle  of  Brandy- 
wine,  and  at  the  siege  of  Charleston, 
After  gaining  the  important  battles  of 
Camden  and  Guildford  he  determined 
to  invade  Virginia;  but  his  j)lans  tail- 
ing, and  owing,  as  he  allirmed,  to  the 
iueflicient  conduct  of  Sir  Henry  Clinton, 
upon  whom  he  had  relied  for  support, 
he  and  his  army  were  made  prisoners. 
In  17b0  he  was  made  governc~-ireneral 
and  commander-in-chief  in  Ir  jia.  In 
17'j8  he  was  sent  to  Ireland  as  lord 
lieutenant;  and  in  the  trying  and  teiri- 
ble  scenes  of  the  rebellion  so  conducted 
himself  as  to  gain  the  good  o[)inion  of 
the  public,  while  vigorously  u])holiling 
and  vindicating  the  laws.  In  Isn^  he 
was  a  second  time  appointed  governor- 
general  of  India.    D.  1805. 

COKONELLI,  Vincent,  a  Venetian 
ecclesiastic,  and  a  professor  of  geog- 
raphy and  mathematics.  He  was  the 
author  of  a  very  extensive  atlas,  and  the 
founder  of  the  geographicid  society  at 
Venice.     I).  1718. 

COKKEA  DA  SEKRA,  Joseph  Fran- 
cis, a  botanist,  and  the  founder  of  the 
academy  of  sciences  at  Lisbon,  was  b. 
at  Serra,  Portugal,  1750.  In  181(5  he 
was  sent  to  the  United  States  as  Portu- 
guese envoy  and  recalled  in  181?,  to  be 
a  member  otiinance.     D.  1823. 

COKKEGGU),  Antonio  Allegri  da, 
a  painter  of  transcendent  ability,  was  b. 
in  1494,  at  Correggio,  in  the  duchy  of 
ilodena.  He  is  the  founder  of  the 
Lombard  school,  and  unrivalled  by  all 
competitors  for  the  grace  and  loveliness 
of  his  figures,  and  the  ex(iuisite  har- 
mony of  his  coloring.  "His  color  and 
mode  of  finishing,"  says  Sir  Joshua 
Keynolds,  "appro-ich  nearer  to  perfec- 
tion tlian  those  of  any  other  painter; 
the  gliding  motion  of  his  outhne,  and 
the  sweetness  with  which  it  melts  into 
the  ground;  the  clearness  and  trans- 
parency of  his  coloring,  which  stops  at 
that  exact  medium  in  which  the  puri- 
ty and  perfection  of  taste  lies,  leaves 
nothing  to  be  wished  for."  Yet,  not- 
withstanding his  genius  and  industry, 
"poorly,  poor  man,  he  lived;  poorly, 
poor  man,  he  died!"     D.  1534. 

COKSINI,  EuwARD,  an  Italian  monk, 
professor  of  philosophy  and  metaphysics 
at  i'isa;  author  of  "  Philosophical  and 
2»lathematieal  Institutions,"  in  6  vols.  ■ 


S20 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[cos 


"Elementary  Geometry,"  several  clas- 
slciil  works,  '■  A  History  of  the  Uui- 
ver^itv  ot'Tisa,"  «fcc.     D.'lTGS. 

COKTEZ,  or  COKTES,  Fernando, 
the  conqueror  of  Mexico,  \vas  b.  1485, 
at  Meik'lin,  in  Estremadura,  and,  after 
studyiuiir  tlie  law,  quitted  it  for  the  mil- 
itary profession.  In  1511  he  went  with 
\elasqucz  to  Cuba;  and  the  conquest 
of  i^Iexico  beinij  determined  upon,  Oor- 
tez  obtained  the  command  of  the  expe- 
dition for  that  purpose.  In  1518  he  set 
sail  with  700  men  in  ten  vessels ;  and 
on  laudinff  at  Tabasco  he  caused  his 
vessels  to  be  burned,  in  order  that  his 
soldiers  might  have  no  other  resource 
than  their  own  valor,  llaving  conquer- 
ed the  Tlascalans,  and  induced  them  to 
become  his  allies,  he  mai'ched  towards 
ilexieo,  where  he  was  amicably  re- 
ceived ;  but  havinu  seized  upon  their 
inca,  Montezuma,  and  treated  the  peo- 
ple with  the  utmost  insolence,  the  Mex- 
icans tirst  murmured,  and  then  resisted. 
Cortez  besiesjed  the  city  of  Mexico ;  and 
in  the  desperate  stru<rgle  which  ensued, 
it  is  said  that  upwards  of  100,000  of  the 
faithful  and  unfortunate  Mexicans  were 
killed  or  perished  by  famine.  Having 
reduced  the  devoted  city,  Cortez  com- 
pletely overran  the  Mexican  territories ; 
ui  doing  which  he  committed  atrocities 
which  would  be  incredible  if  related  on 
any  less  irrefragable  testimonies  than 
those  which  compel  our  belief.  In  re- 
ward for  the  addition  he  liad  made  to 
the  wealth  of  Spain,  he  had  a  grant  of 
land  and  the  title  of  marquis ;  but  on 
returning  he  found  that  tlie  court  of 
Madrid  were  become  jealous  of  his 
power,  and  treated  him  with  cold  neg- 
lect.    D.  15.>1. 

COKTONA,  PiF.TT.oDA,  properly  Tie- 
Tjso  Ekkrettini,  an  Italian  painter,  was 
u  native  of  Cortona,  in  Tuscany,  and  at 
an  early  age  was  placed  under  the  tuition 
of  Baccio  Ciarpi  at  Home.  The  Barbe- 
rini  palace,  the  new  works  at  the  Vat- 
ican, and  many  of  the  churches  of 
Kome,  were  decorated  by  him ;  and  at 
Florence  he  adorned  the  J'itti  palace  for 
the  Grand-duke  Ferdinand  If.  In  ad- 
dition to  being  an  eminent  painter,  he 
was  almost  eriually  eminent  as  an  archi- 
tect.    I).  ICO'.t. 

COKVlSAliT,  Jojix  Kk'holas,  an 
eminent  French  physician,  was  b.  1755. 
He  was  chief  physician  to  Xapoleon, 
who  made  liim  a  uaron,  and  an  officer 
of  the  legion  of  lionor.  Xor  was  his 
great  merit  overlooked  by  the  Bourbons, 
the  place  of  lionorary  member  of  the 
royal  academy  of  medjcine  being  con- 


ferred on  him  a  short  time  previous  to 
his  death,  in  1821. 

C'OSIN,  JoHX,  a  learned,  and  chari- 
table prelate,  was  b.  at  Norwich,  1594. 
In  1640  he  was  made  dean  of  Peter- 
borough ;  but  the  Puritans  deprived 
liim  of  his  preferments,  and  even  went 
the  length  of  impeaching  him  on  a 
cliarge  of  being  inclined  to  popery.  On 
this  he  retired  to  France,  wliere  he  re- 
mained until  the  restoration  of  Charles 
II.,  who  raised  him  to  the  see  of  Dur- 
ham. Among  his  writings  are  "  A 
History  of  Transubstantiation,"  and 
"A  Scholastical  History  of  the  Canon 
of  the  Holy  Scriptures."     I).  176-2. 

COSMO"  I.,  grand-di  ke  of  Tuscany, 
b.  in  1519,  was  thes^ni  of  John  de 
Medici ;  and  on  the  assassination  of 
Alexander,  chief  of  tlie  house  of  Medici, 
was  elected  head  of  the  republic  of  Flor- 
ence. Several  attempts  w^ere  made  to 
shake  the  power  of  Cosmo,  but  he  suc- 
ceeded in  defeating  them ;  and  it  w'as 
probably  in  order  to  secure  himself  able 
and  zealous  defenders  in  case  of  open 
revolt,  that  he  instituted  the  military 
order  of  the  Knights  of  St.  Stephen. 
He  restored  the  university  of  Pisa,  and 
held  out  the  most  liberal  encouragement 
to  men  of  scientific  and  literary  emi- 
nence to  settle  there  as  professors.  He 
also  founded  the  academy  of  Florence, 
established  its  gallery  of  paintings,  and 
performed  many  other  wise  and  honor- 
able actit.iiis  ;  thus  procuring  himself  a 
celebrity  and  influence  which  probably 
he  would  in  vain  have  sought  by  the 
more  dazzling,  but  infinitely  less  useful 
achievements  of  the  warrior.     1).  1574. 

COSTA  FUETADO  DE  MENDOCA, 
Hii'POLYTo  Joseph  da,  a  Portuguese  gen- 
tleman of  scientific  and  literary  attain- 
ments, who,  being  charged  with  free- 
masonry, was  thrown  into  the  prison  of 
the  Inquisition  at  Lisbon.  Here  he  was 
repeatedly  examined,  and  his  answers 
not  being  satisfactory  to  his  persecutors, 
he  was  remanded  to  his  duntreon,  with 
little  prospect  that  his  sufferings  would 
tenuiiKite  otherwise  than  in  death.  P>y 
one  of  those  fortunate  accidents  which 
sometimes  make  "  truth  stranger  than 
fiction,"  his  cell  was  left  open,  and  he 
was  enabled  to  possess  himself  of  a  bxineh 
of  keys  which  opened  every  lock  that 
was  between  him  and  liberty.  Having 
taken  these  keys,  and  a  book  which  lay 
beside  them,  he  made  his  escape  ;  and 
after  lying  hidden  several  weeks  in  the 
immediate  neighborhood  of  his  late 
dungeon,  he  found  means  to  embark  foi 
England.    The  book  which  he  brought 


CYCLOP.KDIA    OK    CIOGRAniV, 


cot] 


fVom  Ilia  prison  contained,  infer  alia, 
notes  of  Ins  exumiiiatious  before  the  in- 
quisitors ;  uiul  soon  after  his  iirrivul  iie 
publislied  a  narrative  of  tlie  persecutions 
he  had  inidorLrone,  tlie  account  of  hif. 
examination  beinir  taken  from  tlie  olli- 
cial  document  of  wliich  ho  liad  thu;i 
oddly  becoaic  possessed.  His  talents, 
and  the  interest  excited  by  his  adven- 
tures, ol)tained  him  considerable  notice, 
and  he  became  foreign  secretary  to  the 
duke  of  Sussex,  and  charge  d'att'aires  in 
England  for  the  Brazilian  government. 
D.  1824. 

COSTANZ A,  Anoelo  ni,  a  Neapolitan 
poet,  of  noble  birth  ;  author  of  sonnets 
and  other  poems,  and  of  "  Istoria  del 
Regno  di  Napoli,"  containing  the  his- 
tory of  Naples  from  1250  to  1180.  D. 
1591. 

(JOSTARD,  Geokoe,  a  learned  En- 
glish divine  ;  author  of  "  Letters  on  the 
Astronomy  of  the  Ancients,"  a  treatise 
on  "  The  Use  of  Astronomy  in  Chronol- 
ogy and  History,"  "  A  Commentary  on 
the  Book  of  Job,"  &c.  B.  1710;  d. 
1782. 

COSTE,  Pierre,  a  learned  French 
Protestant,  for  some  time  resident  in 
Euijlaud,  and  who  acted  as  amanuensis 
to  Locke,  but  subsequently  returned  to 
liis  o'.vn  country.  lie  translated  into 
French,  Locke's'  "  Reasonableness  of 
Christianity,"  Newton's  "  Optics,"  &c. 
He  also  wrote  the  "  Life  of  the  Great 
Conde."     D.  17-17. 

C'OSTER,  Laurence  Jansex,  a  native 
of  naerlem,  in  Holland,  to  whom  his 
countrymen  ascribed  the  invention  of 
the  art  of  printing,  in  the  year  1430. 
The  Germans,  however,  with  sufficient 
proof  assert,  that  the  merit  is  due  to 
Guttemberg,  Coster  having  merely  used 
wooden  blocks,  and  not,  as  Junius  as- 
serts, metal  types.     B.  1370  ;  d.  1439. 

COSVVAY,  Richard,  an  eminent  En- 
glish artist.  He  painted  miniatures  ad- 
iniralily,  and  was  almost  equally  irrcat  as 
an  oil  painter.  He  was  one  of  the  oldest 
members  of  th('  IJoyal  Academy,  and  d. 
at  the  a'.'e  of  90,  in  1321. 

COTELIER,  -John,  a  learned  French 
divine  and  critic ;  the  author  of  "  Ec- 
clesia  Gra-cre  Moinunenta,"  and  the  co- 
adjutor of  I)u  Cango  in  making  a 
catalogue  of  the  Greek  MSS.  in  the  royal 
library  at  Paris.     D.  16S*3. 

COTES,  Fn.vN'cis,  an  English  artist  of 
great  eminence  as  a  portrait  painter,  as 
well  in  oil  as  in  crayons.     T>.  1770. 

COTIX,  Charles,  a  French  poet  of 
the  17th  century,  chiefly  known  now 
from  the  satires    levelled   at   him  by 


JJ21 


Boileau  and  Molierc.  He  was  counsellor 
and  almoner  to  the  kiiiir,  and  a  moniber 
of  the  French  Academv.  B.  16u4 ;  d. 
1682. 

COTTA,  J.  G.,  Baron,  an  eminent 
bookseller  of  Germany,  and  the  pro- 
l>rietor  of  the  "  Allgemeine  Zeitung,"  a 
)iolitical  daily  paper,  as  well  as  of  several 
others  devoted  to  literature  and  the  arts, 
was  b.  at  Stuttgard,  in  1764 ;  for  many 
years  carried  on  an  extensive  and  liour- 
ishiug  concern  ;  and  also  acted  a  con- 
spicuous part  as  a  political  man.  D. 
1832. 

COTTERELL,  Sir  Charles,  an  excel- 
lent linguist  and  scholar  of  the  17th 
century.  He  was  master  of  the  requests 
to  Charles  II.,  an  office  which  was  filled 
by  his  descendants  for  several  gener?- 
tions.  He  translated  the  romance  ot 
"  Cassandra"  from  the  French,  besides 
some  works  from  the  Spanish  and  Ital- 
ian.    I).  1687. 

COTTIN,  Sophia  de,  an  accomplished 
French  lady  ;  authoress  of  "  Matilde," 
"  Claire  d'Albe,"  the  weU-known  and 
highly  popular  "  Elizabeth,  ou  les  P^xiles 
de  Sib(Srie.""  &c.     B.  1773  ;  d.  1807. 

COTTON,  Charles,  an  Enirlish  poet ; 
author  of  "  Scarronides,  or  Virsil  Tra- 
vestie ;"  a  supplement  to  "  Walton's 
Treatise  on  Angling,"  and  a  volume  of 
original  poems,  &c.  He  also  translated 
Corneille's  tragedy  of  the  Iloratii  and 
Montaigne's  Essays.  B.  1530  ;  d.  1687. 
— Nathaniel,  an  English  physician  and 
poet;  author  of  "  Visions  in  Verse  for 
the  Instruction  of  Younger  Minds." 
He  for  some  years  kept  a  lunatic  asylum 
at  St.  Albaii's,  and  the  poet  Cowper  was 
for  a  time  one  of  its  inmates.  B.  1707  ; 
d.  17SS. — Sir  Robert  Bruce,  a  distin- 
guished English  antiquarian,  was  b.  at 
Denton,  in  Huutingdonshire,  1570.  In 
1629  he  was  brought  before  the  pri\-y 
council,  in  consequence  of  a  political 
treatise  of  his  in  MS.  being  lent  by  his 
librarian,  the  contents  of  which  gave 
so  much  olt'enee  at  court,  that  he  was 
sent  to  the  Tower.  He  wrote  *'  The 
Antiquity  and  Dignity  of  Parliaments  ;" 
and  assisted,  both  with  his  literary  treas- 
ures and  his  purse.  Speed,  Camden,  and 
other  writers  on  British  arehteoloiry. 
D.  1631. — .John,  one  of  the  most  distin- 
guished of  the  carlv  ministers  in  NfW 
EuLfland.  When  t"lio  Ennrlish  church 
fell  into  the  hands  of  Bishop  Lau.l.  a 
complaint  was  preferred  against  Mr. 
Cotton,  for  noncontbrmity,  in  uotkncel- 
inir  at  the  saerament.  Being  cited  be- 
fore tlie  high  commission  court  ho 
embarked  for  America,  and  arrived  at 


:}->3 


CVCI.OP.EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHT. 


[COD 


Boston,  September  4,  1633,  and  October 
10  was  estalilislied  the  teacher  of  the 
churcli  ill  Boston,  as  colleague  with  INIr. 
Wilson,  who  was  pastor.  On  the  voy- 
age from  England  ^Ir.  Cotton's  eldest 
son  was  born,  and  whom  at  his  baptism 
in  Boston  he  called  Seaborn.  He  re- 
mained connected  with  this  church  more 
than  nineteen  years,  and  such  was  his 
inlluenco  in  establishing  the  order  of 
the  churches,  and  so  extensive  was  liis 
iist't'iilucss,  tiiat  he  has  been  called  the 
patriarch  of  New  England.     D.  Ifi.ia. 

COUDRETTE,  Ciikistopuer,  a  French 
priest,  and  a  very  able  opponent  of  the 
Jesuits  ;  author  of  "  A  General  History 
of  the  Jesuits,"  "  Memoirs  relative  to 
the  Formulary,"  &c.  His  bold  and 
liberal  tone  of  thought  caused  him  to  be 
twice  imprisoned  :  at  Venice  in  1735, 
and  at  Paris,  in  the  Bastile,  in  173S.  D. 
1774. 

COULOMB,  Chakles  Augustine  de,  a 
French  philosopher  and  officer  of  engi- 
neers, to  whose  scientific  labors  many 
discoveries  in  electricity  and  magnetism 
are  owing.  B.  at  Angouleme,  1^36 ;  d. 
1806. 

COUPLET,  Philip,  a  Flemish  Jesuit 
and  missionary  to  China;  author  of 
"  Chronological  Tables  of  Chinese  His- 
tory," "  A  Treatise  on  the  Philosophy 
ofConfucius,"  &c.  T>.  while  on  a  second 
vovasrc  to  China,  1693. 

COURIER,  Paul  Louis,  one  of  the 
wittiest  writers  and  most  profound  Hel- 
lenists of  France,  was  b.  near  Angou- 
leme, in  1774.  He  was  for  several  years 
in  the  corps  of  artillerj',  in  which  he 
rose  to  be  a  major ;  but  at  length  he  re- 
signed in  disffust.  Every  moment  of 
leisure  while  in  the  annv  was  devoted 
by  him  to  the  study  of  (ireek  authors. 
lie  was  assassinated  in  1825.  Courier 
published  various  translations  from  the 
Greek ;  but  liis  chief  fame  is  derived 
from  his  r)olitical  pamphlets,  which  are 
remarkable  for  wit,  irony,  and  pungency 
of  stvle. 

COURT  AX  V.VUX,  Fiiaxcis  Cesar  le 
Tellieu,  marquis  de,  a  French  military 
officer,  and  also  a  distinguished  natural 
pliilosopher.  He  served  with  great 
ability  and  courage  in  Bavaria  and  Bo- 
hemia under  his  uui-le,  tlie  marslial  de 
Noailles ;  but  wa.s  obliirod  to  rpiit  the 
service  in  1745  on  account  of  ill  health. 
He  tiien  devoted  liis  time  to  science,  and 
became  a  ineml^er  of  the  Academy.  He 
was  a  trood  astronomer  and  mechanician. 
D.  17S1. 

COURT  DE  GEBELIN,  Axtiiont,  a 
oative  of  France,  raiuister  of  the  re- 


formed church  at  Lausanne,  in  Switzer- 
land ;  author  of  "  Le  Monde  Primitif 
analyse  et  compare,  avec  le  Monde 
Moderno,"  a  pamphlet  in  praise  of  ani- 
mal maffuctism,  Sjq.     D.  1784. 

COURTILZ,  Gamen  de,  a  French 
military  officer,  remarkable  for  his  utrong 
predilection  tor  literature.  His  works 
are  "The  Annals  of  Paris,"  ".Y  History 
of  the  Dutch  War,"  "The  Lives  of  Co- 
ligni,  Tureune,  and  Rochfort,"  &c. 
Some  of  his  opinions  giving  ofience  to 
the  court,  he  was  thrown  into  the  Bastile, 
where  he  remained  nine  vears.     D.  1712. 

COURTNEY,  William,  archbishop 
of  Canterbury,  b.  1341.  In  1381  he  be- 
came archbishop  of  Canterbury  and  lord 
high  chancellor,  in  which  office  he  show- 
ed a  rancorous  spirit  of  persecution 
against  the  Wieklitiites.  His  charactej 
was  resolute  and  arrogant.     D.  1396. 

COURTOIS,  James,  surnamed  II 
BoRGONONE,  a  French  painter,  especially 
eminent  in  battle-pieces.  His  wife  dying 
of  poison,  which  he  was  suspected  ot 
having  administered,  he  took  the  habit 
of  a  lay  brother  of  the  Jesuits,  with 
whom,  tliough  lie  still  practised  his  ;«•*■, 
he  remained  till  his  tleath,  in  1676. — 
William,  brother  of  the  above,  and  also 
an  eminent  painter.  He  excelled  in 
historical  pieces,  and  assisted  his  bro- 
ther in  some  of  his  works.     D.  1679. 

COURVOISIER,  Jean  Jos.  Antoine, 
b.  at  Besanqon  about  1770,  was  originally 
a  soldier  under  the  prince  de  Conde,  and 
afterwards  a  lawyer  in  his  native  city. 
In  1815  he  was  made  advocate-general, 
and  was  then  elected  a  deputy  of  the 
chambers  for  eight  years,  where  he  dis- 
played extraordinary  ability  as  a  speaker. 
In  1829  he  was  appointed  to  the  depart- 
ment of  justice  under  the  administration 
of  Polignac.  The  revolution  of  July 
drove  him  into  retirement.  He  is  known 
as  an  author  by  his  "  Dissertation  sur  le 
Droit  Naturel,"  and  his  "Traitesur  Ob- 
ligations Divisible  et  Indivisible,  selon 
I'Ancienne  et  la  Nouvelle  Loi."  D. 
1835. 

COUSIN,  John,  a  native  of  France, 
and  generally  regarded  as  the  earliest 
French  historieai  painter.  He  chiefly 
painted  on  glass,  but  his  "  Last  Judg- 
ment," painted  on  canvas  for  the  con- 
vent of  the  Minims  at  Vincennes,  is 
esteemed  an  excellent  work.  He  was 
the  author  of  "  Livre  do  Perspective," 
and  some  other  treatises  connected  with 
the  art.     1).  1 590. 

COUSTON,  NicHor.As  and  William, 
brothers  ;  two  French  sculptors  of  con- 
siderable eminence  in  their  profession : 


row] 


(;yci,op,edi.\   of  r.iocMf aphy, 


the  former  b.  at  Lvons,  in  1658 ;  d.  1733 : 
the  hitter  b.  li'.Ts;  d.  1746. 

COUTIION,  Geouoe,  :i  French  advo- 
cate and  president  of  the  eourt  of  justice 
at  Clermont.  Beeomini,'  a  meniher  of 
the  le;,nsl:itive  assembly  and  of  the  na- 
tional eouvention,  he  voted  for  the  trial 
and  ileatli  of  Louis  XVI. ;  and  after 
lie.situting  awhile  as  to  the  party  witli 
■\vhicli  he  should  act,  gave  in  his  adhe- 
sion to  that  of  liohcspierre.  When 
troops  were  sent  against  Lyons,  he  was 
connnissloner  from  the  convention,  and 
gave  with  his  own  hand  the  siiinal  for 
the  destruction  of  the  Ijuildings  of  that 
city.  Sharintr  tlie  power  and  participa- 
ting in  the  acts  of  Itobcspierre,  he  was 
also  involved  in  his  ruin.  Guillotined 
1704. 

COUTTS,  Thomas,  a  London  banker, 
eminent  for  bis  wealth  and  connections. 
lie  went  from  Scotland  at  an  early  age  ; 
and  from  being  a  junior  partner  in  a 
mercantile  house  in  London,  rose  to  be 
one  of  the  most  considerable  bankers  in 
England.  In  181.5  his  first  wife  died; 
and,  three  months  afterwards,  he  mar- 
ried Harriet  Mellon,  an  actress  of  some 
celebrity,  to  whom  lie  bequeathed  the 
whole  of  his  immense  property,  consist- 
ing of  .£6uO, 000  in  personal,  besides  real 
estates  in  lands  and  houses,  to  a  great 
amount.     D.  1S21,  aged  66. 

COUVREUK,  Adrienne  le,  a  cele- 
brated French  actress.  She  was  the 
mistress  of  the  great  Marshal  Saxe,  and 
when  that  celebrated  commander  was  in 
great  distress  for  money  and  troops,  she 
pledged  her  plate  and  jewels  for  40,000 
fivres,  and  sent  the  monev  to  him.  D. 
1780. 

COVELL,  Joiix,  a  learned  English 
divine.  He  was  for  some  time  chaplain 
to  the  English  embassy  in  Turkey,  and, 
while  resident  in  that  country,  obtained 
much  valuable  knowledge  on  the  early 
constitution  of  the  Greek  church,  on 
which  subject,  when  he  returned  to 
Ensrland,  he  published  a  very  valuable 
work.     1).  1722. 

COVENTRY,  Henry,  author  of 
"  Letters  of  Philemon  to  llydaspes," 
and  one  of  the  authors  of  the  well-known 
"  Athenian  Letters."  D.  1752. — Joun, 
a  skilful,  self-taught  English  mechan- 
ician, whose  genius  led  him  to  make 
experiments  in  mechanics.  He  invented 
an  hygrometer,  which  met  with  the  ap- 
probation of  the  lloyal  Society,  and  was 
presented  to  the  king.  Subsequently 
he  employed  himself  in  drawing  mi- 
crometers on  ivory  and  glass  ;  and  to 
Buch  ft  perfection  did  he  bring  them, 


that  Ills  S(|uares  were  only  the  millionth 
l)art  of  an  inch  superficial.  He  also 
made  two  chamber  organs,  telescopes 
of  extraordinary  power,  and  some  bal- 
ances for  the  assaying  of  gold,  of  such 
nicety  that  they  would  w-eigh  to  the 
thousandth  part  of  a  grain.  1).  1812. — 
Thomas,  lord  keeper  of  the  great  seal  in 
the  I'eign  of  Charles  I.,  was  the  son  of 
Thomas  Coventry,  a  justice  of  the  court 
of  common  pleas.  He  was  b.  1578; 
studii'd  the  law  in  the  Inner  Temple ; 
and  having  by  various  gradations  be- 
come solicitor-general,  attorney-general, 
and  lord  keeper,  in  1628,  he  was  raised 
to  the  peerage ;  and,  according  to  the 
character  given  of  him  by  Clarendon, 
he  was  well  worthy  of  his  great  and 
uninterrupted  success. — William,  son 
of  the  above,  was  knighted  in  1665,  and 
made  a  commissioner  of  the  treasury  in 
1667;  but  having  otfcnded  the  duke  of 
Buckingliam,  he  was  tbrbidden  to  appear 
at  court.  On  this  he  retired  to  his  scat 
in  Oxfordshire,  and  passed  the  remain- 
der of  his  life  in  privacy.  He  was  author 
of  several  political  works.     D.  1686. 

COVERDALE,  Miles,  an  English  di- 
vine, and  one  of  the  earliest  retormers, 
was  educated  at  Cambridge,  and  became 
a  canon  of  the  order  of  St.  Augustin. 
Having  embraced  the  reformed  doctrine-5 
he  went  aliroad,  and,  in  1522,  joined 
William  Tyndale  in  translating  the 
Scriptures.  On  his  return  to  En<;land 
he  was  made  almoner  to  Ciueen  Catha- 
rine, and  subsequently  bishop  of  Exeter. 
On  the  accession  of  Queen  JIary  he  re- 
tired to  the  Continent,  but  returned  on 
the  accession  of  Elizabeth.  D.  1580, 
aged  81. 

COWARD,  William,  an  English  phy- 
sician, and  author  of  "Thoughts  on  the 
Human  Soul ;  demonstrating  the  Notion 
of  the  Human  Soul  united  to  the  Human 
Body  to  be  an  Invention  of  the  Hea- 
thens, and  not  consonant  to  the  rrinci- 
ples  of  Philosophy  or  Reason."  This 
work  excited  considerable  indignation 
among  the  more  zetJous  divines,  who 
procured  an  order  to  have  it  burned  by 
the  common  hangman.  J),  about  1722. 
CO  WELL,  .John,  an  English  lawyer 
and  antiquary;  author  of  "The  Inter- 

Ereter,"  a  law  dictionary,  which  was 
urned  by  the  common  hangman  on 
account  of  some  unconstitutional  doc- 
trines on  the  king's  prerogative,  and 
"The  Instit\ites  of  the  Laws  of  En- 
gland."    I).  1611. 

C!OWLEY,  Aruaiiam,  an  eminent  En- 
glish poet,  b.  in  London,  1618.  In  hia 
17th  year  he  published  a  volume  entitled 


3i>4 


CTCLOP.EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


"  roeticnl  Blossoms,"  which  procnred 
hull  coiisiJerablo  rcpatatiuii.  In  IGlJG 
he  was  elected  ii  scholar  of  Trini'v  col- 
lege, Cambridge,  where  lie  produced  a 
pastoral  comedy,  entitled  "  Move's  Rid- 
dle," and  "  NaiitVagiiim  Jociilare,"  a 
Latin  comedy,  which  was  performed  by 
the  members  of  his  college.  He  resided 
at  the  miiversitv  until  164o,  when  he  was 
ejected  by  the  "Puritan  visitors,  and  be- 
came an  active  partisan  of  the  royal 
cause.  He  was  much  esteemed  by  Lord 
Falkland,  and  accompanied  the  kins  in 
several  .journeys.  When  the  queenlcft 
the  country  he  accompanied  her  majesty, 
and  remained  abroad  for  some  years  ; 
during  which  time  he  was  a  chief  agent 
in  managing  the  correspondence  between 
the  kintr  and  queen.  In  1656  he  return- 
ed to  I-^ngland,  and  soon  after  published 
a  volume  containing  most  of  the  poems 
printed  in  the  final  collection  of  his 
works.  Being  suspected  by  the  party 
in  power,  he  was  thrown  into  prison, 
but  released  on  the  bail  of  Dr.  Scar- 
borough, lie  again  went  abroad,  and 
was  again  employed  in  aiding  the  royal 
cause.  On  the  restoration  taking  place 
he  was  for  some  time  neglected ;  but  at 
length,  by  the  interest  of  the  duke  of 
Buckingham,  he  obtained  the  lease  of  a 
farm  at  (.'hertsey,  which  produced  him 
about  £300  a  year.  D.  1667.— IIaxnaii, 
an  accomplished  English  dramatic  wri- 
ter; authoress  of  "Tlie  Runaway,"  "The 
Belle's  Strataffem,"  "  More  Ways  than 
One,"  ike,  besides  some  poems  and 
farces.  The  sprightliness  of  dialogue, 
and  the  variety  of  characters  and  inci- 
dents wliicli  this  lady  introduced  in  her 
dramatic  works,  evince  much  versatility 
of  genius.  D.  1809. — IIknisy  Wei.i.ks- 
LEY,  Lord,  a  distinguished  diplomatist, 
and  a  scion  of  that  illustrious  family  of 
which  tlie  duke  of  Wellington  is  the  last 
surviving  representative,  was  b.  1773. 
In  1S07  he  was  returned  to  parliament, 
and  became  one  of  the  secretaries  of  the 
treasury;  but  in  1809  he  exchanged  his 
parliamentary  duties  for  the  embassy  at 
^ladrid ;  a  mission  which,  amid  irreat 
difliculties  and  obstructions  of  all  kinds, 
lie  fulfilled  for  thirteen  years.  In  1823 
he  went  as  ambassador  to  Vienna;  here 
he  remained  till  1831 ;  and  for  the  ability 
lie  displayed  tiiere,  coupled  with  his 
length  of  service,  he  was  raised  to  the 
peerage  with  the  title  of  Baron  T'owley 
— the  oritfinal  patronymic  of  the  Welles- 
ley  family.  In  1841  he  was  appointed 
ambassador  to  tlus  Tuileries.  This 
oflice  he  held  till  tlie  fall  of  Sir  Robert 
reel's  ministry  in  1846.    1).  1847. 


h/lVV-    t™" 

^  COWPER,  WiLLiAsr,  Earlj  an  eminent 
English  lawyer,  who  was  raised  to  the 
peerage  in  the  reign  of  Queen  Anne,  by 
the  title  of  Viscount  Fordwick,  ancl 
made  lord  high  chancellor.  This  office 
he  resigned  in  1710,  but  accepted  it  again 
in  1714.  In  1717  he  was  created  Earl 
Cowper,  and  in  1718  wholly  retired  from 
ofl&ce.  During  the  latter  years  of  his 
public  life,  he  very  ably  exerted  himself 
in  favor  of  religious  liberty ;  and  par- 
ticularly in  causing  a  bill  to  be  thrown 
out,  by  which  Unitarians  would  have 
been  subject  to  severe  penalties.  D. 
172.3. — -William,  a  distinguished  En- 
glish poet,  was  b.  at  Berkhampstead, 
Hertfordshire,  1731.  He  was  the  sou 
of  a  clergyman  of  good  family,  and  was 
at  an  early  age  removed  from  a  country 
school  to  that  of  Westminster.  Being 
naturally  of  a  timid  temper  and  slight 
frame,  the  rough  usage  he  met  with 
from  stronger  and  less  sensitive  boys 
rendered  his  school  a  place  of  complete 
torture  to  him,  as  may  be  seen  from  the 
tone  of  his  "Tirocinium."  On  quitting 
school,  he  was  articled  to  an  attorney, 
with  whom  he  remained  lor  three  years, 
and  then  entered  himself  of  the  I'licldle 
Temple.  He  seems,  however,  to  have 
been  by  nature  unfit  for  the  rouglier 
paths  of  life  ;  for  though  the  interest  of 
his  family  had  procured  him  the  valu- 
able and  honorable  place  of  clerk  to  the 
house  of  lords,  his  nervousness  and 
mmivaife  Tinnte  were  such  that  he  was, 
obliged  to  resign  it.  He  then  fell  into 
so  terrible  a  state  of  nervous  and  mental 
debility  that  he  was  for  some  time  placed 
in  the  lunatic  asylum  of  Dr.  Cotton.  The 
skill  and  humanity  of  that  gentleman 
restored  him,  and  he  retired  to  Hunting- 
don. There  he  became  acquainted  with 
the  family  of  the  Reverend  Mr.  Unwin  : 
and  after  that  gentleman's  death  he  re 
moved,  with  Mrs.  Unwin,  to  Olnev. 
Bucks,  where  he  contracted  a  closo 
friendship  with  the  curate  of  Olney,  the 
Revereiul  .lohn  Newton,  and  subse- 
quently with  Lady  Austen.  His  natural 
melancholy  gave  him  so  gloomy  a  view 
of  religion,  that  his  mind  was  frequently 
reduced  to  imbecility.  While  this  was 
the  case,  the  influence  of  Lady  Austen 
tended  to  rouse  and  sustain  him;  though 
that  of  his  other  friends  seems  rather  to 
have  increased  liis  weakness,  by  coin- 
ciding with  his  delusions.  But  although 
his  mind  was  so  frequently  assailed  by 
gloom,  and  bent  down  by  despondency, 
ho  was  not  only  a  very  voluminous  wri- 
ter, but  a  poet  of  first-rate  merit.  In 
additioa  to  translating  Homer,  whicli 


cra] 


CYCL0IM:1)IA    of    BIOGRAPIiy. 


325 


lio  did  vnth  more  accuracy  than  Popo, 
it'\vithlc:<s  polish,  ho  wrote  "ThcTivsk" 
— the  best  of  all  his  poems,  "The  Sofa," 
"Tiroeiuiimi,"  and  a  host  of  smaller 
poems  ;  lie  also  translated  some  of  Ma- 
dame Gnyou's  spiritual  songs;  and  his 
correspondence,  exhibits  liim  as  one  of 
the  most  elegant  of  English  letter-wri- 
ters. Towarils  the  close  of  his  life,  his 
gloom  deepened  into  absolute  despair, 
from  which  he  never  wliolly  emerged, 
and  he  d.  ISOO. 

COX,  Mrs.  Letitia.  The  name  of  this 
female,  who  d.  at  By  brook,  in  Jamaica, 
183S,  is  inserted  liere  as  atfording  the 
mosi  surprising  instance  of  hmgevity  to 
be  met  with  in  modern  times.  J-!y  her 
own  account  she  was  a  grown-up  young 
woman  at  tlie  time  of  the  destruction 
of  Fort  lioyal  by  an  eartliquake,  (June 
y,  1092,)  so  tlrat  she  must  have  been  up- 
wards of  160  years  of  age. — Kiciiard, 
bishop  of  Ely,  was  b.  at  Whaddon, 
Bucks,  1500.  While  at  New  college,  he 
euibraeed  the  opinions  of  the  Ecforma- 
tion,  and  was  consequently  thrown  into 
jail,  but  obtained  his  release  through 
the  intiuence  of  Cranmer.  Ho  subse- 
quently became  tutor  to  Edward  VI.,  in 
whose  reign  ho  was  made  a  pri\y  coun- 
cillor, almoner  to  the  king,  dean  of 
Westminster,  and  chancellor  of  Oxford. 
He  contributed  the  Gospels,  the  Acts, 
and  the  Epistle  to  the  Komans,  to  the 
"  Bishops'  Bible,"  besides  writing  vari- 
ous controversial  tracts. 

CCJXE,  'Wii.liam,  an  historian  and 
traveller,  was  b,  1747.  After  receiving 
a  university  education,  he  became  a 
canon  residentiary  of  Salisbury,  and 
archdeacon  of  Wills.  He  was  the  au- 
thor of  "Travels  in  Switzerland,"  ''Trav- 
els ill  Poland,  Kussia,  Sweden,  and  Den- 
mark," a  "  History  of  the  House  of 
Austria,"  "Historical  Memoirs  of  the 
Kings  of  Spain,"  ''Memoirs  of  Sir  Rob- 
ert VValpole,"  and  many  other  works 
equally  interesting,  and  vahiable  for 
their  research  and  adherence  to  truth. 
J>.  1S23. 

COYER,  Gabriel  Fraxcb,  a  French 
writer,  b.  1707.  His  principal  works  are 
"History  of  John  Sobieski,"  "Travels 
into  Italy  and  Holland,"  and  ins  trans- 
lation into  French  of  ''  Blackstone's 
Commentaries."     D.  1782. 

COYI'EL,  the  name  of  several  emi- 
nent French  painters. — Xoel,  was  b. 
1G2S,  and  d.  1707.  He  adorned  the  old 
Louvre  and  tb.e  Tuilcrics,  painted  some 
fine  pictures  tor  the  council  hall  of  Ver- 
sailles, and  executed  se\eral  Scriptural 
pieces   of  great  merit. — Anthony,    his 


son,  was  distinguished  by  the  richnes.s 
of  his  imagination  and  tlie  dazzling  na- 
ture of  his  coloring,  and  his  fame  laid 
the  foundation  for  the  mannerism  of 
the  French  school.  I).  1721. — Noel 
Nicholas,  usually  called  Coypel  the  un- 
cle, despised  the  false  glfttcr  of  this 
school,  and  aimed  only  at  truth  and  na- 
ture. D.  1735. — Charles  Anthony,  the 
son  of  Anthony,  was  a  decided  coypist 
of  liis  father's  manner,  and  acconuno- 
dated  himself  to  the  prevailing  taste  of 
the  times  for  gaudv  coloring.  B.  169i; 
d.  1752. 

COYSEVOX,  Antotne,  a  celebrated 
sculptor,  was  b.  at  Lyons,  1G40,  and  d. 
at  Paris,  1720.  Among  liis  best  works 
are  the  statue  of  Cardinal  Mazarin,  in 
the  museum  at  Paris,  an  equestrian 
statue  of  Louis  XIV.,  Castor  and  Pol- 
hix,  &o.  On  account  of  the  beauty  and 
animation  of  his  portraits,  he  was  called 
the  Vandyke  of  sculpture. 

CRABBE,  George,  rector  of  Trou- 
bridge,  Wilts,  and  author  of  "The  Li- 
brary," "The  Village,"  "Tales  of  the 
Hall,"  &c. ;  a  poet,  whose  "short  and 
simple  annals  of  the  poor"  exhibit  an 
accurate  knowledge  of  human  nature, 
and  show  that  however  homely  or  pain- 
ful the  scenes  may  be  which  he  depicts, 
there  is  no  want  of  skill  or  truth  in  his 
representations.  He  had  the  good  for- 
tune to  receive  the  early  patronage  of 
the  celebrated  Edmund  Burke,  which 
led  to  other  valuable  connections,  of 
whom  Dr.  Johnson  was  one ;  and  event- 
ually to  church  preferment,  at  the  hands 
of  the  duke  of  Rutland.  Crabbe's  po- 
etry is  distinguished  for  minuteness  of 
description  and  close  analysis  in  depict- 
ing human  character,  liowevcr  dark  or 
disgustiun; ;  yet,  though  searching,  mi- 
nute, and  often  repulsive,  it  abounds 
with  vigor,  pathos,  and  originality.  An 
elegant  edition  of  his  works,  with  a  life 
and  notes,  bv  his  son,  was  published  by 
Mr.  Murray,' in  1834.     B.  17.>1;  d.  1S32. 

CRAFTS,  William,  a  lawyer,  and  a 
popular  miscellaneous  writer,  was  b.  in 
Charleston,  S.  C,  17S7.  He  received  his 
education  at  Harvard  college,  and  stud- 
ied law  in  liis  native  city,  wlicre  he  ac- 
quired some  reputation  for  talent  and 
eloquence.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
South  Carolina  legislature,  and  for  some 
time  editor  of  the  "  Charleston  Courier." 
D.  1820. 

CRAIG,  JoHTf,  a  Scotch  mathemati- 
cian of  the  17th  century,  famous  for  a 
work  entitled  "Theologi®  C'liristiansa 
Principia  Mathematica."  The  object  of 
this  curious  tract  is  to  apply  mathemati- 


326 


CYCLOP.IlDIA    of    BIOGRAPHY". 


[CRA 


cal  cnlculfttion  to  tho  credibility  of  the 
gospel  history,  upou  which  principle  he 
jUii'Utaius  thai  I  lie  Chrisuau  rclijfiou 
must  eail,  aceordini^  to  tho  doctrine  of 
chances,  iu  tlie  year  3150,  wheu  our 
Saviour  will  uiake  his  second  upiiear- 
ancc. — Sir  Tuoii.vs,  au  eminent  Scotch 
lawyer,  b.  loin  ;  author  of  a  treatise  on 
feudal  law,  wliidi  ha.s  often  been  re- 
printed. l3.  1608. — William,  a  Scotch 
judge,  and  a  literary  character  of  no 
mean  ability,  was  b.  1745 ;  entered  at 
the  bar  in  1708,  and  succeeded  Lord 
llailes  on  the  bench  in  17'Jl'.  lie  was  a 
principal  contributor  to  tlie  "Mirror," 
wrote  many  papers  in  the  "Lounger," 
and  numbered  among  his  friends  some 
of  tlie  most  eminent  literary  ineu  of  the 
sige.     D.  1.S13. 

CKA.MEK,  Fkancls,  an  eminent  mu- 
sician,  was  b.  at  .Mannheim,  1772.  In 
17y'J  lie  succeedcil  his  father  as  a  leader 
of  the  Ancient  concerts,  in  London. 
For  m.iny  \  ears  Le  was  alternate  leader 
of  t  le  l-'uiihax.noiiie  concerts,  with  Lo- 
der,  T.  Cooiie,  Weielisels,  &c.  ;  and  for 
upwards  of  40  years  iicld  the  chief 
place  at  the  great  provincial  festivals. 
i).  IbiS. — Gabuiel,  an  einincut  geome- 
trieian  ;  '.-ditor  of  the  works  of  Wolf  and 
the  "  Eernouillis,"  and  author'of  several 
inatiieuKitical  and  algebraic  works.  B. 
17ul ;  d.  17.")'J. — John  Anduew,  a  Ger- 
man inineraloifist,  was  b.  at  (.iuedlin- 
biirg,  h'lo.  lie  was  the  lirst  who  sys- 
tematized the  art  of  assaying,  upon 
winch  subject  he  wrote  a  very  able  work. 
1).  1787. — John  ANWJiiw,  a  German  poet 
and  miscellaneous  writer,  was  b.  iu  Sax- 
ony, 172.3,  but  principally  resided  in 
Oenmirk,  where  he  d.  17>sS.  Besides 
his  poeins,  he  wrote  "Tiie  Northern 
Spoctaior,'  and  "Sermons,"  in  22  vols. 
lie  also  translated  "  Bossuet's  Universal 
History,'  and  otiier  works. — John  An- 
Tnu.sy,  dean  of  Carlisle,  a  well-known 
writer  on  subjects  of  classical  aiiti(iuity, 
was  b.  in  Switzerland,  17'Ji.  Li  iSiSl  lie 
was  apjiointed  princliial  of  New-hall 
Inn.  During  this  period  he  was  actively 
engaged  in  literary  pursuits,  and  his 
descriptions  of  Ancient  Italy,  Asia  Mi- 
nor, and  Ancient  Greece,  are  enduring 
monuments  of  his  accuracy  and  research. 
In  1842  lie  succeeded  Dr.  Arnold  as  re- 
gius  professor  of  modern  history,  and  in 
1844  he  was  nominated  to  the  deanery 
of  Carlisle.     U.  1H48. 

CK.WFIELD,  EuwARD,  president  of 
New  11  iinpsliire,  succeeded  VValdron  iu 
10S2,  aiil  was  succeeded  by  Bareloote, 
iu  16  d8.  He  was  afterwards  collector  of 
B^badoes,  and  d.  about  1700.    Tho  ty- 


rannical acts  of  his  admin.'stration  are 
narrated  by  Belknap.  In  his  displeasure 
towards  the  Eev.  Mr.  Moody,  he  ven- 
tured to  enforce  the  uniformity  act.  He 
ventured  to  tax  the  people  without  their 
consent.  He  came  to  this  country  to 
make  his  fortune ;  his  injustice  drove 
him  away  in  dishonor. 

CRANMER,  Thomas,  archbishop  of 
Canterbury,  whose  life  is  rendered  so 
memorable  by  the  part  he  took  in  tho 
Reformation,  was  b.  at  Aslacton,  Not- 
tinghamshire, 1489,  and  educated  at 
Jesus  college,  Cambridge.  Tlje  opinion 
which  he  gave  on  the  question  of  Hen- 
ry VIII. 's  divorce  from  his  first  wife, 
Catharine  of  Aragon,  recommei'  ■led 
him  to  that  monarch,  who  empkycd 
liiin  to  vimlieate  tiie  measure,  and  sent 
him  to  the  foreign  universities  to  obtain 
their  oi)inion  upon  the  point.  On  Crau- 
mer's  return  the  king  raised  him  to  tho 
archbishopric  of  Canterbury,  in  which 
oliice  he  zealously  promoted  the  cause 
of  the  Reformation.  Through  his  means 
the  Bible  was  translated  and  read  in 
churches,  and  he  greatly  aided  in  sup- 
pressing the  monastic  institutions.  In 
looG,  when  Anne  Boleyn  was  destined  to 
lose  her  reputation  ami  her  life,  Cranmer 
meanly  stooped  to  promote  the  sentence 
of  divorce.  By  Henry's  will  he  was  ap- 
pointed one  of  the  council  of  regency  to 
Edward  V^I.;  and  as  the  young  king 
was  brought  up  chiefly  under  the  arch- 
bishop's care,  it  enabled  him  to  further 
the  objects  of  the  Reformation  in  a 
regular  and  consistent  manner,  by  fra- 
ming the  liturgy,  the  homilies,  articles  of 
religion,  &o.  On  the  accession  of  Mary 
he  was  tried  on  charges  of  blas[iliemy, 
perjury,  incontinence,  and  heresy,  and 
sentenced  to  be  deprived  of  office. 
Tempted,  however,  by  the  promise  of 
partlon,  he  was  induced  to  sign  a  recan- 
tation of  his  ])rinciples,  and  avowed  his 
sorrow  for  having  entertained  them. 
But  when  he  was  brought  into  St. 
Mary's  church  to  read  his  recantation  in 
public,  instead  of  doing  what  was  re- 
quired of  him,  he  besought  the  forgive- 
ness of  God  for  the  apostasy  of  which 
he  had  been  guilty,  and  exliorted  the 
people  against  the  errors  of  the  church 
of  Rome.  This  greatly  enraged  his  ad- 
versaries, who,  after  vilifying  him  as  a 
hypocrite  and  heretic,  dragijed  him  to 
the  stake  opposite  Baliol  college,  which 
he  approached  with  a  cheerful  counte- 
nance, iuid  met  his  death  with  the  ut- 
most Ibrtitude,  exclaiming,  as  he  held 
out  his  rijjht  hand  for  the  flames  to 
consume   it,    "This    unworthy   han4! 


cre] 


CYCLOP^EllIA    OF    KIOGKAPHY. 


327 


this  unworthy  hand!"  D.  March  21, 
15;"i6. 

CRANZ,  or  KRANZ,  David,  a  Mora- 
vian preaclier,  b.  1723,  and  resided  sev- 
eral years  as  a  missionary  in  Greenland, 
of  which  country  he  wrote  a  valuable 
history;  also  "A  History  of  the  Mora- 
vians.''    1).  1777. 

CEASIIAW,  Richard,  a  poet,  b.  in 
London,  and  educated  at  Cambridge. 
He  was  a  friend  of  the  poet  Cowley, 
and  having  eniljraced  the  Roman  Catho- 
lic faith,  was  appointed  to  a  eanonry  at 
Loretto.  IJis  poems  have  considerable 
merit,  and  contain  ideas  which  were 
thought  worthv  of  imitation  both  by 
Milton  and  Pone.     D.  1(550. 

CRASSUS,  Lucius  Licinius,  a  Roman 
orator,  of  whom  Cicero  speaks  in  terms 
of  tlie  highest  praise,  lie  was  consul 
90  B.  c,  and  afterwards  censor. — Marcus 
LiciMus,  surnamed  Dives,  from  his 
riches,  was  of  the  same  family  as  the 
precetling.  He  defeated  Spartacus,  and 
put  an  end  to  the  Servile  war.  He  was 
first  consul,  then  censor,  and  formed  one 
of  the  triumvirate  with  Cajsar  and  Pom- 
pcy.  He  perished,  with  a  great  part  of 
his  army,  in  an  expedition  against  the 
Parthians,  53  b.  o. 

CRATINUS,  an  Athenian  poet,  to 
whom  the  invention  of  satirical  comedy 
and  comic  poetry  is  attributed.  His 
powers  of  sarcasm  arc  said  to  have  been 
unrivalled.  He  was  an  exception  to  the 
general  rule  that  intemperance  leads  to 
an  early  grave,  having  attained  the  age 
of  97,  though  a  hon  vivant  in  its  fullest 
sense.     1).  431  b.  c. 

CRAVEN,  Charles,  governor  of  South 
Carolina  from  1712  to  1716,  had  been 
previously  secretary  to  the  proprietors. 
They  ordered  him  in  1712  to  sound  Port 
Royal  river,  and  probably  he  built  Beau- 
fort soon  afterwards.  In  1715,  on  the 
occurrence  of  an  Indian  war,  he  dis- 
played great  vigor  and  talents,  and  ex- 
pelled from  the  province  the  invading 
savaies. 

CRAWFORD,  Adait,  a  physician  and 
naturalist  of  considerable  eminence  in 
his  profession ;  physician  to  St.  Thomas's 
hospital,  and  professor  of  chemistry  at 
Woolwicli.  lie  was  the  author  of  sev- 
eral chemical  works,  and  the  first  who 
prescribed  muriate  of  barytcs  for  the 
scrofula.  B.  17-49;  d.  1795.— Anne,  an 
actress  of  great  abiUty,  which  combined 
with  her  personal  beauty,  caused  her  for 
nianv  vears  to  be  hiii'hlv  attractive  on 
the  'stage.  D.  1801,  "aged  fi7.— David, 
historiographer  for  Scotland  in  the  reign 
of  Queen  Anne,  and  the  author  of  sev- 


eral works  relative  to  that  countrv'.  D. 
17-''). — William  HAj;nLS,  b.  in  Nelson 
county,  Va.,  1772,  was  early  removed 
with  his  parents  to  Georgia,  where  lie 
taught  a  school,  while  lie  was  acquiring 
a  knowledge  of  law,  until  he  was  admit- 
ted to  ])ractice,  in  1799.  Before  1802  he 
was  at  the  head  of  his  profession,  when 
he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  legisla- 
ture and  thence  transferred  to  the  sen- 
ate of  the  United  States  in  1807.  He 
was  re-elected  in  1811,  and  in  1813  made 
minister  to  France,  My  Mr.  Madison. 
After  two  years  he  returned  to  take 
charge  of  the  department  of  war,  and 
then'  of  the  treasury.  He  was  nomi- 
nated for  the  presidency  in  181 G,  in  a 
democratic  caucus  of  the  members  of 
congress,  but  did  not  receive  as  many 
votes  as  Mr.  Monroe.  In  1827  he  waa 
appointed  judge  of  the  northern  circuit 
of  Georgia.  D.  1834.  He  was  distin- 
guished as  a  speaker,  and  a  man  of  up- 
right character  and  affable  adch'ess. 

"CREBILLON,  Prosper  Jolyot  de,  a 
French  dramatic  poet,  denominated  the 
French  ^-Eschylns,  was  h.  at  Dijon,  1G74. 
He  was  intended  for  the  legal  profession, 
but  evincing  a  decided  predilection  for 
the  drama,  the  solicitor  with  whom  he 
was  placed  encouraged  him  to  pursue 
the  bent  of  his  inclination.  He  accord- 
ingly devoted  himself  to  the  tragic  muse, 
and  produced  "  Idomeneus,"  which  met 
with  success.  This  was  followed  by 
"Atreus,"  "  Electra,"  and  "  Rhadamis- 
tus,"  which  were  still  more  successful, 
lie  then  led  a  secluded  life  for  many 
vears,  but  again  resumed  his  dramatic 
labors,  and  produced  the  tragedies  of 
"Cat;\line"  and  "The  Triumvirate." 
D.  1762. — Claude  Prosper  Jolyot  de, 
son  of  the  foregoing,  was  b.  1707.  He 
acquired  the  name  of  the  French  Petro- 
nius,  from  his  novels;  one  of  which, 
entitled  "  Lcs  Egaremens  du  Coeuret  de 
I'Esprit,"  is  ;illuded  to  by  Sterne  in  his 
"  Sentimcntul  .Tourney."     D.  1777. 

CREECH,  TiiuMAs,"  an  English  poet, 
was  b.  at  Blandford,  Dorsetshire,  1659; 
and  after  receiving  the  rudiments  of  a 
classical  education  at  Sherborne  free- 
school,  finished  his  studies  at  Wadham 
collcsre,  Oxford.  lie  translated,  into 
English  verse,  Lucretius,  Horace,  Tbeoe- 
ritns,  lice.     I),  bv  his  own  hand,  1700. 

CREIGHTON,  Eobeut,  an  English 
divine  and  musical  composer.  He 
shared  the  exile  of  Charles  II.,  and 
spent  the  leisure  thus  unhappily  afford- 
ed him  in  the  study  of  music.  Among 
his  compositions  is  the  celebrated  an- 
them, "  I  will  arise  and  go  to  my  father," 


328 


CrCLOP-.^PIA    OF    BIOGKAPHr. 


[CRO 


vrhieh  is  performed  in  nearly  all  the  En- 
glish ciithodnils.     D.  173*5. 

CKELLIUS,  John,  a  German  divine. 
He  was  a  Unitarian,  and  one  ot'the  ablest 
advocates  of  that  sect,  which  he  defend- 
ed at  once  ably  and  courteously  ajjainst 
Grotius.  His  cliief  works  are,  "  Answer 
to  Grotius,''  "Two  Books  concerning 
the  One  God,  the  Father,"  "A  Treatise 
eoucernincr  the  IIolv  Spirit,"  and  "  A 
Defence  of  Ecligious'Liberty."    D.  163;i. 

CKJISCENZI,  Juan  Baptiste,  marquis 
de  la  Torre,  was  an  eminent  painter,  b. 
lit  Konie,  towards  the  end  of  the  IBth 
century.  I'liilip  IV.  made  him  a  gran- 
dee of  Castile,  and  honored  liim  with 
his  title,^ — I'lETRo,  the  restorer  of  the 
scientific  study  of  agriculture  in  Europe, 
was  b.  at  Bologna,  123o.  lie  spent  a 
lonir  life  in  acquiring  and  disseminating 
agricultural  knowledge;  and  his  "Eu- 
ralium  Commodorum"  is  a  masterly  pro- 
duction, founded  on  simple  principles, 
and  free  from  many  errors  that  contin- 
ued to  pj'evail  even  for  centuries  after. 

CRESPl,  Giovanni  Makia,  surnamed 
II  Spagnuolo,  on  account  of  tlie  cox- 
combry of  his  attire,  an  eminent  Boloa:- 
nese  painter  of  the  18th  century.  His 
chief  talent  lay  in  caricatures;  but  there 
are  many  of  his  more  ambitious  com- 
positions in  the  palaces  and  churches 
of  Bolugna.  In  order  to  command  a 
nice  observation  of  tlie  force  of  light  and 
shadow,  he  used  to  paint  in  a  room  in 
whicli  there  was  only  a  suflicient  aper- 
ture to  admit  a  sincrlc  rav  of  light. 

CRESSEV,  or  CKESS Y,  Ilucn  Paulin, 
an  eminent  Catholic  divine  and  writer; 
author  of  "  Exomologesis,"  a  narration 
of  the  cause  of  his  conversion  to  the 
Catholic  faith;  "The  Churcli  History 
of  Brittany,"  &c.  He  was  an  able 
writer,  ana  as  much  distinguished  for 
his  candor  and  good  temper  in  disputa- 
tion as  for  his  ability  in  argument.  D. 
1C74. 

CKP'UTZ,  GusTAVUs  Philip,  count  of, 
a  Swedisli  poet  and  statesman,  b.  172G. 
His  y)oem,  entitled  "  Atis  og  Camilla," 
is  considered  a  very  tine  production. 
He  was  appointed  Swedish  minister  at 
Paris,  where  he  remained  twenty  vears, 
and  became  particuhirly  acquainted  with 
^larmontel  and  other  celebrated  French 
writers.     D.  1785. 

CKEVIEK,  Joiix  Baptist  Louis,  a 
French  historical  writer;  author  of  a 
continuation  of  "Eollin's  History," 
"  History  of  the  Eonian  Emperors  to 
Constanlinc  inclusive,"  "History  of  the 
University  of  Paris,"  "Observations  ou 
the  Spirit  of  Laws,"  <fcc.    I).  1705. 


CEICHTON,  James,  a  Scottish  gen- 
tleman of  the  10th  century,  who,  on  ac- 
count of  his  remarkable  endowments, 
obtained  the  surname  of  the  Admirabh. 
The  most  extraordinary  tales  of  liis 
prowess,  both  bodily  and  mental  have 
been  handed  down  to  us ;  but,  so  far  as 
the  latter  is  concerned,  the  verses  that 
remain,  go  far  to  show,  that,  however 
astonishing  he  might  be  on  account  of 
his  versatility,  he  received  at  least  as 
much  praise  as  he  deserved.  He  was 
educated  at  St.  Andrew's,  and  gave 
such  early  proofs  of  Ids  learning,  that 
he  obtained  the  degree  of  M.A.  when 
only  14  years  of  age.  He  excelled  in 
eloquence;  overcame  every  opponent  in 
logic  and  scientific  disputation;  knew 
ten  languages  ;  and  was  a  per.''ct  master 
of  all  military  and  athletic  exercises.  Ho 
is  said  to  have  been  stabbed  by  his  pu- 
pil, Vincenzo  Gonzaga,  son  of  the  duko 
of  Mantua,  and  to  have  d.  of  the  wouik?-, 
in  l.i83,  aged  only  23. 

CEILLON  MAHON,  Louis  cr,  Ber- 
TON  DEs  Balbes  DE  QuiEP.s,  diike  de,  a 
descendant  of  Louis  do  Berthon  Crillon, 
an  eminent  military  officer.  He  served 
against  England  in  her  war  with  the 
United  States  of  America.  He  com- 
manded at  the  celebrated  siege  of  Gib- 
raltar, where  he  was  repulsed  by  the 
ability  .nnd  courage  of  General  Elliot. 
He  wrote  "  Military  Memoirs,"  and  d. 
1796.— Louis  Athanasius  Balbes  Ber- 
TON  DE,  brother  of  the  last  named ;  an. 
eminent  French  divine  and  scliolar ;  au- 
thor of  "  Memoires  Philosophiques  de 
jSI.  le  Baron  de  *  *  *,  Chambcllan  de 
S.  M.  rimp.  Reine,"  a  treatise  "De 
rilommc  Jlorale,"  &c.     D.  1789. 

CEITliVS,  an  Atlienian,  was  among 
the  nundjcr  of  the  rulers  who  are  made 
notorious  in  history  under  the  title  of 
the  "thirty  tyrants,"  and  is  said  to 
liavc  distinguished  himself  even  among 
them  for  cruelty  and  avarice.  Wlieu 
Thrasybulus  and  his  patriotic  friends 
took  arms  against  "the  thirty,"  Critias 
was  slain  in  an  attack  made  ou  the  Pi- 
rteus,  in  the  year  400  b.  c. 

CROCKETT,  David,  an  eccentric 
backwoodsman,  who  was  elected  to  tlie 
congress  of  tlie  United  States  in  1827, 
where  he  acquired  great  notoriety  by  his 
speeches  and  actions.  Many  of  the  say- 
ings and  doings  ascribed  to  him,  how- 
ever, are  fictitious.  He  moved  to  Te.vaa 
in  1834,  and  fell  heroically  figliting  in 
defence  of  the  Alamo  in  San  Antonio  de 
Bexar. 

CliOES,  John,  bishop  of  the  Protest- 
ant Episcopal  church  of  New  Jersey,  b. 


CRO] 


CYCLOP.EDIA    OF    lilOUi: AIMIV, 


^29 


of  Gernmi  parents  nt  Elizabcthtown, 
1762.  Ho  educated  liiinself,  and  was 
ordained  a,  priest  in  17'J2.  llis  minis- 
trations were  contined  inostly  to  Spotts- 
wood  and  New  Bl-unswick,  till  his  elec- 
tion in  1810  to  the  bishopric  of  New 
Jersey  enlarged  the  sphere  of  his  use- 
fulness.    D.  1832. 

CKCKSUS,  the  fifth  and  last  kinff  of 
Lydia.  lie  succeeded  his  father,  Alyat- 
tcs,  in  the  year  ."jST  e.g.,  and  was  so 
fortunate  in  all  his  enterprises,  that  he 
soon  became  one  of  the  richest  monarchs 
of  that  time.  Vain  of  his  great  wealth 
nnd  influence,  he  asked  the  philosopher 
Solon  what  lie  thought  of  his  good  for- 
tr.ne :  "I  pronounce  no  man  fortunate 
until  his  death,"  was  the  sage's  reply. 
Subsequently  the  wealthy  and  powerful 
monarch  was  overpowered  and  made  a 
prisoner  by  Cyrus,  king  of  Persia.  Ac- 
coriling  to  the  barbarous  jiractice  of  the 
time,  the  unhappy  captive  was  bound 
to  the  stake  and  "about  to  be  burnt  to 
death.  In  this  miserable  condition  he 
recalled  the  impressive  words  of  Solon, 
and  thrice  repeated  that  philosopher's 
name.  Cyrus,  struck  with  the  earnest- 
ness of  his  tone,  demanded  an  explana- 
tion. Croesus  gave  it ;  and  Cyrus,  prob- 
ably impressed  by  it  with  a  more  than 
usual  feeling  of  the  mutability  of  all  Im- 
man  greatness,  not  only  spared  his  life, 
but  also  took  him  into  Lis  favor  and 
protection. 

CIvOFT,  Sir  IlEREEnr,  was  originally 
intended  tor  the  bar,  but  took  holy  or- 
ders, though  he  never  held  any  benefice. 
He  wrote  a  life  of  Dr.  Young,  which 
was  introduced  into  Johnson's  "Lives 
of  the  Poets,"  and  a  volume  of  letters, 
entitled  "  Love  and  Madness,"  and  sup- 
posed to  be  written  by  the  Kev.  James 
llackman,  who  was  hanircd  in  1779,  for 
shooting  iMiss  Pvay.  D.  ISIG.— SirEicii- 
AiM),  a  relation  of  the  last  named,  and 
his  successor  in  the  baronetcy.  lie  was 
very  eminent  as  a  surgeon  and  accou- 
cheur ;  and  was  selected  to  attend  the 
Princess  Charlotte,  the  lamented  daugh- 
ter of  George  IV.  and  C)aecn  <!aroiine. 
The  unfortunate  death  of  his  illusti-ious 
patient,  in  1817,  so  preyed  upon  his 
mind,  that  he  committed  suicide  a  few 
months  after. — William,  an  excellent 
Enudish  musician  and  composer.  Ilis 
best  anthems  and  a  sublime  burial  ser- 
vice, were  published  in  172+,  under  the 
title  of  "  Musica  Sacra.  B.  1G07  ;  d.  1 727. 

CROKE,  Sir  Alkxander,  b.  at  Ayles- 
bury, was  an  eminent  civilian,  and  a 
voluminous  writer.  1).  1842. — KiciiAr.n, 
an  English  divine  nnd  scholar  ;  tutor  to 


the  duke  of  Riclimond,  the  natural  son 
of  Henry  VIIT.  He  was  one  of  tha 
earliest  inglish  cultivators  of  the  Greek 
language,  and  wrote  some  valuable  trea- 
tises on  philosophical  subjects.  I).  1558. 
CROMWELL,  Thomas,  earl  of  Essex; 
one  of  the  ablest  statesmen  of  the  time 
of  Ilcnry  VIII.  Beimr  confidentially 
employed  by  Cardinal  Wolsey,  he  got  a 
scat  in  the  house  of  commons ;  and 
when  the  full  tide  of  popular  as  well  as 
courtly  hate  ran  against  liis  once  power- 
ful friend  and  patron,  he  Ijoldly  and  ably 
defended  him.  In  all  probability  this 
very  circumstance  tended  to  recommend 
him  to  the  truculent  Henry  VIII.,  who. 
on  the  death  of  Wolsey,  distinguished 
and  employed  him.  In  the  various  high 
offices  he  held,  he  served  the  king  zeal- 
ously, ably,  and  faithfully ;  but  his  merit 
in  that  respect  is  greatly  diminished  by 
the  inditi'erence  he  displayed  to  the  wel- 
fare of  the  people.  Having,  after  all  his 
services,  given  offence  to  the  king,,  by 
promoting  the  marriage  between  his 
majesty  and  Anne  of  Cleves,  he  was  ar- 
rested while  sitting  at  the  council  table 
on  a  charge  of  high  treason,  condemned 
even  without  a  liearing,  and  notwith- 
standing a  most  humble  au<l  atiectiiig 
letter  to  the  king,  beheaded  on  Tower- 
hill,  July  28,  1540. — Oliver,  one  of  tiie 
most  extraordinary  characters  in  P^nglish 
history,  was  the  grandson  of  Sir  Henry 
Cromwell,  and  the  son  of  Robert  Crom- 
well, a  man  of  good  property,  and  a 
brewer  at  Huntingdon,  where  Oliver 
was  b.,  April  25,  1599.  Having  been 
educated  at  the  free-school  of  that  city 
and  at  Sydney  college,  Cambridge,  he 
became  a  law  student  at  Lincoln's  Inn. 
Here,  however,  he  did  not  remain  long  ; 
as  in  his  21st  year  he  married  Elizabeth, 
the  daughter  of  i^ir  James  Bourehier, 
and  settled  at  Huntingdon.  In  his 
youth  he  is  said  to  have  manifested  a 
degree  of  reckless  dissipation  ;  but  as 
soon  as  he  married  he  threw  the  tbilics 
of  youth  aside,  and  assumed  a  staid  and 
grave  aspect  and  deportment,  well  cal- 
culated to  obtain  the  esteem  ami  confi- 
dence of  his  neighbors,  one  of  the 
consequences  of  which  was  his  being 
elected  member  of  parliament  for  Hunt- 
ingdon, in  1625.  Shortly  atter  his  elec- 
tiim  he  openly  attached  himself  to  the 
Puritans,  who  were  just  then  rapidly 
rising  into  power  and  influence.  In  his 
parliamentary  career  he  was  rcinarkablo 
rather  for  his  business-like  habits  and 
energy  of  character,  tlian  for  elegance  of 
languairo  or  gracefulness  of  delivery. 
Ilis   appearance  and    dress,   too,   were 


330 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[CRtT 


plain  ami  unpreposseasins.  He  not- 
witiislimdiuj:  acquired  considerable  in- 
fluence;  and  iu  164:2,  when  it  was 
resolved  to  levy  forces  to  oppose  the 
king,  Crounvell  received  a  conmiissiou 
tVoui  the  carl  of  Essex,  and  raised  a  troop 
of  horse  at  Cambridge,  of  which  he,  of 
course,  had  the  command.  Small  as 
was  this  beginning,  the  energy  and  self- 
possessiou  of  the  man  made  it  sufficient. 
This  force  he  soon  enlarged  to  a  regi- 
ment of  1000  men,  at  the  head  of  which 
he  became  the  most  conspicuons  of  the 
parliamentary  leaders.  Between  1G4-2 
and  MIG  he  signalized  himself  on  a  great 
variety  of  occasions,  particularly  at 
Marston  Moor,  Newbury,  Naseby,  and 
Torrinston.  In  the  negotiations  which 
ensued  between  the  king  and  the  vic- 
torious parliament,  Cromwell  was  at 
■first  disposed  to  consent  to  restoring 
Charles  under  certain  conditions,  but, 
finding  that  the  royal  captive  was  not  to 
be  trusted,  he  resolved  to  join  in  bring- 
ing him  to  the  block.  He  was  one  of 
the  forty  persons  wlio,  after  tlie  death  of 
Charles,  formed  the  council  of  state. 
Ireland  yet  remained  to  be  subdued. 
Cromwell  was,  therefore,  appointed  lord 
governor  of  that  island  for  three  years, 
and  in  August,  1G49,  he  sailed  to  assume 
the  command.  Storming  Drogheda  and 
Wexford  with  horrible  slaughter  of  the 
garrisons,  he  so  terrified  the  enemy  that 
in  nine  months  peace  was  restored.  In 
IG.'iO  ho  defeated  the  Scots  at  Dunbar ; 
and,  in  the  following  year,  he  obtained 
what  he  called  his  "  crowning  victory" 
over  Charles,  at  Worcester.  One  step 
more  sufficed  to  place  him  at  the  summit 
of  power.  Having  by  foVee  dissolved 
tiie  Long  Parliament,  he  assumed  the 
supreme  autliority,  in  1653,  under  the 
title  of  lord  protector.  The  title  of  king 
he  was  more  than  once  desirous  to  ob- 
tain, but  was  deterred  from  assuming  it 
by  tlie  dread  of  alienating  his  partisans. 
For  five  years  he  maintained  himself  in 
tlie  perilous  station  to  which  he  had 
reached,  but  his  sway  was  disturbed  by 
incessant  plots,  cabals,  and  other  cir- 
eumstanees  of  formidable  annoyance. 
At  lengtli  he  fell  into  a  nervous  fever, 
of  wiiicli  he  d.,  September  8, 1G5S.  The 
political  a<lininistration  of  Cromwell  was 
energetic  and  decisive  ;  the  army  was 
regularly  pai<l,  and  the  public  revenues 
were  strictly  and  economically  managed  ; 
while  the  honor  of  England  was  well 
maintained  on  the  ocean,  and  her  foreign 
commerce  assumed  a  flourishing  aspect. 
He  lived  without  parade  or  ostcntati'.>n ; 
he  was  temperate,  indefatigably  indus- 


trious, and  exact  in  his  official  duties; 
yet,  under  the  guise  of  piety  and  virtue, 
he  practised  the  most  subtle  Machiavel- 
ism,  and  maintained  his  power  as  he  had 
acquired  it,  by  cunuilig  aud  boldness. 
He  had  appointed  his  eldest  son,  Richard, 
to  succeed  him  ;  but  the  reins  of  govern- 
ment were  not  to  be  held  by  one  so  mild 
and  virtuous ;  and  having  been  com- 
pelled by  the  mutinous  officers  to  dis- 
solve the  parliament,  he  voluntarily 
abdicated  the  protectorship,  April  22, 
1659,  and  ended  his  days  in  tranquil 
seclusion,  at  Cheshunt,  Ilertfordshire, 
in  1712.  His  brother  Henry,  whose  up- 
right administration,  as  vici;roy  of  Ire- 
land, had  gained  him  many  friends,  also 
retired  to  private  life,  an^,.  d.  in  1674. — 
Oliver,  great  grandson  of  Henry,  second 
son  of  the  protector.  He  was  for  sev- 
eral years  a  solicitor  in  London,  and 
held  the  appointment  of  clerk  to  St. 
Thomas's  hospital.  He  is  noticed  here 
chiefly  on  account  of  his  valuable  pub- 
lication, entitled  "  Memoirs  of  the  Pro- 
tector Cromwell,  and  his  sons  Eichard 
and  Henry  ;  illustrated  by  Original  Let- 
ters and  other  Family  Papers."  He 
succeeded  to  the  family  estates  of  The- 
obalds, which  descended  to  him  through 
the  children  of  Eichard  Cromwell  above 
named,  and  d.  at  Cheshuut-park,  Herts, 
in  1821,  aged  79. 

CEOWNE,  John-,  a  poet  and  dramatist 
of  the  17th  century,  and  the  cotenipo- 
rary  of  Dryden.  He  was  a  native  of 
Nova  Scotia,  but  passed  the  greater  part 
of  his  life  in  England.  At  the  command 
of  Charles  II.  he  wrote  the  "  Masque  of 
Calisto  ;"  and  subsequently  he  ridiculed 
the  whig  party,  in  his  comedy  of  "  The 
City  Politics."  Besides  seventeen  dni- 
mas,  he  wrote  "  Dseneids,"  a  burlesque 
poem ;  and  "  Pandion  and  Amphigeria," 
a  romance. 

CEUDEN,  Alexander,  -who  was  bet- 
ter known  during  his  life  by  his  assumed 
title  of  "  Alexander  the  Corrector,"  was 
a  native  of  Aberdeen,  b.  1701,  and  edu- 
cated with  a  view  to  his  becoming  a 
minister  of  the  kirk  of  Scotland.  Uii- 
happily  he  exhibited  such  an  unsteadi- 
ness of  intellect  that  he  was  not  consid- 
ered fit  for  so  important  a  profession; 
and,  proceeding  to  London,  he  for  some 
time  maintained  himself  by  giving  pri- 
vate lessons  in  the  classics  ;  but  in  1732 
he  commenced  business  as  a  bookseller, 
near  the  Koyal  Exchange.  While  thus 
employed,  "he  devoted  his  leisure  in 
compiling  a  very  elaborate  and  useful 
"Concordance  of  the  Old  and  New 
Testament."    Soon  afterwards   he  be- 


oum] 


CVCLOiM':UlA    OF    BIOUHAPIIY. 


831 


came  decideclly  Inntitii-,  and  was  placed 
by  his  iVunds  in  a  nindliouse  at  Bethnal 
green,  from  whicli  place,  however,  he 
contrived  to  make  hU  escape,  and  siil)- 
fseqiiently  broujjht  an  action  for  false 
imprisoninent,  but  was  nonsuited.  He 
subsequently  resumed  his  old  employ- 
ment of  correcting  the  press.  As  a 
literary  man  lie  was  extremely  industri- 
ous, patient,  and  able;  and  nis  " Con- 
cordances" liolds,  and  ever  will  hold,  a 
verv  iiii^h  place  iu  the  estimation  of  all 
bibiioarstudents.     D.  1770. 

CHUIKSIIANK,  WiLLrAM,  an  eminent 
Enirlish  surireon,  anatomist,  and  writer; 
author  of  "  Tlie  Anatomy  of  the  Ab- 
sorbent Vessels  of  the  Human  IJody," 
"  Experiments  on  the  Insensible  Per- 
spiration of  the  Human  Bodv,''  etc.  D. 
1800. 

CKUZ,  JuANA  Inez  de  i.a,  an  insrcni- 
ous  lady,  b.  at  Mexico.  She  was  natu- 
rally endowed  with  great  powers  of  mind, 
which  were  carefully  cultivated,  and 
Rendered  her  wcU-sivilled  in  philosophy, 
history,  mathematics,  poetry,  and  every 
branch  of  literature.  The  poems  which 
she  published  possessed  great  merit, 
according  to  tlie  opinion  of  Father  Fey- 
jod.  The  best  part  of  her  life  was  spent 
in  the  seclusion  of  the  monastery  of  St. 
Geronimo,  wiiore  siie  d.  Ii5"ir>. 

CRUZ  CANO  Y  OL.MEDILLA,  Box 
Juan  de  la,  an  eminent  Spanish  geog- 
rapher of  the  ISth  century  ;  author  of 
the  "  Mapo  Geographico  'de  America 
Meridional." 

CTES1I5IUS,  of  Alexandria,  an  emi- 
nent ancient  matliematician.  He  is  said 
to  liavc  invented  the  pump ;  and  he 
constructed  a  clepsydra,  or  water-clock, 
in  which  the  moving  power  was  a  falling 
column  of  water.  A  work  of  his,  on- 
titled  "  Geodesia,  or  the  Art  of  Dividing 
and  Measuring  IJodies,"  is  to  be  found 
in  the  Vatican"  Library.  He  flourished 
iu  the  Ifi'ith  Olvmpiad",  or  about  120  B.C. 

CTESIPHON,  or  ClIEESIPHEON,  a 
fiimous  Epliesian  architect.  He  gave 
the  desiirn  for  the  first  temple  of  Diana 
of  the  Epliesians,  which  was  fired  bv 
Erostratus.  He  flourislied  in  the  6tli 
ccnturv  b.  c. 

OUinVOETir,  Ralph,  an  English 
divine  and  philosoplicr ;  author  of  a 
"  Discourse  concerning  the  True  Nature 
of  the  Lord's  Supper,"  "The  True  In- 
tolleetual  System  of  the  Universe,"  &c. 
He  was  an  extremely  learned  and  power- 
ful writer  ;  and,  independently  ot  hold- 
ing sonic  valuable  church  preferment,  he 
was  master  of  Christ's  college,  Cam- 
bridge.   D.  ItJSS, 


CUFF,  Hen-ry,  an  eminent  Englisli 
scholar,  was  lor  some  time  Greek  pro- 
fessop  at  Mertou  college,  Oxford;  but 
growing  weary  of  a  secluded  life,  he  be- 
came secretary  to  Robert,  earl  of  Essex, 
on  the  expedition  to  Cadiz.  Being  im- 
plicated in  the  transactions  wliieh  led  to 
liie  apprehension  and  trial  of  the  earl  of 
Essex,  the  latter  charged  him  with  beir  » 
his  adviser  and  aljcttor  in  all  his  violent 
measures.  Culf  was  aceordintrly  tried, 
condemned,  and  executed  in  IGOl. 

CUJACIUS,  or  CU  J  AS,  James,  a  celo  • 
brated  French  jurist;  was  professor  of 
law  at  Turin,  and  was  held  in  the  high- 
est esteem  as  an  expounder  of  ditiicult 
questions.  His  writings  were  collected 
in  five  tblio  volumes.     D.  15'J0. 

CULLEN,  William,  a  celebrated  phy- 
sician and  medical  writer,  was  b.  at  Lan- 
ark, 1712.  After  scrvinj^  his  apprentice- 
ship to  a  surgeon  and  apotliecary  at 
Glasgow,  he  went  some  voyages  as  a 
surgeon.  He  subsequently  settled  at 
Glasgow,  and  was  appointed  lecturer  on 
chemistry  in  tiie  university  of  that  city, 
in  which  capacity  he  obtained  so  high  a 
reputation,  that  he  at  length  became 
medical  professor  in  tlie  university  of 
Edinburgh.  As  an  author,  he  is  well 
known  by  his  "  Lectures  on  the  Materia 
Mcdica,"  "  Synopsis  Nosologiae  Prac- 
ticEe,"  and  his  "lirst  Lines  on  Medical 
Practice."     D.  17!tO. 

CULPEPER,  Sir  Thomas,  an  English 
writer  of  the  i7th  century ;  author  of 
'•Considerations  on  Marriage,"  a  '•  Dis- 
course on  Usury,"  "Brief  Survey  of  the 
Growth  of  Usury  in  England."- — Nicho- 
las, an  English  herbalist  of  the  17tli  cen- 
tury. He  was  educated  at  Cambridge; 
and,  after  serving  his  apprenticeship  to 
an  apothecary,  settled  in  that  profession 
at  Spital fields,  in  London.  He  wrote  a 
"  Herbal"  and  a  "  Dispensary,"  but  the 
science  and  industry  which  he  indispu- 
tably possessed  were  in  a  great  dctrreo 
marred  by  his  absurd  pretensions  to  as- 
trolou'v.— Thomas,  lord,  governor  of  Vir- 
ginia'from  HiSO  to  1683.     D.  1719. 

CUMBERLAND,  Richard,  bishop  of 
Peterborough ;  author  of  a  treatise  '•  De 
Legibus  Natural,"  written  in  opposition 
to  the  philosophy  of  Hobbcs  ;  a  transla- 
tion from  Eusebius  of  "  Sanconiathon's 
Phoenician  History,"  an  "  Essay  on  the 
Jewish  Weights  and  Measures,"  "Ori- 
gines  Gentium  Antiqnissimte."  Ho  was 
an  extremely  learuc  I  man,  but  not  more 
remarkable  for  learning  than  for  modest 
and  unaspiring  virtues. — Richaiu),  an 
able  dramatic  and  miscellaneous  writer, 
was  a  sou  of  Dr.  Cumberluud,  bishop 


332 


CYCLOP.EDIA    OF    BIOGKAI'IIY. 


[cur 


of  Clonfcrt,  and  b.  1732.  lie  was  iu- 
trodiK-ed  to  public  life  as  the  secretary 
of  Lord  Halifax,  when  viceroy  of  Ire- 
land. Jlis  lirst  literary  etforts  obtained 
fi.>r  him  but  Uttle  fame';  but  on  the  ap- 
pearance of  liis  comedy  of  "The  West 
Indian,"'  in  1771,  his  reputation  as  a 
dramatist  was  at  once  established.  Fz'om 
this  period  till  the  time  of  his  decease, 
he  continued  to  be  one  of  the  most  pro- 
litic  writers  for  the  stage,  though  none 
of  his  subsequent  pieces  were  so  suc- 
cessful as  the  comedy  before  mentioned. 
In  17S0  he  was  employed  by  the  govern- 
ment to  conduct  a  secret  negotiation 
with  the  courts  of  Madrid  and  Lisbon ; 
which,  lu  the  disgrace  of  the  ministry, 
involved  him  in  great  distress,  as  they 
refused  to  I'eimburse  his  expenses,  to 
the  amount  of  £5,000.  which  compelled 
him  to  purl  with  liis  iiereditary  propei'- 
ty.  To  add  to  his  distress,  the  boai'd  of 
trade  was  broken  up,  and  he  retired, 
witli  a  trilling  pension,  to  Tunbridge 
Wells,  where  ho  devoted  himself  to  lit- 
erary pursuits  with  the  most  unabating 
ardor  and  industry.  Besides  Jiis  numer- 
ous draniatio  pro'ductions,  he  publish- 
ed a  collection  of  essays,  imder  the  title 
of  '"The  Observer;"  also  the  novels  of 
'•Arundel,"  "Henry,"  and  "John  de 
Lancaster;"  "Calvary,"  a  poem,  and 
various  other  works,  tlie  last  of  which 
was  his  own  "Memoirs."  The  comic 
drama  was  certainly  liis  forte  ;  but 
throughout  the  whole  of  his  writings 
there  is  much  merit,  and  many  of  them 
possess  the  elements  of  a  lasting  vitali- 
ty. D.  1811. — WiLLi.vM  Augustus,  duke 
(if,  second  son  of  George  11.,  was  b. 
1721,  and  at  an  early  age  entered  on  the 
duties  of  a  military  life.  At  the  battle 
of  Dettingen,  in  1743,  he  was  wounded, 
while  fighting  by  the  side  of  his  father ; 
and  in  1745  lie  signalized  himself,  when 
.  commander-in-chief  of  the  British  army 
in  i'landers,  at  tlie  battle  of  Fontcnoy. 
where,  however,  he  was  obliged  to  yiclcl 
the  palm  of  victory  to  Marshal  Saxe. 
(^u  his  return  to  i^iigland  he  took  the 
field  against  the  Scottish  rebel  troops, 
whom  he  defeated  at  the  battle  of  Cullo- 
den ;  but  he  stained  his  laurels  by  un- 
necessary cruelty.     I).  17i)5. 

CUNITL\,  Maria,  a  learned  lady  in 
the  Nth  century,  b.  in  Silesia.  She 
possessed  a  perfect  knowledge  of  an- 
cient and  modern  languages,  but  par- 
tic'.darly  excelled  in  mathematics  and 
astronomy,  on  which  she  wrote  some 
ingt.ui(^us  treatises,  especially  her  "Ura- 
nia rropitia,"  in  1650,  in  Latin  and  Ger- 
man.    1).  1664. 


CUNNINGHAM,  Alexander,  aScotch 
historical  writer;  author  of  a  "History 
of  Great  Britain,  from  the  Be  volution  to 
the  Accession  of  George  I."  This  was 
elegantly  written  by  him  in  Latin,  but  a 
translation  of  it  was  published  by  Dr. 
Thompson,  in  17S7.  Cunningham  also 
held  some  government  employments, 
among  which  was  that  of  resident  at 
Venice.  D.  17o7. — Allan,  an  eminent 
poet,  novelist,  and  miscellaneous  writer, 
was  b.  at  Blackwood,  in  Dumfriesshire, 
17S5.  His  parents  were  in  very  humble 
circumstances,  and  he  was  taken  from 
school  when  only  11  years  of  age,  and 
apprenticed  to  a  stone-mason.  These 
disadvantageous  circumstances  did  not 
pi-event  him  from  acquiring,  by  great 
though  desultory  reading,  much  inform- 
ation ;  and  in  ISIO  he  I'cpaired  to  Lon- 
don, where  he  at  first  earned  a  main- 
tenance by  contributing  to  periodicals, 
and  reporting  for  the  press.  At  a  later 
period  he  obtained  employment  in  the 
studio  of  the  eminent  sculptor  Chantrey, 
as  principal  assistant,  which  enabled 
him  to  prosecute  his  literary  tastes  with- 
out hazard ;  and  he  so  well  improved 
his  advantages,  that  he  not  merely  dis- 
tinguished himself  as  a  critic  and  histo- 
rian as  to  tlie  arts,  and  as  a  poet  and 
novelist,  but  also  by  combining  the  pru- 
dence and  tact  of  the  man  of  business 
with  the  fervor  and  feeling  of  the  man 
of  genius,  acquired  consiclerable  pecu- 
niary resources.  Among  his  numerous 
works  are  "  Sir  Marmactuke  Maxwell," 
a  drama;  "  Baul  Jones,"  and  "Sir  Mi- 
chael Scott,"  novels  ;  the  "  Lives  of 
Burns  and  Sir  David  Wilkie,"  besides 
many  poems,  ballads,  and  lyrics ;  but 
his  most  important  work,  and  that  by 
which  he  is  best  known  south  of  the 
Tweed,  is  "The  Lives  of  British  Paint- 
ers, Sculptors,  and  Architects."  D. 
1S42. — John,  an  ingenious  Irish  poet 
and  dramatic  performer ;  author  of 
"The  Landscape,"  and  other  poems, 
and  of  "Love  ni  a  Mist,"  a  farce,  upon 
which  Garrick  is  said  to  liave  founded 
that  of  the  "  Lying  Valet."     D.  1773. 

CURL,  EoMUND^  a  bookseller,  whose 
name  is  handed  down,  like  many  others, 
by  the  satirical  wit  of  Pope,  kept  a  shop 
in  the  purlieus  of  Covent-gardcu,  and 
had  his  ears  cut  off  in  the  pillory  as  a 
reward  for  publishing  obscene  books. 

CURRAN,  John-  Philpot,  a  celebrated 
Irish  barrister,  of  humble  origin,  was  b. 
near  Cork,  1750  ;  received  his  education 
at  Trinity  college,  Dublin,  and  coming 
to  London,  studied  law  in  the  Temple. 
In  course  of  time  he  was  called  to  the 


cus] 


CVCLOP-EDIA    OF    lUOGRAPHV. 


333 


bar,  and  though  at  first  he  had  to  strug- 
gle with  great  dillicultics,  his  brilliant 
talents,  exerted  in  defence  of  various 
persons  eharged  with  political  otfenees, 
overcame  all  obstacles,  and  he  quickly 
rose  to  forensic  eminence.  lie  became 
a  member  of  tlie  Irish  house  of  eom- 
inons  in  1784,  and  was  a  powerful  mem- 
ber of  the  opposition  until  tlic  Wlii;,'s 
came  into  oliice,  in  1800,  when  he  was 
made  master  of  the  rolls  in  Ireland. 
This  ofiice  he  held  until  181-i,  and  re- 
ceived a  pension  of  £;3,000  on  retiring, 
after  which  period  he  generally  resided 
in  London.  His  oratorical  powers  were 
of  the  most  sjilendid  kind;  his  wit, 
pathos,  and  sarcasm  being  alike  irresisti- 
ble ;  and  though  mean  in  personal  ap- 
pearance, and  not  always  vising  his 
intellectual  rcapons  with  good  taste, 
they  enabled  him  to  support  the  charac- 
ter of  a  popular  advocate  and  an  effec- 
tive debater.     D.  1817.      , 

CUKKIE,  James,  was  a  native  ofScot- 
land,  but  settled  as  a  medical  man  at 
Liverpool,  where  he  enjoyed  an  exten- 
sive and  very  lucrative  practice.  He  is 
very  favorably  known  as  a  professional 
writer,  by  a  paper  "  On  Tetanus  and 
Convulsive  Disorders,"'  and  "  Medical 
Eeports,"  &;c.  15ut  his  literary  celebrity 
rests  less  fljpon  his  professional  treatises 
than  upon  his  biography  of  the  poet 
Burns,  an  edition  of  whose  w'orks  was 
superintended  by  Dr.  Currie,  in  a  man- 
ner which  obtained  him  great  and  well- 
merited  applause.     D.  1805. 

CUKTIS,  'William,  an  eminent  En- 
glish botanist,  was  a  native  of  Alton,  in 
Hampshire,  and  was  apprenticed  to  an 
apothecary  in  that  place.  But  his  love 
of  botanical  pursuits  induced  him  to 
relinquish  his  profession  to  establish  a 
botanical  garden,  and  exhibit  as  a  botani- 
cal lecturer.  Besides  his  lectures,  which 
were  published  with  expensive  and 
handsome  illustrative  plates,  he  wrote 
"Practical  Observations  on  the  British 
Grasses,"  "Flora  Londinensis,"  an  ac- 
curate and  beautiful  work  ;  a  "Botanical 
Magazine,"  &c.     D.  1799. 

CURTIUS,  iSlARcrs,  a  celebrated  Eo- 
man.  Livy  relates,  that  in  the  year 
362  B.  c,  a  vast  chasm  appeared  in  the 
midst  of  the  Forum,  which  the  oracle 

Sronounoed  could  only  be  closed  by  the 
k)mans  throwing  into  it  that  by  which 
they  were  most  powerful.  Curtis  de- 
clared that  the  arms  and  courage  of  the 
Koraans  were  their  most  valuable  pos- 
sessions, and  havincT  solemnly  devoted 
himself,  ho  put  on  his  armor,  mounted 
his  horse,  and  galloped  lieadlorig  into 


the  gulf. — KuFus  QuiNTcs,  a  I'oman  his- 
torian, who  wrote  tlie  history  of  Alex- 
ander the  Great  in  ten  books,  tlie  first 
two  of  which  are  lost.  Tiie  exact  period 
in  which  he  flourished  is  not  known; 
for  though  his  style  would  indicate  tliat 
he  lived  in  one  of  the  best  periods  of 
the  Latin  language,  no  writer  of  any 
earlier  date  than  the  I'ith  century  has 
made  any  mention  of  him. 

CUSA^  Nicholas  de,  an  eminent  car- 
dinal, who  took  his  name  from  that  of 
the  village  of  Cusa,  in  tiie  diocese  of 
Treves,  where  he  was  born.  After  somo 
minor  preferments  in  the  church,  he 
was  sent  by  Pope  Eugenius  IV.  as  legate 
to  Constantinople,  to  endeavor  to  bring 
about  a  union  between  the  Greek  and 
Latin  churches.  He  was  made  a  cardi- 
nal by  Pope  Nicholas  V.,  who  also  gave 
him  the  see  of  Brixen,  in  the  Tyrol.  Be- 
sides metaphysical,  theological,  mathe- 
matical, and  other  treatises,  wdiich  form 
three  volumes  folio,  he  wrote  a  very 
learned  and  powerful  refutation  of  the 
Koran.     D.  1464. 

GUSHING,  Thomas,  lieutenant-gov- 
ernor of  Massachusetts,  was  graduated 
at  Harvard  college,  1744.  Being  the  son 
of  an  eminent  merchant  of  Boston,  he 
had  no  chosen  profession.  lie  was  early 
called  into  public  life,  first  as  a  repre'- 
sentative  of  Boston,  and  afterwards 
speaker  of  the  house.  lie  held  the 
latter  office  when  the  controversy  with 
England  had  reached  the  point,  which 
made  an  appeal  to  arms  indispensable, 
and  he  sided  with  his  country.  He  was 
a  member  of  the  first  and  second  con- 
gress. On  his  return  to  his  own  state 
he  was  elected  into  the  council,  which 
then  constituted  the  supreme  executive. 
After  the  adoption  of  the  present  con- 
stitution of  Massaclmsetts  he  was  elect- 
ed lieutenant-governor,  and  was  kept  in 
tliat  oflTice  till  his  death.  D.  178s,  acred 
02.  —  William,  judge  of  the  supreme 
court  of  the  United  States,  was  gradu- 
ated at  Harvard  college,  1751. _  In  1772 
he  received  a  commission  as  justice  of 
the  superior  court  of  Massachusetts,  and 
in  1777  that  of  chief  justice.  At  the 
beginning  of  the  revolution  among  the 
high  in  office,  he,  alone,  supported  the 
rights  of  his  country.  At  the  organ- 
ization of  the  federal  government,  he 
was  placed  by  "Washington,  in  1780,  on 
tlie  bench  of  the  supreme  court  of  the 
United  States,  and  held  the  office  till  his 
death.     D.  1810. 

CUSTINE,  Adam  Philip,  count  de, 
was  b.  at  Metz,  1740;  and  having  en- 
tered the  army  early  in  life,  attracted 


334 


CYCLOP.EDIA    OF    EIOGRAPIIY, 


[CZK 


the  notice  of  Frederic  of  Prussia,  under 
whom  he  served  in  the  seven  years' 
war.  He  af[erwaril3  accepted  a  com- 
mission in  one  of  the  Freneli  regiments 
that  assisted  the  Americans  in  resisting 
the  English ;  and  on  returning  to  France 
was  made  governor  of  Toulon.  In  17P3 
lie  iiad  the  command  of  the  army  of  the 
Khine ;  but  being  suddenly  summoned 
to  France,  the  rulers  of  the  hour  sent 
him  to  the  irnillotine,  Aucrust,  17'J3. 

(,'UTllBERT,  an  English  saint,  who 
had  the  honor  to  baptize  Egfred,  king 
of  Northumberland,  and  the  good  for- 
tune to  be  made  bishop  of  that  district. 
He  founded  a  monastery  at  Lindisfarue, 
and  d.  in  68*5. 

CUVELLIER  DE  TRIE,  John  Wil- 
LLVM  AcGCSTUs,  a  French  dramatist  of 
great  fecundity  and  considerable  talent, 
W1U5  b.  176<i,  and  d.  1824.  He  was  some- 
times called  the  Corneillo  of  the  bou- 
levards. 

CUVIEli,  George  Leopold  Ciuiistiax 
Frederic  Daoobert,  Baron ;  the  most 
eminent  naturalist  of  modern  times ; 
was  b.  at  Montbeliard,  in  the  duchy  of 
Wirtemberg,  17G'J.     Having  a  decided 

gartiality  for  natural  history,  he  devoted 
is  leisure  hours  to  the  pursuit  of  that 
interesting  science,  while  acting  in  the 
capacity  of  private  tutor  in  the  fiimily 
of  count  d'llericy,  in  Normandy.  As 
soon  as  he  quitted  this  situation  he 
established  himself  in  Paris;  and  such 
was  his  talent,  and  such  the  perseve- 
rance with  whicli  he  followed  up  his 
examinations  and  inquiries,  that  he  was 
ere  long  acknowledged  to  be  one  of  the 
first  zoologists  in  Europe.  His  profound 
knowledge  and  comprehensive  views, 
liis  ingenious  cla.ssiticalions  and  elegant 
illustrations,  delighted  the  accomf)lished 
visitors  of  the  Lycee,  where  he  lectured ; 
and  his  fame  reaching  the  ears  of  Na- 
poleon, the  most  important  offices  in  the 
department  of  public  instruetion  were 
given  to  him.  He  twice  visited  England, 
namely,  in  1818,  and  in  1S30;  and  d.  at 
Paris  in  1^32.  To  Baron  Cuvier,  France 
is  indebted  for  the  finest  osteolo^ical 
collection  in  the  world  ;  while  the  whole 
world  is  indelvted  to  him  for  the  im- 
mense a<ldition  he  has  made  to  the  gen- 
eral stock  of  zoological  science. — Fred- 
eric, brother  of  the  above,  was  also 
highly  distinguished  a.s  a  naturalist.  D. 
18:58. 

CYPRIAN,  Tha-scics  C^cilius,  was  a 
learned  father  of  the  church,  b.  at  Car- 
Ihiige,  and  who  embraced  Christianity 
in  246.  He  wrote  a  work,  entitled 
"Gratia  Dei;"   succeeded  Donatus,  as 


bishop  of  Carthage ;  and  suS'ered  mar- 
tyrdom in  258. 

'  CYRIL,  St.,  originally  named  Cox- 
STANTINE,  and  Called  the  Philosopher, 
was  the  apostle  of  the  Slavi,  in  the  9th 
century,  and  invented  the  Sclavonic  al- 
phabet.    D.  at  Rome.,  in  822. 

CYRUS,  king  of  Persia,  a  renowned 
conqueror,  was  the  son  of  Cambyses  and 
Slandane,  daughter  of  Astyages,  king 
of  Media,  by  whom  he  was  sent  to  Per- 
sia. Here  he  soon  collected  a  formid- 
able army,  and  deposed  his  grandfather, 
5(30  B.  c.  He  also  conquered  Croesus, 
the  rich  and  powerful  king  of  Lydia, 
and  Nabouadius,  king  of  Babylon,  whose 
capital  he  took,  after  a  siege  of  two 
years.  Extending  his  conquests  on  all 
sides,  till  his  dominions  in  Asia  reached 
from  the  Hellespont  to  the  Indus,  he  at 
length  marched  against  the  Massagetse, 
a  people  of  Scythia,  then  ruled  by  a 
queen  named  Tomyris  ;  but  though  suc- 
cessful in  the  first  great  battle,  ne  was 
defeated  in  the  second,  and  slain,  529 
B.  c. — The  YoDXGER,  was  the  son  of  Da- 
rius Nothus,  and  brother  of  Artaxerxcs, 
whose  life  he  attempted,  in  order  to 
obtain  the  throne.  He  was,  however, 
pardoned,  and  made  governor  of  Lydia; 
but  he  treacherously  raised  an  army, 
marched  against  his  brother,  fought  a 
desperate  battle,  and  was  killed,  400  B.C. 
— Of  Panapolis,  a  Latin  poet  and  sol- 
dier, in  the  time  of  Theodosius  the 
Y'oungcr.  He  was  made  consul  and 
prefect  of  Constantinople ;  afterwards 
embraced  Christianity,  and  was  made 
bishop  of  Phrvgia,  where  he  died. 

CZERNI-GEORGE,  whose  real  name 
was  George  Petrovitsch,  the  appella- 
tion of  "  George  the  Black"  being  given 
him  on  account  of  the  darkness  of  his 
complexion,  was  b.  of  humble  parents, 
near  Belgrade  ;  but  he  raised  himself  to 
the  rank  of  a  prince  bv  the  force  of  his 
natural  talents,  and  a  degree  of  courage 
rarely  equalled.  With  an  ardent  desire 
to  liberate  Servia,  his  native  country, 
from  the  Turks,  lie  first  raised  a  small 
troop,  was  successful  in  various  en- 
counters, and  at  length,  in  1800,  made 
himself  master  of  Belgrade.  A  lon^ 
and  arduous  struggle  followed ;  and 
though  for  a  time  Czcrni-George  was 
the  acknowledged  prince  of  Servia,  he 
was  eventually  compelled  to  retire  to 
Russia,  where  he  was  received  with 
distinction,  and  created  a  Russian 
prince.  But  he  was  still  bent  on  pos- 
sessing Servia;  and  having  entered  that 
territory,  in  1817,  he  was  taken  prisoner 
and  beheaded. 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


335 


D. 


DACII,  Simon-,  a  German  poet,  b. 
160."),  prot'ussor  of  poetrv  at  Konigsberg. 
D.  16MI. 

DACIER,  Andrew,  n  critic  and  clas- 
sical commentator  of  some  eminence,  b. 
1651,  at  Ciistres,  in  Ui'pcr  Lanffuedoc. 
lie  was  made  perpetual  secretary  of  tlie 
French  Academy  in  1731,  and  liad  tlie 
care  of  the  caljinet  in  the  Louvre  in- 
trusted to  Inm.  Pie  translated  Horace, 
Pluto,  Fhitarch,  Enictetiis,  &c.,  into 
French.  D.  172-2. — Anne  Lkfevre,  wife 
of  the  preceding,  was  b.  IGol,  at  Sau- 
mur.  tier  love  of  classical  literature 
was  displayed  at  an  early  aire;  and  her 
profieieiiey  was  so  great,  that  at  the  aire 
of  22  she  produced  an  admirable  edition 
of  "Callimachus,"  which  was  followed 
by  various  others  of  the  Delphian  clas- 
sics. She  subsequently  translated  Ho- 
mer. Anacreon,  Sappho,  Terence,  with 
portions  from  Aristophanes,  Plautus, 
&c.  In  1*?S:3  she  married  M.  Dacicr, 
and  soon  after  they  both  renounced  the 
Protestant  religion.  Though  her  life 
was  spent  in  constant  literary  labor,  she 
was  far  from  being  ostentatious  of  her 
eminent  .abilities.     D.  1720. 

D^DALUS,  a  celebrated  Greek  arch- 
itect and  sculptor,  who  is  said  to  have 
flourished  at  Athens  in  the  10th  cen- 
tury B.C.,  and  to  have  been  the  inventor 
of  many  useful  instruments,  viz.,  the 
axe,  the  saw,  tiic  plummet,  the  auger, 
&c. — There  was  also  another  Dcedalus 
of  less  note,  a  sculptor  of  Sicvon. 

DAENDELS,  IIerm.vx  William,  a 
Dutch  genera],  b.  at  Ilattem,  1762,  who 
toolc  an  important  part  in  the  troubles 
which  began  in  Holland  in  1787,  on  the 
side  of  the  patriots,  and,  with  many  of 
his  countrymen  of  the  same  party,  was 
compelled  to  take  refuge  in  France.  In 
n\\'i  he  was  ap])ointed  colonel  to  the 
new  legion  of  \o!\nUeers,  and  rendered 
great  service  to  Duniouriez  and  to  Pich- 
cgru  in  1794.  "When  Louis  Bonaparte 
ascended  the  throne  he  was  made  gov- 
ernor-general of  Batavia.  He  was  re- 
called by  Napoleon  in  1S12,  and  on  his 
return  published  an  account  of  his  ad- 
ministration, in  which  many  valuable 
statistics  were  also  gi\  en.  He  was  after- 
wards appointed  by  the  kinsr  of  the 
Netherlands,  to  organize  the  colonies  on 
the  coast  of  Africa.     D.  ISIS. 

DAGGETT,  N.a.pthali,  the  fifth  pres- 
ident of  Vale  college,  was  graduated  at 


the  same  institution,  in  1748.  He  was 
a  native  of  Attleborough,  Mass.,  and  in 
1751  was  settled  in  the  ministry  at  Smith 
Town  on  Long  Island.  From  this  place 
he  removed  to  New  Haven  in  175(5,  and 
became  professor  of  divinity  in  the  col- 
lege, lie  held  this  office  till  his  death; 
and  from  the  death  of  Mr.  Clap  in  17iii5, 
till  April,  1777,  he  exercised  the  duties 
of  jircsident.  D.  1780. — DAVin,  an  emi- 
nent judge  of  Connecticut,  b.  1764,  a 
senator  of  the  United  States,  Kent  pro- 
fessor of  law  at  Yale  college,  and  chief 
iustice  of  the  supreme  court  of  the 
United  States.     D.  1850. 

DAGOBERT  I.,  king  of  the  Franks, 
surnamed  the  Great  on  account  of  his 
military  success,  began  his  reign  in  623, 
and  d.'at  the  age  of  82. 

D' AGUESSEAU,  Henry  Fkancis,  call- 
ed by  Voltaire  the  most  leamed  magis- 
trate" that  France  ever  produced,  was  b. 
at  Limo<res  in  1668,  and  d.  1751.  His 
works  were  published  in  13  vols.  4io. 

DALBEKG,  CnAni-Es  Theodore  A:< 
THONY  M.\p.iA,  a  baron  of  the  German 
empire,  prince-priiruite  of  the  confeder- 
ation of  the  Rhine,  grand-duke  of  Frank- 
fort, and,  finally,  archbishop  of  Eatisbon, 
was  b.  near  Worms,  1744.  He  espoused 
the  now  ideas  to  which  the  French  rev- 
olution gave  impulse;  and  though  he 
opposed  the  invasion  of  Germany  by 
the  French  in  17ii7,  he  assisted  at  the 
corou.ation  of  the  Emperor  Napoleon  in 
1804.  Throughout  life  he  was  distin- 
guished for  industry  in  the  discharge  of 
his  official  duties,  and  for  an  incorrupt- 
ible love  of  justice;  he  was  .also  the  en- 
courager  of  learning  and  science,  and 
himself  the  author  of  several  ingenious 
treatises,  le^al,  scientific,  and  philosoph- 
ical. In  1813  he  voluntarily  resigned 
all  his  possessions  as  a  sovereign  prince, 
and  retired  to  private  life,  retaining  only 
his  ccclesiasticid  dignity.     D.  1S17. 

D'ALBKET,  Charlotte,  sister  of 
John  d'Albret,  king  of  Navarre,  and 
wife  of  Cffisar  Borgia.  She  was  a  poetess 
of  no  mean  ]>owers,  and  as  remarkable 
for  virtue  as  her  husband  was  for  vice. 
D.  1514. — Chaules,  constable  of  France 
in  the  reifrn  of  Charles  VI.,  to  whom  he 
was  related  by  blood.  He  connnanded 
the  French  army  at  the  famous  battle  of 
Airincourt,  in  which  he  lost  his  life, 
1514. — .Ieanne,  daughter  of  MarL'aret, 
queen  of  Navarre,  and  mother  of  Henry 


336 


CYCLOPEDIA  OK  BIOGRAPHV. 


[dal 


of  Navarre,  afterwards  Henry  IV.   of 
France.     D.  157:i. 

DALE,  Richard,  an  American  naval 
officer,  was  b.  in  Virginia,  17oG ;  was 
sent  to  sea  at  12  years  of  age,  and  at  19 
had  the  command  of  a  merchant-vessel. 
While  serving  as  a  midshipman  on 
board  of  the  American  brig-of-war  Lex- 
ington, lie  was  taken  by  a  Britisli  cutter ; 
but,  after  being  confined  a  twelvemonth 
in  Mill  prison,  he  effected  his  escape 
into  France,  where  lie  joined  tlie  cele- 
brated Paul  Jones,  then  commanding 
the  American  ship  Bon  Homme  Eichard, 
and  was  the  first  man  tliat  boarded  the 
English  frigate  Serapis,  which  was  cap- 
tured. In  ISC'l  he  had  the  command 
of  an  American  squadron,  and  hoisted 
his  pendant  on  board  the  President. 
He  was  a  brave,  honorable,  and  intelli- 
gent seaman.  The  adventures  of  his 
early  days  were  of  the  most  romantic 
and  perilous  kind ;  but  his  latter  years 
wei'e  passed  in  the  peaceful  enjoyment 
of  a  competent  estate  at  Philadelphia. 
D.  1826.  —  David,  a  skilful  mechanic, 
and  tlie  originator  of  the  well-known 
Lanark  Mills,  was  b.  ITo'J,  at  Stewarton, 
in  Ayrshire.  From  being  a  journeyman 
weaver  he  became  a  cotton  manufacturer 
on  a  most  e.^teusivc  scale,  first  in  con- 
junction with  Sir  K.  Arkwright,  and 
afterwards  on  his  own  ac'^ount.  By  his 
means  employment  was  given  to  tliou- 
sands,  old  and  young ;  nor  did  he  leave 
the  latter  without  the  means  of  mental 
instruction,  but  provided  teachers  and 
established  scliools  at  aU  liis  works.  D. 
1806. — Sir  Thomas,  was  sent  out  to  Vir- 
ginia as  high  marshal,  in  1609,  and  a 
second  time  in  May,  1611,  with  300  col- 
onists, supplies,  and  new  laws,  with  the 
execution  of  which  he  was  intrusted. 
His  administration  was  rigorous  and 
excited  great  disatfection,  but  the  in- 
terests of  the  colony  were  advanced 
under  it.  He  built  the  town  of  Hen- 
rico, on  James  river,  and  conquered 
that  of  the  Appomattox  Indians,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  river  of  that  name.  In 
August,  161Ij,  Sir  Thomas  Gates  suc- 
ceeded him  m  the  government.  He 
continued,  however,  to  take  an  .ictive 
part  in  the  affairs  of  the  colony,  and  on 
the  return  of  Gates  to  England,  in  161-i, 
the  chief  command  again  devolved  on 
Jiim.  lie  returned  to  England  in  1616. 
He  afterwards  went  to  the  East  Indies, 
and  there  died. 

DALIN,  Olaus  Vox,  called  the  father 
of  modern  Swedisli  poetry,  was  the  au- 
thor of  many  spirited  satires,  songs, 
epigrams,  and  fables.     lie  also  wrote 


"  The  Argus,"  a  work  on  the  plan  of  the 
Spectator;  ''A  General  History  of  Swe- 
den;" '"Brumhilda,"  a  tragedy,  &c. 
B.  170S  ;  d.  1763. 

DALLAS,  Sir  Geoege,  lord  chief  jus- 
tice of  the  common  pleas,  was  b.  in 
London,  1758,  and  at  the  age  of  IS  he 
went  to  India  as  a  writer,  where  his 
talents  soon  raised  him  to  high  civil 
offices.  He  warmly  espoused  the  cause 
of  Hastings  when  impeached,  and  in 
1789  he  wrote  a  pamplilet,  in  which  he 
attributed  to  him  the  British  supremacy 
in  India.  In  1793  he  published  his 
"Thoughts  upon  our  Present  Situation, 
with  Eemarks  upon  the  Policy  of  a  War 
witli  France,"  which  created  consider- 
able sensation,  and  esjieeially  e.xcited  the 
admiration  of  Mr.  Pitt.  D.  1833. — Eob- 
ERT  Charles,  known  as  the  friend  and 
biographer  of  Lord  Byron,  was  b.  at 
Kingston,  Jamaica,  and  studied  the  law 
in  tiie  Inner  Temple.  After  residing 
for  a  time  in  France  and  America,  he 
returned  to  England,  and  devoted  him- 
self to  literature.  He  translated  several 
works  from  the  French,  and  wrote  the 
novels  of  ''  Aubrey,"  "  Perceval,"  "  The 
Morlands,"  &c. ;  but  he  is  now  more 
remembered  for  his  "  Eecollections  of 
Lord  Byron."  D.  1824. — Alexandek 
James,  was  b.  in  the  island  of  Jamaica, 
1759.  In  1783  he  left  Jamaica  for  the 
United  States,  and  settled  in  Philadel- 
phia. In  1785  he  was  admitted  to  prac- 
tise in  the  supreme  court  of  the  state, 
and  in  four  or  five  years  in  the  courts  of 
the  Union.  During  this  time  he  pre- 
pared his  "  Reports,"  and  wa.s  engaged 
in  various  literary  pursuits,  writing 
much  in  the  periodical  journals.  Ho 
occupied  successively  the  offices  of  sec- 
retary of  Pennsylvania;  district  attorney 
of  tlie  United  States ;  secretary  of  the 
treasury,  and  secretary  of  war.  On  the 
restoration  of  peace  in  1816,  Mr.  Dallas 
resigned  his  political  situation,  and  re- 
sumed the  successful  practice  of  his  pro- 
fession. His  services  as  an  advocate 
were  called  for  in  almost  every  part  of 
the  Union,  but  in  the  midst  of  very 
flattering  expectations  he  d.  at  Trenton 
in  1817.— Alexander  James,  son  of  the 
preceding,  became  a  distinguished  naval 
officer  of  the  United  States.  He  entered 
the  navy  in  1805,  when  only  14  yeare  of 
age,  was  with  Connnodore  Eogers  on 
board  of  the  President,  in  1812,  and, 
subsequently  with  Chauncey  on  lake 
Ontario.  He  also  accompanied  Porter 
in  his  exterminating  cruise  against  the 
West  India  pirates.  D.  1844. 
DALKYMPLE,  Alexander,  hydrog- 


dan] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OB-    filOGRAPHY. 


337 


rapher  to  the  Admiralty  and  the  India 
Company,  was  b.  at  New  Ilailes,  nccar 
Edinburtfh,  in  1707,  and  spent  the  early 
part  of  his  life  in  India,  as  a  writer.  He 
wrote  "The  Uriental  Kepertory ,"  three 
"  Colleetions  of  V'oyaices,"  &c.  D.  1808. 
— Sir  David,  a  Seotcli  judge  and  anti- 
quary, was  b.  at  Edinburgh  in  1726,  and 
eduea-ted  at  Eton  and  Utrecht.  On  his 
beeominga  judge  of  the  court  of  session 
in  176(3,  he  took  the  title  of  Lord  Ilailes. 
His  principal  works  are  "  Annals  of  Scot- 
land," which  Dr.  Johnson  assisted  iu 
revising,  and  "  Memorials  relating  to  the 
History  of  Great  Britain."  D.  1702. — 
Sir  JoHx,  for  many  years  a  baron  of 
exchequer  in  Scotland,  and  the  author 
of  "  Memoirs  of  Great  Britain  and  Ire- 
land."    D.  ISIO. 

DALTON,  John,  a  mathematician  and 
natural  philosopher,  was  b.  at  Eagles- 
field,  near  Coekermouth,  in  17(36.  From 
teaching  a  school  as  a  boy  in  his  native 
village,  iu  17'J3,  when  in  his  23d  year, 
he  became  professor  of  mathematics  and 
natural  philosophy  in  the  new  college, 
Manchester.  He  made  his  first  appearance 
as  an  author  in  a  volume  of  "  Meteoro- 
logical Observations  and  Essays,"  in 
1793.  In  1808  he  published  "A  New 
System  of  Chemical  Philosophy,"  and  a 
second  part  in  1810.  In  182(3  he  was 
presented  with  a  gold  medal  by  the 
Koyal  Society  for  his  scientific  discov- 
eries ;  and  iu  1833  the  sum  of  £'2000  was 
raised  by  his  friends  and  townsmen  for 
the  erection  of  a  statue  (by  Chantrey) 
to  perpetuate  his  remembrance.  His 
*'  Atomic  Theory"  must  ever  render  his 
name  memorable.  Cotemporaueously 
with  Gay-Lussac,  with  whom  many  of 
his  researches  run  parallel,  he  discovered 
the  important  general  law  of  the  expan- 
sion of  gases ;  and  his  contributions  to 
meteorology  were  also  of  the  most  im- 
portant kiiid.  D.  1844. — Michael,  an 
eminent  lawyer  of  the  16th  century; 
the  author  of  a  book  on  the  "  Office  of 
a  Justice  of  the  Peace,"  aud  another  on 
the  "  Duties  of  Sheritfs."     D.  1620. 

DALZIEL,  Thomas,  a  Scotch  general, 
who  was  with  Charles  II.  at  the  battle 
of  Worcester;  after  which  he  entered 
into  the  Russian  service,  but  was  re- 
called at  the  restoration. 

DAMEE,  Anne  Seymoitr,  eminent  as 
a  sculptor  as  well  as  for  her  general  ac- 
complishments, was  the  daughter  of 
Field-marshal  Conway,  and  b.  1748. 
She  took  lessons  in  the  art  from  Ceracci 
and  Bacon,  and  afterwards  studied  iu 
Italy.     D.  1808. 

DAMIENS,  EoitEKT,  who,  owing  to 


his  vicious  inclinations,  obtained  the 
appellation  of  Robert  le  diable,  was  b. 
171o,  at  Tieulloy,  a  village  of  Artois. 
While  at  Paris,  in  a  menial  employment, 
he  was  accused  of  having  poisoned  one 
of  his  masters  and  robbed  another  ;  and 
having  evaded  the  law  by  flight,  he  in 
course  of  time  returned,  to  practise  new 
enormities.  In  January,  17')7,  he  stabbed 
Louis  XV.  in  the  midst  of  his  guards,  as 
he  was  getting  into  his  carriage.  The 
wound  was  not  mortal,  and  Damiens 
was  instantly  seized  ;  but  the  most  cruel 
tortures  which  he  was  doomed  to  suflfer 
could  not  induce  him  to  conless  that  he 
had  any  accomplices;  and  the  horrid 
sentence,  which  condemned  him  to  be 
torn  in  pieces  by  horses,  was  executed 
March  28,  1757. 

DAMOCLES,  a  sycophant  at  the  court 
of  Dionysius  of  Syracuse.  He  was  one 
day  extolling  the  happy  condition  of 
princes,  on  which  the  king  invited  him 
to  a  sumptuous  entertainment,  but 
caused  a  naked  sword  to  be  suspended 
over  his  head  by  a  single  hair ;  thereby 
intimating  the  danger  that  awaited  the 
great,  though  surrounded  by  vassals 
and  revelling  in  luxuiy.  This  is  said  to 
have  produced  a  salutary  eti'eet  on  the 
courtier,  who  begged  that  the  king 
would  dismiss  him  to  any  meaner  sta- 
tion, so  that  he  might  live  iu  safety. 

DAMON,  a  Pythagorean  philosopher, 
rendered  memorable  for  his  frienashiv 
with  Pythias.  Dionysius  having  cor- 
demned  him  to  death,  he  obtainecl  leave 
of  absence  to  go  home  and  settle  his 
alfairs,  Pythias  pledging  himself  to  en- 
dure the  punishment  iu  his  stead  if  he 
did  not  return  at  the  appointed  time. 
Damon  was  punctual ;  and  this  instance 
of  friendship  so  pleased  the  king,  that 
he  pardoned  Damon,  and  requested  to 
become  one  of  his  friends. 

DAMPIER,  William,  an  English 
navigator,  was  b.  at  East  Coker,  Somer- 
setshire, iu  1652,  and  became  a  mariner 
at  an  early  age.  During  many  years  of 
active  service  in  privateers  and  trading 
vessels,  he  several  times  visited  the 
South  Seas ;  and  the  result  of  his  obser- 
vations were  given  to  the  public  in  a 
work,  entitled  "  Voyages  round  the 
World,"  which  possesses  very  con- 
siderable merit.  lie  d.,  as  is  supposed, 
iu  1712,  but  the  exact  time  is  not  Known. 

DANA,  Francis,  chict-justice  of  Mas- 
sachusetts under  the  constitution  of  1780 
He  was  a  delegate  in  congress  from  Mass. 
from  1776  to  1770,  when  he  accompanied 
Mr.  Adams  to  Paris  as  secretary  of  le- 
gation.   He  was  appointed  minister  to 


33S 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[dan 


Russia  ill  17S0,  and  though  not  publicly 
received  as  such,  remained  there  till  the 
end  of  the  war  ;  he  returned  to  America 
in  1TS3,  and  was  a  delegate  in  congress 
in  178 1.  He  was  appointed  chiet'jnstice 
in  17'.'2,  and  resigned  in  1S06.  D.  18 LI, 
aged  6S. — James  Freeman,  was  gradu- 
ated at  Harvard  college,  1813,  and  in  a 
lew  years  after  was  appointed  assistant 
professor  of  chemistry  in  that  seminary, 
in  ISi-'O  lie  was  appohited  professor  of 
clieinistry  and  mineralogy  at  Dartmouth 
college ;  resigned  this  office  in  1826,  on 
being  ajiuointcd  professor  of  chemistry 
in  the  college  of  physicians  and  suro;eons 
at  New  York,  lie  published,  with  his 
brother,  "Outlines  of  the  Geology  and 
Mineralogy  of  Boston  ;"  an  "Epitome 
of  ('hcmieal  Philosophy"  as  a  text  book. 
]).  1-J7.  ^^ 

DA^'CKERTS,  the  name  of  a  family 
of  Dutch  artists,  of  whom  Coknei,u-s,  b. 
1501.  appears  to  Iiave  been  the  first  of 
any  no'.e,  lie  excelled  as  a  portrait  and 
liistorioal  cnjrraver. 

DANCOURT,  Florence  Carton,  a 
French  actor  and  dramatic  poet,  was  b. 
in  IGijl,  at  Foutainbleau,  and  was  origi- 
nally a  barrister,  but  quitted  that  pro- 
fession for  the  stage.     1).  172G. 

DAXDINI,  C.E3AR  and  Vincent,  two 
Florentine  painters  of  the  16th  century, 
both  eminent  for  their  historical  pieces  ; 
as  was  also  their  nephew  Pietro,  who  d. 
in  1712. 

D  ANDOLO,  Henry,  a  celebrated  doge 
of  Venice,  to  which  high  office  he  was 
chosen  in  1192,  when  in  his  84tli  year. 
At  the  siege  of  Constantinople,  during 
the  fourth  crusade,  the  venerable  doge 
commanded  his  men  to  run  up  to  the 
walls,  and  was  himself  the  first  who 
leaped  on  shore,  D.  120.>,  aged  97. — 
Vincent,  a  Venetian  chemist,  descended 
from  the  famous  doge  and  captor  of  Con- 
stantinonle,  was  b.  17.")8.  At  all  times 
zealous  tor  the  independence  of  Italy,  he 
became  a  member  of  the  council  of  the 
Cisalpine  republic,  after  tiie  treaty  of 
Campo  Formio.  Among  his  works  are 
"  Fondaincnti  della  Scienza  Fisico-Che- 
micH,"  itc.     D.  1819. 

D'ANDRAD.\,  Anthony,  a  Portu- 
guese Jesuit,  wlio  discovered  in  1624 
the  country  of  Cathay  and  Thibet,  of 
which  ho  published  an  account.  D.  1634. 
— Diego  nE  Payvu,  a  learned  Portuguese 
divine,  who  distinguished  himself  at  the 
council  of  Trent  by  his  talents  and  elo- 
quifiiw,  and  wrote  an  elaborate  defence 
of  it  airainst  the  attack  of  (Jhemnitius. 
D.  ]r)7.'). — Fkanoh,  his  brother,  was  his- 
toriograplier  to  the  king  of  Spain,  and 


■wrote  the  "  History  of  John  III.,  king 
of  Portugal." — Thomas,  another  brother, 
an  Augustine  friar,  called  by  his  order 
Thomas  of  Jesus,  attended  Don  Sebas- 
tian in  his  expedition  against  the  emper- 
or of  Morocco,  was  taken  prisoner,  and 
shut  up  in  a  cave  by  the  Moors,  in  which 
place  he  wrote  a  book  called  "The  Suf- 
ferings of  Jesus." 

DANE,  Nathan,  an  eminent  jurist 
and  statesman.  He  was  b.  at  Ipswich, 
Mass.  He  was  the  fraraer  of  the  cele- 
brated ordinance  of  congress  of  1787,  for 
the  government  of  the  territory  of  the 
United  States  northwest  of  the  river 
Ohio,  by  which  the  principles  of  free 
government,  to  the  exclusion  of  slavery, 
were  extended  to  an  immense  region, 
and  its  political  and  moral  interest  se- 
cured on  a  permanent  basis.  His  great 
work,  entitled  "  A  General  Abridgment 
and  Digest  of  American  Law,"  will  re- 
main a  proof  of  his  learning  and  indus- 
try, and  the  Dane  Professorship  of  Law, 
founded  by  his  munificence  at  Harvard 
university,  and  the  Law  Hall,  will  bo 
enduring  monuments  of  his  desire  to 
promote  the  interest  of  the  profession 
of  law,  and  the  welfare  of  the  com- 
munity.    D.  1334,  aged  82  years. 

DANGEAU,  Philip  de  Courcillon, 
marquis  of,  was  b.  1638,  and  distin- 
guished himself  not  less  by  his  own 
talents  than  by  the  patronage  he  af- 
forded to  the  literati  of  his  day.  He 
wrote  an  extensive  "Journal  of  the 
Court  of  Louis  XIV.,"  extracts  from 
which  have  been  published,  but  not  the 
work  entire.     D.  1720. 

D'ANGIHERA,  Peter  Martyr,  an 
Italian  scholar  of  a  noble  Milanese  family, 
author  of  several  historical  works,  which 
are  usnallv  quoted  under  the  name  of 
Peter  Martyr.     B.  14o5  ;  d.  ir)26. 

DANICIAN,  Andre,  better  known 
by  the  name  of  Philidor,  a  celebrated 
playerand  writer  on  chess, was  b.  atParis, 
and  resided  several  years  in  England, 
where  he  published  his  "Analysis"  of 
that  celebrated  game,  and  also  some 
musical  compositions.    D.  1795. 

DANIEL,  Samuel,  a  poet  and  histo- 
rian, was  b.  1562,  near  Taunton,  Devon, 
and  educated  at  Magdalen  hall,  Oxford. 
He  became  poet  laureate  on  tlie  death  of 
.Spenser,  and  was  subsequently  appoint- 
ed to  tlie  othee  of  groom  of  the  bed- 
chamber to  James  T.  Besides  various 
poems,  some  of  which  possess  consid- 
erable merit,  he  wrote  a  "History  of 
P^n'.dand"  to  the  end  of  the  reign  of 
Edw.-xrd  III.     D.  1619. 

DANIELL,  Samuel,   an  artist,  who 


dan] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPIIV. 


339 


travelled  into  the  interior  of  Africa, 
made  numerous  drawings  there,  and  on 
his  return  published  u  work  entitled 
'■  Alrieau  Scenery."  He  also  spent  six 
yc-irs  in  the  island  of  Ct-ylon,  where  he 
ci.  in  isll.  He  left  an  extensive  collec- 
tion of  drawings,  cliiefly  illustrative  of 
the  natural  history  of  the  island  ;  and  a 
volume  was  publislicd,  entitled  "The 
Scenery,  An  mals,  and  Native  Inhabit- 
ants of  Ceylon." — Wh-liam,  an  eminent 
draughtsman,  b.  ITG'J,  was  initiated  in 
the  pictorial  art  at  a  very  early  age,  and 
accompanied  his  uncle  to  India,  when 
lie  was  only  14,  for  the  express  purpose 
of  assisting  in  depicting  the  scenery, 
costume,  ifec,  of  that  interesting  coun- 
try. Innnediately  on  tlieir  return,  the 
large  work,  entitled  '*  Oriental  Scenery," 
was  printed.  lie  also  published  '•  A 
Picturesque  Voyage  to  India,"  a  work 
entitled  "Zoogfapliy,"  and  a  great  va- 
riety of  separate  views  and  panoramas. 
He 'was  particularly  successful  in  de- 
picting the  ocean  in  all  its  varied  aspects  ; 
and  his  glowing  representations  ot  East- 
ern scenery  are  well  known  to  the  ])ub- 
lic  bv  his  splendid  "  Oriental  Annual." 
D.  1837.      . 

DANNECKER,  John  Hen-et,  whose 
statue  of  Ariadne  on  the  Leopard,  at 
Frankfort,  would  sutlice  to  place  him  in 
the  tirst  rank  of  modern  sculptors,  was 
b.  at  Stuttgard,  1758.  His  female  fig- 
ures have  rarely  been  surpassed ;  and 
his  busts  of  Schiller,  Lavater,  Gluck, 
and  many  of  the  mc'nbers  of  the  royal 
family  of  Wurtemburg,  are  models  of 
arlist'ic  skill.     D.  18.il.' 

DANTE  ALIGIIIERI,  the  sublimest 
of  the  Italian  poets,  was  b.  at  Florence, 
in  1265.  The  family  name  was  Caceia- 
guida,  and  that  of  his  inother  was  Ali- 
ghieri.  The  name  by  which  he  has  de- 
scended to  posterity  is  a  contraction  of 
Durante,  ins  Christian  name.  Brunette 
Latini  was  his  teacher,  and  Dante  rapid- 
ly profited  by  his  instructions.  Nor 
were  his  feelings  less  precocious  tlum 
his  talents,  if  it  be  true  that  at  the  age 
often  years  he  fell  in  love  with  the  lady 
whom  lie  has  innnortalized  imdcr  the 
name  of  Beatrice.  He  was  destined, 
however,  in  his  twenty-sixth  year,  to 
marry  Gemma,  one  of  the  Donati  family, 
from  whom,  after  having  lived  unhap- 
pily wi*,h  her,  he  was  separated.  Be- 
fore his  marriage,  he  served  his  country 
with  distinction  in  the  wars  aeainst 
Arezzo  and  Pisa,  and  also  as  an  envoy, 
in  wliich  capacity  he  v  as  tburtecn  times 
employed.  In  loOO  he  was  raised  to 
be  one  of  the  eisht  cldef  magistrates  of 


the  republic.  Here  ended  Lis  good  for- 
tune. He  belonged  to  the  party  called 
the  Bianchi,  or  Whites ;  and  their  oppo- 
nents, the  Neri,  or  Blacks,  liaving  gamed 
the  ascendency,  ho  was  first  banished 
from  Florence,  and  afterwards  condemn- 
ed to  be  burnt  alive,  in  case  of  his  fall- 
ing into  their  hands.  Nearly  all  the  re- 
mainder of  Dante's  life  was  spent  in 
wanderings,  and  in  fruitless  struggles. 
At  length,  ho  found  an  asylum  with 
Guido  Novella,  lord  of  Eavenna ;  and 
at  Kavenna  he  d.  September  14,  13-21. 
Dante  wrote  various  works,  but  his 
fame  rests  on  the  Divina  Coiimiedia, 
which  consists  of  three  parts.  Hell,  Pur- 
gatory, and  Heaven.  In  this  astonish- 
mg  production  Dante  does,  indeed,  "  on 
Horror's  head  horrors  accumulate." 
For  boundless  and  wild  imagination,  for 
gloomy  grandeur,  for  terrific  energy,  it 
has  no  superior ;  while,  on  the  other 
hand,  it  often  charms  by  exquisite 
sweetness,  simplicity,  and  grace.  The 
best  English  translation  (and  it  is  not 
likely  to  be  surpassed)  is  that  by  Cary. 
— Igxatics,  a  Dominican,  of  the  same 
family  as  the  jioet.  He  was  a  cele- 
brated mathematician,  and  wrote  a  trea- 
tise on  the  astrolabe.  He  became  bishop 
of  Alatri,  and  d.  1586. — John  Baitist, 
professor  of  mathematics  at  Venice  in 
the  15th  century,  was  also  a  member  of 
the  above  family,  and  is  said  to  have 
made  a  pair  of  winers,  with  which  he 
flew  over  the  lake  Thrasimenus. 

DANTON,  George  James,  b.  in  1759, 
was  an  advocate  by  profession,  but  be- 
came one  of  the  most  active  among  the 
leaders  of  the  French  revolution.  He 
took  the  lead  in  the  meeting  of  the 
Champ  do  Mars,  which  paved  the  way 
to  the  dethronement  of  the  king.  Well 
qualified  for  the  position  he  assumed,  by 
his  colossal  figure,  stentorian  voice,  and 
fierce  demeanor,  he  became  one  of  the 
executive  council,  and  prepared  meas- 
ures for  the  defence  of  tne  capital  when 
it  was  threatened  by  the  Prussian  in- 
vaders under  the  duke  of  Brunswick. 
He  was  afterwards  a  metnlier  of  the 
convention  and  of  the  committee  of  pub- 
lic safety,  an<l  was  a  chief  promoter  of 
all  the  acts  of  that  terrible  period.  At 
lenirth  a  strugirle  for  supremacy  took 
jilace  between  hitn  and  Kobespierro,  in 
which  the  latter  succeeded,  and  Danton 
was  sent  to  the  guillotine,  in  17V<4. 

D'ANVILLE,  Jean  Baptiste  Born- 
ouiGNox,  first  gcoixrapher  to  tlie  kiii;r  of 
France,  member  of  tlie  Academy  of  In- 
scriptions and  Belles  Lcttres,  of  the  An- 
tiqu.wan  Society  of  London,  and   nd- 


lUO 


CVCLOP.EUIA    OF    BIOGRAPHV. 


[dao 


joiiit-freograplier  to  the  Parisian  Acadc-  I 
my  ofSuiein-es.  Amoii^  the  best  of  bis 
works  are  the  '"Atlas  of  Ancient  Egypt," 
"(,)rbis  Votcribus  Notus,"'  and  "  Orbis 
Komanus.''  He  publislied  78  treatises 
and  i;il  maps,  all  of  which  are  distin- 
fruislied  for  their  aceuracy  and  jjerspi- 
cuity.     B.  IG'JT  ;  d.  1782. 

DARAN,  James,  an  eminent  Freneh 
surgeon,  b.  1701,  wa^  celebrated  chiefly 
for  his  skill  in  diseases  of  the  bladder. 
For  a  eousiderable  time  he  was  surgeon- 
major  iu  the  imperial  army,  Vnit  settled 
in  I'aris,  where  he  aciiuircd  both  fame 
and  fortune  by  liis  practice.     D.  1784. 

D'AEBLAY,  Madame,  (Frances Bur- 
XEv,)  was  the  daughter  of  Dr.  Burney, 
the  celebrated  composer  and  author, 
and  may  be  reckoned  among  the  most 
distinguished  novelists  of  tlie  last  cen- 
tury ;  Jier  first  work,  '"Evelina,"  hav- 
ing crpated  a  greater  sensation  among 
the  literati  other  time  than  was  probably 
ever  caused  by  any  similar  production. 
Her  other  eliief  works  were  "  Cecilia, 
or  the  Memoirs  of  an  Heiress,"  "  Ca- 
milla, or  a  Fieture  of  Youtli,"  "The 
"Wanderer,  or  Female  DithcaUies,"  and 
"Memoirs  of  Dr.  Burney."     D.  1340. 

DARCET,  Joiix,  a  French  chemist 
and  physician,  who  contributed  much 
to  the  progress  of  chemical  science,  was 
b.  iu  17"25,  at  Douazit,  in  Guienne.  He 
made  several  improvements  in  the  man- 
ufacture of  porcelain,  tried  the  effect  of 
fire  on  various  minerals,  and  demon- 
strated the  combustibility  of  the  dia- 
mond. D.  1801. — His  son,  John  Peter 
•Joseph,  also  an  ingenious  practical  chem- 
ist, has  greatly  contributed  to  the  im- 
provement of  science  by  a  number  of 
valuable  discoveries. 

DARCY,  Patrick,  Count,  an  eminent 
engineer,  was  b.  at  Galway,  in  Ireland, 
in  1725,  and  educated  at  Paris.  He  also 
distinguished  himself  by  liis  mathemati- 
cal works,  viz. :  "  An  Essay  on  Artil- 
Jerv,"  "  A  Memoir  on  the  Diiration  of 
the  Sensation  of  Sight,"  &c.     ]).  17'J9. 

D'AKGEXSOLA,  Lupercio  Leonar- 
do, a  Spanish  poet,  b.  at  Balhastro,  Ar- 
agon,  in  l.')fl5,  was  secretary  of  war  at 
Naples,  under  the  viceroy  there.  lie 
was  tiie  author  of  three  tragedies  and 
various  poems.  D.  1G13. — Bartholo- 
mew, brother  of  the  preceding,  was 
chaplain  to  the  Empress  Maria  of  Aus- 
tria, and  the  writer  of  some  historical 
works  of  merit,  viz.,  a  "History  of  the 
Conquost  of  the  Molucca  Islands," 
"Annals  of  the  Kingdom  of  Aragon," 
&c.     I),  17-11. 

D'ARGENSON,  Mahk  Eene  i.e  Vot- 


er Paulmy,  ^Marquis,  a  distinguished 
statesman  in  the  reign  of  Louis  XIV., 
was  lieutenant-general  of  the  police  in 
Paris,  and  the  first  who  introduced  let- 
tres-de-caehet :  he  was  subsequently 
chancellor;  but  finally  retired  tmder 
some  disgrace  to  a  monasterv,  in  which 
he  d.  1721.     B.  1662. 

D'AKGONNE,  Noel  Bonaventure,  a 
French  Carthusian  monk  of  the  17tli 
century.  His  "Melanges  d'Histoire  et 
de  Litterature,"  published  under  the 
name  of  Vigneul  de  JIarville,  is  a  clever 
collection  of  anecdotes,  accompanied  by 
striking  and  just  remarks.  Argon ne  is 
also  favorably  known  as  the  author  of 
"Traite  de  la  Lecture  des  Peres  de 
I'Eirlise." 

DARIUS  I.,  king  of  Persia,  was  the 
sou  of  Hystaspes.  He  entered  into  a 
conspiracy,  with  six  others,  against  the 
usurper  Smerdis,  and  having  slain  him, 
they  agreed  that  he  should  have  the 
crown  whose  horse  should  neigh  first  in 
the  morning.  By  a  well-concerted  plan 
of  his  groom,  the  horse  of  Darius  neigh- 
ed innnediately  he  came  to  the  spot 
where  they  were  to  meet,  in  conse- 
quence of  which  he  was  saluted  king. 
D.  485  p..  c. 

DARNLEY,  Henry,  earl  of,  the  hus- 
band of  Mary,  queen  of  Scots,  whoso 
hand  he  received  in  1565,  and  perished 
about  two  years  afterwards,  owing  to 
the  house  in  which  he  resided  being 
blown  up  with  gunpowder.  Whether 
Mary  was  privy  to  tliis  horrid  crime  or 
not,  lias  never  been  clearly  proved ;  but 
there  are  those  who  conjecture  that  her 
illicit  passion  for  Bothwell,  or  resent- 
ment f^jr  the  death  of  her  favorite,  Riz- 
zio,  might  have  been  the  cause  of  the 
catastrophe. 

DAKU,  Pierre  Antoine  Noel  Bruno, 
a  peer  of  France,  eminent  as  a  states- 
man, poet,  and  historian,  was  b.  at 
Montpelier,  in  1707.  At  the  age  of  16 
he  entered  the  army,  and  at  the  break- 
ing out  of  the  revolution  adopted  its 
principles.  He  published  a  translation 
of  the  works  of  Horace,  which,  with  his 
"  Cleopcdie,"  or  "Theory  ot  Literary 
Fame,"  established  his  reputation  as  a 
poet.  It  was  not  long  before  Napoleon 
discovered  his  abilities,  and  rewarded 
him  by  various  official  appointments  of 
trust;  and  at  the  first  restoration  of  the 
Bourbons,  he  was  callerl  to  the  chainbef 
of  peers  by  Louis  XVIII.  He  afterwards 
wrote  the'"  Life  of  Sully"  and  the  "  His- 
tory of  Venice,"  the  latter  work  being 
one  of  the  most  important  productions 
of  modern  literature.     D.  1829- 


DAVj 


CYCLOP-KUIA    OF    UIOGRAPIIY, 


341 


DARWIN,  EnASMUs,  a  poet  and  phy- 
sician, was  b.  at  Elton,  near  Newark,  in 
IT'il.  lie  was  eduealed  at  ( "anibridire, 
took  his  doctor's  decree  at  Kdiubiirijh, 
and  settled  at  Lichticld  as  a  plivsieiaa 
till  1781,  when  ho  removed  to  Ijcrby, 
where  he  d.  in  l^oii.  lie  was  a  man  of 
great  talent  but  of  reinarkably  eccentric 
oiiinions,  as  his  works  abundantly  prove. 
His  poetic  fame  rests  upon  his  "  Botanic 
Garden,"  the  versification  of  which  is 
hig-hly  polished  but  too  mechanical. 
His  other  irrcat  work  is  entitled  "  Zoo- 
nomia,  or  the  Laws  of  Organic  Life," 
whicl),  though  able  and  ingenious,  is 
built  upon  the  most  absurd  hypotheses, 
lie  also  v.'rote  "  Physologia,  or  the  Fhi- 
losophy  of  Agriculture  and  Gardening," 
several  papers  in  the  "Philosophical 
Transactions,"  &c. 

DASCHKOFF,  Catharine  EoMANOiiv- 
NA,  princess  of,  b.  17-14,  was  a  woman 
of  great  courage,  and  of  considerable 
literary  al:)ilities.  Having  led  a  body  of 
troops  to  tlie  Fuinress  Catharine,  the 
latter  placed  herself  at  their  head,  ami 
precipitated  her  husband  from  the 
throne.  For  this  service  she  desired  to 
have  the  command  of  a  regiment  of 
guards,  which  the  czarina  refused  ;  but 
was  made  director  of  the  academy  of 
sciences,  and  president  of  the  newly 
established  Eussian  academy.  She  was 
the  author  of  some  comedies  and  other 
works.     D.  ISlo. 

DAUBENTON,  Louis  Jean  Makie,  a 
Freneli  naturalist  and  physician,  was  b. 
at  Montbar,  Burgundy,  in  1716.  He 
was  the  friend  and  coadjutor  of  Buffon 
in  his  "Natural  History  of  Quadrupeds," 
the  anatomical  part  of  which  was  pre- 
pared by  him  with  great  clearness  and 
accuracy.  He  is  tlic  author  of  "In- 
struction to  Sheplierds,"  "A  Metliod- 
ical  View  of  Minerals,"  and  other  works. 
J).  ISOO. — His  wife  was  the  author  of  a 
popular  romance  called  "Zelie  dans  le 
Desert."     D.  I.s24, 

D'AUDIGUIER,  Vital,  a  Frencli  no- 
bleman, author  of  a  "  Treatise  on  the 
True  and  Ancient  Usage  of  Duels."  D. 
16«ii. 

DAUN,  Leopold  Joseph  Maria, 
Count,  an  Austrian  ficld-marslial,  was 
b.  1705.  He  commenced  his  military 
curecr  in  the  war  against  the  Turks,  and 
greatly  distinguished  himself;  but  it 
was  as  commander-in-chief,  when  op- 
posed to  Frederic  of  Prussia,  during  the 
seven  year.s'  war,  that  he  obtained  his 
fame  as  a  great  general.     D.  17iiG. 

DAUNOU,  Pierre  Cl.\uue  Frani;ois, 
a  very  learned  French  writer  and  pro- 


fessor, was  b.  at  Boulognc-sur-mer, 
Being  sent  to  the  convention  by  the  de- 
partment of  Calais,  he  strove  to  save  the 
king  and  the  Girondists,  but  was  thrown 
into  prison  bv  IJobcspierre.  B.  1701 ; 
d.  lS-10. 

DAVENANT,  Sir  William,  an  emi- 
nent poet,  was  b.  at  Oxford,  in  1606,  and 
tliere  educated.  After  having  been  in 
the  service  of  the  duchess  of  Kichn)ond 
and  Lord  Brooke,  he  began  to  write 
for  the  stage ;  and  upon  the  death  of 
Ben  Jonson,  he  was  created  poet  lau- 
reate. During  the  civil  war  he  fought 
for  the  king,  was  made  a  lieutenant- 
general,  and  received  the  honor  of 
knighthood.  On  the  restoration  of 
Charles  II.,  he  obtained  a  patent  for  a 
tlieatre  in  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields.  His 
works  consist  of  plays  and  poems,  all 
of  wliieh  display  talents  far  aliove  me- 
diocritj'.  D.  166S. — Ch^veles,  eldest  son 
of  the  preceding,  an  eminent  author  and 
civilian,  was  b.  1656.  He  was  succes- 
sively joint  inspector  of  plays,  commis- 
sioner of  excise,  and  inspector-general 
of  exports  and  imports.  His  "Essays 
on  Trade,"  was  his  principal  work  ;  but 
he  also  wrote  "Circe,"  a  tragedy,  and 
some  other  plays.  D.  1714^  —  Joiix, 
bishop  of  Salisbury,  was  the  son  of  an 
eminent  merchant  in  London,  where  he 
was  b.  in  1570.  He  was  elected  professor 
of  divinity  at  Cambridge  in  160U;  but  ia 
chiefly  known  as  having  been  sent  by 
James  I.  to  the  synod  of  Dort. 

DAVENPORT,  CnRisTOPHER,  an  En- 
glish Franciscan  friar  and  theological 
writer.  He  was  chaplain  to  the  queen 
of  Charles  I.  B.  159S;  d.  16S0.— Jonx, 
first  minister  of  New  Haven.  lie  was 
an  eminent  preaclier  among  the  Puritans 
in  London.  Becoming  a  conscientious 
nonconformist,  he  was  obliged  to  resign 
liis  pastoral  charge  and  to  retire  into 
Holland,  1633.  A  letter  giving  a  favor- 
able account  of  the  colony  of  Massa- 
chusetts induced  him  to  come  to  Amer- 
ica in  1637.  He  sailed  with  his  company 
March  80,  163S,  from  Boston  to  Quinni- 
piack,  or  New  Haven,  to  found  a  new 
colony.  He  preached  under  an  oak, 
April"  ISth,  the  fii-st  Sabbath  after  their 
arrival,  and  he  was  minister  there  nearly 
thirty  years.  D.  1G70,  aged  72.  —  Ad- 
DiNOTOx,  judge  of  the  supreme  court  of 
Massachusetts,  was  graduated  at  Har- 
vard college  in  16S0,  and  at'ter  having 
visited  England,  Spain,  and  the  West 
Indies,  returned  to  Boston,  and  sus- 
tained sncccssively  several  of  the  most 
responsible  offices  in  the  go\ernment. 
He  was  clerk  of  the  house  of  :  eprcsert- 


3ie 


CVCLOl'.KDIA    OF    BIOCJKAPHY. 


[dav 


atives,  flud  of  the  supreme  court  and 
court  cit'couiuiou  pleas,  a  member  of  the 
council,  ami  iu  IT  1-3  was  appoiutcd  a 
jud^'c  of  the  supreme  court.  D.  1736, 
aged  00. 

DAVEZAC,  AuGCSTE,  late  charge 
from  oar  government  to  the  court  of 
Holland,  was  b.  of  French  parents  in 
St.  JDoiningo,  and  was  sent  iu  his  youth 
to  a  military  college  iu  France.  Troubles 
in  St.  Domingo,  which  enabled  the 
blacks  to  experthe  French,  induced  his 
family  to  take  refuge  iu  the  United 
States.  He  studied  medicine  in  North 
Carolina,  and  afterwards  settled  as  a 
practising  physician  iu  Accomac  county, 
\'ir_'inia.  After  the  accession  of  Louis- 
iana to  tlie  Union,  he  went  to  New 
Orleans,  wlicre,  under  the  advice  of  his 
brotlier-in-law,  the  eminent  jurist,  Ed- 
ward Livingston,  lie  commenced  the 
study  of  the  law.  He  soon  became  dis- 
tinguislied  in  his  new  profession,  par- 
ticularly as  a  criminal  lawyer.  In  the 
last  war  he  served  as  judge  advocate  and 
aid  to  General  Jackson,  and  rendered 
signal  service  at  the  battle  of  New  Or- 
leans. In  1829,  General  Jackson,  then 
presideut,  appointed  him  secretary  of 
legation  at  tlie  court  of  the  Netherlands. 
Ill'  ISJl  he  was  appointed  charge-d'af- 
faires  at  the  same  court.  In  the  years 
ISU  ami  '40  he  was  elected  to  the 
legislature  of  this  state  from  the  city  of 
New  York.  In  the  early  part  of  Presi- 
dent I'olk's  administration,  he  was  sent 
as  charge  to  Holland,  where  he  remained 
four  years.     D.  ISoO. 

DAVID,  St.,  the  patron  saint  of 
Wales,  was  the  son  of  the  prince  of 
Ccretica,  now  Cardiganshire,  and  b. 
towards  the  end  of  the  5th  century. 
On  the  death  of  St.  Dubrieius,  he  be- 
came archbishop  of  Caerlon,  at  that  time 
the  metropolitan  church  of  Wales  ;  but 
he  translated  it  to  ilenevia,  now  St. 
David's.  He  had  the  reputation  of 
great  learning  and  piety,  and  was  the 
founder  of  twelve  monasteries,  the  prin- 
cipal of  which  was  in  the  vale  of  Ross. 
— I.,  king  of  Scotland,  succeeded  his 
brother  Alexander  the  Fierce  in  1124. 
He  married  Maud,  graml-niece  of  Wil- 
liam the  Conqueror;  and  was  carl  of 
Northumberland  and  Huntingdon  when 
called  to  the  Scottish  throne.  D.  1153. 
— II.,  king  of  Scotland,  was  the  son  of 
Robert  Bruce,  at  whose  death  he  was 
only  live  years  old.  On  the  invasion  of 
Scotland  by  Baliol,  David  was  sent_  to 
France ;  but  liis  party  prevailing,  after 
a  bloodv  contest,  he  returned  home  in 
lvl2.     Ilc  made  several  inroads  on  En- 


gland, but  was  taken  prisoner  after  a 
brave  resistance,  and  eonveyea  to  the 
Tower,  and  did  not  recover  his  liberty 
till  1357,  on  paying  a  heavy  ransom.  D. 
1371.  —  Fkancis  Anne,  a  very  eminent 
French  engraver,  who  published  many 
illustrated  works,  among  which  were 
"  Histoire  do  France,  sous  le  Regne  de 
Napoleon  le  Grand,"  "  Elemens  du 
Dcssin,"  &c.  D.  1S24. — Jacques  Louis, 
a  celebrated  modern  French  painter,  was 
b.  at  Paris  in  1750,  and  was  a  pupil  of 
Vien.  In  1774  he  went  to  Rome,  where 
his  talents  for  historical  painting  were 
quickly  developed;  and  in  1789  be 
tinished  a  large  picture,  representing 
Brutus  condemning  his  son  to  death. 
In  the  national  convention  he  became 
one  of  the  Mountain.  In  the  sudden 
changes,  however,  whicli  at  that  time 
took  place,  he  was  committed  to  the 
Luxembourg,  and  only  escaped  the 
guillotine  from  the  celebrity  he  had 
gained  as  an  artist.  In  1800  Bonaparte 
appointed  him  painter  to  the  govern- 
ment ;  and,  during  the  imperial  domi- 
nation, David  exercised  considerable 
iiitiueuce  over  the  measures  adopted  for 
the  cultivation  of  the  fine  arts.  On  the 
restoration  of  the  Boitrbons  he  was  ban- 
ished from  France,  and  d.  at  Brussels 
in  1S25. 

DAVIDSON,  Jonx,  a  celebrated  trav- 
eller. From  1826  up  to  the  time  of  his 
death,  he  was  constantly  engaged  inex- 
plorlng  distant  regions.  He  visited 
North  and  South  America,  India,  Egypt, 
Syria,  Palestine,  Greece,  Italy,  France, 
and  Germany.  His  last  expedition  was 
to  Africa,  and  it  proved  a  fatal  one. 
Whilst  vainly  .attempting  to  reach  the 
great  object  of  European  curiosity,  the 
far-famed  city  of  Timbuctoo,  and  when 
about  25  days'  journey  from  it,  he  was 
robbed  and  murdered  "by  a  party  of  the 
tribe  of  El  Harib,  Dec.  18, 1836.— Lucre- 
TiA  Maria,  an  Ame.rican  poetess  of  ex- 
traordinary talent,  industry,  and  preco- 
city, was  b.  at  Pl.attsburg  iii  1808.  When 
she  was  only  four  years  old  she  was  in 
the  habit  of  retiring  to  some  secluded 
place,  while  her  schoolmates  where  at 
play,  and  there  occupying  herself  in 
making  rude  drawim^'s,  with  verses  de- 
scriptive of  tliem,  written  in  the  charac- 
ters of  the  printed  alphabet.  Her  parents 
not  being  in  good  circumstances,  she 
was  much  employed  in  domestic  ser- 
vices ;  but  still  she  devoted  every  interval 
of  leisure  to  intellectual  pursuits,  and 
with  such  a  fatal  ardor,  that  it  laid  the 
foundation  of  a  disease  which  termina- 
ted in  death,   August  27,  1325,  in  the 


DAV] 


CVCLOP.i;DlA    OF    BIOCJi;  AI'll  V. 


343 


17tli  year  of  her  n^e.  Her  poetical 
pic-es  were  afterwards  publislied,  witli 
n  bio<rrapliical  sketcli,  l)y  Mr.  Morse. — 
A  yoiiiiijur  sister  exliibited  a  similar 
precocious  development,  and  died  at  the 
same  early  acre. 

DAVIE,  \ViLi.iAM  Richardson,  a  na- 
tive of  England,  hut  broug-ht  up  in 
America,  was  i,'raduated  at  the  colletrc 
of  Nassau-hall,  New  Jersey.  He  was 
intended  for  the  law,  but  yieldin<,'  to  the 
military  spirit  which  the  war  of  indepen- 
dence liad  excited  in  Carolina,  he  ob- 
tained the  command  of  a  company  in 
Count  Pulaski's  leirion,  qiiickly  rose  in 
rank,  and  greatly  distincuishcd  himself 
by  his  zeal,  courage,  and  skill.  Tn  17'J9 
lie  was  elected  governor  of  North  Caro- 
lina, and,  soon  after,  appointed  by 
President  Adams  one  of  the  envoys  to 
France.  He  possessed  a  commanding 
figure,  a  noble  and  patriotic  spirit,  and 
was  gifted  with  a  nuisculine,  ready  elo- 
onence,  alike  serviceable  to  himself  and 
tlie  cause  of  his  country.     I).  l^^-JO. 

DAVIKS,  Sir  John,  an  English  poet 
and  judge,  b.  1570,  was  a  native  of  Wilt- 
shire. ()n  the  accession  of  James  I.  he 
was  created  a  knight,  and  appointed  to 
the  oiKce  of  attorncy-irencra!  lor  Ireland. 
In  l<i'20  he  was  m:ulo  chief  justice  of 
the  Kind's  Bench,  but  died  during  the 
same  year.  His  jtrincipal  poem,  en- 
titled "Nosce  Tcipsum,"  has  very  con- 
siderable merit,  r.nd  his  work  on  the 
state  of  Ireland  contains  many  sound 
political  arguments  and  reflections. — 
Jonx,  a  learned  Welsh  divine;  author 
of  a  grammar  of  the  Welsh  language, 
and  a  dictionary,  AVelsh  and  Latin.  D. 
1(544. — Robert,  a  modern  bard  of  Wales, 
and  one  whose  knowledge  and  love  of 
Cambrian  literature  were  never  exceed- 
ed. He  gained  numerous  medals  and 
premiums  at  the  different  Eisteddfodan, 
for  his  Welsh  effusions  on  popular  and 
patriotic  subjects  ;  and  was  also  the  au- 
thor of  an  excellent  "  Welsh  Grammar," 
&c.  Among  the  admirers  of  the  ancient 
British  lanaruagc,  Mr.  Davics  was  known 
by  the  bardic  appellation  of  Bard  Nant- 
giyn.  T).  1S80. — W.m.tkr.  vicar  of  Lllian- 
rhai-adhr,  one  of  the  Cambrian  jiatriots, 
to  whom,  since  the  middle,  and,  more 
particularly,  since  the  last  deccnnium 
of  the  18th  century,  the  principality  be- 
came indebted  for  a  new  epoch  in  the 
development  of  old  British  literature, 
atid,  at  the  same  time,  of  the  national 
life  and  spirit  of  the  Welsli  peoiile  ;  was 
b.  at  Wern,  in  the  parish  of  Llhan-y- 
Mechain.  ITtU  ;  d.  1^40. — Sami-kl,  presi- 
dent of  Princeton  college,  in  New  .ler- 


sey,  was  b.  1724.  He  went  to  Hanover, 
Va.,  in  1747,  and  soon  obtained  of  the 
general  court  a  license  to  ofliciate  ia 
four  meeting-houses,  in  October,  174S, 
three  more  meeting-houses  were  licens- 
ed, and  among  his  seven  assemblie?., 
which  were  in  different  counties,  Han- 
over, Henrico,  Caroline,  Louisa,  and 
Goochland,  some  of  them  furty  miles 
distant  from  each  other,  he  diviiled  his 
lalwrs.  In  175'.)  he  was  chosen  president 
of  Princeton  college.     1).  I7<il. 

DAVILA,  Arkioo  Catering,  an  emi- 
nent historian,  was  b.  in  the  territorj-  of 
Padua,  in  1576;  ami  being  brought  up 
in  France,  served  with  reputation  in  the 
French  army.  On  his  return  t()  his  na- 
tive country,  he  held  several  high  otRces 
under  the  Venetian  government;  but  in 
1631,  ■while  on  his  journey  to  take  the 
command  of  the  garrison  at  Crema,  he 
was  assassinated.  He  wrote  "The  His- 
tory of  the  Civil  Wars  of  France,"  a 
work  which  still  ranks  among  the  best 
Italian  pri id uctions. 

])A\ns,  llENitY  Edward,  an  English 
divine,  b.  at  AVindsor,  in  1756.  He  was 
the  author  of  "  An  Examination  of  Gib- 
bon's Rome,"  and  the  only  opponent 
whom  the  historian  deigned  to  answer, 
J).  1784.— John,  an  eminent  navigator, 
was  b.  near  Dartmouth,  in  Devonshire, 
and  went  to  sea  at  an  early  age.  In 
1585  he  was  sent  out  with  two  vessels 
to  find  a  northwest  passage,  when  he 
discovered  the  straits  which  still  bear 
his  name.  He  afterwards  explored  the 
coasts  of  Greenland  and  Iceland,  pro- 
ceeding as  far  as  latitude  73°  n.  In 
1571  he  went,  as  second  in  command, 
with  Cavendish,  in  his  unfortunate  voy- 
age to  the  South  Seas.  After  this  he 
made  five  voyages  to  the  East  Indies,  in 
the  last  of  which  he  was  killed  in  an 
engagement  with  some  Japanese  pi- 
rates off' the  coast  of  Malacca,  1605.  Ho 
wrote  an  account  of  his  voysigcs,  and  in- 
vented a  ci^uadrant.— Thomas,  a  niiscel- 
laucous  writer,  by  turns  a  bookseller  and 
an  actor,  was  the  author  of  '"The  Lite 
of  Garrick,"  "The  Life  of  Henderson," 
"  Dramatic  Miscellanies,"  &(.'.    D.  1705. 

DAVOUST,  LoiTLS  Nicholas,  duke  of 
Ancrstadt  and  prince  of  Eeknndd,  a 
marshal  and  peer  of  France,  was  b.  at 
Annoux,  1770.  He  studied  at  Brienno 
with  Bonaparte,  and  entered  the  army 
in  1785.  He  accompanied  Bonaparte  to 
E^ypt ;  but  it  was  in  those  brilliant 
campaigns  which  took  place  from  1S'|3 
to  180y  that  he  obtained  his  high  repu- 
tation, antl  was  rewarded  with  the  titles 
of  marshal,  duke,  and  prince.     D.  1323. 


344 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    EIOGKAPIIT. 


[leg 


DAVY,  Sir  IIuitphret,  one  of  the 
most  emiuent  among  modern  chemists, 
■was  b.  iit  renzunce,  in  Connvall,  1778. 
lie  was  intended  for  the  medical  profes- 
i^ion,  and  placed  with  an  apothecary  for 
the  necessary  initiation  ;  but  he  gave 
himself  np  to  the  study  of  chemistry, 
and,  with  the  consent  of  his  master, 
quitted  him  in  his  Inth  year,  in  order  to 
prepare  himself  as  a  physician  at  Edin- 
burgli.  His  friends  encouraged  the  bent 
of  his  genius,  and  he  was  induced  to 
accept  tlie  superintendence  of  a  pneu- 
matic institution  at  Bristol.  'While 
there  he  published  his  "Chemical  and 
I'hilosophical  Kesearches,"  the  fame  of 
which  immediately  obtained  him  the 
professorship  of  chemistry  at  the  Eoyal 
Institution,  where  his  popularity  as  a 
lecturer  was  unbounded.  In  1802  he 
became  professor  to  the  Board  of  Agri- 
culture ;  in  1818  he  was  created  a  Bar- 
onet; and  in  1820  he  was  elected 
president  of  the  Eoyal  Society  ;  and  a 
series  of  scientific  discoveries  and  pro- 
fessional honors  flowed  on  without  in- 
terruption till  his  death,  which  took 
place  at  Geneva,  in  1829.  The  invention 
of  the  safety-lamp,  the  discovery  of  the 
metallic  bases  of  tlie  alkalies  and  earths, 
and  of  the  principles  of  electro-chcmistrj', 
and  numerous  other  discoveries  and  in- 
ventions not  less  important,  attest  his 
skill  and  industry,  and  give  him  an 
imperishable  fame.  Besides  his  separ- 
ate works  of  a  scientific  character,  he 
was  the  autlior  of  numerous  papers  in 
the  "  riiilosophical  Transactions  ;"  and 
when,  during  his  illness,  he  was  dis- 
posed to  divert  his  mind  with  lighter 
studies,  he  wrote  "  Salmonia,  or  days 
of  Fly-fishing,"  and  "Consolations  in 
Travel." — Joiix,  a  musical  composer  of 
some  notoriety.  lie  was  a  pupil  of 
.Jackson,  discovered  a  vei-y  early  genius 
for  music,  and  composed  some  success- 
ful operas  and  songs.    B.  1765  ;  d.  1824. 

DAWE,  George,  an  eminent  painter, 
who  held  tlie  situation  of  first  painter  to 
the  emperor  of  Russia,  and  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  academies  of  St.  Pctcrsburgli, 
Stockholm,  and  Florence,  excelled  both 
in  portraits  and  historical  subjects,  and 
was  tlic  author  of  "  The  Life  of  George 
Morland."     D.  1820. 

DAY,  Thomas,  an  English  writer,  was 
h).  in  1748,  and  received  his  education  at 
the  Charterhouse,  from  whence  lie  was 
removed  to  (,'()rj)us  Christ!  college,  Ox- 
ford, after  whicli  he  entered  the  Middle 
Teinpk-,  but  never  followed  the  law  as  a 
profession.  His  manners  were  eccentric, 
and  hia  opinions  visionary.    Ho  wrote 


many  works,  but  the  only  one  by  which 
his  name  will  be  perpetuated  is  the 
"  History  of  Sundford  and  Merton."  D. 
1789. — Stephen,  the  first  printer  of  New 
England,  came  to  America  in  1638  or 
1639.  The  first  thing  printed  was  the 
freeman's  oath,  next  an  almanac,  made 
by  AVilliam  Peirce,  mariner ;  then  the 
Psalms,  newly  turned  into  metre.  D. 
1668,  aged  58. 

DAYTON,  Elias,  a  revolutionary 
officer,  was  appointed  by  congress 
colonel  of  a  New  Jersey  regiment,  in 
February,  1778  ;  and  at  the  close  of  the 
war  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  brig- 
adier-general. Ilis  services  were  par- 
ticidarly  useful  when  the  enemy  under 
Kniphausen  penetrated  into  Jersey,  in 
directing  the  execution  of  the  measures 
adopted  for  their  annoyance ;  after  the 
war  was  concluded,  he  held  the  office  of 
major-general  of  the  militia.  In  private 
life  he  sustained  a  high  reputation.  D. 
at  Elizabethtown,  N.  J.,  1S07,  aged  71.— 
John,  governor  of  South  Carolina,  elect- 
ed in  1800,  and  again  in  1808.  He  was 
afterwards  appointed  district  judge  of 
the  United  States,  and  held  the  place  tiU 
his  death,  at  Charleston,  1822,  in  his  61st 
year.  He  published  "A  View  of  South 
"Carolina,"  and  "  Memoirs  of  the  Kovolu- 
tion"  in  that  state. 

DEANE,  Silas,  a  member  of  the  first 
congress  of  1774, commissioner  to  France, 
anci'other  countries,  to  negotiate  treaties. 
D.  1789. 

DEARBOENE,  Henry,  an  eminent 
revolutionary  general,  who  reached  Lex- 
ington the  day  after  the  battle  with  sixty 
volunteers  ;  was  at  the  fight  on  Bunker 
hill ;  accompanied  Arnold  in  the  expedi- 
tion to  Quebec;  served  with  Gates  at 
the  capture  of  Burgoyno;  distinguished 
himself  at  Monmouth,  and  was  present 
when  Yorktown  was  surrendered.  In 
1801  he  was  appointed  secretary  of  war, 
and  in  1S13  captured  Y'ork,  in  Upper 
Canada.  He  was  minister  to  Portugal 
in  1822.    D.  1829. 

1)E  BEENAKD,  Charles,  one  of  the 
most  graceful  and  lively  modern  writers 
of  fiction,  was  b.  1803. '  His  works  "  La 
Femrne  cle  Quarante  Ans,"  "  Gerfaut," 
&c.,  are  chiefly  illustrative  of  French 
domestic  life.  He  was  of  a  shy  and  re- 
served disposition,  and  many  curious 
anecdotes  are  told  of  his  abstraction  and 
absence  of  mind.     D.  at  Paris,  1850. 

DPX'ATUE,  Stephen,  an  American 
naval  otficer,  distinguished  for  skill  and 
bravery,  was  b.  in  1779,  became  captain 
of  the  I'resident  frigate,  and  performed 
many  gallant  exploits  during  the   late 


DEL 


CYCLOP-iJDIA    OF    lilOGR ArilV. 


345 


war  with  England.  In  1S12  ho  fell  in 
with  uuil  ea]-)tnred  tlio  Macedonian, 
En).dish  lVii,f;tte,  a  vessel  of  interior  clasps 
to  liis  own,  after  an  en<raa:cnient  of  an 
lionr  and  a  half.  Tnl815  he  endeavored 
to  elude  tlie  vifrilance  of  the  JJritish 
squadron  hJoekadini,'  New  Y(^-k,  but 
was  captured  after  a  runninfr  fic'ht  of 
two  hours  and  a  half.  He  lost  his  life 
in  a  duel  with  Commodore  Earron  in 
1S20. 

DE  CANDOLLE,  Augustin  Pyrame, 
one  of  the  first  botanists  of  Europe,  b. 
at  Geneva,  1778,  was  professor  of  botany 
at  Montpolier,  and  wrote  the  "Thcorie 
Elemcntaire  de  Botanique,"  "  Plantarum 
Succulentarum  Ilistoria,"  "Flore  Fran- 
?aise,"  etc.     D.  1841. 

DECKER,  TaoiiAs,  an  English  dram- 
atist, cotcniporary  with  Ben  Jonson, 
who  satirized  him  in  his  "  Poetaster," 
iiudcv  the  name  of  Crispanus,  but  Deck- 
er retorted  in  his  "  Satyromastix,  or  un- 
trussint,'  of  a  Humorous  Poet."  He 
wrote  several  ]ilays,  some  of  which  pos- 
sess creat  merit.'  D.  16-38. 

DECRES,  a  French  admiral,  b.  17G1. 
He  connnanded  the  Guillaume  Tell  at 
the  battle  of  Aboukir,  and  when  that 
vessel  was  blown  np,  was  saved  and 
made  prisoner  by  the  victors. 

DEE,  Jonx,  a'mathematieian  and  as- 
trologer, was  b.  at  London  in  1527,  and 
educated  at  St.  John's  college,  Cam- 
bridtre.  In  the  reitrn  of  Mary  he  was 
imprisoned  on  a  susjticion  of  treasonable 
practices  ;  but  was  in  great  lavor  with 
Queen  Elizabeth,  who  visited  him  at 
Mortlakc,  where  he  had  collected  a 
lilirary.  In  1.396  he  was  made  warden 
ot' Manchester  colleiie,  and  d.  1608.  He 
pulilisiied  several  mathematical  works 
in  ]>atin  and  Eii^trhsh,  and  Mrote  many 
more  which  were  never  printed. 

DEFFAXD,  Maeia  de  Vjcny  Cham- 
ROLK,  marchioness  du,  a  French  lady, 
who  for  many  years  was  a  conspicuous 
character  among  the  literati  of  the  age, 
and  whose  "Correspondence"  has  been 
published,  was  b.  in  1607.  Few  females 
possessed  more  natural  or  cultivated 
talents,  and  her  abode  was  regarded  as 
the  rendezvous  of  wit  and  genius.  D. 
1780. 

DEFOE,  Daniel,  an  immortal  English 
writer,  whose  family  name  was  Foe,  was 
the  son  of  a  butcher,  and  b.  1660.  In 
1688  he  kept  a  hosier's  shop  in  Cornhill, 
but  failing,  ho  had  I'ceourse  to  his  pen 
for  a  subsistence.  In  1695  he  was  made 
iicconintant  to  the  commissioners  of  the 
glass  ctuty,  which  office  he  held  till  that 
Impost  was  taken  olf.    In  1701  he  pro- 


duced his  "Tme-born  Englishman,"  ft 
satire,  coarse  but  characteristic.  The 
vear  Ibllowing  appeared  his  "  Sliortest 
Way  with  the  Dissenters,"  for  which  ho 
was  sentenced  to  the  pillory,  fined,  and 
imprisoned.  He  was  instrumental  in 
promoting  the  union  of  England  and 
Scotland.  In  1713  he  was  atrain  com- 
mitted to  prison  for  some  political  pam- 
phlets, but  Lord  Oxford  procured  his 
pardon.  In  1715  he  published  the 
"Family  Instructor,"  a  religious  per- 
formance of  merit ;  and  in  1719  appeared 
his  ailinirable  "  Robinson  Crusoe." 
Defoe  wrote  a  number  of  other  books, 
among  which  was  a  "  Journal  of  the 
Plague  in  1665,"  by  a  supposed  witness 
of  it.  "  Captain  Rock,"  &c.     D.  :731. 

DELAITORDE,  Jean  Benjamf,-,  a  cel- 
ebrated French  musical  composer  and 
performer  on  the  violin.  He  was  b.  in 
1784;  was  a  great  favorite  with  Louis 
XV. ;  became  afterwards  fermier-gene- 
ral,  and  was  guillotined  during  the 
reien  of  terror,  as  a  favorer  of  monarchy. 

DELACAPEDE,  Beknard  GermaIx 
Stephen  Laville,  a  celebrated  French 
naturalist,  b.  1756.  He  held  the  situa- 
tion of  keeper  of  the  cabinets  in  the 
Jardin  du  Rois  at  Paris,  which  he  great- 
ly improved.  He  was  successively  sec- 
retary and  president  of  the  national 
assembly,  and  on  the  formation  of  the 
institute  he  was  chosen  one  of  tiie  first 
members.  Under  the  regime  of  Bona- 
parte he  became  president  of  the  con- 
servative senate,  and  grand  ehancellor 
of  the  legion  of  honor ;  but  when,  in 
1814,  the  reverses  of  the  emperor  tried 
the  fidelity  of  his  friends,  Delacapede 
ajipcarcd  to  waver.  At  the  restoration 
of  the  Bourbons  ho  returned  to  his 
studies  in  natural  history.    D.  1825. 

DELACOUR,  James,  an  Irish  poet; 
author  of  "  The  Prospect  of  Poetry," 
and  a  poem  in  imitation  of  Pope's,  en- 
titled "  Abelard  to  Eloisa."  His  intellect 
becoming  deranged,  he  possessed  the 
notion  that  he  was  gifted  with  the  spirit 
of  prophecy.     B.  1709  ;  d.  1781. 

DELAMBRE,  Jonx  Baptist  Joseph, 
one  of  the  most  eminent  French  astrono- 
mers, and  a  pupil  of  Lelande,  was  b.  at 
Amiens,  1794.  Though  he  did  not  com- 
mence the  study  of  astronomy  till  he 
was  l>6  years  of  aire,  he  rapidly  acquired 
great  fame,  and  produced  numerous 
works  of  great  merit ;  among  which  aro 
his  "Theoretical  and  Practical  Astrono- 
my," and  a  "  History  of  Astronomy." 
D;  1S22. 

DEL  AN  DINE,  Anthony  Francis,  a 
modern    French  writer,   b.  at    Lyons, 


346 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    HIOGRAPHy. 


[del 


1756,  of  which  city  he  becamo  the  libra- 
rian, lie  wrote  "ilemoires  Biblioirra- 
phiques  ct  Littcraires,"  and  other 
works.     D.  ISiiO. 

DEL  ANY,  Patrick,  a  learned  divine, 
was  a  native  ot'  Irch\nd,  and  b.  about 
1G$D.  In  17o-2  he  publislied  "  Kevela- 
tion  examined  with  Candor,"  and  in 
1733  appeared  liis  "Eeflectious  upon 
Polygamy."  His  next  publication  was 
the  "  Life  of  David,"  and  in  1754  he 
published  "Observations  on  Lord  Orre- 
rv's  Eemarks  on  the  Lite  and  Writings 
of  Swift."     D.  1768. 

DE  LA  EUE,  Geevaise,  a  French 
abbe  and  an  eminent  antiquarian ; 
knight  of  the  legion  of  honor,  and  a 
member  of  many  learned  societies  in 
Europe.  His  works  are  chiefly  elucida- 
tory of  Anslo-Norman  poetry.    D.  1835. 

DELAUNEY,  Count  D'Antraigues, 
a  distinguished  political  agent  during 
the  revolutionary  era  of  France.  When 
Itobespierre  was  in  his  zenith  he  emi- 
grated to  Germany,  and  iu  1797  he  was 
employed  in  the  service  of  Eussia. 
While  thus  engaged  in  Italy,  he  was 
arrested  by  the  agents  of  France,  and 
thrown  into  prison,  from  which  he 
was  liberated  through  the  intercession 
of  Madame  St.  Hubert!,  a  celebrated 
nctres.'j  belonging  to  the  French  opera, 
whom  he  afterwards  married.  In  1806 
he  was  sent  on  a  mission  to  England 
by  the  emperor  of  Eussia,  and  he  was 
often  employed  by  the  government.  He 
resided  at  "Barnes,  Surrey,  and,  from 
some  cause  wholly  unaccoimted  for,  he 
was  assassinated  by  his  Italian  servant, 
on  the  8d  of  -July,  1812. 

DELAVAL,  Euward  Hussey,  a  chem- 
ist and  natural  philosopher.  He  particu- 
larly directed  his  attention  to  optics,  and 
his  principal  work  was  "An  Experimen- 
tal Inquiry  into  the  Cause  of  the  Changes 
of  (Jolors  in  Opaque  and  Colored  Bod- 
ies." He  was  brother  to  Lord  Delaval. 
D.  1814. 

DELAVIGNE,  Casimir,  oner  of  the 
most  eminent  of  the  modern  French 
poets,  was  b.  at  Ilavre-de-Grace.  Ills 
works  were  very  numerous,  and  to  the 
lionor  of  French  taste  be  it  said,  they 
were  very  poiiular  also  ;  for  never  since 
the  days  of  Corncille  ha.s  French  verse 
embodied  sentiments  more  noble  or 
mairnificent.     D.  1843,  a^cd  49. 

DELILLE,  Jaquks,  a  modern  French 
poet  of  eminence,  was  b.  at  Aitrue  Fersc, 
in  1738.  Ills  translation  of  "  Viririrs 
Georgics,"  in  176'.i,  estaljllshed  his  fame, 
and  obtained  him  admission  to  the 
French  Academy.    He  was  profe.isor  of 


Latin  poetry  at  the  college  of  France, 
and  of  the  belles  Icttres  at  the  university 
of  Paris  ;  but  In  1794  he  withdrew  from 
France,  though  he  returned  again  in 
1801,  and  was  chosen  a  member  of  th-j 
Institute.  He  again,  however,  emigra- 
ted ;  and  it  was  in  London  that  he  trans- 
lated tfie  "  Paradise  Lost."  After  his 
final  return  to  his  own  country,  he  wrot« 
his  admired  poem,  "  La  Conversation," 
and  became  blind.  Besides  the  poems 
already  mentioned,  the  most  prominent 
of  his  productions  are  the  "Three 
Eelgns  of  Nature,"  "Imagination,"  and 
"  Misfortune  and  Pity."  Without  pos- 
sessing so  large  a  share  of  creative 
genius  as  some  others,  he  was  excelled 
by  none  in  exquisite  versification,  purity 
of  moral  sentiment,  or  true  pathos.  D. 
1813. 

DELISLE,  Claude,  a  French  1  6to- 
rian,  was  b.  at  Vaucoleurs,  in  1644,  and 
d.  in  1720.  His  works  are,  "Eolation 
Historlqae  du  Eoyaume  de  Slam," 
"  Abridgment  of  the  Universal  Histo- 
ry," 7  vols.,  and  a  "Genealogical  and 
Historical  Atlas." — William:  de,  son  of 
the  preceding,  was  b.  at  Paris,  1675.  He 
was  appointed  geographer  to  the  king, 
to  whom  ho  had  the  honor  of  giving 
lessons  in  that  science.  D.  1726.— Louis 
de,  brother  of  the  preceding,  an  able 
astronomer  and  geographer,  made  sev- 
eral journeys  on  the  coast  of  the  frozen 
ocean,  to  determine  the  situation  of  a 
variety  of  places  In  the  countries  lying 
nearest  to  the  north  pole;  after  which 
he  traversed  Siberia;  and  In  1741  went 
alone  to  Kamtschatka,  with  the  same 
object,  but  d.  the  same  year. — Joseph 
Nicholas  de,  the  youngest  and  most 
celebrated  of  the  three  brothers,  was  b. 
at  Paris  in  1688;  visited  England,  where 
he  formed  an  acquaintance  with  Newton 
and  Halley  ;  and  in  1726  was  appointed 
astronomer-royal  at  Petersburg,  where 
he  resided  21  years,  during  wliicli  he 
published  "  Memoirs  Illustrative  of  the 
History  of  Astronomy,"  and  an  atlas  of 
Eussia.  On  his  return  to  Paris,  in  1747, 
he  was  appointed  professor  of  mathe- 
matics in  the  royal  college.  D.  1768. — 
Jon>f  Baptist  Isoard,  a  French  writer 
known  under  the  name  of  Delisle  de 
Sales,  was  b.  at  Lyons,  1743.  He  was 
tlie  author  of  "La  Philosophic  de  la 
Nature,"  which  being  denounced  as 
immoral  and  irrellirlous,  he  was  tried 
and  imprlsoneil,  thereby  acquiring  a 
temporary  celebrity.  He  afterwards 
wrote  romances,  histories,  and  Platonic 
dreams;  was  imprisoned  during  tho 
reign  of  Kobespierre,  but  subsequently 


DEMJ 


CVCLOP.EDIA    OF    BIOGIIAPIIV, 


347 


became  a  member  of  the  Institute.    D. 
1S16. 

DELIjA  MARIA,  Dominique,  a  musi- 
caU-oni  poscr,of  I  taliim  extraction,  thoii>(h 
b.  at  Marseilles,  177S.  He  studied  under 
tlie  first  masters  in  Italy,  and  acquireil  a 
stvle  at  once  pure,  natural,  and  gracclul. 
D'.  1806. 

DELOLME,  John  Louis,  a  native  of 
Geneva,  was  b.  in  17-45,  and  bred  to  the 
practice  of  the  law;  but,  takinir  an  ac- 
tive part  in  the  ]iolitical  events  of  his 
country,  lie  was  obli,i(cd  to  repair  to  En- 
gland, where  lie  atlenifth  became  known 
by  his  celebrated  work  on  tlie  "  Consti- 
tution of  Enu'land."  He  also  wrote  a 
"  History  of  the  Flatrellants  ;"  and  re- 
turning to  Switzerland  in  1775,  d.  there 
in  1706. 

DELOEME,  Makion,  was  b.  1612  or 
IGl.),  but  where  is  not  exactly  known, 
though  probably  in  Champagne,  or 
Franche  Compte.'  Of  marvellous  beau- 
ty and  exquisite  wit,  she  became,  after 
certain  amatory  adventures,  the  mis- 
tress, and  subsequently,  by  secret  mar- 
riage, the  wife  of  Cinq  ilars ;  and,  as 
such,  was  persecuted  by  the  terrible 
Cardinal  Kichelieu.  Even  before  he  was 
sent  to  tlie  scatFold,  she  had  formed 
other  intrigues,  and  then  had  a  long 
list  of  lovers,  amongst  wliom  were  De 
Grannnont  and  St.  Evremont.  Then 
she  became  the  "  glass  of  fashion  and 
the  mould  of  tbrm"  of  the  city  of  Paris; 
she  dabbled  in  politics,  and  eventually 
formed  one  oft  he  chiefs  of  the  malcon- 
tent party  ;  was  in  danger  of  arrest,  like 
the  rriuecs  De  Conti  and  De  Conde. 
To  escape  a  jail  she  spread  a  rumor  that 
she  was  dead,  and  actually  got  up  a 
mock  funeral  of  herself.  Afterwards 
she  escaped  to  England,  married  a  lord, 
and  in  a  short  time  became  a  widow, 
with  a  legacj'  of  £4,000.  She  returned 
to  France,  and  on  her  way  to  Paris  was 
attacked  by  brisrands,  i-obbed  of  her 
money,  ancl  made  to  marry  the  chief  of 
the  band  ;  four  years  later  she  was  again 
a  widow,  and  then  she  wedded  a  il. 
Laborde ;  after  living  with  him  seven- 
teen years,  he  died,  and  she  went  to 
Paris  with  tlie  remains  of  her  fortune  ; 
robbed  by  her  domestics,  she  was  re- 
duced to  bcgsrary,  and  continued  to  lead 
a  wretched  existence  to  the  extraordina- 
ly  age  of  1 34. 

"  DELPINI,  CnAntEs  Anthony,  was  b. 
in  the  parish  of  St.  Martin,  Koine.  He 
was  the  best  clown  of  his  day,  and  t!ie 
author  of  several  dramatic  works.  D. 
1828. 

PELITO,  John  Andrew,  a  Genevese 


naturalist,  latterly  residing  in  England, 
where  he  obtained  a  pension  from 
Queen  CJiarlotlc,  who  appointed  him 
her  reader.  Jle  was  the  author  of  sev- 
eral geological  works.  B.  1726  ;  d.  1S17. 
DE.METKU'S,  surnamed  Poliohce- 
TEs,  king  of  Macedon,  was  the  son  of 
Antigonus.  At  the  age  of  twenty-two 
his  lather  intrusted  him  with  an  army 
against  Ptolemy,  by  whom  he  was  de- 
feated near  Gaza.  But  he  soon  repaired 
the  loss,  and  with  a  fleet  of  2.'50  ships 
sailed  to  Athens,  which  he  delivered 
from  Demetrius  Phalereus.  He  after- 
wards defeated  Cassander  at  Thermo- 
pylae ;  but  the  successors  of  Alexander, 
alarmed  at  his  progress,  collected  tlieir 
forces  and  marched  against  him.  They 
met  at  Ipsus,  301  b.  c,  and  after  an  ob- 
stinate battle  the  army  of  Demetrius 
was  defeated,  and  his  father  si.  "u,  but 
he  himself  lied  to  Ephesus.  He,  how- 
ever, mustered  a  new  army,  and  relieved 
Athens  from  the  t_\Tanny  under  wliicii 
it  groaned.  He  then  slew  Alexander, 
the  son  of  Cassander,  and  seated  him- 
self on  the  throne  of  Macedonia.  D. 
284  B.  c.^I.,  king  of  Svria,  surnamed 
SoTER,  was  the  son  of  Scleueus  Philopa- 
ter.  He  was  sent  hostage  to  Rome  by 
his  father,  on  whose  death  Antiochus 
Epiphanes,  and  after  him  his  son  Antio- 
chus Eupator,  the  one  the  uncle,  and  the 
other  the  cousin  of  Demetrius,  usurped 
the  throne  of  Syria.  He  applied  to  the 
Roman  senate  for  assistance  to  recover 
his  right,  but  in  vain.  The  Syrians, 
however,  recognized  him  for  their  law- 
ful prince,  and  at  last  he  obtained  the 
throne. — II.,  called  Nicator,  (conquer- 
or,) was  the  son  of  the  preceding.  Ptol- 
emy Philomctor,  king  of  Egynt,  placed 
him  on  the  throne  of  his  father,  after 
expelling  the  usurper,  Alexander  Balas, 
146  B.  c.  He  married  Cleopatra,  the 
wife  of  the  same  Alexander,  and  daugh- 
ter of  Ptolemy. — Phalereus,  a  philoso- 
pher of  the  Peripatetic  sect.  The 
Athenians  were  so  charmed  with  his 
eloquence,  as  to  erect  statues  to  his 
honor.  He  afterwards  fell  into  dis- 
grace, and  retired  to  the  court  of  I'tol- 
emy  Lagus,  king  of  Egypt,  whose  son 
banished  him  from  his  dominions,  and 
he  d.  by  the  bite  of  an  asp,  234  b.  c. — 
A  czar  of  Russia,  connnonlv  called  the 
false  Demetrius,  w.as,  aecorcling  to  most 
historians,  a  n.ative  of  Jarowslaw,  and  a 
novice  in  a  monastery,  where  ho  was 
tutored  by  a  monk  to  personate  Deme- 
trius, son"  of  the  czar  John  Basilowitz, 
who  had  been  murdered  by  Boris  Gude- 
now      Having  learnt  his  tale  bo  went 


348 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    niOGRAniY. 


[de:^ 


into  Lithuania,  embraced  the  Eoraan 
Catholic  religion,  and  married  the 
daughter  of  the  Pdatine  Seudomir,  In 
IGOi  Demetrius  entered  Eussia  at  the 
head  of  a  small  army,  was  joined  by  a 
number  of  llussians  and  Cossacks,  and 
defeated  an  army  sent  against  him. 
Ou  the  death  of  Boris,  the  people  stran- 
gled his  son,  and  placed  Demetrius  on 
the  throne ;  but  iiis  partiality  to  the 
roles,  and  contempt  of  the  Greek  re- 
ligion, occasioned  an  insurrection,  and 
he  was  assassinated  in  lOUii,  after  reigu- 
iu>j  about  11  mouths. 

DEiiOCKlTUS,  one  of  the  most  cele- 
brated philosophers  of  antiquity,  and  of 
the  Eleatic  school,  was  b.  at  Abdera,  460 
B.  0.  He  studied  under  Lcucippus ;  and 
on  the  death  of  his  father,  who  was  a 
wealthy  citizen,  he  travelled  to  Egypt, 
Chaldea,  and  other  countries,  by  which 
he  greatly  enlarged  his  stores  of  knowl- 
edge ;  and  when  he  returned  to  his  na- 
tive city,  though  at  first  slighted,  his 
intellectual  acquisitions  gained  the  re- 
spect of  his  countrymen,  and  he  was 
placed  at  the  head  of  public  atfairs  ;  but, 
mdignaut  at  the  follies  of  tlie  Abderites, 
lie  resigned  his  office,  and  retired  to 
solitude,  devoting  himself  wholly  to 
philosophical  studies. 

DEMOSTHENES,  the  greatest  orator 
of  antiquity,  was  the  son  of  an  opulent 
sword-blade  manufacturer  at  Athens, 
and  was  b.  about  380  e.  c.  Having  lost 
his  father  when  a  mere  child,  his  educa- 
tion was  neglected;  but  at  the  age  of 
seventeen  he  determined  to  study  elo- 
quence, though  his  lungs  were  weak, 
his  {pronunciation  inarticulate,  and  his 
gestures  awkward.  These  imiicdiments 
he  conquered  by  perseverance,  till  by 
degrees  he  surpassed  all  other  orators 
in  the  power  and  grace  of  eloquence. 
When  the  encroachments  of  Philip  of 
Macedon  alarmed  the  Grecian  states,  he 
depicted  his  ambitious  design  with  so 
much  effect,  that  similar  orations  are  to 
this  day  called  Philippics.  Vv'hcn  that 
monarch  was  about  to  invade  Attica, 
Demosthenes  was  sent  as  ambassador  to 
prevail  on  the  Boeotians  to  assist  them, 
m  wliich  mission  he  succeeded.  He 
was  also  at  the  battle  of  Cheronca,  but 
his  conduct  there  showed  that  he  was 
as  deficient  in  personal  courage  as  he 
was  inimitable  in  the  senate.  The  in- 
fluence of  Demosthenes  being  on  the 
decline,  ^Eschincs  took  advantage  of  it 
to  bring  an  accusation  .against  him  on 
the  subject  of  his  conduct  .at  (^herouea, 
and  his  having  had  a  crown  of  gold 
awarded  liini;   but  the  orator  so   well 


defended  himself  in  his  celebrated  ora- 
tion De  Corona,  that  he  was  honorably 
acquitted,  and  his  adversary  sent  in:o 
exile.  Shortly  after,  however,  Demos- 
thenes was  convicted  of  receiving  a 
golden  cup  and  twenty  talents  from 
rlarpalus,  one  of  Alexander's  generals, 
who  had  retired  to  Athens  with  a  quan- 
tity of  plunder,  which  he  had  gathered 
in  Asia.  To  avoid  punishment,  he  fled 
to  yEgina,  where  he  remained  till  the 
deatli  of  Alexander,  when  he  was  re- 
called by  his  countrymen,  and  brought 
home  in  triumph.  But  this  change  of 
fortune  was  of  short  duration.  The 
victory  of  Antipater  was  followed  by  an 
order  to  the  Athenians  to  deliver  up 
Demosthenes,  who  fled  to  the  temple  of 
Neptune,  atCalauria,  where  he  poisoned 
himself,  o22  b.  c. 

DEMPSTER,  Thom.\3,  a  Scotch  writer, 
was  b.  in  ly7'J,  and  studied  at  Cam- 
bridge, from  whence  he  removed  to 
Paris.  He  was  afterw.ards  professor  of 
philology  at  Pisa,  and  d.  at  Bologna  in 
1625.  He  wrote  several  works,  the  most 
curious  of  which  are  a  "  Martyrology 
of  Scotland,"  a  "  List  of  Scottish  Wri- 
ters," and  a  "  History  of  the  Etruscans." 

DENHAM,  DisoN,  an  enterprising 
traveller  and  intrepid  soldier,  was  b.  in 
1786,  and  entered  the  army  as  a  volun- 
teer in  1811,  serving  with  lionor  in  the 
peninsular  war,  where  he  obtained  a 
lieutenancy.  In  1821  he  was  chosen  to 
proceed  to  central  Africa,  in  company 
with  Captain  Clapperton  and  Dr.  Oud- 
ney,  for  the  purpose  of  exploring  those 
regions,  his  courage,  perseverance,  ad- 
dress, and  conciliatory  manners  pecu- 
liarly fitting  liim  for  such  an  underta- 
king. On  his  return  to  England,  in  1824, 
he  published  a  "Narrative"  of  his 
travels.  In  1826  he  was  sent  to  Sierra 
Leone  as  superintendant  of  the  liber- 
ated Africans,  and  in  1823  was  appointed 
lieutenant-governor  of  the  colony  ;  soon 
after  which  lie  was  seized  with  a  fever, 
which  quickly  proved  fatal. — Sir  Jonx, 
a  poet  of  some  celebrity,  was  b.  161S, 
at  Dublin,  where  his  fiither  waa  chief 
baron  of  the  exchequer,  but  afterwards 
became  a  judge  in  England.  In  1641 
appeared  his  tragedy  of  "The  Sophy," 
and  soon  after  he  was  made  governor  of 
Fareham  castle  for  the  king.  In  1643 
he  published  his  "  Cooper's  Hill."  IIo 
attended  Charles  II.  in  his  exile,  and 
was  sent  by  him  ambassador  to  Poland. 
At  the  restoration  he  was  knighted  anA 
appointed  survevor-general  of  the  royal 
buildiuL's.     I).  16G3. 

DENIN.\.  GiAooMo  C.uiLo,  an  Italian 


DES] 


CYCL0P.T:DIA    of    niOGRAPIIY. 


349 


historian,  was  b.  1781,  at  Revel,  in  Piod- 
mont.  For  many  years  lie  was  a  pro- 
fessor of  rhetoric  at  Turin,  and  ulti- 
mately became  liljrariau  to  Napoleon. 
His  principal  works  are  "History  of 
the  Kevolutions  of  Italy,"  "  The  roliti- 
cal  and  Literary  History  of  (ireecc," 
"The  Revolutions  of  Germany,"  &c. 
D.  at  Paris,  1813. 

DP2NMAN,  TiioJfAS,  an  eminent  phy- 
sician and  medical  writer,  was  d.  at 
Bake  well,  Derbyshire,  in  1733.  He  first 
iierve<l  in  the  navy  as  a  surgeon,  but  in 
1770  lie  commenced  frivin;^  lectures  on 
the  obstetrie  art  in  London,  and  was  ap- 
pointed licentiate  in  midwifery  of  the 
College  of  Physicians  in  1783.  lie  wrote 
an  "Essay  on  Puerperal  Fever,"  an 
"Introduction  to  tlic  Practice  of  Mid- 
wifery," and  "Aphorisms  "  fur  the  use 
of  junior  practitioners.  His  son  was 
the  late  distinguished  chief  justice  of 
the  court  of  King's  Bench.     I).  1815. 

DENNIS,  JoHX,adramatistand  critic, 
was  b.  in  London,  1G.')7,  studied  at  Cam- 
bridge, and  devoted  himself  to  literature. 
Throughout  life  he  was  almost  per- 
petually in  broils  with  one  or  other  of 
the  wits  of  the  age ;  and  Pope,  in  re- 
turn for  his  animadversions,  gave  him  a 
conspicuous  place  in  the  Dunciad.  He 
originally  had  a  considerable  fortune ; 
but  having  dissipated  it,  the  duke  of 
Marlborough  obtained  for  him  the  place 
of  land-waiter  at  the  custom  house ; 
this  he  mortgaged,  and  his  latter  days 
were  spent  in  poverty,  aggravated  by 
blindness.    D.  1784. 

DENON,  Dominique  Vivatjt,  Barou 
de,  was  b.  in  1747,  at  Chalons-sur-Saone, 
in  Burgundy.  Though  originally  des- 
tined for  the  law,  lie  was  aiDpointed  to 
the  office  of  "gentilhomme  ordinaire" 
about  the  person  of  Louis  XV.  He 
afterwards  resided  sevend  years  in  Italy, 
as  secretaiy  of  embassy,  during  which 
period  he  applied  himself  sedulously  to 
the  study  ot  the  arts.  He  was  a  man 
of  great  and  varied  talents ;  and  his 
able  work,  entitled  "  Travels  in  Upper 
ami  Lower  Egypt  during  the  Campaign 
of  General  Bonaparte,"  lias  gained  him 
an  imiwrisliahle  fame.     D.  1825. 

D'EON  DE  BEAUMONT,  Charles 
Genevieve  Louise  Auguste,  was  b.  at 
Tonuerre,  in  17'28,  and  known  until 
1777  as  the  Chevalier  D'Eon.  He  was 
equerry  to  Louis  XV.,  chevalier,  doctor 
of  law,"  parliamentary  advocate,  military 
otficer,  ambassador,  royal  censor,  &c. ; 
occu))ying  in  short,  during  his  eventful 
life,  tlie  most  varied  stations  with  con- 
summate .skill,  and  involving  his  sex 
30 


and  real  character  ju  unparalleled  mys- 
tery. That  D'Eon  was  a  man  of  talent 
is  sufficiently  evident  by  his  works, 
which  appeared  under  the  title  of  "  Loi- 
sirs  du  Chevalier  D'Eon." 

DEKMODY,  Thomas,  a  poet  of  some 
merit,  was  the  son  of  a  schoolmaster, 
and  b.  at  Ennis.  Ireland,  in  1775.  He 
obtained  througli  Earl  Moira  a  commis- 
sion in  the  army  ;  but  so  confirmed  were 
his  habits  of  intemperance,  that  he  d.  a 
victim  to  the  disease,  in  1802.  His  poems, 
which  were  written  under  the  pressure 
of  necessity,  and  often  in  great  haste, 
possess  considerable  merit. 

DERRICK,  Samuel,  a  native  of  Ire- 
land, who,  on  the  death  of  Beau  Nash, 
was  appointed  master  of  the  ceremonies 
at  Bath  and  Tunbridge  Wells.  On  com- 
ing to  London  lie  attempted  the  stage ; 
but  being  unsuccessful  as  an  actor,  he 
had  recourse  to  his  pen.  He  wrote  "A 
View  of  the  Stage,"  "The  Third  Satire 
of  Juvenal  in  English  Verse,"  "  Sylla," 
a  dramatic  piece ;  and  edited  "Dryden's 
Poems,"  4  vols.,  a  "Collection  of  Voj'- 
ages,"  &c     B.  1724;  d.  1709. 

DERSCIIAWIN,  or  DERZHAVINE, 
Gabriel  Romanovitsch,  a  Russian  poet 
and  statesman,  was  b.  at  (Jasan,  in  1743. 
In  1760  he  entered  the  army  as  i  com- 
mon soldier,  but  soon  distingiv.shed 
himself;  and,  after  a  military  service  of 
14  years,  entered  the  civil  service,  in 
which  he  arrived  at  the  important  situ- 
ations of  treasurer  of  the  empire,  and 
minister  of  justice.  He  holds  a  high 
place  among  the  bards  of  his  country. 
D.  1819. 

DERYCK,  or  DERICK,  Peteb  Cor- 
nelius, a  painter  of  Delft,  b.  in  156S, 
and  d.  1630.     He  excelled  in  landscapes. 

DESAGULIKRS,  John  Theophilus, 
an  ingenious  pliilosophcr,  was  b.  1683 
at  Rochelle,  and  at  O.xford  succeeded 
Dr.  Keil  as  lecturer  in  experimental  phi- 
losophy. He  published  a  "Course  of 
Experimental  Philosophy,"  a  "  Disser- 
tation on  Electricity,"  &c.     D.  1749. 

DESAIX  DE  '  VOIGOUX,  Loui3 
Charles  Anthony,  a  French  general, 
was  b.  1768.  In  the  early  part  of  the 
revolution  he  became  aid-de-camp  to 
General  Custine ;  and  contributed  great- 
ly, by  his  talents,  to  the  famous  retreat 
of  Moreau.  He  accompanied  Bonaparte 
to  Egyjit,  was  appointed  governor  of 
the  upper  part  of  the  country,  and  signed 
the  treaty  of  El-Arish  with  the  Turks* 
and  English.  He  was  killed  at  the  battle 
of  Marengo,  to  which  victory  he  greatly 
contributed,  June  It,  1800.  " 

DESAUSSURE.  Henbt  "W.,  a  distin- 


S50 


CVCLOr.tDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[oEa 


guished  chancellor  of  South  Caroliua. 
lie  bore  arms  in  deteiiee  of  Charleston 
in  the  revohitionary  war,  and  was  ap- 
po'uuei  by  Washington  dii-eetor  of  tlic 
mint.  lie  was  for  ■I'J  years  ciiancellor 
of  the  state,  during  whieh  t.nie  he  pub- 
lished lour  volumes  of  ''Equity  lie- 
ports,''  which  contain  a  valuable  record 
of  decisions.     B.  1764;  d.  1839. 

UESCAKTES,  Kene,  a  celebrated 
Ereneli  pliilosoplier,  was  b.  at  La  Have, 
in  Touraine,  in  l.VJG,  und  received  iiis 
education  at  tlie  Jesuit  college  at  La 
Elechc.  On  leaving  tliat  seminary  he 
removed  to  Paris,  and  applied  to  the 
study  of  mathematics.  In  161*1  he 
entered  into  the  army  of  the  prince  of 
Orange  ;  and,  while  serving  in  the  garri- 
son at  Breda,  solved  a  ditlicult  mathe- 
nuitieal  problem  which  had  been  posted 
in  the  public  streets.  This  introduced 
him  to  the  acquaintance  of  the  learned 
Beekmann,  tiie  principal  of  the  college 
ofDurt.  While  at  Breda,  he  wrote  in 
Latin  a  ''Treatise  on  Music,"  and  pro- 
jected some  other  works.  He  next 
served  in  the  ai'my  of  the  duke  of  Ba- 
varia, but  soon  after  (pntted  the  military 
life,  and  travelled  into  Italy,  where  he 
saw  the  famous  Galileo  at  Florence.  In 
162'J  he  settled  at  Amsterdam,  and  ap- 
plied assiduously  to  the  mathematical 
sciences,  particularly  d'optries,  in  which 
he  made  some  important  discoveries. 
About  this  time  he  visited  England,  and 
during  his  stay  made  observations  on  the 
declination  of  the  magnetic  needle.  His 
philosophy  now  became  the  subject  of 
much  discussion,  and  met  with  an  ex- 
tensive reception,  though  with  consider- 
able o]>position.  At  the  invitation  of 
Cliristma,  queen  of  Sweden,  he  went  to 
Stockholin,  where  he  d.  IGX*.  His  prin- 
cipal works  are  "Frincijiia  rhiloso- 
phite,"  "  Dissertatio  de  Mithodo  recte 
reiicndiK  Katiouis,"  &c. ;  "  Dioptricse," 
"  iMeditationes,"  and  "Geomc^try." 

DE8EZE,  Raymo.nd,  or  Komain,  a 
native  of  Bordeaux,  and  an  able  coun- 
Hellor  of  the  parliament  of  that  citj',  was 
b.  in  IT'iO.  Ho  afterwards  practised  at 
Paris,  and  his  acknowledged  talents 
caused  him  to  be  named  one  of  the 
counsel  for  the  nnlbrtunate  Louis  XVI., 
whose  cause  he  most  ably  defended,  after 
Target  had  declined  the  dangerous  task. 
He  was  imprisoned  for  a  time,  but  es- 
caped tlie  scatfolil.  lie  held  several 
distiniruished  offices;  was  a  peer  of 
France,  a  kniirht  of  the  orrler  of  Malta. 
a  mcinVjcr  of  the  French  Acadi.'iny,  and 
prtsidcnt  of  the  court  of  repeal.  1). 
l82S. 


DESFOEGES,  Petek  John  Baptist 
CnouDAUD,  a  dramatic  writer  and  actor, 
b.  at  Paris,  in  1746.  He  was  the  author 
of  twenty-four  comedies,  besides  some 
romances. 

DESGODETS,  Anthony,  a  French 
architect,  was  b.  in  Paris,  1653.  On  his 
passage  to  Kome  in  1674,  he  was  taken 
by  the  Algerines,  and  kept  in  slavery 
sixteen  months.  On  being  exchanged 
he  I'cpaired  to  Rome,  where  he  com- 
posed a  work,  entitled  "The  Ancient 
Editices  of  Kome ;"  and,  on  his  return 
to  Paris,  he  was  made  com])troller  of  the 
royal  buildmgs,  and  architect  to  the  king. 
D.  1728. 

DESHOULIERES,  Antoinette  du  Li- 
GiER,  a  handsome,  witty,  and  accom- 
plished woman,  and  a  writer  of  much 
versatility,  was  b.  at  Paris,  in  1634; 
married  a  gentleman  of  family,  and  was 
on  terms  of  frientlship  with  the  principal 
literati  of  the  age.  She  produced  nu- 
merous plays  and  operas,  few  of  which 
were  successful ;  but  her  "  Idyls,"  "  Ec- 
logues," and  "  Moral  Reflections"  are 
still  admired.  D.,  after  twelve  years  of 
sntfering,  of  a  cancer  in  her  breast,  in 
16'j4. — Antoinette  Therese,  a  daughter 
of  the  preceding,  and  the  inheritor  both 
of  her  talents  and  hor  sutl'erings ;  hav- 
ing written  various  poems,  &c.,  and 
been  for  twenty  years  the  victim  of  can- 
cer.    D.  1718. 

DESMOULINS,  Benedict  Camille,  a 
native  of  Guise,  in  Picardy,  who  dis- 
played his  republican  zeal  at  the  taking 
of  the  Bastille,  and  in  the  demolition  of 
the  monarchy.  As  the  friend  of  Danton 
he  was  one  of  the  original  founders  of 
the  Jacobin  club.  The  fall  of  Danton 
was  his  own;  for  seized  in  the  night, 
31st  March,  1794,  he  opened  his  windows 
to  call  in  vain  for  help,  and  with  Young's 
Night  Thoughts  and  Hcrvey's  Medita- 
tions in  his  hand,  he  was  dragged  to 
prison,  and  immediately  after  to  the 
scaffold.  His  writings  were  mainly — 
"The  Revolntions  of  France  and  Bra- 
bant"— "The  History  of  the  Brissotins" 
—the  "  Vieux  Cordelier."  His  wife,  who 
wished  to  share  his  fate,  wiis  permitted 
to  follow  him  ten  days  after  to  the  scat- 
fold.  When  asked  his  sige  by  the  bloody 
tribunal,  he  answered,  "My  age  is  that 
of  Jesus  Christ  when  he  suffered  death," 
33. 

DESPARD,  Edward  Marcus,  a  native 
of  Ireland.  He  early  embraced  a  'r.ili- 
tary  life,  and  was  cm])loycd  in  the  West 
Indies,  on  the  Spanish  main,  and  in  the 
bay  of  Honduras,  where  he  was  ap- 
pointed superintendent  of  the  Englisti 


dew] 


CYCLOP.I^DIA    OF    lilOOKAl'HY. 


351 


colony.  His  conduct  in  this  office  gave 
oft'eneo  to  the  soltkrs,  luid  in  conse- 
quence of  tlieir  conipliiints  lie  was  re- 
culled  home,  ITitO;  but  wlien  he  applied 
to  government  to  invcstigiite  his  ad- 
ministration, his  representations  were 
rejected  without  explanation.  This 
rendered  him  a  disallected  subject.  lie 
Avas  seized  for  seditious  conduct,  luider 
the  suspension  of  the  habeas  corpus  act, 
and  eontined  in  several  prisons,  but 
when  at  last  liberated,  past  misfortunes 
had  made  no  impression  upon  liim,  but 
rather  stimulated  liiin  to  rcvcnire.  He 
now  formed  the  ]>lan  of  scdueinf,'  the 
soldiery  from  their  alletriancc,  and  in 
the  secret  committees  wiiich  he  held 
with  his  associates,  under  the  sanction 
of  a  solemn  oath  it  was  agitated  to  as- 
sassinate the  king,  as  he  proceeded  to 
the  opening  of  parliament.  This  design 
was  discovered  by  some  of  the  accom- 
plices, and  Despard  and  }iis  associates 
were  seized,  and  tried  at  a  special  eom- 
misflion  in  Soiithwark,  5th  February, 
1603.  He  sutfcred  on  the  21st  March 
with  nine  others. — Jous,  entered  the 
army  at  an  early  age,  and  saw  mtich 
service  in  different  quarters  of  the  globe. 
He  liad  been  in  24  engagements,  had 
two  horses  sliot  under  him,  was  three 
times  shipwrecked,  taken  prisoner  once, 
and  had  the  standard  of  his  regiment 
sliot  out  of  his  hand,  wlien  an  ensign,  at 
15  years  of  age.  After  all  these  "hair- 
breadtli  escapes"  lie  lived  to  attain  his 
85th  year,  and  d.  1^29. 

DESSALlNlvS,  John  James,  origin- 
ally a  slave  in  St.  Domingo,  but  having 
an  opportunity  of  showinnr  great  courage 
and  talents  during  the  disturbances  in 
that  colony,  became  second  in  command 
to  Toussaint  Louverture;  on  whose  im- 
prisonment he  was  chosen  emperor  of 
llayti,  under  the  title  of  James  I.  This 
was  in  18^4;  but  he  retained  his  im- 
perial dignity  only  two  years,  having 
perished  "the  victim  of  a  conspiracy,  in 
1806. 

DESTOUCHES,  Fnii.ip  NEKicArLT,  an 
eminent  French  dramatic  writer,  was  b. 
at  Tours,  1680.  His  principal  pieces  are 
"  Le  rhilosophe  Mane,"  and  "Le  Glo- 
rieux."     1).  1754. 

DEVEREUX,  Robert,  earl  of  Essex, 
b.  in  1567,  accompanied  the  earl  of  Lei- 
cester to  Holland,  where  he  behaved 
with  much  bravery  at  the  battle  of  Zut- 
]ihon,  and  on  his  return  to  England  was 
made  master  of  the  horse.  In  l."'Jl  he 
commanded  the  forces  sent  to  the  assist- 
ance of  Henry  IV.  of  France ;  and  in 
1596  he  was  appointed  joint-commauder 


with  Lord  Howard  in  an  expedition 
against  Spain,  where  he  contributed  to 
the  capture  of  Cadiz.  In  15'J7  he  was 
made  earl  marshal  of  England,  and,  on 
tiie  death  of  Lord  Burleigh,  eliancellor 
of  Cambridge.  Beheaded  1601. — Robert, 
earl  of  Essex,  son  of  the  preceding,  was 
b.  15'j2,  and  restored  to  his  tamily  honors 
by  James.  In  1620  Essex  served  under 
Sir  Horatio  Vere  in  the  Palatinate,  and 
afterwards  under  Prince  ^Maurice  in 
Holland.  On  his  return  to  England  he 
appeared  as  a  member  of  the  opposition 
against  the  court ;  and  on  the  breaking 
out  of  the  rebellion  had  the  command 
of  the  parliamentary  army.  He  gained 
the  battle  of  Edgehill,  ai'Ier  which  he 
took  Reading,  raised  the  siege  of  Glou- 
cester, and  fought  the  first  battle  of 
Newbury.  By  the  self-denying  ordi- 
nance in  1645  he  was  deprived  of  hia 
command,  and  d.  the  vear  followiuir. 

DEVONSHIRE,  Georgiana  Cavex- 
DisH,  duchess  of,  a  female  alike  remark- 
able lor  personal  graces  and  mental  ac- 
complishments, was  b.  1757,  and  married 
to  the  duke  of  Devonshire  in  her  17th 
year.  Her  "Passage  of  Mount  St. 
Gothard,"  and  such  other  of  her  poems, 
as  have  been  publislicd,  bear  the  im- 
press of  a  highly  cultivated  mind.  D. 
1806. 

D'EWES,  Sir  SruoxDS,  an  antiquary, 
was  b.  in  1602,  and  created  a  baronet  in 
1641 ;  but  on  the  breaking  out  of  the 
civil  war  he  espoused  the  cause  of  de- 
mocracy, and  d.  in  1650.  He  was  the 
author  of  "The  Journals  of  the  Parlia- 
ments during  the  Reign  of  Elizabeth." 

DE  WEES,  AViLLiAM  Potts,  a  distin- 
guished physician  of  Philadelphia,  b. 
1768,  at  Pottsgrove,  Pa.  He  was  lon£r  a 
professor  in  the  university  of  I'hiladel- 
phia,  where  he  published  his  "  System 
of  Midwifery,"  his  "Diseases  of"  Chil- 
dren," his  "Practice  of  Medicine,"  and 
other  works,  which  are  standard  with 
the  profession.     D.  1S41. 

DE  WINT,  Petek,  a  distinguished 
artist,  was  b.  at  Stone,  in  Staffordshire 
where  liis  father  practised  as  a  physician 
1783.  English  landscape  scenery  formed 
the  chief  theme  for  his  fertile  pencil- 
D.  184y. 

DE  WITT,  John,  an  enlighteneu 
statesman,  was  b.  in  1625,  at  Dort,  in 
Holland.  At  the  age  of  23  he  published 
an  excellent  mathematical  work  entitled 
"  The  Elements  of  Curved  Lines."  In 
165()  he  was  chosen  pensionary  of  bis 
native  city ;  and,  after  distinguishing 
himself  in  public  atfairs,  was  elected 
pensionary  of  Holland.     While  in  that 


353 


CyCLOP.EDIA  OF  BTOCllAPIIY. 


capacity  ho  concluded  a  peace  ■with 
Cromwelij  oue  article  of  which  excluded 
the  house  of  Oniugre  from  the  st.idt- 
holdersliip  :  and  in  16G7  he  established 
the  perpetual  edict  for  abolishing  the 
otlice  of  stadtholder,  for  which  lie  re- 
ceived public  thanks.  However,  in 
1G72,  when  Holland  was  invaded  by  the 
French,  and  civil  dissension  overspread 
the  country,  both  John  de  Witt  and  his 
brother  CorneUus  were  barbarously  mur- 
dered by  the  populace.  —  Bknjamin,  a 
physician  of  New  York,  was  appointed 
ijrofessor  of  medicine  in  Columbia  col- 
Icire  in  1807,  and  professor  of  chemistry 
in  ISOS.  He  was  also  health  officer  of 
the  city,  and  died  of  the  yellow  fever,  at 
Staten  Island,  1819,  aged  4.5.  He  pub- 
lished a  "  Dissertation  on  the  etfect  of 
Oxygen,"  1798  ;  an  "  Oration  commem- 
orative of  the  Prisoners  who  died  in  the 
prison  .ships  at  Wallabout,"  1808  ;  "  Ac- 
count of  Minerals  in  New  York,"  &c., 
&e. — John,  professor  of  biblical  history 
iu  the  theological  seminary  of  the  Dutcli 
Kelbrmed  Church  at  New  Brunswick, 
N.  J.  He  was  a  native  of  Catskill,  N.  Y. 
D.  1831,  aged  about  42. 

DEXTER,  Samoel,  a  benefactor  of 
Harvard  college,  was  a  merchant  of  Bos- 
ton. In  the  political  struggles  just  be- 
fore the  revolution  he  was  repeatedly 
elected  to  the  council  and  negatived  for 
his  patriotic  zeal  by  the  royal  governor. 
In  his  last  years  he  was  deeply  engaged 
in  investigating  the  doctrines  of  the- 
ology. For  the  encouragement  of  bib- 
lical  criticism  he  bequeathed  a  hand- 
some legacy  to  Harvard  college.  He 
also  bequeathed  §40  to  a  minister,  wliom 
he  wished  to  preach  a  funeral  sermon 
without  making  any  mention  of  him  in 
the  discourse,  from  the  words  "the 
things  which  are  seen  are  temporal,  but 
the  things  which  are  not  seen  are  eter- 
nal." D.  ISIO. — Samuel,  secretary  of 
war  of  the  United  States,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  b.  in  1761,  and  graduated 
at  Harvard  college,  1781.  After  being 
some  time  a  member  of  the  house  of 
representatives  in  congress,  he  was 
elected  to  the  senate.  During  the  ad- 
ministration of  John  Adams  lie  was  ap- 
pointed secretary  of  war  in  ISOO,  and 
secretary  of  the  treasury  in  January, 
1801,  and  for  a  short  time,  also  had  the 
charge  of  the  department  of  state.  D. 
1816. 

DIAZ,  Bartholomew,  a  Portuguese 
navigator,  who,  in  1486,  with  two  small 
vessels,  discovered  the  Cape  <if  Good 
Hope,  which  he  named  the  Cape  of 
Tenapests,  and  perished  there  in  a  Btorm, 


in  1-500.  The  king,  nowever,  change^* 
it  to  its  present  more  auspicious  appel- 
lation.— JoH>f,  a  martyr  to  the  frantic 
zeal  of  his  brother,  was  a  native  of  Cu- 
enza,  in  Spain.  He  studied  at  Paris, 
where,  by  reading  the  works  of  Luther, 
he  became  a  Protestant.  He  then  quitted 
France,  and  visited  Calvin  at  Geneva: 
afterwards  he  went  to  Strasburg,  antl 
lastly  to  Neuberg,  whither  he  was  fol- 
lowed by  his  brotiier  Alplionsus,  a  zeal- 
ous Catliolic.  Alphons'is  iinding  his 
exhortations  could  not;  -.claim  him,  pre- 
tended to  close  his  vitit  and  take  his 
departure,  but  secretly  returned  at  break 
of  day,  with  a  companion,  and  murdered 
him  with  an  axe,  1546. 

DIBDIN,  Charles,  a  dramatist,  poet, 
and  actor,  but  mostly  celebrated  as  a 
writer  of  songs  and  a  musical  composer, 
was  b.  at  Southampton,  in  1745.  He 
was  intended  for  the  chxirch,  and  re- 
ceived his  early  education  at  Winches- 
ter ;  but,  seduced  Ijy  his  love  of  music, 
and  relinquishing  all  thoughts  of  the 
clerical  profession,  he  made  his  first  ap- 
pearance as  a  performer,  in  1762 ;  but  he 
never  shone  as  an  actor,  though  both  as 
a  writer  of  light  dramatic  pieces  and 
musical  compositions  he  was  very  suc- 
cessful. His  sea  songs  were  eminently 
popular.  Altogether  he  produced  about 
1400  songs  and  30  dramatic  pieces  ;  be- 
sides which  he  wrote  "  A  History  of 
the  Stage,"  his  "Professional  Life," 
"  A  Musical  Tour,"  three  novels,  &c. 
D.  1814.  —  Thomas,  a  dramatic  author 
and  song  writer,  was  the  eldest  son  of 
the  preceding,  had  the  honor  of  having 
Garrick  for  his  godfather;  and  in  1775, 
when  only  four  years  of  age,  he  appeared 
on  the  stage  as  Cupid,  in  Shakspeare's 
"Jubilee,"  to  the  Venus  of  Mrs.  Sid- 
dons.  From  that  time  until  1795  he  is 
said  to  have  performed  in  every  depart- 
ment of  the  drama,  and  written  more 
tlian  1000  songs.  Among  his  best  theat- 
rical compositions  are  "  The  Cabinet," 
"The  English  Fleet,"  "Mother  Goose," 
(which  yic-lded  more  than  £20,000  profit 
to  the  managers  of  Covent-garden  thea- 
tre,) "The"  High-mettled  Eacer,"  (a 
clear  gain  to  the  proprietors  of  Astlcv's 
of  £13,000,)  "The  ,hw  and  Doctor," 
"Past  Ten  o'Cloek,"  &c.  D.  1841.— 
Thomas  Froqnall,  nephew  of  the  cele- 
brated song  writer,  and  himself  the 
most  zealous  bibliographer,  and  one  of 
the  most  voluminous  and  miscellaneous 
writers  of  his  time,  was  b.  at  Calcutta, 
1775,  and  al'tc-r  rcccixiiitr  his  education 
under  the  care  of  an  uncle  at  Keadingr, 
matriculated  at  Oxford,  as  a  commoner 


did] 


CYCLOP/EDIA    OK    HIOGUAPHY. 


353 


of  St.  John's  pollefrc,  where  his  taste  for 
literiitnrc  and  history  comiiionced.  Tiie 
Jaw  hoiiicr  his  destiiiation,  he  became  a 
pupil  of  Mr.  Basil  Montague;  but  he 
Buhsi'quently  ehniiired  his  views,  and 
after  waiting  some  time  for  a  degree,  he 
was  ordained  a  clergyman  in  1804.  D. 
1847. 

DICK,  Sir  Ai.EXANni:!?,  a  Scotch  phy- 
sician, was  b.  in  1703,  and  studied  at 
Leyden  under  Bocrhaavc.  In  IVoG  he 
was  chosen  president  of  the  college  of 
physicians  at  Edinburgh,  to  which  he 
was  a  benefactor.  lie  was  tlic  first  who 
paid  attention  to  the  culture  of  the  true 
rhubarb  in  Britain ;  for  wh.ich  he  re- 
ceived, in  1774,  tlicgold  medal  from  the 
London  Society  for  promoting  arts  and 
commerce.  U.  1785. — Sir Eobkkt  1Ik.m:y, 
entered  the  army  as  an  ensign  in  tlie 
7.5th  loot,  in  ISOO;  and  in  1804  obtained 
n  company  in  tlic  78th.  Ilo  accom- 
panied the  expedition  to  Sicily,  and  was 
wounded  at  the  battle  of  Maida ;  joined 
Abcreromby,  and  was  present  at  the 
battle  of  Alexandria,  and  was  severely 
wounded  at  Eosctta.  In  1808  he  com- 
manded a  light  battalion  at  Busaco  and 
Ciudad  Eodrigo,  and  at  the  storming  of 
Fort  St.  Michael,  and  during  the  siego 
of  Burgos,  (fee.  He  served  in  the  cam- 
paign of  181 5,  and  was  severely  wounded 
at  Quatre  Bras  while  conniianding  the 
42d.  On  the  restoration  of  peace  lie  re- 
tired to  his  paternal  estate  at  Tullimet. 
D.  1846. 

DICKONS,  Mrs.  (whose  maiden  name 
was  Poole,)  was  a  celebrated  singer, 
who,  though  not  equal  to  Mrs.  Billing- 
ton,  many  years  sustained  the  same  cast 
of  characters  at  the  opera,  and  was  regu- 
larly engaged  as  a  principal  vocalist  at 
the  oratorios.  She  commenced  her  pro- 
fessional career  at  Covcnt-garden  in 
179.3,  and  retired  in  1818.     D.  18:33. 

DICKINSON,  JoxATUAX,  first  pres- 
ident of  New  Jersey  college,  was  gradu- 
ated at  Yale  eollcire,  17o<i.  He  was  a 
settled  minister  of  the  first  Presbyterian 
church,  in  Elizabethtown,  New  Jersey, 
nearly  ibrty  years.  The  charter  of  the 
collcffe  of  New  Jersey,  being  enlarged 
by  Governor  Belelier,  the  institution 
was  commenced,  and  Mr.  Dickinson 
appointed  president,  Oct.  22,  174(1,  and 
d.  Oct.  7,  1747,  aged  59.  His  publica- 
tions were  numerous,  but  exclusively 
upon  theological  subjects,  and  princi- 
pally sermons. — .John,  president  of  Del- 
aware and  of  Pennsylvania.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  Pennsylvania  assembly 
in  17154,  and  of  the  general  couirress  in 
1765 ;  of  the  first  revolutionary  congress 
80" 


in  1774,  and  in  suhseqnent  years.  In 
June,  177G,  he  opposed  the  declaration 
of  independence,  when  the  motion  was 
considered  by  congress,  because  he 
doubted  of  the  policy  of  that  particular 
period,  "  without  some  jirecursory  trials 
of  our  strcnsth,"  and  bctbrc  tlie  terms 
of  confederation  were  settled,  and  foreign 
assistance  made  certain.  He  had  occa- 
sion afterwards,  in  order  to  prove  the 
sincerity  of  his  attachment  to  his  coun- 
try's liberty,  to  apjical  to  the  fact,  that 
within  a  few  days  after  the  declaration, 
he  was  the  only  member  of  conuress  who 
marched  to  face  tlie  enemy.  He  accom- 
panied his  regiment  to  Elizabethtown  in 
July  to  repel  the  invading  enemy,  and 
remained  there  till  th.  end  of  the  tour 
of  service.  In  1779  he  was  a  member 
of  congress  from  Delaware,  and  in  1781 
president.  In  1782  he  was  chosen  pres- 
ident of  Pennsylvania,  and  remained  ia 
office  from  Nov.  17S2  to  Oct.  1785.  In 
Nov.  1707,  he  began  to  publish  liis  cel- 
ebrated letters  .against  the  acts  for  tax- 
ation of  the  colonies  ;  in  which  writings 
he  supported  the  liberties  of  his  country, 
and  contributed  much  towards  the 
American  revolution.  Of  the  eloquent 
and  important  state  papers  issued  by 
the  first  congress  he  wrote  the  principal. 
Mr.  Dickinson's  political  writings  were 
collected  and  published  in  two  volumes, 
1801.  D.  ISOS. — Philkmon,  an  officer  in 
the  war  of  the  American  revolution,  who 
engaged  in  that  contest  at  an  early 
period,  and  enjoyed  the  praise  of  cour- 
age and  ze.ll  in  the  cause  of  libcrt.y.  He 
commanded  the  Jersey  militia  at  the 
battle  of  Monmouth.  After  the  oriran- 
ization  of  the  national  government  in  its 
present  form,  he  was  appointed  to  a  scat 
in  congress.  Having  discharged  the 
duties  of  the  several  civil  and  military 
stations  which  he  held  with  reputation, 
and  enjoyed  several  years  of  retirement 
from  public  life,  he  d.  at  Trenton  in 
1809. 

DICKSON,  James,  a  Scotch  divine, 
but  known  chiefiy  as  a  writer  on  agrri- 
ctilture,  was  a  native  of  East  Lothian, 
and  d..  by  a  fall  from  his  horse,  in  1776. 
His  "  Treatise  on  the  Agriculture  of  the 
Ancients"  is  much  esteemed. 

DIDEEOT,  Dents,  a  French  writer, 
was  b.  at  Lancrres,  in  171".  In  1746  ho 
published  "  Pens(5es  Philosonhiqucs," 
and  was  concerned  in  a  Medical  Dic- 
tionary, which  sugffcstcd  to  him  the  idea 
ofa  Dictionnaire  I^lncyclopcdiquc ;  which, 
with  the  assistance  of  D'.Mcnibcrt  and 
others,  he  coiiijiloted.  A\'liilc  cuL'agcd 
in  the  Encyclopcdiej  ho  wrote  a  licen- 


354 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[dig 


tions  novel,  called  "  Les  Bijoux  Indis- 
crets,"  and  two  comerlies,  ''  Le  Fils 
Naturel"  and  "  Lo  Tcre  de  Fumille." 
In  1741)  appeared  his  •'  Letters  to  the 
Blind,"  the  free  sentiments  in  which 
occasioned  liis  being  imprisoned  six 
montljs  at  Viiiceiines.     1).  1784. 

DIDOT,  Fkancis  Ambkose,  a  cele- 
hratcd  printer,  was  b.  at  Paris,  in  173i). 
lie  greatly  raised  the  typographic  art; 
improved  the  construction  of  paper- 
mills  ;  and  invented  many  curious  and 
useful  machines  relative  to  the  art  of 
type-founding,  stereotyping,  and  print- 
ing. D.  ISOi. — PiEERE  Francols,  his 
brother,  as  well  as  his  sons  and  nephew, 
have  each  eminently  contributed  to  the 
improvements  of  the  arts  of  type-found- 
ing and  printing. — Firxiix,  the  most  cel- 
ebrated and  skilful  of  modeni  printers, 
and  son  of  Francois  Didot,  was  b.  1764. 
His  editions  of  Sallust,  the  "  Lusiad," 
and  the  "  Ilenriadc"  are  much  sought. 
He  was  an  excellent  translator,  and  no 
mean  original  writer.     D.  1830. 

DIEBITSCn,  Count  S.usaleansky,  a 
distinguished  Eussian  general,  was  the 
son  of  a  brave  officer  who  had  served 
under  Frederic  the  Great,  but  who  after- 
wards quitted  the  Prussian  service  for 
the  Russian,  where  he  obtained  an  im- 
portant command.  In  the  campaign  of 
1612,  '13.  and  '1-1,  he  signalized  himself 
by  his  skill  and  bravery,  and  was  ad- 
vanced to  the  rank  of  '  quartermaster- 
general  to  the  Emperor  Alcxan<ler.  He 
displayed  great  courage  in  the  battles  of 
Austerlitz,  Dresden,  Eylau,  and  Fried- 
land.     I).  1831. 

DIEFFENBACH,  Jo^A^-N  Friederich, 
one  of  the  most  distinguished  surgical 
operators  that  ever  lived,  was  b.  at 
KOnigsberg,  in  1795.  After  studying 
for  tiic  church  at  Greifswakle,  he  took 
part  in  the  war  of  liberation  of  Germany  ; 
and  it  was  not  till  a  year  or  two  after  tlie 
fall  of  Napoleon,  in  1815,  that  he  began 
the  study  of  medicine  and  surgery,  in 
which  he  has  secured  undying  fame. 
D.  1848. 

DIEM  EN,  Anthony  Van,  governor 
of  the  Dutch  East  India  possessions, 
was  b.  at  Kuilenbcrg,  of  which  place  his 
father  was  a  burgomaster.  He  went  to 
India,  where  he  was  employed  as  ac- 
countant to  the  government.  In  1625 
he  became  a  member  of  the  supreme 
council.  In  1031  he  returned  to  Hol- 
land as  commamler  ot'  the  India  fleet, 
but  the  year  Ibllowing  went  out  again 
as  director-frcneral ;  and  not  long  after 
he  became  governor-general,  greatly  ex- 
tending the  Dutch  interest  in  the  East. 


In  1642  he  sent  Abel  Tasman  on  a  voy- 
age to  the  soutii,  the  consequence  of 
which  was,  the  discovery  of  that  cart  of 
New  Holland  called  Van'Diemen'a  xiand. 
D.  1G45. 

DIETRIC,  John  Conrat,,  a  Lutheran 
divine,  was  b.  at  Butzljach,  in  Wetter- 
avia,  in  1012.  After  studying  at  various 
universities,  he  became  professor  of 
Greek  and  history  in  his  own  country, 
and  in  1053  removed  to  Giessen,  where 
he  d.  1067.  He  wrote  "  De  Pcregrina- 
tione  Studiorum,"  "  Antiquitates  Ro- 
mans," ''Lexicon  Etymologico-GriE- 
cum,"'  "  Antiquitates  Biblicae,"  &c. 

DIETRICH,  John  William  Ernest, 
an  excellent  p.ainter,  was  b.  1712,  at 
Weimar,  where  his  father  was  painter 
to  the  court,  and  celebrated  for  his  por- 
traits and  battle-pieces.  After  studying 
under  his  father  he  went  to  Dresden, 
and  was  instructed  in  landscape  paint- 
ing by  xVlexander  Thiele.  He  next 
visited  Italy,  and  in  1703  became  pro- 
fessor in  the  academy  of  Dresden,  and 
director  of  the  school  of  painting  at 
Meissen.  For  versatility  and  general 
excellence  few  have  surpassed  him.  D. 
1774. 

DIEZ,  Juan  Martin,  better  known  as 
the  Empecinado  of  modern  Spanish 
guerilla  warfare,  was  the  son  of  a  peasant 
of  Valladolid,  and  b.  in  1775.  He  first 
served  in  the  regular  army  as  a  dragoon ; 
but  in  1808,  with  a  chosen  band  of  about 
50  brave  fellows,  he  connnenced  that 
harassing  guerilla  system,  which  so 
much  contributed  to  the  disasters  of  the 
enemy  in  the  Peninsula.  On  the  re- 
establishment  of  Ferdinand's  govern- 
ment, the  Empecinado  became  obnoxious 
to  the  ruling  powers,  who,  regardless  of 
his  former  great  services,  had  him  seized 
on  a  charge  of  conspiracy,  tried,  and  ex- 
ecuted, in  1825. 

DIGBY,  Sir  Everard,  an  English 
gentleman,  a  partisan  in  the  Gunpowder 
plot,  for  which  he  was  executed  in  1607. 
— Sir  Kenelm,  son  of  the  preceding,  was 
b.  at  Gothurst.  in  Buckinghamsliire,  in 
1003.  He  was  knighted  by  James  I., 
and  by  Charles  I.  he  was  appointed  to 
several  offices.  On  one  occasion,  when 
some  ditl'crence  existed  between  Ensrland 
and  the  Venetians,  he  was  sent  with  a 
fleet  into  the  Mediterranean,  where  he 
attacked  the  fleet  of  the  republic  in  the 
bay  of  Scanderoon.  About  1036  he 
quitted  the  church  of  England  for  that 
of  Rome.  At  the  commeneement  of  the 
civil  war  he  was  inii)ris{jned  by  the  par- 
liament in  A\'inelicster  house,  but  in 
1643  he  regained  his  liberty,  and  went  to 


Dio] 


CYCLOP-t;UIA    Or     lilUUKAl'UY. 


355 


France.  When  Cromwell  assumed  the 
government,  lie  venti'.rcd  to  visit  his 
native  couutrv,  and  paid  ijreat  court  to 
that  ruler,  llu  wrote  a  "  Treatise  on  tlie 
Nature  ol'  Bodies,"  '•  On  the  Operations 
and  Nature  of  Man's  Soul,"  and  "  Peri- 
patetic Institutions."  D.  IGG"). — John", 
earl  of  Bristol,  b.  in  lo8i,i,  was  fjentle- 
ma.i  of  tlie  bctl-cluunber  to  James  I., 
who  sent  him  to  Spain  to  negotiate  a 
marriage  between  Prince  Charles  and 
the  Infanta,  and  tiie  same  year  he  was 
created  earl  of  Bristol.  When  the  civil 
wars  broke  out  he  emigrated,  and  d.  at 
Paris  in  1G53. — Lord  George,  son  of  the 
above  was  b.  at  Madrid  in  1012.  He 
became  a  member  of  the  Lon^'  I'arlia- 
ment,  wherein  he  at  first  opposed  the 
court,  but  afterwards  joined  tiio  royal 
party,  and  e.xcrted  himself  in  the  service 
of  Charles  I.     D.  1670. 

L>IGGES,  TnoMAs,  an  astronomer  and 
mathematician ;  author  of  "  Alie  sive 
Scalte  Mathematicie,"  "Pei-fect  Descrip- 
tioiw  of  the  Celestial  Orbs,"  &c.  D. 
1590. — Sir  Dudley,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  b.  1583,  and  educated  at  Oxford. 
He  was  knighted  by  James  I.,  who  sent 
him  ambassador  to  Kussia;  but  in  the 
parliament  of  1G21  he  resisted  the  court 
measures,  and  so  continued  to  do  till 
IG-iG,  when  lie  was  brought  over  by  the 
grant  of  the  mastersjiip  of  the  rolls.  lie 
wrote  '"A  Defence  of  Trade,"  "  A  Dis- 
course concerning'  the  Kights  and  Priv- 
ileges of  the  Subject."     D.  1639. 

biLLEXIUS,  Jony  James,  an  emi- 
nent botanist,  was  b.  in  Darmstadt,  in 
Germany,  in  16^7,  and  educated  at  the 
university  of  Giessen.  In  ITiil  he  ac- 
companied Dr.  Shcrrard  to  Ensrland, 
where  he  spent  the  remainder  of  his 
days.  Soon  after  his  arrival  iie  under- 
took a  new  edition  of  "  Kay's  Synop- 
sis ;"  and  was  appointed  the  first 
botanical  professor  at  Oxford  on  Sher- 
rard's  foundation.  He  wrote  "  Ilortus 
Elthamensis"  and  a  "'History  of  Moss- 
es."    D.  1747. 

DILLON,  Wentworth,  earl  of  Ros- 
common, was  b.  in  Ireland  about  1633, 
and  educateil  at  Caen,  in  Normandy,  by 
the  famous  Bouchart.  After  dissipating 
his  property  by  gaming,  he  was  made 
master  of  the  horse  to  the  duchess  of 
York.  He  tlien  married  a  daughter  of 
the  earl  of  Burlington,  and  applied  to 
poctrv.     D.  16S4. 

DI.MSDALE,  Thomas,  a  physician, 
who  became  celebrated  by  his  success- 
ful mode  of  inoevdating  for  the  small- 
pox. In  1763  he  went  to  Kussia,  and 
inoculated  the  empress  and  grand-duke. 


for  which  he  was  created  a  baron  of  the 
empire,  physician  to  her  majesty,  and 
counsellor  of  state.  He  wrote  Tracts  on 
Inoculation,  in  which  is  an  account  of 
his  first  iournev  to  Kussia.     D.  1800. 

DINEZ  DA  CKUZ,  Anthony,  an  emi- 
nent Portuguese  poet,  was  b.  1730,  and 
d.  in  17yS.  As  a  writer  of  odes,  son- 
nets, and  lyrical  pieces  generally,  he 
holds  the  first  rank  among  his  country- 
men. 

DINOCKATES,  a  Macedonian  archi- 
tect, who  was  employed  by  Alexander 
in  building  the  eity  of  Alexandria.  He 
also  rebuilt  the  temple  of  Ephesus,  and 
proposed  to  cut  Mount  Athos  into  a 
statue  of  the  Macedonian  hero.  Ho 
died  in  Egypt,  under  the  reign  of  Ptol- 
emy. 

DINWIDDIE,  Robert,  governor  of 
Virginia  from  1752  to  1758,  had  been 
previously  clerk  to  a  collector  of  customs 
HI  the  West  Indies,  whose  enormous 
fraud  he  detected  and  exposed.  For 
this  disclosure  he  was  rewarded  by  his 
appointment  in  Virtrinia.  But  while  he 
was  governor  he  ditl  not  forget  what  he 
had  learned  when  a  elork,  for  he  was 
charged  with  applyinsj  to  his  own  use 
£20,000  sent  to  defray  the  expenses  of 
Viririnia  for  the  ])ul)lic  service.  It  was 
during  his  administration  that  Braddock 
proceeded  on  his  expedition  auainst  the 
Indians.     I).  1770. 

DIOCLETIAN,  Caius  Valerius,  a 
Roman  emperor,  in  whose  reisrn  the 
Christians  sutfcred  a  persecution,  was 
born  of  an  obscure  family  in  Dalmatia. 
He  rose  from  being  a  common  soldier 
to  the  rank  of  general,  and  on  the  death 
of  Numrrian,  in  2S4-,  was  chosen  em- 
peror. He  renounced  the  crown  in  304, 
and  retired  to  Salona,  where  he  d.  318. 

DIODATI,  John,  an  eminent  divine, 
b.  at  Lucca,  in  1589,  was  descended 
from  a  no))le  family,  and  brouglit  up  in 
the  Catholic  faith ;  but  he  embraced 
Protestantism,  became  professor  of  He- 
brew at  Geneva,  and  is  much  celebrated 
for  a  translation  of  the  Bible  into  Italian. 
D.  1049. 

DIODORUS,  SictrLTjs,  a  native  of  Ar- 
gyrinm,  in  Sicily,  who  wrote  a  Univer- 
sal History,  of  which  only  15  books  and 
a  few  fragments  remain. "  He  flourished 
about  44  B.  c. 

DIOGENES,  sumnmed  the  Cynic, 
was  b.  at  Sinopc,  a  eity  of  Pontus,  414 
B.  c.  He  accompanied  his  father  to 
Athens,  where  he  applied  to  the  study 
of  philosophy  under  Antisthcuos,  the 
founder  of  the  Cynics.  He  distiniruished 
himself  bv  the"  excessive   rudeness  of 


OOO 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[dod 


his  manners,  with  which  was  blended  a 
great  knowledge  of  human  nature,  and 
a  zeal  lor  the  interests  of  virtue,  on 
which  account  Plato  called  him  the 
"  ;Mad  Socrates." — the  Babylonlvn,  was 
a  Stoic  philosopher,  who  flourished 
about  200  B.  c. — Laebtius,  a  Greek  his- 
torian, was  born  in  Cilieia.  He  wrote 
the  "  Lives  of  the  Philosophers,"  in  10 
books,  and  d.  222. — a  Cretan  philoso- 
pher; succeeded  his  master  Anaximenes 
HI  liis  school  of  Ionia,  about  560  b.  c. 

DION,  a  celebrated  patriot  of  Syra- 
cuse, was  the  disciple  and  friend  of 
Plato  when  that  philosopher  was  at  the 
court  of  Dionvsius,  whose  daughter 
Arete  he  mari'ied.  Being  accused  of 
treason,  he  was  banished  by  Dionysius, 
and  went  to  Athens,  where  he  acquired 
considerable  popularity ;  which  so  pro- 
voked the  tyrant,  that  "he  confiscated  his 
estates,  and  compelled  his  wife  to  marry 
another  man.  Dion,  irritated  at  this 
treatment,  resolved  to  attempt  the  de- 
liverance of  his  country ;  and  with  a 
small  force  he  landed  in  Sicily  during 
the  absence  of  Dionysius,  and  entered 
Syracuse  in  triumph.  After  various  suc- 
cesses he  perished,  the  victim  of  a  con- 
spiracy, headed  by  one  Calippus,  an 
Athenian,  854  b.  c. 

DION  CASSIUS,  an  historian  of  the 
third  century,  born  at  Bithynia;  was 
twice  consul ;  and  wrote,  in  Greek,  the 
"  History  of  Rome,  from  tlie  Building 
of  the  City  to  the  Eeiga  of  Alexander 
Sevcrus." 

DIONYSIUS  I.,  of  Syracuse,  who, 
from  being  a  citizen,  became  commander 
of  the  forces,  overtlirew  the  govern- 
ment, and  assumed  tlie  title  of  king, 
4u4  B.  c. — ^11.,  the  Younger,  the  son  and 
successor  of  the  above,  was  driven  from 
Syracuse,  3-iC  b.  c,  but  again  returned 
about  10  years  afterwards,  and  was  ex- 
pelled 1)y  Timolcon,  on  which  he  fled  to 
Corinth,' where  he  supported  himself  as 
a  schoolmaster. — An  aneieat  geographer, 
who  was  sent  by  Augustus  to  survey 
the  Eastern  part  of  the  world,  was 
called  Peuiegetes,  from  his  poem  of 
"  PericL'esis,  or  Survey  of  the  World." 
J),  about  150. — An  historian  and  critic  of 
Haliearnassus,  in  Caria,  who  was  invited 
to  Rome  about  30  years  b.  c,  and  there 
wrote  his  "  Roman  Antiquities,"  only 
11  books  of  which  arc  extant. — The 
Areopaoite,  was  a  native  of  Athens, 
and  a  member  of  tlic  Areopagus,  where 
he  sat  when  St.  Paul  was  brought  before 
it,  and  made  his  famous  speech  respect- 
ing tlie  "  unknown  God." 

DIOPHANTUS,  a  mathematician  of 


Alexandria,  to  whom  is  attributed  the 
invention  of  algebra,  is  supposed  to  have 
existed  at  the  beginning  of  the  Chris- 
tian era. 

DIPPED,  John  Contjad,  a  German 
physician  and  celebrated  alchemist,  was 
b.  at  Frankenstein,  in  Hesse,  in  1672. 
He  led  a  wandering  kind  of  life,  made 
himself  obnoxious  to  various  govern- 
ments, and  was  often  imprisoned.  He 
pretended  to  have  discovered  the  phi- 
losopher's stone,  and  prophesied  that  he 
would  not  die  till  1808.  Ho,  however, 
falsified  his  prediction,  by  suddenly  de- 
parting this  life  in  1734 ;  and  instead  of 
finding  the  philosopher's  stone,  he  dis- 
covered Prussian  blue,  and  the  animal 
oil  which  bears  liis  nam° 

DISRAELI,  Isaac,  autuor  of  the 
"Curiosities  of  Literature,"  the  "Quar- 
rels" and  "Calamities  of  Authors," 
"  Illustrations  of  the  Literary  Charac- 
ter," was  b.  at  Enfield,  1767.  He  was 
the  only  child  of  Benjamin  Disraeli,  a 
Venetian  merchant.  Besides  the  works 
above  mentioned,  which  have  carried 
his  name  throughout  the  civilized  world, 
he  published  "Commentaries  on  the 
Life  and  Reign  of  Charles  I.,"  the 
"  Amenities  of  Literature,"  and  was 
for  many  years  a  contributor  to  the 
"Quarterly  Review"  and  the  "Gentle- 
man's Magazine."  Mr.  Disraeli  was 
smitten  with  blindness  in  183'J,  and  the 
last  years  of  his  intellectual  pursuits 
were  impeded,  though  not  interrupted, 
by  this  affliction.     D.  1S48. 

'DOBSON,  Wille\m,  an  English  paint- 
er, who  succeeded  Vandyke  in  the  ap- 
pointments he  held  under  Charles  1., 
was  b.  in  1610,  and  d.  in  1646. 

DODD,  Ralph,  a  civil  engineer,  to 
whom  several  important  public  works 
owe  their  origin,  was  a  native  of  Nor- 
thumberland, b.  1761.  He  was  the  pro- 
icctor  of  Vauxhall  bridge,  the  South 
Lambeth  waterworks,  the  Gravesend 
tunnel,  &c. ;  and  wrote  several  able 
works  connected  with  his  profession. 
D.  1822. — Geokge,  his  son,  who  fol- 
lowed the  same  profession,  was  the 
planner,  and  for  a  time  the  resident  en- 
gineer, of  Waterloo  bridge.  D.  1827. — 
William,  was  b.  1729,  at  Bourne,  Lin- 
colnshire; and  after  being  educated  at 
Cambridge,  entered  into  orders,  became 
a  popular  preacher  in  London,  and  was 
made  one  of  the  king's  chaplains.  But 
lie  kept  high  society,  and  was  extrava- 
gant; and  finding  himself  unable  to 
support  an  extensive  establishment,  he 
endeavored  to  procure  the  living  of  St. 
George's,  Hanover-square,  by  olTering  a 


CYCLOP-'b:DlA    OF    BIOGUAPIIV, 


dolJ 


biibo  of  £3000  to  the  lady  of  the  lord 
chancellor.  She  was,  however,  iudi<?- 
nant  at  the  oiler,  and  ou  her  inforiiiin!,' 
the  ohancellor,  IJodd  was  struck  otf  the 
roj-al  list.  The  earl  of  Chcstertiekl,  to 
whom  he  had  hecu  tutor,  afterwards 
presented  him  with  a  living  ;  but  being 
pressed  for  money  he  forgyd  a  bond  for 
£l,'2U0  on  his  fi^r'mer  pupil  and  patron, 
probably  intending  to  take  it  up  bctbre 
it  became  due;  but  tiic  fraud  was  soon 
discovered,  and  he  was  tried,  convicted, 
and  executed  at  Tyburn,  in  1777,  not- 
withstanding great  interest  was  used, 
and  the  most  extraordinary  efforts  made 
to  obtain  his  pardon.  He  was  the  au- 
thor of  several  works;  the  principal  of 
which  arc  "  Sermons  on  the  Miracles 
and  Parables,"  in  4  vols.,  "  Sermons  to 
Young  Men,"  3  vols.,  "  Poems,"  "  Ke- 
flections  on  Death,"  "Thouglits  in 
Prison,"  and  "The  Sisters,"  a  novel. 

DODDRIDGE,  Sir  John,  an  English 
judge,  and  the  author  of  several  works 
on  legal  science,  was  b.  in  l-Mi),  at  Barn- 
staple in  Devonshire,  and  educated  at 
Exeter  college,  Oxford.  In  1613  he  be- 
came one  of  the  judges  of  the  King's 
Bench,  and  d.  in  1628.  His  chief  works 
are  "The  Lawyer's  Light,"  "The  En- 
glish Lawyer,"  "  The  Law  of  Nobility 
and  Pcera'ie,"  "  The  Complete  Parson," 
&c.— PniT.ip,  a  pious  and  highly-gifted 
dissenting  minister,  was  b.  in  the  me- 
tropolis in  1702.  Pie  was  successively  a 
minister  at  Kibworth,  Market  Harbor- 
ough,  and  Northampton,  and  acquired, 
ft  great  and  deserved  reputation.  Being 
atliicted  with  a  pulmonary  coiniilaint,  he 
went  to  Lisbon  for  the  benefit  of  his 
health,  but  d.  there  in  1751.  His  prin- 
cipal works  ai  e  "The  Family  Expositor," 
"The  Life  of  Colonel  Gardiner,"  "Ser- 
mons," and  "  Ilynnis." 

DODINGTON,  George  Bubb,  Lord 
Melcombe  Keuis,  a  statesman,  remark- 
able for  political  versatility,  was  b.  lOia, 
in  Dorsetshire.  In  1715"  he  came  into 
parliament,  was  soon  after  appointed 
envoy  to  Spain;  was  made  lord  of  the 
treasury  during  Walpolc's  administra- 
tion ;  and,  after  years  of  political  in- 
trigue, in  which  the  most  shameless  der- 
eliction of  principle  was  manifest,  he 
was  raised  to  the  title  of  Lord  Melcombe. 
Though  servile  as  a  politician,  he  was 
generous,  witty,  and  hospitable  in  pri- 
vate life ;  and  had  the  merit  of  associa- 
ting with  and  patronizing  men  of  talent. 
His  celebrated  "  Diary,"  published  in 
1784,  is  highly  interesting,  revealing,  as^ 
it  does,  much  of  the  art  and  mystery  of 
statesmanship.     D.  1762. 


857 


DODSLEY,  KoBERT,  an  author  and 
bookseller,  was  b.  1703,  at  Mansfield, 
Nottinghamshire.  His  parents  being 
poor,  he  was  ajiprenticed  to  a  stoekinjr- 
weaver,  which  trade  he  left,  and  became 
footman  to  the  Hon.  Mrs.  Lowther. 
While  in  this  situation  he  jjublished  a 
volume  of  poetns,  entitled  "The  Muse 
in  Livery,"  and  a  dramatic  satire,  called 
"The  I'oyshop,"  which  being  patron- 
ized bj'  Pope,  and  successfully  brought 
out  on  the  stage,  enabled  Dodsley  to 
commence  business  as  a  bookseller  in 
Pall  Mall.  He  still  continued  his  literary 
pursuits,  and  produced  "Cleone,"  a 
tragedy,  and  four  light  dramas ;  many 
poems ;  "  The  Economy  of  Human  Life," 
&c.  He  also  edited  and  publislied  & 
"Collection  of  Old  Plays,"  and  was  the 
projector  of  the  "Annual  Retristcr." 

DODSWORTH,  Roger,  an  English 
topographer,  was  b.  in  Yorkshire,  in 
1585,  and  d.  in  1654.  He  collected  the 
antiquities  of  his  native  country,  in  162 
folio  volumes,  which  are  in  the  Bodleian 
library,  Oxford. 

DODWELL,  Henry,  a  learned  critic 
and  theologian,  was  b.  at  Dublin,  1641, 
and  educated  at  Trinity  college.  In 
1638  he  was  appointed  Camden  profes- 
sor of  history  at  Oxford,  but  lost  his 
office  soon  after  the  revolution.  Ho 
wrote  several  books,  but  the  work  which 
excited  most  notice  was  "  On  the  Natu- 
ral Mortality  of  the  Soul."  D.  1711.— 
Henry  and  Willi.\m,  his  sons,  Avere 
also  both  distintruished  by  their  wri- 
tings ;  the  former,  who  was  bred  to  the 
law,  by  his  skepticism ;  the  latter,  who 
was  a"  prebendary  of  Salisbury,  by  his 
orthodoxy. 

DOES,' Jacob  van  der,  a  Dutch  paint- 
er, b.  1623,  and  d.  1673 ;  he  studied  at 
Rome,  and  adopted  the  style  of  Bam- 
boccio. — J.vcoB  and  Simon,  his  sons, 
were  both  good  artists ;  the  former, 
celebrated  for  his  historical  pieces,  d.  in 
1613 ;  the  latter,  who  excelled  in  land- 
sciipes  and  cattle,  d.  in  1717. 

DOGGETT,  Thomas,  an  actor  and 
dramatic  poet,  was  a  distinguished 
comic  performer  at  Drury-limc.  He  is 
now  remembered  by  the  letracy  he  left 
to  provide  a  "coat "and  badge,"  which 
is  rowed  for  annually  on  the  1st  of  Au- 
gust, from  London-bridge  to  Chelsea, 
bv  six  watermen.     D.  1721. 

'D(^LCE,  Louis,  a  Venetian  writer, 
was  b.  1508.  He  translated  into  Italian 
srreat  portions  of  Horace,  Ovid.  Seneca, 
Euripides,  &e. ;  but  was  ehictly  cele- 
brated for  his  heroic  poem,  entitled 
"  L'Achille  et  TEuea."     He  also  wrote 


358 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    lilOGRAPHV. 


[don 


a  life  of  Charles  V.  D.  15t3S.— Carlo,  a 
celebrated  painter,  b.  at  Florence,  1616, 
was  remarkable  for  the  felicitous  man- 
ner in  wliioh  he  treated  sacred  subjects. 
His  heads  of  ma<lonnas  and  saints  are 
inimitable.     J).  16S6. 

DOLLONl),  .JoiiN',  an  eminent  opti- 
cian, was  b.  at  Spitaltields,  London,  in 
1706,  and  brought  xiy  as  a  silk-weaver; 
but,  devotnisr  himself  to  the  study  of 
astronomy,  his  attention  became  direct- 
ed to  the  improvement  of  telescopes. 
He  invented  the  achromatic  object-glass, 
the  application  of  the  micrometer  to  re- 
flecting telescopes,&c.  D.  1761. — Peter, 
his  son,  who  d.  in  1820,  made  many  val- 
uable improvements  in  optical  instru- 
ments, .  and  they  both  enjoyed  a  well- 
deserved  rejputation. 

DOLOMIEU,  DEODATrs,  a  French 
peoloorist  and  mineralosrist,  was  b.  in 
Daupliinc,  in  1750,  and  entered  into 
the  order  of  ^lalta.  He  accompanied 
Bonai^irte  to  Etrypt,  and  on  his  return 
was  taken  prisoner  and  confined  at  Mes- 
sina. He  was  the  author  of  many  es- 
teemed works,  of  which  his  "Mineral- 
ogical  Philosophy,"  and  a  "Voyage  to 
the  Lipari  Islands,"  are  the  chief;  D. 
1801. 

DOMBEY,  Joseph,  one  of  the  most 
eminent  French  botanists  of  the  last 
century,  b.  1742.  After  a  life  of  perse- 
cutioni  from  which  his  ultra-philanthro- 
py did  not  protect  him,  he  was  caiitnred 
by  corsairs,  in  returning  from  St.  Do- 
mingo, and  d.  in  the  prisons  of  Mont- 

DOMENICHINO,  a  celebrated  paint- 
er, whose  real  name  was  Domenicho 
Zamfieri,  was  b.  at  Bologna,  in  1681, 
and  was  a  pupil  of  the  Caracci.  Thoucrh 
at  first  his  progress  was  so  slow  th.it  his 
fellow-students,  in  derision,  called  him 
"the  Ox,"  yet  he  rose  to  first-rate  emi- 
nence in  liis  art.  He  was  also  well 
skilled  in  architecture,  and  held  the 
situation  of  architect  to  Gregory  XV. 
D.  1641. 

DOMINIC,  St.,  founder  of  the  order 
of  monks  which  bears  his  name,  was  b. 
1170,  at  Calahorra,  in  Old  Castile.  He 
wa.s  employed  by  Pope  Innocent  to 
convert  the  Albigenses ;  but,  failing  in 
liis  endeavors,  and,  dying  in  1221,  was 
canonized  for  his  zeal. 

DOMINIS,  Mark  Anthony  pe,  a 
Dalmatian  archhihhop,  who  went  to  En- 
gland, and  was  made  dean  of  ^\'indsor. 
He  wrote  "  De  liepuhrK-a  Ecclesiastica," 
and  was  the  first  who  gave  a  true  ex- 
planation of  the  colors  of  the  rainbow. 
D.  1625. 


DOMITIAN,  Tirrs  Flavics,  the  sec- 
ond son  of  Vespasian,  and  the  last  of 
the  12  Cipsars,  was  b.  51,  and  succeeded 
his  brother  Titus  in  81.  He  was  volup- 
tuous, cruel,  and  malignant ;  and  though 
at  his  accession  he  made  some  show  of 
justice,  and  even  of  kindness  to  the 
citizens,  yet  the  cruelty  of  his  disposi- 
tion was'  too  deep-rooted  for  conceal- 
ment, and  he  was  both  feared  and  hated 
for  his  tyranny.  He  was  in  continual 
dread  of  conspirators,  ami  at  length  fell 
by  the  hands  of  an  assassin,  in  the  45  th 
Year  of  his  age,  96. 

DONALD  v.,  king  of  Scotland,  suc- 
ceeded his  brother  Kenneth  II.  The 
ancient  laws  of  Scotland  were  revised 
and  confirmed  under  his  authority.  He 
d.,  after  a  reign  of  four  years,  in  864. — 
VI.,  succeeded  Gregory  the  Great  on 
the  Scottish  throne,  iii  894.  In  Ikji 
reign,  the  Danes  having  invaded  his 
kingdom,  he  fought  and  defeated  them. 
He  d.  at  Forres,  in  904. — VII.,  common- 
ly called  Donald  Bane,  usurped  the 
throne  in  1093.  He  was  expelled  from 
the  throne  by  Duncan,  in  1004,  but  re- 
gained it  again  by  the  murder  of  that 
prince.  He' did  not,  however,  long  en- 
jov  it,  for  he  was  finally  dethroned  by 
Edsrar  Athelincr,  in  1098. 

DONALDSON,  Joseph,  a  native  of 
Glasgow,  and  author  of  "  The  Eventful 
Life  of  a  Soldier,"  and  "Scenes  and 
Sketches  of  a  Soldier's  Life  in  Ireland." 
D.  1830. 

DONATELLO,  or  DONATO,  an  emi- 
nent sculptor,  was  b.  at  Florence,  1883. 
His  statues  and  basso-relievoes  adorn 
many  of  the  Italian  churches,  and  it  is 
said  that  Michael  Ancrelo  held  his  works 
in  hisrh  esteem.     D.  14G6. 

DONATI,  ViTALiANO,  an  Italian  phy- 
sician, b.  at  Padua,  in  1717;  author  of  a 
"  Natural  History  of  the  Adriatic  Sea." 
He  travelled  to  'the  East  for  scientifij 
purposes,  and  d.  at  Bassorah,  in  1763. 

DONDU(;CI,  George  Andrew,  a  Bo- 
lognese  artist.  He  was  b.  in  1575 ;  stud- 
ied under  Annibale  Caracci;  and  his 
pictures  are  remarkable  for  their  strong 
contrasts  of  light  and  shade. 

DONDUS,  or  DONDI,  .James,  a  phy- 
sician of  Padua,  who  acquired  the  name 
of  Aggregator,  on  account  of  the  nu- 
merous medicines  he  made.  He  was 
also  well  skilled  in  mechanics,  particu- 
larly in  horology.     D.  1350. 

I)ONNE,   John,   an    English   divine 

and  poet,  was  b.  in  London,  1578.    Be- 

incr  tlic  son  of  a  Catholic,  he  was  brought 

UT>  in  that  faitli ;  but  after  completing 

1  his  studies  at  Oxford,  he  embraced  Prot- 


DOCr] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


359 


estantism,  and  became  secretary  to  the 
Lord  Chancellor  Ellcr^niere.  After  hav- 
ing lo.sl  this  otlico,  and  even  been  ini- 
pritioned  lor  cLindestinely  ninrryintj  the 
olumcellor's  nieoe,  he  took  orders,  wlien 
King  James  made  him  one  of  his  chap- 
lains, and  he  afterwards  became  preach- 
fT  of  J/incoln's  Inn,  and  dean  of  St. 
Taul's.  Donne  has  been  termed  by 
Dr.  Johnson  the  founder  of  the  meta- 
physical school  of  poetry.  Thoug-li  rug- 
gcd  in  his  versitiealion,  he  often  displays 
great  force  and  originality ;  and  his  prose 
works,  thongh  quaint,  and  sometimes 
pedantic,  show  deep  thinking  and  strong 
powers  of  reasoning.  His  works  com- 
prise Letters,  Sermons,  Theological  Es- 
says, A;c.     D.  1031. 

"DOKAT,  John,  a  French  poet,  b.  in 
1607,  was  professor  of  Greek  at  the 
Koyal  college,  and  poet  laureate  to 
Charles  IX.  lie  has  the  reputation  of 
greatly  contributing  to  the  revival  of 
classical  literature  in  France,  and  of 
having  written  a  host  of  Greek  and 
Latin  verses,  besides  some  French  po- 
ems. 1).  1588. —  Claude  Joseph,  a 
French  poet,  b.  1734.  His  works  arc 
voluminous,  and  embrace  poetry  of  every 
class,  with  dramas  and  romances.  D. 
17S0. 

IJOKIA,  Andrew,  a  Genoese  naval 
commander  of  great  renown,  wfis  b.  of 
a  noble  family  at  Oncglia,  1463.  Hav- 
ing distinguished  himself  in  the  service 
of  ditJ'erent  Italian  states,  and  success- 
fully contended  against  tlie  African  pi- 
rates and  other  enemies  of  his  native 
country,  he  entered  the  French  service, 
in  tlie  hope  of  counteracting  the  revolu- 
tion that  had  broken  out  in  Genoa,  by 
Suiting  that  city  in  possession  of  the 
'rcHcii ;  but  tailing  in  his  design,  he 
joined  with  the  Imperialists  in  eiideav- 
oring  to  expel  them.  This  object  being 
etlected,  the  Genoese  senate  gave  him 
the  title  of  "  the  Father  and  Defender 
of  his  Country,"  erected  a  statue  to  his 
honor,  and  built  a  palace  for  him.  His 
wliole  life  was  a  scene  of  great  exploits 
and  brilliant  successes ;  and  he  d.  at 
the  great  a^e  of  02,  in  I.jCO. 

DORIGN  V,  Michael,  a  French  paint- 
er and  engraver  in  aqua-fortis,  was  b.  in 
1617,  and  d.  in  16()'>. — Nicholas,  a  soa 
of  the  tbregoing,  b.  lfl.')7,  was  the  en- 
graver of  the  celebrated  cartoons  of 
liaphael  at  Hampton-court,  for  which 
lie  received  the  honor  of  knicrhthood 
from  George  I.  D.  at  Paris,  17Ji5,  aged 
90. 

D'OKLEANS,  Peteb  Joseph,  a  French 
liifltorian,  and  one  of  the  society  of  Jes- 


uits, was  the  author  of  "  A  History  of 
the  Kevolutions  of  England,"  and""  A 
History  of  the  Kevolutions  of  Spain." 
a.  It;i4;  d.  ir.iis. 

DOKSCH,  EvKRAKD,  a  celebrated  en- 
graver on  gems,  was  b.  at  Nureinburg, 
1049,  and  d.  171'J. 

DORSET,  Thomas  Sackville,  earl  of, 
the  sou  of  Sir  Richard  Sackville,  was  b. 
in  1."p27,  and  educated  at  Oxford  and 
Cambridge.  He  was  distinguished  both 
as  a  statesman  and  an  author,  iiaving 
been  ambassador  to  Holland,  chancellor 
of  O.xforil,  and  lord  treasurer.  He  wrote 
the  "  Induction  to  the  Mirror  for  Magis- 
trates," and  the  "Comi)laint  of  Henry, 
duke  of  Buckingham,"  &e.  D.  1008.— 
Charles  Sackville,  carl  of,  was  b.  in 
1037.  He  was  one  of  the  distiuffuished 
wits  and  revellers  at  the  court  of  Charles 
II.  5  but  he  was  of  an  heroic  turn  ;  and 
while  acting  as  a  volunteer,  under  the 
duke  pf  York,  in  tlie  Dutch  war,  he 
wrote  on  the  eve  of  a  battle  the  cele- 
brated song,  "To  all  you  ladies  now 
on  land."  His  poems  possess  consider- 
able point  and  liveliness.     D.  17i'0. 

DOSSI,  Dosso,  a  painter  of  Ferrara, 
some  of  whose  works  have  much  of  the 
style  both  of  Titian  and  Raphael.  Ari- 
os'to  mentions  him  in  terms  of  high  com- 
mendation.    B.  1479  ;  d.  l.')00. 

DOUCE,  FuAXcis,  an  antiquarian,  well 
known  to  the  literary  world  by  his  "Il- 
lustrations of  Shakspeare  and  of  Ancient 
Manners."  He  also  contributed  various 
papers  to  the  '•  Archffiologia,"  the  "  Gen- 
tleman's Magazine,"  &c. ;  and  shortly 
before  his  death  published  a  beautiful 
volume,  illustrating  the  "  Dance  of 
Death,"  by  dissertations  on  tlie  claims 
of  Holbein  and  Macaber.     D.  1834. 

DOUGLAS,  Gawin,  a  Scotch  divine, 
and  poet  of  some  eminence,  was  b.  at 
Brechin,  1474.  After  receiving  a  liberal 
education  he  entered  the  churcli,  was 
made  provost  of  St.  Giles's,  and  event- 
ually obtained  the  abbacy  of  Aber- 
brothiek  and  the  bishopric  of  Dunkeld. 
Political  dissensions  induced  him  to 
seek  refnce  in  Ensrinnd,  where  he  was 
liberally  treated  by  Henry  VIII.,  but  he 
fell  a  victim  to  the  plague  of  London, 
in  l;i2-_>.  He  wrote  "The  Palace  of 
Honor,"  and  other  works;  but  his  chief 
performance  is  a  translation  of  Virgil's 
.Eneid. — Tami.s.  an  eminent  anatomist, 
was  b.  in  Scotland,  167">;  settled  in  Lon- 
don, and  was  ptitronized  by  the  cele- 
brated Dr.  .lohn  Hunter.  He  is  the  au- 
thor of  a  "Comparative  Dcst-riptiou  of 
all  the  Muscles"  and  other  works  on 
modical  science.     D.  1742.— Sir  Jaheo, 


300 


CYCL01\ED1A    OF    BIOGKAl'HY. 


[dou 


ft  rcnowued  warrior,  who  on  the  death 
of  Kobert  Bruce,  king  of  Scothmd,  was 
commissioned  to  carry  the  kmg's  heart 
to  the  holy  sepulchre  at  Jerusalem ; 
npon  which  errand  he  sailed  in  June, 
1330.  On  arriving  off  Sluys,  in  Flanders, 
where  he  expected  to  tind  companions 
in  his  pilgrimage,  he  learned  that  Al- 
phonso  XI.,  the  young  king  of  Leon 
and  Castile,  was  engaged  in  a  war  with 
Osman  the  Moor;  and  such  was  the 
crusading  zeal  of  Douglas  that  he  en- 
tered the  lists  against  the  foes  of  Chris- 
tianity. The  Moors  were  defeated ;  but 
Douglas  was  slain. — Archibald,  brother 
of  the  preceding,  was  appointed  regent 
for  Scotland  for  king  David  Bruce,  and 
fell  at  the  battle  of  Ilalidon  Hill,  July 
22,  1333.— "WiLLLVii,  lord  of  Liddisdale, 
was  a  warrior  of  considerable  renown  in 
the  14th  century ;  but  whose  fame  was 
tarnished  by  an  act  of  baseness  and  in- 
humanity towards  the  brave  Ale;^ander 
Kamsay.  The  king  pardoned  him,  but 
he  was  killed  by  the  e.arl  of  Douirlas,  in 
13.")o,  while  hunting  in  Ettriek  forest. — 
"WiLLL^ii,  lirst  earl  of,  was  taken  pris- 
oner witii  David  Bruce  at  the  battle  of 
Durham,  but  soon  ransomed.  He  re- 
covered Douglasdale  and  other  districts 
from  the  Eui^lish ;  afterwards  went  to 
France,  and  Ibught  at  the  battle  of  Poic- 
tiers.  D.  1384. — James,  second  earl  of, 
after  performing  many  valorous  exploits, 
was  killed  at  the  battle  of  Otterburn,  in 
1388. — William,  lord  of  Nithsdale,  call- 
ed "The  Black  Douglas,"  whose  very 
name  was  said  to  be  a  terror  to  the 
English,  married  Egedia,  daughter  of 
Kobert  II. ;  and  after  a  life  of  bold  and 
successful  warfare,  was  murdered  by 
the  earl  of  Clitford,  in  13'j0. — Akcuibald, 
the  fourth  earl,  succeeded  his  father 
Archibald  in  the  title  and  estates,  and 
married  Margaret,  daughter  of  Eobert 
II.  When  Henry  IV.  of  England  laid 
siege  to  the  castle  of  Edinburgh,  in 
1400,  Douglas  successfully  defended  it ; 
but  he  lost  an  eye  and  was  taken  pris- 
oner at  the  battle  of  Ilomildon.  He 
afterwards  joined  Percy  in  his  rebellion 
against  his  king,  was  taken  prisoner  at 
the  battle  of  Shrewsbury,  but  recovered 
his  liberty  and  went  to  France,  where 
lie  wa.s  slain  at  the  Vjattle  of  Vernoil,  in 
1424. — Archiuali),  the  tiftii  earl,  was  the 
ambassador  to  England  for  the  release 
of  James  I.  D.  1438. — William,  the 
sixth  earl,  is  remembered  on  account  of 
the  tragical  fate  which  awaited  him, 
almost  a.s  soon  as  lie  came  to  his  fimiily 
titles  and  estates.  Under  the  specious 
pretext  that  tbe  young  earl's  presence 


was  necessary  at  the  meeting  of  parlia- 
ment, to  be  held  at  Edinburgh,  he  and 
his  brother  accepted  an  invitation  to  a 
royal  feast  at  the  castle.  The  entertain- 
ment was  prolonged  with  unusual  pomp, 
and  every  delicacy  spread  on  the  table ; 
till  at  length  a  bull's  head  was  suddenly 
placed  before  the  two  noble  guests, 
which  they  knew  to  be  the  herald  of 
death.  They  then  hastily  sprung  from 
their  seats,  and  made  some  vain  efforts 
to  escape ;  but  a  body  of  armed  men,  at 
a  given  signal,  rushed  in,  bound  their 
hands,  and  led  them  to  instant  e.xeeu- 
tion.  This  happened  in  1437.  —  Wil- 
liam, the  eighth  earl,  was  a  haughty  and 
ambitious  noble,  wielding  at  times  an 
uncontrolled  iutluence  over  the  king, 
and  at  others  openly  bearding  his  au- 
thority. He  raised  the  power  and 
grandeur  of  the  house  of  Douglas  to  its 
loftiest  height;  and,  not  content  with 
the  sway  he  exercised  at  home,  caused 
himself  to  be  received  at  Koine  and 
France  with  those  honors  which  are  due 
to  sovereign  princes.  Killed  by  King 
James,  1452.  —  James,  brother  of  the 
foregoing,  and  ninth  and  last  carl,  took 
up  arms  to  revenge  his  brother's  death, 
and,  assembling  all  the  members  of  the 
league,  brought  a  large  army  into  the 
field.  The  king,  however,  being  active, 
and  well  provided  with  forces,  laid  siege 
to  the  castle  of  Abercorn,  when  Douglas 
fled  to  Annandale,  with  his  brothers, 
the  earls  of  Ormond  and  Moray.  Thither 
they  were  pursued  by  the  king's  forces  ; 
Moray  was  slain,  Ormond  made  pris- 
oner, and  Douglas  himself  driven  to 
provide  for  his  safety  in  England.  Sev- 
eral years  after,  Douglas  returned  Avith 
Percy,  earl  of  Northumberland,  upon  an 
expedition  against  his  country,  in  which 
Douglas  was  taken  prisoner ;  and  -James 
contented  himself  with  sending  his  rebel 
captive  to  the  abbey  of  Lindorcs,  where 
he  d.  1488. — George,  fifth  earl  of  Angus, 
was  commander  of  the  forces  that  de- 
feated the  earls  of  Douglas  and  Kor- 
tliumberland,  when  Douglas  was  taken 
prisoner,  and  his  estates  forfeited.  D. 
14G2. — AnnirrBALD.  sixth  carl  of  Angus, 
commanded  the  right  wing  of  the  royal 
army  at  the  battle  of  Torwood,  where 
James  III.  lost  his  life :  and  at  the  fatal 
battle  of  Flodden  Field  he  endeavored, 
though  unsuccessfully,  to  dissuade 
James  IV.  from  that  engagement.  His 
eldest  son,  George,  was  there  slain  ;  and 
the  earl  died  in  the  year  Ibllowing. — 
James,  carl  of  Morton,  was  for  some 
time  regent  of  Scotland,  and  was  a  chief 
actor  in  the  transactions  which    took 


dra] 


CYCLOi'/iiinA  i)V  hiugkm'hy. 


361 


place  m  that  country  diirinc:  tlio  reij^n 
of  Mary,  and  in  the  minority  of  lier  sou 
James  VI.  lie  was  bclicaded  in  loSl. — 
Jamus,  earl  of  Morton  and  Aberdeen, 
was  b.  at  Edinburirh,  1707.  He  cstub- 
li.slied  the  Edinburf^h  I'hilosopliieal  So- 
ciety, and  in  1733  was  elected  president 
of  the  Koyal  Society  of  London.  ]). 
17(58. — John,  a  learned  divine  and  critic, 
b.  at  Pittenweem,  Fifeshire,  in  1721 ;  was 
raised  to  tlie  see  of  Carlisle  iu  1787; 
transferred  to  that  of  Salisbury  iu  1792; 
and  d.  in  1807.  Dr.  Douglas  was  a  dis- 
tingiiished  writer,  and  the  friend  of  Dr. 
.Johnson  and  most  of  the  eminent  lit- 
erary characters  of  his  day. — David  B., 
an  ottieer  of  the  United  States  army,  who 
beliavcd  gallantly  at  Lundy's  Lane  and 
the  siege  of  Fort  Erie.  He  afterwards 
took  an  active  part  in  the  oriranization 
of  the  military  academy  at  West  Point, 
where  he  was  a  professor  for  some  years, 
when  he  retired  to  prepare  the  i)lans, 
etc.,  for  the  Croton  aqueduct,  and  to 
discharge  the  duties  of  presulent  of 
Kcnyon  college.     B.  17'J3;  d.  1840. 

DOUSA,  John,  whose  real  name  was 
Vandeii  Does,  was  b.  at  Noordwick, 
Holland,  in  loio.  He  became  eminent 
botii  as  a  soldier  and  a  scholar.  D.  liJ04. 

DOUW,  Gekakd,  an  eminent  Dutch 
painter,  and  the  pupil  of  Kembrandt, 
was  b.  at  Leyden,  1613,  and  d.  there  in 
1674,  or,  as  some  say,  in  1680.  For  the 
excellence  of  his  coloring,  delicacy  of 
finish,  and  attention  to  every  minutiiB 
of  his  art,  this  master's  compositions  are 
unrivalled ;  and  the  prices  which  some 
of  his  paintings  have  obtained  are  al- 
most without  parallel. 

DOVER,  George  James  Welbore 
Agar  Ellls,  Lord,  was  b.  1797.  In  1818 
he  was  returned  as  member  for  Ileytes- 
bury ;  in  succeeding  parliaments  he  sat 
for  Seaford,  Ludgershall,  and  Oak- 
hampton;  and  in  1830  he  was  appointed 
ehiet  commissioner  of  woods  and  forests. 
But  it  is  as  a  patron  of  the  fine  arts,  and 
as  a  promoter  of  literature,  that  Lord 
Dover  will  be  chieflv  remembered.  In 
1828  lie  published  "llistorical  Inquiries 
respecting  the  Chara.-ter  of  Edward 
Hyde,  Earl  of  Clarendon ;"  after  which 
appeared  the  "  Ellis  Correspondence," 
which  was  followed  by  his  "  Lite  of 
Frederic  the  Great ;"  and  his  last  liter- 
ary task  was  that  of  editiuir  the  "  Letters 
of  Horace  Walpole  to  Sir  Horace  Mann." 
D.  1833. 

DOYEN,  Gabriel  Francis,  an  emi- 
nent French  painter,  pupil  of  Vauloo. 
The  "  Death  of  Virginia,"  "  Death  of 
St.  Louis,"   and  other  works  of  great 

;n 


merit,  were  produced  by  him.  D. 
1806. 

DKACO,  an  Atheniai  legislator,  the 
extraordinary  and  indiscriminate  sever- 
ity of  whose  laws  has  rendered  Lis  name 
odious  to  humanity. 

DRAKE,  Sir  Francis,  an  eminent 
navigator  and  eoinmauder,  was  b.  at 
Tavistock,  Devon,  1545.  He  iirst  served 
in  the  royal  navy  under  his  relative,  Sir 
John  Hawkins  ;  and  distinguished  him- 
self by  his  valor  at  the  uufoi'tunate  ex- 
pedition against  tiio  Spaniards,  in  the 
harbor  of  Vera  Cruz.  In  1570  he  went 
to  the  West  Indies,  on  a  cruise  against 
the  Spaniards,  which  ho  soon  repeated 
with  success ;  and  in  1572,  having  re- 
ceived the  command  of  two  vessels,  for 
the  purpose  of  attacking  the  commercial 
ports  of  Spanish  America,  he  took  pos- 
session of  two  of  their  cities,  and  re- 
turned laden  with  booty.  On  his  return 
he  equipped  three  frigates  at  his  own 
expense,  with  which  he  served  as  a  vol- 
unteer, under  the  earl  of  Essex,  in  Ire- 
land, where  he  distinguished  himself  so 
much  by  his  bravery,  that  Sir  Christo- 
pher Hatton  introduced  him  to  Ciueen 
Elizabeth.  Drake  disclosed  to  her  his 
plan,  and  being  furnished  with  five 
ships,  he  sailed,  in  1577,  to  attack  the 
Spaniards  iu  the  South  seas.  In  this 
expedition  he  ravaged  the  Spanish  set- 
tlements, coasted  the  North  American 
shore  as  far  as  48"  N.  lat.,  and  gave  the 
name  of  New  Albion  to  the  country  ho 
had  discovered.  He  then  went  to  the 
East  Indies,  and  having  doubled  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope,  returned  to  Ply- 
mouth in  1580.  In  1585  he  again  sailed 
to  the  West  Indies,  and  succeeded  in 
taking  several  places  and  ships.  In 
1587  lie  commanded  a  fleet  of  30  sail, 
with  which  he  entered  the  harbor  ot 
Cadiz,  and  destroyed  the  shipping  ;  and, 
in  the  following  year,  he  commanded  as 
vice-admiral  under  Lord  Howard,  and 
had  his  share  iu  the  destruction  of  the 
Spanish  armada.  D.  olf  Nombre  de 
Dios,  1596. — Francis,  an  eminent  anti- 
quary and  surgeon  at  York;  author  of 
"  Eboraeum,"  or  the  history  and  anti- 
quities of  that  city.  D.  1770. — James, 
an  English  physician  and  political  wri- 
ter, was  b.  at  Cambridge,  in  1667.  Iu 
1704  he  published  a  volume,  entitled 
"The  Memorial  of  the  Church  of  En- 
gland," which  gave  such  otfence  that  ii 
proclamation  was  issued  for  discovering 
the  author,  who  kept  concealed.  He 
was  afterwards  prosecuted  for  the  i>ub- 
lication  of  a  newspaper,  called  "  Mer- 
curiut5  Politicus  ;"  Dut  though  he   was 


362 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAI'HT. 


Ibho 


acqiiitted,  it  produced  iu  Lira  such 
violcut  excitement  ns  to  cause  his  deiitli. 
He  was  also  tlie  author  of  a  "  System  of 
Anatomy."  a  translation  of  Herodotus, 
&c.  1).  1707. — Joseph  Eodman,  a  poet 
and  physician  of  tlio  city  of  New  York, 
whod.  while  he  was  yet  younsr,  but  who, 
in  his  "  Culprit  Fay,"  and  several  mis- 
cellaneous pieces,  gave  promise  of  the 
most  exalted  fame.  His  friend,  Fitz- 
Greenc  Halleck,  has  celebrated  his 
memory,  in  those  often-quoted  lines  : 

'*  None  knew  Oiee  but  to  love  thee, 
None  nKnied  thee  but  to  praise," 

He  was  b.  1795;  d.  1820. 

DRAPER,  Sir  William,  a  military 
ofticer,  well  known  also  as  a  controver- 
sial writer,  was  b.  at  Bristol,  1721. 
Havinjr  entered  the  army,  he  distin- 
guished himself  in  the  East  Indies,  was 
raised  to  the  rank  of  a  colonel  in  1760, 
and  in  1763  he  commanded  the  troops  at 
the  capture  of  Manilla,  for  which  he  re- 
ceived the  honor  of  knicrlithood.  In 
1779  he  was  appointed  lieutenant-gov- 
ernor of  Minorca.  He  owes  his  literary 
celebrity  to  the  circumstance  of  his 
having  undertaken  the  defence  of  his 
friend,  the  marquis  of  Granby,  against 
the  attacks  of  Junius.     D.  17S7. 

DRAYTON,  Michael,  a  poet,  was  b. 
at  Athcrstone,  Warwickshire,  iu  1563, 
and  educated  at  Oxford.  He  wrote 
"The  Shepherd's  Garland,"  "Baron's 
Wars,"  "  England's  Ileroicul  Epistles," 
"Polyolbion,"  "Nymphidia,"  &c.,  and 
is  reckoned  a  standard  author  among 
the  earlv  poets.     D.  1631. 

DREBBEL,  Counelius  Van,  a  Dutch 
chemist  and  natural  philosopher,  was  b. 
at  Alkmaar,  in  1572.  With  a  consider- 
able share  of  charlatanism,  he  combined 
real  talent,  and  made  several  useful  dis- 
coveries ;  such  as  the  invention  of  the 
thermometer,  the  method  of  dyeing 
scarlet,  and  the  imj)rovement  of  tele- 
scopes and  microscopes.     D.  1634. 

DRELINCOURT,  Charlks,  a  French 
Protestant  divine,  was  b.  at  Sedan  in 
1595,  and  d.  at  Paris  in  1669.  He  was 
the  author  of  several  religious  books, 
but  the  only  one  by  which  he  is  now  re- 
membered is  that  entitled  "  Consola- 
tions against  the  Fears  of  Death." 

DREW,  Samcel,  the  son  of  poor 
parents  at  St.  Austell,  Cornwall,  was  b. 
m  1765,  and  became  a  shoemaker.  In 
1799  he  published  his  "  Remarks  on 
Paine's  k<ic.  of  Reason."  This  was 
very  favorably  received  ;  but  it  was  from 
his  next  production,  entitled  "An  Kssay 
on  the  Immateriality  and  Immortality 
of  the  Soul,"  that  he  is  chiefly  indebted 


for  his  reputation  as  a  theological  meta- 
physician. Quitting  trade,  he  now  wrote 
several  valuable  works,  among  which 
must  be  noticed  his  "  Treatise  on  the 
Being  and  Attributes  of  God ;"  and  from 
the  year  1819  to  his  death  he  edited  the 
"Imperial  Magazine"  with  singular 
ability.     D.  183:3. 

DROUET,  John  Baptist,  one  of  the 
French  revolutionists,  was  b.  1763.  He 
was  postmaster  of  Menehould  when 
Louis  XV'I.  and  his  family,  in  1791, 
passed  through  that  town  in  their  en- 
deavors to  escape  from  France ;  and  it 
was  owing  to  Drouet  that  they  were 
conducted  back  to  Paris.  For  this  im- 
portant service  the  national  assembly 
ottered  him  30,000  francs,  which  he  re- 
fused. In  1792  he  was  nominated  a 
deputy  to  the  convention,  in  which  ho 
distinguished  himself  by  his  support  of 
the  most  violent  measures.     D.  1824. 

DEOUOT,  General  Count,  the  well- 
known  commander  of  the  artillery  of  the 
guard  under  Napoleon,  was  b.  at  Nancy, 
1774.  Scarcely  had  he  finished  his  edu- 
cation when  the  wars  of  tht,  revolution 
broke  out  in  1 792.  The  following  year 
he  was  admitted  into  the  school  of  artil- 
lery as  sub-lieutenant,  and  gradually 
rose  through  the  ditierent  ranks  to  that 
of  general  of  division,  Avhieh  he  attained 
in  1813.  In  abilities  as  an  officer  of 
artillery,  iu  bravery  and  steadiness,  and, 
above  all,  in  single-minded  honesty, 
stanch  fidelity,  and  unimpeachable  vir- 
tue, he  had  no  superior  and  but  few 
equals  in  all  that  band  of  heroes  who 
raised  the  emperor  to  liis  throne.  D. 
1847. 

DROZ,  Peter  Jacquet,  a  skilful  me- 
chanician, was  a  native  of  Switzerland, 
and  b.  in  1721.  Among  other  curious 
things  he  made  a  writing  automaton,  the 
motions  of  whose  fingers,  &c.,  corre- 
sponded exactly  with  those  of  nature. 
D.  1790. — Henry  Louis  Jacquet,  a  son 
of  the  foregoing,  b.  in  1759,  excelled 
even  his  father,  by  whom  he  was  taught, 
in  the  construction  of  mechanical  fig- 
ures. At  the  age  of  22  he  went  to  Paris 
with  some  of  the  products  of  his  inge- 
nuity, among  which  was  an  automaton 
rejiresenting  a  female  playing  on  the 
hurpsichordj  which  followed  tlie  notes 
in  the  music-book  with  the  eyes  and 
liead,  and  having  finished  playing,  got 
up  and  made  an  obeisance  to  the  com- 
panv.     D.  1791. 

DRUMM(JND,  William,  a  Scotch 
poet,  was  the  son  of  Sir  John  Drum- 
mond  of  Huwthornden,  and  b.  1585.  He 
was  educated  at  the  university  of  Edin- 


DUB 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OK    BIOGR  APflY. 


363 


burgh,  and  studieil  civil  law  at  Bourses  ; 
but  Paruasaus  hail  more  charms  tor  him 
than  IcLral  science ;  and,  on  comin?  to 
the  family  estate,  the  romantic  beauties 
of  Ilawthornden  inspired  him  with  a 
lovo  for  poetry  and  i^olito  literature. 
His  poems  are  replete  with  tenderness 
and  delicacy.  He  d.  IGiO,  and  his  death 
is  said  to  have  been  accelerated  by  grief 
for  the  tra.Ldcal  fate  of  Charles  1. — Sir 
William,  a  learned  antiquary,  a  states- 
man, and  the  autlior  of  several  works, 
classical  and  historical.  He  was  a  privy 
councillor,  and  at  one  period  tilled  the 
office  of  envoy  extraordinary  and  minis- 
ter plenipotentiary  from  Great  Britain  to 
the  kinij  of  the  Two  Sicilies ;  and  at  an- 
other, (ISOl,)  went  on  an  embassy  to 
Constantinople,  when  he  was  invested 
with  the  Turkish  order  of  the  Crescent. 
His  ijrincipal  works  are  "  A  Ecview  of 
the  Governments  of  Sparta  and  Ath- 
ens," '' Herculanensia,"  "Odin,"'  a  po- 
em, and  '' Orii;ines,  or  Remarks  on  the 
Ori-jjin  of  several  Empire.*,  States,  and 
Cities. 'J     p.  at  Kome,  1828. 

DRYDEN,  JoHx,  one  of  the  most 
celebrated  English  poets,  was  b.  at  Ald- 
winklc,  Northamptonshire,  in  IG;'!,  and 
received  his  education  at  Westminster 
school  and  Trinity  colloire,  Cambridge. 
On  the  death  of  his  father,  iu  1(5.54,  he 
went  to  London,  and  acted  as  secretary 
to  his  relation.  Sir  Gilbert  Pickering, 
who  was  one  of  CromwelFs  council : 
and  on  the  death  of  the  protector  he 
wrote  his  well-known  laudatory  stan/as 
on  that  event.  At  the  restoration,  how- 
ever, he  greeted  Charles  U.  with  a  poem, 
entitled  ''Astrea  Redux,"  which  was 
quickly  followed  by  a  pau'^^gjTic  on  the 
coronation;  and  from  that  time  his  love 
for  the  royal  house  of  Stutirt  appears  to 
have  known  no  decay.  In  1661  he  pro- 
duced his  tirst  play,  "  The  Duke  of 
Guise,"  but  the  fu>t  that  was  performed 
was  "The  Wild  GiJlant,"  whicii  ap- 
peared in  the  year  following.  In  16G7 
he  published  his  "Annus  Mirabilis ;" 
and  his  reputation,  both  as  a  poet  and  a 
royalist,  being  now  established,  he  was 
appointed  poet  laureate  and  historiogra- 
plicr  royal,  with  a  salary  of  £200  per 
annum.  He  now  became  professionally 
a  writer  for  the  stage,  and  produced 
many  pieces,  some  of  wiiicli  have  been 
strongly  ceuajred  lor  their  licentiousness 
and  want  of  good  taste.  In  1681  he 
commenced  his  career  of  political  satire, 
and  at  the  express  desire  of  Ciiarles  II. 
composed  his  famous  poem  of  "  Absa- 
lom and  Acbitophel,"  which  he  followed 
v.p  by  "  The  Medal,"  and  "  A  Satire  on 


Sedition."  His  next  satire  was  "  Mao 
I'lccknoe;"  after  which  appeared  "Re- 
ligio  Laici,"  a  compendious  view  of  the 
arguments  in  favor  of  revelation.  At 
the  accession  of  James  II.,  Dryden  be- 
came a  Rom:vn  Catholic,  and,  like  most 
converts,  endeavored  to  defend  his  new 
faith  at  the  expense  of  the  old  one,  in  a 
poem  called  "The  Hind  and  Panther," 
which  was  admirably  answered  by  Prior 
and  Montague,  in  "The  Country  Mouse 
and  City  Mouse."  The  abdication  of 
James  deprived  Dryden  of  all  his  offi- 
cial emoluments;  and  during  the  10 
concluding  years  of  his  life,  when  he 
actually  wrote  for  bread,  he  produced 
some  of  the  finest  pieces  of  which  our 
language  can  boast.  His  translation  of 
Virgil,  which  alone  would  be  sufficient 
to  immortalize  his  memory,  appeared  in 
1G97 ;  and,  soon  after,  that  masterpiece 
of  lyric  poetry,  "Alexander's  JTeast," 
his  "  Fables,"  &c.    D.  1700. 

DUBOCAGE,  Marie  Amne  le  Page, 
a  French  lady  of  considerable  literary 
abilities,  and  amember  of  the  academies 
of  Rome,  Bologna,  &c.,  was  b.  at  Rouen, 
1710.  She  translated  Pope's  "Temple 
of  Fame,"  Milton's  "  Paradise  Lost," 
"The  Death  of  Abel,"  &e.  into  French, 
and  wrote  "The  Columbiad,"  an  epic 
poem  on  the  discovery  of  America ; 
"The  Amazons,"  a  tragedy ;  and  "  Trav- 
els through  England,  Holland,  and  Ita- 
ly."    D.  1802. 

DU  BOIS,  Edward,  who  sraincd  a 
hiirh  reputation  in  the  lighter  literature 
of  the  day,  was  b.  1775.  He  commenced 
his  literary  career  as  the  editor  of  the 
"Monthly  Mirror,"  while  Thomas  Hill 
was  its  proprietor,  and  Theodore  Hook 
was  a  contributor.  He  at  the  same  time 
filled  the  lighter  deiDartinents  of  the 
"  Mornin?  Clironicle/'  under  Mr.  Per- 
ry ;  and  he  maintained  his  connection 
with  the  press  to  his  latest  years.  In 
1S03  appeared  "  My  Pocket  Book,  or 
Hints  for  a  ryghte  merrye  and  conceit- 
ede  Tour  in  Quarto,"  written  in  ridicule 
of  the  books  of  travel  manufactured  by 
Sir  John  Carr.  The  only  works  pub- 
lished with  liis  name  were  "Tiio 
W' reath,"  "  Old  Nick,"  a  satirical  story, 
the  "  Decameron  of  Boceaeio,  with 
Remarks  on  his  Life  and  Writinffs," 
and  an  edition  of  "  Francis's  Hor.aec. 
D.  1850. — De  Craxce,  Edmund  Loci3 
Alexis,  a  modern  French  statesman, 
was  b.  at  Charlcville  in  1749.  He  was 
one  of  the  deputies  to  the  states-jreneral 
in  178P,  and  in  the  convention  he  vnted 
for  the  death  of  the  kiiiir.  To  him  the 
republican  army  owed  its  first  organiza- 


3G4 


CVCLOP.EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[dud 


fion,  by  his  havinir  procured  the  decree 
lor  tlie  levy  ot"  600,000  men,  promotion 
aeoordiiisr  to  seniority,  etc.  D.  1814. — 
William,  a  Frencli  cardinal  and  states- 
man, notorious  I'or  liis  ambition  and  his 
vices,  was  the  son  of  an  apothecary,  and 
b.  at  Brive  la  Gaillard,  in  the  Limousin, 
in  16r)6.  Ilavinfr  obtained  the  situation 
of  preceptor  to  the  duke  of  C)rlean3,  ho 
pandered  to  tlie  passions  of  his  pupil, 
and  secured  his  attachment ;  till  at 
leiiirth  he  became  his  privy  councillor, 
and  overseer  to  the  household ;  and, 
■\vlu-n  the  duke  became  resent,  he  was 
appointed  minister  of  foreiarn  affairs. 
The  archbishopric  of  Cambray  havintr 
become  vacant,  Dubois,  thouirli  not 
even  a  priest,  had  the  boldness  to  re- 
quest it,  and  succeeded;  and  by  his 
consummate  address  he  afterwards  ob- 
tained a  cardinal's  hat.  and  was  made 
prime  minister.     D.  1723. 

])rBOS,  Jean  Baptiste,  an  author  of 
merit,  and  secretary  to  the  French  Acad- 
emy, was  b.  at  Beauvois  in  1670,  and  dis- 
tinguished himself  both  as  an  historian 
and  a  writer  on  the  polite  arts.  D. 
1742. 

DUBY,  Peter  ArciiER  Tobiesex,  a 
celebrated  Swiss  medalist  and  antiqua- 
rian, was  b.  1721,  and  d.  1782. 

DUCAEEL,  Andrew  Coltee,  an  emi- 
nent antiquary  and  civilian,  was  b.  at 
Caen,  Normandy,  1715.  His  principal 
works  are  "Ancdo-Norman  Antiquities'' 
and  "Histories  of  Lambeth  Palace  and 
of  S;t.  Catharine's  Church."     D.  1785. 

iJl'CASSE,  Jean  Bai>tiste,  a  French 
naval  officer,  who,  as  governor  of  St. 
Domingo,  rendered  himself  formidable 
to  the  English,  and  who  also  obtained  a 
victory  over  B?nbow.     D.  1715. 

DUCHANGE,  GAsrAKu,  a  French  en- 
graver, and  counsellor  of  the  academy 
ofpaintincr.    B.  1(562;  d.  1756. 

i)UCHESNE,  Andrew,  geoGfrapher 
and  historiographer  to  the  king  of 
France,  was  b.  1584,  and  d.  1640. — 
Joseph,  better  known  by  the  Latin 
name  of  Quercetanus,  a  celebrated 
French  physician  and  writer;  author  of 
a  "  Pharmaeopceia,"  and  .several  med- 
ical works,  now  very  rarely  referred  to. 
D.  1600. 

DUCIIESNOTS,  JoHEpniNE  Rufin,  a 
celebrated  French  actress  of  whom  it  is 
Haid  tiiat  she  was  so  much  attracted  by 
the  representation  of  "  Medea,"  whicli 
she  witnessed  when  only  8  years  of  age, 
that  she  secretly  began  to  prepare  for 
her  future  career,  and  appeared  in  the 
part  of  Palmyra,  in  "  Mahomet,"  when 
only  13.    She  performed  at  the  Th«5atre 


Fran^aia  from  1802  until  1830.   B.  1777 
d.  1835. 

DUCIS,  Jean  Francois,  a  distin- 
guished French  dramatist,  was  b.  at 
Versailles  in  1733.    D.  1817. 

DUCK,  Stephen,  an  English  poet, 
was  originally  an  agricultural  laborer, 
near  Marlborough,  Wilts,  who,  in  a  fit 
of  mental  derangement,  drowned  him- 
self, in  1756. 

DUCKWORTH,  Sir  John  Thotjas,  an 
English  admiral,  b.  in  Surrey,  1748,  and 
entered  the  navy  in  1759.  He  had  fre- 
quent opportunities  of  distinguishing 
himself  during  the  war,  from  the  mem- 
orable action  of  the  1st  of  June,  1794, 
in  which  he  took  a  conspicuous  part,  to 
his  destruction  of  the  Ireneh  squadron 
off  St.  Domingo,  in  1806.     D.  1817. 

DUCLOS,  Charles  Pineau,  a  French 
novelist  and  biographer,  was  b.  at  Di- 
nant,  in  Brittany,  in  1705 ;  became  sec- 
retary of  the  French  Academy,  and  on 
the  death  of  Voltaire  was  appointed  to 
the  office  of  historiographer  of  France. 
All  his  writings  are  lively  and  satirical, 
descriptive  of  love,  women,  and  in- 
trigue; the  principal  are  "Mcmoires 
sur  le  Moeurs  du  XVUIme  Siecle," 
"  Confessions  du  Compte  du  B."  D. 
1772. 

DUCREST,  Ch.\rles  Louis,  marquis 
was  a  brother  of  madame  do  Gcnlis.  He 
published,  in  1817,  "  Faite  de  la  Mo- 
narchie  Absolute,"  a  work  containing, 
among  other  singular  propositions,  one 
to  teach  the  military  discipline  on  the 
Lancasterian  system. 

DUDLEY,  Edmund,  a  celebrated 
statesman,  b.  1462,  who  on  the  death  of 
Henry  VIL  was  sent,  with  Empson,  to 
the  Tower,  and  beheaded  in  1510. 
While  in  confinement,  Dudley  wrote  a 
piece  entitled  "  The  Tree  of  the  Com- 
monwealth."— John,  duke  of  Northum- 
berland, was  a  son  of  the  preceding,  and 
b.  in  1502.  He  was  first  created  Vis- 
count Lisle,  then  earl  of  Warwick,  and 
afier  being  appointed  lord  high  admiral, 
reachc'il  his  dukedom  in  1551.  He  ef- 
fected a  marriage  between  his  son,  Lord 
Guildford  Dudley,  and  Lady  Jane  Grey, 
daughter  of  the  duke  of  Suffolk.  He 
afterwards  jirevailed  on  the  young  king, 
Edwiird,  to  set  aside  his  sisters,  Mary 
and  Elizabeth,  from  the  succession  in 
fiivor  of  Lady  .Jane,  whom  he  caused  to 
be  jiroclaimed  at  the  king's  death.  But 
an  insurrection  being  raised  in  favor  of 
Mary,  she  was  proclaimed  in  London, 
and  the  duke  executed  as  a  traitor,  in 
1553. — Rop.ERT,  earl  of  Leicester,  a  son 
of  the  preceding,  was  b.  1532.     Queen 


DUIl] 


CYCLOP^JDIA    OF    UIOGKAPIIY. 


365 


Elizabeth  proposed  him  as  a  husband 
for  Mary  queuu  ot"  Scots,  but  slic  re- 
jected liiui  witli  disdain;  and  in  ir)72 
he  married  privately  Lady  L)ouf,das,  but 
never  aekuowledi,'ed  her  as  his  wife, 
lie  afterwards  married  the  countess 
dowas^er  of  Essex,  and  finding  Lady 
Doiif,da3  intractable  to  his  proposals  for 
a  separation,  is  charfjed  with  having 
poisoned  her.  D.  158S. — Sir  Kobkut, 
tlie  son  of  the  earl  of  Leicester  by  the 
Lady  Douglas,  was  b.  1573.  He  drained 
the  morass  between  I'isa  and  the  sea, 
by  which  Leghorn  became  one  of  the 
linest  ports  in  the  world.  He  was  the 
author  of  "Del  Arcauo  del  !Mare,"  and 
other  works.  D.  ItjoO. — Sir  IIknky 
Datk,  was  b.  in  1745  educated  for  the 
church,  and  took  orders.  Much  of  his 
early  life  was,  however,  spent  in  politi- 
cid,  literary,  and  convivial  society;  and, 
in  spite  of  his  Siix;erdotal  calling,"  he  was 
engaged  in  several  duels.  "I'arson 
Bate,"  as  he  was  familiarly  called,  es- 
tablished the  "Morning  Post,"  and 
"lilorning  Herald,"  daily  papers;  and 
wrote  "The  Woodman,"  "Eival  Can- 
didates," and  several  other  dramatic 
pieces.  His  political  connections  event- 
ually procured  him  a  baronetcy  and 
valuable  church  preferment.  D.  1824. — 
JonN  William  VVaiu),  earl  of,  was  a 
num  of  powerful  talents,  but  remarkable 
for  his  absence  of  mind  and  the  habit 
of  "  thinking  aloud,"  of  which  many 
ludicrous  anecdotes  are  told.  In  1823 
he  succeeded  to  the  peerage;  was  ap- 
pointed secretary  of  state  for  foreign 
alfairs,  and  sworn  a  member  of  the 
privy  council  in  1827  ;  raised  to  the 
I'auk  of  an  earl  in  the  same  year,  and 
d.  1833. 

DUFAU,  FoKTUNE,  a  native  of  St.  Do- 
mingo, who  studied  under  David,  and 
became  an  excellent  painter.  His 
"  Count  Ugolino  in  J'rison"  is  an  ad- 
mirable production.     D.  1821. 

DUFKESNOY,  Charles  Alpiionso,  a 
French  painter  and  poet,  was  b.  IGll. 
In  1(534  he  went  to  Italy,  where  he  com- 
pleted his  well-known  poem,  "  Do  Arte 
Graphica;"  though  it  did  not  appear 
till  after  his  death,  when  his  friend  De 
Files  published  it,  with  annotations. 
It  has  been  three  times  translated  into 
English,  by  Dryden,  Graham,  and  ila- 
Bon.  In  paintins,  Titian  and  the  Ca- 
raeci  appear  to  luive  been  his  models; 
and  though  he  benefited  but  little  liy 
his  artistical  labors,  they  are  now  highly 
valuetl.     D.  1(3(35. 

DUFKESNY,  Cii.\eles  Kivieke,  a  ver- 
Batilo  and  witty  French  dramatist  and 
81* 


comic  writer,  was  b.  in  1648,  and  d.  ia 
1724. 

DUGDALF,  Sir  William,  an  emi- 
nent anticpiary  and  herald,  was  b.  near 
Coleshill,  Warwickshire,  lOuo.  His 
chief  work  is  the  "  Monastieon  Angli- 
canum;"  but  lie  also  wrote  "The  Bar- 
onage of  England,"  "  The  History  of 
St.  Paul's  Cathedral,"  "  (^rigincs  Juri- 
dicales,"  and  several  other  works  of 
merit.    D.  1G8G. 

DUGUAY  TROUIN,  Eene,  one  of 
the  most  celebrated  naval  officers  of 
France,  was  b.  at  St.  Malo  in  1(373.  His 
love  for  a  maritime  life  soon  showed 
itself,  and  at  the  age  of  18  he  was  the 
couunander  of  a  privateer.  At  20  ho 
maintained  an  action  with  .■■  forty -^un 
ship,  against  six  English  v.ssels,  nut 
was  captured.     D.  1736. 

DUGUESCLIN,  Bertrand,  a  re- 
nowned French  \varrior  and  statcsm.an, 
who  was  constable  of  France  in  the  14th 
century,  may  be  regarded  as  a  moilel  of 
valor,  prudence,  and  high-minded  hero- 
ism. Though  deformed  in  person,  and 
of  an  unamiable  disposition  in  his  youth, 
he  persevered  in  his  endeavors  to  eclipse 
these  defects  by  the  brilliancy  of  Ins 
actions;  and  mainly  to  him  must  be 
attributed  the  expulsion  of  the  English 
from  Normandy,  Guienne,  and  I'oitou. 

DUIIALDE,  John  Baitlst,  a  French 
Jesuit,  was  the  author  of  "  A  Geograph- 
ical and  Historical  Description  of  China," 
which  he  compiled  from  the  records  of 
successive  missionaries,  and  is  allowed 
to  furnish  the  best  account  ever  pub- 
lished of  that  immense  empire.  B.  I(i74; 
d.  1743. 

DDHxVMEL,  John  Baptist,  a  French 
ecclesiastic  and  a  philosopher,  was  b.  at 
Vire,  in  Lower  Normandy,  1(324.  In 
1678  appeared  his  "I'hilosophia  Vetus 
et  Nova."  His  other  works  are,  "  Re- 
giaj  Scieutiaruni  Aeademiic  Ilistoria," 
and  an  edition  of  the  "Vulgate  Bible, 
w'ith  Notes  and  Tables,  Chronological 
and  Geographical."  D.  1706 — Dv  Mox- 
CEAu,  Henry  Louis,  an  eminent  French 
philosopher  and  writer  on  agriculture, 
b.  at  Paris,  1700.  His  whole  life  was 
dedicated  to  the  cultivation  of  useful 
science ;  and  besides  largely  contribu- 
ting to  the  transactions  of  tlilierent  learn- 
ed societies,  of  which  ho  was  a  member, 
the  following  are  among  his  separate 
works:  "  Traite  de  la  Culture  dcs 
Torres,"  "  Elements  of  Agriculture," 
Traite  des  Arbrcs  et  Arbustcs  qui  so 
eultivent  en  France  en  j)leine  Tenv," 
"Physique  des  Arbres,"  "  De  TEx- 
ploitation  des  Bois,"  "  Traite  des  j\j-breR 


366 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIUGK'APIIY, 


[dom 


Fniiticra,"  "  Ek'mens  de  rArchitecture 
Navali'."     D.  17S2. 

DUIGENAN,  Patrick,  du  Irisli  civil- 
inu,  was  b.  of  luiuible  parents,  in  1735. 
He  practised  as  a  barrister,  was  after- 
wanls  ki)  g's  advocate,  then  judge  in 
the  prerogative  court ;  till  by  persevc- 
ririo;  industry  lie  raised  hiniselt'  to  the 
post  of  vicar-general  of  the  diocese  of 
Ariiingh,  with  a  seat  in  the  Irish  house 
of  coninioos,  and  the  rank  of  a  privy 
councillor,  lie  was  a  strong  promoter 
of  the  Union,  and  as  firm  an  opponent 
of  Catholic  emancipation.  He  wrote 
"  Lachryma;  Academicae,"  and  various 
political  pamphlets.     D.  1816. 

DUJAKDIN,  Charles,  an  eminent 
Dutcli  painter,  a  pupil  of  Berghcm,  was 
b.  at  Amsrerdam,  in  1640;  and  d.  at 
Venice,  1G78. 

DU  JAKKY,  LATjRExrE  Juillaed, 
eminent  both  for  his  pulpit  oratory  and 
his  poetry,  was  b.  1658;  d.  1730. 

])riA)N,  Louis,  a  distinguished  flute- 
player  and  musical  composer,  was  b.  at 
Orauienburg,  near  Berlin,  176'.).  He  lost 
his  sight  at  a  very  early  age,  but  evin- 
cing a  decided  taste  for  music,  he  was 
put  under  the  first  performers,  and  soon 
arrived  at  singular  eminence  iu  his  pro- 
fession. He  prepared  an  autobiographi- 
cal work,  entitled  "  The  Life  ancf  Opin- 
ions of  the  Blind  Flutist,"  which  was 
edited  by  the  celebrated  Wiehmd.  1). 
1826. 

DULONG,  a  celebrated  French  chem- 
ist, to  whom  we  owe  the  discovery  of 
the  "Chlorure  d' Azote,"  by  an  explo- 
sion of  which  dangerous  substance  he" 
lost  an  eye  and  a  finger.  B.  1785 ;  d. 
1838. 

DUMANL\NT,  John  Andrew,  an 
actor  and  dramatic  writer,  was  b.  in 
1754,  at  Claremont,  and  d.  in  1828. 

DUMAKKSQ,  Henry,  who  at  the 
time  of  his  deatli  was  chief  commission- 
er of  the  Australian  company  in  New 
South  Wales,  entered  the  army  as  a  lieu- 
tenant in  the  9th  foot,  at  the  age  of  16 ; 
and  served  in  8  campaigns,  of  which  G 
were  in  the  Peninsula,  one  in  Canada, 
and  the  last  tliat  of  Waterloo,  where  he 
was  shot.  The  ball,  which  was  never 
extracted,  is  supposed  to  have  event- 
uallv  induced  paralysis,  and  caused  his 
death,  March,  1838. 

1)U  M  ESN  1 L,  Marie  Francoise,  a  cele- 
brated French  actress,  who  rose  to  tlie 
liigliest  eminence  as  a  tragical  performer, 
was  b.  1713,  first  appeared  on  the  stage 
in  1737,  retired  from  it  in  1775,  and  d. 
1803.  Like  Mrs.  Siddons,  she  surpassed 
all  her  eotemporaries  in  parts  requiring 


queenly  dignity,  deep  pathos,  or  the  ve- 
hement display  of  the  fiercer  passions. 

DUMONT,  George,  a  statistical  wri- 
ter, and  at  one  time  secretary  to  the 
French  embassy  at  St.  Petcrsburgh,  was 
b.  at  Paris  in'  1725,  and  d.  in  1788. 
Among  his  works  are  a  "History  of  the 
Commerce  of  the  English  Colonies,"  a 
"  Treatise  on  the  Circulation  of  Cred- 
it," «fcc. — Joiix,  an  eminent  publicist, 
was  a  native  of  France,  but  settling  in 
Austria,  became  historiographer  to  the 
emperor,  by  wliom  he  was  created  baron 
of  Carlscroon.  He  published  a  volumi- 
nous work,  entitled  '•  A  Universal  Diplo- 
matic Code  of  the  Law  of  Nations," 
besides  "  Voyages,"  &c.  1).  1726.— 
Etienne,  a  distinguished  writer  on  le- 
gislation, and  a  member  of  the  order  of 
Jesuits,  was  b.  at  Geneva,  in  1750.  He 
resided  for  several  years  in  England, 
and  was  on  friendly  terms  with  the  cele- 
brated Jeremy  Bentham,  who  intrusted 
him  with  the  manuscript  of  his  "Traite 
de  liCgislation  Civile,"  which  Dumont 
published  in  1802.  He  subsequently 
translated  and  edited  Bentham's  "Thco- 
rie  des  Pcines  et  des  Eccompenses," 
and  also  published  his  "  Tactics  of  Le- 
gislative Assemblies."  Since  his  death, 
which  happened  in  182'J,  at  Milan,  an 
interesting  work  by  him,  under  the  title 
of  "Souvenirs  sur  Mirabeau,"  has  been 
published. 

DUMONT  D'UEVILLE,  Jcles  Se- 
bastian CAESAR,  one  of  the  most  skilful 
and  intrepid  navigators  of  France.  D. 
1842. 

DUMOUEIER,  Charles  Francois,  an 
eminent  French  general,  was  b.  at  Cam- 
bray,  173y.  He  entered  the  army  early 
ill  iife,  and  at  24  years  of  age  had  re- 
ceived 22  wounds,  and  was  made  a 
knight  of  St.  Louis.  In  1772,  Louis 
XV.  sent  him  with  communications  to 
Sweden,  but  he  was  arrested,  and  for  a 
longtime  confined  in  the  Bastille.  How- 
ever, in  178'.i,  we  find  him  a  principal 
director  of  the  Jacobin  club,  which  was 
composed  of  all  who  aspired  to  be  ac- 
counted the  friends  of  liberty.  The 
directory  entertained  suspicions  regard- 
ing his  designs,  because  it  was  known 
that  he  was  desirous  to  spare  the  life  of 
the  king,  and  Dumourier  retired  into 
Switzerland.  Finding  that  a  reward  of 
300,000  francs  was  offered  for  his  head, 
he  went  to  Hamburgh,  where  he  lived 
on  a  small  pension  from  the  landgrave 
of  Ilesse-Cassel  until  1804,  when  he  ac- 
cepted an  asylum  in  England,  wrote  his 
own  memoirs,  and  employed  his  mind 
in  other  literary  yiursuits.    D.  1828. 


DUP] 


CVCLOP.KDIA    OF    UIUUHAfllV. 


367 


DUNBAR,  William,  a  Scotch  poet  of 
considerable  merit,  was  b.  about  1-1<5"), 
and  d.  iix  li'yd').  i'or  tlie  ajxe  in  wliieli 
he  lived,  liis  poenis  display  nmeh  skill, 
and  are  not  deticicut  citlier  in  iniagina- 
tiou  or  eneri^y.  "The  Thistle  and 
Kose''  and  ''  The  Friars  of  Berwick"  are 
favorable  spei-iniens  of  his  poetical  vein. 

DUNCAX,  Adam,  \'iscount  Duncan, 
of  Caniperdown,  etc.,  was  a  native  of 
Dr.ndee,  and  b.  17:J1.  lie  went  to  sea 
when  younir,  rose  to  the  rank  of  post- 
captain  iu  176 1,  and  steadily  advanced 
till  lie  became  admiral  of  the  blue. 
While  iu  command  of  the  North  Sea 
licet,  he  hail  for  two  years  tlie  tedious 
duty  of  v/atchint,f  the  motions  of  the 
l)utch  squadron,  and  was  at  leng'th 
forced  to  quit  tlio  station,  iu  conse- 
quence of  a  mutiny  breaking  out  amoug 
ills  men,  during  which  the  enemy  put 
to  sea.  The  admiral,  however,  came  up 
with  the  Dutch  Hcct  olf  Campcrdown, 
totally  defeated  them,  and  captured  S 
sail  of  the  line,  June  11,  IT.*'.  D.  1804. 
—  William,  a  learned  writer,  ^^■as  b. 
1717,  at  Aberdeen,  where  he  was  edu- 
cated, and  afterwards  became  professor 
of  philosophy  in  the  Marischal  college. 
He  was  the  author  of  a  "Treatise  on 
Logic,"  and  the  translator  of  Cicero's 
Orations  and  Cicsar's  Commentaries. 

DUNCUJMBE,  William,  b.  in  Lon- 
don, lU'JO,  Was  the  author  of  "Lucius 
Junius  Brutus,"  a  tragedy.  He  also 
translated  Horace,  and  wrote  various 
minor  poems  and  prose  pieces.  D. 
176y.— .luuN,  his  son,  b.  1780,  and  d. 
17SG,  was  the  author  of  "The  Fcme- 
ucid"  and  other  poems. 

DUNDAS,  Sir  David,  a  general  in 
the  English  army,  and  a  member  of  the 
privy  council,  was  b.  at  Edinburgh  iu 
1736,  and  entered  the  military  service  in 
17os.  His  "Principles  of  Military  Move- 
ments" and  "Kegnlations  for  the  Caval- 
ry" are  both  acknowledged  standard 
works  in  the  armv.     D.  18-20. 

DUNLAP,  A\  illiam,  an  emhient 
painter,  b.  at  Perth  Amboy,  N.  J.,  1760, 
who  was  amorijif  the  earliest  and  most 
successful  of  American  artists.  He  was 
originally  a  pupil  of  Benjamin  West, 
some  of  whose  works  he  copied.  He 
was  also  a  dramatist  and  an  author, 
having  written  "ilemoirs  of  Geortjc 
Frederic  Cooke,"  a  "  History  of  the 
American  Theatre,"  the  "  Art  of  De- 
sign," SL-veral  plays,  and  a  "  Bi(Mrraphy 
of  Charles  l.rockden  Brown."     D.  ls;3'j. 

DUNN,  Samuel,  a  mathematician, 
who  having  acquired  considerable  prop- 
erty in  the  exercise  of  his  profession, 


beiiueathed  it  at  his  death  towards  the 
foundation  of  a  mathematical  school  at 
his  native  town  of  Crcdit(jn,  in  iJevon- 
shire.  He  publinhed  au  atlas,  ti'eutises 
on  book-keeping,  navigation,  tkc.  D. 
17'J2. 

DUNNING,  John,  Lord  Asubuuton, 
a  celebrated  lawyer,  was  b.  at  Aslibur- 
ton,  Devon,  in  17iil.  He  became  attor- 
ney-general in  1767,  chancellor  of  thii 
duchy  of  Lancaster  in  17S2,  and  was 
raised  to  the  peerage,  but  d.  in  the  fol- 
lowing year. 

DUNUlS,  John,  count  of  Orleans  and 
Longueville,  an  illegitimate  son  of  the 
duke  of  Orleans,  was  b.  in  140i.  So 
successful  was  lie  in  his  military  ca- 
reer, particularly  in  the  share  he  bore 
in  tlic  expulsion  of  the  English  i  cm 
France,  that  Charles  VIL  honored  him 
with  the  title  of  "  liestorer  of  liis  Coun- 
try."    D.  1468. 

DUNS,  JoHX,  usually  styled  Duns 
Scotus,  a  theological  disputant,  wlio 
acquired  the  title  of  "  the  most  subtle 
dcTctor"  by  his  metapliysical  abstrac- 
tions, was  b.  at  Duustauce,  in  Northum- 
berland ;  studied  at  Merton  eohege, 
Oxford;  and  liaving  entered  the  uni- 
versity of  Paris,  was  soon  appointed 
professor  and  regent  in  the  theological 
schools.  Great  as  was  liis  fame,  the 
works  which  obtained  it  are  now  disre- 
garded as  a  mass  of  misapplied  talent; 
and  intellectual  lumber.  D.  at  Cologne, 
in  1309. 

DUNSTAN,  St.,  archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury, an  accomplislied  prelate  and  emi- 
iicut  statesman,  was  b.  at  Glastonburv, 
ill  y25,  in  the  reign  of  Atlielstan.  lie 
took  a  conspicuous  part  in  the  political 
struggles  of  the  day ;  and  assumed,  as 
was  the  custom  of  the  clergy  in  that  age, 
as  great  a  sliare  in  the  temporal  authority 
of  the  kingdom  as  iu  its  spiritual  atfairs. 
D.  OSS. 

DUNTON,  John,  a  noted  London 
bookseller,  was  b.  at  Gratfham,  Hun- 
tingdonshire, in  160y.  Ho  projected 
and  carried  on  "The  Athenian  Mer- 
cury," a  selection  from  which,  under 
the'  title  of  "  The  Athenian  Oracle," 
was  reprinted.  He  was  also  the  author 
of"  Athenianism,"  consisting  of  numer- 
ous treatises  in  prose  and  verse ;  and  a 
curious  -work,  entitled  "  Dunton's  Life 
and  P>rors."     D.  1733. 

DUPATV,  JicAN  Baptistk  Mercikk, 
president  in  the  parliament  ol'  Bordeaux, 
was  b.  at  Kochelle,  1746  ;  and  d.  at  Paris, 
1788.  He  was  the  author  of  "  HistoricsU 
Ketiectious  on  Penal  Laws,"  "Academi- 
cal Discourses,"  and  "  Letters  on  Italy." 


368 


CVCLOP.EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[dur 


— Charles,  his  son,  was  a  celebrated 
sculptor,  Mhose  productions  are  remark- 
able tor  tlieir  classic  piiritv.     D.  1sl'-j. 

1>UP]-:KR()N,  James  13avy,  a  Swiss 
Protestant,  wlio,  liaving  abjured  his 
religion,  was  successively  promoted  by 
Henry  III.  and  IV.,  till  lie  at  length  ob- 
tained the  archbisliopric  of  Sens,  and 
was  elected  a  cardinal.  B.  1556 ;  d.  161S. 
UUPIN,  Locis  Ellis,  an  eminent 
Frcncli  historian  and  ecclesiastic,  was  b. 
in  Normandy,  1637.  He  became  pro- 
lessor  of  divinity  in  the  royal  college, 
but  lost  the  professorship  in  conse- 
quence of  his  religious  moderation.  He 
"was  the  author  of  an  extensive  and  valu- 
able work,  entitled  "Bibliotheqne  Uui- 
versclle  des  Auteurs  Ecclesiastiques," 
&e.     D.  1719. 

DUPLEIX,  Joseph,  was  a  celebrated 
French  merchant,  who,  as  the  liead  of 
the  factory  at  Chandernagore,  had  raised 
it  to  such  a  pitch  of  prosperity,  that,  in 
1742,  lie  was  appointed  governor  of 
Pondicherry,  and  director-general  of  tlie 
French  Victories  in  India.  In  1748  he 
successfully  defended  it  against  the  En- 
glish, for  which  he  was  raised  to  the 
rank  of  marquis ;  and  during  his  whole 
administration  he  displayed  first-rate 
talents,  both  civil  and  military.  D.  1763. 
— Scino,  historiographer  of  France,  was 
b.  in  1566.  He  wrote  "  Memoirs  of  the 
GauLs,"  a  "  History  of  France,"  a  "His- 
tory of  Eome,"  "A  Course  of  Philoso- 
phy," &c.     U.  1661. 

i>UPONT  ^  DE  NEMOURS,  Peter 
Samuel,  a  French  political  economist, 
•was  b.  at  Paris,  1730.  Though  he  twice 
Bat  as  president  of  the  constitutional 
assembly,  and  held  other  high  official 
Bituations  under  the  revolutionary  gov- 
ernment, he  invariably  opposeil  the 
anarchists,  and  narrowly  escaped  be- 
coming tlieir  victim,  in  17'j7,  by  his 
timely  retreat  to  America.  From  that 
country  he  returned  in  1805,  and  became 
president  of  tlie  chamber  of  commerce ; 
and  in  1814  he  was  appointed  secretary 
to  the  provisional  government.  In  the 
following  year  he  finally  retired  to 
America,  where  lie  d.  in  1817.  Dupont 
was  the  author  of  various  treatises  on 
different  branches  of  political  economy; 
he  also  wrote  "  Philosophic  de  I'Uui- 
vers,"  and  other  works  of  merit. 

DUPRE  J)E  ST.  MAUR,  Nicholas 
Francis,  a  French  writer,  1).  1695,  and 
d.  at  Paris,  1775.  He  translated  Mil- 
ton's "Paradise  Lost,"  and  wrote  some 
works  on  numismatics. 

DUPUYTREN,  Baron  William,  one 
of  the  most  renowned  surgeons  of  mod- 


ern times,  was  b.  in  the  department  of 
Haute  Vienne,  1777.  At  the  iige  of  3 
years  he  was  stolen  from  his  home  by  a 
lady  of  rank,  who  wished  to  adopt  him  ; 
but  he  was  subsequently  returned  to 
his  parents,  and  he  owed  his  future 
elevation  to  the  accidental  circumstance 
of  an  oflicer  who  seeing  him  in  his  na- 
tive village,  and  being  struck  with  his 
address,  made  proposals  that  he  should 
go  with  him  to  Paris,  where  his  educa- 
tion should  be  attended  to.  Placed  by 
this  othcer  in  the  college  de  la  Marche. 
he  soon  evinced  a  great  aptitude  for 
medical  science;  in  1803  he  took  his 
degree  of  M.D.,  and  after  passing  with 
distinction  tlirough  various  grades  of 
the  profession,  he  obtained  in  1S15  the 
chair  of  clinical  surgery  in  the  Hotel 
Dieu,  the  laborious  duties  of  which  he 
discharged  with  equal  ability  and  suc- 
cess for  twenty  years.  Dupuytren  was 
equally  distinguished  as  a  physiologist 
and  as  a  surgeon ;  and  there  are  few 
among  the  most  enlig'htened  practition- 
ers of  France  who  do  not  acknowledge 
him  as  their  master.     D.  1835. 

DUQUESNE,  Abraham,  a  brave  and 
skilful  naval  officer  in  the  French  service, 
was  b.  at  Dieppe,  in  1610.  He  distin- 
guished himself  by  numerous  acts  of 
intrepidity  during  a  long  career,  and 
added  much  to  tlie  maritime  character 
of  his  country.    U.  1688. 

DURANTE,  Francesco,  a  celebrated 
musical  composer,  was  b.  at  Naples,  in 
1693,  where  he  d.  in  1755.  He  is  prin- 
cipally known  as  the  composer  of  vocal 
churcli  music. 

DURER,  Albert,  an  eminent  painter 
and  enjrraver,  was  b.  at  Nuremberg  in 
1471.  His  father  was  a  goldsmith,  in 
which  profession  the  son  had  made  con- 
siderable progress  before  lie  turned  his 
attention  exclusively  to  the  arts.  He 
was  the  first  who  in  Germany  taught 
the  rules  of  perspective,  and  of  the  pro- 
portions of  the  human  body,  according 
to  mathematical  jirinciplcs.  Though 
particularly  eminent  as  a  painter,  he 
also  excelled  as  a  sculptor  and  architect, 
wrote  several  works  illustrative  of  those 
arts,  and  made  great  improvements  in 
copperplate  and  wood  engraving.  He 
was  patronized  by  the  emperors  Maxi- 
milian I.  and  Charles  V.,  and  d,  at  his 
native  town,  in  1528. 

D'URFEY,  Thomas,  a  facetious  poet, 
once  highly  popular,  but  now  nearly 
forgotten,  was  the  son  of  a  French  ref- 
ujee,  and  b.  at  Exeter  in  1628.  lie 
abandoned  the  study  of  the  law  for  the 
life  of  a  dramatist,  and  was  the  author 


DWI 


CYCLOP.'EDIA    OF    RIOGRAPIIY. 


369 


of  about  lliirty  comedies,  all  of  which 
have  justly  become  obsolete  from  their 
licentioHsness.  lie  was  also  a  writer  of 
Bonjr.s  and  party  lyrics,  wliich  wore 
printed  in  G  vol?.,  under  the  titlo  of 
"  Pills  to  purge  Melancholy;"  and  being 
the  boon  companion  of  Cliarles  Jl.  his 
society  was  courted  by  the  witty  and 
protiigate  frequenters  of  his  court.  D. 
172.3. 

DURHAM,  John  Geokoe  Lambtox, 
earl  of,  was  in  1828  raised  to  the  peer- 
age by  the  title  of  Baron  Durham.  On 
tiie  fornuitiou  of  Earl  Grey's  government 
in  18:50,  he  became  a  member  of  the 
cabinet,  as  lord  privy  seal;  and  to  him 
is  nuvinly  attributed  the  great  extent 
and  liberality  of  the  reform  bill,  and  its 
eventual  triumph.  In  1835  he  went  to 
liussia  as  ambassador,  and  remained 
there  till  the  summer  of  1837,  when  he 
returned  to  England;  and  in  the  follow- 
ing year  he  went  out  as  governor-general 
to  Canada,  intrusted  with  extraordinary 
powers ;  but  finding  himself  not  sup- 
ported as  he  expected  by  the  ministry, 
he  returned  home  the  same  year.  B. 
17'J2 ;  d.  1840. — Sir  Philip  Charles 
Calderwood,  was  b.  at  Largo,  in  Fife- 
shire,  in  1763,  and  entered  the  navy  in 
1777,  as  a  midshipman  on  boanl  the 
Edgar,  of  74  guns.  He  was  afterwards 
acting  lieutenant  in  the  Viceroy,  104, 
llag-ship  of  Admiral  Kempenfclt,  whom 
he  followed  on  his  removing  to  the 
Koyal  George.  He  was  appointed  act- 
ing lieutenant  of  the  Union,  98,  at  the 
relief  of  Gibraltar,  by  Lord  Howe;  and 
after  various  promotions,  to  whicli  his 
serviees  well  entitled  him,  he  com- 
manded the  Defence,  of  74  guns,  at  the 
battle  of  Trafalgar,  Oct.  21,^1805;  but, 
in  fact,  he  M'as  almost  continuously 
employed  from  1780  to  181.5,  when  the 
last  Bonanarteau  Hag  that  waved  in  the 
West  Indies  struck  to  him.  He  was 
made  vice-admiral  in  ISl'J,  and  full  ad- 
miral in  1820.  His  last  service  was  that 
of  comn\ander-in-ehief  at  Portsmouth, 
which  post  he  resigned  in  183y.  Sir 
Philip  was  M.  P.  for  liucensborough  in 
1880,  and  for  Devizes  in  1835.     D.  1845. 

DUUOC,  Michael,  duke  of  Friuliaud 
a  marshal  of  France,  was  b.  1772,  and 
entered  the  army  in  1792.  Being  sub- 
sequently appointed  aid-de-eamp  to 
Bonaparte,  he  accompanied  him  to 
Egypt,  where  he  eminently  distinguish- 
ed himself  On  the  formation  of  the 
imperial  court  in  1S05,  he  was  created 
grand-nuu-shal  of  the  palace ;  and  was 
afterwards  employed  in  diplomatic  mis- 
sions, though  he  still  took  his  full  share 


of  peril  and  glory  in  the  wars  of  France, 
till  the  time  of  his  death,  which  happen- 
ed at  the  battle  of  VVurtzcn,  in  1813. 
Najiolcon,  who  was  firmly  attached  to 
Duroc,  wept  over  him  on  his  death- 
bed. 

DUSART,  CoRN'ELius,  a  Dutch  paint- 
er, who  excelled  in  tavern  scenes,  "revel- 
ry, &c.,  was  the  disciple  of  Adrian 
Ostade.     B.  1605;  d.  17o4. 

DUSSAUIjT,  John  Joseph,  a  French 
journ:dist  and  critic,  was  b.  at  Paris, 
176'.'.  He  contributed  largely  to  the 
"  Journal  des  Debats,"  and  the  articles 
he  furnislied  were  afterwards  published, 
eulitlctl  "  Annales  Litteraires   "  D.  1824. 

DU.SSEK,  Jonx  Louls,  ar.  .^minent 
musical  composer,  was  b.  at  Czaslau,  in 
Bohemia,  1762,  and  studied  at  Ham- 
burgh, under  the  famous  Emanuel  Bach. 
From  the  north  of  Europe  he  went  to 
France,  but  being  compelled  to  leave 
that  country  during  the  revolution,  he 
repaired  to  Loudon  in  1796,  and,  in  con- 
junction with  Corri,  opened  a  musical 
establishment.     D.  1812. 

DUTENS,  Louis,  a  miscellaneous  wri- 
ter, was  b.  at  Tours,  1730.  His  prin- 
cipal works  are,  "An  Inquiry  into  the 
Origin  of  Discoveries,"  and  "  Memoii-s 
of  a  Traveller  in  Retirement."     D.  1812. 

DUVAL,  Alexander  Vixcext  Pix- 
DEii,  a  popular  and  voluminous  French 
author,  lie  was  a  member  of  the  In- 
stitute, and  keeper  ofthe  arsenal  library 
B.  1767  ;  d.  1842. — Valextixe  Jaiterai, 
the  son  of  a  peasant,  was  b.  at  Artonay, 
in  Champagne,  in  1695.  Being  left  ai 
orphan  at  the  age  of  10,  he  was  employ- 
ed as  a  shepherd's  boy,  and  underwent 
great  privations  ;  but  at  18  he  became 
keeper  of  the  cattle  belonging  to  the  her- 
mits of  St.  Anne,  near  Luneville,  and  by 
one  of  that  fraternity  he  was  taught  to 
read.  Thenceforth  he  displayed  an 
earnest  desire  for  acquiring  knowledge ; 
and  being  discovered  by  two  noblemen 
while  he  was  studying  geography  under 
a  tree,  with  his  maps  stretched  out  be- 
fore him,  they  were  so  pleased  with  his 
conversation  that  they  introduced  him 
to  the  duke  of  Lorraine,  who  sent  him' 
to  college,  afterwards  made  him  his 
librarian,  and  eventually  procured  him 
the  situation  of  keeper  of  the  books  and 
medals  of  the  imperial  cabinet  of  Vienna. 
D.  177,5. 

DUVERNEY,  Joseph  Gi-icharo,  a 
celebrated  French  anatomist,  was  b.  at 
Feurs,  in  164S  ;  appointed  professor  of 
anatomy  at  the  royal  garden  in  1679,  and 
d.  in  1730. 

D^VICIIIT,    Timothy,    an    American 


870 


CVOLOP.EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[eat 


divine,  of  isrrcat  reputation  both  as  a  pul- 
pit orator  iuid  a  writer,  was  b.  in  Massa- 
chusetts, in  1752 ;  became  president  of 
Yale  eoUege  in  1795;  and  d.  in  1817. 
His  "System  of  Theologry"  is  regarded 
as  a  work  of  great  merit,  and  has  been 
frequently  reprinted. 

DYER,'  Sir  Edward,  a  poet  of  the 
Elizabethan  age,  was  b.  about  lo-iO.  He 
received  many  proofs  of  the  royal  favor, 
being  employed  in  various  embassies  by 
the  queen,  who  conferred  on  him  the 
ch.inoellorship  of  the  garter  in  1596.  His 
poetical  pieces  consist  cliieliy  of  pastoral 
odes  and  madrigals. — George,  a  classical 
scholar  and  miscellaneous  writer,  whose 
long  life  of  literary  toil  may  in  some  sort 
be  exempHtied  by  quotinsj  from  the 
"  Gentleman's  Magazine"  the  following 
mournful  record  : — ''  The  greatest  labor 
of  his  life  was  the  share  he  had  in  the 
production  of  Valpy's  edition  of  the 
classics  in  141  volumes,  being  a  combi- 
nation of  the  Delphin,  Bipont,  and  Vari- 
orum editions.  With  the  exception  of 
the  preface.  Dyer  contributed  all  tliat 
was  original  in  tliis  vast  work,  upon 
wliich  he  was  engasred  from  the  year 
1S19  to  1830  !  He  ^lad  scarcely  com- 
pleted this  work  when  his  eyesight  gave 
way,  and  shortly  afterwards  left  him  in 
total  blindness."  His  writings  are  va- 
ried and  numerous  ;  amongst  them  his 


"  History  of  the  University  and  Colleges 
of  Cambridge."  2  vols.,  aud  "The  Priv- 
ileges of  the  University  of  Cambridge," 
&c.,  are  the  most  important.  B.  1755  ; 
d.  18-11. — Sir  James,  chief  justice  of  the 
common  pleas,  and  speaker  of  the  house 
of  commons,  was  b.  1512,  and  d.  1581. 
Dyer's  "  Eeports"  are  still  highly  valued 
by  the  profession. — John,  a  poet  of  con- 
siderable reputation,  was  b.  at  Aber- 
glasney,  Caermarthenshire,  in  1700,  and 
educated  at  Westminster  school.  He 
was  intended  for  the  law,  which  he 
abandoned  for  painting,  but  not  arriving 
at  excellence  as  an  artist,  he  took  orders, 
and  obtained  some  respectable  cliurch 
y>referment.  In  1727  he  published  his 
poem  of  "  Grongar  Hill,"  which  met 
with  deserved  success.  He  then  made 
the  tour  of  Italy,  where,  besides  the 
usual  study,  he  often  spent  whole  days 
in  the  country  about  Home  and  Florence, 
sketching  those  picturesque  scenes  that 
there  abound ;  and  it  is  very  naturally 
imagined  that  the  beautiful  landscapes 
depicted  in  his  two  subsequent  poems 
owe  their  existence  in  no  sliL'^ht  de£rree 
to  that  cause.  These  are  entitled  "The 
Euins  of  Home,"  f;nd  "The  Fleece." 
His  poetry  displays  a  lively  imagination, 
and  combines  great  originality  with  the 
warmest  sentiments  of  benevolence  and 
virtue.    D.  1758. 


E. 


EACHAKD,  JoHX,  an  English  divine, 
was  b.  1636.  After  studying  at  Catha- 
rine hall,  Cambridge,  he  was  cliosen 
master  in  1675,  and  d.  1607.  He  wrote 
a  work,  entitled.  "The  Grounds  and 
Ecasons  of  the  Contempt  of  the  Clergy 
and  Eeligion  inquired  into,"  and  was 
also  known  as  the  author  of  two  dia- 
logues, in  which  the  system  of  Hobbes 
is  attacked  with  satiric  humor. 

EAD.MER,  an  English  Benedictine 
monk  of  the  12th  century,  who  became 
abbot  of  St.  Alban's.  He  wrote  a  "His- 
tory of  the  Liberty  of  the  Church,"  and 
various  other  ecclesiastical  w'orks.  D. 
1124. 

EARLE,  John,  an  English  prelate, 
was  b.  at  York,  and  entered  Mcrton  col- 
lege, Oxford,  in  162i.i.  H(;  became  chap- 
lain and  tutor  to  Charles,  prince  of 
Wales,  and  suffered  nnich  in  the  relicl- 
lion.  At  the  restoration  he  was  made 
dean  of  Westminster  and  bishop  of 
Worcester,    from    which    Bee    he    was 


translated  to  Salisbury  in  1638.  Dr. 
Earle  was  the  author  of  an  ingenious 
work,  entitled,  "  Microcosmography  ; 
or,  a  Piece  of  the  World  Characterized, 
in  Essays  and  Characters."  He  also 
translated  the  "Icon  Basilike"  into 
Latin.     D.  1665. 

EARLOM,  Richard,  a  mezzotinto  en- 
graver, was  b.  in  London,  174<i.  He 
was  employed  by  Boydell  to  make  draw- 
ings from  the  celebrated  collection  of 
pictures  at  Houghton,  which  he  after- 
wards engraved  in  mezzotinto — an  art  in 
which  he  was  his  own  instructor.  D. 
1822. 

EATOX,  Wn-LiAM,  an  American  offi- 
cer, was  b.  at  \\'oodstock,  Conn.,  1764, 
and  at  the  age  of  16  enlisted  as  a  soldier. 
In  1792  he  received  a  captain's  commis- 
sion in  the  American  army,  and  in  1794 
obtained  the  appointment  of  American 
consul  at  Tunis.  War  being  declared 
in  1801  against  the  United  States,  by 
the  bey  of  Tripoli,  who  was  a  usurper, 


eum] 


CVCLOr.KDIA     OF     niOGUAPIIV. 


371 


Hamet  Paclia,  the  ex-bcy,  wlio  Avas  tlien 
an  exile  at  Tunis,  induced  Mr.  Eatou  to 
join  liiin  in  the  desperate  attempt  of 
recovering  possession  of  his  dominion;*. 
1).  ISll. 

EBELING,  Christoitier  Danikl,  a 
distiniruished  geograplier,  was  b.  1741 ; 
d.  1S17. 

ECIIAKD,  Laurence,  an  English  di- 
vine and  historian,  was  b.  1671 ;  became 
arolideacon  of  Stowe,  and  obtained  some 
valuable  livings  in  his  native  county, 
Sutfolk.  He  was  a  very  voluminous 
writer :  "  Tlie  Roman  History,"  a  "  Gen- 
eral Ecclesiastical  History,"  a  "History 
of  f^ngland,"  and  a  "Gazetteer,"  are 
the  most  prominent  of  his  works.  D. 
1730. 

ECHINUS,  Sebastian,  a  Venetian 
nobleman,  eminent  for  his  writings, 
particularly  on  medals.     D.  1585. 

ECKHAKl),  Jonx  Frederic,  a  learn- 
ed and  voluminous  writer  on  philology 
and  bibliograpliy,  was  director  and  li- 
brarian of  the  college  of  Eisenach;  b.  in 
Saxony,  1723  ;  d.  1794. — John  George, 
an  antiquary  and  historian,  was  b.  in 
Brunswick,  1764,  and  brought  up  a 
I'rotestant ;  but  abjuring  his  relision, 
he  was  made  historiographer  and  keep- 
er of  the  archives  at  Wurzburg.  His 
principal  works  arc,  "  A  Body  of  His- 
tory of  the  Middle  Ages,"  "The  Origin 
of '  the  Families  of  Ilapsburg  and 
Guelph,"  &c.     J).  1730. 

E('ICIIEL,  Joseph  HiljVry,  a  learned 
Jesuit,  well  skilled  in  numismatics,  was 
b.  in  Upper  Austria,  1736.  His  two 
works,  entitled  "  Doctrina  Nummorum 
Veterum"  and  "  Nunimi  Veteres  Auec- 
doti,"  are  both  replete  with  sound  in- 
formation on  the  subject.     D.  179S. 

ECLUSE,  Charles  ue  l',  better  known 
by  the  name  of  Cli'sil's,  was  b.  at  Arras, 
ill  Flanders,  in  1526,  and  became  emi- 
nent as  a  physician  and  botanist.  D. 
1609. 

EDELIXCK,  Gerard,  an  eminent 
enirraver,  b.  at  Antwerp,  1649  ;  d.  1707. 

EDEN,  Sir  Frederic  Morton,  a 
writer  on  statistics  and  political  econ- 
oniv.  His  principal  work  is  entitled 
"The  State  of  the  Poor,  or  a  History  of 
the  Laboring  Classes  in  Enirland,  from 
the  Conquest  to  the  present  Time."  D. 
1S09. — Sir  Morton,  a  diplomatist,  wlio, 
after  being  employed  as  ambassador  to 
various  continental  powers,  was  raised 
to  the  peerage  by  the  title  of  Lord  Hen- 
lev,  and  d.  1S02. 

EDGAK,  one  of  the  most  distin- 
guished Saxon  kings  of  England,  suc- 
ceeded his  brother  Edwy  iir959,  at  the 


age  of  16.  The  moderation  of  his  reign 
procured  him  the  name  of  reaeeable. 
lie  vanquished  the  Scots,  and  laid 
Wales  under  a  yearly  tribute  of  a  cer- 
tain number  of  wolves'  heads,  which 
chuircd  the  country  of  those  animals. 
He  subdued  part  of  Ireland,  an<l  main- 
tained a  largo  fleet  which  secured  his 
kintrdom  from  invasion.     D.  975. 

EDGEWOKTJI,  Kiciiard  Lovell,  of 
Edgcworthtown,  Ireland,  was  b.  at  Bath, 
1744.  Being  possessed  of  a  good  fortune 
he  devoted  much  of  liis  time  to  agricul- 
tural improvements,  as  well  as  to  the 
amelioration  of  the  existing  modes  of 
education,  by  writiiitr,  in  conjunction 
with  his  higiily  eit"ied  daughter,  many 
useful,  works.  He  also  wrote  his  own 
"  Memoirs ;"  and  among  his  various 
mechanical  inventions  was  a  telegraph. 
D.  1817. — Maria,  the  celebrated  Irish 
novelist,  whose  works  liavc  had  great 
influence  in  promoting  the  cause  of 
education,  and  of  social  morality,  was  b. 
in  Oxfordshire,  in  1766.  She  was  the 
daughter  of  liiehard  Los-ell  Edgeworth 
above  mentioned.  She  commenced  her 
career  as  an  authoress  about  1800  ;  and 
in  her  early  literary  etforts  she  wa.s 
greatly  assisted  by  the  advice  of  her 
father.  The  famous  "  Essay  on  Irish 
Bulls,"  the  joint  production  of  herself 
and  her  father,  was  published  in  1801. 
Her  "Castle  Eackrent"  abounds  in  ad- 
mirable sketches  of  Irish  life  and  man- 
ners. Her  "  Belinda,"  a  novel  of  real 
life  and  ordinary  characters,  is  also  de- 
scriptive of  some  of  the  striking  traits 
of  the  Irish  character.  In  1804  she 
published  her  "Popiilar  Tales;"  and 
two  years  afterwards,  "  Leonora,"  a 
novel  in  2  vols.  In  1809  she  issued 
"Tales  of  FashionaV>le  Life,"  of  a  more 

Eowerful  and  varied  cast  than  any  of 
er  fyrcvious  productions.  Three  other 
vols,  of  "  Fashionable  Tales"  appeared 
in  1812,  and  fully  sustained  the  high 
reputation  which  she  had  now  attained. 
In  1814  her  novel  of  "Patronage"  was 
published.  For  many  years,  indeed, 
literary  composition  formed  the  chief 
business  of  her  life.  Originality  and 
fertility  of  invention,  and  a  power  of 
depicting  Irish  manners,  unequalled 
among  modern  authors,  are  her  chief 
characteristics  as  a  novelist.     1).  1849. 

EDMONDES,  Sir  Thomas,  a  states- 
man in  the  reigns  of  Elizabeth,  Janiea 
L,  and  Charles  I.  He  was  also  distin- 
guished as  a  politic.-xl  writer.     D.  1639. 

EDMONDSON,  Joseph,  a  genealoirist 
and  heraldic  painter.  His  principal 
works  are,  "  A  Body  of  Heraldry,"  and 


372 


CYCLOP.EDIA    OF    BIOCRAPIIV, 


[edw 


"  Baronaffium    Genealosricum,    or   the 
Pedigrees  of  Entrlish  Fcers."     D.  17S6. 

EDMUND,  St.,  kin;,'  of  the  East  An- 
gles, was  so  illustrious  for  his  piety  as 
to  obtain  a  place  in  tlie  Koman  calendar. 
In  S70  he  was  defeated,  and  taken  pris- 
oner by  the  Danes  under  Ivar,  who 
Caused  him  to  be  fastened  to  a  tree,  and 
to  be  shot  to  death  with  arrows.  His 
remains  were  interred  at  Bury  St.  Ed- 
mund's.— I.,  king  of  Euglaud,  son  of 
Edward  the  Elder,  succeeded  his  bro- 
ther Atbclstan  in  941.  He  subdued 
Mercia,  Northuml>erland,  and  Cumber- 
laud,  lie  was  killed  in  94S,  while  at  a 
banquet,  by  an  outlaw,  named  Leolf. — 
II.,  surnamed  Iuonside,  on  account  of 
his  prodigious  strength,  was  the  son  of 
Ethelred,  whom  he  succeeded  in  1016  ; 
but  being  opposed  by  Canute,  he  agreed 
to  share  the  crown  with  him.  After  a 
reign  of  nine  months  only,  ho  was 
treacherously  murdered,  in  1017. 

EDRIDGE,  Henry,  an  eminent  land- 
scape and  miniature  painter,  b.  at  Pad- 
diuL'ton,  17C8.     D.  1821. 

E  DEI  SSI,  Abu  Abdallah  Mohammed 
BEN  MouAMMED,  a  descendant  of  the 
African  princes  of  the  race  of  Edris, 
was  b.  in  Spain,  in  1099,  and  settled  at 
tlie  court  of  Roger,  king  of  Sicily,  for 
whom  he  framed  an  immense  terrestrial 
globe  of  silver,  and  wrote,  in  Arabic,  a 
geoirraphical  work  to  explain  it. 

E1)\V  AKD  THE  Elueh,  son  of  Alfred 
the  Great,  succeeded  his  father  in  901. 
He  encouraged  learning,  and  improved 
the  university  of  Cambridge.  North- 
umbria  and  East  Anglia  were  subdued 
by  him  ;  and  he  extended  his  domin- 
ions, by  conquests,  in  Scotland  and 
Wales.  D.  92.5. — The  !Maktyr,  sou  of 
Edffar,  king  of  England,  was  b.  in  962, 
and  crowned  in  975.  He  was  murdered 
by  order  of  his  stepmother  Elfrida,  at 
Corfc  castle,  after  a  reign  of  three  years. 
— The  Confessor,  was  the  son  of  Ethel- 
red,  and  succeeded  Hardicanute  in  1041. 
He  restored  Malcolm  to  the  throne  of 
Scotland,  which  had  been  usurped  by 
Macbeth.  He  caused  the  Saxon  laws  to 
be  revised,  amended,  formed  into  one 
body,  and  translated  into  Latin;  hence 
they  were  called  his  laws.  He  consulted 
William  of  Normandy  about  the  choice 
of  a  successor,  which  furnished  that 
prince  with  a  plea  for  invading  the 
kingdom  after  the  death  of  Edward, 
which  happened  in  ]0G.'). — T.,  (of  the 
Norman  line,)  called  Longshanks,  suc- 
ceeded his  father.  Henry  HI.,  in  1272. 
After  firmly  establisliing  his  authority 
at  home,  he  led  an  army  into  Palestine, 


against  the  Saracens,  where  he  signali- 
zed his  valor  on  many  occasions ;  and 
having,  on  his  return,  conquered  Wales, 
he  created  his  son  prince  of  that  coun- 
try, which  title  has  from  that  time  been, 
given  to  the  heir-apparent.  He  also 
brought  Scotland  into  subjection,  and 
took  the  king,  John  Baliol,  prisoner. 
D.  at  Carlisle,  1807.— II.,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, b.  at  Caernarvon.  He  was  gov 
ernecl  by  his  favorites,  Gaveston  and 
the  Spencers,  which  occasioned  the 
barons  to  rise  against  him.  After  re- 
signing his  crown,  he  was  confined  in 
Berkeley  castle,  Gloucestershire,  where 
he  was  traitorously  murdered  py  the 
contrivance  of  his  queen,  IsabeJa,  and 
her  lavorite.  Roger  Mortimer,  earl  of 
March,  in  1328. — III.,  the  son  and  suc- 
cessor of  the  above,  was  one  of  the 
most  celebrated  heroes  of  his  country. 
Being  but  15  when  the  crown  devolved 
to  him,  the  queen  dowager  and  her  in- 
famous paramour  governed  during  the 
first  three  years  of  his  reign  ;  but  in 
1330  the  king  took  the  rcins'of  govern- 
ment into  his  own  hands ;  disgraced 
and  confined  his  mother,  and  caused 
Mortimer  to  be  tried  and  executed  for 
the  murder  of  his  father,  and  his  i;ncle, 
the  earl  of  Kent.  He  then  put  himself 
at  the  head  of  his  army,  reduced  the 
Scots,  and  took  their  king,  David,  pris- 
oner. He  next  invaded  France,  laid 
claim  to  the  crown,  as  heir  to  his  moth- 
er, the  sister  of  Charles,  the  last  king, 
who  died  without  issue.  Victorious  by 
sea  and  land,  against  France  and  Spain, 
he  was  elected  emperor  of  Germany,  but 
refused  the  imperial  throne,  ancl  re- 
turned in  triumph  to  England,  leaving 
his  sort  Edward,  the  Black  Prince,  to 
command  the  army  in  his  absence.  D. 
137L_ — The  Prince  of  Wales,  surnamed 
the'l^laek  Prince,  son  of  Edward  III., 
was  b.  in  1830,  and,  accompanying  his 
father  to  France,  in  1345,  took  a  leading 
part  in  gaining  the  victory  of  Crecy,  in 
the  year  following.  During  his  stay  in 
France,  in  1356J  he  won  the  creat  battle 
of  Poictiers.  D.  1376.— IV.,  son  of 
Richard,  duke  of  York,  succeeded  Hen- 
ry VI.,  in  1461.  He  married  Lady 
Elizabeth  Grey,  which  so  disgusted  the 
earl  of  Warwick,  commonly  called  the 
king-maker,  that  he  joined  the  Lancas- 
trian party,  and  defeated  Edward's 
forces  near  Banbury,  in  1469.  Soon 
afterwards  he  took'  Edward  prisoner, 
who  effected  his  escape,  and  obtained  a 
victory  over  AVarwiek,  at  Stamford 
Wells.  That  nobleman  fled  to  France, 
from  whence  he  returned  with  a  supply 


ege] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    KIOGRAPIIV, 


373 


of  troops,  (ind  proclaimed  Ilcury.  Ed- 
ward on  this  esc'iiped  beyond  sea,  and 
Warwick  released  Ilenry  ifroni  the  Tow- 
er and  placed  him  on  the  throne;  but 
Etlward  returned  with  succors,  and 
marched  to  London,  where  he  took 
Henry  prisoner.  He  sliortly  alter  de- 
leated  Warwick,  who  was  slain.  An- 
other victory  at  Tewkesbury  secured  to 
him  the  quiet  possession  of  the  throne. 
JX  1483. — v.,  sou  of  the  preeedinjr, 
whom  he  succeeded  at  the  age  of  12 
years.  Kiehard,  duke  of  Gloucester, 
his  uncle,  took  tlie  fruardianship  of  liim 
and  liis  brother  into  his  own  luuuls,  and 
placed  them  in  the  Tower,  where  they 
were  smothered  in  their  beds,  in  1483. 
— VI.,  the  only  son  of  ]Ienry  VIII.,  by 
Jane  Seymour,  his  third  queen,  ascend- 
ed the  throne  wlien  only  nine  years  old, 
and,  considering  his  extreme  youth, 
displayed  many  qualities  of  the  fairest 
promise.  He  promoted  the  reforma- 
tion, and  established  the  service  of  the 
church  of  England,  in  1552,  by  act  of 
parliament.  He  founded  the  hospitals 
of  Christ-church,  Bridewell,  ana  St. 
Tliomas.  1).  1553. — Plantaoenet,  earl 
of  Warwick,  the  only  surviving  male 
descendant  of  the  house  of  York,  was 
kept  a  prisoner  in  the  Tower  several 
vears,  through  jealousy,  and  at  last  be- 
headed, in  1499,  on  a  pretext  that  he 
entered  into  a  conspiracy  with  I'erkin 
Warbeck  against  Ilenry  VII. 

EDWARDS,  Bj£Yam,  an  ingenious 
writer,  b.  1743,  at  Westb.ury,  in  Wilt- 
shire. Mr.  Edwards  wrote  "The  His- 
tory, Civil  and  Commercial,  of  tlie  Brit- 
ish Colonies  in  the  West  Indies,"  "The 
Proceedings  of  the  Governor  and  As- 
sembly of  Jamaica,  in  regard  .to  the 
Maroon  Negroes,"  and  "An  Historical 
Survey  of  the  French  Colony  in  the 
Island  of  St.  Domingo."  IJ.  1800.— 
Geouge,  an  eminent  naturalist,  was  b. 
1693,  at  Stratford,  in  Essex.  D.  1773. 
— Jonathan-,  celebrated  for  his  meta- 
jihysical  knowledge,  was  b.  at  Windsor, 
Coim.,  1700.  In  1722  ho  became  a 
lireacher,  at  New  York,  to  a  Presbyte- 
rian cougrcgation,  and  in  1724  was  cho- 
sen tutor  of  Yale  college.  In  1726  he 
resigned  that  station,  and  became  assist- 
ant to  his  Lrrandtather,  who  was  a  min- 
ister at  Northampton.  Here  he  con- 
tinued till  1750,  when  he  was  dismissed 
for  refusing  to  administer  the  sacrament 
to  those  who  could  not  give  proofs  of 
their  being  converted.  The  year  follow- 
ing he  went  as  missionary  among  the 
Indians,  and  in  1757  was  chosen  presi- 
'lent  of  the  collese  of  New  Jersey, 
82 


where  ho  d.  in  1758.  IIo  wrote  a  ••  Trea- 
tise concerning  Keligious  AlVections," 
"The  Life  of  David  Brainerd,  a  Mis- 
sionary," "An  Inquiry  into  t!ie  Modern 
Prevailing  Notion  of  that  Freedom  of 
Will  which  is  supposed  to  be  essential 
to  Moral  Agency,  <fcc.— Thomas,  an  in- 
genious poet  and  critical  writer,  was  b. 
in  London,  in  1699,  and  bred  to  the  bar. 
In  1744  he  attacked  AVarburton's  edition 
of  Shakspeare,  which  being  coarsely 
noticed  by  the  haughty  editor,  was  fol- 
lowed by  a  humorous  publication,  enti- 
tled "Canons  of  Criticism,  with  a  Glos- 
sary," which  passed  through  several 
editions.  D.  1757. — WiLi.iAir,  a  self- 
taught  architect,  was  b.  in  Glamorgan- 
shire, in  1719.  He  was  only  a  common 
mason,  but  by  the  force  of  genius  he 
acquired  an  extraordinary  skill  in  build- 
ing bridges,  the  principal  of  which  is 
that  on  the  river  Taafe.     D.  1789. 

EDWIN,  Jonx,  a  comic  actor  of  very 
considerable  talents,  was  b.  in  London, 
in  1750.  He  made  his  first  appearance 
on  the  London  boards  at  the  Ilaymarket 
theatre,  in  1775,  and  subsequently  per- 
formed at  Coveut-garden,  where  he  was 
a  decided  favorite.     D.  1790. 

EDWY,  king  of  England,  son  of  Ed- 
mund I.,  succeeded  his  uncle  Edred,  in 
955.  He  opposed  the  temporal  power 
of  St.  Dunstan,  and  called  him  to  ac- 
count for  his  share  in  the  administration 
of  the  preceding  reign ;  but  the  wily 
ecclesiastic  proved  too  much  for  the 
monarch,  and  Edwy  was  driven  from 
his  throne,  to  make  way  for  his  brother 
Edgar.     D.  959. 

EGBERT,  the  first  king  of  all  En- 
gland, and  the  last  of  the  Saxon  heptar- 
chy, was  a  prince  of  great  accomplish- 
ments ;  but,  while  young,  he  was  obliged 
by  Brithric,  king  of  Wessex,  to  witii- 
draw  to  France,  where  he  lived  at  the 
court  of  Charlemagne.  There  he  ac- 
quired both  the  arts  of  war  and  govern- 
ment ;  and  being  recalled  to  take  pos- 
session of  the  kingdom  of  Wessex,  to 
which  he  was  tlic  riglitfid  heir,  he  soon 
united  all  the  other  kingdoms  under 
him,  giving  the  wiiole  the  name  of  En- 
gland. His  dominions  were  twice  after- 
wards invaded  by  the  Danes  with  great 
force,  but  he  signally  defeated  thcin  on 
both  occasions.     D.'S38. 

EGEDE,  IIaxs,  a  Dutch  divine,  b.  in 
1G86,  was  the  I'ounder  of  tlie  religious 
missions  to  Greenland,  whither  he  went 
in  1721.  D.  1758.— pAi-i.,  son  of  the 
preccdinLT,  was  his  assistant  in  the  mis- 
sion. He  eomiiosctl  a  dictionary  and 
grammar  of  the  language,  translated  into 


374 


CYCLOPvKDIA    OF    RIOGUAPHY. 


[elo 


it  a  part  of  the  Bible,  and  published  a 
journal  of  his  residence  in  Greenland, 
Iroui  1721  to  17S8.     D.  178U. 

EGEKTON,  John,  an  eminent  pre- 
liitc.  b.  in  London,  1721 ;  was  made  dean 
of  Hereford  in  1750,  and  afterwards  sne- 
cessively  preferred  to  the  bishoprics  of 
Baneor,'  Lichfield,  and  Durham.  D. 
1787. — TnoMAs,  lord  clianccUor  of  En- 
gland in  the  rciirn  of  James  L,  b.  15-10; 
was  made  attorney-general  in  1592  ;  soon 
after,  master  of  t lie"  rolls,  and  then  lord 
keeper.  In  1603  he  was  appointed  lord 
chancellor,  with  the  title  ot  LJaron  Elles- 
mere ;  and  in  1610  he  was  created 
Viscount  Bracklcv.  His  princinal  work 
is  entitled  ''Tlie  i'rivilesres  and  Preroga- 
tives of  the  High  Court  of  Ohaucerv." 
D.  1617. 

tGG,  Jonx  Gaspar,  a  Swiss  aerlcnl- 
tnrist  and  political  economist,  b.  in  173S. 
He  was  the  t'ounder  of  several  industri- 
ous agricultural  colonies,  working  with 
common  funds,  in  the  manner  of  tliose 
projected  by  Mr.  Owen  of  Lanark. 

EGIL,  ScALLKGKiii,  an  Icelandic  war- 
rior and  poet  of  tiie  loth  century,  who 
distinguished  himself  by  his  warlike  ex- 
ploits ill  predatory  invasions  of  Scotland 
and  N'ortliuinbcrland. 

EGINII  ART,  or  ^GINHAKD,  a  ccle- 
Drated  historian,  was  a  native  of  Ger- 
many and  the  pupil  of  Alcuin,  who  rec- 
ommended hiin  to  Charleuiagne.  At 
first  he  was  the  emperor's  secretary,  and 
it  appears  that  he  gained  his  esteem  and 
confidence;  but  the  .story  of  his  nightly 
interview  and  marriage  with  Charle- 
magne's daughter,  Imma,  is  now  be- 
lieved to  oe  as  fabulous  as  it  is  incredi- 
ble. He  wrote  a  "  Life  of  Cliarlemagne," 
•'Annals  of  France,  from  7-11  to  820," 
and  some  epistles.  He  became  abbot 
of  tlie  monastery  of  Seligenstadt,  and 
J.  839. 

EGIXTOX,  Francis,  an  artist  cele- 
brated for  liis  paintinirs  on  glass,  and  to 
wliom  we  are  indebted  for  the  restora- 
tion of  tiiat  art,  was  b.  1737,  and  d.  at 
Handswortli,  in  Shropshire,  in  1805. 

EGMOXT,  Lamoral,  count  of,  a  dis- 
tinguished nobleman  in  Flanders,  was 
b.  1522,  and  served  in  the  armies  of 
Charles  V.  witli  frreat  re])Utation.  He 
■was  made  treneral  of  horse  by  Philip  II., 
and  distinjruislicd  liiinself  at  the  battle 
of  St.  Quiiitin  in  1557.  But  tlie  duke 
of  Alva  fearing  liis  power,  and  that  his 
designs  were  in  fa'-'or  of  the  prince  of 
Orange,  caused  Ii'.m  to  be  beheaded  at 
Brussels,  in  1563,  together  with  Count 
Horn. 

EICHHOEN,  John  Georoe,  an  emi- 


nent German  divine  and  biblical  critic, 
was  b.  in  1752,  and  became  professor  of 
Oriental  literature  at  Jena;  from  which 
place  he  went  to  the  university  of  Got- 
tingen,  wliere  he  was  long  one  of  its 
brightest  ornaments.  His  works  ai'e 
erudite  and  voluminous,  the  principal 
being  "  The  History  of  Literature  from 
the  Earliest  to  the  Latest  Times,"  a 
"General  Library  of  Biblical  Litera- 
ture," "Eepertory  of  Biblical  and  Ori- 
ental Literature,"  "Introductions  to  the 
Old  and  New  Testaments,"     D.  1827. 

ELBP^E,  GiGOT  d',  generalissimo  of 
the  Vendean  royalists,  was  b.  at  Dres- 
den, 1752.  He  entered  the  French 
army  as  lieutenant  of  cavalry ;  and  hav- 
inir,  at  the  commencement  of  the  rev- 
olution, retired  to  his  estate  in  Anjou, 
the  insurgent  peasants  of  La  Vendee,  in 
17'>i3,  chose  him  their  leader.  He  dis- 
played great  courage  and  firmness,  won 
many  victories,  and  was  often  defeated 
by  superior  numbers  ;  at  length  he  was 
wounded  and  Jaken  prisoner,  brought 
before  a  court-martial,  and  shot,  Jan- 
uary 2,  1794. 

ELDON,  John  Scott,  carl  of,  a  dis- 
tinguished lawyer  and  statesman,  who 
for  twenty-five  years  filled  the  office  of 
lord  high  chancellor  of  England,  was 
the  third  son  of  William  Scott,  coal- 
fitter,  of  Newcastle-upon-Tyne.  He 
was  b.  on  the  4tli  of  June,  1751.  In 
1773  he  was  admitted  a  member  of  the 
Middle  Temple ;  but  he  resided  chiefly 
in  or  near  Oxford,  till  he  was  called  to 
the  bar  in  1776.  In  1783  he  came  into 
parliament  and  attached  liimself  to  the 
party  of  Mr.  Pitt,  who  was  his  personal 
tVieiid.  lie  was  made  solieitor-sjeneral 
in  1788,  received  the  honor  of  knight- 
hood, and  became  attorney-general  in 
1793  ;  succeeded  Sir  James  Eyre  as  lord 
chief  justice  of  the  common  pleas  ;  and 
in  July,  1799,  was  raised  to  the  peerage 
as  Baron  Eldon,  of  Eldon,  in  the  county 
of  Durham.  In  1801  he  became  lord 
hiirh  chancellor  of  England.  In  Feb- 
ruary, ISOO,  he  resigned  the  great  seal; 
Init  was  reappointed  in  April,  1807, 
from  which  period  he  held  it  until  April 
30,  1827.  At  the  coronation  of  George 
IV^.  the  lord  chancellor  was  promoted  to 
tiie  dicrnities  of  Viscount  Encombe  and 
earl  of  Ehlon.     D.  1838. 

ELGIN,  TnoM.vs  Bruce,  earl  of,  was 
b.  1771,  and  succeeded  to  the  peerage  in 
his  childhood.  On  many  occasions  the 
earl  of  El^rin  was  honored  with  diplo- 
matic missions,  the  last  of  which  was  to 
the  Sublime  Porte,  in  1789,  where  he 
continued  till  the  French  were  finally 


ell] 


CYCLOP.KDI.V    OF    KIOGKAPIIY. 


375 


driven  out  of  Egj'pt.  Being  desirous  of 
rescuiutr  tlic  ruiiuiins  of  Greece  nlso 
from  destruction  and  oblivion,  he  uviiiled 
liimself  of  the  opportunities  of  liis  sla- 
lioii,  iuul  sucoeetled  in  formiui,'  ii  vast 
(.•iilic'Ction  of  stiilues,  specimens  of  arclii- 
tecture,  medals,  and  other  valuable  an- 
tiquities, wliich  were  eventually  pur- 
chased by  government  for  £35,000,  and 
deposited  in  the  British  Museum.  D. 
1841. 

ELIAS,  Maithetv,  an  eminent  painter, 
was  b.  at  Casscl  in  1(>">S,  and  settled  at 
Dunlvirk,  where  lie  painted  a  tcrund  altar- 
piece,  llis  portraits  are  in  liigh  estima- 
tion.    D.  1741. 

ELIO,  Fkancis  Xavieb,  a  Spanish 
general,  who  nobly  defended  his  coun- 
try ajjainst  the  French,  and  at  the  res- 
toration of  Ferdinand  VII.  was  appointed 
governor  of  Valencia;  but  wlien  the 
revolution  toolv  place,  in  IS-'O,  part  of 
tlie  population  rose  against  the  governor, 
and  declaring  him  guilty  of  tyrannical 
acts,  lie  was  imprisoned,  tried  by  a 
TMlitary  commission,  and  sentenced  to 
ti.  *■  punishment  of  death,  which  was 
inflicted,  Sept.  3,  1822. 

ELIOT,  Joii.v,  styled  the  apostle  to 
the  Indians,  was  b.  1604;  came  to  New 
England  in  1631 ;  and  there  learned  the 
Indian  language,  that  he  might  devote 
himself  to  tlie  conversion  of  the  natives. 
In  this  he  met  with  jrreat  success,  and 
obtained  a  consideralile  influence  over 
the  various  tribes.  He  translated  the 
Bible  into  their  language,  and  wrote 
Beveral  pieces  of  practical  divinity.  D. 
168'J. — TnoiiAS,  an  English  writer  in  the 
reign  of  Henry  VIII.  He  was  a  native 
of  Sutfolk,  but  resided  chiefly  at  Cam- 
bridge. He  compiled  a  Latin  and  En- 
glish dictionary.     1).  154<). 

ELIOTT,  Geokoe  Augustus,  Lord 
Heathfield,  was  b.  about  1718.  After 
receiving  liis  education  at  Leyden  he  in 
173.")  attaclied  liiraself  to  the  engineer 
corps.  In  1759  he  served  on  the  Con- 
tinent with  great  reputation ;  and  on 
his  recall  from  Germany  he  was  sent  to 
the  Ilavanna,  in  the  reduction  of  whicli 
he  had  an  eminent  share.  In  177.5  Gen- 
eral Eliott  was  appointeel  commander-in- 
chief  in  Ireland  ;  from  whence  he  re- 
turned soon  after,  and  was  maile  gov- 
ernor of  Gibraltar,  which  fortress  he 
defended  with  consummate  talent  and 
persevering  fortitude.  He  was  very 
abstemious,  his  constant  food  being 
ve'j:etables,  and  his  drink  water.  He 
never  allowed  himself  but  four  hours 
sleep  at  a  time ;  and  was  so  accustomed 
to  liardiness  that  it  was  become  habitual. 


On  his  return  to  England  he  was  rai.sed 
to  the  peerage  by  the  title  of  Lord  Ileath- 
tield.  Baron  Gibraltar.     D.  1790. 

ELLSSE,  Peuk,  a  name  once  of  great 
diplomatic  iurtuence.  B.  176'J;  d.  1817. 
ELIZABETH,  cpicen  of  England,  was 
the  daughter  of  llcnry  VIII.  by  Anne 
Boleyn,  and  b.  in  1533.  She  was  edu- 
cated in  the  Protestant  religion;  and  in 
the  reign  of  Mary,  in  consequence  of 
her  known  attachment  to  it,  she  was 
sent  to  the  Tower,  from  whence  she 
was  afterwards  removed  to  Woodstock. 
On  the  death  of  her  sister  in  155>!,  sho 
was  proclaimed  queen,  riiilip  of  Spain 
made  lier  an  oft'er  of  marriage,  which 
she  declined.  The  French  and  Span- 
iards having  formed  a  league  for  the 
extirpation  of  heresy,  Elizabeth  was  in- 
duced to  protect  tlie  Protestants ;  and 
tliis  she  did  so  cllectually  as  to  separate 
the  United  Provinces  from  the  Spanish 
throne.  In  1588  Philip  sent  against  En- 
gland llis  famous  Armada,  to  which  the 
pope  gave  the  name  of  "  Invincible." 
On  this  occasion  the  queen  distinguished 
herself  by  her  trreat  presence  of  mind 
and  courage.  She  rode  on  horseback  in 
the  camp  of  Tilbury,  and  inspired  her 
people  by  her  deportment  and  her 
speeches.  The  English  fleet,  however, 
assisted  by  the  winds,  prevented  the 
Spaniards  from  landing,  and  tlieir  boa.st- 
ed  armada  was  destroyed.  Elizabeth 
combined  prudence  with  fortitude,  and 
judgment  with  vigor;  but  slie  was  vio- 
lent, haughty,  and  insatiably  fond  of 
admiration.  She  liad  strong  natural 
talents,  was  well  versed  in  Greek  and 
Latin,  and  gave  repeated  proof's  of  her 
skill  in  the  art  of  governing.  D.  1602. — 
Petrowna,  daughter  of  Peter  the  Great, 
was  b.  17ii',).  In  1741  she  usurped  the 
imperial  throne,  by  dethroning  the  in- 
fant Ivan,  which  revolution  was  effected 
without  the  sheddinir  of  blood.  At  her 
accession  she  ma<le  a  vow  that  no  capi- 
tal punishments  should  take  place  in 
her  reign.  But  her  humanity  was  equiv- 
ocal, as  is  instanced  in  tlie  shocKing 
punishment  which  she  inflicted  upon 
the  Countess  Bestuchef  and  Lapookin, 
who  were  publicly  knouteil,  and  had 
their  tongues  cut  out,  ibr  betrayintr 
some  secrets  relatinsr  to  the  amours  of 
the  empress.     D.  1761. 

ELLENBOKOUGH,  Edwakd  Law, 
lord  chief  justice  of  the  King's  Bench, 
and  a  distinguished  lawyer,  b.  174S,  at 
Great  Salkfield,  Cumber'land.  On  the 
trial  of  Warren  Hastings,  in  1785,  P>s- 
kine  having  refused  to  undertake  the 
defence,  he  served  as  leading  counsel, 


re 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    lUOGRAPIIY. 


[ell 


and  obtained  the  victory.  lu  1801  he 
\v;is  muclo  tUtoruey-gcueral,  and  next 
year,  on  the  death  "ot^Lord  Keiiyon,  be- 
came lord  chief  justice  of  tlie  King's 
Bench,  and  was  created  a  peer.  It  is 
Baid  that  the  result  of  the  trials  of  Hone, 
who  was  prosecuted  for  impious  paio- 
dies  and  libels,  (the  jury  having  tound 
verdicts  contrary  to  his  lordship's 
charges,)  had  a  great  effect  on  his  de- 
clining state  of  health ;  and  though  he 
continued  to  appear  in  court,  and  per- 
formed his  functions  with  his  usual 
energy  of  mind,  his  frame  was  fast 
sinking.     D.  181S. 

ELL'EY,  Sir  Johx,  a  distinguished 
English  officer,  who  by  his  own  merit 
rose  to  the  highest  mililary  rank,  and  to 
a  host  of  other  honors,  from  the  very 
humble  situation  of  a  private  in  the 
roval  horse  guards.     D.  1839. 

'ELT.loTT,  Ebexezee,  "The  Corn- 
Law  IJhyiucr,"  was  b.  at  Masborough, 
near  Kotiierham,  in  1781,  where  his  fa- 
ther was  a  commercial  clerk  in  the  iron 
works.  His  first  publication,  "  The 
Vernal  Walk,"  written  in  his  17th  year, 
showed  to  what  extent  the  scenery  of 
his  native  country  had  impressed  itself 
on  his  mind.  From  this  period  his 
poetic  eii'usions  were  unceasing,  lie 
contributed  to  the  "New  Monthly  Mag- 
azine," "Tait's  Magazine,"  and  many 
otiier  periodicals.  The  great  object  of 
his  political  life  was  the  abolition  of  the 
corn  laws  ;  and  it  is  not  too  much  to  say 
that  the  "  Corn-Law  Rhymes"  were  as 
instrumental,  especially  in  the  manufac- 
turing districts,  in  timning  the  excite- 
ment which  ultimately  led  to  the  aboli- 
tion of  the  corn  laws,  as  the  eloquence 
of  any  member  of  the  Anti-Corn-Law- 
League.  The  last  edition  of  his  poems 
appeared  in  one  volume  in  1840.  I). 
1849.  —  Jesse  Dunoax,  a  distinguished 
commodore  of  the  United  States  navy, 
b.  in  Maryland,  1785,  who  served  with 
honor  in  the  war  on  the  lakes  in  1812, 
performing  many  gallant  exploits,  and 
afterwards'  on  the  Mediterranean  and 
West  India  stations.     I).  1845. 

ELLIS,  George,  a  miscellaneous  wri- 
ter of  considerable  talent,  was  b.  in  Lon- 
don, 1745,  and  d.  1815.  lie  commenced 
his  literary  career  as  the  author  of  various 
political  satires  and  essays  ;  and  he  sub- 
sequently produced  "Specimens  of  early 
English 'poetB,"  "Specimens  of  early 
English  Metrical  Romances." — Ioiin,  an 
Encrlinh  poet,  was  b.  in  London  in  1698, 
and  Ijronght  up  a  scrivener.  U.  1791.— 
John,  a  naturalist,  was  b.  in  London  in 


are  "  An  Essay  towards  a  Natural  His 
tory  of  British'Corallines,"  and  "  A  Nat- 
ural History  of  uncommon  Zoophytes. "_ 
— Willi.vm",  a  practical  agriculturist  of 
the  18th  century,  who  lived  at  Great 
Gaddesden,  Herts,  and  enjoyed  con- 
siderable reputation  both  as  an  inventor 
of  forming  implements,  and  as  the  au- 
thor of  "The  Modern  Husbuudnian." 

ELLISTON,  RoBEKT  William,  an 
eminent  comedian,  was  b.  in  London  in 
1774.  He  was  intended  for  the  church  ; 
but  at  the  age  of  16  he  quitted  school, 
without  the  knowledge  of  his  friends, 
went  to  Bath,  and  there  first  gratified 
his  ambition  for  scenic  celebrity.  His 
first  bow  to  a  London  audience  was 
made  at  the  Haymarket  theatre,  1796 ; 
but  it  was  not  till  1804  that  he  became 
fixed  at  either  of  the  winter  houses. 
This  occurred  on  Kemble's  retirement 
from  Drury-lane ;  and  till  the  destruc- 
tion, by  fire,  of  that  edifice  in  1809,  he 
continued  to  be  one  of  its  most  active 
and  efficient  supporters.     D.  1831. 

ELLSWORTH,  Oliver,  chief  justice 
of  the  United  States,  graduated  at  the 
college  in  New  Jersey,  1766.     In  1777 
he  was  chosen  a  delegate  in  congress 
from    Connecticut.      In    1780    he    was 
elected  into  the  council  of  Connecticut, 
and  was   a  member  of  that  body  till 
1784,  when  he  was  appointed  a  judge 
of  the  superior  court.     In  1787  he  was 
elected   a  member  of  the   convention, 
which  framed  the  federal  constitution. 
In  an  assembly  illustrious  for  talents, 
erudition,  and  patriotism  he  held  a  dis- 
tinguished place.     When    the    federal 
government  was  organized  in  1789  he 
w.HS  a  member  of  the  senate  from  Con- 
necticut.    In  1796  he  was  appointed  by 
Washington  chief  justice  of  the  supremo 
court  of  the  United  States,  but  on  ac- 
count of  ill  health  resigned  the  office  in 
1800.     In   1799   he   was   appointed   by 
President  Adams   envoy  extraordinary 
to  France  for  the  purpose  of  settling  a 
treaty  with  that  nation.  D.  1807,  aged  65. 
ELLWOOD,  Thomas,  was  b.  at  Crow- 
ell  in  Oxfordshire,  in  1639.    He  was  bred 
in  the  tenets  of  the  church  of  England, 
but  was  induced  to  join  the  Quakers, 
through  which  he  lost  the  tiivor  of  his 
father"!     He  became   reader  to   Milton, 
which  tended  greatly  to  his   improve- 
ment in    learning.      EUwood    sulfered 
imprisonment  for  his   profession,  and 
wrote  a  number  of  books  in  its  defence. 
He  also  edited  "  George  Fox's  Journal," 
and  published  a  "  History  of  the  Old  and 
New  Testaments ;"   a  sacred  poem  on 


1710  'and  d.  1776.     His  prhicipal  works  |  the  life  of  David,  &e.     D.  1713. 


ELZ] 


CVCLOI'.KDI.V    OF    BIOGKAPHV. 


377 


ELMSI-EY.  Peter,  nn  cmment  phi- 
lolotrist  and  cliissieal  scliolar,  was  b.  in 
ITTli.  In  iiiir.siiit  of  hi-J  philoloifical 
studies  lie  visited  the  jirinciinil  libraries 
on  the  Continent;  :md  in  1610,  in  con- 
junction with  Sir  Humphrey  l):tvy,  he 
accepted  a  conumssiou  from  govcni- 
mcnt  for  till?,  develoinnent  of  the  llercu- 
liiuean  papyri,  but  their  labors  proved 
abortive.  On  his  return  he  settled  at 
Oxford,  where  he  obtained  tlie  Camden 
p>-niv>wisf,vs]iin  of  ancient  history,  and 
was  elected'  nriucjiial  of  8t.  Albau's 
I'.all.  He  produced" editions  of  various 
classics,  and  contributed  to  the  early 
numbers  of  the  "Edinburgh  Eevicw," 
and  at  a  subsequent  period  to  the 
"  Quarterlv."     1).  1825. 

ELWIIXSTON,  Akthur,  Lord  Bal- 
MKRixo,  was  b.  IGSS.  He  had  the  com- 
mand of  a  company  of  foot  in  Lord 
Shannon's  regiment  in  the  reign  of 
Queen  Anne ;  but  at  the  accession  of 
George  L  resigned  that  commission,  and 
joined  the  earl  of  Mar,  under  whom  he 
served  at  the  battle  of  Sherilfmuir.  At 
the  decisive  batile  of  CuUoden  he  was 
taken  prisoner  by  the  duke  of  Cumber- 
land's army.  Being  conducted  to  Lon- 
don, lie  was  comniitted  to  the  Tower, 
and  brought  to  trial  in  Westminster 
hall,  2'Jth  July,  174(),  along  witli  the 
carls  of  Kilmarnock  and  Cromarty,  both 
of  whom  pleaded  guilty.  The  earl  of 
Cromarty  obtained  a  pardon,  but  the 
other  two  sulfcred  decapitation  on 
Tower-hill,  IStli  August,  174G.— Jamks, 
a  native  of  Edinbur!.di,  whoso  attempts 
to  cttect  an  imaginary  reformation  in 
the  orthography  ~of  the  English  lan- 
guage, by  spelling  all  words  as  they  are 
nronounced.  occupied  a  great  part  of 
tiis  life,  and  ended  in  complete  disap- 
pointment. In  this  pursuit  he  pub- 
lished various  works,  among  whicn  we 
may  mention  "English  Orthography 
epitomized,"  and  "  I'ropriety's  rocket 
Picture."     B.  1721 :  d.  1809. 

ELPIIINSTONE,  Geokoe  Keith, 
Viscount,  b.  1747,  was  a  distinguished 
naval  oHiccr.  lie  entered  the  service 
eai.v  in  life,  and  arrived  at  the  rank  of 
post-captain  in  1775.  During  the  Amer- 
ican war  he  served  with  great  credit  at 
the  attack  on  Mud  Island,  at  Charles- 
ton, &c. ;  he  also  captured  L'Aigle  of 
40  guns  and  600  men ;  and  when  the 
war  broke  out  with  Franco  he  was 
dmoni;  the  first  wlio  sustained  the  credit 
of  the  British  navy.  I).  182:?.— Geouoe 
WiLi.i.vM  Kkitii,  b.  1782.  Early  in  lite 
this  distinguished,  but  eventually  un- 
fortunate, otlieer  entered  the  service  as 
32"- 


ensign  in  the  S4th  infantry.  After 
serving  with  much  distinction  in  various 
pans  of  the  globe,  he  was  ina<le  lieu- 
tenant-colonel of  the  3;3d  foot  in  18i:j. 
He  was  made  major-general  in  18:57,  and 
was  comniandcr-in-chief  of  the  Bengal 
army,  when  the  British  arms  received 
so  awful  and  disirraceful  a  check  in  Alf- 
ghanistan.     1).  1842. 

ELSToB,  William,  a  learned  divine, 
was  b.  at  Newcastle-upon-Tyne,  1673, 
and  d.  1714.  lie  was  profoundly  skilled 
in  the  Saxon  laiigu.ige  and  antiquities, 
and  published  a  Latin  translation  of  the 
"Saxon  Homily  of  Lupus ;"  and  the 
"  ilomily  on  St.  Gregory's  iJay,"  iu 
Saxon  and  Latin.  He  also  wrote  "An 
Essay  on  the  Allinity  and  Agreement 
between  the  Two  Professions  of  Law 
and  Divinity,"  &c. — Elizaiiktm,  sister 
of  the  preceding,  was  b.  at  Newcastle, 
IG'^S.  She  resided  with  her  brotlier  at 
Oxtbrd,  and  became  the  partner  of  liis 
studios.  She  accompanied  his  "  Homi- 
ly on  St.  Gregory"  with  an  English 
version  and  a  preface,  and  published  a 
Saxon  grammar.     D.  1756. 

ELVIUS,  Peter,  a  Swedisli  mathe- 
matician, and  secretary  of  the  royal  acad- 
emv  of  sciences  at  Stockholm,  was  b.  at 
Upsal,  1710;  and  d.  174',t. 

ELWES,  John,  an  extraordinary  mi- 
ser. Ilis  family  name  was  Meggot, 
which  he  altered  in  pursuance  of  the 
will  of  Sir  Harvey  Elwcs,  his  uncle,  who 
left  him  at  least  £250,000,  and  he  was 
possessed  of  nearly  as  much  of  his  own. 
At  this  time  he  attended  the  most  noted 
gaming  houses,  and  after  sitting  up  a 
whole  night  at  play  for  thousands,  he 
would  proceed  to  Smithficld  to  meet  his 
cattle,  where  he  would  stand  disputing 
with  a  cattle-butcher  for  a  shillinsr.  He 
would  sit  in  wet  clothes  to  save  the  ex- 
pense of  a  lire;  cat  his  provisions  in  the 
last  stage  of  putrefaction  ;  and,  in  short, 
subject  himself  to  any  privation,  or  be 
guilty  of  any  begsarly  conduct,  by 
whicli  a  sixpence  migiit  be  saved ;  yet, 
if  by  his  personal  exertions  he  could  as- 
sist another,  provided  it  cost  him  noth- 
ing but  his  labor,  he  was  active  nnd 
ready.  In  1774  he  was  chosen  membo' 
for  Berkshire,  and  his  conduct  in  p:irli;t 
ment  was  perfectly  independent.  D 
1789,  au'cd  about  77,  leaving  a  f<irtunt 
of  .£500,000,  besides  entailed  estates. 

ELZEVIK.  The  name  of  a  celebrated 
family  of  printers,  residing  at  Amster- 
dam ami  Leyden,  whose  beautiful  edi- 
tions were  chiefly  published  between  the 
years  1594  and  16S0. — Louis,  the  first  of 
them,  began  to  be  known  at  Leyden  in 


>— 'Q 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[enq 


1505,  and  was  tho  first  who  made  the 
distinction  between  the  e;  consonant  and 
tlie  n  vowel,  lie  took  Ibr  liis  device  an 
cajrle  holdiuj;  t-evcn  arrows,  witli  the 
motto,  "  Concordia  res  parvic  crcscamt." 
This  he  afterwards  exchanged  I'or  that 
of  a  man  standiiis,  with  tlie  inotto  "  Tson 
sohis ;''  and  tliis  was  adopted  by  his 
successors.  Their  names  were  John, 
Daniel,  ^Iatthew,  Isaac,  BoNAVENTunA, 
and  AiJKAiiAM.  The  latter  two  prepared 
the  smaller  editions  of  the  classics,  in 
12ino.  and  16nio.,  which  are  still  valued 
for  their  beauty  and  correctness.  Al- 
thouirh  the  Elzevirs  were  surpassed  in 
learninir.  and  in  Greek  and  Hebrew  edi- 
tions, by  the  Stephenses  of  Paris,  they 
were  unequalled  in  their  choice  of 
works,  and  in  the  elegance  of  their  ty- 
pojraphv. 

EMANUEL,  king  of  Portugal,  suc- 
ceeded John  II.  in' 1495.  He  restored 
the  nobility  to  their  priviletres,  and 
greatly  encouraged  maritime  adven- 
tures," by  which  means  a  new  passage 
to  India"  was  discovered  by  Gama,  and 
Brazil  in  1501,  by  Cabral.  Emanuel  also 
sent  an  expedition  to  Africa,  and  est.ib- 
lislied  a  commercial  iutercour.=e  with 
the  kingdom  of  Congo.     D.  1521. 

EMERY,  John,  an  actor  of  very  con- 
siderable merit,  (particularly  in  rustic 
characters,  where  his  perfect  knowledge 
of  the  Yorkshire  dialect  rendered  him 
so  effective,')  was  b.  at  Sunderland,  in 
1777.     D.  182'2. 

EMLYN,  TnoxiAS,  a  Protestant  dis- 
senting minister,  memorable  for  the 
persecution  he  sustained  in  consequence 
of  his  religious  sentiments  with  regard 
to  the  Trinity,  was  b.  at  Stamford,  Lin- 
colnshire, in  ir,r,3,  and  studied  at  the 
university  of  Cambridge.  In  1691  he 
settled  at  Dublin,  as  assistant  to  the 
Kev.  Joseph  Boyce,  but  was  soon  inter- 
dieted  from  his  pastoral  duties,  on  sus- 
picion of  Arianism.  Finding  himself 
the  object  of  much  odium  and  miscon- 
ception, he  published  "A  Humble  En- 
quiry into  the  Scripture  Account  of  Je- 
sus Christ;"  upon  which  ho  was  arrest- 
ed on  tlie  charge  of  blasphemy,  tried, 
and  sentenced  to  a  year's  imprisonment 
and  a  fine  of  .£liJ00l  His  character  w-as 
amiable,  and  he  was  on  terms  of  inti- 
macy with  Dr.  Clarke,  Whiston,  and 
other  eminent  men.     I).  1743. 

EMMETT,  RoiiKKT,  the  son  of  a  phy- 
Rician  at  Cork,  wa.**  educated  for  the  le- 
gal profession ;  but.  on  the  breaking 
out  of  the  Irish  rebellion,  he  was  drawn 
into  its  vortex,  became  secretary  to  the 
secret  directory  of  United   Irishmen, 


and  in  1S03  suffered  the  death  of  a  trai- 
tor. His  youthful  ardor,  eloquence,  and 
intrepidity  have  been  greatly  extolled. — 
ThomjVS  Addis,  elder  brother  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  also  bred  to  the  profession 
of  the  law,  but  becoming  involved  in 
the  Irish  rebellion,  he  fled  his  country, 
and  settled  in  the  United  States,  where 
he  practised  as  an  advocate.  D.  at  New 
York,  1827. 

EMPEDOCLES,  a  Greek  philosopher, 
whose  doctrines  were  nearly  allied  to 
those  of  Pythagoras,  was  b.  about  460 
B.  c,  at  Agrigentum,  in  Sicily.  The 
sovereignty  was  offered  him  by  his  fel- 
low-citizens ;  but  being  a  friend  to  pure 
democracy  he  refused  it,  and  established 
a  popular  government. 

ENFIELD,  Wiluam,  a  dissenting 
minister,  and  a  writer  of  much  judg- 
ment, was  b.  at  Sudbury,  1741 ;  and  af- 
ter fiJline  the  situation  of  resident  tutor 
and  lecturer  on  the  belles  lettres  at 
Warrington  academy  till  the  dissolu- 
tion of  that  establishment,  lie  d.  1797. 
He  was  one  of  the  principal  contributors 
to  "  Dr.  Aikin's  Biographical  Diction- 
ary;" and  is  known  as  the  author  or 
compiler  of  several  useful  works,  viz., 
"The  Speaker,"  "Exercises  on  Elocu- 
tion," "  Natural  Philosophy,"  &c. 

ENGEL,  John  James,  a  German  wri- 
ter, whose  philosophical  works  are  held 
in  liigh  esteem,  was  b.  in  Meeklenburgh, 
1741 ;  and,  after  studying  at  several 
German  universities,  he  accepted  the 
office  of  professor  of  morals  and  litera- 
ture at  Berlin,  where  he  was  made  a 
member  of  the  Eoyal  Academy  of  Sci- 
ences, and  wrote  tlie  greatest  part  of  his 
works.     D.  1802. 

ENGELBRECIIT,  John,  a  religious 
fanatic,  was  b.  at  Brunswick,  1599.  He 
travelled  for  several  years  throutrh  Ger- 
many, fasting  at  tin'ies  for  a  fortniirht 
together,  and  not  unfrequently  falling 
into  trances,  during  which  he  pretended 
to  receive  divine  revelations  and  mis- 
sions for  proselytizing  mankind.  D. 
1642. 

ENGHIEN,  Louis  Antoine  Heniu  de 
BouitnoN,  duke  of,  son  of  the  duke  ol 
Bourbon,  and  a  descendent  of  the  great 
Cond6,  was  b.  at  Chantilly,  in  1772. 
Having  served  with  credit  in  the  armies 
opposed  to  the  French  republic,  he  went 
to  Baden,  in  1804,  married,  and  lived 
there  as  a  private  citizen.  He  was,  how- 
ever, rcixarded  with  a  jealous  eye,  as  one 
who  niisrht  become  a  dangerous  foe  to 
the  ambitious  designs  of  the  first  consul ; 
and  an  order  to  arrest  him  was  accord- 
ingly issued.    He  was  accused  of  having 


CYCl.Ul'.KUlA    Ol'-    mOURAl'UV. 


KPl] 


taken  part  in  conspiracies  nj?iiiiist  the 
liib  of  the  first  consul;  iind  though  nnth- 
incc  was  proved  aiiuinst  him,  he  received 
sentence  of  deatlij  and  was  led  into  the 
fosse  of  the  castle,  wliere  he  heroically 
and  firnilv  submitted  to  it. 

KNGLiiFlELI),  Sir  IIenrv  Chaklks, 
li  fellow  of  the  Koyal  and  Antiquarian 
societies,  to  whose  "Transactions"  he 
contributed  largely,  was  b.  175-2.  He 
was  the  author  of  a  work  "  On  the  De- 
termination of  the  Orbits  of  Comets," 
"  A  Description  of  the  Picturesque 
r>e:\utics  and  Geological  Phenomena  of 
tlu^  Isle  of  Wi:,'ht,"  Ac.     D.  IS-Jl'. 

EN  N I  US,  QuiNTi-s,  a  celebrated  Latin 
poet  of  the  earlier  times  of  the  republic, 
was  b.  at  Calabria  239  b.  c.  Cato  the 
Censor  became  acquainted  with  him  in 
Sardinia,  was  his  puj)!),  and  brought 
him  to  Rome,  where  he  soon  gained  the 
friendship  of  the  most  distinguished  in- 
dividuals, and  instructed  young  men  of 
rank  in  Greek.     ]).  26'.'  b.'o. 

ENTICK,  John-,  an  English  divine,  d. 
in  1780.  lie  published  a  "  History  of 
the  War  which  ended  in  1763,"  a  "  His- 
tory of  London,"  a  well-known  and  ap- 
proved "  Latin  and  English  Dictionary," 
&c. 

ENTINOPUS,  an  eminent  architect 
of  CaiKMa  in  the  4th  century,  who  may 
properly  be  styled  the  founder  of  Venice. 
Having'  fled  from  the  ravages  of  the 
Goths  to  the  morasses  on  tlie  Adriatic 
coast,  he  built  the  tirst  house  there  for 
himself,  and  afterwards  assisted  the  in- 
iiabitants  of  Padua,  who  also  took  refuge 
there,  in  building  the  80  houses  which 
formecl  the  iirst  eitv.     D.  about  420. 

EPAMLXONDAS,  a  Theban  general, 
illustrious  for  his  talents  and  his  virtues, 
was  the  son  of  Polymnis.  He  was  the 
friend  of  Pelopidas,  and  by  him  aiipnint- 
ed  to  the  connnand  of  the  Theban  armies. 
He  defeated  Cleombrotus,  and  gained 
the  battle  of  Leuctra ;  overcame  Alex- 
ander tyrant  of  Phera;a;  and  fell  in  the 
moment  of  victory  at  the  battle  of  >Lui- 
tinea,  3()3  b.  c. 

El'EE,  Charles  J^Iiciiael  dk  l',  a 
French  abbe,  founder  of  the  institution 
in  Paris  for  the  deaf  and  dumb,  was  b. 
at  Versailles  in  1712,  and  deserves  grate- 
ful remembrance  for  the  philanthropic 
occupation  in  which  the  greater  part  of 
liis  life  was  spent.  He  entered  into  lioly 
orders,  and  Dccame  a  Catholic  priest ; 
but  his  great  objeet  bein;,'  to  impart  in- 
struction to  the  deaf  and  dumb,  he  spent 
his  whole  income,  besides  what  was 
contributed  by  benevolent  patrons,  in 
the   education'  and  maintenance  of  his 


370 


apparel.     D.  17Sy. 

EPICHAK.MUS,  of  Cos,  anhilosoph 
of  the  Pythagorean  school,  lived  in  tl 


pupils,  for  whose  wants  he  provided 
with  such  disinterested  devotion,  that  he 
often  deprived  himself  of  the  necessaries 
of  life,  restricting  himself  to  the  plainest 
food,  and  clothing  himself  in  the  coarsest 
■      D.  17Sy. 

'ler 
the 
atter  part  of  the  .'Jth  century  u.  c,  at 
Syracuse,  and  there  wrote  his  celebrated 
comedies,  all  of  which  are  now  lost.  He 
also  wrote  upon  medical  and  philosoph- 
ical subjects,  and  attained  the  age  of  97 
years. 

EPICTETUS,  a  Stoic  philosopher,  who 
lived  ill  the  first  century,  was  a  native 
of  Hierapolis,  in  Phrygia,  and  was  origi- 
nally a  slave  to  Epaphroditus,  one  of 
Nero's  frcedmen.  Having  been  eman- 
cipated, he  gave  himself  up  wholly  to 
the  study  of  j)hilosophy,  and  his  life 
atl'orded  an  e.\ample  of  unblemished 
virtue. 

EPICURUS,  the  founder  of  the  Epi- 
curean sect  of  philosophers,  was  b.  at 
Gargettns,  842  b.  c,  and  studied  at 
Athens.  For  a  time  he  resided  succes- 
sively at  Colophon,  Mitylcnc,  and  Lamp- 
sacus.  but  tmally  settled  at  Athens, 
where  he  purchased  a  garden,  and  there 
expounded  his  system  of  philosophy. 
D.  271  B.C. 

EPIMENIDES.  a  celebrated  philos- 
opher and  poet  of  Crete,  who  flourished 
during  the  Gth  century  b.  c.  He  is  rep- 
resented as  favored  with  divine  connnu- 
nicatioiis,  and  as  an  infallible  prophet. 

EPIX.VY,  LorisK,  madamc  d  ,  a  female 
of  considerable  talents,  and  notorious  for 
her  connection  with  Rousseau,  was  the 
wife  of  M.  Delalive  de  Bcllegarde,  who 
filled  the  ollice  of  farmer-general.  Du- 
ring the  earlier  part  of  her  lite,  she  form- 
ed an  acquaintance  with  tiie  philosopher 
of  Geneva,  to  whom  she  gave  a  cottage 
in  hcrjiark  of  Clievrette,  (attcrwards  the 
well-known  hermitage,)  where  he  passed 
many  of  his  days,  wliich  were  rendered 
happy  by  this  romantic  attachment,  un- 
til lie  became  jealous  of  Baron  Grimm, 
whom  he  had  himself  introduced  to  his 
mistress.  She  was  the  author  of  "Lea 
Conversations  d'Emilie,"  "  Lettres  i\ 
inon  Fils,"  and  "Mes  Moments  Heu- 
reux."     D.  17S3. 

EPISCOPR^S,  Snrox,  alearned  divine, 
b.  at  Amsterdam,  lo83.  In  lt)l2  he  was 
chosen  divinity  ])rofessor  at  Leydcn; 
was  the  priucipal  of  the  remonstrants,  or 
Arminians,  at  the  synod  of  Dort,  whicli 
arbitrary  assembly  deposed  him  and  the 
other  deputies  from  their  ministerial 
functions,  and  banished   them  the  re- 


}80 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPIIV. 


[eri 


publio.  He  then  went  to  Antwerp,  but 
in  1G26  lie  returned  to  Holland,  and  bc- 
eanie  minister  to  the  remonstrants  at 
Eotterdam.     D.  liUo. 

EPONIXA,  a  Koman  female,  whose 
strength  of  eonjutral  afl'eetion  is  worthy 
of  record,  was  the  wife  of  Julius  Sabinus, 
who,  after  being  defeated  in  his  revolt 
against  Vespasian,  took  shelter  in  a  sub- 
terninoan  eave,  where,  during  nine  years, 
lie  and  Eponina  lived  concealed.  Their 
retreat  being  at  length  discovered,  and 
Sabinus  being  condemned  to  sutfcr 
dcatli,  the  faithful  wife  having  vainly 
implored  the  emperor's  clemency  for  her 
husband,  heroically  refused  to  survive 
his  loss,  and  d.  a  willing  martyr  to  her 
constanev,  78. 

EEASiSTRATrS,  an  ancient  physi- 
cian, wlio  acquired  great  reputation  at 
the  court  of  beleucus  Xicanor,  kintr  of 
Syria,  was  one  of  the  first  who  disserted 
human  bodies,  and  accurately  described 
the  brain. 

ERASMUS,  Desiderius,  one  of  the 
most  eminent  scholars  of  his  age,  wash. 
at  Kotterdam,  1467.  He  was  the  iliegit- 
iiiKite  son  of  one  Gerard,  by  the  daugh- 
ter of  a  physician ;  but  his  father  and 
mother  dying  when  he  was  only  nine 
years  old,"  he  was  left  to  the  care  of 
three  guardians,  who  determined  on 
bringing  him  up  to  a  religious  life,  that 
they  might  enjoy  his  patrimony ;  for 
wliich  purpose  they  removed  him  from 
one  convent  to  another,  till  at  last,  in 
1436,  he  took  the  habit  among  the 
canons-regular  at  Stein,  near  Tergon. 
The  monastic  life  being  disagreeable  to 
liini,  he  accepted  an  invitation  from  the 
archbishop  of  Cambray  to  reside  with 
him.  During  his  abode  with  this  prelate 
he  was  ordained  priest;  but  in  14'.t6  he 
went  to  Paris,  and  supported  himself  by 
giving  private  lectures.  In  1497  he  vis- 
ited England,  and  met  with  a  liberal  re- 
ception from  the  most  eminent  scholars. 
On  his  return  ho  spent  twelve  years  in 
France,  Italy,  and  the  Netherlands  ;  and 
during  that  time  he  published  several 
works  of  great  merit.  In  I.jOO  he  took 
his  doctor's  degree  at  Turin,  and  went 
to  Bologna,  where  he  continued  some 
time;  thence  he  removed  to  Venice,  and 
resided  with  the  famous  Aldus  Manu- 
tius.  From  Venice  he  went  to  Padua 
and  Rome,  where  many  offers  were  made 
him  to  settle;  but  havinir  received  an 
invitation  from  Henry  VIIT.  he  went 
to  England  a'.rain  in'l-">10;  wrote  his 
"  Praise  and  Folly"  while  residing  with 
Sir  Tliomas  More ;  and  was  appointed 
Margaret    professor    of    divinity,    and 


Greek  lecturer,  at  Cambridge.  In  1514 
he  once  more  returned  to  the  Continent, 
and  lived  chiefly  at  Basle,  where  he  vig- 
orously continued  his  literary  labors, 
and  prepared  his  edition  of  the  New 
Testament,  with  a  Latin  translation ; 
liis  "  Ciceronianus,"  and  his  celebrated 
"Colloquies,"  which  latter  gave  such 
offence  to  the  monks,  that  they  us^.d  to 
say,  "Erasmus  laid  the  egg  which  Lu- 
ther hatched."  With  Luther,  however, 
whom  he  had  provoked  by  his  treatise 
on  Free  Will,  lie  was  in  open  hostility. 
In  1528  appeared  his  learned  work,  "De 
recta  l^atinis  Grajcique  Sermonis  Pro- 
nunciatione,"  and  his  last  publication, 
which  was  printed  the  year  before  his 
death,  was  entitled  "  Ecclesiastes,  or  tha 
Manner  of  Preaehinsr."     D.  1506. 

ERATOSTHENES,  a  native  of  Cyrene, 
in  Africa,  275  b.  c,  was  librarian  at  Alex- 
andria, and  improved  the  science  of 
mathematical  geography,  which  he  cor- 
rected, enlarged,  and  reduced  to  system. 
He  was  also  a  philosopher,  poet,  and 
grammarian ;  while  he  rendered  much 
service  to  the  sciences  of  astronomy  and 
geography,  by  first  observing  the  ob- 
liquity of  the  ecliptic,  and  by  discover- 
ing the  method  of  measuring  the  cir- 
cumference of  the  globe. 

ERCILLA  Y  ZUNIGA,  a  Spanish 
poet  and  soldier,  was  b.  in  Biscay,  about 
1530.  He  was  brought  up  at  the  court 
of  Charles  V.,  and  joined  an  expedition 
which  was  sent  out  to  Chili  against  a 
tribe  of  natives  called  the  Araccanians. 
Hence  came  his  admirable  epic  of  "  La 
Araucana,"  which  describes  the  perils 
and  exploits  of  that  fierce  and  dangerous 
contest ;  this  he  wrote  on  scraps  of  paper, 
and  on  bits  of  leather  when  paper  could 
not  be  had,  during  those  brief  intervals 
which  could  be  snatched  from  active 
dutv. 

EREMITA,  Daniel,  a  writer  of  the 
17tli  century,  was  a  native  of  Antwerp, 
and  became  secretary  to  the  duke  of 
Florence.  He  wrote  several  works,  the 
principal  one  being  entitled  "De  Aulica 
Vita  ac  Civili."     D.  1613. 

ERIC  IX.,  king  of  Sweden,  Denmark, 
and  Norway,  succeeded  Margaret  in  141 2. 
He  marriecl  the  daughter  of  Henry  IV. 
of  England.  In  1439  he  was  formally 
deposed.  He  afterwards  settled  in  Po- 
merania,  where  he  d.  in  1459.  He  com- 
piled a  "History  of  Deimiark  to  tho 
year  1238." — XIV.,  son  and  successor 
of  Gustavus  I.,  king  of  Sweden.  He 
courted  the  Princess  Elizabeth,  after- 
wards queen  of  England,  but  being 
refused,  he  married  the  daughter  of  a 


ERS] 


CVCLOP^DIA    OK    BIOGRAPHY. 


381 


Eeasant.  This  alienated  from  liiin  the 
carts  of  Ills  subjects,  and,  togetlier  with 
his  cruelties,  oeensioiicd  a  revolt.  Eric 
was  comiielled  to  renounce  liis  throne 
in  irifJS.     D.  in  prison,  in  1573. 

EKICEIKA,  Fkudi.nand  de  Menezks, 
Count,  a  rortuguese  historian,  was  b. 
at  I.ishon,  in  1G14.  lie  devoted  himself 
to  military  service,  and  distinL'uislu-d 
himself  as  an  aljlc  ireneral  at  Tangier. 
He  wrote  "The  History  of  Tangier," 
"History  of  rortup^al,"  &c. — Francis 
Xavieu  ^IE^•KZEs,  Count,  frreat-grandson 
of  the  above,  was  b.  at  Lisbon,  in  1763; 
and  d.  in  171:?.  He  wrote  on  "  Academ- 
ical Studios,"  "Parallels  of  Illustrious 
Men  and  Women,"  &c. 

ERIttKNA,  John  Scotts,  a  learned 
man  of  the  9th  century,  was  b.  in  Scot- 
land, though  some  make  him  a  native 
of  England,  and  others  of  Ireland.  lie 
is  said  to  have  travelled  to  Athens, 
wdiere  he  acquired  the  Greek  and  Ori- 
ental languages.  He  resided  many  years 
at  the  court  of  Charles  the  Bald,  king  of 
France,  with  whom  he  lived  on  terms 
of  the  greatest  familiarity.  At  the  re- 
quest of  his  patron  he  translated  the 
works  of  Dionysius  into  Latin,  which 
drew  upon  him  the  resentment  of  the 
pope,  to  avoid  whose  fury  he  went  to 
England,  where  he  was  courteously  re- 
ceived by  Alfred  the  Great,  who  placed 
him  at  the  head  of  his  newly-founded 
college  at  Oxford ;  but  after  a  residence 
there  of  about  three  years,  he  retired  to 
the  abbey  of  Malmesbury.  His  greatest 
work  was  the  "  Division  of  Nature,  or 
the  Nature  of  Things,"  printed  at  Ox- 
ford in  1681. 

ERNESTI,  John  AroTrarus,  an  emi- 
nent German  critic,  and  professor  of 
theology  at  Leipsic,  was  b.  17^7.  He 
published  several  valuable  editions  of 
Xenophon,  Cicero,  Suetonius,  Tacitus, 
Homer,  and  Callimachus,  accompanied 
with  learned  notes  ;  and  a  "  Theological 
Library."  D.  17S1. — Augustus  Wil- 
liam, a  nephew  of  the  preceding,  was 
also  a  distinguished  classical  scholar, 
and  publishecl  several  learned  works. 
B.  1753;  d.  ISOl. 

EKSCH,  Joiix  Samuel,  a  German 
bibliographer,  b.  1766,  was  principal 
librarian,  and  professor  of  geography 
and  statistics,  at  the  university  of  Halle. 
He  wrote  a  "  Manual  of  German  Litera- 
ture ;"  a  "  Dictionary  of  French  Writers, 
from  1771  to  1805;"  was  j.)int  editor 
with  Professor  Griiber  of  the  "  Universal 
Encyclopredia,"  published  at  Leipsic; 
and'editor  of  the  "Jena  Literary  Ga- 
zette."   D.  1828. 


ERSKINE,  EiiENEzEE,  the  founder  of 
the  secession  eiuirch  in  Scotland,  b.  iit 
Drvburgh,  in  Berwickshire,  16^0.  In 
17;jl  he  accepted  of  a  call  to  Stirling; 
and  circumstances  soon  afterwards  luiv- 
ing  occurred  to  augment  the  hostility  he 
had  always  shown  to  the  law  of  patron- 
age, he  declared  the  cliurch  judicatories 
to  be  illegal  and  unchristian,  and,  after 
some  delay  and  discussions,  was  "de- 
posed from  the  oflice  of  the  holy  minis- 
try" in  1740.  But  he  was  soon  joined 
by  his  brother  Raliih,  minister  of  Dun  • 
feVinline,  and  other  ministers;  and  hav- 
ing constituted  themselves  into  a  presby- 
tery, they  founded  the  secession  church 
of  Scotlaiid.  D.  1754. — John,  son  of  an 
eminent  Scotch  lawyer  of  the  same  name, 
was  b.  at  Cardross,  in  1721,  and  destined 
for  the  bar;  but  his  inclination  leading 
him  to  the  study  of  theologv,  he  was, 
in  1742,  licensed  to  preach.  His  "TLx^o- 
logical  Dissertations"  appeared  in  17G5; 
but  his  "Sketches  and  Hints  of  Church 
History  and  Theolo.^ical  Controversy" 
were  not  published  till  many  years 
after.  These,  with  a  volume  of  sermons, 
are  his  principal  works.  D.  1803. — 
TiioM.vs,  Lord,  third  son  of  David  Henry 
Erskine,  earl  of  Buchan,  was  b.  in  1750. 
He  was  called  to  the  bar  in  1778,  and 
obtained  immediate  success.  In  May, 
1783,  he  received  a  silk  gown,  and,  the 
same  year,  was  elected  member  of  parlia- 
ment, and  unanimously  rechosen  tor  the 
same  borough  on  every  succeeding  elec- 
tion, until  raised  to  the  peerage.  In 
17'J2,  being  employed  to  defend  Tliomas 
Paine,  when  prosecuted  for  the  second 
part  of  his  "  Rights  of  ilan,"  he  declared 
that,  waiving  all  personal  convictions, 
he  deemed  it  right,  as  an  English  advo- 
cate, to  obey  the  call ;  by  the  mainte- 
nance of  which  principle  he  lost  his 
ollice  of  attorney-general  to  the  prince 
of  Wales.  Tlie  most  arduous  etl'ort, 
however,  in  his  professional  life,  arc)se 
out  of  the  part  cast  upon  him,  in  con- 
junction with  Mr.  ( afterwards  Sir  Vicary) 
Gibbs,  in  the  trials  of  Hardy,  Tooke,  and 
otliers,  lor  high  treason,  in  1794.  These 
trials  lasted  for  several  weeks,  and  the 
ability  displayed  by  Mr.  Erskine  on  this 
eventful  occasion  was  admired  and  ac- 
knowledged by  all  parties.  He  was  a 
strenuous  opposer  of  the  war  with 
France ;  and  wrote  a  pamphlet,  entitled 
"A  View  of  the  Causes  and  Consequen- 
ces of  the  War  with  France;"  when 
such  was  the  attraction  of  his  name, 
tliat  it  ran  through  the  unprecedented 
number  of  fortv-cight  editions.  In  1802, 
the  prince  of  NVales  not  only  restored 


382 


CVCLOP.liDlA    OV    BlUGHAriiY, 


[kih 


liiin  to  liis  office  ofattorncy-jreneral,  but 
made  him  keeper  of  his  seals  for  the 
duc'liy  of  Cornwall,  lie  was  the  author 
of  a'politiciil  romaiiee,  entitled  "Ar- 
niata,"  and  some  j^amphlets  on  the 
Greek  cause.  But  it  was  at  the  bar 
that  he  shone  with  peculiar  lustre.  D. 
18-2:3. 

KKXLEBEN,  John  Chkistlvx  Poly- 
CAKP,  a  German  naturalist,  b.  at  Qued- 
linburi,',  1744.  lie  studied  physic  at 
Gottiii'iren,  and  gave  lectures  there  on 
tlic  veterinary  art  and  natural  hi.story. 
His  "Principles  of  Natural  History"  is 
particularly  valuable.     D.  1777. 

ESCOBAK  Y  2iIEXD0ZA,  ANTnoxY, 
a  celebrated  Spanish  Jesuit,  b.  at  Valla- 
dolid,  15S',i,  and  d.  166'J.  He  was  a 
popular  preacher  and  a  voluminous  au- 
tlior.  Ills  most  noted  works  are  his 
"  Moral  Theology,"  and  his  "  Cases  of 
Conscience." 

ESCOIQUIZ,  Don  Juan,  a  Spanish 
diplomatist  and  author,  b.  1762.  He 
was  the  confidential  friend  of  Ferdinand 
Vll.,  whom  he  defended  zealously 
asrainst  the  machinations  of  the  Prince 
of  Peace,  and  of  Napoleon  at  Bayonne ; 
yet  for  having  advised  the  king  to  accent, 
at  least  in  part,  the  constitution  of  tbe 
Cortes,  he  was  banished  on  his  restora,- 
tion,  and  d.  in  exile,  in  1S20.  Among 
his  works  are  the  "  Conquest  of  Mexico," 
and  also  translations  from  Milton  and 
YounLC. 

P^SMENARD,  Joseph  Alphonse,  a 
French  poet  and  political  writer,  was  b, 
1770,  at  Pelissane,  in  Provence.  Durin<' 
tlie  revolution  lie  was  connected  witn 
many  literaiy  and  political  journals ; 
accompanied  General  Leclerc  to  St.  Do- 
mingo; and  on  his  return  became  ac- 
quainted with  Miirmontcl.  His  poem, 
"  La  Navigation,"  is  highly  descriptive ; 
he  also  wrote  the  operas  of  "Trajan" 
an<l  "  Ferdinand  Cortez."    D.  1811. 

ESPAGNAC,  John  Baptist,  baron  d', 
a  French  general,  b.  1713.  He  served 
under  Marshal  Saxe,  and  wrote  a  num- 
ber of  books  on  the  military  art,  and  a 
history  of  the  marshal,  in  3  vols.  4to. 

ESPEK,  John  Fp.edkrio,  a  naturalist 
nnd  astronomer,  was  b.  at  Drossenfeld, 
In  Bayreuth,  1732.  He  published  "A 
Method  of  determining  the  Orbits  of 
(Jomets,  and  otiier  celestial  Bodies, 
without  astronomical  Instruments  or 
matiiematical  Calculations;"  and  was 
the  first  who  examined  and  described 
the  curious  fossil  remains  in  the  subter- 
ranean caverns  of  Bavreuth.     D.  1781. 

ESPREMENIL,  .Iames  Dcval  d',  a 
counsellor  of  the   parliament  of  Paris, 


and  deputy  from  the  nobility  to  the 
states-general  in  1789.  He  had  from  his 
youth  entertained  the  project  of  resto- 
ring to  France  the  states-general ;  aud 
for  the  violence  of  his  speeches  on  that 
subject  he  was  seized  and  banished  to 
the  isle  of  St.  Margaret ;  but  being  re- 
called to  Paris  in  1789,  he  defended  the 
monarchy  against  innovators  with  as 
mucli  warmtli  as  he  had  before  opposed 
tlie  despotism  of  the  ministry,  lie  was 
ultimately  condemned  by  the  revolu- 
tionary tribunal,  and  perished  on  the 
scaffold,  in  1793. 

ESTAING,  Chaeles  Henry,  Count,  a 
French  commander,  was  b.  of  a  noble 
family  in  Auvergne,  ana  commenced 
his  career  in  the  East  Indies,  under 
Lally,  when  he  was  taken  prisoner  by 
the  "English.  In  the  American  war  he 
was  employed  as  vice-admiral  and  gen- 
eral of  the  French  armies  on  that  sta- 
tion, where  he  took  the  island  of  Grena- 
da. In  1787  he  became  a  member  of 
the  assembly  of  notables,  and  command- 
ant of  the  national  guards  at  Versailles, 
at  the  eonimencment  of  the  revolution: 
but,  like  many  others  who  had  promoted 
the  revolution,  he  was  accused  of  coun- 
ter-revolutionary projects,  and  suffered, 
in  1793.  by  the  guillotine. 

ESTE,  one  of  the  most  ancient  and 
illustrious  fomilies  of  Italy,  which  owed 
its  origin  to  those  petty  princes  who 
governed  Tuscany  in  the  time  of  the 
Carlovingians.  In  later  times,  they  re- 
ceived from  the  emperors  several  dis- 
tricts and  counties,  to  be  held  as  fiefs  of 
the  empire,  with  the  title  of  marquis. 
Of  this  family  was  Guelfo  IV.,  who, 
having  received  the  investiture  of  the 
duchy  of  Bavaria,  founded  the  house  of 
Brunswick. 

ESTRADES.  Godfrey,  Count,  a 
French  general  and  diplomatist,  b.  1607, 
and  d.  1061.  He  served  with  distinction 
in  the  Netlierlands,  under  Prince  Mau- 
rice. 

ESTREES,  GABRrELLK,  duchess  of 
Beaufort,  mistress  to  Henry  IV.  of 
France,  was  b.  about  1571,  and  was  de- 
scended from  an  ancient  and  noble 
family  in  Picardy.  So  passionately  was 
she  loved  by  Henry,  that  he  intended  to 
raise  Gabriclle  to  the  throne  as  his  law- 
ful consort,  I'or  which  purpose  he  pro- 
cured a  divorce  from  Margaret  of  Valois. 
The  design  was  strongly  opposed  by 
SuUv,  who  sueceeded  iii  rendering  it 
abortive.     D.  1599. 

ETIIELBERT,  king  of  England,  the 
second  son  of  Ethehvolf.  succeeded  his 
brother  Ethclbald,  in  860.     He  was  a 


EUl 


CYCLOVALUIX    OF    BIOGHAIMIV, 


383 


virtuous   prince,   and    beloved    by  his 
Bubjeets. 

ETHELRED  I.,  \nn>x  of  En.u'lund,  son 
of  Etliclwolf,  succeeded  liis  brother 
P'chelbert,  in  86(5. — II.,  king  of  EngUuid, 
tlie  son  of  Edgar,  succeeded  liis  brother 
Edward  the  Martyr  in  1)78,  and,  from 
his  want  of  vigor  and  capacity,  was  sur- 
iiamcd  the  Unl-eady.  He  paid  a  tribute 
to  the  Danes  by  a  tax  levictl  on  his  sub- 
jects, called  D'ane(jeU.  To  free  himself 
irom  this  oppression,  he  caused  all  the 
Danes  in  England  to  be  treacherously 
niasoucrcd  in  one  day.  On  this,  Swcyn, 
king  of  Denmark,  entered  his  kingdom, 
and  compelled  him  to  fly  to  Normandy; 
but  Sweyn  dying  soon  after,  Ethelred 
returned" and  resumed  the  government. 
D.  1016. 

ETHELWOLF,  kin^  of  England,  suc- 
ceeded his  father  Egbert,  in  838,  and 
gave  to  his  son,  Athelstau,  the  sover- 
ei<rutv  over  Essex,  Kent,  and  Sussex. 
D.  857. 

ETIIEREDGE,  Sir  Geokge,  an  En- 
glish dramatist,  and  one  of  the  wits  of 
the  court  of  Charles  II.,  was  b.  about 
lti;36.  He  studied  at  one  of  the  inns 
of  court,  but  soon  relinquished  legal 
science  for  the  dissipation  whieli  char- 
acterized the  era  in  which  he  lived.  lie 
devoted  considerable  attention  to  liirht 
literature,  and  wrote  songs,  panegyrics, 
lampoons,  and  dramas;  which,  though 
tinctured  with  licentiousness,  possess 
hmnor,  ease,  and  spirit.  His  comedies 
are  entitled  '^The  Comical  Revenue,  or 
Love  in  a  Tub."'  ''ShcAVoidd  if  Slie 
Could,"  and  "  The  Man  of  Mode."  He 
is  said  to  have  lost  Ins  life,  in  1GS3,  by 
falling  down  stairs  while  in  a  state  of  in- 
toxication. 

ETOILE,  Peter  de  l',  a  French  wri- 
ter, b.  1540,  whose  diary  of  events  fur- 
nished the  matter  for  the  "Journal  of 
Henrv  III.,"  and  the  "  Jourmd  of  Hen- 
ry IV."     D.  1611. 

'  ETTY,  Wii.i.iAM,  a  distinguished  art- 
ist, was  b.  at  York,  1787.  On  his  arrival 
in  London,  in  1S05,  he  soon  attracted 
the  attention  of  Opic,  Fuseli,  an>I  Sir 
Tliomas  Lawrence  ;  and  the  death  of  an 
uncle,  who  bequeathed  him  a  consider- 
able fortune,  having  enabled  him  to 
prosecute  his  studies  as  he  pleased,  he 
proceeded  on  a  tour  to  Italy,  where  he 
nnbibed  that  taste  f(n'  Venetian  art 
which  he  subsequently  carried  out  in 
the  numerous  works  that  proceeded 
from  his  pencil.  His  "  .Judith"  and 
"  Joan  of  Arc"  may  rank  witli  tiie  best 
compositions  of  modern  times.  J).  1850. 
EUCLID,  an  eminent  philosopher  of 


Megara,  and  the  disciple  of  Socrates, 
from  whom  he  difterea  in  the  manner 
of  teaching;  for,  instead  of  instructing 
his  pupils  in  morals,  he  confined  their 
attention  wholly  to  the  subtleties  of 
logic.  He  flourished  about  four  centu- 
ries before  the  Christian  era,  and  was 
the  founder  of  the  J»Iegaric  sect. — A 
celebrated  mathematician  of  Alexan- 
dria, who  flourished  300  b.  c.  He  im- 
mortalized his  name  by  his  books  on 
geometry,  in  which  he  digested  all  the 
propositions  of  the  eminent  geometri- 
cians who  preceded  Iiiin,  as  Thales, 
Pythagoras,  and  others.  His  "  Ele- 
m'euts"  have  gone  through  innumerable 
editions  ;  and  hough  he  wrote  on  mu- 
sic, optics,  and  other  subjects,  it  is  as  a 
geometrician  that  he  will  ever  be  re- 
membered. 

EUDOCIA,  a  learned  female  of 
Athens,  whose  original  name  was  Athe- 
nais,  was  the  daughter  of  Leontius  the 
philosopher.  In  4i!l  she  was  married 
to  the  emperor  Theodosius,  who  after- 
M'ards  divorced  her  in  a  fit  of  jealousy. 
She  then  went  to  Jerusalem,  where  she 
built  churches,  and  led  a  life  of  great 
devotion.  This  empress  wrote  several 
Greek  poems,  and  paraphrases  on  some 
of  the  prophets.     D.  460. 

EUGENE,  FiiAXCis,  of  Savoy,  known 
as  Prince  Eugene,  a  distinguished  mili- 
tary commander,  and  u  grandson  of  the 
duivc  of  Savoy,  was  b.  at  Paris,  1663. 
lie  was  intended  for  the  church,  but  his 
predilection  for  military  life  was  so 
strong,  that  on  being  refused  a  regi- 
ment in  the  French  army,  he  entered 
the  service  of  the  emperor,  as  a  volun- 
teer against  the  Turks,  where  his  bra- 
very attracting  notice,  lie  was  soon  ap- 
pointed to  the  command  of  a  regiment 
of  dragoons.  He  was  afterwards  placed 
at  the  head  of  the  army  of  Hunsary,  and 
was  the  companion  in  arnis  of  the  great 
duke  of  Marlborough,  participating  in 
the  victories  of  Blenheun,  Oudenarde, 
&c.  He  likewise  saved  Turin,  expelled 
the  French  from  Italy,  reduced  Lisle, 
and,  in  sliort,  raised  ijis  name  to  the 
very  pinnacle  of  military  renown,  by 
repeated  denmnstratious'  of  skill  and 
bravery.     D.  1736. 

EUGKNIU>,  an  obscure  man,  who, 
from  beinir  a  grammarian,  Wiis  pro- 
claimed empcvor  in  Dauphine,  by  Count 
Arljosratns.  after  the  death  of  X'alentin- 
ian  the  Younirer,  in  3'Ji!.  He  crossed 
the  Alps,  and  m;ide  himself  master  of 
Milan;  but  in  3'J4  he  was  defeated  and 
slain  liv  the  emperor  Theodosius. 
EULER,  Lkox.vud,  a  c<;lobrated  ma- 


384 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPtir. 


EVA 


thematician,  1).  at  Basle,  in  1707,  and 
was  a  pupil  of  John  Bcruouilli.  lie  was 
one  of  the  literati  invited  to  St.  Peters- 
burg by  Catharine  I.,  and  for  a  time 
sushiined  the  whole  weight  of  the  ma- 
thematical department  in  the  new  uni- 
versity, with  great  t:ilcnt  and  industry. 
In  1741  he  aeocpted  an  invitation  from 
Frederic  the  Great,  and  remained  at 
Brienne  till  176G,  when  he  returned  to 
the  Eussian  capital,  where  he  d.  in  1783. 
Though  he  had  been  blind  for  many 
years  before  his  death,  he  still  con- 
tinued his  literary  labors ;  and  in  that 
Btate  be  produced  bis  ''Elements  of 
Algebra"  and  his  "Theory  of  the 
Moon."  His  writings,  which  are  nu- 
merous, are  able  ancl  original,  both  in 
metaphysics  and  philosophy ;  and,  in 
fact,  he  may  justly  be  regarded  as  one 
of  the  greatest  mathematicians  of  the 
age. —  Jonx  Albert,  Ciiarlks,  and 
Christophku,  three  sons  of  the  pre- 
ceding, were  each  eminent  in  their  re- 
spective walks  of  life. — John  Albert,  a 
mathematician,  was  b.  at  St.  Petersburg, 
in  1734.  and  d.  there  in  1800.  lie  was  a 
counsellor  of  state,  and  secretary  of  the 
Imperial  Academy  of  Sciences,  and 
wrote  many  treatises  on  astronomy,  op- 
tics, &c. — Ch.vrles,  the  second  son,  who 
was  b.  at  St.  Petersburg,  in  1740,  was 
physician  to  the  court,  and  a  member 
of  the  Imperial  Academy  of  Sciences. 
D.  1766 ;  and  to  him  is"  attributed  an 
able  treatise  on  the  motion  of  the  plan- 
ets.— Christopher,  the  voun^est  son, 
was  b.  at  Berlin,  1743.  "Besides  being 
eminent  as  a  mathematician,  he  was  an 
excellent  astronomer,  and  was  one  of 
the  persons  selected  to  observe  the  tran- 
sit of  Venus,  in  1769. 

EURIPIDES,  a  Grecian  tragic  poet, 
was  b.  in  the  island  of  Salamis,  480  b.  c. 
He  studied  at  Athens  under  Anaxagoras 
the  philosopher,  and  Prodicus  the  rhet- 
orician; but  left  that  city  in  disgust,  on 
account  of  the  rivalship  of  Sophocles 
and  the  raillery  of  Aristophanes,  and 
went  to  the  court  of  Archelaus,  king  of 
Macedon.  He  wrote  an  immense  num- 
ber of  tragedies,  nineteen  of  which  are 
extant.  As  he  was  walking  one  evening 
in  a  wood,  he  was  attacked  by  the  king's 
bounds  and  torn  in  pieces.  He  was 
then  in  his  7.0th  year. 

EUSDEN,  Laurence,  an  English  poet, 
was  b.  in  Yorkshire.  In  1718  he  ob- 
tained the  laureateship,  which  raised 
him  several  enemies,  particularly  Pope, 
who  placed  him  in  the  "  Dunciad."  He 
became  rector  of  Coningsby,  in  Lincoln- 
Bhire.    D.  1730. 


EUSEBIUS,  PAMPUtLrs,  an  ecclesias- 
tical historian,  was  b.  in  Palestine  about 
270.  In  the  persecution  by  Diocletian, 
be  assisted  the  sutfering  Christians  by 
bis  exhortations,  particularly  his  friend 
Pamphilus,  whose  name,  out  of  venera- 
tion, he  assumed.  Eusebius  was  chosen 
bishop  of  Caisarea  about  313.  He  was 
at  tirst  the  friend  of  Ai-ius,  because  he 
considered  liim  as  persecuted,  but  on 
perceiving  the  dangerous  extent  of  his 
opinions,  he  abandoned  him,  and  as- 
sisted at  the  council  of  Nice,  which  he 
opened  with  an  address.  He  was  also 
at  that  of  Antioch.  The  emperor  Con- 
stantinehada  particular  esteem  for  him, 
and  showed  him  several  tokens  of  favor. 
He  died  about  338.  lie  wrote  an  "  Ec- 
clesiastical History,"  the  "  Life  of  Cou- 
stantinc,"  and  other  works,  the  principal 
of  which  is  "Evangelical  Preparation." 

EUSTACIIIUS,  Bartholomew,  an 
eminent  Italian  physician  of  the  16th 
century.  He  settled  at  Rome,  where  he 
formed  his  anatomical  tables,  and  made 
several  important  discoveries,  among 
which  is  the  passage  from  the  throat  to 
the  internal  ear,  called  the  Eustachian 
tube.  Boerhaave  published  this  author's 
"  Opusoula  Anatomica"  in  1707.  D.  Io70. 

EUSTATHIUS,  an  eminent  critic  and 
archbishop  of  Thessalonica,  was  b.  at 
Constantinople,  and  lived  in  the  12th 
century.  He  wrote  commentaries  on 
Homer  and  Dionysius  the  geographer; 
displaying,  in  the  former  more  especial- 
ly, profound  philological  learning. 

EUTROPIUS  Flavius,  a  Latin  his- 
torian of  the  4th  century.  He  was  sec- 
retary to  Constantine  the  Great,  and 
served  under  Julian  in  his  Persian  ex- 
pedition. He  wrote  an  epitome  of  the 
liistory  of  Rome,  of  which  numerous 
editions  have  been  printed. 

EUTYCIIES,  an  ecclesiastic  of  the  5th 
century,  from  whom  the  sect  of  Euty- 
chians'sprung,  was  a  man  of  strict  piety, 
but  who,  in  opposing  the  doctrines  of 
Nestorius,  fell  into  the  opposite  extreme, 
and  denied  the  human  nature  of  Christ. 

EVAGORAS,  a  Greek  writer  in  the 
time  of  Augustus.  He  wrote  a  History 
of  Egypt,  the  Life  of  Timaf^enes,,  "  De 
Artificio  Thueydidis  Oratorio,"  &c. 

EVANS,  Abel,  coininonly  called  Dr. 
Evans,  the  epigrammatist,  was  one  of 
the  Oxford  wits,  and  intimate  with  tho 
most  eminent  poets  of  the  age.  He  was 
a  meml)er  of  St.  John's  college,  and 
vicar  of  St,  Giles,  Oxford.  He  took  his 
degree  of  D.  D.  in  1711. —  Arbk,  an 
astrologer  of  the  17th  century,  was  a 
native  of  Wales,  and  educated  at  Oxford. 


eve] 


OVCLUP/EDI.V    Of    BIOGKAJMIV, 


385 


He  removed  to  London,  where  he  tau<rht' 
the  mathcinaties,  practised  astroloiry, 
and  had  the  reputation  of  a  necro- 
nianccr. — Caleb,  was  an  eminent  Bap- 
tist minister  at  Bristol,  and  tlio  author 
of  "  Sermons  on  tiie  Scripture  Doctrine 
of  the  Son  and  IIolj-  Spirit,"  "Christ 
Crucitied,  or  the  Scripture  Doctrine  of 
ti)c  Atonement,"  <fec.  D.  1701. — Cor- 
nelius, an  impostor,  was  b.  at  Mar- 
seilles, but  liis  lather  was  a  Welshman. 
In  liJ-18  be  went  to  England,  and  pre- 
teudetl  to  be  the  prince  of  Wales,  to 
wliom  he  burc  a  great  resemblance. 
Alter  carrying  on  this  farce  a  few  weeks 
lie  was  sent  to  Newgate,  from  whence 
he  ertccted  his  escape,  but  what  became 
of  him  afterwards  is  not  known. — -Johk, 
a  IJaptist  minister,  an(i  theological  wri- 
ter, was  b.  at  Uskf,  in  Monmouthshire. 
He  wrote  and  compiled  several  works, 
but  is  ehielly  known  as  the  author  of 
'•  A  Brief  Sketch  of  the  several  Denom- 
inations into  which  the  Christian  World 
is  divided.  D.  1827. — Nathaniel,  minis- 
ter and  poet,  was  b.  in  I'liiladelphia,  1742. 
Having  been  ordained  by  the  bishop  of 
London,  he  entered  on  a  mission  near 
the  close  of  that  year,  (under  the  pa- 
tronage of  the  Soeietv  for  Propagating 
the  Gospel,)  in  Gloucester  county, 
N.  J.,  where,  after  laboring  nearly  ten 
years,  he  d.  17G7.  Ho  had  a  high  repu- 
tation for  talents,  and  left  a  variety  of 
manuscripts,  from  which  a  selection  of 
))ootry  and  prose  was  soon  after  pub- 
lished.— Lewis,  eminent  for  liis  ac- 
quaintance with  American  geography, 
was  a  surveyor  in  Pennsylvania,  and  d. 
175(5.  lie  inade  many  journeys  into  the 
neighboring  colonics,  and  had  been  fre- 
quently employed  in  surveyinn;  lands 
purchased  of  the  natives.  He  had  col- 
lected a  great  store  of  materials  from 
other  sources.  From  these  he  compiled 
a  map  of  the  middle  colonies,  and  of 
the  adjacent  country  of  the  Indians 
lying  northward  and  westward.  Tlie 
lirst  edition  of  it  was  published  in  174',i, 
and  a  second  in  1755,  accompanied  with 
an  explanatorv  pamphlet. 

KVAETS,  .Ieremlvh,  secretary  of  the 
American  board  of  commissioners  for 
forciirn  missions,  graduated  at  Yale  col- 
lege,"l802.  Prom  1803  to  180-1  he  was 
the  instructor  of  the  academy  at  Peach- 
am,  and  afterwards  studied  law  with 
Judge  Chauncey  of  New  Haven,  where 
lie  commenced  practice.  In  1810  he  re- 
moved to  Cliarlestown,near  Boston,  in  or- 
der to  become  editor  of  the  '•  Panoplist," 
a  religious  and  literary  monthly  publica- 
tion.    In  1820  the  "  Missionary  Herald" 


was  substituted  in  place  of  the  "  Panop- 
list," under  the  authority  of  the  Ameri- 
can board.  This  work  was  also  committed 
to  liim.  He  had  been  chosen  treasurer 
of  the  board  in  1812,  and  the  next  year 
one  of  tlie  prudential  committee.  Ho 
serve<;l  as  treasurer  till  1822.  In  1821, 
he  succeeded  Dr.  Worcester  as  corre- 
sponding secretary,  in  which  office  he 
continued  nearly  ten  years,  till  his  death. 
D.  1831. 

EVELYN,  John,  was  b.  in  1620. 
Throughout  life  he  evinced  a  love  for 
the  liberal  and  useful  arts  ;  and  having 
at  an  early  period  been  induced  to  leave 
England  on  account  of  the  civil  war,  he 
added  greatly  to  his  stock  of  knowledge 
by  the  good"  use  he  made  of  his  timt 
while  travelling  in  France  and  Italy. 
He  returned  home  in  1G51,  and  made 
some  eflbrts  in  favor  of  the  royal  cause  ; 
on  which  account  he  was  nuich  favored 
by  Charles  II.  after  his  restoration.  On 
the  foundation  of  the  Eoyal  Society,  he 
was  nominated  one  of  the  tirst  fellows; 
soon  after  which  he  published  his  most 
celebrated  work,  entitled  "Sylva,  or  a 
Discourse  of  Forest  Trees,"  &e.  In 
1664,  Evelyn  was  appointed  one  of  the 
commissioners  of  sick  and  wounded 
seamen ;  also  a  commissioner  for  re- 
building St.  Paul's  cathedral ;  and  he 
afterwards  had  a  place  at  the  board  of 
trade.  In  the  reign  of  James  II.  he  was 
made  one  of  the  commissioners  for 
executing  the  office  of  lord  privy  seal, 
and  after  the  revolution  he  was  ap- 
pointed treasurer  of  Greenwich  hos- 
pital. Evelyn  has  the  honor  of  being 
one  of  the  first  who  improved  horticul- 
ture, and  introduced  exotics  into  this 
country.  Of  his  garden  at  Sayes  Court, 
a  curious  account  may  he  seen  in  the 
"Philosophical  Transactions."  Besides 
his  "  Sylva,"  he  ^\T0te  "  Terra,  a  Philo- 
sophical Discourse  of  Earth."  "  Numis- 
mata,  or  a  Discourse  of  Medals," 
"  Sculptura,"  "  Acetaria,"  <fec.  His 
"  Memoirs,"  comprehending  a  curious 
Diary  and  Correspondence,  have  been 
published  ;  besides  an  interesting  "Me- 
moir of  Mrs.  Godolphin,"  (which  he  left 
in  MS.,)  edited  by  the  present  bishop 
of  Oxford  ;  and  still  more  recently  a 
"  History  of  Religion."     D.  1706. 

EVEKAKI),  Johannes  Secunuus,  son 
of  Nicholas  Everard,  president  of  the 
council  of  Holland,  was  b.  at  the  Hague, 
1511,  and  became  Latin  secretary  to  the 
emperor  Charles  V.,  whom  he  accom- 
panied to  the  siege  of  Tunis.  He  was 
I  tlie  author  of  "  Basia,"  a  collection  of 
I  Latin  poems,  elegant  in  langu:ige,  but 


386 


CYCLOP^KDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[eyo 


licentious  in  principle ;  it  is  therefore  to 
be  lamented  that  tlicy  have  been  trans- 
lated into  most  modern  European  lan- 
iTuaire.s.  Joliannes  Seeimdus,  as  he  is 
usiiallv  called,  died  in  1586. 

EVEED1>;GEN,  Aldeu  Van,  a  Dutch 
painter,  celebrated  both  for  landscapes 
and  8eu-pieces,  was  b.  in  1621. 

EVERETT,  Alexander  II.,  a  distin- 
guished literary  man,  was  b.  at  Dorches- 
ter, Mass.,  1790.  After  leaving  college, 
he  was  an  usher  at  Phillips'  academy, 
Exeter;  and  in  1S09  accompanied  Mr. 
Adams  to  St.  Petersburg,  as  secretary 
of  legation.  In  1S18  he  was  appointed 
by  ilr.  Monroe  charge  d'afiaircs  at 
Brussels,  and  in  1825,  by  Mr.  Adams, 
minister  to  Spain.  He  remained  at 
Madrid  until  the  year  18'20,  when  he 
was  recalled  by  General  Jackson.  Mr. 
Everett  returned  to  America  by  the 
way  of  Paris,  in  which  city  he  held  an 
interesting  interview  with  Charles  X.,  a 
short  time  previous  to  the  breaking  out 
of  the  revolution  of  the  three  days. 
A  few  months  after  his  return  to  the 
United  States,  Mr.  Everett  became  the 
editor  and  principal  proprietor  of-  the 
"  North  American  Keview."  He  had  long 
been  a  leading  contributor  to  this  jour- 
nal, which,  under  his  charge,  was  mate- 
rially improved.  About  the  year  1832 
he  engaged  actively  in  politics  ;  and  soon 
after  connected  himself  with  the  demo- 
cratic party.  On  the  accession  of  Mr. 
Polk  to  the  presidency,  he  gave  to  Mr. 
Everett  the  ajjpointment  of  commis- 
sioner to  China.  Mr.  Everett  sailed  for 
Canton  about  1845,  but  proceeded  no 
farther  than  Kio  .Janeiro,  in  consequence 
of  ill-health.  From  Rio  Janeiro  he  re- 
turned to  the  United  States,  and  after 
an  interval  of  several  months  again 
called  for  Canton,  but  had  hardly  be- 
come settled  in  his  new  residence,  when 
he  d.  1847. 

EVRE.MOND,  St.,  Charles  Marqde- 
TEL  UE  St.  Dexls,  lord  of,  was  b.  1613, 
and  became  one  of  the  most  lively  and 
amusing  writers  of  his  time.  lie  stud- 
ied the  law,  but  subsequently  entered 
the  military  service,  and  obtained  the 
rank  of  general  under  the  prince  of 
Condc;  but  he  lost  his  commission  for 
having  iiiduljrcd  his  propensity  for 
satire  at  the  expense  of  the  prince.  He 
then  got  embroiled  with  Cardinal  Maza- 
rin,  was  imprisoned  in  the  Bastille,  and 
afterwards  escaped  a  second  arrest  only 
by  flying  to  England.  He  was  well  re- 
ceived at  the  gay  court  of  Charles  II. ; 
and,  after  indulging  in  a  life  of  ease  and 
enjoyment,  d.  1703. 


EWALD,  John,  an  eminent  Danish 

Eoet,  was  the  son  of  a  clergyman,  and 
.  at  (!openhagen,  1743.  Havino^  lost 
his  father  while  young,  and  disliking 
the  clerical  life,  he  left  his  home  when 
but  15  years  of  age,  and  enlisted  in  the 
Prussian  army.  Deserting  to  the  Aus- 
trian service,  he  was  made  a  sergeant, 
but  not  being  able  to  obtain  his  dis- 
charge when  he  wished,  he  deserted 
again  and  returned  to  Denmark.  His 
youthful  follies  being  now  at  an  end,  he 
pursued  a  literary  life  with  great  ardor, 
and  produced  several  very  excellent 
works ;  but  that  one  to  which  he  owed 
his  earliest  distinction  as  a  poet  was  an 
"  Elegy  on  the  Death  of  Frederic  V." 
His  "Songs  of  the  Scalds,"  and  other 
pieces  after  the  manner  of  Ossian,  gavo 
liim  great  reputation ;  and  he  may  be 
said  to  have  surpassed  all  preceding 
Danish  poets  in  spirit  and  originality.  . 
D.  1781. 

EWING,  John,  an  eminent  divine, 
natural  philosopher,  and  mathematician, 
was  b.  in  Maryland,  in  1732.  He  was 
pastor  to  the  first  Presbyterian  church 
in  Philadelphia;  and  on  visiting  Great 
Britain  in  1773,  he  received  from  the 
university  of  Edinburgh  the  diploma  of 
D.D.  In  1775  he  returned  home  ;  and 
in  a  few  years  afterwards  was  made  pro- 
vost of  the  university  of  Philadelphia. 
He  also  became  one  of  the  vice-presi- 
dents of  the  American  Philosophical 
Society;  and  was  justly  esteemed  as  a 
mathematician  of  distinguished  reputa- 
tion.    D.  1802. 

EXMOUTH,  Edward  Pellew,  Vis- 
count, was  descended  from  a  Cornish 
family  of  respectability,  and  born  at 
Dover  in  1757.  At  the  age  of  13  he 
entered  the  navy  aa  a  midshipman  on 
board  the  Juno  frigate  ;  and  during  the 
American  war  we  find  him  in  the  Blonde 
frigate,  contending  for  naval  supremacy 
on  Lake  Champlain,  where  he  attracted 
the  notice  of  his  superiors  by  his  daring. 
He  also  served  in  the  war  with  France. 
Few  men  in  the  naval  service  bore  so 
prominent  a  part,  or  evinced  more  deter- 
mined courage  and  coolness  in  discharge 
of  their  arduous  duties,  than  did  this 
gallant,  humane,  and  active  officer.  He 
seemed  to  be  the  verv  beau  ideal  of  a 
British  sailor.     D.  1833. 

EYCK,  Hubert  and  John  Van,  bro- 
thers, both  eminent  as  painters,  were  b. 
at  Maaseyk,  in  Holland;  the  former  in 
1366,  the  latter  in  370.  Hubert  is  re- 
{{arded  as  the  founder  of  the  Flemish 
school ;  and  John,  who  from  his  place 
of  residence  is  known  as  John  of  Bru- 


FAUJ 


cvc'LOiMcuiA   oy   1!1ik;kai']1v, 


387 


f^es,  M'aa  certainly  the  first  who  brought  I  have  excelled  all  others  in  painting,'  on 
the  art  of  painting  in  oil  to  perfection,  glass,  dehcatelj;  blending  his  colors,  and 
lie  also  made  great  improvements  in  the  yet  so  firmly  fixing  them  that  oblitera- 
art  of  perspective  ;    and  is   allowed  to  |  tion  Avas  impossible,     lie  d.  in  1441. 


F. 


FABIiR,  Basil,  a  learned  German 
Protestant,  wlio  published,  in  1571,  a 
work,  entitled  "  Thesaurus  Eruditionis 
Scholiasticie,"  since  .improved  by  Cel- 
larius  antl  others.  1).  1576. — John,  a 
German  divine,  was  b.  at  Hcilbroii  in 
1500.— 1  here  was  another  of  this  name, 
termed  "Malleus  llcreticorum,"  or  the 
Crusher  of  the  Heretics,  who  wrote  sev- 
eral publications  against  the  Protestants, 
for  which  he  was  raised  to  the  archbish- 
opric of  Vienna.     1).  1542. 

FABEKT,  Abraham  de,  a  French 
military  commander  of  great  reputation, 
was  b.  at  Metz  in  15ii'J.  When  only  13 
years  ol  I,  his  father  procured  him  a 
conuniss  on  in  the  army  ;  and  such  was 
his  skill  and  ardor  for  the  service,  that 
lie  rose  to  the  first  rank  in  his  profes- 
sion, and  distinguished  himself  by  a 
series  of  exploits  which  have  had  but 
few  parallels  in  modern  warfare.  1). 
1662. 

FABIAX,  Kop.ERT,  an  English  chron- 
icler of  the  15th  century.  He  was  a 
tradesman  of  London,  and  served  the 
offices  of  alderman  and  sheritf.  Ilis 
"  Chronicle  of  England  and  France"  was 
first  printed  at  London  in  1516. 

FABIUS,  Maxi-mus  Kullianus,  an  il- 
lustrious Koman.  In  30o  b.  c.  he  served 
the  oliice  of  censor,  and  obtained  the 
name  of  Maximus  for  lessening  the 
power  of  the  populace  in  elections.  He 
triumphed  over  seven  nations,  and 
served  the  office  of  dictator  a  second 
time,  287  n.  c. — Maximus,  Quintis.  sur- 
named  \'crrueosus,  was  a  lineal  de- 
scendant of  tlic  above.  He  was  employed 
against  Hannibal,  in  opposition  to  whom 
he  adojited  a  Imrassing  and  protracted 
mode  of  warfare,  instead  of  risking  the 
fortunes  of  Koine  upon  the  event  of  a 
single  battle ;  and  thus  the  Fabian 
manner  of  conducting  a  campaign  has 
become  an  adage.  1).  203  B.C. — 1'ictok, 
the  first  writer  of  tiie  Koman  history, 
who  rtourished  225  b.  c.  There  is  a  work 
extant  under  his  name,  but  it  is  a  man- 
ifest forirery. 

FABKE,'  John  Claudius,  a  French 
writer  of  some  note,  was  b.  at  Paris  in 
1668,  and  d.  about  the  middle  of  the 


last  century.  He  wrote  a  "Continua- 
tion of  Fleury's  Ecclesiastical  History," 
a  "  French  and  Latin  Dictionary,"  and 
translatdl  Virgil,  Pha^drus,  etc.— John, 
a  native  of  Nisnies,  whose  name  deserves 
to  be  handed  down  to  posterity  as  a 
noble  instance  of  filial  piety.  At  a  pe- 
riod when  the  spirit  of  persecution  was 
rife  in  France,  his  father  was  condemn- 
ed to  the  galleys  for  having  made  one 
of  a  Protestant  congregation.  The  son 
was  no  sooner  informed  of  the  cruel 
sentence  than  he  solicited  to  be  ex- 
changed for  him,  and  was  accepted. 
Though  compelled  to  herd  with  the 
vilest  of  mankind,  he  remained  in  tiiis 
degrading  state  of  slavery  upwards  of 
six  years,  having  refused  to  purchase 
his  liberty  on  the  condition  of  prevailing 
upon  the"  Protestant  pastor  to  quit  the 
kingdom.     B.  1729  ;  d.  1797. 

FABKICIUS,  Caius,  surnamed  Lus- 
cinus,  a  Koman  general,  who  was  twice 
consul,  and  gained  several  victories  over 
the  Saninites  and  Lueanians.  He  was  a 
pattern  of  virtue,  in  his  integrity  and 
contempt  of  riches.  D.  250  b.c. — John 
Albert,  a  learned  critic  and  divine,  was 
b.  at  Leipsie,  166S.  He  became  pro- 
fessor of  eloquence  at  Hamburgh,  where 
he  d.  in  1736;  leaving  behind  him  a 
justly-acquired  fame  for  profound  and 
comprehensive  erudition.  He  is  the 
author  of  "Bibliothcca  Latiiia,"  "Bib- 
liotheca  Grceca,"  "  Codex  Ajiocryphus 
Novi  Testamenti,"  and  many  other 
learned  works. — John  Christian,  a  dis- 
tinguished entomologist,  and  the  friend 
and  pupil  of  Liinianis,  was  b.  at  Tun- 
dcrn,  in  Sleswick,  in  1742,  and  d.  at 
Copenhagen  in  18o7. 

F.'VBKONI,  Angiolo,  a  learned  Ital- 
ian, was  b.  at  Marradi,  in  Tuscany  in 
1732.  He  is  generally  known  by  his 
biographies  of  Italian  literati  of  the  17th 
ami  ISth  centuries,  of  which  work  he 
jiublished  18  volumes,  and  left  anotlier 
ready  for  the  press.  He  also  wrote  the 
"  Lives  of  Lorenzo  and  Cosmo  de  Me- 
dici," and  of  "  Leo  X. ;"  besides  edit- 
ing a  literary  journal,  wVtieh  extended 
to' 110  volumes'.  Towartls  the  close  of 
his  life  he  retired  to  Pisa,  became  eu- 


888 


CYCI.OP.'EDIA    OF     BIOGRAPHY. 


[fai 


rator  of  that  university,  and  there  d.  in 
1S02.  —  GiovANxi,  an 'Italian  writer  of 
great  celebrity,  whose  works  on  polit- 
ical economy,  arrriciiltvire.  and  physical 
science  are  nlikp  rcniarkablo  for  the 
Bound  maxims  they  contain,  and  the 
extensive  views  in  which  they  abound, 
lie  was  director  of  bridges  and  high- 
ways, (under  the  imperial  government,) 
for  tlie  department  beyond  the  Alps, 
and  lield  many  honorable  situations 
connected  with  literature  and  science. 
B.  ir.V2;  d.  at  Florence,  1S23. 

FABROT,  Charles  Annibal,  a  learn- 
ed jurist,  was  professor  of  jurisprudence 
at  Aix,  in  Provence,  where  he  was  b. 
in  1;JS1.  His  principal  work,  entitled 
"  Basilieon,"  is  a  translation  of  the 
basilies  or  laws  of  the  Eastern  empire  ; 
but  he  wrote  several  professional  works, 
and  edited  many  of  the  Byzantine  his- 
torians.    D.  10511. 

FABRY,  John  Baptist  Germaix,  sec- 
retary of  Fouehe,  duke  of  Otranto,  Bo- 
naparte's minister  of  police.  He  was 
the  author  of  '•  Le  Speetatenr  Franoais 
au  19i!ie  Siecle,"  and  many  other  works. 
B.  1780;  d.  1821. 

FACCIOLATI,  James,  an  Italian  phi- 
lologist, was  b.  at  Torrcglia,  near  Padua, 
in  1GS2.  lie  devoted  great  attention  to 
reviving  the  study  of  ancient  literature  ; 
and  having  conceived  the  idea  of  a  Latin 
lexicon,  in  which  every  word,  with  all 
its  significations,  should  be  contained 
and  illustrated  by  examples  from  the 
classical  writers,  this  immense  under- 
taking occupied  for  nearly  forty  years 
both  him  and  his  pupil  Forcellini.  ]). 
1769. 

FACINI,  Peter,  a  native  of  Bologna, 
who  was  first  a  pupil,  and  afterwards 
the  rival,  of  Annibal  Caracci.  lie  was 
extensively  employed  in  ornamenting 
churches  and  mansions  ;  but  his  works 
being  painted  in  fresco,  few  of  them  are 
preserved.     B.  15G1 ;  d.  1602. 

FAGE,  RAiATONn  de  la,  a  French 
artist,  celebrated  for  the  extraordinary 
facility  and  beauty  of  his  pen-and-ink 
drawings,  some  of  which  have  been  en- 
graved and  published.     I).  1690. 

FAGEL,  Gasi'ar,  an  eminent  Dutch 
Ptatesman,  b.  at  llaerleni,  in  1G29,  was 
grand  t.ensionary  of  Holland,  and  dis- 
tinrruislied  himself  not  more  by  the 
firmnc's  with  wli!  h  he  opposed  Louis 
XIV.,  when  he  invaded  his  country, 
than  In'  the  activity  with  which  he  sup- 
ported the  prince  of  Orange  in  his  plans 
for  the  expulsion  of  James  II.  from  En- 
gland.    D.  16S8. 

FAGIULOLI,  John  Baptist,  an  Ital- 


ian poet,  celebrated  for  the  faeetionsnesa 
and  drollery  of  his  writings,  was  b.  at 
Florence,  in  1660,  and  d.  in  1742. 

FAHRENHEIT,  Gabriel  Daniel,  an 
experimental  philosopher,  whose  ar- 
rangement of  the  thermometer  and  ba- 
rometer which  bear  his  name,  was  a 
work  of  great  utility.  He  was  a  native 
ofDantzi'e.     B.  1686  ;  d.  1786. 

FAIRFAX,  Edward,  was  the  son  of 
Sir  Thomas  Fairfax,  of  Denton,  in  York- 
shire, and  is  regarded  as  one  of  the 
great  improvers  of  English  versification. 
Settling  at  Newhall,  in  Knaresborough 
forest,  ^le  led  the  life  of  a  retired  coun- 
try gentleman,  devoted  to  literary  pur- 
suits. His  chief  reputation  as  a  poet 
rests  on  his  translation  of  Tasso's  "  God- 
frey of  Bouillon,"  which  is  written  in 
the  same  stanza  with  the  original,  and 
combines  fidelity  to  the  sense  of  the  au- 
thor, with  striking  harmony  of  style. 
He  also  wrote  "  Eclogues,"  and  a  prose 
work  on  "Demonology,"  in  which  he 
was,  it  seems,  a  believer.  D.  about  16.02. 
• — Thomas,  Lord,  a  distinguished  com- 
mander in  the  civil  wars,  and  one  of  the 
leading  characters  of  that  turbulent  pe- 
riod, was  the  eldest  son  of  Lord  Fairfax, 
to  whose  title  and  estates  he  succeeded 
in  1647.  When  the  disputes  between 
Charles  I.  and  the  parliament  terminated 
in  open  rupture,  Fairfax  warmly  es- 
poused the  cause  of  the  latter,  and 
joined  his  father  in  making  active  prep- 
arations for  the  approaching  contest. 
In  the  earlier  part  of  liis  career,  he  suf- 
fered various  checks  I'roni  the  royalist 
forces,  but  he  retrieved  his  character  at 
Marston-moor,  and  was  appointed  gen- 
eral-in-chief  when  Essex  resigned.  He 
was  afterwards  victorious  at  IS'aseby, 
reduced  the  west  to  obedience,  and 
compelled  Colchester  to  surrender.  But 
he  was  hostile  to  the  execution  of  the 
dethroned  monarch ;  and  considerable 
jealousy  appears  to  have  been  enter- 
tained of  him  by  Oliver  Cromwell.  At 
length  he  resigned  the  command  of  the 
army,  and  retired  for  awhile  from  pub- 
lic life.  At  the  restoration  he  crossed 
over  to  Holland  for  the  pur])ose  of  con- 
gratulating Charles  II.  on  his  accession, 
and  was  formally  reconciled  to  that 
monarch.  He  devoted  his  leisure  hours 
to  the  encouragement  and  cultivation 
oi' letters,  and  left  behind  him  a  volume 
of  poems  and  miscellanies,  including  an 
interesting  sketch  of  his  own  life.  D. 
1071. 

FAIRFIELD,  John,  a  senator  of  the 
United  States,  from  Maine,  b.  at  Saco, 
1707,  and  elected  to  congress  in  1835, 


fax] 


CYCLOI'iEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPIIV. 


389 


■vvhero  he  became  distinguislied.  In 
1842  he  was  choseu  governor  of  Maine, 
and  the  same  year  senator.  lie  was  re- 
elected in  1845.     D.  1848. 

FALCONEK,  William,  an  English 
poet  and  writer  on  naval  altairs,  was  b. 
at  Kdinburgli,  about  17S0.  When  very 
young,  lie  went  to  sea  in  the  nierehant 
service,  and  had  risen  to  the  situation 
(if  second  mate,  when  the  vessel  to 
which  he  belonged  was  cast  away. 
Thus  furnished  with  the  incidents  of 
his  "Shipwreck,"  it  was  published  in 
170-2.  In  ITG'J  he  was  appointed  purser 
of  the  Aurora,  wliieli  ship  was  never 
heard  of  after  she  quitted  the  Cape  of 
(tood  Hope,  in  December,  17(3'.),  and  was 
therelbre  supposed  to  have  foundered  at 
r*ea,  and  all  her  crew  to  have  perished. 
]}esides  "The  Shipwreck,"  lie  wrote 
some  minor  poems,  and  a  "Marine 
Dictionarv." 

1'"ALC(3NET,  Stepiien  Maurice,  a 
celebrated  French  sculptor,  was  b.  at 
Paris,  in  1716.  Although,  owing  to  his 
humble  origin,  he  had  been  apprenticed 
to  a  cutter  of  barber's  blocks,  he  became 
an  excellent  modeller,  and,  assisted  by 
Lemoine,  tlie  sculptor,  rose  to  eminence 
as  an  artist;  while,  owing  to  his  per- 
severing application,  he  also  shone  as 
an  author.  In  1700  he  was  invited  to 
Kussia,  to  execute  the  colossal  statnc  of 
Peter  the  Great,  and  there  he  resided 
twelve  vears.     D.  171)1. 

FALC'ONETTO,  Joh;*  M.vel\,  an  Ital- 
ian architect,  was  b.  at  Verona^  in  1458. 
He  built  palaces,  anil  much  improved 
the  style  of  architecture  in  the  Venetian 
states ;  and  a  building  of  his  at  Padua 
is  said  to  have  suggested  to  Palladio  the 
idea  of  the  tamous  Villa  Capra,  which 
served  as  the  model  of  Lord  Turling- 
ton's villa  at  Chiswick,     D.  1534. 

FALIERI,  Maiiino,  a  Venetian  noble, 
succeeded  Andrew  Dandolo  as  doge  of 
Venice,  in  1354.  lie  had  previously 
commanded  the  troops  of  the  republic 
at  the  siege  of  Zara,  in  Dahnatia,  where 
he  gained  a  brilliant  victory  over  the 
kiuLf  of  Hungary;  and  was  afterwards 
ambassador  to  Genoa  and  Rome.  When 
he  succeeded  to  the  office  of  doge,  he  was 
1 6  years  of  age,  and  had  a  young  and 
beautiful  wife.  Jealous  of  ilichael  Steno, 
he  quarrelled  with  and  was  insulted  by 
him  at  a  masquerade;  but  Steno  being 
Sentenced  to  no  more  than  a  niontirs 
imprisonment  for  his  ollence,  Falieri, 
liuniiug  with  revenge,  entered  into  a 
conspiracy  with  the  plebeians  to  overturn 
the  government  and  massacre  the  patri- 
cians. On  the  uight  before  it  was  to  be 
33* 


carried  into  effect,  tlie  plot  was  discov- 
ered, and  Falieri  sulfered  decapitation, 
April  17,  1355. 

FALK,  John  Daniel,  was  the  son  of 
a  poor  wig-maker  at  Dantzic,  who 
would  scarcely  allow  him  to  be  taught 
even  to  read  and  write  before  he  em- 
jiloyed  him  in  his  trade ;  but  his  love 
of  knowledge  was  sufficient  to  overcome 
the  difficulties  that  lay  in  his  way  of  at- 
taining it,  and  all  his  little  savings  were 
laid  ovit  at  the  circulating  librarv.  Hav- 
ing thus  obtained  a  tolerable  education, 
he  published  some  admirable  satires, 
but  afterwards  wrote  principally  upon 
religious  sulijects.     B.  1770;  d.  1820. 

FALKE^'STEIN,  .John  Henky,  a  vo- 
luminous writer,  was  b.  in  Franeonia, 
in  1GS2.  He  wrote  the  "Antiquities  of 
Nordgau,"  and  other  works  of  a  similai 
kind.    D.  170O. 

FALKLAND,  IIenuy  Cakt,  Viscount, 
son  of  Sir  Edward  Gary,  master  of  the 
jewel  office  to  Queen  Elizabeth  and  to 
James  L,  was  made  comptroller  of  the 
king's  household,  and  elevated  to  the 
(Scotch)  peerage  of  Falkland  in  1017. 
Subseciuently  he  was  made  lord  deputy 
of  Ireland,  but  did  not  long  hold  the 
office,  the  Catholic  party  being  much 
opposed  to  him.  He  w;ts  a  man  of  con- 
siderable literary  talent,  and  published 
"Letters  to  the  Duke  ot  Eucknifdiam," 
"  A  History  of  that  unfortunate  Prince, 
Edward  Il.',"&e.  D.  1033.— Lucius  Gary, 
Viscount,  son  of  the  preceding,  fought 
boldly  and  for  his  king;  and  d.  at  the 
battle  of  Newbury,  in  Ihe  34th  year  of 
his  age,  1043.  —  IIexky  Lucius  Gary, 
Viscount,  son  of  the  above,  died  young. 
He  is  said  to  have  been  a  man  of  talent, 
but  the  only  proof  we  have  of  it  is  a 
plav,  cdled  "The  Wedding  Night." 
D.1663. 

FALLOPIUS,  Gabriel,  an  eminent 
anatomist  and  physician,  was  b.  at  Mo- 
deiia ;  studied  at  Ferrara,  and  Padua; 
was  professor  of  anatomy  for  three  years 
at  Pisa ;  and,  lastly,  filled  the  chair  of 
anatomy  and  surgery  at  Padua,  where 
he  remained  till  liis  death,  in  1563.  Ho 
was  the  tirst  who  accurately  described 
the  vessels  and  bones  of  the  fcctus  ;  and 
his  account  of  the  Fallopian  tubes  has 
served  to  perpetuate  his  name.  His 
chief  work  is  entitled  "  Observations 
Anatomica^." 

FANEUIL,  Peter,  founder  of  Fanenil 
hall  in  Boston,  d.  March  3,  1743.  He 
possessed  a  large  estate,  and  he  employ- 
ed it  in  doing  good.  While  his  charities 
were  extensive,  his  liberal  spirit  induced 
him  to  present  to  the  town  of  Boston  a 


390 


CVCl-Ol'-KUlA    OF    lUOGHAI'HY. 


[far 


stately  edifice  for  the  accommodation  of 
tin-  iiilialiitants  at  tlu'ir  ]inl)lic  mcctinji-s. 
Jb'ANSIIAWE,  Sir  Kiou.un),  a  statcs- 
iTian  nucl  poet,  was  b.  at  Ware  park, 
Herts,  in  1608.  In  1635  he  was  sent 
ambassador  to  Spain,  whence,  in  1641, 
he  returned,  and  acted  steadily  for  the 
roval  cause.  He  was  talcen  prisoner  at 
the  battle  of  Worcester,  and  closely  con- 
fined for  a  considerable  time  ;  but  at  last 
recovered  his  liberty,  and  went  to  Breda, 
wliere  he  was  knip:'hted  by  Charles  II., 
in  16.56.  At  tlie  restoration  he  was 
made  master  of  requests,  and  sent  to 
rortuijal  to  ncfrotiate  the  marriai^e  with 
the  kin?  and  the  Inianta  Catharine.  In 
1664  he  was  sent  ambassador  to  Spain, 
and  d.  there  in  1666.  He  translated  into 
Enirlish  the  "  Pastor  Fido,  or  Faithful 
Shepherd  of  Guiarini ;"  also  the  "  Lu- 
siad,"  by  Cainoens.  His  letters  during 
Lis  embassies  in  Spain  and  Portugal 
were  printed  in  1702. 

FANTIN-DESODOAEDS,  A>toixe 
Etiiinnk  NicnoL.\s,  a  French  historian 
and  political  writer,  was  b.  in  1738,  at 
Pont  de  Beanvoisin,  in  Danphin6.  He 
was  oriirinally  an  ecclesiastic ;  but  be- 
eoniin.ir  acquainted  with  Danton  and 
liobcspierre,  he  employed  his  pen  in  dc- 
fehdin.ir  the  revolutionary  career  of  his 
eotemporaries.  He  was  the  author  of 
Beveral  extensive  works,  amons;  them  his 
"  Histoire  Philosophique  de  la  Eevolu- 
tion  Fran(;aise." 

FAKE,  Charles  Augustus,  marquis 
de  la,  a  French  poet,  and  captain  of  the 
puards  to  the  duke  of  Orleans,  was  b.  in 
1644,  and  d.  in  1712.  According  to 
Voltaire,  Fare  did  not  bejrin  to  write 
poetry  till  he  was  nearly  60.  His  com- 
positions are  remarkable  for  sweetness 
and  cleiranee.  He  was  also  the  anihor 
of  "  Memoires  snr  Ic  Keixne  de  Louis 
XIV.,"  a  work  containing  satirical  re- 
flections on  cotemporarv  characters. 

FAllTA  Y  SOUS  A,  Manukl  de,  a 
Portugnese  liistorian  and  poet,  wash,  at 
Souto^  in  Portugal,  about  1500,  and  for 
some  time  secretary  to  the  marquis  of 
Castcl  Kodrigo,  anibassadot  of  Kome. 
He  wrote  various  historical  works  rel- 
ative to  I'ortugal  and  its  distant  posscs- 
Rions,  seven  volumes  of  poems,  &c.  T>. 
1649. 

r.\RIN  ATO,  Paul,  an  eminent  paint- 
or  of  Verona,  wlK)se  numerous  works 
wercdistincruislied  by  freedom  of  design, 
boldness  of  coloring,  and  great  facility 
ofexer-ntion.     B.  1522;  d.  1606. 

F.\IIINKLLI,  a  Neapolitan  singer  of 
great  eminence,  whose  real  name  is  said 
to  be  Carlo  Broschi,  was  b.  at  Naples, 


1705.  He  studied  under  Porpora,  and 
went  from  Eome  to  Vienna,  where  the 
emperor,  Charles  VI.,  loaded  him  with 
rich  presents.  In  1734  he  eame  to  Lou- 
don, and,  by  the  magic  of  his  singing, 
so  delighteci  the  public  that  Handel  was 
obliged  to  dismiss  a  rival  company  over 
which  he  presided,  in  spite  of  all  his 
powers  antl  popularity.  Many  extraor- 
dinary stories  are  related  of  his  vocal 
skill,  "and  his  command  over  the  feelings 
and  sympathies  of  his  audience  appears 
to  have  been  unrivalled. 

FARINGTON,  Georok,  an  historij:al 
painter,  and  a  pupil  of  West.  In  1780 
liis  painting  of  the  incantation  scene  in 
Macbeth  was  rewarded  with  a  gold 
medal  by  the  Eoyal  Academy.  B.  1754 ; 
d.  17S8.— .Joseph,  brother  of  the  pre- 
ceding, and  eminent  as  a  landscape 
painter.  He  made  many  drawings  for 
the  "  Britannia  Depicta,"  and  left  be- 
hind him  several  good  pictures  of  lake 
and  landscape  scenery.     D.  1818. 

FAEMEE,  EicHARD,  a  divine  and  an- 
tiquary, was  b.  at  Leicester  in  1735.  In 
1767  he  became  one  of  the  preachers  at 
Whitehall.  He  subsequently  became 
vice-chancellor  ,and  librarian  of  the  uni- 
versity ;  and  also  obtained  prebends  at 
Lichlicld  and  Canterbin-y,  the  latter  of 
which  he  exchanged  ibr  a  canonry  at  St. 
Paul's.  In  his  "  Essay  on  the  Learning 
of  Shakspeare,"  which'  is  a  w^ork  of  great 
critical  merit,  he  proved  that  all  the 
knowledge  of  ancient  history  and  myth- 
ology possessed  by  the  immortal  bard, 
was 'drawn  from  translations.  I).  1797. 
— John,  well  known  throughout  New 
England,  as  a  genealogist  and  antiquary, 
was  b.  at  Chelmsford',  Mass.,  1789,  and 
was  a  lineal  descendant  of  Edward 
Farmer,  who  emigrated  from  Aneely,  in 
Warwickshire,  England,  and  settled 
about  1670  at  Billeriea.  Ho  was  self- 
taught,  possessed  great  industry,  and 
his  labors  in  the  peculiar  departments 
of  learning  to  which  he  almost  exclu- 
sively devoted  his  power,  will  long  be 
appreciated.  His  publications  have  been 
numerous,  among  which  the  most  im- 
portant are  his  edition  of  "  Belknap's 
Ilistory  of  New  Hampshire,"  to  which 
he  adcled  a  body  of  notes  and  illustra- 
tions scarcely  less  valuable  than  the  text 
itself;  and  his  "Genealogical  Eegister 
of  the  First  Settlers  of  New  England," 
published  in  1829,  a  work  of  vast  labor 
and  research,  and  embracing  nearly 
every  family  of  the  first  European  set- 
tlers" of  tliis"  country.     I).  1838. 

FAENESE,  the  name  of  an  illustrious 
family  in  Italy,  many  of  the  mcmber.so/ 


<-Au] 


CVCLOlMiDlA    OK    iilOUli.VlMlV, 


;wi 


which  filled  the  hifrhcst  situationa  in 
church  mid  state. — ALEXANDiiu,  the  son 
ot'  Peter  Louis  the  first  grand-duke  of 
I'arnia  and  Placentia,  was  b.  in  lo'io,  and 
created  a  cardinal  by  his  fi'randt'atlier, 
I'ope  Paul  III.  He'  was  dean  of  the 
sacred  eollcfre,  and  distinguished  himself 
higlily  by  his  learning  and  his  virtues  ; 
wiule  as  a  statesman  liis  talents  were 
pueii  as  to  obtain  tor  him  the  office  of 
nuncio  to  the  courts  of  \'ienna  and  Paris. 
1).  l.")89. — Alkxandki!,  neiihew  of  the 
preceding,  was  the  third  duue  of  Pai'ma, 
and  highly  distinguished  as  a  military 
commander  under  Philip  II.,  who  sent 
him  to  Flanders,  where  the  situation  of 
the  Spaniards  was  beconnng  desperate, 
lie  recovered  several  cities,  and  suc- 
ceeded in  reconciling  the  Catholic  part 
of  the  population  to  the  Spanish  govern- 
ment. He  afterwards  invaded  France, 
and  compelled  Ileinw  1\'.  to  raise  the 
sieire  of  Kouen.  On  his  return  from 
that  expedition  he  received  a  wound  in 
his  arm  before  Caudebcc,  in  conse- 
quence of  the  neglect  of  which  he  died, 
at  Arras,  in  lo92,  aged  46. 

FAKNEWORTir,  Ellis,  an  English 
divine,  Avas  b.  in  Derbyshire,  and  edu- 
cated at  Jesiis  college,  Cambridge.  In 
17(52  he  obtained  the  rectory  of  Carsing- 
ton.  in  ])crl)yshire,  where  lie  d.  the  year 
followiiiu-.  He  translated  the  "Life  of 
Pojic  Sixtus  v."  from  the  Italian,  ir)7-i; 
Davila's  ''History  of  the  Civil  Wars  of 
France,"  in  1757;  the  works  of  Ma- 
ehiavel,  1761;  and  Fleury's  "History 
of  the  Israelites."' 

FAKQl'IIAK,  Geokoe,  a  comic  wri- 
ter, was  b.  at  Londonderry,  in  Ireland, 
in  1678,  and  educated  at  Ti'inity  college, 
Dublin,  from  which  he  cither  eloped  or 
was  expelled  for  irregular  conduct,  and 
repaired  to  London  with  his  friend 
"W'ilks,  the  actor,  where  he  connnenccd 
his  career  of  dramatic  authorship.  His 
first  ])roduction  was  "  Love  in  a  I?ottle," 
pcrtbrmed  at  Drury-lane  theatre  with 
success  in  16',i8,  about  which  time  he  at- 
tracted the  favor  of  Lord  Orrery,  who 
procured  him  a  lieutenancy  in  his  own 
regiment.  In  1700  he  added  to  liis  rep- 
utation by  "  The  Constant  Couple,"  a 
comedy  in  which,  under  the  eharactcrof 
Sir  Harry  Wildair,  he  exliibitcd  a  lively 
picture  of  the  foppish.fine  gentleman  of 
the  end  of  the  17tli  century.  He  d.  in 
1707,  at  the  premature  age'  of  'J'.',  and 
during  the  run  of  his  last  and  be?to!ay, 
''  The  Beaux  Stratagem."  Fariiuliar's 
wil  is  genuine  and  spontaneous,  his 
^■haracters  are  obviously  drawn  from  na- 
ture, and  hi.s  incident's   well  arranged. 


His  libertinism  of  language  and  senti- 
ment are,  however,  highly  reprehensible. 

FAKKAKT,  Ku.iiAiiL),  an  English  mu- 
sician. He  held  situations  in  tiie  Cliapel 
Itoyal  and  St.  George's  chapel,  Windsor, 
froin  1.0G4:  to  1580,  and  is  remarkable  for 
the  devout  and  solemn  style  of  his  com- 
positions. 

FAliUEN,  Eliza,  countess  of  Derby, 
was  the  daughter  of  a  surgeon  at  Cork, 
who  failing  in  his  profession  became  a 
provincial  actor,  and  died  young,  leaving 
his  family  in  destitute  circumstances. 
Eliza  was  b.  in  1759:  made  her  first 
appearance  at  Liverpool,  when  1-1  years 
of  age ;  and,  in  1777,  appeared  at  the 
Haymarket  theatre,  Loudon,  as  Miss 
Ha'rdeastle,  in  "  She  Stoops  to  Conquer." 
She  afterwards  played  at  Drury  Lane 
and  Covent  Garden ;  and  eventually 
succeeded  Mrs.  Abington  in  her  princi- 
pal characters,  which  she  played  with 
great  eclat,  and  established  her  theatri- 
cal fame.  She  married  Lord  Derbv. 
D.  IS'29. 

FASTOLF,  Sir  JonN,_the  supposed 
prototype  of  Shakspeare's  Falstatt,  was 
a  native  of  Norfolk.  Adopting  the  pro- 
fession of  a  soldier,  he  served  with 
some  distinction  in  Ireland,  untlcr  Sir 
Stephen  Serope,  deputy  to  the  lord  lieu- 
tenant, and  married  his  widow,  who  was 
an  heiress;  through  the  acquisition  of 
whose  property  he  obtaincil  the  honor 
of  knighthood,  and  the  order  of  the 
Garter.  He  was  wounded  at  the  battle 
of  Agineourt,  and  rewarded  for  his 
bravery;  but  at  the  battle  of  Patay  he 
shamefully  tarnished  his  laurels  by  flce- 
intr,  panic-stricken,  from  Joan  of  Arc. 
D':U6[). 

FATIO  DE  DUILLIEE,  an  ingenious 
matiiematician,  was  b.  at  Basle,  in  1664; 
settled  in  London  in  1687,  and  distin- 
guished himself  as  a  geometrician  and 
astronomer;  but  becoming  a  zealous 
partisan  of  a  lanatical  sect,  called  the 
French  prophets,  he  was  tried  and  put 
in  the  pillory.  Many  inventions  in  the 
mechanical  arts  owe  th.eir  existence  to 
him  ;  among  others,  was  the  jewelling 
of  watches. 

FAUCIIET,  CLAi-nE,  a  French  histo- 
rian and  archaeologist  in  the  16th  century, 
and  historiographer  to  Henry  IV.  He 
wrote  various  antiquarian  works,  of 
which  his  "Antiquites  et  Ilistoires 
Gauloises  et  Frantj'oises"  is  the  chief. 
I).  1601.— Clavde,  a  native  of  Dome, 
France,  was  grand-vicar  to  the  arch- 
bishop of  Bourges,  and  preacher  to 
the  king.  Just  previous  to  the  French 
revolution   he    joined  the   sect  of  the 


392 


CVCLOP-EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHV. 


[faw 


llluminnti,  and  became  one  of  tlieir 
fliiots  ;  and  iluriug  the  popular  commo- 
tions in  Paris,  ho  took  an  active  part, 
appearing  sword  in  liand  at  the  head  of 
tlie  mob  "^hicli  attaclccd  the  Bastille.  In 
17111  he  was  elected  constitutional  bishop 
of  the  department  of  Calvados,  and 
chosen  a  member  of  the  legislative  as- 
sembly, lie  continued  to  distinguish 
liimself  by  his  revolutionary  furor  till 
the  trial  of  Louis  XVI.,  for  whose  im- 
prisonment he  voted  instead  of  his 
death  ;  and  having  joined  the  Girondists, 
he  was  persecutecl  by  the  opposite  party. 
At  last  lie  was  condemned  to  death  on 
the  unfounded  charge  of  being  an  ac- 
complice of  Charlotte  Corday  in  the 
assassination  of  Marat,  and  sutfered  by 
the  sruilloti'-'c  in  October,  1798. 

FAU JAS.  DE  ST.  FOND,  B^vetholo- 
MKw,  an  en  inent  French  geologist,  was 
b.  at  Montelimart,  in  1750  ;  became  pro- 
fessor at  the  museum  of  natural  his- 
tory ;  and  wrote  various  works  connected 
with  his  favorite  punsuit ;  among  which 
are  "The  Mineralogy  of  Volcanoes," 
"  A  Natural  History  of  Dauphine,"  "  A 
Journey  in  Englantl,  Scotland,  and  the 
Hebrides,"  ttc. 

FAULIIABER,  John,  an  ingenious 
mathematician,  and  the  friend  of  Des- 
cartes, was  b.  at  Ulm,  in  Suabia,  where 
be  d.  in  1635. 

FAUQUE,  a  French  authoress,  known 
by  the  name  of  Madame  do  Vaucluse, 
was  b.  at  Avignon,  at  the  beginning  of 
the  18th  century.  She  had  been  forced 
by  her  parents  to  become  a  nun  against 
her  will ;  and  having  obtained  a  dispen- 
sation from  her  vows,  slie  retired  to 
England,  where  she  supported  herself 
by  writing  for  the  press.  Among  her 
productions  are  "  Dialogues  Moraux  et 
Amusans,"  and  "  Histoire  do  Madame 
de  Pompadour."     D.  1777. 

FAUST,  or  FUST,  John,  one  of  the 
three  artists  to  whom  the  invention  of 
printing  has  been  ascribed,  was  the  son 
of  a  goldsmith  at  Mcntz.  The  other  two 
were  Guttcniburg  and  Schaslfer  ;  to  the 
former  of  whom  the  invention  of  print- 
ing with  wooden  blocks  is  attributed ; 
and  to  the  latter,  who  married  the 
daughter  of  Faust,  is  allowed  the  honor 
of  liaving  invented  punches  and  mat- 
rices, by  means  of  which  this  grand 
art  was  carried  to  perfection.  It  has 
been  pretended  that,  when  Faust  went 
to  Paris  to  sell  a  second  edition  of  his 
Bible  of  1462,  he  was  arrested  on  the 
BU[>position  that  lie  effected  the  jirintini,' 
of  them  by  magic;  but  this  story  aji- 
peara  to  be  a  mere  fiction.    There  is 


reason  to  believe  that  he  d.  of  the  plague 
in  1466. — Dr.  John,  who  lived  m  the 
beginning  of  the  16th  contnry,  was  b. 
at  Knitllingcn,  in  Suabia.  After  receiv- 
ing an  education  at  Wittcmburg,  he 
went  to  Ingoldstadt,  where  he  studied 
medicine,  astrology,  and  magic ;  and 
occupied  himself  in  alchemical  experi- 
ments. That  he  was  a  man  of  great 
scientific  acquirements  there  is  little 
doubt;  and,  according  to  legendary  tra- 
dition, he  made  use  of  his  power  in  a 
manner  calculated  to  inspire  his  coun- 
trymen with  a  firm  belief  that  he  Iiad 
familiar  dealings  with  the  devil.  The 
supernatural  feats  performed  by  him 
and  his  servant,  Mephistop)heles,  have 
been  immortalized  by  the  genins  of 
Goethe. 

FAVART,  CiiAKLEs  SrMox,  a  dramatic 
poet,  to  whom  the  comic  opera  in  Fiance 
IS  greatly  indebted,  was  b.  in  1710.  D. 
1792. 

FAVRAT,  Fraxcis  Andrew,  a  Prus- 
sian general,  so  remarkable  for  his 
strength,  that  he  is  said  to  have  once 
lifted  up  a  horse  and  its  rider,  and  to 
have  otten  carried  a  cannon  on  his 
shoulder  with  as  much  apparent  ease  as 
a  soldier  carries  his  firelock.  He  was 
governor  of  Glatz,  and  wrote  "  Memoirs 
of  the  History  of  the  War  of  the  Polish 
Revolution  from  1794  to  1796." 

FAWCETT,  John,  an  eminent  the- 
atrical performer,  was  the  son  of  an  actor 
of  humble  pretensions  at  Drury-lanc, 
and  was  b.  m  London,  in  1769.  At  the 
age  of  15  he  was  apprenticed  to  a  linen- 
draper,  but  clandestinely  left  the  shop 
for  the  Margate  theatre,  where,  under 
the  name  of  Foote,  he  made  his  first 
appearance.  He  afterwards  joined  Tate 
Wilkinson  on  the  York  circuit;  and  in 
1791  made  his  bow  to  a  London  audience, 
at  Covcnt-gardcn,  as  Caleb,  in  "He 
would  be  a  Soldier."  His  dramatic 
reputation  was  at  length  fixed  by  his 
representation  of  Dr.  Panrjloss,  Ollapod, 
Caleb  Quotem,  and  Job  Thornbcrry. 
In  1798  he  joined  the  Haymarkct  com- 
pany, and  became  acting  manager,  in 
1800,  of  that  theatre.  In  1818  he  ap- 
peared at  the  English  Opera,  and  ni 
1816  rejoined  the  Haymarkct.  He  after- 
wards became  manager  of  Covent-gar- 
den  theatre,  which  situation  he  lieldtill 
liis  retreat  from  the  stage  in  1836.  D. 
1837. 

FAAVKES,  Francis,  an  English  ]ioet 
and  divine,  was  1).  in  Yorkshire,  about 
1721.  He  published  a  volume  of  poems, 
and  translations  of  Anacrcon,  Sappho, 
Bion,   Mosehus,    and   Theocritus.    Hia 


fel] 


CVCLOI'.KDIA    OF    niOOKAlMlY. 


393 


poetry,  though  not  of  first-rate  talent,  in 
elei;:int  and  correct.     D.  1777. 

r  AY,  CnAiii.Ka  Fkancis  dk  Cistf.unai 
ni:,  the  son  of  an  oiKcer  of  tlie  Frencli 
.miard.s,  was  b.  in  161JS;  and  though  he 
first  embraced  the  ininiarv  profession, 
soon  quitted  it  for  the  study  of  chemis- 
try and  natural  philosophy.  He  was  a 
tncmbor  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences, 
and  distinguislied  liimself  by  his  re- 
searches concerning  the  phosplioric 
Ught  in  the  mercurial  vacuum  of  the 
liarometer,  the  magnet,  and  the  nature 
of  electricity,  which  he  divided  into  two 
kinds,  tlie  vitreous  and  the  resinous, 
answeriuij  to  the  ])ositivc  and  negative 
electricities  of  Franklin.     P.  173y. 

FAYDIT,  Anselm,  a  troubadour  of 
the  13tli  century,  patronized  by  Richard 
Cceur  de  Lion,  wiiose  praises  he  cele- 
brated in  a  funeral  elegy. 

FAYETTE,  Marie  IVIadeleine  de  la 
Veuge,  countess  of,  a  female  of  great 
literary  attainments,  wife  to  the  Count 
(\v  hi  Fayette,  in  the  reign  of  Louis 
XI v.  She  was  in  habits  of  friendly 
intimacy  with  many  of  the  most  dis- 
tinguished men  of  letters ;  and  her 
romances  of  "Zaide"  and  "  The  Prin- 
cess of  Cleves,"  alford  ample  testimony 
tluit  the  fame  she  acquired  for  delicacy 
of  sentiment  and  graceful  description 
was  not  exaggerated.  Siie  wrote  also 
"  Memoirs  of  the  Coui't  of  France."  D. 
l(3',t>'. 

FAZIO,  Bartholomew,  an  historian 
and  biographer  of  the  lath  century,  was 
by  birtli  a  Genoese,  and  patronized  by 
Alphonso,  king  of  Naples,  at  whose 
instance  he  translated  Arrian's  "  History 
of  Alexander"  into  Latin;  but  his  most 
important  work  is  entitled  "  De  Viris 
llhistribus,"  containing  brief  accounts 
of  tiic  most  famous  of  his  cotemporarics. 

FEARNE,  CnAia.Es,  a  writer  on  meta- 
physics and  jurisprudence,  was  b.  in 
London,  in  174U,  and  educated  at  AVest- 
minster  school.  He  became  a  student 
at  the  Inner  Temple,  and  attained  a  tirst- 
rate  reputation  as  a  ciunnber  counsel  and 
conveyancer.  He  was  the  author  of 
"  An  Essav  on  Contingent  Remainders," 
&c.     1).  1704. 

FEATLP]Y,  Daxiel,  an  eminent  En- 
glish divine  of  tiie  17th  century,  was 
1).  at  Cluirlton  Kings,  Oxfordshire,  in 
l-iS'i.  He  was  tlie  author  of  "Chivis 
Mystiea,  a  Key  opening  divers  difficult 
Texts  of  Scripture,"  &.c. ;  and  among 
Ids  controversial  tracts  is  one  bearing 
tiie  quaint  title  ol' ''  Tlie  Dipper  dipt,  or 
the  Anabaptist  plunged  over  Ileaa  and 
Ears,  and  shrunk  in  the  AVashing." 


FEITII,  Rhynvis,  a  modern  Dutch 
poet,  was  h.  at  Zwolle  175:5.  He  stud- 
ied law  at  Leyden,  and,  returning  to  his 
native  city,  was  made  l)urgomaster,  and 
afterwards  receiver  at  tlie  admiralty  col- 
lege; but  he  did  not  rclinquisli  tlie  art 
of  poetry.  He  wrote  "  Inez  de  Castro," 
anol  several  other  good  tragedies  ;  many 
poems,  hymns,  and  odes,  remarkable 
for  feeling  and  elevated  sentiment ;  and 
his  "  Grave"  stands  foremost  among 
the  best  didactic  poems  in  the  lanfruage. 
D.  Ls-2.  ^ 

FELIX  I.  succeeded  Pope  Dionysius 
in  26U.  He  sulfered  death  iu  274,  and 
was  canonized.  An  epistle  by  him 
against  Sabellius  and  Paulus  Samosanc- 
tus  is  extant. — II.,  antipope.  He  wa.s 
placed  in  the  papal  chair  in  3")5  by  the 
emperor  Constans,  during  the  exile  of 
Liberius,  on  the  return  of  whom  he  was 
expelled.  Constans  would  have  had 
the  two  popes  reign  together,  but  the 
people  exclaimed,  "One God,  one  Christ, 
and  one  bishop  I"  Felix  was  then  ex- 
iled, and  d.  in  3G5. — III.,  succeeded  Sim- 
plicius  iu  4S3.  He  had  a  violent  dis- 
pute with  the  emperor  Zeno  in  behalf  of 
the  Western  church,  and  d.  in  4'J2. — 
IV.,  a  native  of  Beneventum,  ascended 
the  chair  after  Jolin  I.  in  1526.  He 
governed  the  church  with  zeal  and  piety, 
and  d.  in  1500. 

FELL,  .JoHX,  a  dissenting  minister, 
was  b.  at  Cockermouth,  in  Cumberland, 
in  1735,  and  bred  a  tailor.  He  wrote 
"An  Essay  on  tlie  Love  of  One's  Coun- 
try," "Genuine  Protestantism,"  "A 
Letter  to  Mr.  Burke  on  the  Penal 
Laws,"  "An  Essay  towards  an  English 
Grammar,"  &e.  D.  1797. — Dr.  John, 
bisliop  of  Oxford,  was  b.  at  Longworth, 
in  Berkshire,  in  1G25.  At  the  restora- 
tion he  was  made  canon  and  dean  of 
Clirist  church,  and  10  years  after  he  had 
obtained  the  deanery  lie  was  raised  to 
the  see  of  Oxford.  He  was  a  learned 
prelate,  and  a  liberal  benefactor  to  his 
college,  the  magniticent  tower  of  which, 
called  the  "Tom  Gate,"  he  built.  Sev- 
eral valuable  works  fromliis  pen  are  ex- 
tant ;  among  others,  a  Latin  translation 
of  Wood's  "History  and  Antiquities  of 
Oxford,"  "In  Laudem  Musices  Carmen 
Sapnhicum,"  a  "Paraphrase  ou  St. 
Paul's  iMiistles,"  ttc.     D.  IGSG. 

FELLEXBERG,  Emantkl  de,  whose 
labors  in  the  cause  of  education  have 
earned  for  him  immortal  fame,  was  b. 
at  Berne,  in  Switzerland,  in  1771.  His 
father  was  of  patrician  rank,  and  a 
member  of  the  government  of  Berne  ; 
his  mother,  a  great  graud-daughter  of 


394 


CYCLOP.KDTA    OF    BIOGUMMIY. 


b 


the  celebrated  Dutch  ndmiral  Vij 
Tromp.  After  n,  somewhat  desultory- 
education  at  homo  and  under  different 
masters,  yonns;  De  Fellenberg  repaired 
♦^^o  the  university  of  Tubinrren  in  1790, 
to  complete  liis  studies  in  civil  law ;  but 
these  lie  soon  abandoned  for  the  more 
conirenial  pursuits  of  politics  and  phi- 
losopiiy.  lu  order  to  acquaint  himself 
■with  the  moral  state  of  hi«  countrymen, 
he  spent  much  of  his  time  in  travelling 
through  Switzerland,  usually  on  foot, 
•with  ids  knapsack  on  his  back,  residing 
in  the  villages  and  farm-houses,  min- 
gling in  tlie  labors  and  occupations  and 
partaking  of  the  rude  lodging  and  fare 
of  the  peasants  and  mechanics,  and 
often  extending  his  journey  to  the  adja- 
cent countries.  Immediately  after  the 
fall  of  Kobespierre  in  1795  he  visited 
Paris.  He  purchased,  in  1799,  the  es- 
tate called  llofwyl,  two  leagues  from 
Berne ;  and  his  life  forms,  hencefor- 
ward, an  important  page  in  the  records 
of  benevolent  enterprise.  But  it  would 
be  impossible  within  our  limits  to  give 
even  an  outline  of  the  various  schemes 
for  the  improvement  and  ditfusion  of 
education  that  emanated  from  M.  de 
Fellenberg  during  the  long  period  of 
fortv-five  years  that  followed ;  of  the 
skill  and  tact  with  which  he  defeated 
the  combinations  of  interested  and  jeal- 
lous  opponents ;  and  the  success  which 
ultimately  crowned  his  labors.  D.  Nov. 
21st,  1844. 

FELLER,  Francis  Xavier,  b.  at  Brus- 
Bcls  in  173.T ;  author  of  an  "Historical 
Dictionary,"  "Kemarkson  the  Newto- 
nian Philosophy,"  &c.  D.  at  Katisbon, 
180:i.  —  Joachim,  a  German  poet,  was 
b.  at  Zwickaw  in  1G38;  chosen  profes- 
sor of  poetry  at  Leipsic  in  1G61;  and 
became  librarian  to  that  university  in 
1676.  His  compositions  were  chiefly  in 
Latin.  His  death,  which  hii|ipene<l  in 
1691,  was  occasioned  by  his  falling 
from  a  window,  in  a  fit  of  somnambu- 
lism.— Joachim  Frederic,  son  of  the 
foregoing,  was  secretary  to  the  grand- 
duke  of  Weimar,  a  situation  he  filled 
during  20  years.  He  wrote  a  valuable 
work,  entitled  ''  Monumenta  varia  Ine- 
dita,"  and  some  otliers.     D.  17:^0. 

FELLOWES,  KoiiiuT,  a  writer  chiefly 
on  religious  and  political  subjects,  was 
b.  in  Norfolk,  1770.  He  was  educated 
at  St.  Mary  liall,  Oxford,  where  he  at- 
tained the  tlcirroe  of  M.  A.  in  ISil,  and 
was  ordained  in  179"';  Ijut  he  gradually 
relinquished  the  doctrines  of  the  church 
of  England,  and  at  length  adopted  the 
opinions  maintained  in  the  work  which 


he  published  in  1836,  under  the  title  of 
"Iho  Keligion  of  the  Universe."  Ho 
was  the  intimate  friend  of  Dr.  Parr  and 
the  Baron  Mascrcs ;  the  fonner  present- 
ed him  to  Queen  Caroline,  whose  cause 
he  espoused  with  great  zeal ;  anfl  the 
latter  left  him  nearly  £200,000,  which 
enabled  him  at  once  to  gratify  his  own 
tastes  for  literature,  and  to  benefit  his 
fellow-creatures.  He  entered  with  much 
spirit  into  the  project  of  establishirg  a 
university  in  London,  supporting  it  both 
by  his  counsel  and  his  purse.     D.  1847. 

FELTHAM,  Owex,  was  b.  about  the 
middle  of  the  17th  century  in  Sufiblk. 
Little  more  is  known  of  him  than  that 
he  resided  many  years  in  the  family  of 
the  Earl  of  Thomond,  during  which  pe- 
riod he  published  a  work  of  great  merit, 
entitled  "Kesolves,  Divine,  Political, 
and  Moral,"  which  went  through  12 
editions  before  the  year  1709.  D.  about 
1678. 

FENDALL,  Josias,  governor  of  Mary- 
land, who  exercised  also  the  powers  of 
chief  justice,  received  his  appointment 
from  the  commissioners  of  parliament, 
in  1653.  He  liad  previously  been  ap- 
pointed governor  by  the  proprietors, 
but  rendered  himself"  unworthy  of  their 
confldence  by  his  intrigues,  which 
caused  great  confusion  in  the  province. 
In  June,  1660,  he  was  succeeded  by 
Philip  Calvert.  Twenty  years  after  he 
was  fined  forty  thousand  pounds  of  to- 
bacco, and  banished  from  the  province 
for  his  seditious  practices. 

FENELON,  Francis  de  Salignac  de 
LA  MoTTE,  arcldjishop  of  Cambray,  was 
b.  1651,  at  the  chateau  Fenelon,  in  Pcri- 
gord  of  a  family  illustrious  in  church 
and  state.  He  studied  at  Cahors  and 
Paris,  where  he  made  such  astonishing 
progress  in  the  most  diflScult  studies, 
tliat,  in  his  15th  year,  he  preachctl  with 
great  applause.  At  the  age  of  24,  Fene- 
lon took  lioly  orders,  and  commenced 
his  regular  ministerial  functions  in  the 
parish  of  St.  Sulpice.  He  was  after- 
wards appointed  chief  of  a  mission  for 
the  conversion  of  heretics  in  Saintonge 
and  Aunis;  and  on  his  return  he  be- 
came known  to  the  public  as  a  writer, 
Ijy  a  Avork,  "Surle  Ministere  des  Pas- 
teurs,"  and  a  treatise,  "  De  I'Education 
des  Filles."  In  1689,  Louis  XIV.  in- 
trusted to  him  the  education  of  his 
grandsons,  tlie  dukes  of  Burgundy,  An- 
jou,  and  Berri.  In  1694,  Fenelon  was 
created  archbishop  of  Cambray ;  soon 
after  which,  a  theoloi,dcal  dispute  with 
Bossuet,  his  former  instructor,  respect- 
ing the  devotional  mysticism  of  the  cele- 


fer] 


CVC.'I,OI'>;i>T  A    OK    KTOGKAIMIV, 


390 


bratcd  Madame  Guyot ,  whoso  opinions 
renelon  favored,  teiininated  in  his  oon- 
demuutiou  by  Pope  Innocent  XIL,  and 
liis  bauishmeut  to  liis  diocese  by  Louis 
XIV.  He  wrote  many  cxcclleut  works ; 
among  tlie  chief  of  wliicii  may  be  reck- 
oned "liis  "  Dialogues  of  the  Dead," 
"Dialogues  on  Eloquence,"  "Letters 
on  ditferent  Keligious  and  Metaphysical 
Subjects,"  &.C.  J5ut  his  most  celebrated 
liroduction,  and  the  one  which  for  ages 
will  survive,  is  his  "  Adventures  of 
Tflemachus,"  in  which  ho  endeavored 
to  exhibit  a  model  fur  the  education  of  a 
jprinee;  and  more  pure  and  elevated 
maxims  were  never  woven  into  a  tale 
either  of  truth  or  fiction.  His  death 
was  accelerated  by  the  overturning  of 
his  ttirriage,  which  brought  on  a  fever, 
and  the  amiable  and  virtuous  prelate 
expired  in  Jan.  1715. 

FKNTON,  Elijah,  a  poet  of  consid- 
erable talent,  was  b.  in  ItJSS,  at  Shcltou, 
near  Newcastle,  in  Stattbrdsliire.  Hav- 
ing received  a  classical  education,  the 
carl  of  Orrery,  in  1710,  made  him  his 
private  secretary,  and  placed  his  eldest 
hon  under  his  care.  He  afterwards  lived 
with  Lady  Trumbull,  as  tutor  to  her 
son.  He  became  acquainted  with  most 
of  the  wits  of  the  aire,  and  assisted  Pope 
in  his  translation  of  the  "Odyssey." 
Besides  this,  he  published  "Marianne," 
a  tragedy,  and  tiie  lives  of  Milton  and 
Waller. "  D.  1730.— Sir  Geoi'fjsey,  an 
Eni,dish  writer,  was  b.  in  Nottingham- 
shire, and  d.  at  Dublin,  1(508.  He  trans- 
lated Guicciardiui's  "History  of  the 
AVars  of  Italy." 

FEUAUl),  Joiix  Fraxcis,  a  French 
grammarian,  and  a  professor  of  rhetoric 
and  philosophy  at  BesaiKj-on,  was  b. 
Kl'.").  He  wrote  a  "Grammatical  Dic- 
tionary of  the  French  Language,"  and 
a  "t'r'itical  Dictionary."     D.  1S'07. 

FEKBEK,  Joii.v  James,  a  Swedish 
inineraloi^i.st  of  note,  was  b.  at  Carlscro- 
na,  in  17-1-),  and  d.  in  Switzerland,  while 
on  a  scientific  tour,  in  1790.  He  wrote 
"  Letters  from  Italy,"  which  arc  much 
esteemed. 

FERDINAND  V.,  king  of  Aragon, 
surnamed  the  (Catholic,  on  account  of 
the  expulsion  of  the  Moors  from  Spain, 
was  the  son  of  John  H.  of  Aragon,  and 
b.  in  1453.  By  his  marriage  with  Isa- 
bella, queen  ijf  Castile,  he  founded  the 
union  of  the  ditferent  Spanish  king- 
doms ;  overcame  Alphonso,  king  of 
Portugal,  at  the  battle  of  Toro,  in  1476  ; 
totally  subjugated  the  Moorish  power  in 
Spain,  which  had  for  so  many  centuries 
baffled  all  the  ctforts  of  his  "ancestors  ; 


and  brought  under  his  rule  a  large  pro- 
portion of  the  Neapolitan  dominions. 
But  the  most  extraordinary  feature  ia 
his  reign  is  the  discovery  of  America 
by  Columbus,  which  opened  to  him  and 
his  sitceessors  the  sovereignly  of  a  new 
hemisphere.  D.  1516. — I.,  emperor  of 
Germany,  succeeded  his  brother,  Charles 
v.,  in  1558,  at  which  time  Ferdinand  was 
king  of  the  Romans,  and  of  Hungary  and 
Bohemia.— H.,  was  the  son  of  the  arch- 
duke of  Styria;  elected  king  of  Bohemia 
in  1017,  and  c»f  Humrary  in  1611.  Soon 
afterwards  ho  succeeded  Mathias  as  em- 
peror. D.  1637. — 111.,  surnamed  Ernest, 
was  the  son  of  the  preceding,  and  b.  in 
1008;  made  king  of  Hungary  in  lOviJ,  of 
Bohemia  in  1027,  and  succeeded  his 
father  in  1037.  D.  1057. — Ok  CoitnovA, 
a  learned  scholar  and  accomplishecl 
cavalier  of  the  15th  century,  whose  at- 
tainments in  every  art  and  science  that 
can  adorn  the  mind,  or  add  a  dignity 
to  manhood,  have  been  handed  down 
for  the  admiration  of  posterity. — I.,  kin^ 
of  the  Two  Sicilies,  was  b.  in  1751,  and 
suceeeded  his  father,  Charles  HI.,  on 
the  throne  of  Naples,  in  1750,  on  the 
accession  of  the  latter  to  that  of  Snain. 
D.  1825. — Vn.,  king  of  Spain  ana  the 
Indies,  son  of  Charles  1\  .  and  Maria 
Louisa  of  Parma,  was  b.  at  St.  Ildefon- 
so,  iu  1784.  In  1816  Ferdinand  married 
Theresa,  a  princess  of  Portugal,  tor  his 
second  wife ;  in  1819,  Maria-Josepha 
Amelia,  a  princess  of  Saxony,  for  his 
third.  She  died  in  1828,  and  "in  1829  he 
married  ^laria  Christina,  the  daughter 
of  Francis  I.,  king  of  Naples,  mother  of 
the  present  queen  of  Spain.     D.  1833. 

FERDUSI,  or  FERDOUST,  a  celebra- 
ted Persian  poet,  whose  talents  having 
attracted  the  notice  of  Mahmnud,  the 
reigning  sultan,  he  gave  him  a  distin- 
guished reception  at  his  court,  and  em- 
ployed him  to  write  a  metrical  history 
of  the  Persian  sovereigns.  This  work, 
which  is  called  the  "  Schahnameh,"  con- 
tains 00,000  stanzas,  and  occupied  him 
30  years,  during  which  long  period  the 
enemies  of  Ferdusi  succeeded  in  i>rcju- 
dicing  Mahmoud  against  him.  Instead 
of  being  rewarded,  according  to  promise, 
with  00,000  pieces  of  gold,  the  samo 
number  of  the  smallest  silver  coin  was 
sent  to  him,  which  the  poet  indignantly 
distributed  among  the  menials,  wrote  a 
severe  satire  on  tlie  sultan,  and  lied  to 
Bagdad.     B.  916;  d.  1020. 

Ferguson,  .Vdam,  an  eminent  his- 
torian and  moral  philosopher,  was  b. 
1724,  at  Logierait,  Perthshire.  lie  -was 
educated   at   Perth,  St.  Andrew's,  and 


396 


CYCLOP.-EDIA    OF    niOGRAPIIT. 


[fer 


Edinburgh ;   •\\-a5  chaplain  to  the  42d 
regiment,  in  Fhmdcrs,  till  the  peace  of 
Ai'x-lu-Chapelle ;  and,  on  his  return  to 
Edinburtrh,    was   chosen   professor    of 
natural  pliilosophy,  which  eliairhe  sub- 
sequently  resigned   for   that  of   moral 
philosophy.    In  1767  appeared  his  "Es- 
say on  Civil  Society,"  which  procured 
hiin  the  degree  of  LL.  D.     In  1773  he 
accompanied  the  earl  of  Chcstertield  on 
his  travels  ;  and  in  177G,  having  replied 
lo  Dr.  rrice  on  civil  liberty,  he  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  secretaryshij)  of  a  recon- 
eiliatory  mission  sent  out  to  America  in 
1778.     On   his  return  he  resumed  his 
professorial   duties,  and   composed  his 
•'  History    of   the    Koman    KepiibUe." 
Several   years   after  this   appeared  his 
"  Treatise  on  Moral  and  Political  Sci- 
ence," and  "Institutes   of  Moral  Phi- 
losophy.    D.  1S16. — J.\iiEs,  an  experi- 
mentaf    philosopher,    astronomer,   and 
meeluuiist,  was  the  son  of  a  laborer,  and 
b.  in  1710,  at  Keith,  in  Bantfshire,  Scot- 
land.    His  extraordinary  genius  quickly 
displayed  itself,  as  he  learned  to  read  in 
infancy  by  hearing  his  father  teach  one 
of  his  brothers ;   and  when  only  eight 
years  of  age,  he  constructed  a  wooden 
clock.     When  old  enough  to  work,  he 
was  placed  out  as  a  servant  to  a  farmer, 
who  employed  him  in  keeping  sheep, 
in  whicli  situation  he  acquired  a  sur- 
prising knowledge  of  the  stars,  and  his 
abilities    being    discovered    by    some 
neighboring  gentlemen,    one   of   them 
took  him  to  his  house,  where  he  learned 
decimal   arithmetic  and  the   rudiments 
of  algebra  and  geometry.  _  From  a  de- 
scription  of   the    globes    in    Gordon's 
grammar,  he  made  one  in  three  weeks 
sufficiently   accurate   to  enable  him   to 
work  problems  ;  and,  having  a  taste  for 
drawing,  began  to  draw  portraits  with 
Intlia  ink,  by  which  he  supported  him- 
self creditaVJly  some  years.     In  174-5  he 
went   to  London,  where  he  published 
some   astronomical   tables  and  calcula- 
tions, and  gave  lectures  in  experimental 
pliilosophy,   wliicli    he    repealed    with 
success   throutrhout  the  kingdom.     In 
17.54   he   published  a  brief  description 
of  the  solar  system,  with  an  astronomi- 
cal account  of  the  year  of  our  Saviour's 
crucifixion  ;  also  an  idea  of  the  material 
universe,  deduced  from  a  survey  of  the 
solar  system.     Kut  his  greatest  work  is 
his    "  Astronomy   explained    upon    Sir 
Isaac   Newton's"  Principles,   and  made 
ea.sv   to   those   who    have   not   studied 
Mathematics."      On   the    accession    of 
Geortre  III.  he  Wius  elected  a  fellow  of 
the  Koval  Society.    He  published  nu- 


merous •^\orks  on  astronomy,  mechan- 
ics, drawing,  electricity,  &e.     D.  1776. 

FERGUSSON,  Eobkrt,  a  poet,  was  b. 
at  Edinburgh,  1750.  Ho  was  educated 
for  the  ministry,  but  a  love  of  poetry 
and  dissipation  disqualified  him  for 
that  profession,  and  he  obtained  a  place 
in  the  shcritf-clerk's  office  at  Edinburgh. 
His  conversational  powers  rendered  his 
company  highly  attractive,  and  the  ex- 
cesses into  which  he  was  led  are  said  to 
have  impaired  his  naturally  feeble  con- 
stitution, and  rendered  him  an  inuuite 
of  the  Edinburgh  lunatic  asylum,  where 
he  d.  in  1774."  His  poems,  written  in 
the  Scottish  dialect,  have  considerable 
merit ;  but  those  in  English  are  often 
below  mediocrity. 

FEKISHTA,  iloHAMMED  Casem,  an 
Indian  historian,  who  flourished  in  the 
IGtli  and  17th  centuries,  was  b.  at 
Ahmedairur,  in  the  Deccan.  He  was 
liberally  patronized  by  the  sovereign  of 
Visapour,  under  whose  auspices  he  pub- 
lished his  "History  of  India  under  tiie 
Mussulmans,"  a  work  of  acknowledged 
merit  for  impartiality  and  truth. 

FEEMAT,  PeteSr  de,  an  eminent 
mathematician,  civilian,  and  poet,  was  b. 
at  Toulouse,  in  1590.  He  was  a  good 
scholar,  and  wrote  poetry  in  the  Latin, 
French,  and  Spanish  languages.  His 
prose  works  were  collected  and  pub- 
lished under  the  title  of  "  Opera  \  aria 
Mathematiea."     D.  1664. 

FERNANDEZ,  Juan,  a  Spanish  pilot 
and  navigator,  who,  in  1572,  discovered 
the  island  which  bears  his  name. 

FERNANDEZ  XIMENES  DE  NA- 
VARETTE,  John-,  a  celebrated  Spanish 
painter,  and  a  pupil  of  Titian,  was  b.  at 
Logrono,  in  1576,  and  surnamed  El 
Mudo,  in  consequence  of  being  deaf  and 
dumb.  He  was  appointed  painter  to 
Philip  II.,  and  d.  in  1579. 

FERRACINO,  Baktholomew,  a  self- 
taught  genius  of  Padua.  He  was  b.  in 
1695,  and  bred  a  sawyer.  His  first  in- 
vention was  a  saw  worked  by  the  wind. 
He  made  curious  clocks  and  hydraulic 
eiiirines,  but  his  greatest  work  is  the 
bridtre  over  tlie  Brenta,  which  is  re- 
markable for  the  boldness  of  the  design 
and  its  firmness.     D.  1764. 

FERRARI,  the  name  of  a  ^lilaneso 
family,  many  of  whose  members,  du- 
ring the  16th  and  17th  centuries,  were 
disUnguished  by  their  scholastic  attain- 
ments.— OcTAViAX,  b.  1518,  professor  of 
politics  and  ethics  successively  at  Milan 
and  Padua,  translated  the  works  of 
Athena'us  into  Latin,  and  wrote  two 
I  treatises  on  the  works  of  Aristotle,  &c. 


FEs] 


CVCLOP.EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


897 


D,  1586. — FiiANcisco  Beenaudixo,  b.  in 
1577,  w;is  a  doctor  of  the  Ambrosian  col- 
lege of  J^lihui,  iiuil  celebrated  throutrhout 
Europe  lor  his  intimate  uequiuiitance 
witli  books  uiid  literature  in  general. 
His  collection  of  rare  books  formed  the 
foumlation  of  the  celebrated  Ambrosian 
library ;  and  his  own  writings,  several 
ot  which  arc  yet  extant,  display  great 
erudition.  D.  li>i'i\>. — Octavio,  h.  1(307, 
was  professor  of  rhetoric  and  historiog- 
rapher at  Milan.  He  afterwards  settled 
at  Padua,  where  the  fume  of  his  learning 
brought  liim  numerous  scholars,  and  tlie 
patronage  of  crowned  heads.  j\.mou<' 
these  were  Christina  of  Sweden  and 
J.ouis  XIV.,  from  the  latter  of  whom  he 
enjoyed  a  jiension  of  5U0  crowns.  Dis- 
tinguished as  he  w'as  by  his  great  tal- 
ents, lie  was  not  less  remarkable  for 
suavity  of  manners  and  disposition, 
universally  acquiring  tliereby  the  appel- 
lation of  Paeiticator.  lie  followed  Scaliger 
in  an  alilc  work  entitled  "Origiues  Lin- 
guie  Itaru'ie,"  and  wrote  various  treatises 
on  ancient  manners,  customs,  &c.  D. 
1CS2. — (taudenzio,  an  eminent  painter, 
was  b.  at  Valdugia,  in  14s4,  and  assisted 
liatfaelle  in  ornamenting  the  Vatican. 
L).  15,')0. — Giovanni  Andrea,  celebrated 
as  well  for  liis  paintings  of  fruit  and 
llowers  as  for  his  landscapes  and  his- 
torical j)ieces,  was  b.  at  Genoa,  15!i9,  and 
d.  in  l(i6y. — Louis,  an  Italian  mathema- 
tician, was  b.  15.5:3,  at  Bologna,  where 
lie  became  professor.  He  was  a  pupil 
of  Cardan,  and  the  discoverer  of  the 
method  of  resolving  biquadratic  equa- 
tions. 

FEKKARIS,  Joseph,  count  de,  an 
Austrian  general,  distinguished  as  a 
geographer  and  skilful  engineer.  He 
was  b.  at  Luneville,  in  17'2i! ;  entered 
the  army  in  1741,  and  in  177(3  was  ap- 
pointed director-general  of  artillery  for 
the  Netherlands,  at  which  time  he  un- 
dertook and  completed  the  25  sheet 
map  of  that  country,  which  bears  his 
name.  He  served  against  the  French 
in  the  campaign  of  17',':5 ;  afterwards 
became  vice-president  of  the  aulic  coun- 
cil of  war  at  Vienna ;  was  made  a  tield- 
marihal  in  1S03;  d.  1814.    • 

FKRlvAKS,  George,  a  lawyer  and 
poet,  was  b.  in  1512,  near  St.  Alban's. 
He  was  in  great  esteem  with  Henry 
VIII.,  who  gave  him  a  large  grant  of 
lands  in  Hertfordshire.  He  wrote  some 
pieces  inserted  in  the  "  Mirror  for  Ma- 
gistrates," published  in  155U  ;  and  the 
"  Historv  ot  Queen  Marv,"  in  Grafton's 
"Chronicle."     1).  1579.' 

FEKIiKIKA,  Antomo,  a  poet  ranked 


by  the  Portuguese  as  one  of  their  classio 
authors,  was  b.  at  Lisbon,  1528.  He 
carried  to  perfection  the  elegiac  and 
epistolary  style,  and  his  "  Ines  de  Cas- 
tro" is  the  second  regular  tragedy  that 
appeared  after  the  revival  of  letters  in 
Eurone.     D.  1560. 

FEKREKAS,  John  de,  a  learned 
Spanish  historian  and  ecclesiastic,  w-as 
b.  at  Labaneza,  1()52,  of  a  poo'r  but  noble 
fixmily,  and  completed  his  studies  at 
Salanianoa.  He  wrote  several  works  in 
philosophy,  theology,  and  history,  the 
most  considerable  of  which  is  his  "  His- 
tory of  Spain,"  in  10  vols.  4to.  He  also 
assisted  m  the  compilation  of  tlie  great 
"Siianish  Dictionarv."     D.  1735. 

FEKKETI,  or  FERRETO,  an  historian 
and  poet  of  Vieeuza,  was  b.  about  1290, 
and  contributed  greatly  to  the  restora- 
tion of  polite  literature  in  Italy. 

FERKIAR,  John,  a  physician  and 
miseoUaneous  writer,  was  b.  at  Chester, 
1764 ;  took  his  medical  degree  at  Edin- 
burgh, and  settled  in  Mancliester,  where 
he  was  chosen  physician  to  the  infirmary 
and  lunatic  asylum,  and  became  an  effi- 
cient and  active  member  of  the  Literary 
and  Philosophical  Society.  He  wrote 
many  professional  tracts,  pul)lished  un- 
der the  title  of  "  Medical  Histories  and 
Reflections  ;"  also  "  Illustrations  of 
Sterne,"  which  display  mueli  research 
in  tracing  that  eccentric  author's  literary 
obligations  to  Burton,  Hall,  and  other 
satirical  moralists,  besides  other  works, 
in  verse  and  prose.     D.  1815. 

FERRI,  CiBO,  an  eminent  Italian 
painter  and  architect,  was  b.  at  Rome, 
1634.  He  was  a  pupil  of  Pietro  de 
Cortona,  to-nvhose  style  his  pictures 
bear  a  strong  resemblance.     D.  168?. 

FESCH,  Joseph,  senior  priest-cardinal 
of  the  sacred  college,  and  archbishop  of 
Lyons,  and  brother  of  LwtitiaRamolini, 
motlier  of  Napoleon  Bonaparte,  was 
b.  at  Ajaecio,  in  Corsica,  1764,  educated 
in  France,  and  was  in  that  country 
when  the  revolution  broke  out.  In 
1796  wf.  find  him  commissary-general 
to  the  army  of  Italy,  which  was  then 
commanded  Iw  his  Bonaparte.  Having 
in  this  capacity  realized  a  princely  for- 
tune, he  retired  from  the  army,  resumed 
his  clerical  studies  and  profession,  and 
in  1S(I2  was  consecrated  archbishop  of 
Lyons.  Early  in  the  following  year  he 
received  a  cardinal's  hat,  and  went  to 
Rome  as  ambassador  from  France.  In 
1804  the  cardinal  accompanied  IMus  VII. 
to  Paris,  and  assisted  in  the  consecra- 
tion of  Napoleon ;  by  whom,  in  the  fol- 
lowing year,  he  was  made  grand  almoner 


398 


CVCHIP-KDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY, 


[fic 


of  France,  a  principal  officer  of  thelc^iou 
of  lionor,  anil  a  member  of  tlie  senate. 
As  prcsiilent  of  llie  coLiiicil  of  Paris,  lie 
opposed  liis  self-willed  nepiiew  in  many 
of  his  schemes,  who  deprived  him  of 
Ills  succession  to  the  arch-ehancclior- 
hliip.  \\'hen  iiis  disi^raee  with  the  em- 
peror was  thus  published,  he  retired  at 
first  to  Lyons,  and  subsequently  to 
Kome,  where,  with  Madame  Bona- 
parte, he  lived  a  quiet  but  inost  luxuri- 
ous life.  His  library  and  picture  gallery 
were  the  linest  that  even  liome,  that 
citv  of  the  arts,  could  boast.     D.  1839. 

FESSENDEN,  Thomas  Gkeen,  an 
American  author,  b.  at  Walpole,  N.  II., 
1771.  When  in  college,  one  of  his 
poetical  etfusions,  "  Jonathan's  Court- 
ship," was  so  popular  as  to  lead  him  to 
indulge  freely  in  the  writing  of  rhyme. 
In  isoi  Mr.  Fessenden  visited  London 
with  a  view  to  some  patent-right  specu- 
lation that  had  been  imposed  upon  him. 
Not,  however,  succeeding  in  tliis,  and 
being  destitute  of  cash,  he  betook  him- 


is  per 
The 


source,  'i'lie  result  was — "  Terrible 
Tractoration" — a  poem  in  Iludibrastic 
verse.  It  went  through  successive  edi- 
tions, and  gained  fur  Iiiui  much  reputa- 
tion. On  his  return  to  America  in  1804, 
he  published  a  political  satire  in  verse, 
entitled  "  Democracy  Unveiled."  He 
also  published  other  fugitive  works  of 
a  similar  character,  from  all  which  he 
derived  but  small  pecuniary  advantage. 
After  various  expedients  and  vicissi- 
tudes, in  1822  he  became  the  editor  of 
the  •'  iN'ew  England  Farmer,"  a  weekly 
journal  devoted  principally  to  the  dif- 
fusion of  agricultural  Knowledge.  Be- 
sides lii-<  editorial  hdjors,  Mr.  Fessenden 
published,  from  time  to  time,  various 
compilations  on  agricultural  subjects,  or 
adaptations  of  P^nglish  treatises  to  the 
use  of  the  American  hu>l)andman.  He 
also  edited  the  "  Horticultural  Kegister," 
and  the  "  Silk  Manual."  I),  at  Boston, 
1837. 

FEUERBACII,  Paul  .Tonx  Axselm 
Vo.N,  one  of  the  most  eminent  of  late 
European  jurists  and  scholars,  was  b. 
at  Fraiikfort-on-the-Maine,  177.5.  He 
studied  ])l]ilohOfihy  and  law  at  Jena, 
where  he  also  t.auirht  in  17'J9.  In  1804 
he  wa.s  invited  to  Landshut,  in  Bavaria, 
to  superintend  the  university  and  draw 
an  a  new  penal  code  for  the  kingdom. 
Triis  code  was  adopted  in  several  other 
German  states.  In  18o4  he  was  made 
Pecond  president  of  the  court  of  ap- 
peal. His  writings  in  law  were  nu- 
meroua,    profound,    and    able,   placing 


him  by  the  side  of  Beccaria  and  other 
illustrious  jurists.     D.  1833. 

FEUILLEE,  Louis,  an  eminent  natu- 
ralist, geographer,  and  mathenuitician, 
was  b.  at  Provence,  about  the  middle 
of  the  17th  centuiy.  Louis  XIY.  sent 
him  to  South  America  to  make  re- 
searches in  natural  history  and  philoso- 
phy, of  which  he  wrote  a  "  Journal." 
He  was  afterwards  employed  in  an  ex- 
pedition to  the  Canary  Islands,  to  ascer- 
tain the  relative  pt.  «ition  of  the  meridian 
of  Ferro,  which,  having  satisfactorily 
perlbrmed,  he  was  rewarded  with  a  pen- 
sion and  the  situation  of  botanist  to  the 
king.     D.  178-2. 

FEVKE,  Guy  le,  a  French  poet,  was 
b.  1.544,  at  La  Boderie,  in  Lower  Nor- 
mandy. He  was  the  author  of  several 
works  relating  to  oriental  literature,  be- 
sides several  poems,  which  obtained  for 
him  considerable  reputation.  D.  1.598. 
— Anthony  le,  a  brother  of  the  pre- 
ceding, an  eminent  statesman,  was  am- 
bassador at  Brussels  in  16J7,  when  he 
discovered  the  conspiracy  of  ^Marshal 
Biron  against  his  master,  Henry  IV.  He 
was  twice  ambassador  to  England,  and 
d.  in  1615. 

FEVEE,  or  FABEE,  Tanaquil,  a 
classical  scholar,  of  great  eminence,  was 
b.  at  Caen,  in  Normandy,  1C15.  Cardi- 
nal Eichclicu  procured  him  a  pension 
of  21*00  livres,  with  the  office  of  inspector 
of  works  printed  at  the  Louvre.  He 
was  subsequently  professor  of  classical 
literature  at  Saumur,  and  died  there  in 
1672.  His  works,  which  arc  very  nu- 
merous, chiefly  consist  of  commentaries 
on,  and  translations  from,  the  Greek  and 
Latin  authors.  The  celebrated  Madame 
Dacicr  was  his  dauirhter.     I).  1672. 

FEYJOO  Y  MONTENEGEO,  Bene- 
nicT  Jeuome,  a  Spanish  Benedictine 
monk  of  the  last  century,  who  pub- 
lisla-d  his  thoughts  on  a  vast  variety  of 
tot)ics,  in  the  form  of  essays  designed 
lor  )ioi)ular  use,  whence  he  has  been 
sometimes  styled  the  SpanuTi  Addition. 
His  '•  Teatro  Critico  Universal,"  and 
his  "Cartas  cruditas  y  curiosas,"  both 
works  of  merit,  are  devoted  to  a  com- 
mon oljjcct — the  refutation  of  error,  and 
tlie  removal  of  prejudice.  A  selection 
from  his  essays  and  discourses  was 
translated  into  English,  and  published 
in  4  vols,  in  1780. 

FICHTE,  Joii.v  TuKOPHiLus,  a  cele- 
Virated  German  philosojiher,  and  meta- 
physician, was  b.  in  1762,  in  Upper 
Lusaiia  ;  studied  at  "Wittenberg  and 
Leipsie  ;  and  was  successively  professor 
of  philosophy  at  Jena,  Erlungen,  and 


=J 


(n'CLOI'/KllIA    OF    niOGRArilV, 


399 


Berlin.  In  most  of  hia  writings  he  un- 
fbkls  the  doctrines  of  transcondeutul 
idciilisin,  roprescntinff  the.  Hie  of  the 
mind  as  the  only  rc;il  life,  and  all  the 
reality  in  the  universe  beinfj  expressed 
in  what  he  called  the  "  absolute  I."'  His 
works  have  been  translated  into  English. 
I).  1814. 

FIDDES,  Richard,  a  clergyman  of 
the  church  of  Enj^land,  and  author  of 
several  works,  was  b.  at  Iluninanby, 
Yorksliire,  liJTl.  Among  his  various 
works  are,  '•  A  Body  of  Divinity," 
"  Fiftv-two  Practical  Discourses,"  and 
a  "  Life  of  Cardinal  Wolsev."     D.  1725. 

FIELDING,  llKNRY,  an'English  nov- 
elist and  a  political  writer,  pre-eminently 
distinguisiied  lor  genuine  humor  and  a 
knowledge  of  the  world,  was  the  son  of 
Lieutenant-general  Fielding,  of  Sharp- 
ham  park,  Somerset,  where  Henry  was 
b.  April  22,  1707.  lie  was  first  sent  to 
Eton,  whence  he  removed  to  Leyden; 
but  the  straitened  circumstances  of  his 
father  rtliortened  his  academical  studies, 
which,  added  to  a  love  of  gayety  and 
dissipation,  led  him  to  turn  his  attention 
to  the  stage.  His  first  piece,  whicli 
came  out  in  1727,  was  entitled  "  Love 
in  several  Masks,"  and  its  success  in- 
duced him  to  persevere.  Some  of  his 
dramatic  etforts  were,  however,  failures; 
thougli  neither  wit,  humor,  nor  spright- 
liness  is  generally  wanting  in  them.  In 
his  27th  year  he  married  Miss  Craddock, 
a  Jady  of  some  fortune :  and,  at  the  same 
time,  by  the  death  ot  his  mother,  be- 
came possessed  of  a  small  estate  in  Dor- 
setshire. Unfortunately,  instead  of  hus- 
banding these  resources,  he  immediately 
set  up  for  a  country  gentleman,  on  a 
scale  which,  in  three  years,  reduced  him 
to  greater  indigence  than  ever,  with  a 
yoimg  family  to  support.  He  then,  for 
the  first  time,  dedicated  himself  to  the 
bar  as  a  profession,  and,  for  immediate 
subsistence,  employed  his  pen  on  vari- 
ous miscellaneous  subjects,  ''The  His- 
tory of  .Jonathan  Wihl"  being  among 
the  early  fruits  of  his  literary  industry. 
In  1742  appeared  his  first  novel,  "Jo- 
seph Andre \vs,"  in  wliich  the  Cervantic 
style  of  humor  is  admirably  imitated. 
It  immediately  received  tlie  attention  to 
which  it  was  entitled;  but  success  as  a 
novel  writer  was  not  very  likely  to  ad- 
vance his  practice  at  the  bar;  nor  was 
the  emolument  attached  to  it  sufficient 
for  a,  manner  of  life  never  sutliciently 
rcMilutetl  by  the  rules  of  prudence.  He 
was  further  impeded  in  iiis  i)rotcs>i()n 
by  repeated  attacks  of  the  gout ;  added 
to  which,  his    domestic   aftiiction   was 


greatly  increased  by  the  death  of  his 
wife.  Neither  disease  nor  grief,  how- 
ever, paralyzed  the  etforts  of  his  pen. 
In  rapid  succession  he  brought  forth 
four  periodical  papers,  called  "The 
Champion,"  "The  True  Patriot,"  "The 
Jacobite  Journal,"  and  "Tlic  Covent- 
Gardeu  Journal,"  "Essays  on  Conver- 
sation, and  on  the  Knowledge  and 
Characters  of  Men,"  "A  Journey  from 
tills  World  to  the  Next."  and  the  novels 
of  "Tom  Jones"  and  Amelia."  Du- 
ring the  rebellion  of  1745,  he  lent  the 
assistance  of  his  literary  talents  io  the 
government,  and  was  rewardcil  with  the 
then  not  altogether  reputable  office  of  a 
Middlesex  justice,  lo  the  credit  of 
Fielding,  however,  he  did  much  to  ren- 
der it  more  respectable  by  the  preven- 
tion of  crimes,  and  the  improvement  of 
the  police.  Ill  health  at  lengtli  obliged 
him  to  try  the  milder  air  of  Lisbon,  and 
a  Narr.itive  of  his  Voyage  to  that  place 
was  the  last  of  his  works.     He,  unhap- 

Eily,  received  no  benefit  from  the  change, 
ut  d.  in  the  Portuguese  capital,  in  1754. 
— Sir  John,  half-brother  of  Henry,  and 
his  successor  as  a  justice  for  Middlesex. 
Though  blind  from  his  childhood,  he 
discharged  his  office  wjth  great  credit, 
and  in  17iil  received  the  honor  of  knight- 
hood. He  published  some  tracts  on  the 
penal  code,  and  a  miscellaneous  collec- 
tion, entitled  "The  Universal  Mentor." 
D.  1780. — Sar.vh,  the  third  sister  of 
Henry,  was  b.  in  1714,  lived  unmarried, 
and  d.  at  Bath,  1708.  She  was  a  woman 
of  talent,  and  w^rote  several  novels,  &c., 
of  which  "  David  Simple"  is  the  princi- 
pal. She  also  translated  from  the  Greek, 
"Xenophon's  Memoirs  of  Socrates." 

FIESCO,  John  Louis,  count  of  La- 
vagna,  a  Genoese  oT  an  illustrious  fam- 
ily, was  at  the  head  of  the  conspiracy 
which  was  formed  against  the  celebrated 
Andrew  Doria  and  his  nephew.  On 
tlie  evening  of  the  1st  of  January,  1547, 
Fiesco,  who  had  prepared  a  iralley  under 
pretence  of  a  cruise  against  the  corsairs, 
waited  upon  Doria  to  request  permis- 
sion to  tlcpart  from  the  harbor  early  in 
the  morning.  Having  succeeded  in  lull- 
ing his  intended  victims  into  a  false 
security,  he  sallied  forth  in  the  night  at 
the  head  of  500  men  ;  and  dispatching 
parties  to  take  possession  of  different 
posts,  himself  proceeded  to  the  dock 
where  the  galleys  lay  ;  but  in  passing 
on  a  plank  from  one  galley  to  another, 
he  fell  into  the  water,  and,  owim:  to  the 
wei:.'ht  of  his  armor,  was  unihlc  to  ri-^e 
again.  His  confederates  failed  in  their 
attempt  on  Andrew  Doria,  though  Gi- 


400 


CVCLOP.CDIA    OF    niOCillAPHY, 


[kin 


annotino,  his  nephew,  fell  beneath  their 
swords ;  aud  the  tiiniily  of  Fiesco  were 
made  to  pav  tlie  penalty  of  his  ambition 
by  rnin  auel  proseription. 

"FIESOLE  (^so  called  from  the  monas- 
tery to  wliieh  he  belonged)  was  one  of 
the  most  celebrated  restorers  of  painting 
in  Italv.  His  familv  name  was  Santi 
Tosini.'   B.  1.537;  d. 'loS-i. 

FlGUEliOA,  Bartholomew  Car.\sco- 
SA  DE,  a  Spanish  poet,  was  a  native  of 
Lotrrono,  and  studied  at  the  university 
of  Salamanca.     B.  1.M0;  d.  1.570. 

FILAXGIERI,  Gaetaxo,  a  celebrated 
writer  on  political  economy  and  leirisla- 
tion,  was  b.  at  Naples,  1752.  lie  was  at 
first  intended  for  the  army,  but  being 
of  studious  habits,  he  was  allowed  to 
gratify  his  inclination  for  a  literary  life. 
Ills  great  work,  entitled  ''The  Science 
of  Legislation,"  notwithstanding  it  was 
never  completed  according  to  his  origi- 
nal design,  attracted  great  attention, 
from  its  bold  and  original  views,  and 
the  liberality  of  its  sentiments,  and 
places  liim  in  the  rank  of  a  first-rate 
writer  upon  one  of  the  most  difficult  and 
important  subjects  that  can  engage  the 
mind  of  man.  In  1787  he  was  made  a 
member  of  the  supreme  council  of  fi- 
nance.    D.  178S. 

FILICAIJA,  VI^^CE^•zo  da,  an  eminent 
Italian  poet,  was  b.  at  Florence,  in  164'2, 
and  studied  at  Pisa.  His  "Canzoni," 
commemoratins  the  deliverance  of  Vi- 
enna by  John  Sobieski,  fully  established 
his  poetical  fame,  and  obtained  for  him 
from  tlie  duke  of  Tuscany  tlie  title  of 
senator,  while  mote  solid  rewards  await- 
ed him  in  being  appointed  governor, 
first  of  Volterra,  and  afterwards  of  Pisa. 
D.  1707. 

FILMER,  Sir  Robert,  an  English 
writer,  was  b.  in  Kent,  and  educated  at 
Trinity  college,  Cambridge.  He  wrote 
"The  Anarchy  of  a  limited  and  mixed 
Monarchy,"  "Patriarcha,"  in  which  he 
contends  that  government  was  monarch- 
ical in  the  patriarchal  ages;  and  "Tlie 
Freeholder's  Graml  Inquest."  He  was 
u  man  of  talent,  but  a  more  bigoted 
champion  of  absolute  monarchy  has  sel- 
dom appeared  ;  and  it  was  to  refute  the 
doctrines  of  Filmer  that  Locke  wrote  iiis 
"Treatises  on  Government."     D.  17  5-7. 

FINCH,  Hexeaoe,  first  earl  of  Not- 
tingham, was  tlie  son  of  Sir  Ileneage 
Finch,  recorder  of  Lonrlon.  He  was  b. 
1621.  Charles  II.  made  liim  solicitor- 
general,  anil  created  him  a  baronet.  He 
was  returned  to  parliament  i'm-  the  uni- 
versity of  Oxford,  in  1661.  In  1070  he 
wan    appointed    uttorney-general,    and 


soon  after  lord-keeper,  with  the  rank  of 
a  peer.  In  1075  he  was  made  lord 
chancellor,  aud  in  1081  created  earl  of 
Nottingham.  His  powers  as  an  orator 
were  highly  rated ;  and  Dryden  has 
handed  down  his  portrait  to  posterity 
in  his  poem  of  "  Absalom  and  Achito- 
phel,"  under  the  character  of  Amri.  D. 
1682. — Daniel,  eldest  son  of  tiie  pre- 
ceding, was  b.  1647.  In  1680  lie  was 
appointed  first  lord  of  the  admiralty, 
and  in  1092  succeeded  his  father  as  the 
earl  of  Nottingham.  On  the  (."yrath  of 
Queen  Anne,  he  was  one  of  the  lords 
justices  for  the  administration  of  aifinrs, 
and  soon  after  was  made  president  of 
the  council ;  but  in  1716  he  was  dismiss- 
ed, on  account  of  a  speech  which  he 
made  in  bclialf  of  the  Scottish  lords  con  ■ 
demned  tor  high  treason.  He  devoted 
his  remaining  years  to  the  enjoyment 
of  retirement  and  literary  leisure,  the 
fruits  of  which  appeared  in  an  eloquent 
reply  to  Whiston,  on  the  subject  of  the 
Trinity.  D.  1730. — Robert,  an  ingeni- 
ous antiquary,  was  b.  in  London,  1783. 
He  travelled  through  the  south  of  Eu- 
rope and  Palestine,  and  died  at  Koine, 
1830;  bequeathing  to  the  Ashmolean 
museum,  at  Oxford,  his  valuable  library, 
medals,  coins,  pictures,  aud  antique  cu- 
riosities. 

FINGAL,  celebrated  in  the  poems  of 
Ossian  his  son ;  was  prince  of  Morven, 
a  province  of  ancient  Caledonia,  and  was 
b.  about  tlie  year  282.  He  constantly 
struggled  witli  the  Eomans,  who  at  that 
time  ruled  in  England;  and  frequently 
made  expeditions  to  Sweden,  the  (Jrkney 
Islands,  and  Ireland.  Fingal's  charac- 
ter, as  sketched  by  Ossian,  is  that  of  a 
noble  hero,  tlie  fatlier  of  his  people. 

FINI6UERRA,  Tommaso,  a  celebrated 
sculptor  and  goldsmith,  to  wliom  is 
ascribed  the  invention  of  copperplate 
printing.  He  lived  at  Florence,  about 
the  middle  of  the  fifteenth  century,  and 
practised  the  art  called  niell/j,  which 
consisted  in  enchasing  dark  metallic 
substances  into  cavities  worked  on  gold 
or  silver,  and  fixing  them  by  fusion.  D. 
1475. 

FINLAY,  John,  a  modern  Scotch 
poet,  was  b.  at  Glasgow,  in  1782.  IIo 
was  the  author  of  "  Wallace  of  Ellerslie," 
a  "Life  of  Cervantes,"  and  the  edition 
of  "  A  Collection  of  Scottish  Ballads, 
historical  and  romantic."     I).  1810. 

FINLP3Y.  Samuel,  president  of  the 
eollcire  of  New  .Jersey,  was  a  native  of 
Ireland,  and  came  to  America  1734. 
Having  been  licensed  to  preach,  he  was 
ordained    by  the    presbytery  of    New 


FIT 


CYCI.OP.r.DIA     OF     lilOGHAI'IIV, 


401 


Brunswick,  1740.  The  iirst  part  of  his 
iniiii^stry  was  spent  in  fatig'uing  itine- 
rant labor.-i.  In  1744  he  was  sfittled  as 
tlic  minister  of  Nottin«j!iain,  ilaryhind, 
where  lie  remained  seven  years.  W'liile 
here  lie  established  an  neademy  wliicii 
acquired  ijreat  reputation.  On  reeuivincf 
the  appointment  of  president  of  New 
.lerspy  colleire  lie  removed  to  Princeton. 
I).  ITiJ'i,  aired  50. — Kobkut,  president  of 
tlie  university  of  Georgia,  graduated  at 
Prmeeton  eoilege,  1787.  From  1793  to 
17'J'>  he  was  a  tutor,  and  a  trustee  from 
ls()7  till  1S17,  wiien  lie  resigned.  He 
was  the  minister  of  Basking  ]5ridgc, 
N.  J.,  from  June,  17"J7  till  1817.  Deeply 
interested  in  the  welfare  of  the  free 
i)laeks,  he  formed  a  plan  of  sending 
them  to  Africa,  and  Tnay  be  eousidered 
as  the  father  of  the  Colonization  societj". 
1).  1^17. 

FIllEXZUOLA,  Asr.Ei.o,  an  Italian 
dramatic  poet,  b.  at  Florence  in  1493. 
lie  was  originally  bred  to  the  bar,  but 
left  it  for  the  eluirch,  and  devoted  him- 
self to  literary  pursuits.     1).  15-15. 

FISCHER,"  John  BBusAno,  an  emi- 
nent German  architect,  b.  at  Vienna,  in 
1500.  He  erected  the  palace  of  Selioen- 
brunn,  the  church  of  St.  Boromeo,  and 
a  number  of  other  fine  edifices  at  Vien- 
na ;  and  was  appointed  cliief  architect 
to  Joseph  I.,  who  created  him  baron 
d'Erlach.     1).  1724. 

FISH,  SiMox,  a  native  of  Kent,  and  a 
member  of  the  legal  profession,  who, 
having  acted  a  part  in  a  play  written  for 
the  purpose  of  ridiculing  Cardinal  Wol- 
sey,  was  obliged  to  flee  to  the  Continent. 
He  there  wrote  a  satire  upon  the  Catholic 
clergy,  entitled  "The  Supplication  of 
tlie  Begiiars,"  which  was  answered  by 
Sir  Thomas  More  in  his  "Supplication 
for  Souls,"  Fish  was  ultimately  re- 
(salled  home  hy  Henry  VIII.,  but  d.  of 
the  plac'ue  soon  after  his  return,  in  15.31. 

FISHER,  John,  bishop  of  Rochester, 
a  learned  divine,  was  b.  at  Beverly,  in 
Yorkshire,  in  1459.  He  became  vice- 
chancellor  of  Cambridirc  ;  and  beinir  ap- 
pointed confessor  to  Margaret,  countess 
of  Riciimond,  it  was  through  his  influ- 
ence that  she  founded  St." John's  and 
Christ's  eolleges.  Deeply  prepossessed 
in  favor  of  the  ancient  faith,  he  opposed 
with  zeal  and  perseverance  the  princi- 
ples of  Luther  and  his  followers  ;  and 
having  denied  the  supremacy  of  Henry 
VIII.  as  head  of  the  church,  he  was  con- 
victed of  liigh  treason,  and  beheaded  on 
Tower- hill,  in  1535. — Paynk,  a  poet  of 
the  17th  century,  chiefly  memorable  tor 
liaving  hold  theofflce  of  laureate  under 
34- 


Oliver  Cromwell.  He  was  a  native  of 
Dorsetshire,  studied  at  Oxford  and 
Cambridge,  and  served  on  the  royalist 
side  in  the  civil  wars ;  but  on  the  de- 
cline of  the  king's  affairs  he  joined  the 
republicans,  and  celebrated  their  sue- 
eesses  in  several  Latin  poems.  He  also 
wrote  a  "  Synopsis  of  Heraldry,"  and 
various  poems.     1).  1693. 

FISK,  Pliny,  a  missionary,  graduated 
at  Middlebury  college,  1814.  Having 
studied  theology  at  Andover,  he  was  em- 
ployed as  an  agent  for  the  board  of  for- 
eign missions  one  year,  and  sailed  for 
Palestine  with  Mr.  Parsons,  1819.  On 
arriving  at  Smyrna  they  engaged  in  the 
study  of  the  Eastern  languages;  but  in  a 
few  months  removed  to  Scio,  in  order  to 
study  modern  Greek  under  Professor 
Bam'bas.  The  college  at  Scio  then  had 
about  800  students.  But  in  1821  the 
island  was  desolated  by  the  barbarous 
Turks.  In  1822  he  accompanied  to 
Egypt  his  fellow-laborer,  Mr.  Parsons, 
and  witnessed  his  death,  and  buried 
him  in  the  Greek  convent.  From  Egypt 
he  proceeded  through  the  desert  to  Ju- 
dea.  Having  visited  .Jerusalem  he  went 
to  Beyroot,  Balbec,  Damascus,  Aleppo, 
and  Antioeh.  When  he  withdrew  from 
Jerusalem  in  the  spring  of  1825,  he  re- 
tired to  Beyroot,  where  he  d.  He  was  a 
preacher  in  Italian,  French,  modern 
Greek,  and  Arabic.  He  had  been  em- 
ployed in  preparing  a  dictionary  in  En- 
glish and  Arabic.^- WiuJUR,  president 
of  the  Wesleyan  university  at  Middle- 
town,  Ct.,  a  distinguished  Methodist 
preacher,  and  author  of  "  Travels  in  Eu- 
rope."    B.  1793  ;  d.  1839. 

FITCH,  John,  an  ingenious  but  un- 
fortunate inventor,  who,  after  a  life  of 
poverty  and  distress,  saw  the  merits  of 
his  discoveries  appropriated  by  others, 
while  his  own  genius  remained  unac- 
knowledged, lie  was  b.  at  Windsor, 
Ct.,  1743,  received  a  common  school 
education,  and  served  an  apprenticeship 
to  clock-making.  In  1767  he  was  un- 
happily married,  and  soon  separated 
from  his  wife.  Two  years  afterwards  ha 
settled  as  a  silversmith  in  Trenton,  N.  J., 
where  his  house  and  property  were  de- 
stroyed by  the  British  army.'  He  then 
joined  the  army  as  a  lieutenant  of  vol- 
unteers. He  afterwards  went  to  Ken- 
tucky, where  he  purchased  large  grants 
of  lands,  but  fell  into  the  hands  of  In- 
dians, by  whom  ho  was  kejit  in  painful 
captivity  for  years.  In  17s2  he  returned 
to  the  Eiast,  and  lived  by  the  construction 
of  maps  of  the  western  country,  theu 
almost  uidvnown.     On  the  29th  August, 


402 


CrCLOP.EDIA    OF    RIOGRAPHV. 


[fla 


1785,  he  presented  to  congress  n  plan  for 
"  applying  stoatn-jiower  to  water-craft." 
His  tirst  experiment  was  made  on  the 
1st  May,  1787,  when  a  packet  was  run 
between  Philadelphia  and  Burlington. 
But  Fitch  was  so  embarra.ssed  by  want 
of  funds,  by  the  ignorance  of  mechanics, 
by  controversies  with  rivals,  and  by  the 
inditferencc  of  the  public  bodies  to 
which  lie  applied,  that  he  almost  gave 
up  in  despair.  Some  of  the  state  legis- 
h\tures  gave  him  patents,  and  he  visited 
France  and  England,  but  was  not  able 
to  carry  out  his  designs.  He  returned 
to  the  West  in  disgust,  and  d.  in  June, 
1798.  The  spot  where  he  was  buried  is 
now  unknown. 

FITZGERALD,  Edward,  Lord,  b. 
1763.  At  a  time  when  the  revolutionary 
spirit  was  at  its  height  in  Ireland,  he 
joined  the  malcontents,  became  the  ob- 
ieet  of  proscription,  and  was  shot  in 
i79S. 

FITZGIBBON,  John,  first  earl  of 
Clare,  and  lord  chancellor  of  Ireland, 
was  b.  in  1749 ;  and  was  educated  at 
Trinity  college,  Dublin,  and  at  Oxford. 
He  rapidly  rose  in  the  legal  profession, 
till  he  became  a  chancellor,  in  1789,  with 
the  title  of  Baron  Fitzgibbon ;  and  in 
179-5  was  raised  to  the  peerage  as  the 
earl  of  Clare.  He  was  an  eminent  law- 
yer and  a  decided  promoter  of  the 
Union.     D.  1802. 

FITZTIERBERT,  Sir  Anthont,  an 
able  and  learned  judge  in  the  reign  of 
Henry  VIII.,  was  b.  at  Norbury,  in  Der- 
byshire, and  educated  at  Oxford,  from 
whence  he  removed  to  one  of  the  inns 
of  court.  In  1523  he  was  made  a  judge 
in  the  court  of  common  pleas,  and  d.  in 
1538.  He  wrote  "  The  Grand  Abridg- 
ment," !V  "Collection  of  Law  Cases," 
"  The  Office  and  Authority  of  Justices 
of  the  Peace,"  "The  Office  of  Sheriffs," 
"  Natura  Brevium,"  &c.  He  is  also 
supposed  to  have  written  a  book  on  the 
Surveying  of  Lands,  and  another  on 
Husbandry,  though  some  have  ascribed 
these  to  his  brother,  John. — Nicnoi.As, 
grandson  of  the  preceding,  was  b.  about 
tiie  middle  of  tfie  16th  century;  was 
educated  at  Oxford  ;  went  to  Italy,  and 
•leld  the  situation  of  secretary  to  Cardi- 
nal Alan,  whose  life  he  wrote;  and  is 
said  to  be  the  autlior  of  a  treatise  on  the 
"Antiquity  and  Duration  of  the  Roman 
Catholic  Religion  in  England."  He  was 
accidentally  drowned  in  1612. 

FITZJAMKS,  Edward,  duke  of,  was 
tlie  great-irrandson  f>f  the  duke  of  Ber- 
wick, who  was  natural  son  of  James  IL 
of  England,  by  a  sister  of  the  duke  of 


Marlborough.  At  the  time  of  the  French 
revolution,  the  name  of  the  duke  of 
Fitzjames  was  placed  on  the  list  of  pro- 
scription, in  consequence  of  his  having 
emigrated  ;  but,  at  the  restoration  ot 
the  Bourbon  family,  he  returned  to 
France,  and  became  aid-de-camp  and 
first  nobleman  of  the  chamber  to  the 
count  d'Artois,  afterwards  Charles  X 
D.  1839. 

FITZSTEPIIEN,  William,  a  learned 
English  monk  of  the  12th  century,  and 
the  friend  of  Thomas  a  Beeket,  arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury,  whose  life  he 
wrote.  Prefixed  to  this  life  is  a  "  De- 
scription of  the  City  of  London,  and  of 
the  Manners  and  Customs  of  its  Inhab- 
itants," which  is  curious  on  account  of 
its  being  the  earliest  account  of  London 
extant,  and  has  been  preserved  by  being 

S-inted  at  the  end  of  Stowe's  Survey. 
.  1191. 

FITZWILLIAM,  William  AVent- 
woRTn  FiTzwiLLiAM,  Carl,  wasb.  in  1748  ; 
commenced  his  education  at  Eton,  fin- 
ished it  at  Oxford,  and  took  his  seat  in 
the  house  of  peers  in  1769.  In  1798  he 
was  appointed  lord  lieutenant  of  the 
West  Riding  of  Yorkshire  ;  and  on  Mr. 
Pitt's  death,  in  1806,  he  became  pres- 
ident of  the  council,  which  he  retained 
until  the  fall  of  the  Grenville  adminis- 
tration in  the  following  year.  After  this 
he  sradually  retired  from  public  life. 
D.  1833. 

FLACCUS,  Caius  Vaxerii-s,  was  a 
Roman  poet  of  the  1st  century,  who 
lived  at  Padua,  and  d.  young.  He  wrote 
an  epic  poem,  entitled  "  Argonautica," 
of  which  seven  books,  and  part  of  the 
eighth,  were  completed  by  himself,  and 
the  others  supplied  by  Apollonius. 

FLAMSTELD,  John,  an  eminent  as- 
tronomer, was  b.  at  Denby,  in  Derby- 
shire, in  1646,  and  received  his  education 
at  the  free-school  of  Derby.  He  was  led 
to  the  study  of  astronomy  by  perusing 
Sacrobosco^s  work,  "  De  Sphaera;"  and 
he  prosecuted  his  studies  with  so  much 
assiduity,  as  to  be  inferior  only  to  Sir 
Isaac  Newton,  his  cotemporary,  who,  in 
fact,  availed  himself  of  some  of  Flam- 
steed's  calculations  in  his  "  Principia." 
He  was  appointed  astronomer-royal,  and 
the  observatory  at  Greenwich  was  erect- 
ed for  hiin,  where,  during  the  remainder 
of  his  life,  he  assiduously  cultivated  the 
sublime  science.  His  principal  work  is 
entitled  "  Historia  Coelcstis  Britannica." 
D.  1719. 

FLAXMAN,  John,  an  eminent  sculp- 
tor, was  b.  at  York,  in  1755  ;  and  was 
admitted  a  student  of  the  Roval  Acad 


fi.e] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OK    BIOGRAPHY. 


403 


emy  in  17T0.  Having  made  considerable 
iirojrrcss  in  his  own  country,  he  visited 
Italy,  and,  during  a  seven  years'  resi- 
dence there,  executed  several  important 
works  ill  sculpture,  besides  making 
drawings  for  the  illustration  of  Homer, 
yEschylus,  Hesiod,  and  Dante.  This 
e-itablished  his  fame  as  an  artist  of  clas- 
sical taste,  and  he  was  elected  a  member 
of  the  academies  of  Florence  and  Car- 
rara. In  17114  he  returned  to  England  ; 
and  from  that  period  till  his  death  he 
was  almost  unmtcrruptedly  employed 
in  works  of  first-rate  character.  Among 
them  may  be  named.  Lord  Mansfield's 
monument  in  Westminster  abbey  ;  and 
those  of  Collins,  the  poet;  Lord  Nelson, 
Earl  Howe,  Sir  Josiiua  Reynolds,  and 
the  Baring  family.  He  also  finished  a 
set  of  drawings  and  a  model  for  the 
shield  of  Achilles,  as  described  in  Ho- 


mer's Iliad.  In  1810  he  was  appointed 
professor  of  sculpture  to  the  Eoj'al  Acad- 
emy, and  d.  in  lS2iJ. 

injEOIIIER,  EspniT,  a  famous  French 
bishop,  wash,  in  1G22,  at  Pernes,  in  the 
county  of  Avignon.  He  was  greatly  ad- 
mired' as  a  preacher  at  Paris,  and  his 
funeral  orations  set  hiin  on  a  level  with 
Bossuet.  In  1679  lie  published  his 
'■  Ilistorv  of  Theodosius  the  Great." 
In  1GS5  he  was  made  bishop  of  Lavaur  ; 
on  which  the  king  said,  "I  should  have 
rewarded  you  mucli  sooner,  but  that  I 
was  afraid  of  losing  the  pleasure  of  hear- 
ing your  discourses."  Shortly  after  he 
Was  promoted  to  the  see  of  Nismes ;  and 
d.  1710. 

FLECKXOE,  KiciiARD,  an  English 
poet  and  dramatic  writer,  whose  name 
is  now  more  remembered  on  account  of 
its  having  been  held  up  to  ridicule  by 
Dryden,  in  his  invective  against  Shad- 
well,  than  for  the  value  of  liis  own  com- 
positions.    D.  11)78. 

FLEETWOOD,  Ohari.es,  a  parlia- 
mentary general  in  the  civil  wars,  was 
tl\e  son"  of  Sir  William  Fleetwood,  who 
iieloncred  to  the  household  of  Charles  I. 
He  entered  the  army,  and,  on  the  break- 
ing out  of  tho  civil  wars,  declared  atrainst 
the  king ;  commanded  a  regiment  of 
cavalry  in  16-tt;  and  at  the  battle  of 
Worcester  bore  tlic  rank  of  lieutenant- 
general.  Becomin','  allied  to  the  family 
of  the  protector,  by  marrying  his  daugh- 
ter on  the  decease  of  her  first  husband, 
Ireton,  he  was  sent  as  lord  deputy  to 
Ireland  ;  but,  on  the  dentli  of  Cromwe'l, 
he  joined  in  inducing  his  son  Richard  to 
abdicate  :  thus  hastening  the  restoration 
of  Charles  II.,  an  event  which  he  did 
not  loner  survive. — Wri.LiASi,  an  Eiiirlish 


lawyer,  and  recorder  of  London  in  the 
reign  of  Elizabetli,  was  b.  in  Lancashire. 
He  wrote  the  history  of  Edward  V., 
Richard  III.,  Henry  Vll.  and  VIII.,  the 
''  Office  of  a  Justice  of  Peace,"  ifce.  D. 
13'J3. — WiLLiAii,  an  eminent  prelate, 
was  b.  in  London,  1656.  Soon  after  the 
revolution  he  became  chaplain  to  Wil- 
liam and  Mary,  and  fellow  of  Eton.  *Ia 
1702  he  obtained  a  canonry  of  Windsor, 
and  in  1706  lie  succeeded  Bishop  Bcv- 
eridge  in  the  see  of  St.  Asaph,  from 
whence,  in  171i,  he  was  translated  to 
Ely.  He  wrote  "  Inseriptionuin  Anti- 
qu'arum  Sylloge,"  "  Chronicum  Preci- 
osum,  or  "an  Account  of  the  English 
Money,  the  Price  of  Corn,"'  &c.,  8vo., 
"  A  plain  Method  of  Cliristian  Devo- 
tion," 8vo.,  "An  Essay  on  Miracles," 
&c.    D.  1723. 

FLEMING,  a  poetical  writer  and 
translator  of  the  Elizabetlian  age.  He 
was  the  author  of  numerous  poems, 
chiefly  devotional,  translated  some  of  the 
classic  authors,  and  was  the  editor  of 
"  Holliushed's  Chronicle." — Robert,  a 
Scotch  Presbyterian  minister,  who  re- 
tired from  his  pastoral  charge  at  Cam- 
buslang  on  the  establishment  ofprelacyj 
and  went  to  Rotterdam,  and  is  known 
as  the  author  of  a  work,  entitled,  "The 
Fulfilling  of  the  Scriptures.''  B.  1630  ; 
d.  16y-4.— Robert,  son  of  the  preceding, 
accompanied  his  fatiier  totiie  Continent, 
and  was  a  member  of  the  universities  of 
Leyden  and  Utrecht.  He  was  lor  some 
years  minister  to  the  Scotch  church  at 
Amsterdam  ;  but  on  comimr  to  Ensjland 
he  was  chosen  pastor  to  the  Scotch 
church  at  Lothbury,  and  lectured  at 
Salter's  hall.  He  is  priiiei}>ally  known 
by  his  work  entitled  "  Christiology,"  a 
"History  of  Hereditary  Riifht,"  and  a 
discourse  on  the  rise  and  fall  of  Popery, 
in  which  are  many  passa<res  that  corre- 
spond remarkably  with  the  early  events 
in  the  French  revolution.     I).  1716. 

FLETCHER,  Andkew,  a  Scottish  po- 
litical writer,  was  b.  in  16.')3.  D.  1766. — 
James,  author  of  a  "  History  of  Poland," 
a  volume  of  Poems,  &c.,  was  b.  in  1811, 
and  filled  the  situation  of  assistant  in  a 
school  at  St.  John's  Wood,  London.  D. 
1832. — John-,  an  etninent  English  dra- 
matic poet,  was  the  son  of  the  bishop  of 
London,  and  b.  in  iri76.  He  received 
his  education  at  Cambridge,  and  wrote 
several  plays  in  conjunction  with  Beau- 
mont. In'this  dnmatic  partnership,  it 
is  said  that  Fletcher  found  fancy,  and 
Beaumont  judgment.  He  d.  of  the 
plague  at  London  in  162.5,  and  was 
buried  in  St.  Saviour's  church.  South- 


404 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGUAPHY. 


[flo 


wark.  The  principal  piece  of  his  oivn 
■writingr  is  a  dramatic  pastoral,  entitled 
"The  Faithful  Shepherdess,"  and  there 
13  no  doubt  it  sug^gested  the  idea  of  Mil- 
ton's "Comus."  Edward  FhiUips,  tlie 
nephew  of  Milton,  classes  him  with 
Shakspeare  and  Ben  Jonson,  as  one  of 
the^'' nappy  triumvirates"  of  the  acfe. — 
GtLES,  was  a  native  of  Kent,  and  finished 
liis  education  at  Cambridge,  where  he 
acquired  the  reputation  of  being  a  good 
poet.  In  15S8  he  was  sent  ambassador 
to  Eussia,  of  which  country  he  published 
an  account  on  his  return,  but  it  was 
quickly  suppressed,  lest  some  strictures 
on  the  brutal  tyranny  of  Ivan  Basilo- 
vitch  should  ofl'cnd  the  reigning  prince. 
He  enjoyed  some  civic  offices,  and  was 
treasurer  of  St.  Paul's.  D.  1010. — Giles, 
son  of  the  preceding,  ^yas  b.  1588,  and 
d.  at  Alderton,  Suffolk,  1628.  He  was 
the  author  of  a  fine  poem,  entitled 
"Christ's  Victory  and  Triumph  in 
Heaven  and  Earth,  over  and  after 
Death."— PniNEAs,  brotlier  of  the  fore- 
going, was  b.  about  1582.  In  1621  he 
obtained  the  living  of  Hilgay,  in  Nor- 
folk, where  he  d.  in  1650.  ile  is  best 
known  by  a  poem,  entitled  "  The  Pur- 
ple Island,"  wliich  is  an  allegorical  de- 
scription of  man,  in  12  books,  written 
in  Spenserian  verse.  He  also  wrote 
"  Piscatory  Dialogues,"  "Poetical  Mis- 
cellanies," and  a  work  in  prose,  entitled 
"  De  Literatis  Antiquse  Britannife." 

FLEUKIEU,  Charles  Pieerk  Claret, 
count  de,  a  French  naval  officer,  and 
one  of  the  most  learned  hydrographers 
of  modern  times,  w^as  b.  at  Lyons,  1788. 
Having  turned  his  attention  to  nautical 
studies,  he  invented  the  sea-chronome- 
ter. In  1790  he  was  made  minister  of 
the  marine  ;  but  the  revolution  obliged 
him  to  discontinue  his  puVjlie  occupa- 
tions, and  he  was  committed  to  prison 
in  1798,  Having,  however,  survived  the 
reign  of  terror,  he  was  nominated  by 
Bonaparte,  in  1799,  a  member  of  tiie 
council  of  state  ;  and  he  was  also  made 
intendaiit  of  cavalry  and  governor  of 
the  Tuiierics,  which  office  he  resigned 
in  Uor,.     D.  1810. 

FLEURY,  Andkk  Hercule  be,  a  car- 
dinal and  prime  minister  of  France, 
Tinder  Louis  XV.,  was  b.  at  Lodeve,  in 
Laniruedoc,  in  1658.  Coming  to  court, 
he  won  general  favor  by  his  j)leasing 
person  and  fine  understanding;  became 
bishop  of  Frejus;  and,  through  the  in- 
terest of  Madame  Maintenon,  was  ap- 
pointed instructor  to  Louis  XV.  In 
1726  he  was  made  cardinal,  placed  at 
tlie  head  of  the  ministry,  and  from  his 


73d  to  his  90th  year,  he  administered 
the  atfairs  of  his  country  witii  greai  suc- 
cess. D.  1743. — Claude,  a  French  his- 
torian and  divine,  was  b.  1G40.  lie  was 
educated  as  an  advocate,  and  became 
a  counsellor  of  the  parliament  of  Paris 
in  1658;  but  subsequently  took  orders, 
and  acquiring  a  great  reputation  for 
learning,  was  appointed  preceptor  to 
the  princess  of  Conti,  and  afterwards 
associated  with  Fenelon  in  the  task  of 
educating  the  young  dukes  of  Bur- 
gundy, Anjou,  and  Berri.  He  subse- 
quently obtained  tlie  priory  of  Argen- 
teuil,  where  he  resided  till  1716,  when 
he  left  it  to  become  confessor  to  Louis 
XV.  His  most  important  works  are 
"  Ecclesiastical  History,"  "  Manners  of 
the  Israelites,"  and  "Manners  of  the 
Christians."     D.  1723. 

FLINDERS,  Matthew,  an  eminent 
English  navigator,  was  b.  at  Donning- 
ton',  Lincolnshire,  and  entered  early 
into  the  merchant  service,  from  which 
he  removed  into  the  royal  navy  as  a 
midshipman,  in  1795.  In  1801  he  was 
appointed  to  the  command  of  an  ex- 
pedition of  discovery  to  New  Holland, 
having  previously  clistinguished  him- 
self by  the  discovery  of  Bass's  Straits  ; 
and  after  exjiloring  a  considerable  part 
of  the  coast,  his  vessel  was  wrecked  on  a 
coral  reef,  and  he  was  obliged  to  return 
to  Port  .Lackson.  On  his  passage  home- 
ward, in  1808,  having  touched  at  the 
^Mauritius,  he  was  detained  by  General 
Decaen,  the  governor,  who,  notwith- 
standing he  had  passports  from  the 
French  "government,  thought  proper  to 
make  him  a  prisoner.  There  he  was 
kept  till  180G,  when,  through  the  inter- 
cession of  the  Royal  Society  of  Loudon 
and  the  National  llnstitute  of  France,  he 
was  set  at  liberty,  and  had  his  vessel 
restored.  He  d.'  in  1814,  having  pre- 
pared an  account  of  his  researclics,  un- 
der the  title  of  "A  Voyage  to  the  Terra 
Australis,"  &c.,  which  was  published 
after  his  decease. 

FLINT,  Timothy,  a  native  of  Reading, 
Pa.,  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college 
in  1800,  and  Ibr  several  years  a  preacher 
at  Lunenberg,  Mass.,  a  missionary  to 
the  Mississippi  valley,  and  an  author  of 
some  brilliancy  and  force.  His  principal 
writings  were  "Recollections  of  the 
Mississippi  Valley,"  "History  and  Geo- 
graphy of  the  Mississijipi  Valley," 
"  Francis  Berrian,  the  ^lexican  Patriot," 
and  "George  Mason,  the  Young  Baek- 
woodsiiiun,"  the  two  last  novels.  B. 
1779;  d.l839. 

FLOOD,  William,  one  of  *Jie  signers 


fol] 


CYCLOl'.KOIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY, 


405 


of  the  declaration  of  American  inJepend- 
once,  WHS  ii  iiiutnbur  of  the  committee 
of  correspondeuee  of  New  Vork  in  177-1, 
and  a  deletrate  to  conjjfess  from  iSutfulk 
county.  He  continued  in  that  station 
until  near  the  close  of  the  revolution, 
al'rer  which  he  removed  to  the  then  un- 
settled valley  of  Oneida,  and  resided 
there  duriiij,'  the  remainder  of  his  life. 
In  17S'J  he  was  airain  elected  a  meml)er 
of  conijress.  In  17'J:i  he  was  one  of  the 
electors  of  president  and  vice-president, 
and  was  repeatedly  appointed  to  the 
same  otlice  at  subsequent  elections.  He 
d.  at  Western,  lb21,  a<jed  89. 

FLOKIAN,  Jean  Pierre  Claris  de,  a 
popular  French  writer,  was  b.  in  17r)5. 
Amoni,'  his  earliest  works  were  "Gala- 
tea," ''Estelle,"  and  "  Nuina  Pomni- 
lius."  He  also  produced  some  admirable 
'"Fables,"  and  various  dramatic  pieces. 
D.  17U4. 

FLORIO,  John,  the  descendant  of  a 
family  of  Italian  refutrees  in  Emrland, 
was  b.  in  London,  in  the  reiirn  of  Henry 
N"lil.,  taught  French  and  Italian  at  ^lag- 
dalen  college,  Oxford ;  and  on  the  ac- 
cession of  James  I.  was  appointed  tutor 
to  Prince  Henry,  and  clerk  of  the  closet 
to  the  queen.  His  works  arc,  "First 
Fruits,"  "  Second  Fruits,"  and  the 
"  Garden  of  Kecreatiou,"  besides  a 
"Dictionary,  lUdiun  and  English."  D. 
1025. 

FLOYER,  Sir  .Toiix,  an  eminent  phy- 
sician, was  b.  at  Hinters  in  Stallbrdshire, 
in  16411,  settled  at  Lichtield,  was  kuitrht- 
ed,  and  d.  in  173-4.  His  works  are,  "The 
Touchstone  of  Medicines,"  "The  Vir- 
tues of  Cold  Water,"  "The  Physician's 
Pulse  Watch,"  "The  Galenic  Art  of 
Preserving  Old  Men's  Health,"  &e. 

FLUDD,  KoBEET,  an  F^nglish  jihilos- 
opher,  was  the  son  of  Sir  Thomas  Fhuld, 
and  b.  at  Milgate,  in  Kent,  in  1574.  His 
writings  are  wholly  on  alchemy,  and 
the  mysticism  of  the  Kosicruciaus.  1). 
1(387. 

FOGLIETTA,  Uberto,  an  historian 
and  orator  of  Genoa,  from  which  city  he 
was  banished  and  liis  property  confis- 
cated, for  ceu9uri)ig  the  nobles,  in  a 
book  entitled  "  Delia  Kepublica  di  Ge- 
nova.''  He  wrote  several  works  of 
merit  during  his  exile.  B.  1518;  d.  1581. 

FOIX,  Gastox  ue,  the  nei)hew  of 
Louis  XII.  of  France,  was  b.  in  1489. 
He  had  the  command  of  the  army,  and 
on  account  of  his  daring  cx|)loits  was 
denominated  the  Thunderbolt  of  Italy. 
At'tcr  ])erforn\ing  pn.>digies  of  valor,  he 
was  killed  at  the  battle  of  Kavenna,  in 
1512. — Locis  DE,  a  French  architect  in 


the  employ  of  Pliilip  II.  of  Spain,  who 
was  engaged  in  the  erection  of  the  Es- 
eurial,  near  Madrid.  On  his  return  to 
France  he  constructed  tlie  canal  of  the 
Adour,  and  built  the  tower  of  Cordouaii. 
— Paul  de,  archbishop  of  Toulouse,  was 
b.  in  1528,  and  distinguished  himself  as 
much  for  his  diplomatic  abilities  as  for 
his  virtuous  and  tolerant  conduct  as  a 
chnrcliman.  He  was  em]iloycd  on  em- 
bassies in  England,  Scotland,  Venice, 
and  Koine.     D.  1584. 

FOLCZ,  JoiiN',  a  barber  of  Nurem- 
berg, b.  at  Ulni,  in  the  15th  century, 
was  a  celebrated  German  poet,  belong- 
ing to  the  class  called  Mastersingers,  a 
class  which  sprung  \\p  in  Germany  in 
the  14th  century,  after  tb"  extinction  of 
the  Minnesingers,  or  Sualian  bards. 

FOLENGO,  TiiEoPHiLus,  an  Italian 
burlesque  poet,  who  wrote  under  the 
name  of  Merlin  Coccaie,  was  b.  near 
Mantua,  in  1491 ;  became  a  monk  of  the 
Benedictine  order,  which  he  quitted 
for  several  years,  and  wrote  Macaronic 
verses.     D.  1554. 

FOLKES,  Martix,  an  English  philos- 
opher and  antiquary,  was  b.  at  West- 
minster in  1G90.  At  the  age  of  23  he 
was  chosen  a  fellow  of  the  Royal  So- 
ciety, and  in  1741  he  succeeded  Sir  Hans 
Sloane  as  president  of  that  learned  body, 
and  was  elected  a  member  of  tiie  Royal 
Academy  of  Sciences  at  Paris.  Mr. 
Folkes  wrote,  besides  a  number  of  pa- 
pers in  the  "  Philosophical  Transac- 
tions," a  "  Table  of  English  Silver 
Coins,  from  tiie  Norman  Conquest  to 
the  Present  Time."     D.  1754. 

FOLLEN,  Charles,  late  professor  of 
the  German  language  and  literature  in 
Harvard  college,  was  b.  at  Romrod,  iu 
Plesse-Darmstadt,  in  1700.  After  the 
assassination  of  Kotzebue,  by  Sand,  he 
was  wrongly  suspected  of  being  con- 
cerned in  the  deed,  and  driven  from 
Germany.  He  took  refuge  at  Biisle,  in 
Switzerland,  where  he  was  inude  pro- 
fessor of  civil  law,  but  the  despotism  of 
Prussia  reached  him  there,  .'md  he  fled 
to  the  United  States.  In  1880  he  was 
made  professor  at  Cambridge,  and  not 
long  after  qualified  himself  for  the  cleri- 
cal profession,  and  was  employed  in 
several  places  in  Massachusetts  and 
New  York.  He  was  lost  in  the  burning 
of  the  steamboat  Lexington,  in  Long 
Island  Sound,  in  1840.  He  was  a  man 
of  the  noblest  character  and  fine  attain- 
ments. His  ]>rincipal  writings,  consist- 
ing of  "  Lectures  on  Schiller,"  have 
been  collected  and  published  by  hia 
widow. 


406 


CyCLOP.EDIA    OF    lUOGRAPHY. 


[fow 


FOLLETT,  Sir  "U^illiam  Webb,  an 
eminent  lawyer,  was  b.  at  Topsham, 
Devon,  in  \7'^^.  In  lSl^^  lie  became  a 
member  of  the  Inr.cr  Temple,  and  com- 
mcnceil  praeliee  an  a  special  pleader  in 
]S2:3.  On  Sir  Robert  Peel's  accession  to 
place  as  prime  minister,  in  ISS-i,  he  was 
appointcil  solieitor-arencral ;  but  upon 
Sir  Robert's  resignation  in  1835,  he  also 
quitted  otlice,  and  was  knighted.  At 
the  general  election  of  1837,  and  again 
in  1841,  he  was  re-elected  member  for 
Exeter.  On  Sir  Robert  Peel's  resump- 
tion of  office,  he  was  once  more  ap- 
pointed solicitor-general.  On  Sir  F. 
Pollock's  elevation  to  the  judicial  bench 
in  1S44  he  succeeded  him  as  attorney- 
general.     D.  184.'). 

FONBLANQUE,  John  de  Grenier, 
an  eminent  barrister,  wasb.  in  1759,  and 
in  1789  was  called  to  the  bar.  In  1790  he 
acted  as  leading  counsel  for  the  London 
merchants,  in  opposition  to  the  Quebec 
bill,  at  the  bar  of  the  house  of  commons. 
It  1793  ajipeared  his  celebrated  "Trea- 
tise on  Equity,"  which  went  through 
several  editions,  and  is  regarded  by  the 
courts  as  an  authority  ou  the  subject. 
D.  1837. 

FONESCA,  Eleanora,  marchioness 
de,  a  lady  of  great  beauty  and  talents, 
was  b.  at  Naples,  in  1768.  She  cultiva- 
ted the  study  of  botany,  &c.,  with 
success,  and  assisted  Spallanzani  in  his 
nhilosophieal  investigations.  She  warm- 
ly espoused  the  cause  of  the  French 
revolution,  and  when  the  French  in- 
vaded Italy,  she  engaged  in  intrigues 
atrainst  that  court,  though  less  perhaps 
from  principle  than  from  her  having 
formerly  been  dismissed  from  her  situa- 
tion of  attendant  on  the  queen.  During 
the  triumph  of  the  republican  party  she 
was  in  the  zenith  of  her  fame,  and 
edited  a  paper  called  "The  Neapolitan 
Monitor;"  but  the  royal  cause  again 
succeeding,  she  was  ultimately  arrested 
and  hanccd,  in  1799. 

FONTAINE,  John  de  la,  the  inimi- 
tal)le  fabulist,  wasb.  in  1621,  at  Chateau 
Thierry,  where  his  father  was  overseer 
of  tho  forests.  Ilis  taste  for  poetry  was 
first  aroused  by  hearing  one  of  Mal- 
herbe's  odes  recited  ;  but  to  the  patron- 
age of  the  duchess  of  Bouillon,  who 
invited  him  to  Paris,  and  encouraged 
him  to  write  his  Tales,  lie  owed  much  of 
the  distinction  in  literature  he  afterwards 
acr^uired.  For  35  years  he  lived  in  Paris, 
residing  successively  with  the  duchesses 
of  Bouillon  and  Orleans,  madame  de 
Sahliere,  and  madame  d'llervart;  and 
wan  in  hab  ts  of  intimacy  with  Moliere, 


Boileau,  Eacinc,  and  all  the  first  wits  of 
the  French  capital,  by  whom  he  was 
much  beloved  for  the  candor  and  sim- 
plicity of  his  character.  Yet,  with  this 
simplicity,  which  amounted  almost  to 
stupidity,  he  united  the  talent  of  ma- 
king severe,  shrewd,  and  sensible  obser- 
vations on  human  life,  and  decorating  his 
verse  with  touches  of  exquisite  grace 
and  delicacy.  Besides  his  ''  Tales''  aiid 
"  Fables,"  La  Fontaine  was  the  author 
of  "  Les  Amours  de  Psyche.''  "  Ana- 
creontiques,"  two  comedies,  &e.  D.1695. 

FONTANA,  Dominic,  an  eminent 
Italian  architect,  was  b,  in  1543,  at  Mill, 
on  the  lake  of  Como.  lie  was  employed 
by  popes  Sextus  V.  and  Clement  VIII., 
and  atterwards  appointed  to  the  situa- 
tion of  first  architect  to  the  two  king- 
doms of  Naples  and  Sicily.  Among  the 
many  edifices  he  built,  no  one  is  more 
remarkable  than  the  Egyptian  obelisk 
in  front  of  St.  Peter's  at  Eome.  D. 
1607. — John,  his  brother,  was  distin- 
guished as  an  hydraulic  architect,  and 
performed  some  extremely  important 
works  in  that  department  of  the  art.  B. 
1540,  d.  1640. — Felix,  an  eminent  philos- 
opher and  naturalist,  was  b.  at  Pomarlo, 
in  the  Tyrol,  in  1730.  He  was  appointed 
professor  of  philosophy  at  Pisa  by  the 
grand-duke  of  Tuscany  ;  and  afterwards 
invited  to  Florence  by  Leopold  II.,  who 
made  him  his  physician,  and  employed 
him  to  form  a  cabinet  of  natural  history. 
To  this  he  added  a  variety  of  anatomical 
fiirures  in  colored  wax,  most  exquisitely 
finished,  which,  with  other  objects  of 
interest  and  curiosity,  together  form  at 
present  one  of  the  attractions  of  tho 
Florentine  capital.  D.  1805. — Gregory, 
a  mathematician,  and  brother  of  the 
preceding,  was  b.  in  1735.  He  filled  the 
office  of  mathematical  professor  at  Pisa, 
for  more  than  thirty  years,  was  elected 
a  member  of  tlie  Cisalpine  republic  in 
1796,  and  d.  in  1805. — Francis,  a  Nea- 
politan astronomer  of  the  17th  century, 
to  whom  the  invention  of  the  telesoopo 
has  been  erroneously  attributed,  first 
studied  jnrispruiloMfi-,  and  received  the 
degree  of  doctor  of  laws,  but  afterwards 
devoted  himself  to  astronomical  and 
mathematical  researches,  and  made  im- 
provements in  several  instruments.  D. 
1656. 

FONTANELLE,  John  Gaspak  Du- 
bois, a  popular  French  writer ;  author  of 
"  Aventures  Philosoithiques,"  "  Nau- 
frage  et  Aventures  de  Pierre  Viaud," 
"Cours  de  Belles  Lettres,"  several  plays, 
&c.     B.  1737;  d.  1812. 

FONTANES,  Louis  de.  an  eminent 


for] 


CVCLOP.'EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


407 


French  writer,  was  b.  in  1761.  At  the 
eoinmenceinent  of  the  revohition  he 
edited  a  journiil,  e;\llod  "  Tiie  Modoni- 
tbr,"  aud  after  tlie  fall  of  Kohespierre 
joined  La  llarpe  and  otliers  in  tlie  pub- 
lieation  of  another,  called  "The  Memo- 
rial," which  with  many  others  was 
suppressed  by  the  national  convention 
in  ITtiT,  and"  the  proprietors,  editors, 
<Ve.,  included  in  one  common  sentence 
of  banishment  and  confiscation  of  prop- 
erty. When  the  anniesty  was  <rranted 
on"  the  elevation  of  Bonaparte  to  the 
consulship,  he  took  a  share  in  the  man- 
airenient  of  the  "  Mercure  de  France," 
ami  soon  after  obtained  a  seat  in  the 
k'LTislativc  assembly,  of  which  he  became 
tile  president.  He  afterwards  attained 
the  rank  of  senator,  and  was  one  of  the 
first,  in  1814,  to  propose  the  recall  of 
Louis  XVIII. ,  who  made  him  a  peer 
and  a  privv  councillor.     D.  1S'21. 

FOM'E'XAY,  Fktkk  Claude,  a 
French  Jesuit;  author  of  a  "  Ilistorv  of 
the  Galilean  Clnirch."  B.  16S;3;  d.  1742. 
FONTENELLE,  Bkknakd  le  Bovier 
DE,  a  nephew  of  the  great  Corneille,  and 
an  author  of  great  and  varied  talents, 
was  t).  at  Kouen,  in  16.37.  lie  studied 
the  law  at  the  request  of  his  father,  who 
was  an  advocate ;  but  soon  devoted 
himself  exclusively  to  literature.  At 
the  outset  of  his 'career  he  met  with 
little  encouragement  in  his  poems  and 
dramas,  but  on  the  appearance  of  his 
"  Dialojjues  of  the  I)ead,"  and  his 
"(Conversations  on  the  Plurality  of 
"Worlds,"  his  fame  was  at  once  fully 
cstablislied.  In  16',i'.»  lie  was  _  made 
secretary  to  the  Academy  of  Sciences, 
which  post  he  held  forty-two  years,  and 
of  the  proceedings  of  which  body  he 
I'uhlished  a  volume  annually.  He  con- 
tinued to  write  on  general  subjects, 
airrecably  combining  a  taste  for  the 
belles  lettres  with  more  abstruse  studies, 
with  little  intermission,  till  he  had 
almost  reached  the  patriarchal  age  of 
100  years.     D.  1757. 

FOOTE,  Samiei,,  a  comic  writer  and 
actor,  was  b.  in  17iil,  at  Truro,  Corn- 
wall; and  intended  for  the  bar.  After 
a  course  of  dissipatioUj  to  which  his 
small  Ibrtune  ll-U  a  sacrifice,  he  turned 
his  attention  to  the  stage,  and  appeared 
in  "Othello,"  but  having  little  success, 
he  struck  out  an  untrodden  path  for 
himself  in  the  double  character  of  dra- 


op' 


iitist    and    pertormer.       In    li4i,    I 
eiied    the    Ilavinarket    theatre    wi 


th 


some  very  liumorous  imitation-  it' well- 
known  individuals;  and  thus,  having 
discovered  where  his  strength  lay,  he 


wrote  several  two-act  farces,  and  con- 
tinued to  perform  at  one  of  the  winter 
theatres  every  season,  usually  brimring 
out  some  pieces  of  his  own,  and  resru- 
larly  returnin?  to  his  summer  quarters. 
In  1777,  having  been  cliarn:cd  with  an 
infamous  crime  by  a  discarded  man- 
servant, he  was  tried  for  the  crime,  and, 
thougli  fully  acquitted,  it  had  such  an 
etfeet  upon  his  mind  and  health,  that  he 
d.  in  a  few  months  after.  lie  wrote 
twenty-six  dramatic  pieces,  all  replete 
with  wit,  humor,  and  satire;  but  "The 
Mayor  of  Garratt"  is  the  only  one  which 
at  jirescnt  keeps  possessio..  of  the  stage. 

FOPPENS,  John  Fka.s-cis,  a  learned 
Flemish  divine  and  critic,  was  b.  about 
1689,  and  d.  in  1761.  He  was  professor 
of  divinity  at  Louvain,  and  canon  of 
Malines  ;  "compiler  of  the  "Bibliotheca 
Belgiea,"  containing  an  account  of 
Flemish  writers ;  and  the  author  of 
various  works,  historical  and  theologi- 
cal. 

FOKBES,  Sir  Charles,  bart.,  an  emi- 
nent Indian  merchant,  was  b.  in  Aber- 
deenshire, 1773.  lie  was  for  more  than 
40  years  tlie  head  of  the  first  mercantile 
and  financial  house  in  India;  and  his 
name  stood  in  the  hitrhest  repute  in  the 
commercial  world  for  ability,  foresight, 
and  rectitude  of  character.  He  was  re- 
turncdto  parliamentin  ISliiior Beverley ; 
and  during  five  parliaments,  from  1818 
to  1882,  he  sat  for  Malmesbury.  D.  1849. 
— Duxcan,  an  eminent  Scottish  judge, 
was  b.  at  (.'ulloden,  in  16S5.  It  was 
mainly  owing  to  his  exertions  that  the 
rebellion  of  1745  was  pirevented  from 
spreading  more  widely  among  the  clans. 
He  was  the  author  of  "  Tiioiiirhts  on 
Kelisrion,"  &c.  D.  1747.  —  Patru^k, 
bishop  of  Aberdeen,  descended  of  a 
noble  family,  was  b.  in  1564.  took  orders 
in  1592,  and  was  raised  to  the  episcopal 
bench  by  James  VI.  in  1618.  He  was 
a  munificent  patron  to  the  university  of 
Aberdeen,  wliich  owes  to  him  the  re- 
vival of  tlie  dormant  professorsliips  of 
theology,  medicine,  and  civil  law.  He 
was  the  author  of  an  elaborate  "  Com- 
mentary on  the  Apocalyjise."  D.  1613. 
— Ale.kander,  Lord  Forbes  of  Pitsligo, 
commanded  a  troop  of  horse  in  the  re- 
bellion of  1745  ;  and  after  the  battle  of 
CuUoden  he  fled  to  France,  but  returned 
to  Scotland  in  1749,  and  d.  1762.  He 
was  the  author  of  "  Moral  and  Philo- 
sophical Essays,"  and  is  said  to  have 
been  the  prototype  of  the  baron  ofBrad- 
wardiile  in  the  novel  of  "  Waverly."--Sir 
William,  b.  at  Pitsligo,  in  17:'.'.i,  was  the 
founder,  in  conjunction  with  Sir  James 


408 


CYCLOP.tDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[fou 


Hunter  Blair,  of  the  first  banking  estab- 
lisliineut  in  Edinburirb.  He  was  an 
early  member  of  the  celebrated  literary 
club,  which  numbered,  amongst  its  il- 
lustrious associates,  the  names  of  John- 
son, Keynolds,  Garriek,  and  Burke. 
Some  tiii'ie  previous  to  his  death,  which 
happened  m  1800,  he  published  an 
account  of  the  life  and  writings  of  Dr. 
Beattie,  which  exliibits  throughout  sound 
judgment  and  discriminating  taste. 

FOKOELLINI,  Giles,  an  eminent 
critic  and  lexicOirraDlicr,  was  b.  at  Tre- 
viso,  in  the  Venetian  States,  in  1688,  and 
d.  there  in  176S.  He  was  associated  in 
his  literary  labors  with  Faceiolati ;  jointly 
producing,  amongst  others  of  less  note, 
that  important  work,  "Lexicon  totius 
Latinitatis." 

FORD,  JoHX,  an  English  dramatic 
author  of  great  ability,  was  b.  in  15S6, 
at  Hsington,  in  Devonshire,  where  his 
father  was  a  justice  of  the  peace.  He 
became  a  metuberof  the  Middle  Temple 
in  1002,  and  d.  about  1639.  His  tirst 
tragedy,  "The  Lovers  ilelancholy," 
was  printed  in  102!);  and  he  was  the 
author  of  many  other  plays,  besides 
some  which  he  wrote  in  conjunction 
with  Drayton  and  Decker. — Sir  John, 
was  b.  at  Harting,  Sussex,  in  1005.  Du- 
ring the  civil  wars  he  commanded  a 
regiment  of  horse,  and  sutt'ered  much 
in  the  royal  cause,  being  imprisoned  on 
suspicion  of  aiding  the  king's  escape 
from  Hampton  Court ;  but  owing  to  the 
interest  of  Ircton,  whose  sister  he  had 
married,  he  obtained  his  release.  He 
was  a  man  of  considerable  mechanical 
ingenuity ;  and  at  the  recpiest  of  the 
citizens  of  Loudon,  he  contrived  machi- 
nery for  raising  the  Thames  water  into 
all  the  high  streets,  which  machinery 
was  afterwards  used  to  drain  mines  and 
lands  in  other  parts  of  the  country.  D. 
1670. 

FOR  DUN,  JoriN  de,  a  Scotch  liistorian 
of  the  1-ith  century;  author  of  a  history 
of  Scotland,  entitled  "Scoticlironicon," 
which  would  be  a  valuable  document, 
were  it  not  disiigured  by  much  that  is 
absurd  au'l  fabulous. 

FORDYCE,  David,  an  inircnious  wri- 
ter, was  1).  at  Aberdeen,  1711.  He  was 
educated  at  that  university,  ami  became 
professor  of  moral  philosophy  in  Maris- 
chal  college.  In  1750  he  made  a  tour 
to  Italy,  and  on  his  return  the  follow- 
ing year,  was  drowned  on  the  coast 
of  Holland.  He  wrote  "  Dialogues 
concerning  Education,"  "Tiie  Ele- 
ments of  Moral  Philosophy,"  &c. — 
James,  brother  of  the  precediog.  was  b. 


in  1720,  at  Aberdeen,  and  educated  at 
that  university.  He  published  "Ser- 
mons to  Youu"g  Women,"  "Addresses 
to  Young  Men,"  "Addresses  to  tho 
Deity,"  a  volume  of  poems,  and  some 
single  sermons.  D.  1796. — George,  an 
eminent  physician,  nephew  of  the  pre- 
cedinar,  was  b.  in  1736.  In  1759  he 
settled  in  London,  and  commenced  lec- 
tures on  the  materia  medica  and  practice 
of  physic,  in  which  he  acquired  an  un- 
rivalled reputation.  In  1770  he  was 
chosen  physician  to  St.  Thomas's  hos- 
pital, and  in  1776  a  fellow  of  the  Royal 
Society.  In  1787  he  was  elected,  ■<tpeciali 
gratia,  a  fellow  of  the  college  of  phy- 
sicians. Dr.  Fordyce  is  known  by  his 
"Dissertations  on  Fever,"  a  "Treatise 
on  Digestion,"  "Elements  of  the  Prac- 
tice of  Physic,"  <tc.  He  was  also  an 
excellent  experimental  chemist,  and 
published  "Elements  of  Agriculture 
and  Vegetation."     D.  1802. 

FOREST,  John,  painter  to  the  kin^ 
of  France,  was  b.  at  Paris  in  1636,  and 
d.  in  1712.  His  landscapes  are  much 
admired. 

FORESTL  or  FORESTA,  James 
Philip,  usually  called  Philip  of  Ber- 
gamo, an  Augustine  monk,  and  author 
of  a  "  Chronicle  from  the  earliest  Period 
to  1203,"  &c.     D.  1520. 

FORKEL,  John  Nicholas,  an  eminent 
writer  on  tlie  history  and  theory  of  mu- 
sic, and  director  of  music  in  the  univer- 
sity of  Gottingen,  was  b.  in  1749,  and  d. 
18i9.  His  "  General  History  of  Music." 
is  reckoned  the  most  valuable  of  his 
numerous  works.  He  was  also  a  com- 
poser and  a  good  pianist. 

FORSKAL,  Peter,  a  young  Swedish 
naturalist,  the  scholar  and  friend  of  Lin- 
na3us,  who,  after  completing  his  studies 
at  Upsal,  travelled  into  the  East  with 
Niebulir,  but  d.  at  Djerim,  in  Arabia, 
during  the  second  year  of  his  travels, 
and  before  he  had  attained  his  28th  year. 
On  Niebuhr's  return  he  published  For- 
skal's  remarks  on  the  productions  of  tho 
countries  through  which  he  had  passed. 

FORSTER,  John  Reinhold,  an  emi- 
nent naturalist  and  geographer,  was  b. 
in  1729,  at  Dirschau,  in  Polish  Prussia; 
and  ofliciated  as  minister  of  Dantzic,  and 
afterwards  at  Nassenhubcn.  He  then 
weiitto  England,  as  teacher  of  the  French 
and  German  languages,  and  natural  his- 
tory, at  the  dissenting  academy  at  War- 
rington. In  1772  he  accompanied  Cap- 
tain Cook  in  his  second  voyage  round 
tlie  World,  as  naturalist  to  the  exyiedition, 
and  took  his  son  with  him  as  a  compan- 
ion.   Besides  his  "  History  of  Voyages 


FOSJ 


CYC'LUJ'.KDI.V    OK    mOUKAl'llV. 


409 


and  Discoveries  in  the  North,"  lie  wrote 
scvcrul  other  original  \vorI:s,  and  trans- 
lated many  into  German.  J).  17'.i8. — 
.liinN  Geokoe  Adam,  son  of  tlie  prece- 
ding, was  b.  inlT.Vl;  accompanied  liis 
fatlier  in  tlie  voyage  round  the  world ; 
was  professor  of  natural  history  in  llcsse 
Cassel,  and  afterwards  at  Wilna.  lie 
SMl)scquently  settled  at  Mentzas  a  book- 
seller, and  entered  warmly  into  the  revo- 
lutionary ])rineiplcs  of  France  ;  on  which 
account  he  was  nominated  a  deputy  to 
the  Khcnish  convention,  and  sent  to 
I'aris,  but  Mentz  being  besieged  and 
taken  by  tlie  rrnsaians,  Forster  was 
obliged  to  remain  at  Paris,  where  he  d. 
in  1794,  while  prejiariiig,  as  it  is  said, 
fi)r  a  voyage  to  Ilindostan  and  Thibet. 
He  was  the  author  of  several  works  on 
geoirrapliy,  natural  history,  philosophy, 
and  politics. — Nathaniel,  a  learned  di- 
vine and  writer,  was  b.  in  1717,  at  Plym- 
stock,  Devon ;  olitained  a  prebendal  stall 
in  tL  e  cathedral  of  Bristol,  and  the  vicar- 
age of  Eochdale,  in  17."-t.  He  was  the 
author  of  "  Kefleclions  on  the  Antiquity, 
Government,  Arts,  and  Sciences  in 
Eirypt,"  "A  Dissertation  on  Josephus's 
Account  of  Jesus  Christ,"  and  a  "  He- 
brew Bible  without  points."     D.  17o7. 

FOKSYTH,  Alexander  John,  "the 
discoverer  of  the  percussion  principle," 
was  b.  1760.  He  succeeded  his  father 
in  the  pastoral  charge  of  the  parish  of 
Belhelvie,  1701.  Soon  after  Ids  settle- 
ment, he  commenced  for  his  amuse- 
ment, a  series  of  chemical  experiments, 
principally  on  fulminating  powders,  and 
other  explosive  compounds.  In  the  year 
1805  he  was  called  to  London,  to  make 
experiments  for  the  government  on  the 
percussion  principle,  which  he  bad 
about  two  years  previously  discovered. 
D.  1843. — William,  an  able  horticul- 
turist, was  b.  at  Old  Meldrum,  Aber- 
deenshire, in  1757.  He  was  a  pupil  of 
the  celebrated  Philip  Miller,  and  suc- 
ceeded him  at  the  physic-gardens  of  the 
apotliecaries'  company  at  Chelsea.  In 
1784  he  was  made  superintendent  of  the 
royal  gardens  at  Kensington  and  St. 
James's,  and  d.  in  1804. — John,  a  dis- 
tingnished  politician,  b.  in  Virginia, 
1780.  Ilis  father  was  a  native  of  En- 
gland, but  served  in  the  American 
army,  during  the  revolution.  He  was 
educated  at  Princeton  college,  and  stud- 
ied law  at  Aufrnsta,  Ga.  ''In  1808  he 
became  attorney-general  of  the  state, 
and  ill  1811  was  elected  to  congress. 
Mr.  Monroe  made  him  minister  to 
Spain  in  1819.  In  IS'JS  lie  was  governor 
ot  Georgia,  and  in  1S35  a  member  of 
35 


the  U.  S.  senate,  wlicre  lie  took  a  fore- 
most position.     D.  1841. 

F<JKTESCUE,  Sir  John,  an  eminent 
judsre  and  writer  on  the  law,  was  a  son 
of  Sir  Henry  Fortcseue,  lord  chief  jus- 
tice of  Ireland.  He  studied  at  Lincoln's 
Inn,  was  called  to  the  bar,  and  in  1442 
was  made  chief  justice  of  the  court  of 
King's  Bench.  He  was  a  principal 
counsellor  in  the  court  of  Henry  \  I., 
and  for  his  devotion  to  that  monarch  he 
was  attainted  by  the  parliament  under 
Edward  IV. ;  aiid  in  1403  he  lied,  with 
Queen  Margaret  and  her  suite,  to  Flan- 
ders, where  he  remained  in  exile  several 
years,  during  which  time  he  wrote  his 
"well-known  work  "  De  Laudibv  «  Legum 
Antrliie."  Kcturning  to  Eiiglan  .1,  to  join 
in  the  stnigfflc  for  the  restoration  of  the 
house  of  Lancaster,  he  was  taken  at  the 
battle  of  Tewkesbury,  but  obtained  his 
pardon  from  Edward,  and  was  allowed 
to  retire  to  his  seat  in  Gloucestershire, 
where  he  d.  in  his  90th  vcar. 

FURTIGUEKKA,  Nicholas,  an  Ital- 
ian prelate  and  poet,  was  b.  at  Pistoia,  in 
1(574,  and  d.  in  1735.  He  was  tiie  author 
of  a  burlesque  poem,  entitled  "Kicciar- 
detto,"  a  lively  and  eleffant  production, 
in  which  the  style  of  Ariosto  and  Pulci 
is  bv  turns  very  happily  imitated. 

FOSBEOOKE,  Thomas  Dvdley,  a 
learned  and  industrious  antiquary  and 
archaiologist,  was  b.  in  1770;  com- 
menced his  literary  career  in  1796,  with 
a  poem  entitled  "The  Economy  of  Mo- 
nastic Life ;"  and,  in  1799,  he  produced 
his  "British  Monachism."  Ilis  next 
work  was  the  "  History  of  Gloucester- 
shire," and  in  1819  appeared  his  "His- 
tory of  the  City  of  Gloucester."  These 
were  followed'  by  the  "  Wye  Tour," 
"  Ariconensia,"  and  the  "Berkeley 
Manuscripts."  In  1824  he  ])ublished 
his  most  important  work,  the  "Ency- 
clopedia of  Antiquities,  and  Elements 
of  Archfcology ;"  and,  in  1828,  a  kind 
of  sequel  to  it,  called  "Foreign  Topog- 
raphy."   D.  1842. 

FOSCOLO,  Ugo,  a  distinguished  Ital- 
ian writer,  was  b.  at  sea,  in  1776,  in  a 
Venetian  frigate,  lying  near  Zante,  of 
which  island  his  father  was  governor. 
He  was  educated  at  Padua,  and  ]iro- 
duced  his  trasjedy  of  "  Thyestes"  before 
he  was  20.  He  was  soon  after  employed 
as  secretary  to  Battoglia,  who  was  sent 
ambassador  to  Bonaparte,  to  endeavor 
to  preserve  the  independence  of  the 
Venetian  republic.  The  embassy  was 
unsuccessful,  and  Foscolo  retired  into 
Lombardv,  where  he  produced  bis  cele- 
brated "  Letter*  of  Ortis,"  which  estab- 


410 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[fou 


lished  his  fame,  riaviuff  enlisted  in  the 
firr^t  It;lli.^n  Icirion  that  was  Ibrnied,  he 
<\'as  shut  lip  in  (ienoa  durintr  tlie  famous 
sieire  of  17'Jii,  witli  General  Massena,  and 
while  tlierc  he  eomposed  two  of  his 
finest  odes,  lie  remained  in  the  Italian 
army  till  I800,  when  he  was  sent  to 
Calais  with  the  troops  professedly  des- 
tined for  the  juvasion  of  England;  but 
he  soon  after  quitietl  the  service.  lie 
was  appointed  rrofessor  of  literature  at 
Pavia,  HI  1809  ;"  when  the  bold  language 
of  his  introdnetory  lecture  is  said  to 
have  ofl'endcd  Bonaparte,  and  the  pro- 
fessorship was  immediately  suppressed. 
In  1812  he  produced  his  tragedy  of 
''Ajax,"'  which  was  represented  at  the 
theatre  Bella  Scala,  at  Milan;  but  it 
being  supposed  to  convey  a  satire  on 
the  character  of  Bonaparte,  he  found  it 
necessary  to  withdraw  to  Florence.  He 
is  said  to  have  subsequently  engaged  in 
a  conspiracy  to  expel  the  Austrians 
from  Italy ;  but  a  discovery  taking 
place,  he  was  obliged  to  decamp,  first 
to  Switzerland,  from  whence  he  shortly 
after  removed  to  Enffland,  where  he 
was  well  received  by  the  most  eminent 
literati,  and  noticed  by  people  of  dis- 
tinction. Besides  publishinsr  his  "  Es- 
says on  Petrarch, "  "  Disputations  and 
Notes  on  Dante,"'  ttc,  he  contributed 
to  the  Edinburgh,  Quarterly,  and  other 
reviews.     D.  1827. 

FOSSE,  Ch.uiles  de  la,  an  eminent 
painter,  was  b.  at  Paris,  in  1640.  He 
became  successively  professor,  director, 
and  chancellor  of  the  academy  of  paint- 
ing, and  d.  in  1716. — Anthony  de  la, 
sieur  d'Aubigny,  nephew  of  the  prece- 
ding, was  b.  at  Paris,  in  1653.  lie  was 
secretary  to  tlie  duke  d'Aumont,  but  he 
devoted  considerable  time  to  literary 
pursuits,  and  wrote  several  successful 
tragedies,  of  which  the  best  is  entitled 
"Manlius  Capitolinus."     D.  1708. 

FOSTER.  .James,  an  eminent  dissent- 
ing minister  of  the  sect  called  Indepen- 
dents, was  b.  at  Exeter,  in  16'j7,  and 
commenced  preaching  there  in  1718. 
He  afterwards  removed  to  Trowbridge, 
in  Wiltshire,  where  he  turned  Baptist; 
and  in  1724  was  chosen  successor  to  Dr. 
John  Gale,  of  the  chapel  in  Barbican, 
London,  where  he  acted  as  a  pastor 
nearly  20  years,  and  also  as  a  lecturer  at 
a  meetin'/-hoiisc  in  the  <')ld  .Jewry.  He 
was  so  elonuent  a  preacher  that  crowds 
flocked  to  near  him,  and  Pope  has  made 
honoraV)]e  mention  of  him  in  his  satires. 
He  wrote  a  "  Defence  of  Kevelation,"  in 
reply  to  Tindal ;  "Tracts  on  Heresy," 
"  Di-scourses  on  Natural  Keligion  and 


Social  Virtue,"  &c.  D.  1753, — John, 
one  of  the  most  able  writers  and  origin- 
al thinkers  of  modern  times,  was  b.  in 
Yorkshire,  1770.  At  an  early  age  he 
entered  the  Baptist  college  at  Eiristol, 
and  on  the  completion  of  his  theological 
studies,  was  successively  settled  as  a 
preacher  at  various  places,  the  last  of 
which  was  Downend,  near  Bristol ;  but 
he  afterwards  relinquished  his  pastoral 
duties,  and  the  last  20  years  of  his  life 
were  chiefly  devoted  to  literary  pursuits. 
He  was  a  frequent  contributor  to  tl  c 
"  Eclectic  Kcview,"  (some  of  his  aiticle  \ 
have  been  collected  and  published  sep  ■ 
arately,)  but  his  chief  reputation  is 
founded  on  his  "Essays,"  which  have 
gone  through  numerous  editions,  and 
whose  popularity  seems  to  increase  with 
the  lapse  of  time.  D.  184:3. — Sir  Mi- 
chael, an  eminent  lawyer,  was  b.  at 
JIarlborough,  in  Wiltshire.  In  1785  he 
was  chosen  recorder  of  liristol  ;  and,  in 
1745,  appointed  one  of  the  justices  of 
the  King's  Bench,  on  which  occasion  he 
received  the  honor  of  knighthood.  He 
published  a  tract  against  Bishop  Gib- 
son's "  Codex  on  Church  Power,"  and  a 
"  Eeport  of  the  Trials  of  the  Kebels,  in 
the  year  1746."  He  was  an  independent 
and  fearless  assertor  of  the  liberty  of  the 
subject. 

FOTHERGILL,  George,  an  eminent 
divine,  was  b.  in  W^estmorcland,  in  1705, 
and  educated  at  Ivendal  school,  from 
whence  he  removed  to  Queen's  college, 
Oxford,  where  he  became  fellow  and 
tutor.  In  1751  he  was  elected  principal 
of  Edmund  hall,  and  presented  to  the 
vicarage  of  Bramley,  in  Hampshire.  He 
wrote  two  volumes  of  sermons,  which 
were  hiirhlv  esteemed.     D.  1760. 

FOUCIIE,  Joseph,  duke  of  Otranto, 
was  the  son  of  a  captain  of  n  merchant 
slup,  and  b.  at  Nantes,  in  1763.  It  was 
intended  he  should  follow  tiie  same  pro- 
fession as  his  father,  but  he  adopted  that 
of  the  law,  and  tiie  events  of  the  revo- 
lution soon  brought  hitn  into  notice. 
He  headed  a  popular  society  at  Nantes, 
by  which  he  was  sent,  in  1792,  as  their 
deputy  to  the  national  convention  ;  and 
on  the  trial  of  Louis  XVI.,  he  voted  for 
his  death.  In  179.'?  he  was  sent  to  Lyons 
with  Collot  d'llerbois,  and  tlie  cruelties 
he  tliero  committed  are  recorded  in  his 
own  letters  and  reports.  Returning  to 
Paris,  he  joined  in  the  destruction  of 
Robespierre.  Circumstances  at  length 
placed  him  at  the  hetid  of  the  I'arisian 
liolice,  in  which  otlice  he  was  a  useful 
instrument  in  the  hands  of  Bonaparte. 
To  the  superintendence  cf  police  Bona- 


FOU] 


CYCLOP.KniA    OK    niOGHAPIIV. 


411 


pnrtc  nddcd  the  mana£rcmcnt  of  the 
interior,  and  in  1SC5  he  made  him  duke 
of  Otrniito.  lie  tlicn  opened  liis  draw- 
insr-rooin  to  the  ancient  nobility,  many 
of  whom  lie  employed  as  spies  ;  but  tlie 
empevor  grew  suspicious  of  this  minis- 
ter, and  after  his  second  marriaj^e  he 
resolved  on  dismissinfr  him,  for  which 
an  opportunity  soon  offered.  lie  was 
tlien  sent  into  a  sort  of  honorable  exile, 
with  the  emiity  title  of  jrovernor  of 
Kome.  In  1S14  he  returned  to  France, 
and  was  well  received  by  the  restored 
{jovernment.  Wlien  Napoleon  reap- 
peared in  France,  Fouchc  was  suddenly 
called  to  the  ministry,  and  ftUed  his  post 
with  skill.  After  the  battle  of  Waterloo 
he  was  appointed  president  of  the  pro- 
visional trovernment,  when  he  appeared 
as  uesrotiator  between  the  emperor  and 
the  allied  powers ;  and  seeinsr  the  use- 
lessness  of  Paris  offerinq:  a  defence,  he 
acted  honorably  in  advisincj  Ts^apoleon 
to  abdicate.  Louis  XVIIT.  continued 
Otranto  as  one  of  his  ministers,  until, 
by  the  law  of  the  Cth  of  January,  ISIG, 
he  was  olilicred  to  quit  France.    1).  1820. 

FOULIS,  KoiiEUT  an'l  Andrew,  two 
eminent  printers  in  Glas<row,  distin- 
guished for  tlie  beauty  and  accuracy  of 
their  books,  particularly  the  Latin  and 
Greek  classics.  Andrew  d.  1774,  and 
Kohert,  177*). 

FOUQUIEK  TINVILLE,  Antucnt 
Qdentix,  was  b.  1747.  As  director  pf 
Kobespierre's  revolutionary  tribunal  in 
1793,  lie  boasted  of  pronouncincr  only 
one  word — "  Death."  It  was  he  that 
accused  JIarie  Antoinette  of  incest  with 
the  dauphin  ;  to  which  infamous  accusa- 
tion she  replied,  *'  I  appeal  to  all  mo- 
tliers  whether  the  charrre  is  possible." 
lie  called  the  guillotine  the  coining  ma- 
chine of  the  revolution  ;  but  was  guillo- 
tined himself  in  179"). 

FOUQUIEKES,  Jame.?,  a  Flemish 
painter,  was  b.  at  Antwerp  in  l."i80.  He 
was  the  disciple  of  Velvet  Breusrhcl, 
and  became  so  excellent  in  ]iainting 
landscapes,  as  to  be  itinkcd  with  Titian. 
D.  1659. 

FOURCROY,  Antoixe  Fr.^ncols  de, 
an  eminent  French  chemist  and  natural 
philosopher,  was  b.  at  Paris,  in_  1755 ; 
and  having  ado]ited  the  profession  of 
medicine,  lie  ap]ilied  himself  closely  to 
the  study  of  the  sciences  connected 
with  it,  "especially  to  chemistry.  In 
1784  he  was  appointed  professor  of 
chemistry  at  the  Jardin  du  Roi ;  and 
about  this  i^eriod  he  became  associated 
with  Lavoisier,  Kerthollet,  &c.,  in  re- 
Bearches  which  led  to  vast   improve- 


ments and  discoveries  in  chemistry,  and, 
in  conjunction  with  them,  he  drew  up 
the  new  "  Methode  de  Nomenclature 
Ghimiquc."  When  the  revolution  took 
place,  he  engaged  in  polities,  and  was 
chosen  a  deputy  from  Paris  to  the  na- 
tional convention.  In  17'.i4  he  became 
a  member  of  the  conimittce  of  public 
safety,  and,  next  year,  passed  into  the 
council  of  ancients.  In  1799,  Bonaparte 
gave  him  a  place  in  the  council  of  state, 
when  he  was  intrusted  with  the  manage- 
ment of  all  affairs  relating  to  public  in- 
struction, and  acquitted  himself  in  a 
manner  hijjhly  meritorious.  He  was  the 
author  of  many  valuable  works  on 
chemical  science  and  natural  philosophy. 
D.  1809. 

FOURIER,  Fraxcols  Charles  Marie, 
was  b.  at  Besanqon  on  the  7th  April, 
177'-'.  He  was  the  son  of  a  linen-draper, 
was  educated  at  the  college  of  his  native 
city,  and  was  an  industrious  and  suc- 
cessful student.  It  was  his  wish  to  de- 
vote liimself  entirely  to  scientific  pur- 
suits, but  his  family  had  determined 
that  he  should  follow  some  mercantile 
occupation.  This  disappointnient  iin 
bittered  his  naturally  irritable  temper 
and  laid  the  foundation  of  that  detest 
ation  for  commerce  and  its  customb 
which  he  ever  afterwards  entertained. 
AVlien  Fourier  was  in  his  ninth  year  his 
father  died,  leaving  him  about  four  thou- 
sand pounds.  At  the  age  of  eighteen 
he  went  to  Rouen,  where  he  remained 
two  years  in  the  shop  of  a  linen-draper. 
From  Rouen  ho  removed  to  Lyons  to 
occupy  a  situation  in  a  merchant's  oflice. 
He  set  up  in  1793  as  a  merchant  in  Ly- 
ons on  his  own  account  with  the  money 
which  his  father  had  left  him.  In  1796 
the  political  events  in  which  Lyons  was 
involved  ruined  him.  The  same  year 
he  was  obliged  by  the  mandate  of  the 
government  to  join  a  cavalry  regiment. 
His  health  failing,  he  obtained  permis- 
sion in  179S  to  leave  the  army,  when  he 
entered  as  clerk  into  a  large  commercial 
house  at  Marseilles.  In  1800  he  spent 
some  months  at  P.aris,  through  which 
on  his  way  to  Rouen  he  had  formerly 
passed.  From  ISiU)  to  1814  he  seems 
chiefly  to  have  resided  at  Lyons,  though 
as  a  commercial  traveller  he  visited  du- 
ring that  time  Germany  and  other  coun- 
tries. About  the  year  1800  he  com- 
menced publishing  articles  in  ncws]ia- 
pers.  In  1808  appeared  Fourier's  "Tlieo- 
rie  des  Quatre  Mouvemens,"  intended 
as  a  confession  of  faith  and  also  as  an 
introduction  to  the  series  of  works 
which  he  proposed  afterwards  to  pub- 


412 


CVCLOP.EDIA    OP'    BIOGRAPHY. 


[fox 


lisli.  In  the  autumn  of  1S14  he  went  to 
reside  with  a  iruirrit'd  sister  who  lived 
at  Belley,  not  tiir  from  Lyons.  About 
ihis  time  he  was  fortunate  to  make  one 
convert,  M.  Just  Muiron.  In  1822  he 
went  to  Paris,  and  endeavored  to  at- 
tract the  notice  of  the  press  to  liis 
'•Theory  of  the  Four  Movements,"  and 
also  liis  "Traitede  rUniteUniverselle," 
but  failed.     D.  lS-i2. 

FOX,  George,  founder  of  tlie  society 
of  Friends,  or  Quakers,  was  b.  at  Dray- 
ton, Leicestershire,  in  1024,  and  appren- 
ticed to  a  grazier.  At  the  age  of  19  he 
persuaded  liimself  that  he  liad  received 
a  divine  command  to  devote  himself 
solely  to  religion.  He  accordingly  for- 
sook his  relations,  and  wandered  from 
place  to  place,  leading  a  life  of  itineran- 
cy, in  which  he  fasted  much,  walked 
abroad  in  retired  places,  studying  tlie 
Bible,  and  sometimes  sat  in  a  hollow 
tree  for  a  day  together.  In  IG-tS  he 
beiran  to  propagate  his  opinions,  and 
commoncea  public  preacher.  At  Derby, 
his  followers  were  first  denominated 
Quakers,  in  consequence  of  their  tremu- 
lous manner  of  delivery.  He  was  taken 
up  in  1635,  and  sent  a  prisoner  to 
Cromwell,  who,  being  satisfied  with  his 
pacific  intentions,  set  him  at  liberty.  In 
lact,  he  was  more  than  once  indebted 
to  the  Protector  for  his  freedom,  when 
committed  to  prison  by  tlie  country 
magistracy  for  his  frequent  interruption 
of  ministers  while  performing  divine 
service.  In  16G6  he  was  liberated  from 
prison  by  order  of  Charles  II.,  and  im- 
mediately commenced  the  task  of  form- 
ing his  followers  into  a  formal  and 
imited  society.  In  10(59  he  married  the 
widow  of  Judge  Fell,  and  soon  after 
came  over  to  America,  for  the  express 
puq^ose  of  making  proselytes.  On  his 
return  he  was  again  thrown  into  prison, 
bat  was  soon  released,  and  went  to  Hol- 
land. Ileturning  to  England,  and  refu- 
sing to  pay  tithes,  he  was  east  in  a  suit 
for  the  recovery  of  them,  and  again 
visited  the  Continent.  His  health  had 
now  become  impaired  by  the  incessant 
toil  and  Buttering  he  liad  endured,  and 
he  again  revisited  his  native  land,  living 
in  a  retired  manner  till  liis  death,  in 
1090.  He  was  sincere  in  liis  religious 
opinions,  and  a  rigid  observer  of  the 
great  moral  duties.  His  writings  consist 
of  his  ".Journals,"'  "Epistles,"  and 
"  Doctrinal  I'ieces." — Henry,  tlie  first 
Lord  Holland,  an  eminent  statesman, 
was  V).  in  170').  After  filling  lower  offi- 
ces in  the  state,  he  was  in  1746  appoint- 
ed secretary  at  war;  retired  in  1756,  to 


make  way  for  I>Ir.  Pitt,  afterwards  earl 
of  Chatham,  but  returned  to  office  the 
following  year  as  paymaster  of  the 
forces  ;  and  in  this  situation  his  public 
conduct  has  been  much  animadverted 
upon.  In  1763  he  was  created  Baron 
Holland  of  Foxley,  and  d.  1774. — 
Charles  James,  the  second  son  of  the 
preceding,  was  b.  Jan.  loth,  1748;  and 
received  his  education  at  Westminster, 
Eton,' and  Oxford,  where  his  yjroficiency 
in  classical  literature  attracted  consid- 
erable notice.  It  was  the  intention  of 
his  father,  who  had  a  high  opinion  of 
his  capacity,  that  he  should  occupy  a 
prominent  station  in  the  political  world, 
and  he  accordingly  procui-ed  for  him  a 
seat  in  parliament  for  the  borough  of 
Midhurst  when  ho  was  only  19.  He, 
however,  prudently  remained  silent  till 
he  had  attained  the  legal  age  of  a  mem- 
ber, and  then  we  find  him,  in  1770, 
aiding  the  ministry,  who  rewarded  him 
with  the  office  of  one  of  the  lords  of  the 
admiralty ;  but  he  resigned  that  situa- 
tion in  1772 ;  and,  in  1773,  was  nomi- 
nated a  commissioner  of  tlie  treasury, 
from  whence  he  was  suddenly  dis- 
missed, in  consequence  of  some  disa- 
greement with  Lord  North.  Mr.  Fox 
now  entered  the  lists  of  opposition,  and 
tliroughout  the  whole  of  the  American 
war  proved  a  most  powerful  antagonist 
to  the  ministers  of  that  period.  On  the 
downfall  of  Lord  North  he  was  appoint- 
ed, in  1782,  one  of  the  secretaries  of 
state,  which  situation  he  resio-ncd  on 
the  death  of  the  marquis  of  Eoeking- 
ham,  when  the  earl  of  Shelburne,  after- 
wards nuirquis  of  Landsdowue,  was 
appointed  to  succeed  him.  On  the  dis- 
solution of  that  short-lived  administra- 
tion ho  formed  the  coalition  with  Lord 
North,  (a  coalition  which  was  odious  to 
the  gre.at  mass  of  the  people,")  and  re- 
sumed his  former  office.  He  now 
brought  in  his  India  bill,  whieh,  after 
having  passed  the  house  of  commons, 
was  unexpectedly  thrown  out  lay  the 
house  of  lords,  and  occasioned  the  res- 
ignation of  the  ministry,  of  which  he 
formed  a  part.  Mr.  Pitt  tlien  came  into 
power;  while  Mr.  Fox  placed  himself 
at  the  head  of  the  opposition,  and  along 
contest  took  place  between  these  illus- 
trious riv.als.  Worn  out,  and  perhaps 
distrusted,  with  public  business,  he,  m 
1788,  repaired  to  the  Continent,  in  com- 
pany with  Mrs.  Fox,  and  after  spending 
a  few  days  with  Gibbon,  the  historian, 
at  Lausanne,  entered  Italy.  His  literary 
abilities  were  of  the  first  order;  and  had 
he  lived  in  less  stirring  times,   there 


fra] 


CYCLOP.^DIA   OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


413 


is  every  probability  his  country  would 
have  benefited  by  his  writini,'s.  As  it 
was,  he  left  little  behind  him  for  o\ir 
admiration  but  his  elo<iueiit  speeches, 
and  ''The  History  of  the  Early  Part  of 
the  Reign  of  Junies  II."  On  the  death 
of  Mr.  Pitt  he  was  aj^ain  recalled  to 
power,  and  set  on  foot  a  negotiation  for 
peace  with  France,  but  did  not  live  to 
Pce  the  issue  of  it.  He  d.  in  the  59th 
vcar  of  his  age,  on  the  loth  of  Septem- 
ber, 1806. — John,  a  celebrated  church 
liistorian  and  divine,  was  b.  in  lol7,  at 
Boston,  Lincolnshire.  Applying  liim- 
Bclf  closely  to  the  study  ot  theology,  he 
became  a  convert  to  the  principles  of  the 
rct'nrmation,  was  expelled  his  college  on 
a  charge  of  heresy,  and  suffered  great 
privation,  lie  was  the  author  of  many 
controversial  and  other  works;  but  the 
only  one  which  now  obtains  perusal  is 
his'  '•  History  of  the  Acts  and  Monu- 
ments of  the  Church,"  commonly  called 
"  Fox's  Book  of  Martyrs."     D.  1587. 

FOY,  Maximilian  Sebastian,  general, 
was  a  native  of  Ham,  in  Picarcly,  vi-here 
ho  was  b.  in  1775.  He  entered  the  army 
at  fifteen  years  of  age,  and  made  his  first 
campaign  under  Dumouricz  in  1792. 
He  displayed  his  military  talents  to  great 
advantage  in  Italy,  Germany,  and  Tor- 
tuiral,  and  succeeded  Marmont  as  com- 
mander-in-chief after  the  battle  of  Sala- 
manca, where  he  conducted  a  skilful 
retreat  to  the  Uouro.  He  received  his 
fifteenth  wound  on  the  tield  of  Waterloo, 
but  refused  to  quit  his  post  until  the 
close  of  that  engagement.  lie  was  af- 
terwards employed  as  inspector-general 
of  infantry;  and  in  1819  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  chamber  of  deputies  at 
Paris,  when  he  distinguished  himself 
as  an  orator,  and  was  a  great  public  fa- 
vorite.    D.  1825. 

FRA  DIAVOLO,  a  Neapolitan  rob- 
ber, whose  real  name  was  Jlichacl  Pozzo, 
was  b.  about  1769.  He  was  at  first  a 
stocking-maker,  afterwards  a  friar,  and 
in  the  latter  capacity  luiited  himself  as 
leader  to  a  gang  of  outlawed  banditti  in 
Calabria.  In  his  double  char.aeter  of 
robber  and  priest,  he  offered  his  ser- 
vices, in  1799,  to  Cardinal  Ruffo,  who 
headed  the  counter-revolutionary  party 
in  favor  of  the  Bourbons  of  Naples.  For 
his  services,  although  a  price  had  been 
previously  set  on  his  head,  he  obtained 
pardon,  distinction,  and  a  pension  of 
3600  ducats,  with  which  he  retired  to  an 
estate  which  ho  purchased.  On  Joseph 
Napoleon  becoming  kinir,  the  expelled 
government  again  set  him  in  motion. 
lie  made  a  descent  in  1806,  with  a  large 
35* 


body  of  banditti  and  recruits,  at  Sper- 
longa,  threw  open  the  prisons,  and  v/as 
joined  by  numerous  lazzaroni ;  but,  after 
a  severe  action,  he  was  defeated  and 
taken  prisoner,  condemned  by  a  special 
commission,  and  executed,  lie  d.  with 
disdainful  indiflerencc.  lie  often,  like 
Robin  Hood,  restored  their  liberty  and 
property  to  captives  who  interested 
him,  especially  females,  even  making 
them  presents,  and  affecting  to  protect 
the  poor. 

FLAMERY,  NicnoL.\3  Stephen,  an 
eminent  French  musician  and  dratnatistj 
b.  at  Rouen  in  1745.  He  was  the  com- 
poser both  of  the  poetry  and  miisio 
of  several  operas ;  wrote  many  critical 
tracts,  &c.,  and  for  a  time  conductea 
the  "Journal  do  Musiquc."     D.  ISIO. 

FRANCIA,  Francesco,  an  eminent 
painter,  was  b.  at  Bologna,  1450.  He 
had  been  a  goldsmith  and  an  engraver 
of  medals,  but  afterwards  applied  wholly 
to  painting.  Being  employed  by  Ra- 
phael to  place  a  picture  of  his  in  a  church 
at  Bologna,  it  is  said  that  he  was  so 
struck  with  its  beauty,  and  convinced 
of  his  own  inferiority,  that  he  fell  into  a 
desponding  state,  t).  1518.— Jose  Gas- 
PAK  Rodriguez,  the  celebrated  dictator 
of  Paraguay,  was  the  son  of  a  small 
French  "proprietor  in  the  country,  and 
b.  at  Assumijion,  in  1757.  His  mother 
was  a  Creole.  Arrived  at  the  proper 
age,  he  was  sent  to  the  university  of 
Cordova,  with  a  view  to  entering  the 
church ;  but  his  plans  underwent  a 
change  while  he  was  still  a  student,  and 
on  his  return  to  his  native  town  with 
the  degree  of  doctor  of  laws,  he  began 
his  public  career  as  a  barrister.  His 
high  reputation  for  learning,  but  still 
more  for  honesty  and  independence, 
procured  him  an  extensive  practice ; 
and  he  devoted  himself  to  legal  pursuits 
for  thirty  years,  varying  his  professional 
avocations'  with  a  perusal  of  the  French 
Eneyclopcedian  writers,  and  the  study 
of  niathematics  and  mechanical  philoso- 
phy, to  which  he  remained  addicted 
throughout  his  life.  In  1811,  soon  after 
the  revolution  of  the  Spanish  posses- 
sions of  South  America  became  general, 
Dr.  Franeia,  then  in  his  54th  year,  was 
appointed  secretary  to  the  independent 
junta  of  Paraguay  ;  and  such  was  the 
ability  he  displayed  in  this  capacity, 
that  on  the  formation  of  anew  congress, 
called  in  1813,  he  was  appointed  consul 
of  the  republic,  with  Yegros  tor  his  col- 
league. From  this  moment  the  affairs 
of  his  country  underwent  a  favorable 
change ;  the  finances  were  husbanded  ; 


414 


CVCLOP.EUIA    OF    BIOGRAPHT. 


[fra 


peace  was  obtained  in  Parajuay,  while 
llic  rest  of  the  South  Ainoriciiii  couti- 
ueut  \v;u>  a  i>i"ey  to  anarchy  ;  and  the 
people's  gratitude  to  their  deliverer  was 
charaeteristieally  exhil)ited  by  coufcr- 
rinjr  upon  hiui,  in  1^^17,  unlimited  des- 
potie  authority,  wliich  he  exercised  du- 
I'iuij  the  remainder  of  his  life,  D.  1S40. 
FllANCIS,  Gilbert  Y.,  a  native  of 
Virginia,  noted  for  his  romantic  and 
eventful  life.  He  was  in  early  life  at- 
tached to  the  navy,  then  to  tiie  stage, 
travelled  over  tlie  world,  was  for  two 
years  a  prisoner  in  the  great  desert  of 
Arabia,  afterwards  a  slave  to  the  bashaw 
of  Tunis,  then  a  lieutenant  of  guerillas 
in  Spain,  and  master  of  a  Dutch  lugger 
trading  to  the  JNIalaccas.  lie  was  next 
overseer  of  a  sugar  estate  in  Jamaica,  a 
prisoner  of  the  ilexican  banditti,  a  cap- 
tive among  the  C'amanciie  Indians,  ran- 
eomed  by  some  fur-traders  from  Oregon, 
a  trader  to  Chili  in  the  employ  of  tlie 
Kussians,  and  finally  one  of  the  early 
settlers  of  Texas.  lie  was  a  man  of  de- 
fective education,  but  of  the  most  ener- 
getic cliaraeter.  D.  at  New  Orleans, 
of  yellow  tever,  1839. — I.,  king  of  France, 
ascended  tiie  throne  in  1515,  at  the  age 
of  21.  He  was  the  son  of  Charles  of  Or- 
leans, and  of  Louisa  of  Savoy,  grand- 
daugiiter  of  Valentine,  duke  of  Milan, 
in  right  of  whom  he  laid  claim  to  that 
duchy.  He  founded  the  Ivoyal  C'ollege 
of  Faris,  and  furnished  a  magnificent 
library  at  Fontainbleau,  besides  build- 
ing several  palaces,  which  he  orna- 
mented with  pictures  and  statues,  to 
the  great  encouragement  of  the  fine  arts. 
He  is  frequently  termed  "  the  Great," 
and  "the  Restorer  of  Learning."  1). 
1547. — Of  Lorraine,  emi)eror  of  Ger- 
many, was  b.  in  1708,  and  married  in 
1736  Maria  Theresa,  daughter  of  Cliarles 
VI.  On  the  death  of  her  father  in  17-iOj 
Maria  Theresa  appointed  her  husbana 
to  the  administration  of  the  government, 
and  on  the  death  of  Charles  Vll.  in  1745, 
lie  wa-s  elected  emperor.  1).  1765. — St., 
or  Francis  of  Assisi,  the  founder  of  the 
order  of  Franciscan.,  friars,  was  b.  at 
Assisi,  in  Umbria,  in  1182.  He  was  the 
Bon  of  a  merchant,  and  said  to  be  of 
dissolute  habits  ;  but  on  recovering  from 
a  dangerous  illness  he  became  enthusi- 
jistieally  devout,  and  devoted  himself 
to  solitude,  joyfully  undergoing  every 
species  of  penance  and  mortification. 
Thinking  Iiis  extravagance  proceeded 
from  insanity,  his  father  had  hnn  closely 
confined;  ami  at  lemrth,  being  taken 
before  the  bishop  of  Assisi,  in  order 
formally  to  resign  all  claim  to  his  pater- 


nal estate,  he  not  only  assented  to  it, 
but  literally  stripped  himself.  He  was 
now  looked  upon  as  a  saint ;  and  gren- 
numbers  joining  him  in  his  vow  of  pov 
crty,  he  drew  up  rules  for  their  use, 
which  being  sanctioned  by  Pope  Inno- 
cent 111.,  the  order  of  Franciscans  was 
established.  So  rapidly  did  they  in- 
crease, that  in  1219  he  held  a  chapter, 
which  was  attended  by  5000  friars.  Af 
ler  having  made  a  fruitless  clfort  to  con 
vert  the  Sultan  Meleddin,  he  returned 
to  Assisi,  where  he  d.  in  1226;  and  was 
canonized  by  Pope  Gregory  in  1230. — 
Of  Paulo,  a  saint,  b.  at'Paulo,  in  Cala- 
bria, in  1416.  He  was  brought  up  in  a 
Franciscan  convent;  and  in  order  to 
exceed  the  preceding  saint  in  austerity 
of  life,  he  retired  to  a  cell  on  the  desert 
part  of  the  coast,  where  he  soon  obtain- 
ed tbllowcrs,  built  a  monastery,  and 
thus  commenced  a  new  order,  called 
Minims.  He  enjoined  on  his  disciples 
a  total  abstinence  from  wine,  flesh,  and 
fish ;  besides  which  they  were  always 
to  go  barefoot,  and  never  to  sleep  on  a 
bed.  He  d.  in  I>ance,  aged  91,  in  1508, 
and  was  canonized  by  Leo  X.— De  Sales, 
another  saint,  was  b.  of  a  noble  family 
at  the  castle  of  Sales,  near  Geneva,  1567. 
He  obtained  great  praise  for  the  success 
which  attended  his  missions  for  the  con- 
version of  his  ProtCb;tant  countrymen. 
He  was  ultimately  made  bishop  of  Ge- 
neva ;  and  he  performed  the  cutties  of 
his  station  with  exemplary  diligence  and 
charity.  He  cl.  in  1622,  and  was  canon- 
ized in  1665. — Philip,  son  of  the  dean 
of  Lismorc,  was  a  poet  and  dramatic 
writer,  though  much  more  celebrated 
for  his  translation  of  Horace  and  other 
classic  authors,  than  for  his  original 
compositions.  He  was  educated  at  Dub- 
lin ;  and  having  taken  orders,  first 
settled  at  Esher,  Surrey,  where  he  kept 
an  academy,  and  liad  Gibbon  the  his- 
torian among  his  pupils.  He  afterwards 
held  the  living  of  liarrow,  Suftblk,  and 
was  chaplain  to  Chelsea  Hospital.  He 
wrote  '"Eugenia"  and  '•  Constantia," 
two  tragedies,  some  controversial  tracts, 
&c.,  L).  1773. — Sir  Piiii.n',  a  political 
character  of  some  distinction,  and  a  son 
of  the  preceding,  was  b.  at  Dublin  in 
1740.  lie  entered  into  public  life  as  a 
clerk  in  the  secretary  of  state's  otlice ; 
after  which  he  went  out  as  secretary  to 
the  embassy  to  Portugal;  and,  in  1773, 
he  became  a  member  of  the  council  of 
Bensral.  He  remained  in  India  till  1780, 
during  which  time  he  was  the  constant 
and  strenuous  opponent  of  the  measures 
of  Governor  Hastings ;  and  his  opposi- 


fka] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OK    UIOGRAI'IIY. 


415 


tion  savoritisr  too  mnch  of  personal  hos- 
tility, a  duel  was  the  result.  On  his 
return  to  England  lie  was  chosen  mem- 
ber for  the  borouirh  of  Yarmoutii,  in  the 
Isle  of  Wisfht ;  and,  joininif  the  opposi- 
tion, he  took  a  prominent  part  in  most 
of  their  measures,  particularly  in  tiie 
iinpcaehment  of  Mr.  Ilastings.  He  pub- 
lislu'tl  many  political  pamplilcts  and 
speeches,  all  ot  wliicli  are  imbued  with 
considerable  spirit  and  party  feelinff. 
Tlie  celebrated  "Letters  of' Junius" 
have  been  attributed  to  liim.  I).  1813. 
— I.,  Joseph  Charles,  emperor  of  Aus- 
tria, kins'  of  Lombardy,  etc.,  was  b.  in 
ITiJS,  and  succeeded  his  father,  Leopold 
11.,  in  1792.  At  that  time  lie  was  styled 
emperor  of  Germany,  by  the  name  of 
Francis  H. ;  but,  inlSO-i,  when  France 
had  been  declared  an  empire,  he  as- 
sumed the  title  of  hereditary  emperor 
of  Austria;  and,  on  the  establishment 
of  the  confederation  of  the  llhinc  in 
1806,  he  renounced  the  title  of  Koman 
emperor  and  German  kin?,  and  resigned 
the  government  of  the  German  empire. 
D.  188.5. 

FKAXCKLTN,  TnoMAS,  was  the  son 
of  the  printer  of  the  celebrated  anti- 
ministerial  paper  called  '•  The  Crafts- 
man," and  b.  in  1721.  lie  was  educated 
at  Westminister  school  and  Trinity  col- 
le<jre,  Cambridge  ;  became  Greek  pro- 
lessor  at  Cambritfge ;  obtained  succes- 
sively the  livin.iTS  of  Ware,  Tunbridge, 
and  Brasted,  and  was  made  king's  chap- 
Iain.  He  translated  Lucian,  Sophocles, 
and  other  classic  authors  ;  wrote  a 
'■  Dissertation  on  Ancient  Tragedy," 
four  volumes  of  "Sermons,"  "The  Earl 
of  Warwick,"  and  various  other  dramas. 
D.  1784. 

FllANCKS,  or  FRANKEX,  Francis. 
There  were  two  eminent  Dutch  painters 
of  this  name,  father  and  son  ;  distin- 
guished for  the  beauty  of  their  scrip- 
tural pieces.  The  elder  Franks  d.  1616  ; 
the  other  1642. 

FKANKLIN,  Ben-.t.\mtn,  an  eminent 

Shilosoplier  and  politician,  was  b.  at 
oston,  1700.  His  father,  who  had  emi- 
grated from  England,  was  a  tallow- 
chandler  ;  and  Benjamin,  the  fifteenth 
of  seventeen  children,  was  apprenticed 
to  his  elder  brother,  a  printer  and  pub- 
lisher of  a  news]iaper  at  Boston.  His 
early  passion  tor  reading,  which  he  had 
alwavs  manifested,  was  now  gratified; 
and  lie  wa<  able  also,  through  the  medi- 
lun  of  the  newspaper,  to  try  his  powers 
at  literary  composition.  Some  political 
articles  in  this  journal  having  ollended 
the  general  court  of  the  colony,  the  pub- 


lisher was  imprisoned,  ami  forbidden 
to  continue  it.  To  elude  this  prohibi- 
tion, young  Franklin  wa.s  made  the 
nominal  editor,  and  liis  indentures  were 
ostensibly  cancelled.  After  the  release 
of  his  brother,  he  took  advantage  of 
this  act  to  assert  his  freedom,  and  thus 
escaped  fJRii  a  severity  of  treatment 
which  he  thought  savored  more  of  the 
rigorous  master  than  the  kind  relation 
He  therefore  secretly  embarked  aboarc 
a  small  vessel  bound  to  New  York, 
without  means  or  ^commendations  ; 
and  not  finding  employment  there,  he 
set  out  for  Philadelphia,  where  he  ar- 
rived on  foot  with  a  penny  roll  in  his 
liand,  and  one  dollar  in  his  purse.  Here 
he  obtained  employment  as  a  composi- 
tor, and  having  attracted  tlie  notice  of 
Sir  William  Keith,  governor  of  Penn- 
sylvania, was  induced  by  his  promises 
to  visit  England,  for  the  purpose  of 
purchasing  tyjjcs,  &e.,  to  establish  him- 
self in  business.  Upon  reaching  Lon- 
don, in  172.5,  he  found  himself  entirely 
deceived  in  his  promised  letters  of 
credit  and  recommendation  from  Gov- 
ernor Keith  ;  and  being,  as  before,  in  a 
strange  place,  without  credit  or  ac- 
quaintance, he  went  to  work  onee  more 
as  a  compositor.  While  he  was  in  Lou- 
don (a  period  of  about  eighteen  months) 
he  became  a  convert  to  deistical  opin- 
ions, and  wrote  a  "  Dissertation  on  Lib- 
erty and  Necessity,  Pleasure  and  Pain," 
wherein  he  endeavored  to  show  that 
tl'.ere  was  no  difference  between  virtue 
and  vice.  In  1726  he  returned  to  Phila- 
delphia ;  soon  after  which  he  entered 
into  business  as  a  jirinter  and  stationer; 
and  in  1728  he  established  a  newspaper. 
In  1782  he  published  his  ''PoorKicliard's 
Almanac,"  which  became  noted  for  the 
concise  and  useful  maxims  on  industry 
and  economy  with  which  it  was  sprin- 
kled. In  1736  he  was  appointed  clerk  to 
the  general  assembly  at  Pennsylvania, 
and  the  year  following,  postmaster  of 
Philadelphia.  In  the  French  war,  in 
1744,  he  proposetl  and  carried  into  effect 
a  plan  of  association  for  the  defence  of 
that  province,  which  merits  notice,  as 
it  served  to  unfold  to  America  the  secret 
of  her  own  strength.  About  the  same 
time  he  commenced  his  electrical  exper- 
iments, making  several  discoveries  in 
that  branch  of  philosophy,  the  principal 
of  which  was  the  identity  of  the  electric 
fire  and  lightning  ;  and  as  practical  util- 
ity was,  in  his  opinion,  the  ultimate 
object  of  all  philosopliical  investigation, 
he  immediately  applied  his  discoveries 
to  the  invention  ot  iron  conductors  for 


410 


CVCLOP.EDIA    OV    BIOGRAPHY. 


[fre 


the  protection  of  buildings  from  light- 
nin?.     In  1747  he  was  ohoson  a  repre- 
bcntutive  eft' .Uie   ^-cneral   assembly,    in 
■which  situaffon  he  distin.i^iiished  liini- 
self  by  several   acts   of  public   utility. 
By  his"  means  a  militia  bill  was  passed, 
aiid   he  was   appointed   colonel  of  the 
I'hiladelphia  reirnnent.'^    In  1f>7  he  was 
sent  to  tn.>,dand  as  agent  for  Pennsyl- 
vania.     At   tins    time   he  was    chosen 
fL-Uow  of  the  Koyal  Society,  and  honored 
with  the  degree  of  doctor  of  laws  by  the 
universities  of  St.  Andrew's,  Edinburgh, 
and  Oxford.     In  1762  he   returned  to 
America ;  bat  two  years  afterwards  he 
again   visited   England,  in   his   former 
capacity,  as  agent;  and  it  was  at  this 
period' that   he   was   examined   at   the 
liouse    of    commons     concerning    the 
stamp  act.    In  1775  he  returned  home, 
and  was  el.  i-tcd  a  delegate  to  the  con- 
gress.    He  was  very  active  in  the  con- 
test between  England  and  the  colonies  ; 
and  was  sent  to  France,  where,  in  1778, 
he  signed  a  treaty  of  alliance,  otfensive 
and  clefensive,  which  produced  a  war 
between  that  country  and  England.    In 
1783  he   signed   the  definite  treaty_  of 
peace,  and  in  1785  returned  to  America, 
where  he  was  chosen  president  of  the 
supreme  council.    D.  1790.    Besides  his 
political,  miscellaneous,  and  philosophi- 
cal pieces,  he  wrote  several  papers  in 
the  "  American  Transactions,"  and  two 
volumes  of  essays,  with  his  life  prefixed, 
written  by  himself. — Eleanor  Anne,  the 
■wife  of  Captain  Franklin,  the  celebrated 
navigator,  but  known  as  an  authoress  as 
Miss  Porden,  was  the  youngest  daughter 
of  Mr.  Porden,  an  architect;  and  b.  17'J5. 
In  early  youth  she  exhibited  great  talent 
and  a  stronir  memory,  and  acquired  a 
considerable  knowledge  of  Greek  and 
other  languages.    Her  first  poem,  "  The 
Veils,"  was  written  wlien  she  was  17. 
Her  next  was  "  The  Arctic  Expedition," 
which    led   to    her   acquaintance   with 
Captain   Franklin  ;    but    her  principal 
work  is  the  epic  of  "Coeur  de  Lion." 
T).  1825. 

FKAUENIIOFER,  Joseph  von,  pro- 
fessor of  piiilosophy  in  the  Koyal  Bava- 
rian Acaacmy,  was  the  son  of  a  glazier 
at  StraubinL',  and  a[>prenticed  to  aglass- 
eutter.  After  struggrling  with  many 
difficulties,  he  acquired  a  knowledge  of 
the  theory  of  optics  and  mathematics, 
constructed  aglass-cuttiuL'  machine,  and 
ground  optical  glasses.  His  subsequent 
discoveries  and  inventions  in  optics,  the 
excellence  of  the  telescopes  wiiich  he 
manufactured,  and  his  "  Researches 
concerning  tho  Laws  of  Light,"  printed 


in  Gilbert's  "  Annals  of  Physics,"  all 
contributed  to  establish  his  fame  ;  and 
he  d.  in  1S26,  after  having  been  raised' 
to  deserved  celebrity  as  a  man  of  science. 
FREDERIC  I.,  surnamed  Barbarossa, 
emperor  of  Germany,  b.  in  1121,  was 
the  son  of  Frederic,  duke  of  Suabia,  and 
succeeded  his  uncle  Conrad  on  the  im- 
perial throne  in  1152.  His  principal 
efforts  were  directed  to  extend  and  con- 
firm his  power  in  Italy,  but  the  events 
of  the  war,  wliicli  lasted  almost  twenty 
years,  were  not  particularly  favorable  tor 
him. — II.,  the  grandson  of  the  prece- 
ding, and  son  of  Henry  VII.,  was  b.  in 
1104;  elected  king  of'tlie  Romans  in 
llyCi,  and  emperor  in  1210,  in  opposition 
to  Otho.  He  afterwards  went  to  tho 
Holy  Land,  and  concluded  a  truce  with 
the  sultan  of  Babylon,  which  so  pro- 
voked Pope  Gregory  IX.  that  he  anatli- 
ematizcd  him.  On  this  Frederic  returned 
to  Europe,  and  laid  siege  to  Rome,  which 
occasioned  the  famous  j)arties  of  the 
Guelphs  and  the  Ghibclines.     J).  1250. 

FREDERIC  WILLIAM,  generally 
called  the  Great  Elector,  was  b.  in  1620, 
and  at  the  age  of  20  years  succeeded  his 
father  as  elector  of  Brandenburg.  He 
is  considered  as  thefounder  of  thePru.s- 
sian  greatness  ;  and  from  him  is  derived 
much  of  that  military  spirit  which  is  now 
the  national  characteristic.  By  afford- 
ing protection  to  the  French  Protestant 
refugees,  he  gained,  as  citizens  of  the 
state,  20,000  industrious  manufacturers, 
an  acquisition  of  no  slight  importance  to 
the  north  of  Germany ;  and  he  also  gave 
great  encouragement  to  aifricultural  im- 
provements. He  foundecl  the  library  at 
Berlin,  and  a  university  at  Duisburg ; 
and  at  his  death  he  left  to  his  son  a 
country  much  enlarged,  and  a  well-sup- 
plied treasury.  D.'  1688. — I.,  king  of 
I'russia,  son  of  Frederic  I.,  and  father 
of  Frederic  the  Great,  was  b.  in  1688, 
and  ascended  tho  throne  in  1713,  having 
previously  married  a  daugliter  of  the 
elector  of  Hanover,  afterwards  George  I. 
of  P>nglaud.  His  habits  were  entirely 
military;  and  his  constant  care  was  to 
establish  the  strictest  discipline  among 
his  troops.  D.  174(L — II.,  king  of  Prus- 
sia, commonly  called  the  Great,  and 
sometimes  erroneously  styled  Frederic 
III.,  was  b.  in  1712.  He  obtained  but  a 
scanty  education,  owing  to  his  father's 
predilection  for  military  discipline,  and 
his  dclcrniination  to  chock  the  strong 
inclination  which  he  perceived  in  the 
heir-apparent  to  cherish  literature.  This 
led  him,  in  1730,  to  attempt  an  escape 
I  from  Prussia;  but  the  scheme  being  dis- 


fre] 


CVCLOP.KUIA    UF    HIOCRAPIIV. 


417 


covered,  tho  prince  was  confined  in  the 
cufttle  of  Cufitrin,  and  liis  youiis;  com- 
p:ini(iii,  Kattc,  executed  hulbro  his  face. 
Al'lcr  all  iui]iri.sonmcnt  of  some  niontlis, 
a  rei.'(iin'iliatiuu  was  etfeeted  ;  and  in  ITo-'i 
ho  married  tlie  princess  of  Brunswiclv 
\Vohenbuttel,  in  obedience  to  his  fa- 
tlier's  conunand ;  but  it  is  said  the  mar- 
riaire  was  never  consummated.  In  17J.0 
]ii',  succeeded  to  the  tlu'ono,  and  it  was 
not  \ou'^  before  he  added  Lower  Silesia 
to  liis  dominions.  In  1741  ho  took 
Prague,  witli  its  garrison  of  10,000  men. 
In  1745  he  defeated  the  prince  of  Lor- 
raine at  Freidburgli,  and  then  marched 
into  Boliemia,  where  he  defeated  an 
Austrian  army.  Shortly  after  he  toolc 
Dresden,  laid  it  under  heavy  exactions, 
nid  tliere  concluded  a  highly  favorable 
,H"ace.  During  the  ten  years  of  com- 
parative tranquillity  that  followed,  i'red- 
irie  employed  himself  in  bringing  liis 
troops  mto  a  state  of  divscipline  never 
iK'tbre  equalled  in  any  age  or  country. 
He  also  encouraged  agriculture,  the  arts, 
manufactures,  and  commerce,  reformed 
the  laws,  and  increased  the  revenues  ; 
thus  improving  the  condition  of  the 
state,  and  rendering  it  more  than  a 
match  for  foreign  enemies.  Secret  in- 
formation of  an  alliance  between  Aus- 
tria, Kussia,  and  Saxonvgave  him  reason 
to  fear  an  attack,  whicti  he  hastened  to 
anticipate  by  the  invasion  of  Saxony,  in 
1750.  This  commenced  the  seven  years' 
war,  in  which  lie  contended  single- 
handed  against  the  united  forces  of 
Russia,  Saxony,  Sweden,  France,  Aus- 
tria, and  the  great  majority  of  the  other 
Cicrman  states ;  till  at  length,  at'tcr  vari- 
ous changes  of  fortune,  he  was  left,  in 
176;;,  in  the  peaceful  possession  of  all 
his  paternal  and  acquired  dominions. 
lie  now  entered  into  a  league  with  his 
former  enemies,  which  in  177'2  was  ce- 
mented by  the  partition  of  Toland,  an 
act  which  was  then,  as  it  is  now,  de- 
nounced by  every  lover  of  freedom  and 
national  security.  The  remainder  of  his 
life,  with  the  exception  of  a  short  de- 
monstration of  hostility  towards  Austria, 
which  was  terminated  by  the  mediation 
of  Kussia,  was  passed  in  tiie  tranquillity 
of  literary  leisure,  and  in  an  unreserved 
intercourse  with  learned  men;  among 
v.'hoiii  Voltaire  and  Maupertuis  were  for 
a  long  time  his  especial  favorites.  Ilis 
own  literary  attainments  were  far  above 
mediocrity,  as  may  be  seen  liy  his  "  His- 
tory of  his  own  Times,"'  "The  History 
of  the  Seven  Years'  War,"  "Consider- 
ations on  the  State  of  Europe,"  "  Me- 
moirs of  the  House  of  Brundenburgh," 


poems,  &c.  D.  ITS^i.— III.,  king  of 
rrussia,  was  b.  in  1770,  and  ascended. 
tho  throne,  on  the  death  of  his  father, 
in  17'J7. 

FEEIND,  Jon.N-,  a  learned  physician 
and  writer  on  medical  science,  was  b.  in 
1675,  at  Croton,  in  Northamptonsliire. 
In  1703  he  distinguished  himself  by  an 
able  work  on  diseases  peculiar  to  females, 
which  raised  him  to  eminence  as  a  phys- 
iologist. The  next  year  he  was  appoint- 
ed chemical  professor  at  Oxford  ;  and  in 
1705  lie  accompanied  tlie  earl  of  Peter- 
borough in  Ins  expedition  to  Spain,  as 
physician  to  the  army.  On  his  return 
in  1707  he  pulilishcd  a  vindication  of 
the  earl's  contluct  in  Spain,  which  gain- 
ed him  considerable  reputation.  He 
then  obtained  his  diploma  of  M.D.,  and 
in  1709  published  his  "Lectures  on 
Chemistry."  In  1716  he  was  elected  a 
fellow  of  the  college  of  ph}  sicians,  and 
in  1722  he  was  brought  into  parliament 
for  Launceston.  The  year  following  he 
was  sent  to  the  Tower  on  suspicion  of 
being  concerned  in  Atterbury's  plot,  but 
was  soon  released  on  bail.  While  in 
confinement,  he  wrote  an  epistle  to  liia 
friend  Dr.  Mead,  "  De  quibusdam  Vari- 
olarum  Generibus."  He  also  formed  the 
plan  of  his  greatest  literary  undertaking, 
which  he  afterwards  published,  under 
the  title  of  "The  History  of  Physic," 
&c.  At  the  accession  of  George  II.  he 
was  appointed  physician  to  the  queen. 
D.  1728. 

FREIXSHEM.  or  FEEINSHEMIUS, 
Joiix,  a  learned  German,  was  b.  at  Ulm, 
in  1008,  and  became  professor  of  rhetoric 
in  the  university  at  tlpsal,  and  librarian 
to  Queen  Christina  of  Sweden ;  but 
returned  to  Germany  in  consequence  of 
ill  health,  and  died  at  Heidelberg,  1660. 
He  showed  himself  a  profound  scholar, 
particularly  by  his  celebrated  supple- 
ments to  the  lost  books  and  passages  of 
Curtius  and  of  Livv. 

FRENICLE  DE  BESSY,  Bernakd,  a 
French  mathematician,  celebrated  for 
his  skill  in  solving  mathematical  ques- 
tions without  the  aid  of  algebra.  lie 
kept  his  method  a  secret  during  his  life, 
but  a  description  of  it  was  tbund  among 
his  papers,  and  is  called  the  method  of 
exclusion.     D.  1675. 

FKEKE,  Joiix  HooKiiAM,  a  gentleman 
distinguished  for  his  diplomatic  talents, 
was  b.  in  176'.i,  and  was  educated  at 
Eton,  where,  in  eonjnnetion  witli  Can- 
nin<r,  t'cc;  ho  appeared  as  one  of  the 
youthful  writers  ot  the  "Mieroeosni."  He 
entered  parliament  in  1706  as  member 
for  West  Looe  ;  in  179'J  succeeded  his 


418 


CVCI.OP.EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHV. 


[fro 


friend  Mr.  Cannin*  as  under-secretary 
of  state  for  foreign  atiairti,  and  subse- 
quently tilled  various  diplomatic  mis- 
sions in  Spain,  Portugal,  and  Prussia. 
Mr.  Frere  was  u  good  scholar,  and  a 
man  of  trreat  and  varied  talents ;  but 
most  of  his  writings  were  of  a  fugitive 
kind,  and  have  not'been  published  in  a 
collected  form.  He  had  resided  at  Malta 
manv  years,  and  there  he  d.  1846. 

FKEKET,  Nicholas,  a  French  writer, 
was  b.  at  Paris,  in  1638,  and  abandoned^ 
his  profession  of  law  to  devote  himself 
to  the  study  of  history  and  chronology. 
His  treatises  and  controversies  on  these 
subjects,  among  others  with  Newton, 
compose  a  great  part  of  the  memoirs  of 
the  Academy  at  that  time.  Ilis  tirst 
work,  "On  the  Origin  of  the  French," 
wounded  the  national  vanity  so  deeply, 
that  it  occasioned  his  imprisonment  in 
the  Bastille.     I).  1749. 

FKERON,  Elie  Catharine,  a  French 
crhie,  was  b.  at  Quimper,  in  1719,  and 
was  originally  a  .Jesuit,  but  quitted  the 
society  "at  the  age  of  20.  In  1749  he 
commenced  his  ""Letters  on  certain 
Writings  of  theTii«es,"  which  extended 
to  13  vols. ;  and,  as  he  freely  criticised 
the  works  and  actions  of  others,  it  p>ro- 
cured  him  some  powerful  enemies, 
among  whom  was  Voltaire.  He  then 
begair  his  "  Annce  Litteraire,"  which 
lie^continued  till  his  death,  1776.  Be- 
sides the  above  works,  he  wrote 
Miscellanies,  "  Les  Vrais  Plaisirs," 
"Opuscules,"  &c.— Louis  Stanislaus, 
son  of  the  ]>rcceding,  was  one  of  most 
violent  of  the  French  revolutionists. 
In  1789  he  commenced  an  incendiary 
journal,  called  "L'Orateur  du  Peuple," 
associated  himself  with  Marat,  and  was 
guilty  of  manv  enormities  at  Toulon  and 
elsewhere.     B.  17r)7  ;  d.  1802. 

FKESNEL,  Augustine  John,  an  ex- 
perimental French  philosopher,  distin- 
guislied  by  his  admirable  experiments^ 
on  the  inflection  and  polarization  of 
liglit ;  was  b.  at  Broglie,  in  1788,  and  d. 
in  1827. 

FRESCOBALBI,  Giholamo,  an  emi- 
nent musician  and  composer,  b.  at 
Ferrara,  in  1601,  and  appointed  organist 
at  St.  I'eter's,  Koine,  in  1624,  He  is  the 
first  Italian  who  eom|)Osed  in  fugue  for 
the  organ,  wliich  is  a  German  invention  ; 
and  is  considered  as  the  father  of  that 
species  of  organ  playinir  kno\vn  at  this 
day  bv  the  name  of  "  voluntaries." 

FKiS(JH,  John  Luonakd,  a  German 
naturalist  and  divine,  was  b.  in  Sulzbucli, 
in  1666.  He  was  the  founder  of  the  silk 
manufactory  in  Brandenburg,  and  was 


the  first  who  cultivated  mulberry-trees 
in  that  country.  lie  was  the  author  of 
a  "German  and  Latin  Dictionary,"  a 
"Description  of  German  Insects,"  &c. 
D.  1743. 

FEISCHLIN,  NicoDEMUs,  a  German 
writer,  who  distinguished  himself  by 
his  classical  attainments,  and  still  more 
by  his  poetical  satires.  He  was  b.  at 
Balingen.  in  the  duchy  of  Wirtemburg, 
in  1447 ;  studied  at  the  imiversity  of 
Tubingen,  where  he  obtained  a  profes- 
sorship at  20  years  of  age;  and  wrote  a 
critical  work,  entitled  "Strigil  Gram- 
matica,"  which  involved  him  in  much 
angry  controversy.  Having  written  an 
abusive  letter  to'  the  duke  of  Wirtem- 
burg, for  refusing  to  grant  him  some 
pecuniary  favor,  he  was  arrested,  and 
sent  to  the  prison  of  Aurach  ;  from  which 
he  attempted  to  escape,  but  fell  down  a 
frightful  precipice,  and  was  dashed  to 
pieces.     This  happened  in  1590. 

FlilSI,  Paul,  a  mathematician  and 
philosopher,  was  b.  at  Milan,  in  1727 ; 
obtained  professorships  in  several  col- 
leges ;  and  ultimately  was  placed  by  the 
government  at  the  head  of  the  archi- 
tectural department  in  the  university  of 
his  native  city.  He  was  the  author  of 
many  useful"  treatises  on  electricitj-, 
astronomy,  hydraulics,  &e.     D.  1784. 

FROBENIUS,  or  FROBEN,  John,  a 
learned  printer,  was  b.  at  Ilammelburg, 
in  Franconia,  in  1460.  He  established 
a  press  at  Basle,  at  which  Erasmus,  who 
was  his  intimate  friend,  and  lodged  in 
his  house,  had  all  his  works  printed. 
D.  1527. 

FR<)P>1SIIER,  Sir  Martin,  a  cele- 
brated English  navigator,  was  b.  near 
Doncastcr,  A'orkshire,  and  brought  up 
to  a  maritime  life.  The  discovery  of  a 
northwest  passage  to  the  Indies  excited 
his  ambition;  and,  after  many  fruitless 
attempts  to  induce  merchants  to  favor 
his  project,  he  was  enabled,  by  the 
ministers  and  courtiers  of  Queen  Eliza- 
beth, to  fit  out  a  private  adventure, 
consisting  only  of  two  small  barks  and 
a  ])innaee.  In  this  enterprise,  he  ex- 
plored various  parts  of  the  arctic  coast, 
and  entering  the  strait  which  has  ever 
since  been  called  by  his  name,  returned 
to  England  with  some  black  ore,  wliich 
being  supposed  to  contain  gold,  induced 
Queen  Elizabeth  to  patronize  a  second, 
and  even  a  third  voyage,  but  all  of  them 
proved  fruitless,  "in  1585,  Frobisher 
accomiianied  Drake  to  the  West  Indies; 
and,  at  the  defeat  of  the  Spanish 
Armada,  was  honored  with  knightliood 
for    his   bravery.     In    1590    and   1592, 


fugJ 


CYC'l.OlMCDIA     OF     lilOCIlAl'II  V. 


419 


ho  commanded  squadrons  successfully 
u;j;ainst  the  Spaniards;  and  in  1.594,  be- 
ing sent  with  four  sliips  of  war  to  the 
assistance  of  Henry  Iv.  of  !•' ranee,  he 
was  wciunded  in  attacking  fort  Croyzan, 
near  Brest,  and  died  on  his  return  home. 

FKUISSAKT,  John,  an  early  French 
chronicler  and  poet,  was  b.  at  Valen- 
ciennes, in  l-^Sr.  lie  was  originally 
destined  for  the  church  ;  but  his  incli- 
nation for  poetry  was  soon  apparent, 
and  was  accompanied  by  a  great  passion 
for  the  fair  sex,  and  a  fondness  for  feasts 
and  gallantry.  In  order  to  divert  his 
mind  from  the  chagrin  attendant  on  an 
uiisuecessful  love-suit,  or,  what  is  more 
likely,  a  desire  to  learn  from  their  own 
mouths  the  achievements  of  his  cotem- 
porury  warriors,  induced  him  to  travel ; 
and  he  visited  England,  where  he  was 
kindly  pdtronized  by  Philipna  of  Ilai- 
nault,  queen  of  Edward  the  ill.,  whose 
court  was  always  open  to  the  gay  poet 
and  narrator  of  ehivalric  deeds.  In  1:366 
l>e  accompanied  ]"^dwar<l  the  Black 
Prince  to  Aquitaine  and  Eordeaux. 
On  the  death  of  his  protectress  Pliilippa, 
Froissart  gave  up  all  connection  with 
England ;  and,  after  many  adventures 
as  a  diplomatist  and  soldier,  he  became 
domestic  chaplain  to  the  duke  of  Bra- 
bant, who  was  a  poet  as  well  as  himself, 
and  of  whose  verses,  united  with  some 
of  his  own,  he  formed  a  kind  of  romance, 
called  "  Meliador."  On  the  duke's 
death,  in  1384,  he  entered  the  service  of 
Guy,  count  of  Blois,  who  induced  him 
to  continue  his  chronicles.  He  paid 
another  visit  to  England  in  1305,  and 
was  introduced  to  Kichard  II.,  but  on 
the  dethronement  of  this  prince  he  re- 
turned to  Flanders,  where  ho  died,  in 
1401.  His  historical  writings  strikingly 
exhibit  the  character  and  manners  of 
his  age,  and  arc  highly  valuable  for  tlieir 
simplicity  and  minuteness. 

FlvUGONI,  Cn.vKLEs  Ixxocext,  a  cele- 
brated Italian  poet,  b.  at  Genoa,  1692. 
He  originally  belonged  to  one  of  the 
monastic  orders,  but  obtained  leave  to 
quit  it,  settled  at  Parnia,  and  was  ap- 
pointed court  poet.  He  was  a  fertile  and 
elegant  writer,  and  his  works  include 
almost  every  variety  of  poetical  compo- 
sition.    D.  170^^. 

FRY,  Mrs.  Elizabeth,  whoso  active 
exertions  and  pious  zeal  in  ailminister- 
ing  to  the  moral  and  spiritual  wants  of 
the  wretched,  will  hand  ilown  her  name 
to  posterity  as  a  benefactor  of  mankind, 
was  the  wife  of  Joseph  Fiy,  esq.,  of 
Upton,  Essex,  and  sisterto  Joseph  Gur- 
pey,  esq.,  of  Earlham  Hall,   near   Nor- 


wich ;  also,  sister  lo  Lady  Buxton, 
widow  of  Sir  Fowell  Buxton.  Mrs.  Fry 
has  been  emphatically  called  "  the 
female  Howard  ;"  and  although  she  did 
not  conline  her  sphere  of  observation  to 
the  unhappy  inmates  of  the  ptrison  alone, 
but  dispensed  her  blessings  to  the  poor 
and  helj)less  wherever  found,  her  main 
object  through  life  was  the  alleviation  of 
the  sori'ows  of  the  captive.     D.  1845. 

FKYE,  Thomas,  an  artist,  born  in 
Ireland,  in  171i).  He  is  said  to  have 
been  the  first  manufacturer  of  porcelain 
in  England,  but  the  heat  of  the  furnaces 
having  injured  his  health,  he  adopted 
the  profession  of  a  portrait  painter  and 
mezzotinto  engraver.     D.  1762. 

FUCA,  JuAx  DE,  whose  real  name  was 
Apostolos  Valerianos,  was  a  native  of 
Cephalonia,  and  d.  at  Zaute,  in  1(  S2. 
For  upwards  of  forty  years  he  acted  as 
a  pilot  in  the  Spanish  American  posses- 
sions; and,  in  1592,  he  was  sent  by  the 
viceroy  of  Mexico- to  explore  the  west 
coast  of  North  America,  for  an  inlet 
which  might  lead  to  a  communication 
with  the  Atlantic.  But  the  account  of 
his  discovery  was  mingled  with  such 
romantic  tales,  that  it  remained  disbe- 
lieved in  modern  times,  until  the  tra- 
ding vessels  which  frequent  this  coast, 
in  the  fur  trade,  having  approached  the 
shore  from  which  Captain  Cook  had 
been  driven  by  contrary  winds,  discov- 
ered the  inlet  mentioned  by  Do  Fuca, 
between  the  48th  and  49th  parallels. 
This  strait  was  thoroughly  explored  by 
Vancouver,  in  1792. 

FUCIIS,  TiiEoPHiLrs,  a  German  poet, 
b.  at  Leppersdorf,  in  Uppier  Saxonv,  was 
the  son  of  a  poor  peasant,  whose  "labors 
he  shared  till  he  was  IS.  He  afterwards 
studied  theology  at  Leipsic,  became  a 
country  clergyman,  antl  wrote  many 
lyrical  pieces.     D.  about  ISIO. 

FUESSLI,  John-  Gaspard,  a  Swiss 
artist,  b.  at  Zurich,  in  1706  ;  author  of  a 
"  History  of  the  Artists  of  Switzerland," 
&c.  D.  17S1,  leaving  three  sons. — Ro- 
DoLPU,  afterwards  librarian  to  the  em- 
peror of  Germany  ;  IIexkv,  the  eminent 
painter,  better  known  by  the  name  of 
Fuseh  ;  and  Gasp.us,  a  skilful  entomolo- 
gist, who  resided  at  Leipsic,  and  pub- 
lished several  works  on  his  favorite 
science. 

FUGER,  Frederio  Henrt,  an  emi- 
nent painter,  and  director  of  the  impe- 
rial picture-gallery  in  Belvidere,  at 
Vienna,  was  b.  at  Hcilbron,  1751.  Ho 
began  by  painting  miniatures  while  n 
mere  child  ;  but  as  he  grew  up,  his  pas- 
sion for  historical  subjects  led  him  to 


420 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[ful 


emulate  the  ffrefit  masters  iu  that  branch 
01'  the  art.  In  177-i  he  went  to  \'ieuua, 
and  \\'!\s  sent  as  a  pensioner  to  Eonie  by 
the  Empress  Maria  Theresa.  After  a 
diligent  study  of  seven  years  there,  lie 
went  to  Naples,  and  resided  two  years 
in  the  house  of  the  imperial  ambassador. 
Count  Von  Lainberar,  where  he  had  a 
tine  opportunity  of  exerting  his  talents. 
Ou  his  return  to  Vienna,  in  1784,  he 
was  appointed  vice-director  of  the 
school  ot  painting  and  sculpture  at  Vi- 
enna. He  painted  many  larire  portraits, 
miniatures,  and  historical  pieces,  some 
of  which  are  highly  esteemed.  His 
''St.  John  in  the  Wilderness,"  painted 
for  the  imperial  chapel,  in  180-i,  is  a 
masterpiece,  and  for  it  he  received  1000 
ducats.     I).  1818. 

FUGGKH,  the  name  of  a  rich  and 
noble  family,  whose  founder  was  John 
Fugirer,  a  weaver,  residing  in  a  small 
village  near  Augsburg. — .John,  his  eld- 
est son,  likewise  a  weaver,  obtained,  by 
marri;ige,  the  rights  of  a  citizen  of  Augs- 
burg, and  carried  on  a  linen  trade  in 
that  city,  then  an  important  commercial 
place.  '  1).  140'J. — Andrew,  son  of  the 
last,  acquired  such  great  wealth,  that 
he  was  called  the  rich  Fugcrer.  He  died 
without  issue,  and  his  three  nephews, 
Ulrich,  Geokc.e,  and  James,  married 
ladies  of  noble  families,  and  were  raised 
to  the  rank  of  nobles  by  the  Emperor 
Maximilian.  Under  the  Emperor  Charles 
V.  this  family  rose  to  its  highest  splen- 
dor. When  Charles  held  the  memora- 
ble diet  at  Augsburg,  in  1530,  he  lived 
for  a  year  and'  a  day  in  Anthony  Fug- 
ger's  splendid  house  near  the  wine  mar- 
ket. The  emperor  derived  considerable 
pecuniary  aid  from  him,  and  in  return 
raised  him  and  his  brother  Kaimond  to 
the  dignity  of  counts  and  bannerets,  in- 
vested tliein  with  the  estates  of  Kirch- 
berg  and  Weissenhorn,  and  granted 
them  letters  giving  them  princely  privi- 
leges, and  the  right  of  coining  money. 
Anthony  left  at  his  death  0,000,000  gold 
crowns,  besides  jewels  and  other  valu- 
able jirojicrty,  and  possessions  in  all 
parts  of  Kurope  and  the  Indies.  It  was 
of  him  that  tlie  Emperor  Charles,  when 
viewing  the  royal  treasure  at  Paris,  ex- 
claimed, "There  is  at  Augsburg  a  linen 
weaver  who  could  pay  as  much  as  this 
with  liis  own  gold."  And  it  was  he 
also  who  did  one  of  the  most  graceful 
and  princely  courtesies  on  record,  as  the 
following  anecdote  will  show  : — When 
Charles  V.  returned  from  Tunis,  and 
paid  Anthony  a  visit,  the  latter  pro- 
duced the  emperor's  bond  for  an  im- 


mense sura  of  money  with  which  he 
had  supplied  hiin ;  and  on  a  fire  made  of 
cinnamon  wood,  which  had  been  lighted 
iu  the  hall,  he  nobly,  though  somewhat 
ostentatiously,  made  a  burut-oft'cring  of 
it  to  his  imperial  visitor.  "This  noble 
family,"  says  the  "  Mirror  of  Honor," 
"contains  in  five  branches,  (|^1619,)  47 
counts  and  countesses,  and  including 
the  other  members,  old  and  young, 
about  as  many  persons  as  the  year  has 
days."  Even  while  counts  they  con- 
tinued to  pursue  commerce,  and  their 
wealth  became  such,  that,  in  94  years, 
they  bought  real  estate  to  the  amount 
of  941,000  florins,  and  in  1762  i  wned 
two  counties,  six  lordships,  and  51  fither 
estates,  besides  their  houses  and  lands 
in  and  around  Augsburg.  They  had 
collections  of  rich  treasures  of  art  and 
rare  books.  Painters  and  musicians 
were  supported,  and  the  arts  and  sci- 
ences were  liberally  patronized  by  them. 
Their  gardens  and  buildings  displayed 
good  taste,  and  they  entertained  their 
guests  with  regal  magnificence.  But 
while  the  industry,  the  prudence,  the 
honors,  the  influence  of^  the  Fugger 
family  is  mentioned,  we  ought  also  to 
state 'that  these  were  ec^ualled  only  by 
their  unbounded  charity  and  their  zeal 
to  do  good.  In  acts  of  private  benevo- 
lence, and  in  the  foundation  of  hospitals, 
schools,  and  charitable  institutions,  they 
were  iinrivalled. 

FULDA,  Charles  Frederic,  a  Prot- 
estant divine,  b.  at  Wimpfen,  in  1722  ; 
author  of  several  learned  treatises,  viz. : 
"On  the  Goths,"  "On  the  Cimbri," 
"  On  the  Ancient  German  Mythology," 
&c.     D.  1788. 

FULLER,  Thomas,  an  eminent  histo- 
rian and  divine  of  the  church  of  En- 
gland, in  the  I7th  century,  was  b.  at 
Aldwinkle,  Northamptonshire,  in  1608. 
His  first  clerical  a]>pointment  was  that 
of  a  minister  of  St.  Bennet's  parish, 
Cambridge,  where  he  acquired  great 
popularity  as  a  preacher.  He  was  after- 
wards collated  to  a  prebend  in  Salisbury 
cathedral,  and  ol)tained  the  rectory  of 
Broad  Winsor,  Dorsetshire.  His  first 
literary  production  was  entitled  "Da- 
vid's heinous  Sin,  hearty  Kepentance, 
and  heavy  Punishment."  In  1640  he 
published  his  "  History  of  the  Holy 
War,"  soon  after  which  he  removed  to 
London,  and  was  chosen  lecturer  at  the 
Savov  church,  in  the   Strand.     About 

1642  he  published  his  "  Holy  State."  In 

1643  he  went  to  Oxford,  and  joined  the 
king,  became  chaplain  to  Sir  Kalph 
Ilopton,  and   employed  his  leisure   in 


i-cn] 


cvclop.t:dia  of  uioguapiiv, 


421 


milking  collections  relative  to  English 
nistory  and  antiquities.  In  IGoO  .'ip- 
peared  liis  "  I'isoruh  Siiifht  of  Palestine," 
and  his  "Abel  Kedivivus ;"  but  it  was 
not  till  after  his  death  that  his  principal 
litorarv  work  was  published,  entitled 
"Thc'Worthics  of  f-nirhind,"  a  produc- 
tion valuable  alike  for  llic  solid  informa- 
tion it  affords  relative  to  the  provincial 
liistory  of  the  country,  and  for  the  pro- 
fusion of  biographical  anecdote  and 
acute  observation  on  men  and  manners. 
In  1G48  he  obtained  the  livini,'  of  Walt- 
nam,  in  Essex,  which,  in  1C5S,  he  quit- 
ted for  that  of  Crauford  in  Middlesex- 
and  at  the  restoration  he  was  reinstated 
in  his  prebend  of  Salisbury,  of  which 
he  had  been  deprived  by  the  Farlia- 
mcnturians.  lie  was  also  made  D.  D. 
and  chaplain  to  the  kinir.— Andrew,  an 
eminent  Baptist  minister,  and  secretary 
to  the  Baptist  Missionary  Society,  was 
b.  at  Wicken,  in  Cambridgeshire,  1754. 
His  father  was  a  small  farmer,  who  gave 
his  sou  the  rudiments  of  education  at 
the  free  school  of  Soham  ;  and  though 
iirincipully  engaged  in  the  labors  of 
husl)andry  till  he  was  of  age,  yet  he 
studied  so  diligently,  that  in  1775  he 
became,  on  invitation,  the  pastor  of  a 
congregation,  first  at  Soham  and  after- 
wards at  Kettering.  In  the  establish- 
ment of  the  Baptist  Missionary  Society, 
by  Dr.  Carey  and  others,  Mr.  Euller  ex- 
erted himself  with  great  energy,  and 
the  whole  of  his  future  life  was  identi- 
fied with  its  labors,  lie  was  also  an  able 
controversialist.  Ilis  principal  works 
are  a  tieatise  "On  the  Calvinistic  and  So- 
cinian  Systems  compared  as  to  their  Mo- 
ral Tendency,"  "Sociniaiiisni  Indefen- 
sible," "  The  Gospel  its  own  AVitness," 
"  Discourses  on  tlie  Book  of  Genesis," 
&c.  D.  16fil. — Sarah  Maro.veet,  (mar- 
chioness d'Ossoli,)  a  distinguished  fe- 
male writer  of  the  United  States,  whose 
untimely  and  tragic  death  imparted  a 
melancholy  interest  to  her  writings. 
She  was  a  native  of  Massachusetts,  and 
by  her  literary  acquirements,  early  gain- 
ed a  reputation.  She  was  the  writer  of 
many  miscellaneous  articles  in  "  The 
IVuilj"  translator  of  "  Kckermann's  Con- 
versations with  (rocthc,"  and  authoress 
of  "  A  Summer  on  the  j^akes,"  "  Wom- 
an in  the  Nineteenth  Century,"  and 
"  Papers  on  Literature  and  Art."  In 
1R47  she  went  to  Europe  as  the  corre- 
epoudent  of  the  "  NcwYork  Tribune," 
and  was  there  married  to  the  marquis 
d"Osso!i,  with  whom,  and  one  beautiful 
and  promisiiiLT  child,  she  was  returning 
to  her  native  land,  when  the  vessel  was 
3G 


wrecked  just  as  they  came  in  sight  of 
the  shore.  At  the  time  of  her  death 
she  had  partly  finished  a  work  on  the 
"  Kecent  Kevolutionary  Changes  in  Eu- 
rope."    B.  1810;  d.  1850. 

EULTON,  KoEEKT,  an  American  en- 
gineer and  ))rojector,  of  cclebrity_,  was  b. 
ui  Little  Britain,  Pennsylvania,  in  1765. 
Having  acquired  some  knowledge  of  por- 
trait and  landscape  painting,  he  went  to 
England,  and  studied  under  his  distin- 
guished countryman,  West,  with  whom 
he  continued  an  inmate  several  years; 
and,  after  quitting  him,  he  made  paint- 
ing his  chief  employment  for  some  time. 
He  afterwards  formed  an  acquaintance 
with  another  fellow-countryman,  named 
Eumscy,  who  was  well-skilled  in  me- 
chanics, and  hence  he  ultimately  adopt- 
ed the  profession  of  a  civil  engineer. 
He  also  became  acquainted  with  the 
duke  of  Bridgewater,  so  famous  for  his 
canals,  and  with  Eurl  Stanhope,  a  noble- 
man celebrated  for  his  attachment  fo  the 
mechanic  arts.  In  1796  he  published  a 
treatise  on  "Inland  Navigation;"  and 
after  making  public  some  clever  inven- 
tions and  useful  contrivances,  in  spin- 
ning, sawing,  &e.,  Mr.  Fulton  went,  in 
1797,  to  Paris,  where  he  lived  seven 
years,  and  studied  the  higher  mathemat- 
ics, physics,  chemistry,  and  perspective. 
It  was  there,  in  1800,  that  he  projected 
the  first  panorama  ever  exhibited  ;  and 
there  also  that  he  perfected  the  plan  for 
his  submarine  boat,  or  torpeclo.  Ee- 
turuing  to  America  in  1806,  he  imme- 
diately engaged  in  building  a  steam- 
boat, of  what  was  then  deemed  very 
considerable  dimensions,  and  which  be- 
gan to  navigate  the  Hudson  river  in 
1807,  its  progress  through  the  water 
being  at  the  rate  of  five  miles  an  hour. 
He  had  meditated  on  this  experiment 
since  1793,  and  was  the  first  who  ap- 
plied water-wheels  to  the  purpose  of 
steam-navigation ;  and  though  he  claim- 
ed tlie  invention,  he  certainly  was  not 
the  real  inventor — tliat  credit  being  due 
to  John  Pitch.  It  is  said  that  vexation 
at  being  denied  the  merit  of  thh  discov- 
ery, and  prevented  from  deriving  the 
wiiolc  benefit  of  it,  preyed  on  his  mind, 
and  hastened  his  death.    D.  1815. 

FUNES,  Greookio,  a  patriot  of  La 
Plata,  in  South  America.  lie  was  dean 
of  the  cathedral  church  of  Cordova,  in 
which  station  he  employed  all  his  infiu- 
ence  in  support  of  the  revolution.  la 
1810  he  was  sent  as  a  deputy  from  Cor- 
dova to  the  congress  of  Ihunios  Ayres, 
and  on  various  subsequent  occasions  he 
took  a  prominent  part  in  the  pohtical 


422 


CVCLOP.EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPin', 


[fu: 


transSKCtions  of  his  country.  He  was 
also  distinguished  as  an  liistorieal  wii- 
ter,  esiJCoTally  by  his  "  Essays  de  la 
Historia  Civil  del  Paraguay,  Buenos 
Avres,  v  Tucuman."     D.  lS:i9. 

FL'EkTIEKE,  Anthony,  abbot  of 
Chalivoy,  was  a  French  philologist,  b. 
1620.  He  distinguished  hunself  by  va- 
rious literary  productions,  and  was  a 
member  of  the  French  Academy,  but 
was  expelled  from  it  on  a  charge  of  hav- 
ing pillaged  the  unpublished  lexico- 
graphical labors  of  his  colleagues  to 
enrich  a  dictionary  of  his  own ;  and  his 
expulsion  gave  rise  to  a  virulent  paper 
War  between  him  and  his  former  as- 
•ociates.  Besides  this  "  Dictionary," 
which  served  as  the  basis  of  the  "  Dic- 
tionuaire  de  Trevonx,"  he  published 
"  Gospel  Parables,"  "  Five  Satires," 
"Le  Roman  Bourcreoia,"  &c.     D.  16S3. 

FUKIETTI,  Joseph  Alexander,  a 
cardjiial,  b.  at  Bergamo,  in  16S5  ;  author 
of  a  treatise  on  the  mosaic  art  of  paint- 
ing.    U.  17t5f. 

FURNEAUX,  Philip,  a  nonconform- 
ist divine,  b.  at  Totness,  Devon,  in  1726. 
He  was  the  author  of  "  An  Essay  on 
Toleration."     D.  1783.  * 

FURST,  Walter,  was  a  native  of 
Altorf,  Switzerland,  by  whose  means, 
aided  by  the  heroic  William  Tell  and 
Arnoli]  of  Melcthal,  the  liberty  of  his 
country  was  established,  in  1307. 

FUliSTEMBERG,  Ferdinand  de,  an 
eminent  prelate,  b.  at  Bilstern,  in  West- 

lialia,  in  1626.     He  was  raised  to   the 

■sliopric  of  Paderborn  in  1661,  by  Pope 
Alexander  VII.,  wlio  afterwards  made 
him  apostolical  vicar  of  all  the  north  of 
Europe.  He  collected  anuniber  of  MSS. 
and  other  monuments  of  antiquity,  and 
published  them  under  the  title  of 
"  Monutnenta  Paderbornensia:"  he  also 
publi.shed  a  valuable  collection  of  Latin 
poems.     1).  ]6s.'5. 

FUTKADO,  Auraham,  a  French  Jew, 
who  was  one  of  the  leading  members  of 
the  Sanhedrim,  convoked  by  Bonaparte 
in  1S08,  at  Paris.  He  wrote  several 
works,  and  is  said  to  have  posses.sed 
great  elocpience.    B.  17-59;  d.  1817. 

FUSKLI,  Henry,  was  the  second  son 
of  (jaspard  Fuessli,  and  b.  at  Zurich, 
about  173',>.  He  was  originally  intended 
for  the  eliurch;  but  he  had' employed 
himself,  while  under  his  father's  roof, 
in  makinir  copies  from  the  works  of 
Michael  Anire'io  and  Raphael,  and  this 
had  inspired  him  with  an  insurmount- 
able desire  to  rlnvoli^  irnn-irlfto  tlie  pro- 
fession. While  at  the  Humanity  college, 
io  Zurich,  ho  formed  an  intimate  friend- 


I 


ship  with  the  celebrated  Lavater,  and 
became  enamored  with  literature.  Ha 
studied  English,  read  the  best  authors 
in  that  language,  and  translated  the 
tragedy  of  Macbeth  into  German.  In 
1763  he  went  to  England,  and  on  his 
showing  his  specimens  of  painting  to 
Sir  Josliua  Reynolds,  the  latter  express- 
ed himself  in  terms  of  high  commenda- 
tion, and  advised  him  to  go  to  Rome 
This  ho  did  ;  and  after  eight  years  spenV 
in  studying  the  Italian  masters,  he  re- 
turned to  England.  Having  suggested 
to  Alderman  Boydell  the  idea  of  forming 
his  "  Shakspeare  Gallery,"  for  which  he 
painted  eight  of  his  best  pictures,  that 
splendid  design  was  accordingly  exe- 
cuted. In  1790,  Fuseli  became  a  royaj 
academician  ;  and  during  the  next  nina 
years  he  painted  a  series  of  47  pictures, 
afterwards  exhibited  as  the  "  Milton 
Gallery."  In  1799  he  was  appointed 
professor  of  painting,  and,  in  1804, 
Keeper  of  the  Eoyal  Academy.     D.  1825. 

FUSS,  NicHoL.vs  vox,  a  distinguished 
mathematician  and  natural  philosopher, 
b.  at  Basle,  1755.  lie  first  studied  under 
Bernouilli,  then  professor  of  mathemat- 
ics at  the  university  of  that  place,  whc 
procured  him  a  situation,  when  he  was 
17,  with  his  friend,  tiie  celebrated  Euler, 
at  St.  Petersburg,  who  wished  to  ob- 
tain a  young  man  of  talent  in  the  pros- 
ecution of  his  philosophical  inquiries. 
Here  he  soon  obtained  distinction  and 
preferment.  In  1776  he  was  appointed 
adjunct  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences  for 
the  hifrlier  mathematics.  In  1784,  (.'ath- 
arine  II.  gave  him  a  professorship  in  the 
corps  of  noble  land  cadets  ;  and  in  1792 
he  was  appointed  secretary  to  the  free 
economical  society.  In  1300  he  was 
raised  to  the  dignity  of  a  counsellor  of 
state;  in  1805  he  was  constituted  one  of 
the  council  for  the  organization  of  mil- 
itary sciiools ;  and,  continuing  to  ad- 
vance the  interests  of  science  in  the 
various  honorable  stations  to  which  he 
was  promoted,  he  was  rewarded  with 
the  order  of  Vladimir  and  a  pension. 
He  was  a  regular  contributor  to  the 
"  Memoirs  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences 
at  Petersburtf"  for  a  period  of  50  years, 
and  published  various  works,  chiefly  on 
mathematics  and  astronomy.     D.  1826. 

FUX,  John  Joseph,  a  celebrated  mu- 
sical composer  during  the  reigns  of  the 
emperors  Leopold  I.,  Joseph  I.,  and 
(Jharles  VI.,  was  born  in  Styria,  about 
the  year  106O,  and  held  tlie  office  of 
imperial  eh:i]iel-iniistcr  for  about  40 
years.  lie  composed  several  operas, 
and  had  great  inttuence  ou  the  musical 


OAlJ 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    niOGftAPHV. 


423 


taste  of  his  time.  His  "  Musical  Gradus" 
und  boiiie  ot"  his  sucred  pieces  are  still 
lii^lily  esteemed.    D.  1750. 

FYT,  JuH.N,  a  L)uteh  painter,  b.  at 
Antwerp,  in  1625.  Jlis  pencil  was  so 
prolific,    that    almost  every  important 


collection  of  paintinn:s  has  some  of  his 
productions.  His  subjects  are  chiefly 
game,  beasts,  i/irds,  fruit,  and  flowers ; 
and  they  are  remarkable  for  tlieir  fidelity 
to  nature  in  the  drawing,  and  for  theil 
rich  and  glowing  colors. 


G. 


(4ABBIANT,  Antony  Dominio,  an 
Italian  painter;  b.  at  Florence,  1652, 
and  accidentally  killed  by  falling  from  a 
scaffold,  while  employed  in  painting  the 
large  cupola  of  Castello,  in  1726. 

GADBUKY,  John,  an  astrologer, 
who,  in  the  latter  part  of  the  17th  cen- 
tury, attracted  considerable  notice,  lie 
was  originally  a  tailor  ;  afterwards  be- 
came au  assistant  to  Lilly  the  fortune- 
teller, (the  Sidrojiiicl  of  Butler;)  and, 
like  his  master,  he  published  astrological 
dmanacs  and  other  works  of  a  similar 
description. 

(iADD,  Peter  Aprian,  a  Swedish 
chemist  anil  naturnl  philosopher;  pro- 
fessor of  cliemistry  in  the  university  of 
Abo,  in  Finland.  He  wrote  several  trea- 
tises on  geology,  etc. ;  and  d.  about  tlie 
end  of  the  ISth  century. 

GADSDEN,  CnuisToPHF.n,  was  b.  in 
Charleston,  1724.  He  was  appointed 
one  of  the  delegates  to  the  congress 
which  met  at  New  York  in  October, 
1765,  to  petition  against  the  stamp  act. 
He  was  also  chosen  a  member  of  the 
congress  whicli  met  in  177-1.  He  was 
aiuuiiLc  the  first  who  openly  advocated 
republican  jirinciples,  and  wished  to 
make  his  country  independent  of  the 
monarchical  government  of  Great  Brit- 
ain. DuHng  the  sicixe  of  Charleston,  in 
1780,  he  remained  within  the  lines  with 
five  of  the  council,  while  Govcriidr  Kut- 
Icdge  with  trie  other  three  left  the  city 
at  the  earnest  request  of  General  Lincoln. 
In  1782,  when  it  became  necessary,  by 
the  rotation  established,  to  choose  a  new 
governor,  he  was  elected,  but  declined 
on  account  of  his  age.     D.  1805. 

GAFFARELLI,  Jajim,  a  French  wri- 
ter, wlio  applied  liimself  to  the  study 
of  the  Hebrew  language  and  rabbinical 
learning,  was  b.  at  Mamies,  in  Provence, 
about  1601.  He  adopted  the  doctrines 
of  the  Cabala,  in  defence  of  which  lie 
wrote  a  quarto  volume  in  Latin.  He 
be  'ame  librarian  to  Cardinal  Richelieu, 
who  gave  iiim  several  preferments.  He 
d.  at  Sigonce,  of  which  place  he  was 
then  abbot,  in  1671.    Besides  the  above, 


he  wrote  a  boob,  entitled  "  Unheard-of 
Curiosities  concerning  the  Talismanic 
Sculpture  of  tiie  Persians,  th  Horo- 
scope of  the  Patriarchs,  and  the  Leading 
of  the  Stars." 

GAFURIO,  Franchino,  an  eminent 
Italian  composer  and  professor  of  music, 
was  b.  at  Lodi  in  1451. 

GAGE,  Thomas,  the  last  governor  of 
Massachusetts  appointed  by  the  king, 
first  came  to  America  as  a  lieutenant 
with  Braddock,  and  was  present  at  the 
battle  in  which  that  officer  received  his 
mortal  wound.  He  was  appointed  gov- 
ernor of  Montreal  in  176(i,  anil  in  1763 
succeeded  General  Amherst  as  com- 
mander-in-chief of  the  British  forces  in 
North  .America.  In  1774  he  succeeded 
Hutchinson  as  governor  of  Massachu- 
setts, when  he  soon  began  the  course 
of  illegal  and  oppressive  acts  that  brought 
on  the  war  of  the  revolution.  In  1775 
the  provincial  congress  of  Massachusetts 
declared  him  an  enemy  to  the  colony, 
and  not  long  after  he  returned  to  En- 
gland, where  he  d.  in  1787. 

GAGNIER,  John,  a  celebrated  orien- 
talist, was  a  native  of  Paris.  He  was 
bred  a  Roman  Catholic,  entered  into 
holy  orders,  and  became  a  canon  in  the 
church  of  St.  Genevieve ;  but  turned 
I'rotestant  and  settled  in  England.  He 
was  patronized  by  Archbishop  Sharp 
and  many  other  eminent  persons,  and 
received  the  desrree  of  M.A.  at  Cam- 
bridge and  Oxford.  In  1706  he  pub- 
lished an  edition  of  Ben  Gorion's  "His- 
tory of  the  .lews,"  in  Hebrew,  with  a 
Latin  translation  and  notes.     D,  1740. 

G.\IL,  .John  Baptist,  a  celebrated 
Hellenist,  was  b.  at  Paris,  1755,  and  d. 
in  the  same  city,  in  1828,  professor  of 
Greek  literature  at  the  college  of  France. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  academy  of 
inscriptions  and  belles  Icttres,  and  a 
knio-ht  of  the  legion  of  honor.  He  con- 
tributed greatly  to  render  the  study  of 
Greek  popular  in  France.  Among  his 
productions  are  a  "Greek  Grammar," 
and  translations  of  Xenophon,  Thucyd- 
ides,   Theocritus,  Bion,    Moschus,  auj 


424 


CYCLOPJ'DIA    OF    BIOCKAPHV. 


[gal 


Luciim's  *'  Dialogues  of  the  Dead." — 
Sophia,  Uic  wile  of  the  foregoing,  was 
b.  about  177i',  and  d.  at  Paris  in  ISi'J. 
For  tlie  arts,  and  partifularly  for  music, 
she  manifested  an  early  taste,  and  she 
began  to  compose  when  she  was  not 
more  than  twelve  years  of  age.  Among 
her  principal  compositions  are  the  operas 
of  '•  The  Jealous  Pair,''  ''Mademoiselle 
de  Launay  in  the  Bastille,"  and  "The 
Serenade." 

GAILLARD  de  Loxjumeau,  bishop 
of  Apt,  in  Provence,  was  the  tirst  who 
projected  a  universal  historical  diction- 
ary, and  employed  Moreri,  who  was  his 
almoner,  to  execute  the  work.  D.  16'J.i. 
— Gabrikl  Hkxuy,  a  French  historian, 
b.  at  Ustel,  near  Soissous,  in  1728,  and 
d.  in  ISOO.  He  was  the  author  of  •'  Ilis- 
toire  de  Charlemagne,"  '•  Rlietorique 
Franqoisc,"  "  Ilistoire  de  Francis  1.," 
and  many  other  works  of  a  similar  char- 
acter.—  Jon.v  EuNEST,  a  musical  com- 
poser of  considerable  merit,  was  b.  at 
Zell,  in  16~57,  and  became  a  pupil  of 
Farinelli.     D.  1749. 

GAINSBOROUGH,  Thomas,  a  cele- 
brated landscape  painter,  was  b.  at  Sud- 
bury, in  SutfuUv,  in  1737.  He  was  self- 
tauglit,  and  used  to  entertain  himself  by 
drawing  landscapes  from  nature,  in  the 
woods  of  Ivis  native  county.  From  Sud- 
bury he  went  to  London,  and  com- 
menced portrait  painter,  iu  which  line 
he  acquired  great  eminence.  His  chief 
excellence,  however,  was  in  landscape, 
in  wiiich  he  united  the  brilliancy  of 
Claude  with  the  precision  and  simplicity 
of  Ruysdael.  He  was  highly  esteemetl 
by  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds,  who  bestowed 
on  him  a  higii  but  well-merited  compli- 
ment in  one  of  his  academical  discourses. 
D.  1788. 

GALAS,  Mattiikw,  one  of  the  greatest 
generals  of  his  time,  was  b.  at  Trent  in 
158'.t.  He  served  iu  Italy  and  Germany, 
and  rendered  eminent  services  to  tUe 
Emperor  Frederic  II.  and  Pliilip  lY. 
king  of  Spain.  He  was  deprived  of  tiie 
commanil,  after  being  defeated  by  the 
Swedes  near  Magilcburg,  but  was  re- 
stored, and  d.  at  V'ieuna  in  lt;47. 

GALATIN,  Vetkr,  a  Franciscan 
monk,  who  flourished  about  1530.  lie 
wrote  "  De  Arcanis  Catliolicaj  Verita- 
tis,"  a  work  of  considerable  reputation. 

GALBA,  SiiKviL's  SuLi'icius,  emperor 
of  Koine,  wius  descended  from  the  an- 
cient family  ofSiilpicii.  He  was  sncces- 
sively  praetor,  proconsul  of  Africa,  and 
general  of  the  Roman  armies  in  Ger- 
many and  Spain.  He  retired  to  avoid 
the  jealousy  of  Nero ;   but  the  tyrant 


having  issued  an  order  for  his  death, 
Galba  revolted  against  'he  emj^eror; 
and  Gaul  declaring  for  him,.iS^-o  put  a 
period  to  his  own  existence.  Galba 
gave  himself  up  to  the  governmtTit  of 
tliree  obscure  men,  whom  the  Romans 
called  his  schoolmasters;  and  he  was 
slain  by  the  prtetorian  band,  who  pro- 
claimed Otlio  in  his  stead,  69.        ; 

GALE,  Theophilus,  an  eminent  non- 
conformist divine,  was  b.  in  162S,  at 
King's  Tei^hton,  in  Devonshire,  and  d. 
in  1078.  He  wrote  many  works,  tlie 
principal  of  which  is  his  "Court  of  the 
Gentiles,"  8  vols.  4to.,  in  which  he 
proves  that  the  theology  and  philosophy 
of  the  pagans  were  borrowed  from  the 
Scriptures. — Thomas,  a  learned  English 
divine,  was  b.  in  1636  at  Scruton,  iu 
Yorkshire.  He  published  a  collection 
of  the  Greek  mythologists,  "Historise 
Poeticffl  antiqui  Scriptores  Graicaa  et 
Latinai,"  "  Herodoti  Halicarnassensis 
Historiarum,"  "  IlistoriiB  Britanuicije, 
SaxoniciB,  Anglo-Danicaj,"  &c.  D.  1702. 
— Roger,  the  eldest  son  of  the  preced- 
ing. He  published  some  valuable  books, 
the  principal  of  which  was  an  edition 
of  his  father's  "Commentary  on  Anto- 
ninus." D.  1744. — Samuel,  his  brother, 
was  also  eminent  for  his  knowledge  of 
antiquities.     D.  1754. 

GALEN,  Christopher  Bernh^vrd  van, 
the  warlike  bishop  of  Mnnster,  first  en- 
tered the  military  service,  which  ho 
afterwards  left  for  the  church.  In  1660 
he  was  chosen  prince-bishop  of  Munster, 
but  was  obliged  to  besiege  the  city  on 
account  of  the  opposition  of  the  citizens  ; 
he,  however,  conquered  it,  and  built  a 
citadel  to  secure  his  power.  In  1664  he 
was  appointed  one  of  the  leaders  of  the 
imperial  army  against  the  Turks  in 
Hungary.  He  afterwards  fought  against 
the  Dutch,  tirst  in  alliance  witli  En- 
gland, and  then  with  France,  taking 
from  them  several  cities  and  fortresses. 
After  this  he  joined  the  Danes  against 
the  Swedes,  and  made  new  conquests; 
and  in  1764  he  Ibrmed  an  alliance  with 
Spain,  and  again  gave  battle  to  his  old 
enemies  the  Dutch.  He  was  a  man  of 
extraordinary  enterprise,  one  of  the 
greatest  generals  of  his  time,  and  an 
adroit  diplomatist.  D.  1678,  aged  73. 
—Claudius,  one  of  the  most  celebra- 
ted physicians  of  ancient  times,  was  b. 
at  lergainus,  in  Asia,  in  131.  Af- 
ter studying  philosophy  and  general 
literature,  he  travelled  through  Egypt 
and  other  countries  in  the  East  lor  tlio 
purpose  of  acquiring  medical  and  aua- 
tomical  knowledge.     On  his  return   t« 


6AL 


CYCLOP.KDIA    OF    IJIOGKAPIIY. 


425 


practised  four  years  in  his  native  city, 
ami  then  wont  to  Koine,  but  was  driven 
I'nuii  tlii-iU'e  liv  tlie  iiitriLTiies  of  his  jeal- 
ous rjvals,  who  attributed  his  success  to 
mairic.  i'rom  Koine  lie  returned  to  I'er- 
(faiiius;  'but  \Vas  recalled  by  an  especial 
maiuhite  ol'  the  Emperor  Marcus  Aure- 
hus,  who,  on  quitting  Konie  to  make 
war  on  the  Germans,  confided  to  (Jalcn 
the  care  of  the  health  of  his  son  Coin- 
niodus.  The  place  and  time  of  his  death 
are  uncertain;  but  he  is  supposed  to 
have  d.  at  Koine,  in  about  the  70th  year 
of  his  age.  A  part  only  of  his  very  nu- 
merous writings  has  been  preserved ; 
but  even  that  part  forms  live  folio  vol- 
umes, and  all'ords  undoubted  proofs  of 
liis  jiractical  and  theoretical  skill. 

GALEKIUS,  Uaius  Valkkius  MAxnui- 
ANUs,  a  Koman  emperor.  Entering  the 
army  as  a  common  soldier,  he  rose  to 
the  highest  ranks  by  his  bravery,  and 
was  adopted  by  Dioclesian,  who  gave 
him  his  daughter  in  marriage.  lie  as- 
cended the  imperial  throne  in  305,  and 
d.  in  311.  lie  was  naturally  of  a  cruel 
disposition,  and  during  his  reiijn  the 
Christians  sufl'ercd  great  persecution. 

GALILEI,  Galileo,  an  illustrious 
ttslronomer,  mathematician,  and  philoso- 
pher, was  tlie  son  of  a  Elorentine  noble- 
man, and  b.  at  I'isu,  in  15(34.  He  was 
intended  by  his  father  for  the  medical 
profession  ;  but  his  love  for  mathemati- 
Cid  studies  was  so  decidedly  evinced, 
and  his  aversion  for  the  other  so  strong, 
that  he  was  allowed  to  pursue  the  tbr- 
nier,  which  lie  did  with  such  unwearied 
ililigence,  that  at  the  age  of  24  he  was 
appointed  mathematical  professor  at 
I'isa.  Tiiere  he  was  constantly  engiiged 
in  asserting  tlie  laws  of  nature  against 
the  Aristotelian  jiliilosophy,  which  raised 
up  such  a  host  of  enemies  against  him, 
that,  in  l.i'ji,  he  w^as  obliged  to  resign 
liis  professorship.  lie  then  went  to 
Padua,  where  he  lectured  with  un- 
paralleled success,  and  students  flocked 
to  hear  him  from  all  parts  of  Europe. 
After  remaining  there  eighteen  years, 
Gosino  III.  invited  him  back  to  I'isa, 
and  soon  at"tcr  called  him  to  Florence, 
witli  the  title  of  principal  mathematician 
and  philosopher  to  the  j^rund  duke. 
Galileo  had  iieard  of  the  invention  of 
the  telescope  by  Jansen ;  and  making 
one  for  hiuiself,  a  series  of  most  import- 
ant astronomical  discoveries  followed, 
lie  found  that  the  moon,  like  the  earth, 
has  an  uneven  surface;  and  he  tauirht 
his  scholars  to  measure  the  height  of  its 
mountains  by  their  shadow.  A  particu- 
lar nebula  he  resolved  into  individual 
Srt* 


stars ;  but  his  most  remarkable  dis- 
coveries were  Jupiter's  satellites,  Sat- 
urn's ring,  tlie  sun's  sjjots,  and  the 
starry  nature  of  the  milky  way.  The 
result  of  his  discoveries  was  his  decided 
conviction  of  the  truth  of  the  Gopernican 
system ;  though  the  blind  and  furious 
bigotry  of  the  monks  charged  him  with 
heresy  for  it,  and  he  was  twice  perse- 
cuted by  the  Inquisition,  first  in. 1615, 
and  again  in  1033.  On  both  oceasioua 
he  was  compelled  to  abjure  the  system 
of  Copernicus  ;  but  it  is  said,  that  in  the 
last  instance,  when  he  had  repeated  the 
abjuration,  he  stamped  his  foot  on  the 
earth,  indignantly  muttering,  "vet  it 
moves  !"  The  latter  years  of  his  life 
were  spent  at  his  own  country-house 
near  Florence,  where  he  devoted  him- 
self to  the  perfecting  of  his  telescope ; 
and  he  d.  at  the  age  of  78,  in  1C42,  the 
year  in  which  Newton  was  born. 

GALIT/IN,  Demetrius  Augustine,  a 
son  of  I'rince  Galitzin,  one  of  the  high- 
est of  the  Kussian  nobility,  who  became 
a  Catholic  jiriest,  and  settled  at  Loretto, 
near  Baltimore,  Md.,  where  he  collected 
a  congregation  ami  preached.  He  wrote 
a  "  Defence  of  Catholic  Principles."  D. 
1819. 

GALL,  Joiix  Joseph,  the  celebrated 
phrenologist,  was  b.  in  175S,  at  Teifen- 
brunn,  W'irteinburg,  He  studied  med- 
icine under  Professor  Sherinann,  and 
settled  in  Vienna,  where  he  attracted 
much  attention  by  his  "  Anatomical  and 
Physiological  Inquiries  respecting  the 
Brain  and  Nerves,"  on  account  of  the 
principles  it  contained,  that  certain 
talents  and  tendencies  depend  on  the 
formation  of  certain  parts  of  the  head, — 
that,  in  fact,  each  faculty  of  tl:e  mind 
has  a  separate  organ  iu  the  brL-in,  and 
that  those  organs  are  marked  externally 
by  elevations  or  protuberances  on  tha 
cranium.  lie  afterwards  travcHo.1 
through  tlie  north  of  Germany,  Swe- 
den, and  Denmark,  delivering  lecturer 
and,  in  lSo7,  established  himself  i 
Paris,  thinking  France  the  most  likcl_ 
part  in  wiiich  to  circulate  his  doc 
trines.  Prince  Mctternich  consnltec 
him  as  his  physician,  and,  in  ISIO,  guar- 
anteed the  expense  of  publishing  tin 
work  of  Gall  and  Spurzlieim  on  phre- 
nology. Dr.  Gall  d.  at  Paris,  1S2^.  Ho 
directed  that  no  clergyman  should  at- 
tend his  funeral,  ami  that  his  head 
should  be  dissected  and  placed  in  the 
museum  he  luul  collected. 

GALLAXl),  Antuonv,  an  able  ori- 
entidist,  was  b.  1046,  at  Kollot,  in  I'i- 
cardy .    He  was  employed  to  travel  o  • 


4iiG 


CYCLOP.EDIA    OF    BIOGKAPHY. 


[gal 


account  of  the  French  government ;  and 
his  zciil  and  industry  are  evinced  by 
several  treatises,  whicli  he  published  on 
his  return,  illustrative  of  the  manners 
and  customs  of  .the  Mohammedan  em- 
pire and  religion,  lie  is  now  princi- 
pally known  by  his  "  Mille-et-uu  Nuits," 
a  curious  collection  of  eastern  romances, 
translated  into  all  the  languages  of  Eu- 
rope, and  known  to  us  as  the  "  Arabian 
ISigiits'  Entertainments."  Galland  was 
Arabic  professor  to  the  college  of  France, 
and  antiquary  to  the  king.     D.  1715. 

GALLATIN,  Albeist,  a  distinguished 
statesman,  seholar,  and  financier,  was  b. 
at  Geneva.  January  29th,  17G1.  He  was 
lett  an  orphan  in  his  infanej',  but  was 
sent  to  the  university  of  his  native  place, 
where  he  graduated  in  1779.  In  the 
uineteenth  year  of  his  age  he  came  to 
this  country,  with  a  letter  from  La 
Kocliefoueauld  to  Dr.  Franklin.  In  178'J 
lie  was  chosen  a  French  teacher  in  Har- 
vard university,  and  four  years  after- 
wards settled  in  Pennsylvania,  when  he 
was  elected  a  member  of  the  convention 
to  revise  the  constitution.  In  1790  he 
was  chosen  to  the  house  of  representa- 
tives of  that  state,  and,  in  1792,  to  con- 
Ejress.  The  next  year  he  became  senator 
of  the  U.  S.  In  1801  Jetfersou  made 
hiin  secretary  of  the  treasury,  and  in 
this  capacity  his  financial  abilities  ena- 
bled liim  to  do  much  towards  extin- 
guishing the  national  debt.  In  1813  he 
was  one  of  the  commissioners  to  Ghent, 
to  settle  the  peace  with  Great  Britain. 
His  subsequent  life  was  mostly  passed 
in  diplomatic  services,  being  suceessi  veh' 
minister  to  France,  to  the  Netherlands, 
and  to  England.  In  1840  he  published 
an  "  Essay  on  tlie  North-Eastern  Bound- 
ary," ancl  he  wrote  in  his  later  years 
many  historical  and  etlmologieal  papers, 
and  also  a  Tract  on  the  Currency  Ciues- 
tion.     ]).  1849. 

GALLIANI,  Ferdinand,  an  Italian 
abbe,  celebrated  for  his  writings,  was  b. 
at  (Jhieti,  in  the  province  of  Abruzzo, 
Naples,  1728.  lie  made  a  rapid  progress 
in  iiis  studies,  and  was  no  less  remarka- 
ble lor  ])layful  wit  than  for  more  solid 
acquirements.  Having  made  a  collection 
of  specimens  of  the  various  volcanic  pro- 
ductions of  Vesuvius,  he  sent  them  to 
the  pope  ill  a  box,  tiius  labelled,  "Bea- 
tissiine  I'ater  fac  ut  lapides  isti  panes 
fiant" — "Holy  Father,  command  that 
these  stones  be  made  broad,"  which  the 
pope  virtually  attended  to  by  giving  him 
the  canonry  of  Amiiiti,  worth  400  ducats 
per  annum.  One  of  his  earliest  produc- 
tions was  a  volume  written  on  the  death 


of  the  public  executioner,  in  order  to 
ridicule  the  academical  custom  of  pour- 
ing forth  lamentations  in  prose  and 
verse,  on  the  death  of  great  personages. 
In  1759  he  was  appointed  secretary  to 
the  French  embassy,  and  soon  took  a 
lead  among  the  wits  and  literati  in  Paris. 
He  wrote  a  number  of  able  works ; 
among  which  are  a  "Treatise  on  Mo- 
ney," "Annotations  upon  Horace," 
"  Dialogues  on  tlie  Corn  Trade,"  "  On 
the  Keciprocal  Duties  of  Neutral  and 
Belligerent  Princes,"  &c.  He  held  sev- 
eral important  offices  under  the  Neapoli- 
tan government,  and  d.  greatly  esteemed, 
1787. 

G  ALLIEN  US,  PuBi-irs  Licinius,  a 
Eoman  emperor,  "vho  reigned  in  con- 
junction with  Valerian,  his  father,  for 
seven  vears,  and  became  sole  ruler  in 
260. 

GALLOIS,  John,  a  French  critic  of 
the  17th  century,  celebrated  for  the  uni- 
versality of  his  knowledge.  He  was  one 
of  the  projectors  of  the  "  Journal  des 
Savans,"  and  its  conductor  for  many 
years.     D.  1707. 

GALLUS,  Caius  Fibics  Trebonianus, 
emperor  of  Eome,  was  an  African  by 
birth  ;  but  holding  a  command  in  Mcesia, 
under  Decius,  at  the  time  that  monarch 
was  slain  in  a  battle  with  the  Goths,  he 
was  proclaimed  emperor  by  the  army, 
in  251.  He  proved  unworthy  of  his 
station,  and  he  fell  by  assassination  in 
253. — Cornelius,  a  Eoman  poet,  was  b. 
70  B.  c,  at  Forum  Julii,  and  was  inti- 
mate with  Virgil,  whose  tenth  eclogue 
is  inscribed  to  him. 

GALT,  John,  a  voluminous  author  on 
a  great  variety  of  subjects,  but  chiefly 
known  as  a  novelist,  was  b.  in  Ayrshire, 
1779.  The  scene  of  liis  novels  is'in  gen- 
eral laid  in  Scotland,  and  his  intimate 
acquaintance  with  every  light  and  shad 
ow  of  Scottish  life,  makes  them  rcall, 
important  to  all  who  would  know  Scot 
land — especially  the  Scotland  of  middk 
and  lower  life— aa  it  really  is.  The  list 
of  his  works  is  formidably  long:  per- 
hnjis  the  best  of  them  are,  "  The  Entail," 
"The  Annals  of  the  Parish,"  "The 
Ayrshire  Legatees,"  and  "Kingan  Gil- 
hiiize."  Independent  of  his  numerous 
novels,  lie   published  tragedies,  minor 

Eoems,  voyages,  and  travels,  and  several 
iographies.  He  was,  for  some  time, 
editor  of  the  Courier  newspaper,  and 
it  is  asserted  that  ho  gave  u\i  that  ap- 
pointment rather  than  allow  the  inser- 
tion, thouirh  at  the  request  of  a  minister, 
of  an  article  which  he  considered  ob- 
jectionable.   For  several  years  previona 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGUAPIIY. 


427 


to  Ilia  death  ':e  suffered  very  severely 
from  p:ir;ilysis  nf  the  limbs.     D.  1839. 

GALUPl'I,  Baldessajw,  :i  distinguish- 
ed composer,  was  b.  near  Venice,  1703. 
His  operas,  about  50  in  number,  are  al- 
most all  of  tliQiBOniic  kind,  and  had,  at 
one  time,  the  chief  run  throughout  Italy. 
D.  1785. 

GALVANI,  LouM,  an  Italian  phy.si- 
ologist,  celebrated  as  the  discoverer  of 
galvanism,  was  b.  at  Bologna.  1737.  He 
titudied  medicine  under  Galeazzi,  whose 
daughter  ho  married.  In  1762  he  be- 
came lecturer  on  anatomy  at  Bologna, 
and  obtained  a  considerable  reputation. 
By  experiments  on  frogs,  ho  discovered, 
that  all  animals  are  endued  with  a  i)ecu- 
liar  kind  of  electricity ;  and  he  Ibllowod 
up  tins  discovery  with  so  nnieh  perse- 
verance and  success,  as  to  give  his  name 
to  a  system  of  physiology,  which  has 
excited  universal  attention.  His  first 
publication  on  this  subject  was  in  1791, 
and  entitled  "  Aloysii  Galvnnii  de  Viri- 
bus  Elcctricitatis  in  Motu  Muscuhiri 
Commentarius."  Upon  this  system  the 
famous  Volta  made  vast  improvements. 
Galvani,  on  the  death  of  his  wife,  in 
1790,  fell  into  a  state  of  melancholy ; 
and  d.  1708.  Besides  the  above  work, 
he  wrote  several  memoirs  upon  profes- 
sional subjects. 

GAM  A,  Vasco  or  Vasquez  de,  an 
illustrious  navigator,  was  b.  at  Sines,  in 
Portugal,  of  a  noble  family;  and  to  him 
belongs  the  merit  of  having  discovered 
the  route  to  the  East  Indies  by  sea. 
Having  under  his  connnand  four  vessels, 
manned  with  160  marines  and  sailors, 
Gama  set  sail,  July  9th,  1497  ;  in  the 
beginning  of  the  next  year  reached  the 
eastern  coast  of  Africa,  and,  hoKliug  his 
course  sti'aight  towards  tlie  coast  of 
Malabar,  arrived  in  May,  at  Calicut,  a 
city  inhabited  by  Hindoos,  where  the 
ruler  over  the  country,  called  the  zamn- 
rin,  or  king,  had  his  residence.  He 
returned  to  Lisbon  in  two  years  and 
two  months  from  the  time  of  his  setting 
out ;  and  the  result  of  this  expedition 
promised  such  great  advantages,  that, 
HI  1502,  he  went  out  with  20  ships,  but 
he  was  attacked  by  an  opposing  tiect  on 
the  part  of  the  zamorin,  which  he  de- 
feated, and  returned  tlic  followim.'  year 
with  13  rich  vessels  which  he  had  cap- 
tured in  the  Indian  seas.  Jolin  III.  of 
I'ortuiral  appointed  him  viccrov  of  India; 
on  wliieh  he  went  there  a  tliird  time, 
and  established  his  government  at  Co- 
chin, where  he  d.  "n  1525.  Tlie  Lusiad 
of  Camoens  is  fouaded  on  the  adven- 
tures of  his  l;ust  voyage. 


GAMBARA,  Veromca,  an  Italian 
poetess,  born  of  a  nol)le  family  in  1485. 
On  tiio  death  of  her  husband,  Giberto, 
lord  of  Correggio,  whom  slie  nurvived 
many  years,  she  devoted  much  of  her 
time  to  the  cultivation  of  literature  ;  and 
lier  poems  possess  originality  and  spirit. 
D.  1550. 

GAMBART,  Jean  Felix  Adolpa,  a 
distinguished  astronomer,  b.  at  Cette  in 
1800.  He  was  director  of  the  observa- 
tory at  Marseilles,  and  was  the  discov- 
erer of  no  less  than  thirteen  comets, 
between  the  years  1822  and  1834.  D.  at 
Paris,  1S3G. 

GAMBIER,  James,  Lord,  a  British 
admiral,  was  b.  in  1756,  at  the  Bahama 
Islands,  his  father  being  at  that  time 
tiie  lieutenant-governor.  Ho  entered 
the  naval  service  at  an  early  age,  was 
actively  engaged  on  various  O'casions, 
and  was  rewarded  by  ditlereni  grada- 
tions of  rank.     D.  183-3. 

GANDOLPIiy,  Peter,  a  Catholic 
priest,  greatly  distimruished  as  a  preach- 
er, was  b.  about  176i\  He  was  a  con- 
troversialist, and  published  "  A  Defence 
of  the  Ancient  Faith,"'  in  1811  ;  and  "A 
full  Exposition  of  the  Christian  Reli- 
gion," ni  1813;  but  a  sermon  "  On  the 
Relations  between  Spiritual  and  Tem- 
poral Authority"  exposed  him  to  the 
censure  of  his  diocesan,  in  1816.   1).  1821. 

G  AN  DON,  James,  an  eminent  En- 
glish areiiitect,  and  the  first  wiio  re- 
ceived tlie  architectural  goKl  medal  of 
the  Royal  Academy.  His  reputation  was 
much  enhanced  by  his  editorial  labors 
in  producing  the  "  Vitruvius  Britanni- 
cus  ;"  after  which  he  went  to  Ireland, 
and  remained  there  till  he  died,  in  1824, 
aged  84.  He  designed  the  eustom-hou.--e, 
tiie  four  courts,  and  many  other  eleg.int 
structures  in  Dublin. 

GANS,  Ei)WAnn,  b.  at  Berlin,  1793, 
was  one  of  the  leading  jurists  of  '.is  age. 
For  many  years  he  was  at  the  nead  of 
the  philosophical  school  of  jurispru- 
dence in  Germany.  His  writings  were 
numerous  and  able  ;  amo!ig  them,  the 
"  System  of  Roman  Ijiiw"  ami  the 
" Scholia,'  to  Gains,"  and  he  also  edited 
the  lectures  of  Hegel  on  the  "Pliiloso- 
phv  of  History,"  which  is  almost  wholly 
his' own.     D."l839. 

CARAMON D,  Clavde,  a  celebrated 
French  engraver  and  letter-founder,  was 
b.  at  Paris  towar<.ls  the  el«se  of  the  l.'>th 
century.  He  brought  the  art  of  letter- 
founding  to  such  perfection,  that  all 
parts  of  Europe  were  supplied  witli  his 
types.  Among  his  works  are  some 
beautil'ul   specimens   of  Greek,   aad  it 


428 


CYCLOP.ilDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[aAR 


was  he  who  brouglit  the  Eoinan  charac- 
ter to  pcrtcL'tioii.     D.  lotil. 

GAKAV,  John  de,  a  brave  Spanish 
officer,  b.  at  Badajoz,  in  1541.  He  came 
to  Anierioa,  as  secretary  to  the  governor 
of  Paraguay  ;  where  he  displayed  so 
much  enterprise  and  talent,  that  lie  was 
raised  to  the  rank  of  lieutenant-general 
and  governor  of  Assumption.  lie  found- 
ed Santa  Fe,  rebuilt  and  fortified  Buenos 
Ayres,  and  endeavored  by  kindness  to 
civilize  the  Indians.  He  was  killed  on 
the  banks  of  the  Parana,  about  1502.^ 
Don  Maktix  de,  a  Spanish  statesman, 
who  acted  a  conspicuous  part  in  the 
management  of  public  atfairs  from  180S 
till  the  restoration  of  Ferdinand  VII. 
He  was  made  minister  of  finance  in 
1816,  dismissed  in  1818,  and  d.  in  1822. 
GARCIA,  Manuel,  a  distinguished 
musical  performer  and  composer,  was 
b.  at  Seville,  in  Spain,  in  1782.  He 
showed  great  proficiency  at  an  early  age, 
and  appeared  as  a  public  singer  at  tlie 
opera-houses  of  Madrid,  Paris,  Rome, 
Jvaples,  Turin,  and  London.  He  was 
engaged  as  principal  male  singer  at  the 
King  s  theatre,  London,  in  1824 ;  and 
his  "aijilities  attracted  much  attention, 
both  as  a  vocalist  and  as  an  actor.  His 
dramatic  compositions  are  too  numerous 
for  insertion  here,  and  many  of  them 
possess  great  merit.  Madame  Malibran 
de  Beriot  was  his  daughter.  Garcia  d. 
in  1832. 

GARCIA  DE  MASCAREXHAS, 
Blaise,  a  Portuguese,  who  figured  both 
as  a  soldier  and  poet,  was  b.  in  1596,  at 
Avo.  In  1614  he  entered  into  the  mili- 
tary service,  and  went  to  Brazil,  where 
he  "remained  26  years,  and  on  his  return 
to  Lisbon  was  appointed  governor  of 
Alfayates.  Having  been  falsely  charged 
with  treason  and  imprisoned,  and  being 
denied  the  use  of  pens  and  ink,  he  com- 
posed a  letter  in  verse  to  the  king,  in 
the  following  ingenious  manner  : — he 
procured  a  printed  book,  cut  out  the 
words  he  wantcil,  and  pasted  thetn  on 
a  blank  leaf;  tiiis  he  threw  from  his 
window  to  a  friend,  who  delivered  it, 
and  it  procured  his  liberation.  D.  1656. 
GAKCILASO  DE  LA  \'EQ\,  called 
the  prince  of  Spanish  poets,  was  b.  at 
Toledo,  in  1503.  He  was  early  distin- 
guished for  his  wit  and  fancy,  wrote 
several  pathetic  pastorals  and  sonnets, 
and  did  much  towards  reforming  that 
taste  for  bombast,  wliich,  at  the  period 
in  which  he  fioiirished,  disfigured  the 
produ'-tions  of  his  countrymen.  Gar- 
eiiaso  followed  the  profession  of  arms, 
and  attended  Charles  V.  in  many  of  his 


expeditions,  and  fell  in  battle,  in  1536. — 
Another,  surnamed  the  Inca,  because, 
by  his  mother's  side,  he  was  descendeu. 
from  the  royal  family  of  Peru,  was  b.  at 
Cusco,  in  that  country,  in  1630.  Philip 
II.  dreading  the  infiucAe  of  Garcilaso 
among  the  nat.  ves,  summoned  him  to 
Spain,  where  he  died.  He  wrote  an 
interesting  and  faithful  history  of  Peru, 
and  also  a  history  of  Florida. 

GARDEN,  Alexander,  an  eminent 
botanist  and  zoologist,  was  b.  in  Scot- 
land, in  1780,  and  educated  at  the  uni- 
versity of  EiitiDurgh.  He  came  to 
America,  and  settled  as  a  physician  at 
Charleston,  South  Carolina,  where  he 
engaged  in  botanical  researches,  and 
was  very  successful  in  the  discovery 
and  verification  of  new  species  among 
the  animal  and  vegetable  tribes  of  North 
America.  He  opened  a  correspondence 
with  Linnaeus,  which  was  attended  with 
many  reciprocal  advantages.  After  a 
residence  of  20  years  in  America,  he  re- 
turned to  Ensrland,  where  he  d.  in  1791. 
GARDINER,  Stephen,  a  celebrated 
prelate  and  statesman,  was  b.  at  Bury 
St.  Edmund'Sj  in  Suffolk,  in  1483. 
He  was  the  illegitimate  son  of  Dr. 
Woodville,  bishop  of  Salisbury,  and 
brother  of  Elizabeth,  queen  of  Edward 
IV.  Gardiner  drew  up  articles  accusing 
Henry  VIII. 's  last  queen,  Catharine 
Parr,  of  heresy;  but  the  queen  avoided 
the  storm,  and  he  fell  into  disgrace.  At 
the  accession  of  Edward  VI.  he  opposed 
the  reformation,  and  was  committed  first 
to  the  Fleet,  and  afterwards  to  the  Tower, 
where  he  was  a  prisoner  during  the  re- 
mainder of  the  reign.  He  was  also 
deprived  of  liis  bishopric ;  but  on  the 
accession  of  Mary  he  was  restored  to 
his  see,  and  appointed  chancellor  of 
England.  His  conduct  towards  the 
Protestants  was  cruel  and  sanguinary. 
lie  d.  in  1555.  He  was  a  learned  man, 
but  artful,  dissembling,  ambitious,  and 
proud. — WiLLLiM,  an  Irish  engraver,  of 
talents  rarely  excelled,  b.  in  1700;  who, 
after  a  life  ot"  great  vicissitude  and  dis- 
tress, during  which  ho  had  been  alter- 
nately jockey,  bookseller,  painter,  priest, 
and  actor,  wrote  a  paper  on  the  miseries 
of  life,  and  destroyed  himself  in  1814. — 
John,  was  b.  in  Boston,  Mass.,  about 
1731 ;  was  sent  to  England  to  complete 
his  education  ;  studied  law  at  the  Inner 
Temple ;  and  was  admitted  to  practise 
in  the  courts  at  Westminster  hall.  He 
was  an  intimate  associate  at  this  time 
witli  Churchill,  the  poet,  and  John 
Wilkes,  the  reformer,  in  whose  cause, 
at  the  time  politics  ran  high,  he  appeared 


uakJ 


CYCl.Ul'.KUlA     JK    BlDiiRAPHy, 


429 


Rs  junior  counsel,  and  iittr:ifted  tlie  no- 
tif'C  of  Lord  M:in:<tk-ld,  wlio  expressed  a 
liigh  oninion  ot'liis  natural  endowtnents 
for  cmmence  in  liis  profession,  althoutrli 
liis  political  connections  were  not  such 
us  to  secure  liis  lordsiiip's  favor,  or  his 
<i\vn  rapid  advancement.  He  practised 
a  short  time  in  tiie  Welch  circuit  with 
Kuccess,  and  then  married  a  Miss  Harris, 
if  respectable  family  in  Soutli  Wales; 
out  being  impatient  to  i,'et  at  once  into 
lucrative  practice  he  procured  the  ap- 
jiointuient  of  attorney -general  at  the 
island  of  St.  Christopher's  in  the  West 
Indies,  whither  he  removed  with  his 
I'amily  about  the  year  ITOo.  He  prac- 
'ised  law  with  great  success  in  the 
islands  of  St.  Christopher  and  Jamaica, 
until  the  termination  of  the  American 
revolution  by  the  peace  of  17S8,  when 
lie  retnoved  with  his  family  to  his  native 
town.  After  practising  law  in  Boston 
for  two  or  three  years  with  much  celeb- 
rity, he  removed  in  17S6,  to  an  estate 
Ict't  by  his  father  at  Pownelborough  in 
th?  then  district  of  Maine,  where  he 
also  practised  law,  and  whence  he  was 
sent  as  representative  to  the  Massachu- 
setts legislature,  from  the  year  1759  to 
his  death,  which  ha]>pened  in  1793. 

G.VKNERIN,  James  Andrew,  a  cel- 
ebrated French  aeronaut,  to  whom  be- 
longs the  merit  of  first  making  the 
daring  experiment  of  descending  in  a 
parachute.  His  first  attempt  was  made 
at  St.  Petersburg,  in  1800  ;  and  he  suc- 
cessfully repeated  it  in  Euij-land  on  the 
21st  of  Sejit.,  1S02.     1).  at  Paris,  1823. 

GARNLT,  Thomas,  an  English  phy- 
sician, was  b.  in  176<;,  at  Casterton,  in 
Westmoreland.  "On  the  foundation  of 
the  royal  institution  in  1800,  he  was 
chosen  professor  of  chemistry.  Dr. 
Garnet  was  the  author  of  "  An  Analysis 
of  the  Mineral  Waters  at  Harrowgate," 
a  "Tour  through  Scotland,"  "Outlines 
of  Chemistry,"  several  papers  and  essays 
on  medical  and  physical  subjects ;  and 
"  Zoonomia,"  wl-.ich  was  published  after 
his  death.     J).  1803. 

(lARNIER,  Germain,  Count,  a  French 
statesman,  was  b.  in  1721,  at  Au.xerre. 
He  became  prefect  of  the  department  of 
Seine  and  Oise,  and  president  of  the 
senate  ;  and  was  known  as  the  trans- 
lator of  Adam  Smith's  "Wealth  of  ><'a- 
tions,"'  and  other  P^nglish  works  on  polit- 
ical economy.  D.  1821. — Jean  Jaccjces, 
historiographer  of  France,  was  b.  in 
1729,  at  Goron-sur-Mainc,  and  at  the 
breakins  out  of  the  revolution  was  jiro- 
fessor  of  Hebrew  in  the  university  of 
Paris.      He  w.i.s  the  author  of  "The 


Man  of  Letters,"  a  treatise  on  "  The 
Origin  of  the  Govcrimient  of  France," 
a  "Continuation  of  Velley's  History  of 
France,"  a  treatise  on  "  Civil  E(.luca 
tion,"  &c.  Duiing  the  reign  of  terror 
he  fled  from  the  French  capital  to  Bou- 
jival,  where  he  d.  in  1790. 

GAROFALO,  Benvenuto,  an  artist  _ 
of  Ferrara,  b.  in  1481.  During  his  stay  ' 
in  Rome  lie  formed  an  intimacy  with 
Ra])hael,  and  frci[uently  assisted  him. 
His  works  unite  the  grace  and  clearness 
of  Raphael  wilii  the  rich  coloring  of  the 
Lombard  scliool,  and  his  Madonnas  and 
angels  are  full  of  beauty  and  expression. 
D.'ir).59. 

GARRICK,  David,  the  most  cele- 
brated actor  that  ever  appeared  on  the 
English  stage,  was  descended  from  a 
French  family,  who,  being  Protestants, 
fled  to  England  on  the  revocation  of  tlie 
edict  of  Xantes.  His  father,  Peter  Gar- 
rick,  was  a  captain  in  the  army,  and 
generally  resided  at  Lichfield  ;  but  being 
on  a  recruiting  party  at  Hereford,  David 
was  b.  there  in  1716.  He  received  his 
education  partly  at  the  grammar  schoo 
at  Lichfickl,  and  partly  under  Dr.  John- 
son, with  whom  he  first  came  to  London, 
in  i73G,  and  prepared  himself  for  the 
study  of  tiie  law.  The  death  of  his 
father,  however,  disturbed  this  arrange- 
ment;  and  having  been  left  £1000  by 
his  uncle,  he  went  into  partnership  with 
his  brother  in  the  wine  trade.  A  love 
for  the  stage  had  long  been  deeply  rootc. 
in  his  mind,  and,  abandoning  the  wir.e 
trade,  he  resolved  on  being  an  actor. 
His  first  attempt  was  at  Ipswich,  in  1741, 
under  the  assumed  name  of  Lyddal ; 
and  the  applause  he  met  with  induced 
him  to  make  his  appearance  at  the  thea- 
tre, Goodman's  Fields,  in  the  character 
of  Richard  HL  The  effect  of  this  was 
immediate  and  decisive.  The  other 
theatres  were  quickly  deserted,  and 
Goodman's  Fields  became  the  resort  of 
people  of  fashion,  till  that  theatre  wf.s 
shut  up.  Garriek  then  formed  an  en- 
gagement with  Fleetwood,  the  patentee 
of  Drury-lanc,  where  liis  reception  was 
equally  flattering.  In  the  summer  of 
1743  he  visited  Dublin;  and  in  1747  he 
became  joint-patentee  of  Drury-lano 
theatre.  In  1749  he  married  Mademoi- 
selle Violette,  a  sketch  of  whose  life 
forms  the  subject  of  our  next  article. 
The  remainder  of  his  career  was  a  Ions 
and  uninterrupted  series  of  success  ana 
prosperity  until  its  close,  which  took 
place  in  1776,  when  he  determined  upon 
a  retreat,  and  sold  his  moiety  of  the  con- 
cern for  £37,000.    D.  1779.— Eva  Makia 


430 


CYl  LOP-EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY 


[gas 


wife  of  the  preceding,  was  b.  at  Vienna, 
17'J.").  Iler  maiden  name  was  Viegcl, 
which  she  changed  to  that  of  Violette, 
by  connnand  of  the  empress-queen, 
^laria  Tiiercsa,  whoso  notice  she  had 
attracted  as  an  opera  dancer.  In  1744 
the  arrived  in  Enghmd.  A  mutual  at- 
tachment luuing  been  formed  between 
her  and  Garrick,  their  nuptials  were  cel- 
ebrated June  2-.^,  17-4y,  and  the  earl  of 
Burlington  gave  the  bride  a  marriage 
portion  of  iitJOOO.  From  this  circum- 
Btance  a  notion  prevailed  that  she  was 
the  earl's  natural  daughter ;  such,  how- 
ever, was  not  the  fact.     D.  182'2. 

GAltTH,  Sir  Samuel,  an  eminent 
physician,  and  a  poet  of  no  mean  rank, 
was  a  native  of  Yorkshire,  and  educated 
at  Peter-house,  Cambridge,  where,  in 
1691,  he  took  his  degree.  He  was  ad- 
mitted a  fellow  of  the  college  of  physi- 
cians in  the  following  year,  and  soon 
attained  the  first  rank  in  his  profession. 
His  taste  for  general  literature,  his  com- 
panionable talents,  and  his  attachment 
to  the  principles  of  the  house  of  Hanover, 
acquired  him  patrons  of  rank  and  influ- 
ence ;  and  on  the  accession  of  George  I. 
he  received  the  honor  of  knighthood, 
and  was  appointed  physician-in-ordi- 
nary to  the  king,  and  physician-general 
to  the  army.  His  principal  poem  is 
♦♦The  Di.spcnsary,"  which  contains  much 
lively  and  polished  satire.  D.  1718. — 
Thomas,  an  English  general,  and  colonel 
of  the  1st  regiment  of  dragoons.  From 
the  year  1762  to  that  of  1S14,  when  he 
attained  the  rank  of  general,  this  officer 
was  employed  in  active  service.  It  had 
long  been  whispered  that  he  was  the 
husband  of  one  of  the  royal  princesses 
of  England,  tliough  the  circumstance 
was  never  made  public  during  his  life. 
D.  1829,  aged  85. 

GAKZI,  Louis,  a  painter,  was  b.  at 
Kome,  1640.  lie  was  a  disciple  of  An- 
drea Sacchij  and  considered  by  many  as 
equal,  if  not  superior,  to  Carlo  Maratti. 
D.  1721. 

GASCOIGNE,  George,  a  poet  of  the 
Elizabethan  age,  was  the  son  of  Sir  John 
Gascoigne,  of  Walthamstow,  Essex,  and 
is  said  to  liave  been  disinherited  by  his 
father.  He  studied  at  Cambridge,  from 
whence  he  removed  to  Gray's  Inn,  which 
he  soon  left  for  a  military  life  in  Holland, 
where  the  prince  of  Orange  gave  hira  a 
captain's  commission;  i:»at  having  a 
quarrel  with  his  colonel,  he  resigned  it 
soon  afterwards.  On  his  return  to  En- 
gland he  became  an  attendant  at  court, 
and  accompanied  the  queen  in  some  of 
hor  progresses,  during  which  he  wrote 


masques  for  her  entertainment.  Besides 
his  original  and  translated  dramas,  he 
wrote  ''The  Steel  Glass,"  a  satire,  and 
other  poems.  Till  of  late,  when  it  be- 
came the  fashion  to  search  after  the  relics 
of  old  English  literature,  the  works  of 
Gascoigne  were  quite  neglected,  but  his 
poems  will  repay  perusal. _  D.  1317. — 
Sir  William,  an  eminent  judge  in  the 
reigns  of  Henry  IV.  and  V.  He  was  b. 
at  "Gawthorp,  in  Yorkshire,  1350;  be- 
came scrgeant-at-law  in  1398;  andou 
tlie  accession  of  Henry  IV.  was  appoint- 
ed one  of  the  justices  of  the  common 
pleas,  and  afterwards  made  chief  justice 
of  the  King's  Bench.  In  this  high  office 
he  distinguished  himself  on  many  occa- 
sions, particulariy  for  refusing  to  pass 
sentence  upon  Archbishop  Scroop  as  a 
traitor,  by  the  king's  commandment,  as 
being  contrary  to  law_;  and  still  more 
remarkable  by  committing  the  prince  of 
Wales,  afterwards  Henry  V.,  to  prison, 
for  striking  him  M'hen  on  the  bencli. 
Like  manv  other  prominent  events  in 
English  history,  this  has  furnished 
Shakspeare  with  materials  for  a  most 
ertcctive  scene.  J).  1413.— William,  an 
ingenious  natural  philosopher  of  the 
17th  century,  was  b.  1621,  and  is  con- 
sidered as  the  inventor  of  the  microm- 
eter, though  the  merit  of  that  invention 
was  claimed  long  after  his  time  by  M. 
Azout.  Gascoigne  was  killed  while 
tighting  in  the  royalist  army  at  Marston- 
moor,  July  2,  1644. 

GASPARINI,  Francesco,  one  of  the 
ablest  musical  composers  of  the  17th 
century,  was  a  native  of  Lucca,  and  b. 
in  1650.  His  works  a»e  not  numerous, 
but  possess  much  merit.     D.  1724. 

GASSENDI,  Peter,  a  celebrated 
French  philosopher  and  mathematician, 
was  b.  1592,  at  Chantersier,  in  Provence. 
Before  he  was  2<>  years  of  age  he  became 
professor  of  philosophy  at  Aix ;  but  he 
soon  resigned  the  chair,  and  gave  him- 
self up  wholly  to  his  scientific  pursuits. 
In  1645  he  was  appointed  professor  of 
mathematics  in  the  college-royaj  of 
I'aris,  and  his  lectures  were  exceedingly 
popular.  In  fact,  he  was  distinguisjied 
as  an  astronomer,  naturalist,  thcoloirian, 
and  matlieinatician.  Gassendi  combated 
the  metaphysics  of  Descartes,  and  di- 
vided witli  that  great  man  the  philoso- 
phers of  his  timb,  almost  all  of  whom 
were  Cartesians  or  Gassendians.  Gib- 
bon calls  him  tlie  most  philosophic 
among  the  learned,  and  the  most  learned 
among  the  philosophic  of  his  age.  He 
d.  1655,  leaving  nine  vohunea  of  hia 
philosophical  works. 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


431 


GASSICOUKT,  Chakles  Louis  Cadet 
DK,  a  modern  French  philosopher  and 
advocate,  was  tiie  son  of  an  apothecary 
at  Paris,  and  tirst  attracted  notiee  by  a 
patnphlet,  published  in  ITi'T,  on  the 
Tiieoiy  ot"  Llectioiis  ;  wliich  he  followed 
up  by  a  variety  of  essays  ou  political 
sulijects.  In  I8113  ajipeared  his  new 
''  JJictionary  of  Ciicmistry,"  afterwards 
introduced  in  the  I'olytechnic  school. 
Ho  followed  the  French  army  into  Aus- 
tria in  ISO'J,  and  wrote  n  history  of  the 
campaijjn.  The  modern  plan  for  the 
ortranization  of  the  French  board  of 
health  owes  its  origin  to  him,  and  he 
had  not  only  the  satisfaction  of  seeing 
it  eagerly  adopted,  but  that  of  obtaining 
the  appointment  of  reporting  secretary, 
whieu  situation  he  held  till  his  death, 
in  ie-23. 

GASTON,  WiLUAM,  h.  at  Newbern, 
N.  C,  1778,  was  descended  from  a  Hu- 
guenot family,  and  liis  father  distin- 
guished liimself  in  the  revolutionary 
war.  He  was  graduated  at  Princeton 
college  in  17y(),  and  began  the  practice 
of  law  in  179S.  Before  he  was  22  he 
was  chosen  a  senator  of  his  native  state, 
and  in  1813  a  representative  in  congress, 
■wliere  he  remained  till  1817.  He  greatly 
distinguished  liimself  by  his  advocating 
the  war  with  Great  Britain.  His  useful- 
ness subsequently  was  confined  to  the 
legislature  and  convention  of  North 
Carolina.     I).  1S44. 

GATAKEK,  Thomas,  an  English  di- 
vine, was  b.  l.')74,  in  London.  In  1619 
he  published  a  curious  treatise  on  the 
"  Nature  and  Use  of  Lots,"  which  occa- 
sioned considerable  controversy.  He 
was  also  the  author  of  "  Opera  Critica," 
and  other  eminent  works,  chiefly  of  bib- 
lical criticism.     I).  16.">4. 

GATES,  Horatio,  an  American  officer, 
who  greatly  distinguished  himself  in  the 
war  of  independence,  was  b.  in  Enirland, 
1723.  After  serving  in  tlic  army,  and 
obtaining  considerable  promotion,  lie 
purchased  an  estate  in  Virginia,  and  re- 
sided on  it  until  the  commencement  of 
the  revolutionary  war  in  1775,  when 
congress  appointed  him  adjutant-gen- 
eral; and  (luring  the  struggle  which 
followed,  he  rendered  many  brilliant 
services  to  his  adopted  country.  t>n 
the  8th  of  October,  1777,  he  totally  de- 
feated General  Burgoyne,  who,  on  the 
10th,  was  compelled  to  surrender  his 
whole  army,  wliich  was  considered  the 
most  important  achievement  of  the 
whole  war,  and  had  the  greatest  effect 
in  obtaining  the  result  that  followed. 
Ke  was,  however,  unfortunate  after  he 


he  had  obtained  the  chief  command  of 
the  southern  districts,  being  sitrnally  de- 
feated at  Camden,  by  Lord  Cornwallis. 
D.  1806,  aged  77. 

GATTP>REK,  John  Chri.stopher,  a 
learned  German  historian  ;  author  of  a 
"  History  of  the  World  to  the  time  of 
Cyrus,"  "  An  Essay  towards  a  General 
Universal  History,"  &c.  His  treatises 
display  a  spirit  of  deep  research  and 
sound  criticism.     I).  1799. 

G  AUBIL,  Antiionv,  a  learned  French 
missionary  in  China,  was  b.  at  Caillac,  ia 
1708,  and  d.  at  Pekin  in  1759,  where  he 
was  interpreter  to  the  court.  He  wrote 
the  history  of  Genghis  Khan,  and  aa 
'•  Historical  and  Critical  Treatise  on 
Chinese  Astronomy." 

GAUBIUS,  Jesome  David,  a  cele- 
brated physician,  was  b.  at  Heidelberg, 
in  1705.  His  treatise  on  the  "Method 
of  Prescribing,  or  of  Writing  Eeceipts," 
contains  the  best  rules  on  that  important 
sul)ject.  But  his  greatest  work  is  liis 
''  Principles  of  Nosologv."     D.  17S0. 

GAUDENTIO,  an  historical  painter  of 
Milan,  was  b.  about  1460.  He  painted 
in  fresco  and  oil  a  number  of  pictures  for 
the  churches  in  his  native  citv. 

GAULTIEK,  Louis,  a  French  abb^, 
whose  life  was  spent  in  rendering  edu- 
cation a  scientific  amusement  rather  than 
a  task,  was  b.  about  the  vear  1745.  D. 
1818. 

GAUTHEY,  Emiliax  Marie,  an  emi- 
nent civil  engineer,  was  b.  at  Chalons- 
snr-Saone,  in  France,  in  1702.  He  filled 
several  important  posts  ;  and  under  his 
direction  many  public  works  of  magni- 
tude were  undertaken  and  completed. 
He  conceived  the  idea  of  forming  a  canal 
from  Chalons  to  Dijon,  which  is  termed 
the  "canal  du  centre,"  and  is  23  leagues 
in  extent.  This  was  completed  in  1791. 
He  also  executed  the  junction  canals  of 
the  Saone,  Yonne,  and  Doubs ;  and 
built  several  bridges  and  quays.  lie 
wrote  several  professional  treatises,  the 
principal  one  of  which  is  entitled 
"Traite  complet  sur  la  Construction  des 
Fonts  et  des  Caiiaux  navigables."  D. 
1806. 

GAVARD,  HYAcrs-THE,  one  of  the 
most  able  aniitomists  of  the  ISth  centu- 
ry, was  b.  at  Montmelian,  in  1750,  and 
was  a  pupil  of  Desault.  He  published 
treatises  on  osteology,  myology,  and 
splanchnology,  the  latter  of  which  es- 
pecially has  been  highly  praised.  D. 
1802. 

GAY,  .John,  an  eminent  English  poet, 
was  b.  at  Barnstaple,  Devon,  in  1688, 
was  apprenticed  to  a  sillc-niercer  ill  Lon- 


43-2 


CTCI.OP.tDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[ged 


don ;  but.  showinsf  a  marked  aversion 
to  trade,  liis  indentures  were  cancelled 
by  mutual  a^^reenient,  and  ho  devoted 
himself  to  literature.  In  1711  he  pub- 
lished his  "  Rural  Sports,"  which  he 
dedicated  to  Pope,  then  a  younof  poet 
like  himselt';  a  compliment  that  intro- 
duced them  to  each  other,  and  proved 
the  foundation  of  a  friendship  which 
lasted  for  life.  The  year  following  he 
was  appointed  secretary  to  the  duchess 
of  Monmouth.  About  this  time  came 
out  his  burlesque  poem,  entitled  "Trivia, 
or  the  Art  of  Walkint;  tlie  Streets  of 
London  ;"  which  was  succeeded,  in  171-4, 
by  the  "  Shepherd's  Week,  a  series  of 
Pastorals,"'  in  ridicule  of  Phillips.  The 
same  year  he  went  to  Hanover  with  the 
earl  of  Clarendon,  as  secretary  to  the 
embassy;  but  though  he  had  great  ex- 
pectations from  the  court,  they  were 
never  realized.  In  1720  he  published 
his  poems,  in  2  vols.  4to.,  by  subscrip- 
tion ;  which  produced  him  a  consider- 
able sum,  but  he  lost  it  all  in  the  South 
Sea  scheme.  After  producing  many  in- 
genious and  agreeable  works,  some 
instances  of  court  favor  encouraged  him 
to  employ  himself  in  his  well-known 
"  Fables,"  written  professedly  for  the 
instruction  of  the  duke  of  Cumberland, 
and  published  with  a  dedication  to  that 
prince  in  172(5 ;  but  though  they  were 
popular,  they  failed  to  serve  him  at  court. 
He  thereupon  wrote  "The  Beggar's 
Opera,"  which  was  first  acted  in  1727, 
and  ran  for  C5  successive  nights  ;  but  it 
so  oifended  the  persons  in  power,  that 
the  lord  chamberlain  refused  to  license 
for  performance  a  second  part  of  it,  en- 
titled "  Polly."  This  resentment  in- 
duced his  friends  to  come  forward  on  its 
publication  with  so  handsome  a  sub- 
scription, that  his  profits  amounted  to 
£1200.  The  cause  of  Gay  was  taken  up 
by  the  duke  and  duchess  of  Queensber- 
ry,  who  gave  him  a  residence  in  their 
house,  wliere  he  d.  Dec.  11,  1782.  He 
was  buried  in  Westminster  abbey,  and 
a  monument  was  erected  to  his  memor}'. 
GAY-LUSSAC,  Nicolas  Fkancois, 
whose  important  discoveries  in  numer- 
ous brancnes  of  physics  and  chemistry 
have  placed  him  in  the  foremost  ranks 
of  science,  was  b.  at  St.  Leonard,  in 
France,  17H.S.  At  an  early  age  he  dis- 
tinguished himself  by  his  aerial  voyages 
for  the  observation  of  atmospheric  phe- 
nomena at  great  heights ;  and  the  nu- 
merous experiments  lie  made  in  con- 
junction with  Humboldt,  Kenard,  and 
Berthollet,  on  an  infiuite  variety  of  sub- 
jects connected  with  the  general  laws 


that  regulate  the  composition  c  f  bodies, 
have  proved  of  eminent  practical  utility. 
He  closed  a  long  life  of  almost  unparal- 
leled scientific  industry.  May  9,  1850. 

GAYOT  DE  PITAVAL,  Francis,  a 
French  writer,  was  b.  at  Lyons,  in  1673. 
He  was  at  first  an  ecclesiastic ;  next  he 
entered  into  the  army  ;  and,  at  the  age 
of  50,  he  became  an  advocate.  He  com- 
piled the  "Causes  Celebres."     D.  1743. 

GAZA,  Theodore,  one  of  the  chief 
revivers  of  Greek  literature  in  the  15th 
centurv,  was  b.  at  Thessalonica,  in  1398. 
D.  1478. 

GEBER,  an  Arabian  philosopher  of 
the  Stii  century,  whose  skill  in  astrono- 
my and  alchemical  researches  obtained 
for  him  in  that  dark  age  the  character 
of  a  magician.  He  is  said  to  have  been 
a  Greek  by  birtli,  and  to  have  aposta- 
tized from  Christianity  to  Mahometan- 
ism.  His  works,  under  the  title  of 
"  Lapis  Philosophoriim,"  prove  that  his 
knowledge  of  chemistry  was  by  no 
means  so  limited  as  that  of  many  who 
wrote  subsequently  to  his  time. 

GEBHARDI,  Louis  Albert,  a  volu- 
minous historical  writer  ;  author  of  the 
histories  of  Denmark  and  Norway,  the 
Wendes  and  Sclavonians,  Courland, 
Hungary,  the  sovereign  houses  of  Ger- 
many, and  various  portions  of  the  "  Uni- 
versal History,"  published  at  Halle.  He 
was  librarian  at  Hanover,  where  he  d.  in 
1802. 

GED,  William,  the  inventor  of  the 
art  of  stereotyping,  which  he  practised 
in  1725,  was  a  goldsmith  of  Edinburgh. 
In  1729  he  entered  into  partnership  with 
Fenner,  a  stationer  of  London,  but  no 
advantage  to  him  resulted  from  the  con- 
nection, and  he  returned  to  Scotland. 
D.  1749. 

GEDDES,  Alexander,  a  Roman  Cath- 
olic priest,  b.  in  Ruthven,  Banffshire, 
1737.  In  1779  the  university  of  Aber- 
deen granted  him  the  degree  of  LL.D., 
being  the  first  Catholic  since  the  refor- 
mation to  whom  it  had  been  given. 
About  this  time  he  removed  to  London, 
and  began  to  devote  himself  to  a  trans- 
lation of  the  Bible  into  English.  In  1786 
he  published  his  prospectus  of  that 
work.  The  first  volume  of  it  appeared 
in  1792,  comprising  the  Pentateuch  and 
the  Book  of  Joshua;  and  in  1797  ap- 
peared the  second  volume  ;  after  which 
lie  published  "  Critical  Remarks,"  in 
vindication  of  his  work,  and  an  "  Apol- 
o<ry  for  the  Roman  Catholics  of  Great 
Britain."  D.  1802. — James,  an  inircni- 
ous  writer,  was  b.  in  Tweeddale,  Scot- 
land, in  1710;  educated  at  Edinburgh; 


gem] 


cvclop.*:dia  of  BioonAritY. 


433 


entered  on  the  study  of  the  law,  imd  was 
admitted  an  advocate.  He  was  the  au- 
tlior  of  "  An  Essay  on  the  Composition 
and  Manner  of  Writintj  of  tlie  Ancients, 
particularly  Plato."  ]).  174y.— MicnAEi-, 
an  eminent  English  divine  of  the  17th 
century.  He  was  chaplain  to  the  factory 
at  Lisbon,  where  he  was  apprehended 
l)y  the  Inquisition  in  lG8(i,  and  inter- 
dicted from  officiating  in  his  ministerial 
capacity  ;  on  which  he  returned  to  En- 
gland, and  was  made  chancellor  of  Salis- 
bury. He  wrote  tlie  "History  of  the 
Chiirch  of  Malabar,"  the  "  Church  Ilis- 
torv  of  Ethiopia."     D.  1741. 

GEDOYN,  Nicholas,  the  translator 
of  Quintiiian  and  I'ausanias  into  French, 
was  b.  at  Orleans  in  16G7,  and  d.  in  1744. 

GEER,  Cmakles  de,  a  very  celebrated 
Swedish  naturalist,  was  b.  in  1720.  He 
possessed  a  share  in  the  iron-works  at 
I)annemora,  which  mines  he  improved 
by  the  application  of  new  machinery, 
lie  also  invented  an  apparatus  for  dry- 
ing corn  by  the  heat  of  the  smelting 
ho\ises.  By  these  means  he  gained 
great  wealth,  whicli  he  applied  to  the 
noblest  juirposes,  in  feeding  the  poor, 
repairing  churches,  and  establishing 
schools,  lie  was  appointed  marshal  of 
the  court,  knight  ot  the  polar  star,  and 
created  a  baron,     lie  wrote  "  Mcmoires 

)ur  servir  h,  I'Histoire  des  Insectes." 

.  1778. 

GEIILER,  Jons  S.\muel,  an  eminent 
natural  philosopher  and  a  senator  of 
Leipsic,  a\ithor  of  a  "  Dictionary  of 
Natural  Philosophy."     D.  1795. 

GELASIUS,  bishop  of  Caesarea  in  the 
4th  century,  was  the  author  of  a  "  His- 
tory of  the  Church,"  of  -which  some 
portions  are  still  e.xtant.  I).  394.— I., 
was  elevated  to  the  papal  chair  on  the 
death  of  Felix  III.  in  492.  He  had  a 
contest  with  the  patriarch  of  Constanti- 
nople, and  by  his  arrogance  prevented 
a  union  between  the  two  churches.  D. 
49G.  —  II.,  a  native  of  Campania,  was 
elected  pope  in  1118.  Ccncio,  marquis 
di  Frangipan,  who  was  in  the  interest 
of  the  Emperor  Henry  V.,  drove  him 
from  Rome,  and  he  retired  to  the  abbey 
of  ('lugny,  where  ho  d.  1119. 

GELL,  Sir  William,  a  celebrated  an- 
tiquarian and  classical  scholar,  was  b.  in 
1777.  He  devoted  his  time  to  literary 
pursuits,  and  iHiblished  "  The  Topog- 
raphy of  Troy,"  "Tiio  Geography  and 
Antiquities  of  Ithaca,"  "  The  Itinerary 
of  Greece,"  "The  Itinerary  of  the  Mo- 
rca,"  "  The  Topoixrapliy  of  Rome,"  and, 
lastly,  his  intevcstiiiir  anil  beautiful 
work,  entitled  "Pomjtciaua,  or  Obser- 
37 


K 


vations  upon  the  Topography,  Ed'fices. 
and  Ornaments  of  Pompeii."  For  many 
years  Sir  William  had  resided  inltaly  ; 
iirst  at  Rome,  and  afterwards  at  Naples. 
He  was  knighted  on  his  return  from  a 
mission  to  the  Ionian  Islands  in  1803, 
and  in  18-JO  the  late  Queen  Caroline 
appointed  him  one  of  her  chamberlains. 
D.  1830. 

GELLERT,  Christian  Furciiteoott, 
a  German  poet  and  writer  on  morals, 
was  b.  at  Ilaynichcn,  in  Saxony,  in  1715. 
He  received  his  education  at  Leipsic, 
and  acquired  great  celebrity  by  his  tales, 
fables,  and  essays.  He  was  appointed 
extraordinary  professor  of  philosophy  at 
Leipsic,  where  he  read  lectures  on  poe- 
try and  eloquence,  which  were  received 
with  great  applause.  His  complete 
works  were  punlished  in  10  vols.  D. 
1769. — CiiKisTLiEit  Ehreoott,  brother  of 
the  preceding,  was  a  celebrated  metal- 
lurgist. He  introduced  very  important 
improvements  into  the  method  of  sepa- 
rating metallic  substances  by  amalgama- 
tion,"and  wrote  on  the  arts.  B.  1713; 
d.  1795. 

GELLI,  GiAMBATisTA,  an  Italian  poet 
and  dramatic  writer,  b.  at  Florence,  in 
149S.  He  was  bred  to  some  low  trade, 
but  became  a  member  of  the  academy 
of  Florence,  and  had  a  high  reputation 
in  his  day.  Besides  his  original  works, 
consisting  of  comedies,  poems,  and  re- 
marks on  the  Italian  language,  he  trans- 
lated the  "  History  of  Euripides,"  into 
Italian.     D.  15(53. 

GELLIBRAND,  Henkt,  a  mathema- 
tician, b.  in  London,  in  1597,  and  edu- 
cated at  Trinity  college,  Oxford.  In 
1627  he  was  elected  professor  of  astron- 
omy at  Grcsham  college.  He  wrote 
several  useful  works  on  the  longitude, 
the  variation  of  the  magnetic  needle,  on 
trigonometry,  and  on  navigation.  D. 
1636. 

GELLIUS,  AuLL's,  a  Koman  lawyer, 
b.  in  ISO.  He  studied  at  Athens,  and 
is  the  author  of  "  Noctes  Atticic,"  a 
work  full  of  interesting  observations, 
critical  and  philological. 

GEMINIANI,  Francesco,  an  eminent 
musical  composer,  was  b.  at  Lucca,  in 
1606,  and  completed  his  studies  under 
Corclli.  His  chief  work  is  entitled, 
"Guida  Harmonica,  or  a  sure  Guide  to 
Ilarmonv  and  Modulation."     U.  1762. 

GEMISTUS  PLETHO,  George,  _n 
philosopher,  b.  at  Constantinople,  in 
1390,  but  who  resided  chiefly  in  the 
Peloponnesus,  where  he  acquired  great 
fame  for  his  wisdom  and  virtue.  He 
was  a  zealous  defender  of  the  Platouiats 


434 


CYCLOPEDIA  OK  BIOGRAPHV. 


[geb 


against  the  Anstoteliars,  and  of  the 
Greek  church  against  hat  of  Eoine. 
On  going  to  the  council  of  Florence, 
l-iSo,  his  zeal  and  eloquence  gained  him 
the  admiration  of  all  parties.  He  con- 
tributed to  the  revival  of  Flatonism,  in 
Italy,  and  was  the  means  of  laying  the 
foundation  of  the  academy  in  tiiat  city. 
He  d.  in  his  native  country,  at  the  age 
of  101. 

GENDEBIEN,  a  distinguished  Bel- 
gian, b.  1753,  took  part,  in  17S9,  in 
bhaking  oti'  the  yoke  of  Austria ;  in 
IT'JO,  sat  as  a  deputy  for  the  Belgian  re- 
public, when  united  with  France  in  the 
council  of  live  hundred.  In  1815  he 
was  nominated  one  of  the  commission 
for  drawing  up  the  constitutional  act, 
uniting  Belgium  and  Holland  as  the 
kingdom  of  the  Netherlands.  As  a 
member  of  the  second  chamber,  he 
steadily  opposed  the  arbitrary  acts  of 
the  royal  authority,  especially  those 
which  emanated  from  Van  Maanen,  the 
minister  of  justice,  and  took  a  decided 
part  in  tlie  Belgie  revolution  of  IbSl,  by 
which  Belgium  again  separated  itself 
from  Holland,  and  declared  its  independ- 
ence. 

GEXGHIS-KHAN,  or  JIXGHIS- 
KHAN,  the  sou  of  a  petty  Mongolian 
prince,  was  b.  in  Tartary,  in  1160.  After 
a  species  of  intestine  warfare  with  vari- 
ous Tartar  tribes,  this  renowned  con- 
queror invaded  China,  the  capital  of 
which  was  taken  by  storm,  in  1:^05,  and 
plundered.  The  murder  of  the  ambas- 
sadors which  Genghis-Khan  liad  sent 
to  Turkestan,  occasioned  the  invasion 
of  that  empire,  in  1218,  with  an  anny 
of  TO'.i.OOO  men  ;  and  the  two  great  cities 
of  Bokhara  and  Samarcand  were  storm- 
ed, pillaged,  burnt,  and  more  than 
2t»0,0U0  individuals  destroyed  with 
them.  He  continued  his  career  of  dev- 
astation for  several  years,  and  in  li;25, 
thougli  more  than  (50  years  old,  he 
marched  in  person,  at  tlie  head  of  his 
whole  army,  against  the  king  of  Taugut, 
who  had  given  shelter  to  two  of  his 
enemies,  and  refused  to  surrender  them. 
A  great  battle  was  fought  on  plains  of 
ice,  formed  by  a  frozen  lake,  m  which 
the  king  of  Tangut  was  totally  defeated, 
with  tlie  loss  of  ;iOO,000  men.  This  am- 
bitious warrior,  whose  ravages  had  cost 
the  human  race  upwards  of  5,000,000 
human  beings,  by  dint  of  successive 
victories,  became  monarch  of  a  territory 
exceeding  15u0  leagues,  including  North- 
ern China,  Eiustern  I'crsia.  and  the 
whole  of  Tartary.  He  d.  in  1227,  in  the 
6tith  year  of  his  age,  and  in  the  52d  of 


his  reign :  liavir^,  before  his  death,  di- 
vided his  immense  territories  between 
the  four  princes  whom  he  had  by  the 
first  of  his  four  wives. 

GEN  LIS,  Stephaxle  Felicite,  count- 
ess cle,  celebrated  for  her  literary  talents, 
and  by  many  for  the  independent  prin- 
ciples   which   prevail  through   all    her 
writings,  was  b.  near  Autun,  in  17-16. 
Her  maiden  name  was  Ducrest  de  St. 
Aubin,  ami  the  connection  of  her  family 
with  that  of  St.  Aubin  procured  her  ad- 
mission, at  four  years  of  age,  to  enter  as 
a  canoness  into*  the   noble  chapter  at 
Aix,  from  which  time  she  was  called  la 
comtesse  de  Lancy.     At  17,  a  letter  of 
her  writing  having  fallen  into  the  hands 
of  the  count  de  Genlis,  he  was  so  fasci- 
nated with  its  style  as  to  make  her  the 
otl'er  of  his  hand  and  fortune,  which  she 
accepted.     By  this  marriage  she  becama 
niece   to  madame  de   Montessou,   who 
was  privately  married  to  the  duke  of 
Orleans ;    and    his    son,   the    duke   ^f 
Chartres,  chose  her,  in  1782,  to  super- 
intend the  education  of  his  children.     It 
was,  soon  after,  rumored  that  an  im- 
proper attachment  existed  between  her 
and  the  duke  ;  and  Pamela,  afterwards 
the  wife  of  the  unfortunate  Lord  Edward 
Fitzgerald,  was  supposed  to  be  the  issue 
of   that  connection.       At  this   period, 
madame  de  Genlis  wrote  several  excel- 
lent works,  producing,  in  rapid  succes- 
sion,   "Adela  and   Tlieodore,"    "The 
Evenings  of  the  Castle,"  "The  Theatre 
of  Education,"  and  "  Annals  of  Virtue," 
all  of  which  were  highly  popular.     In 
17yl  she  went  to  EnglandVith  her  pupil, 
mademoiselle  d'Orleans,  and   on   their 
return  to   France,  the   following  year, 
both  were  ordered  to  quit  the  territories 
witliout  delay.     After  some  time,  they 
went  to  Switzerland,  but  were  not  per- 
mitted to   reside   there;    and    General 
Jlontesquieu  obtained  them  ;m  asylum 
in  the  convent  of  St.  Clair.     In  ISOO  she 
returned  to  France  ;  and  in  1805,  Napo- 
leon gave  her  ajuirtments  in  the  arsenal 
at  I'aris,  and  allowed  her  a  pension  of 
5000  francs.     On  the  return  of  the  Bour- 
bons, she  seemed  to  forget  her  old  pa- 
tron, and  her  love  of  republicanism  gave 
way  to  admiration  tor  the  restored  dy- 
nasty.      When    her   old    pupil.    Louis 
Philippe,  ascended  the  throne,  both  lie 
ami  his  family  paid  the  kindest  attention 
to  the  comforts  of  madame  de  Genlis ; 
and  her  pen  was  actively  employed  to 
tiie  last  day  of  her  existence.    So  nu- 
merous  are  her  works,  amounting  idto- 
L'Ctlier   to  about  'JO  volumes,   that  the 
mere  enumerauou  of  their  titles  would 


OEO] 


CVCLOP.KDIA    OF    JUOGK.vrilV, 


435 


occupy  too  iimcli  «?  our  space.  They 
enibraeo  nearly  all  subjcots,  and  are 
characterized  by  I'ertLlity  ot"  imagination 
and  a  jjleasintj  style.     1).  1S30. 

GEjNiS'Aiil,  Ojwak  and  Benedict, 
two  painters,  wiio  were  the  nephews 
and  disciples  ot'Guercino.  After  work- 
ing togctlier  sonic  years,  Caesar  estab- 
lislicd  liimsulfat  Bologna,  and  Benedict 
went  to  England,  where  he  became 
pninter  to  Jainos  II.,  on  whose  expul- 
sion he  returiied  to  Italy.  D.  in  1715, 
aged  82. 

GENNARO,  Joseph  Al'belius,  a  ci- 
vilian, was  b.  at  Naples,  in  1701.  He 
became  chief  magistrate  in  his  native 
city,  and  his  works,  which  are  all  on 
legal  subjects,  are  remarkable  lor  purity 
of  style  and  depth  of  erudition.  1). 
1762. 

GENOVESI,  Anthony,  an  Italian 
philosopher  and  metaphysician,  was  b. 
at  Castiglione  in  1712.  He  read  lectures 
in  philosophy  at  Naples  with  great  rep- 
utation for  some  time,  but  at  length  lie 
was  attacked  by  numerous  enemies  for 

Eiiblishing  his  mctapliysics,  in  which 
c  recommended  the  works  of  Galileo, 
Grotius,  and  Newton.  The  king  of 
Naples,  however,  protected  him,  and 
made  liim  professor  of  political  economy 
and  n)oral  philosophy  in  the  Neapolitan 
university.  He  was  the  author  of 
''Philosophicijl  Meditations  on  Keligion 
and  Morality,"  a  "System  of  Logic," 
"  Humorous  Letters,"  and  "  Italian 
Morality,"  which  last  is  accounted  his 
principal  performance.     D.  17(59. 

GENTILIS,  or  GENTILI,  Albekico, 
an  Italian  civilian,  b.  at  Ancoua,  in 
looO.  His  father,  who  was  a  physician, 
embraced  the  reformed  religion,  aiitl 
went  to  England,  where  Alberico  be- 
came professor  at  law  at  (Jxfortl ;  d. 
1C08.  He  wrote  "De  Jure  Belli,"  and 
other  works  on  jurisprudence. — Scn-io, 
his  brother,  who  was  professor  of  civil 
law  at  Altdorf,  and  d.  ui  1616,  was  the 
author  of  "  De  Jure  rublico  Populi 
Koniani,"  «&c. 

GENTLEMAN,  Francis,  a  dramatic 
writer  and  actor ;  b.  in  Ireland,  1728. 
Besides  some  theatrical  pieces,  lie  was 
the  author  of  "The  I)rainutie  Censor," 
and  a  volume  of  "  Koyal  Fables,  in 
imitation  of  Gay."     D.  17S4. 

GENTZ,  Fkederig  von,  a  distin- 
guished publicist,  and  an  uncompro- 
misin?  antagonist  of  France,  was  b.  at 
Breshiu,  1764 ;  studied  at  KOnigsberir, 
and  after  a  short  sojc  iru  in  England, 
where  he  gained  tiie  good  will  of  I'itt, 
he  repaired  to  Vienna  in  1803,  wuore  ho 


entered  into  the  Austrian  civil  service, 
under  the  most  favorable  auspices  and 
hopes.  He  was  appointed  one  of  the 
secretaries  at  the  congress  of  \'icnna  in 
1814,  and  at  I'aris  in  1815,  and  he  took 
an  active  part  in  the  various  congresses 
that  Bjirung  out  of  the  restoration.  A 
selection  from  his  various  works,  com- 
prising political  questions,  a  "  Life  of 
Mary  Queen  of  Scots,"  and  numerous 
articles  written  for  the  "  Journal  Histo- 
rique,"  was  pul^lishcd  in  1838.    I).  1832. 

GEOFFEEY  of  Monmouth,  a  British 
historian  who  flourished  in  the  12tli 
century.  He  was  a  native  of  Monmouth 
became  its  archdeacon,  and  was  raided 
to  the  see  of  St.  Asaph  ;  but,  in  conse- 
quence of  the  disturbed  state  of  the 
north  of  AValcs,  he  left  his  bishopric, 
retiring  at  first  to  the  monastery  of 
Abingdon,  and  then  taking  up  his  abode 
at  the  court  of  Henry  11.  His  chief 
work  is  entitled  "  Chronicon  sive  His- 
toria  Britonum"  and  is  full  of  legendary 
tales  respecting  the  early  British  nion- 
archs. 

GEOFFEIN,  Mauie  Therese  Rodet, 
a  woman  alike  distinguished  lor  the 
qualities  of  her  mind  and  heart,  wlio 
during  half  a  century,  was  the  ornament 
of  the  most  polite  and  cultivated  socie- 
ties of  Faris.  Slie  wrote  a  treatise  "  Sur 
la  Conversation  ;"  but  passed  most  of 
her  life  in  active  benevolence.     1).  1777. 

GEOFFROI,  Stephen  Francis,  a 
French  physician,  and  professor  of 
chemistry  lit  I'aris,  Avhcrc  he  was  b. 
1672.  He  was  the  author  of  a  Pharma- 
cojioeia,  called  "  Le  Code  Mcdioamentaire 
de  la  Faculte  de  Paris,"  and  was  a 
member  of  the  Eoval  Society  of  Lon- 
don.   D.  1781. 

GEOFFROY,  Julian  Lotus,  a  French 
critic,  remarkable  for  the  severity  of  his 
dramatic  censures.  He  conducted  the 
"  Literary  Annals"  after  the  death  of 
Freron,  and  published  a  "  Course  of 
Dramatic  Literature,"  a  "Commentary 
on  Racine,"  &c.  B.  1743;  d.  1814.— 
Stephen  Loris,  an  eminent  French  phy- 
sician and  naturalist;  author  of  a 
"  Manual  of  Practical  Medicine  for  Sur- 
geons," a  "  Dissertation  on  the  Organ 
of  Hearine,"  a  "History  of  Insects," 
&c.     B.  n25  ;  d.  1810. 

GEOFFROY  SAINT  HILAIRE, 
Etienne,  a  distinguished  zoologist  and 
comparative  anatomist,  sprung  from  a 
family  well  known  in  science,  was  b.  at 
Etampes,  1772.  He  was  originally  des- 
tined for  the  church,  but  he  prel'erred 
dedicating  himself  to  natural  science, 
a  taste  for  which  he  had  imbibed  from 


436 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[ger 


the  inatructlous  of  Erisson,  at  the  col- 
lege of  Navarre,  and  in  tlie  company  of 
Huiiy  his  colleague  at  the  colleice  of 
Cardinid  Lcinoine.  lu  IT'JS  he  formed 
oue  of  the  great  scientific  expedition  to 
Efljypt,  explored  all  the  conquered  coun- 
tries, and  was  one  of  the  founders  and 
most  active  members  of  the  institute, 
of  which  he  afterwards  became  pro- 
fessor. In  ISOS  he  went  on  a  great 
scientific  mission  to  Portugal;  in  1815 
he  was  a  member  of  the  chamber  during 
the  hundred  days ;  but,  on  the  return 
of  ihc  Bourbons,  he  retired  from  political 
life.  The  great  merit  of  Geotfi-oy  Saint 
Hilaire  as  a  naturalist  consists  in  his 
discovery  of  the  law  of  unity  that  per- 
vades tlie  organic  composition  of  all 
animal  bodies — a  theory  glanced  at  by 
Eutfon  and  Goethe  ;  and  in  his  having 
founded  the  theory  of  "  Analogues,"  or 
the  method  by  w'hieh  the  identity  of 
organic  materials  is  determined  in  the 
midst  of  all  their  transformations.  With 
him  loo  originated  the  doctrine  of  "  de- 
velopment," which  has  found  so  able  a 
sui)porter  among  ourselves  in  the 
author  of  the  "  \^estiges  of  Creation." 
Ilis  chief  works  are  "ilistoire  Naturelle 
des  MammifOres,"  "Philosopliie  Auato- 
mique,"  "Principes  de  la  Philosophic 
Zoologique,"  "Ltudes  Progressives," 
&c.     D.  184i. 

GEORGE,  Lewis,  I.,  king  of  Great 
Britain,  was  the  son  of  Ernest  Augustus, 
elector  of  Hanover,  by  Sophia,  daughter 
of  Frederic,  elector-palatine,  and  grand- 
daughter of  James  I.  He  was  b.  in 
1660;  was  trained  to  arms  nnder  his 
father ;  married  his  cousin,  Sophia 
Dorothea,  daughter  of  the  duke  of  Zell, 
1682;  served  in  three  campaigns  with 
tlie  emj)eror's  army,  against  the  Turks 
in  Hungary  ;  and  .succeeded  to  the  elec- 
torate in  1700.  In  1706  he  was  created 
duke  of  Cambridge,  and  succeeded  to 
the  throne  of  England  on  tlie  death  of 
Queen  Anne,  in  1714.  D.  1727. — Au- 
gustus, 11. ,  son  of  George  I.,  was  b.  iu 
1683;  married  in  1705,  the  Princess 
Caroline,  of  Bradenburg-Anspach,  who 
died  in  1737  ;  went  to  England  with  his 
father  at  the  accession  of  the  latter ;  was 
created  prince  of  Wales;  and  in  1727 
succeeded  to  tlie  throne.  D.  1700. — 
III.,  eldest  son  of  Frederic,  prince  of 
Wales,  and  grandson  of  (icorge  II.,  was 
b.  .June  4,  1738,  being  the  first  sovereign 
of  the  Hanoverian  line  tiiat  could  boast 
of  England  as  the  place  of  his  nativity. 
On  the  death  of  his  father,  in  1751,  his 
education  was  intrusted  to  the  carl  of 
Harcourt  and  the  bishop   of  Norwich; 


though  he  was  greatly  indebted  to  the 
priueess-dowager,  his  mother,  for  the 
formation  of  his  mind  and  character. 
Ho  asceiuletl  the  throne  on  the  death  of 
his  grandfather,  in  1760,  being  then  in 
his  23d  year.  D.  1820.— IV.,  sou  of 
the  preceding,  succeeded  his  father,  and 
d.  1830. 

GEUKGES,  Chevalier  de  St.,  a  viclin- 
ist  and  musical  composer.  He  was  a 
native  of  Guadaloupe,  and  usually  re- 
sided in  Paris,  where,  as  well  as  in  En- 
gland, ho  was  equally  celebrated  for  his 
skill  as  a  sword-player  as  for  his  per- 
formances on  the  violin.     D.  1801. 

GEOEGIADES,  Anastasius,  a  mod- 
ern Greek  author,  b.  in  1770,  at  Piiilip- 
polis.  He  published  at  Leipsic  a  work 
in  modern  Greek,  called  "Anthropolo- 
gy," and  another  on  the  pronunciation 
of  ancient  Greek.  He  was  a  physician 
at  Bucharest. 

GEKANDO,  Baron  de,  a  distinguish- 
ed writer  on  philosophical  subjects,  was 
b.  at  Lyons,  1772;  took  part  in  171)3  in 
the  defence  of  his  native  city  against  the 
troops  of  the  convention,  was  forced  to 
flee  in  consequence,  returned  in  1796, 
and  was  present  at  the  battle  of  Zurich, 
1790.  But  in  the  heart  of  the  camp  he 
had  found  time  to  cultivate  literature, 
for  his  "Comparative  History  of  the 
Systems  of  Philosophy"  attracted  the 
notice  of  Lucien  Bonaparte,  wiio  made 
him  secretary-general  to  the  minister  of 
the  interior  in  1804  ;  and  in  1805  he  ac- 
companied Napoleon  to  Italy,  where  he 
remained  for  some  years  endeavoring  to 
introduce  the  French  system  of  admin- 
istration. In  1837  he  was  raised  to  the 
peerage.    D.  1842. 

GERARD,  Alexander,  a  Scotch  di- 
vine and  writer,  was  b.  at  Garioch, 
/Vberdcenshirc,  in  1728.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Aberdeen  and  Edinburgli,  and 
in  1752  he  became  prolcssor  of  moral 
philosophy  in  Marischal  college.  In 
1759  he  was  appointed  professor  of  di- 
vinity, took  his  doctor's  degree,  and  iu 
1771  he  obtained  the  theological  profes- 
sorship in  King's  college,  Aberdeen, 
lie  was  the  author  of  "  An  Essay  on 
Taste,"  "Dissertations  on  the  Genius 
and  Evidences  of  Christianity,"  "  An 
Flssay  on  Genius,"  two  volumes  of  ser- 
mons, and  a  "  Discourse  on  the  Pastoral 
Care."- — Fuancois,  a  French  historical 
painter,  of  the  highest  merit.  He  be- 
came, at  tlic  early  age  of  14,  a  pupil  of 
tlie  celebrated  David,  and  is  thought  by 
many  good  judges  to  have  equalled,  if 
not  in  some  cases  to  have  surpassed  his 
master.    His  battle-pieces  are  extremely 


CYCLOP^iDIA    OF    niOGRAPin". 


oehJ 


grand ;  but  probably  his  portraits  of 
tlie  Bonaparte  family,  and  of  the  allied 
Rovercigns  are  liis  tinest  achievements. 
B.  1775;  d.  1837. — Louis,  an  eminent 
Freneh  physician  and  botanist,  b.  in 
1733.  lie  was  distinguislicd  for  his  re- 
searches in  various  branches  of  natural 
scienec;  and  he  first  noticed  the  natural 
attiuities  of  plants,  in  his  "  Gerardi 
i'lora  Galio-Provincialis."     D.  1819. 

GEKAKD  DE  KAYNEVAL,  Joseph 
M.viTniAs,  a  French  diplomatist,  who 
for  a  long  series  of  years  was  employed 
as  secretary  in  political  missioivs,  and 
subsequently  became  chief  of  the  divi- 
sion in  the  oflice  of  foreign  aftairs.  lie 
LM-catiy  distinguished  himself  both  by 
his  diplomatic'talcnts  and  his  published 
opinions.     B.  17.^6  ;  d.  1812. 

(;EKAKD  TUOM,  or  TENQUE, 
founder  of  the  order  of  St.  John  of  Je- 
rusalem, was  b.  at  Amalli,  about  the 
year  1040.  He  first  visited  Jerusalem 
for  commercial  objects;  but  in  1100  he 
took  the  religious  habit,  and  associated 
with  others,  Avho  made  the  vows  of 
chastity,  poverty,  and  obedience :  the 
object  'of  their  institution  being  to  de- 
fend Christian  pili^'rims  in  their  journey 
to  and  from  the  Holy  Land.  Thus  arose 
the  powerful  order  of  knights  hospital- 
lers of  St.  John,  who  afterwards  became 
tlic  knights  of  Malta,  and  acquired  such 
distinguished  fame.     I).  1120. 

GEKAKDE,  Jonx,  an  English,  bota- 
nist and  surgeon,  b.  at  Kantwich  in 
Cheshire,  in  1545,  and  d.  in  1607.  He 
was  the  anlhor  of  "  Catalogus  Arborum, 
Fruticum,  et  Plantarum,"  and  the  "  Her- 
bal, or  General  History  of  Plants,"  a 
work  which  contributed  to  ditl'use  a 
taste  for  botany. 

GERAEDEN,  Sebastian,  an  eminent 
French  naturalist;  author  of  "Tableau 
Eh'nientaire  de  Botanique,"  &c.  B. 
17.M  ;   d.  ISK!. 

GEKAKUS,  Makk,  a  painter  of  Bru- 
ges, was  b.  in  15G1.  About  1580  he 
went  to  England,  and  was  appointed 
painter  to  Queen  Elizabeth,  lie  was 
eminent  in  history,  portraits,  and  land- 
scapes.    D.  1685. 

(tEKBAIS,  Jkax,  a  French  civilian, 
doctor  of  the  Sorbonne,  professor  of 
rhetoric  at  the  royal  college  of  I'aris, 
and  principal  of  the  college  of  Eheims, 
d.  in  that  city  jn  1669.  He  wrote  "  De 
Gausis  Majoribus,"  "  A  Letter  on  the 
Ornaments  and  Luxury  of  Female 
Dress."  &c. 

GEKBELIUS,  Nicholas,  professor  of 
jurisprudence  at  the  university  of  Stras- 
burg;   author  of  the  "Life  of  Cuspin- 
37* 


437 


ian,"  a  treatise  on  the  "Rise  and  Pro- 
gress of  the  Anabaptists,"  Ac.     D.  1560. 

GEKBEKT,  Makti.v,  a  dignified  eccle- 
siastic, born  in  the  Austrian  states  iu 
17U0.  He  was  prince-abbot  of  the  Bene- 
dictine monastery  at  St.  Blair,  in  the 
Black  Forest;  ancl  was  eminent  for  his 
knowledge  of,  and  taste  for,  the  fine 
arts,  particularly  music.  He  travelled 
throughout  the  Continent  for  the  mate- 
rials of  a  work  on  the  history  of  church 
music,  and  in  1774  it  appeared  under 
the  title  of  "  De  Cantu  et  Musica  Sacra, 
a  prima  Ecclesiaj  JEUito  usque  ad  pre- 
sens  Tempus."  A  still  more  valuable 
one,  now  very  scarce,  appeared  in  1784, 
entitled  "Scriptores  Ecclesiastiei  do 
Musica  Sacra  potissimum."     D.  17'J3. 

GERBIEK,  Sir  Balthasar,  a  painter, 
was  b.  at  Antwerp,  15'J2.  He  went  to 
England  with  Kubens,  and  was  kniglit- 
ed  "by  Charles  I.,  who  made  him  his 
atrent  at  Brussels,  and  employed  him  in 
cUfferent  negotiations.  At  the  restora- 
tion he  prepared  the  triumphal  arelics 
for  the  reception  of  the  king.     D.  1G67. 

GERBILLON,  John  Francis,  a  Jesuit 
missionary  in  China,  b.  in  1654.  He 
wrote  "  Gbservations  on  Great  Tartary," 
and  an  account  of  his  travels  is  inserted 
in  Du  Halde's  History  of  China.  He 
was  in  great  favor  with  the  emperor,  for 
whom  lie  composed  the  "  Elements  of 
Geometry,"  and  was  his  instructor  in 
mathcma'tics  and  philosophy.  He  was 
allowed  to  preach  the  Christian  religion 
in  China,  and  finally  became  superior- 
general  of  all  the  Jesuit  missionaries 
sent  from  France.     D.  at  Pekin  in  1707. 

GEEMANICUS,  C^sar,  the  son  of 
Claudius  Drusus  Nero,  and  the  younger 
Antonia,  a  niece  of  Augustus,  was 
adopted  by  Tiberius,  his  paternal  uncle. 
He  was  at  the  head  of  the  Eoman  armies 
in  Germany  when  AuL'ustus  died  ;  and 
after  eraining  many  great  victories  there, 
Tiberius,  jealous  of  his  nephew's  glory, 
called  hii'n  home  under  pretence  of 
granting  him  a  triumph.  In  order, 
however,  to  get  rid  of  a  man  whoso 

Eopularity  appeared  dangerous,  he  sent 
im,  invested  with  almost  absolute  pow- 
er, into  the  East,  whei-e  he  died,  under 
strong  suspicions  of  being  poisoned, 
A.  D.  IP,  aged  34.  His  death  was  regard- 
ed at  Eome  as  a  public  loss,  and  all  the 
houses  were  closed  on  the  day  of  his 
funeral. 

GERM.VNrS,  patriarch  of  Constanti- 
nople in  the  8th  century,  was  a  zealous 
det'endcr  of  ima£re-worship,  for  which 
he  was  degraded,  in  a  council  held  at 
Constantinople,  in  730.    D.  740. 


438 


CYCLOPAEDIA    01"    mOGUAPUY. 


[ges 


GERNSTXER,  Francis  ANTHONr, 
clievuUer  do,  a  distiiii;uishcd  Austriau 
engineer,  lie  constructed  the  railroad 
from  liudweis  to  Lint/.,  and  part  of  that 
from  Moscow  to  St.  retcrsburg.  He 
published  an  important  and  elaborate 
work  on  •'  Practical  ilcohauics."  i).  at 
rhiladclphiu,  18^',). 

(iKlUii',  Elbkiuoe,  one  of  the  sign- 
ers of  the  declaration  of  independence, 
and  vice-president  of  the  United  States, 
w\s  b.  at  Marblehead,  Mass.,  in  1744:, 
and  received  his  education  at  Harvard 
college.  He  was  graduated  at  this  insti- 
tution in  1762,  and  afterwards  engaging 
in  mercantile  pursuits,  amassed  a  con- 
siderable fortune.  He  took  an  early 
part  in  the  controversies  between  the 
colonies  and  Great  Britain,  and  in  1772 
was  elected  a  representative,  from  his 
uative  town,  in  the  legislature  of  Massa- 
chusetts. In  1776  he  was  elected  a  dele- 
gate to  the  continental  congress,  where 
for  several  years  he  exhibited  the  ut- 
moit  zeal  and  tidelity  in  the  discharge 
of  numerous  and  severe  official  labors. 
In  1784  Mr.  Gerry  was  re-elected  a  mem- 
ber of  congress,  and  in  1787  was  chosen 
a  delegateto  the  convention  which  as- 
sembled at  Philadelphia,  to  revise  the 
articles  of  confederation.  In  1789  he 
was  again  elected  to  congress,  and  re- 
mained in  that  body  for  four  years, 
when  he  retired  into  private  life  till  the 
year  17'j7,  when  he  was  appointed  to 
accompany  General  Pinckuey  and  Mr. 
il.'.rshall  on  a  special  niission  to  France. 
In  October,  17ti8,  Mr.  Gerry  returned 
home,  having  been  elected  governor 
of  his  native  state,  and  in  1812  vice- 
president  of  the  United  States,  he  d.  at 
Washini^ton,  lsl4. 

tiEKSON,  JoUN  CiiARLiER  DE,  an 
eminent  French  divine,  b.  at  Gerson.  in 
Ciiampagne,  in  1363.  He  was  chancellor 
of  the  university  of  Paris,  and  canon  of 
Notre  Dame ;  and  he  distinf,nii8hed  him- 
self by  his  piety,  his  writnigs,  and  his 
defence  of  the  council  of  Constance 
against  the  authority  of  the  pope.  D. 
1421. — John,  abbot  of  Vercei,  in  the  12th 
century,  by  whom  the  book  entitled 
'■  De  imitationo  Christi,"  which  bears 
the  name  of  lliomas  ii-Kempis,  was,  as 
it  now  apiiears,  retdly  written. 

GEKSTEIN,  Christian  Louis,  a  math- 
maticiau,  was  b.  at  Giesscn,  in  1701 ; 
appointed  to  the  professorship  of  mathe- 
matics there  in  1733 ;  but  afterwards 
deprived  of  it  for  not  submitting  to  the 
dt^cision  of  a  court  of  justice  in  a  law- 
suit. D.  in  1762.  He  wrote  some  Latin 
works  on  barometrical  observations,  a 


"  New  Method  of  calculating  Eclipses," 
&c. 

GEKVAISE,  Akxiand  Francis,  a 
French  ecclesiastic  of  the  order  of  the 
Carmelites.  He  abridged  the  works  of 
St.  Cyprian,  and  wrote  his  life.  He  was 
also  the  author  of  the  lives  of  Abelard 
and  Heloise,  and  other  biographical  and 
theological  works.  D.  1744. — Nicholas, 
brother  of  the  preceding.  He  went  to 
Siam,  where  he  remained  four  years  as 
a  missionary;  and  on  his  return  pub- 
lished the  natural  and  civil  history  of 
that  kingdom;  also,  a  description  of 
Macassar.  After  a  time  he  was  conse- 
crated bishop  of  Horren,  in  Guiana,  and 
went  thither  ;  but  was  murdered,  with 
all  his  clertrv,  bv  the  natives,  in  1729. 

GESENIUS, 'Frederic  Henry  Wil- 
liam, one  of  the  most  distinguished 
orientalists  of  modern  times,  was  b.  at 
Nordhausen,  1786.  He  was  professor 
of  theology  at  Halle  ;  and  during  the  30 
years  that  "he  lectured  in  that  universi- 
ty, he  published  numerous  works,  which 
liavc  made  a  new  era  in  oriental  litera- 
ture. His  "Hebrew  Grammar, "_  and 
many  analogous  productions  enjoy  a 
universal  reputation,  ..nd  some  of  them 
are  translated  into  most  European  lan- 
guntres.     D.  1842. 

GESNER,  Conrad,  an  eminent  phv- 
sician  and  naturalist,  was  b.  at  Zurich, 
in  Switzerland,  in  1316,  and  was  profes- 
sor of  philosophy  there  for  24  years. 
His  fame  as  a  botanist  was  spread  over 
Europe,  and  he  maintained  a  correspond- 
ence with  learned  men  of  all  countries. 
He  wrote  numerous  able  works  on  dif- 
ferent branches  of  natural  history,  of 
which  his  "Historia  Animallum"  is 
reckoned  his  greatest  performance,  and 
procured  him  the  appellation  of  the 
Pliny  of  Germany.  His  "Bibliotheca 
Universalis,"  a  full  catalogue  of  all  wri- 
ters extant,  in  three  languages,  Greekj 
Latin,  and  Hebrew,  is  a  monument  ot 
immense  learning  and  industry.  He 
otlierwise  rendered  much  service  to 
science,  and  for  his  various  and  great 
merits  he  was  ennobled.  IX  1561. — 
Solomon,  a  poet  and  painter,  was  b.  at 
Zurich,  in  1730.  He  was  placed  under 
a  bookseller  at  Beriin,  but  soon  eloped 
from  his  master,  and  employed  his  time 
in  painting  and  poetry.  On  his  return 
to  Zurich  he  published  "  Daphnis," 
which  was  followed  by  "  Inkle  and  Ya- 
rico;''  but  his  fame  was  established  by 
his  "Idylls  and  Pastorals."  He  next 
added  to  his  celebritv  by  the  very  popu- 
lar piece  of  "  The  Death  of  Abel,"  which 
appeared  in  1758,  and  made  his  uamo 


uib] 


CVCLOP.EUIA    OF    lilOGKAl'UV. 


439 


known  tlironphout  Europe.  He  then 
piiblishcil  liis  •'  First  Niivigator,"  "  Mor- 
al Tale.-;,"  "  Uramas,"  Ac. ;  and  after- 
wards turned  lii.s  attention  more  par- 
ticularly to  painting  and  engravin;;,  and 
produced  several  landscapes;  at  the 
same  time  instructing  with  his  pen, 
while  he  pleased  the  eye,  and  contribu- 
ted to  tiic  progress  of  art.    1).  17t)8. 

GKSSNEK,  John  Matthias,  a  pro- 
found scholar  and  critic,  was  b.  at  Koth, 
in  Anspach,  in  lOlil.  His  most  esteemed 
works  arc  editions  of  some  of  the  clas- 
sics, and  an  excellent  Latin  Thesaurus. 
GETA,  Septimius  Axtoxius,  second 
SO;,  of  the  Ejnperor  Severus,  and  bro- 
ther of  the  infamous  Caracalla,  whom  he 
joined  in  the  government  on  the  death 
of  his  father.  He  was  b.  189,  and  had 
not  reached  his  23d  year  when  the  Eo- 
mans  had  to  lament  his  untimely  death. 
GEZELIUS,  John,  bishop  of  Abo, 
the  capital  of  Finland,  was  the  author 
of  a  "  rentaglot  Dictionary,"  an  abridg- 
ed "  Encyclopiedia  of  the  Sciences,"  &c. 
B.  1651 ;  d.  16'M. — Jonx,  his  son,  who 
succeeded  him  in  the  bishopric,  was 
also  a  learned  schol-ir,  and  translated 
the  Bible  into  the  Finlaudish  tongue. 
D.  171S. 

GHERARDESCA,  UooLrNA  deixa, 
immortalized  in  the  "  Inferno"  of  Dante, 
under  the  apiiellation  of  Count  Uirolino, 
was  a  Xeajiolitan,  who,  in  the  13tli  cen- 
tury endeavored  to  usurp  the  govern- 
ment of  risa,  and  found  a  new  princi- 
pality, after  the  example  of  Delia  Scala 
at  Verona.  After  a  time  he  succeeded, 
but  governed  his  countrymen  with  great 
despotism;  and  Roger  d'Ubaldini,  the 
archbisliop  of  Pisa,  who  was  as  cruel 
and  ambitious  as  himself,  formed  a  con- 
spiracy figainst  him,  the  result  of  which 
was,  that  Count  Ilgolino  was  attacked  in 
his  palace,  and,  after  a  brave  resistance, 
taken  prisoner,  with  three  of  his  sons 
and  one  of  his  grandsons,  all  of  whom 
were  imprisoned,  and  left  to  die  of  star- 
vation. 

GIIEZZI,  Sebastian,  Joseph,  and  Pe- 
TEit  liEo,  father,  son,  and  grandson ; 
three  Italian  artists  of'the  ITtli  and  ISth 
centuries,  each  of  whom  was  more  or 
less  eminent  in  ornamenting  churches 
and  palaces. 

GHIBERTT,  Lokenzo,  a  celebrated 
sculptor,  b.  in  1378,  at  Florence,  who 
early  learned  the  arts  of  drawintr,  model- 
lin<r,  and  castinsr  metals.  At  Florence  he 
executed  two  bronze  doors,  which  still 
adorn  the  baptistery  of  St.  John,  and, 
accordinLT  to  the  hyperbolical  praise  of 
Michael  Angelo,  were  worthy  o*'  decora- 


ting the  entrance  to  paradise.  It  con- 
tains 24  panels,  rcpresentinn:  various 
subjects  from  the  New  Testament.  D. 
1455. 

GIIIRLANDAIO,  Domenico,  one  of 
the  elder  Florentine  painters,  was  dis- 
tinguished for  fertility  of  invention,  and 
has  therefore  been  imitated  by  later  ar- 
tists. Ho  was  b.  1-J:4»,  and'  had  the 
honor  of  being  teacher  to  Michael  Anjro- 
lo. — RiDoLPiio,  his  son,  was  also  an  ex- 
cellent artist,  and  highly  esteemed  br 
Raphael.    D.  1560. 

GIAMBERTI,  F'rancesco,  a  Floreu 
tine  architect  of  the  loth  century,  who 
made  the  designs  for  many  buildiujrs  in 
Florence  and  Rome,  composed  a  work 
containing  the  drawings  of  ancient 
monuments  remaining  in  the  Roman 
territory  and  Greece. — Giuliano,  his 
son,  was  architect,  sculptor,  and  em/i- 
necr  to  the  house  of  Medici;  built  a 
magniticent  palace  for  the  Grand-duke 
Lorenzo,  besides  many  other  palaces, 
churches,  and  fortresses:  in  short,  ho 
was  one  of  the  first  architects  of  the 
age.     B.  1443  ;  d.  1517. 

GIANNONE,  Petek,  a  fearless  histo- 
rian, was  b.  at  Ischitella,  in  Apulia,  in 
1676,  and  became  an  advocate  at  Naples. 
He  wrote  a  valuable  "History  of  Naples," 
in  which  he  gave  great  offence  to  the 
court  of  Rome,  and  exposed  him  to  its 
fury.  His  book  was  nroiiibitcd,  himself 
excommunicated,  and,  after  having  been 
driven  into  exile,  he  d.  at  Turin,  in  173S. 

GIBBON,  EnwAi'.D,  the  celebrated 
historian,  Avas  b.  at  Putney,  in  17S7  ; 
sent  to  "Westminster  school,  but  soon 
transferred  to  a  private  tutor ;  then  to 
Magdalen  college,  Oxford,  for  a  short 
time,  and  finally  to  Lausanne,  where  ho 
renounced  the  Roman  Catholic  faith, 
without  embracing  any  other,  and  be- 
came a  confirmed  skeptic.  On  return- 
ing to  England  lie  entered  upon  the 
duties  of  active  life,  but  read  much,  and 
prepared  himself  for  authorship.  lu 
1763  he  went  on  his  travels  ;  and  while 
sitting  amidst  the  ruins  of  the  capitol  at 
Rome,  he  formed  the  ideaof  writinjjtho 
history  of  the  decline  and  fall  of'that 
city.  In  the  mean  time  he  joined  M. 
Deyvurdun  in  a  journal  called  "  Me- 
moires  Litteraires  de  la  Grand  Bre- 
tairnc,"  which  met  with  no  success.  In 
1770  he  began  his  celebrated  history  of 
the  "  Decline  and  Fall  of  the  Roman 
Empire  ;"  the  1st  vol.  of  which,  in  4to., 
appeared  in  1776 ;  the  2d  and  3d  in 
1781 ;  and  the  concluding  three  vols,  in 
1788.  Previous  to  this  undertaking,  Mr. 
Gibbon  was  chosen  into  parliament  for 


440 


CVULOP.EDIA    OF    lUOGRAPHY. 


[gi 


Liskeard ;  and  when  hostilities  com- 
menced between  England  and  France, 
in  1778,  he  was  employed  to  draw  npthe 
manifesto  on  that  occasion ;  for  which 
he  was  made  commissioner  of  the  board 
of  trade,  but  lost  the  place  on  the  change 
of  administration  in  1783.  He  then 
went  to  reside  at  Lausanne,  where  he 
continued  till  the  i'rcncli  revolution 
obliged  him  to  return  to  England.  D. 
17114. 

GIBBONS,  Grinlino,  an  eminent 
sculptor  and  statuary,  was  b.  in  London 
about  the  middle  of  the  17th  century. 
His  flowers  and  foliage  carved  in  wood 
have  almost  the  liglitoess  of  nature ; 
and  he  executed  several  fine  pieces  also 
in  marble  and  bronze.  Amongst  his 
works  are  St.  PauFs  and  Windsor  choirs, 
the  wooden  throne  at  Canterbury,  the 
monument  of  \'iscount  Camden,  at  Ex- 
ton,  in  Kutlandshire,  the  font  n  St. 
James's  church,  the  statue  of  Chailes  IL 
at  Charing-cross,  and  that  of  James  IL 
in  Privy  gardens.     D.  1721. 

GIBBS,  James,  an  architect,  was  b.  at 
Aberdeen,  in  16s;3.  He  designed  the 
churches  of  St.  Martin's  and  St.  Mary- 
le-Strand,  London ;  the  senate-house, 
and  tlie  new  buildings  of  King's  college, 
Cambridge;  the  Eadeliffe  library,  Ox- 
ford, &c.  D.  1754. — Sir  Vic.vky,  chief 
justice  of  the  common  pleas,  was  b.  in 
17.".'2,  at  Exeter.  On  the  deatji  of  Mr. 
Kicliard  Burke,  he  was  appointed  re- 
corder of  Bristol,  and  was  soon  distin- 
guished as  an  eloquent  pleader  and  an 
able  advocate.  The  trials  of  Home 
Tooke,  Ilartly,  and  others,  for  high 
treason,  brought  the  talents  of  Mr.  Gibhs 
still  more  conspicuously  before  the  pub- 
lic ;  and  soon  after  he  became  king's 
counsel.  He  was  also  elected  into  par- 
liament for  the  university  of  Cambridge ; 
made  chief  justice  of  Chester;  next  so- 
licitor, and  afterwards  attorney-general, 
with  tlie  honor  of  knitrhthood.  In  1813 
he  was  appointed  a  puisne  judcre  of  the 
common  pleas;  and,  the  year  following, 
lord  chief  justice.  After  discharging  the 
duties  of  tliis  office  about  four  years,  he 
resigned  it,  at  the  end  of  1818,  on  ac- 
count of  infirmities,  and  d.  1820. 

GIBSOX,  EuMUNn,  a  learned  prelate 
and  antiquary,  who  was  b.  at  Knipe, 
Westmoreland,  in  lOOit.  In  in;tl  he 
published  a  new  edition  of  Drum- 
mond's  "  Polemo  Middiana,"  and  .lames 
V.  of  Scotland's  "Cantilena  Kustica;" 
translated  the  "Saxon  Chronicle"  and 
Camden's  "Britannia;"  and  produced 
several  original  works,  the  principal  of 
which  was  his  "Codex  Juris  Ecclesi- 


astici  Anglicani."  In  1715  he  wt^ 
made  bishop  of  Lincoln;  was  transferred 
to  London  in  1720,  and  d.  1748. — Rich- 
AED,  known  by  the  name  of  the  Dwarf, 
an  English  painter  in  the  time  of  Sir 
Peter  Lely,  whose  manner  he  studied. 
In  his  youth  he  was  servant  to  a  lady  at 
Mortlake,  who,  perceiving  his  taste  for 
painting,  put  him  under  De  Cleyn,  for 
instruction.  lie  was  page  to  Charles  I., 
and  when  he  married  Mrs.  Anne  Shep- 
herd, who  was  also  a  dwarf,  the  king 
gave  away  the  bride.  They  were  of 
equal  stature,  each  measuring  3  ft.  10  in. 
They  had  nine  children,  five  of  whom 
arrived  at  years  of  maturity,  and  ^■lere 
of  the  usual  stature.  Gibson  d.  in  his 
75th  year,  and  his  wife  in  1700,  at  the 
age  of  89. — Johx,  General,  a  soldier  of 
the  French  war,  and  also  of  the  Ameri- 
can revolutionary  war,  was  b.  in  Lan- 
caster, Pennsylvania,  1740.  lie  early 
served  under  General  Forbes  in  the 
expedition  to  Fort  du  Quesne,  which 
was  occupied  Nov.  25,  1758,  and  called 
Pittsburg.  Here  he  remained  as  an 
Indian  trader.  In  17*53  he  was  captured 
by  the  Indians,  and  adopted  by  a  squaw, 
whose  son  he  had  slain  in  battle.  He 
had  thus  an  opportunity  to  acquire  a 
knowledge  of  several  Indian  languages. 
On  being  released  he  again  settled  at 
Pittsburg.  In  1774  he  was  an  import- 
ant agent  in  making  the  Indian  treaty 
entered  into  by  Governor  Dunmore. 
On  this  occasion  Logan's  celebrated 
speech  was  delivered,  of  which  Colonel 
Gibson  was  the  interpreter.  On  the 
commencement  of  the  revolutionary  war 
he  was  appointed  the  colonel  of  a  Vir- 
ginia regiment,  of  which  he  was  in  com- 
mand at  the  close  of  the  war.  Eesiding 
at  Pittsburg,  he  was  in  1788  a  member 
of  the  Pennsylvania  convention  ;  he  was 
also  associate  judge,  and  major-general 
of  militia.  In  1800  he  was  appointed 
secretary  of  the  territory  of  Indiana,  and 
held  the  otticc  till  1810,  when  the  terri- 
tory became  a  state.     D.  1S22. 

GIFFORD,  Jonx,  a  political  and  his- 
torical writer,  whose  real  name  was  John 
RrcHAuo  GuEicN,  was  b.  175H.  He  con- 
tribnled  to  the  establishment  of  the 
"British  Critic,"  and  afterwards  of  the 
"  Anti-Jacobin  Review,"  which  last 
arose  out  of  a  newspaper  of  the  same 
name.  He  also  wrote  "The  History  of 
France,"  the  "  History  of  the  French 
Revolution,"  and  "Tiie  Life  of  the 
Ri-rht  Hon.  William  Pitt."  I).  1818.— 
Wn.T.iAM,  a  celebrated  critic  and  satirist, 
was  b.  at  Ashburton,  Devon.  His  father, 
who  was  a  plumber  and  glazier,  at  South 


oil] 


CYCLOP.EDIA    OK    BIOGUAIMIY. 


441 


Molton,  died  when  he  was  12  years  old. 
The  widow  soon  followed  her  husband 
to  tlie  grave;  and  the  orphan  was  at 
first  sent  to  sea  in  a  coastnig  vessel,  but 
shortly  al'tcr  apprenticed  to  a  shoemaker 
in  his  native  town.  There  he  remained 
till  he  was  in  his  20tli  year;  but  beincr 
disgusted  with  his  employment,  and 
evineing  talents  of  a  superior  order,  ilr. 
Cookcsley,  a  surgeon  of  the  town,  pro- 
posed to  some  of  the  inhabitants  to  raise 
a  subscription,  with  a  view  of  purcha- 
sing his  freedom,  and  giving  liiin  an 
education.  This  being  ettccted,  he  was 
sent  to  Oxford,  to  pursue  studies  more 
congenial  to  his  mind.  In  1791  he 
published  ''The  Baviad,"  a  poetical 
satire,  in  which  he  severely  lashed  the 
poets  and  poetasters  of  the  day;  and, 
ni  17'j4,  appeared  "  The  Moeviad,"  a 
satire  on  the  degraded  state  of  the 
drama.  In  179",  Mr.  Giftbrd  became 
editor  of  the  "  Anti-Jacobin,"  a  weekly 
])aper,  established  by  Mr.  Canning.  This 
])ubiication,  which  continued  only  one 
vear,  involved  him  in  a  quarrel  with  Dr. 
\Vok'Ot,  against  whom  he  published  a 
poetical  squib,  entitled  "  An  Epistle  to 
Peter  Findar."  In  1S02  appeared  his 
translation  of  Juvenal ;  in  1S05  an  edi- 
tion of  Massingers  plays;  and,  subse- 
quently, the  works  ot  Ben  Jonson,  Ford, 
and  Shirley;  but  it  was  in  his  capacity 
of  editor  of  the  "Quarterly  lleview," 
(which  he  conducted  from  its  com- 
mencement in  IM)'.'  till  1S24,)  that  he 
was  most  generally  known.     1).  1826. 

GIGLI,  Jeuome,  an  Italian  poet,  b.  at 
Sienna,  16(50,  whose  attacks  upon  the 
Academy  Delia  Crusca,  and  caustic  wit, 
as  well  as  his  lyrical  and  dramatic  pro- 
ductions, gave  him  great  popidarity. 
He  was  compelled  however,  at  Eome,  to 
retract  all  his  oifensive  opinions,  and  he 
d.  1722,  in  such  poverty  tliat  his  funeral 
expenses  were  paid  by  some  charitable 
monks. 

GILBERT,  Davhcs,  an  eminent  man 
of  science,  vice-president  of  the  Koyal 
Society,  and  member  of  numerous  other 
learned  and  scientilic  societies,  was  b. 
at  St.  Erth,  in  Gornwall,  1707.  His 
family  name  was  Giddy,  but  having,  in 
180S,  married  the  daughter  of  a  wealthy 
Sussex  gentleman  named  Gilbert,  he 
assumed  Ids  name  and  arms  in  1S17. 
Ho  contributed  several  papers  to  the 
transactions  of  scientific  societies,  and 
published  "  A  Plain  Statement  of  the 
Bidlion  Question."  He  represented  the 
borouuh  of  Bodmin  in  parliament  from 
1806  to  1832.  D.  IS-io.— Sir  Humphrey, 
an  enterprising  English  navigator  in  the 


reign  of  Elizabeth,  was  b.  at  Dartmouth, 
in  i oi>9.  He  published,  in  1;J76,  a  dis- 
course to  prove  the  practicability  of  a 
northwest  passage  to  China;  and  in 
1578  lie  himself  sailed  on  a  voyage  of 
discoverv  to  the  coast  of  America.  In 
a  second  voyage,  in  158^,  he  took  pos- 
session of  Newfoundland  ;  but  his  ship 
foundered  on  her  return  to  England,  and 
all  on  board  perished. — William,  a  phy- 
sician, and  experimental  philosoj)her, 
who  discovered  several  of  the  properties 
of  the  loadstone,  was  b.  at  Colchester, 
in  1540 ;  elected  a  fellow  of  the  college 
of  physicians,  and  became  physician  to 
Queen  Elizabeth.  He  was  a  strenuous 
advocate  for  the  inductive  mode  of  phil- 
osophical matters,  and  was  the  first  who 
asserted  the  theory  of  a  great  central 
magnet  in  the  earth,  afterwards  apjilied 
by  Dr.  Halley  to  the  explanation  of  the 
variation  and  dipping  of  the  needle  in 
the  mariner's  compass.     D.  1603. 

GILDAS,  surnained  the  Wise,  a  Brit- 
ish ecclesiastic  and  historian  of  the  6th 
century,  was  the  son  of  Caw,  a  British 
prince,  who  emigrated  to  North  Wales, 
in  order  to  avoid  submission  'o  the  An- 
glo-Saxons. He  appears  to  have  been  a 
monk ;  and,  after  residing  in  one  of  the 
small  isles  called  the  Holmes,  in  the 
Bristol  Channel,  retired  to  the  abbey  of 
Glastonbury,  where  he  died.  A  book, 
ascribed  to  Gildas,  has  been  repeatedly 
published,  entitled  "  Epistola  de  Excidio 
Britannica;,  ct  Castigatio  Ordinis  Eccle- 
siastici;"  but  it  exhibits  so  frightful  a 
picture  of  the  depravity  of  manners, 
which  pervaded  all  classes  of  Britons, 
that  its  authenticity  has  been  questioned 
by  some  critics,  who  presume  it  must 
have  been  the  work  of  a  foe  rather  than 
of  a  friend  to  their  race.     D.  570. 

GILES,  William  Branxii,  b.  in  Ame- 
lia county,  Va.,  17G2,  was  governor  of 
Virginia,  and  for  many  years  a  member 
of  congress  from  that  state,  both  in  the 
senate,  and  house  of  representatives. 
He  was  governor  of  Virginia  from  182G 
to  1829.  He  published  a  speech  on  the 
embargo  laws,  1808  ;  political  letters  to 
the  people  of  Virginia,  1813;  a  series  of 
letters,  signed  a  Constituent,  in  the 
"  Kichmond  Enquirer"  of  Jan.,  1818, 
against  the  plan  tor  a  general  education ; 
in  April,  1824,  and  a  singular  letter  of 
invective  against  President  Monroe  and 
i[r.  Clay  for  their  '-hobbies,"  the  South 
America  cause,  the  Greek  cause,  intoraal 
improvements,  and  the  tariff.  In  Nov., 
1825,  he  addressed  a  letter  to  Judge 
Marshall,  disclaiming  the  expressions, 
not  the  general  sentiments,  iu  regard  to 


442 


CYCLOP.EDI.V    OF    HIOGlCAPlir. 


[gio 


"Washington,  ascribed  to  liim  in  the  life 
of  Washiiigiou.  lie  lias  also  appeared 
before  the  public  as  the  correspoudeut 
of  John  Qniney  Adams.     D.  18  JO. 

GILL,  Alexander,  a  famous  behool- 
master,  was  b.  in  Lincolnshire,  in  1564. 
In  160S  he  became  master  of  St.  Paul's 
school,  where  he  brought  up  many  emi- 
nent persons,  and  among  the  rest  John 
Milton.  Dr.  Gill  wrote  a  "Treatise 
concerning  the  Trinity  in  Unity," 
"  Logonomia  Anglica,"  "Sacred  Thi- 
losophy  of  the  Holy  Scripture,"  &c. — 
Alexander,  his  son,  who  succeeded 
liim  in  the  head-mastership  of  St.  Paul's 
school,  had  also  the  honor  of  having 
^lilton  for  his  scholar  while  he  was  at 
Trinity  college,  Oxford,  and  it  appears 
that  the  pupil  had  a  great  esteem  for 
Ills  preceptor  in  after  life.  D.  1642. — 
John,  a  divine  of  the  Baptist  persuasion, 
was  b.  at  Kettering,  in  Northampton- 
shire, 1G'j7.  His  education  was  limited, 
owing  to  the  contracted  circumstances 
of  his  parents,  but,  by  application,  he 
became  a  good  classical  and  oriental 
scholar.  lie  commenced  as  a  preacher 
at  Iligham  Ferrers,  from  whence  he 
removed  to  a  congregation  at  llorsley- 
down,  Southwark.  lie  wrote  an  "  Ex- 
position of  the  Song  of  Solomon,"  and 
'■The  Cause  of  God  and  Truth."  But 
his  great  work  was  an  "  Exposition  of 
the  Bible-." 

GILLIES,  John,  was  b.  at  Brechin, 
Forfarshire,  1747.  He  was  appointed 
liistoriograi)her  lor  Scotland  ou  tlie 
death  of  l)r.  Eobinson,  and  he  con- 
tinued his  literary  labors  to  a  late  period 
of  his  life.  His  chief  works  arc,  '•  A 
History  of  Ancient  Greece,"  "  The 
Keign  of  Frederic  11.,"  "  History  of  the 
World,  from  Alexander  to  Augustus," 
translations  from  Aristotle,  Isocrates, 
&c.     D.  1836,  aged  90. 

GILl'IN,  Bernard,  one  of  the  En- 
glish Protestant  reformers,  was  b.  at 
Kcntmire,  in  Westmoreland,  in  1517. 
By  reading  the  works  of  Erasmus,  he 
Becrutly  embraced  the  principles  of  the 
reformation.  In  1556  he  was  presented 
by  Ilia  uncle  to  the  arehdeauery  of  Dur- 
ham, and  the  rectory  of  Easington, 
where  he  labored  with  zeal ;  and,  in  his 
capacity  of  archdeai'on,  made  strict  vis- 
itations, being  a  great  enemy  to  non- 
residence  and  pluralities.  He  was  next 
presented  to  tlie  rectory  of  Houghton- 
le-Spring,  where  his  labors  in  i>romoting 
the  Protestant  faitii  were  so  remarkable, 
that  Bishop  Bonner  threatened  to  bring 
liim  to  the  stake  in  a  fortniglit,  and  sent 
a  messenger  into  the  north  for  that  pur- 


pose. In  tlie  reign  of  Elizabeth  he  was 
oll'cred  the  bisinjprio  of  C.irlisle,  and  tlie. 
provostship  of  Queen's  college;  but  re 
fused  botli,  eouteuting  himself  with 
Houghton,  where  he  d.,  deeply  lamented 
by  his  parishioners,  in  15sS. — Willl^.m, 
a  divine  of  the  church  of  Eiigland,  and 
an  elegant  writer,  was  b.  in  17:i4,  at 
Carlisle.  He  published  the  "  Lite  of 
Bernard  Gilpin,"  his  ancestor,  above- 
mentioned;  the  "Lives  of  Latimer, 
Wicklilf,  Huss,  and  Archbishop  Cran- 
mer,"  an  "Exposition  of  the  New  Tes- 
tament," "  Observations  relative  to  Pic- 
turesque Beauty,"  a  "  Tour  to  the 
Lakes,"  "Eemarks  ou  Forest  Scenery," 
"  Sermons  to  a  Country  Congregation," 
"Moral  Contrasts,"  &c.  i).  IbuJ. — 
Sawrev,  brother  of  the  preceding,  was 
b.  at  Carlisle  in  1733.  He  was  placed 
with  a  ship-painter,  and  his  first  works 
which  attracted  notice  were  some  mar- 
ket groups,  which  he  sketched  from  his 
window.  But  it  was  principally  as  an 
animal  painter  that  he  acquired  his  rep- 
utation, though  his  historical  subjects 
were  above  mediocrity.     D.  1807. 

GIL  POLO,  Caspar,  a  Spanish  poet 
and  advocate,  was  b.  at  Valencia  in  1516, 
and  d.  there  in  1572.  He  is  the  author 
of  "Diana  Enamorada,"  so  highly  ex- 
tolled by  Cervantes,  as  combining  ele- 
gance, sweetness,  and  purity. 

GILRAY,  J.vMEs,  a  celebrated  carica- 
turist, unrivalled  in  his  art  for  the  rich 
broad  humor  and  keen  satire  of  his 
ready  pencil.     D.  1815. 

GIL  V'ICENTE,  a  Portuguese  dram- 
atist of  the  16th  century,  who  wrote 
nearly  fifty  plays,  and  e.^Lcellcd  all  the 
dramatic  writers  of  that  period  in  ele- 
gance of  style  and  fertility  of  invention. 
He  was  b.  at  Barcellos,  in  1485,  and  d. 
at  Evora,  in  1557. 

GINGUENE,  Peter  Louis,  a  French 
writer,  b.  in  1748,  at  liennes,  in  Britany, 
was  descended  from  au  ancient  but  im- 
poverished family,  and  obtained  a  small 
government  ollice.  At  the  revolution, 
in  which  he  took  an  active  part,  he  as- 
sociated himself  with  the  more  moderate 
writers  upon  the  allairs  of  the  times,  and 
narrowly  escaped  the  scottbld  during  the 
reign  of  the  Jacobins.  The  directory 
ajjpointed  him  ambassador  at  TtU'in,  and 
Bonaparte  gave  him  a  seat  in  the  senate. 
Upon  being  removed  from  this  he  ap- 
plied himself  wholly  to  literature.  Tue 
work  to  which  he  is  cliielly  in<lebted 
for  his  fame  is  his  "  Ilistoire  Litteraire 
d'ltalie."     D.  1816. 

GIOCONDO,  or  JOCUNDUS,  John, 
au  Italian  architect  and  antiquarian,  b. 


GIR 


cvc'i,oim:dia  of   biuukaphv, 


443 


at  Verona  about  the  iniddle  of  the  15th 
century.  He  built  the  bridj^e  of  ^otre 
Dame,  at  Paris,  and  various  otlier  edi- 
fices botli  there  and  in  Italy;  tbrtified 
the  eity  of  Treviso,  and  was  summoned 
to  Rome  by  Leo  X.  after  the  death  of 
Bramante,  to  assist  in  the  bnildintr  of 
St.  Peter's.  He  belonged  to  the  Domin- 
ican order,  and  as  an  antiquary  and  a 
literary  character  he  also  greatly  dis- 
tiusruished  himself. 

GIORDANO,  LucA,  a  Neapolitan 
painter,  the  pupil  of  Spagnoletto  and 
Peter  of  Conona,  who  imitated  the  style 
of  Titian  so  closely  that  his  pictures  are 
not  easily  distinguisiied  from  the  works 
of  that  great  master.  In  fact,  he  imi- 
tated the  best  artists  so  successfully, 
that  even  connoisseurs  were  often  de- 
ceived, while  his  celerity  of  execution 
was  wonderful.     B.  1632  ;  d.  1704. 

GIORGlONE,  orGEoKOE  Bakbarelli, 
was  an  eminent  painter  of  tlie  Venetian 
school,  b.  in  1-177,  at  Castelfranco.  He 
received  his  first  instructions  from  John 
Bellino ;  hut  studying  afterwards  the 
works  of  Leonardo  da  Viuei,  lie  soon 
surpassed  them  both,  and  liecame  the 
first  colorist  of  his  time.  He  d.  of  the 
plague,  in  1511.  (4iorgione  excelled  in 
fresco  painting,  and  was  the  first  of  the 
Lombard  school  who  Ibund  out  the 
etl'ects  of  properly  contrasting  strong 
lights  with  strong  shadows. 

GIOTTO,  or  ANGIOLOTTO,  an  in- 
genious painter,  sculptor,  and  architect 
of  Florence,  was  b.  in  127t).  He  was 
the  son  of  a  peasant,  and  his  real  name 
was  Ambrogiotto  Burdone ;  but  being 
observed  by  Cimabue  drawing  figures 
on  the  ground  w-hile  feeding  his  sheep, 
he  took  him,  and  instructed  him  in  the 
art  of  painting.  He  soon  surpassed  his 
master,  and  acquired  such  a  reputation 
that  Benedict  IX.  sent  a  person  to  Tus- 
cany to  make  a  report  of  his  talents,  and 
to  bring  a  design  from  each  of  the  Flo- 
rentine artists.  When  the  messenger 
came  to  Giotto,  and  informed  him  of  his 
business,  the  painter  took  a  sheet  of 
paper,  and,  with  one  stroke  of  liis  pen- 
cil, drew  a  circle  as  perfect  as  if  it  had 
been  performed  by  a  pair  of  compasses. 
On  presenting  this,  the  man  said,  "  I 
want  a  design ;"    to  which  Giotto   re- 

Elied,  "  Go  about  your  business ;  his 
oliness  asks  nothing  else  of  mo."  The 
pope  on  beiu'JT  made  acquainted  with 
this,  sent  fur  him  to  Rome,  where,  bo- 
Bides  paintiniT  many  pictures,  he  made 
a.  ship  of  mosaic,  which  is  over  the  por- 
tico at  the  entrance  of  St.  Peter's  church, 
and  is  stiU  known  bv  tlie  name  of  Gi- 


otto's vessel.  In  15-04  he  undertook  the 
famous  tower  of  Santa  Maria  del  Fiore, 
at  Florence,  for  which  he  was  made  a 
citizen,  and  rewarded  with  a  per.siou. 
D.  l:i.36. 

GIRALDI,  LiLTo  Greoorio,  Vetter 
known  by  his  Latin  name  of  Gyraldus, 
a  learned  Italian  writer  and  Latin  poet, 
was  b.  atFerrara,  in  147'J  ;  and  has  been 
considered  by  Casaubon  an<l  other  au- 
thorities as  one  of  the  most  learned  men 
whom  modern  Italy  has  jjrodueed.  At 
the  sacking  of  Rome  by  the  troops  of 
Charles  V.  lie  lost  all  his  property,  and 
was  reduced  to  indigence  ;  but  he  wrote 
numerous  works,  the  principal  of  which 
is  a  "  History  of  the  Heathen  Deities," 
and  eventually  triumphed  over  his  ad- 
verse fortune,  having  accumulated  10,000 
crowns  before  his  death,  whicii  took 
place  in  155'.'. — Cixtio,  John  Baptist,  a 
relative  of  the  preceding,  was  an  Italian 
poet  and  physician,  b.  at  Ferrara,  in 
1504.  He  was  secretary  to  tlie  duke  of 
Ferrara,  and  professor  of  philosophy 
and  medicine  in  the  university  of  his 
native  city,  and  afterwards  professor  of 
rhetoric  at  Pavia.  He  wrote  nine  tra- 
gedies in  Italian,  but  his  principal  work 
is  entitled  "  Ilecatommiti,"  wliicii  con- 
sists of  100  talcs,  in  the  manner  of  Boc- 
caccio.    D.  1573. 

GIRARD,  Stephex,  a  celebrated 
banker,  was  b.  about  174(5,  in  France. 
He  sailed  to  the  West  Indies,  as  a  cabiii- 
boy,  when  he  was  only  12  years  of  age, 
and  at'ter  residing  tliere  some  time  re- 
moved to  the  United  States.  In  1775  he 
opened  a  small  shop  in  New  Jersey,  and 
in  17S0  went  to  Philadelphia,  where  by 
gradual  accumulations  he  gathered  an 
immense  fortune.  During  the  yellow 
fever  of  17t'3  he  was  noted  for  his  be- 
nevolent exertions.  In  1811  ho  became 
a  banker,  and  at  the  time  of  his  death, 
in  1832,  was  estimated  to  be  worth 
§12,000,000. 

GIRARDON,  Francis,  a  sculptor  and 
architect,  was  b.  at  Troyes,  m  1628. 
His  chief  works  are  the  mausoleum  of 
Richelieu,  in  the  clrarch  of  the  Sorhonne. 
the  eriucstrian  statue  of  Louis  XIV.,  anii 
the  Rajie  of  Proserpine,  in  the  gardens 
of  Versailles.    D.  1715. 

GIRODET,  Triosox  Nicholas,  the 
most  original,  versatile,  and  scier.tifie  of 
the  modern  school  of  French  painters, 
was  b.  at  Jlontargis,  in  1767 ;  was  first 
a  pupil  of  Regnault,  and  afterwards 
studied  under  David.  His  subjects  are 
distinguished  for  fulness  and  beauty, 
and  his  coloring  is  rich,  transparent, 
and  harmonious.    Among  his  principal 


444 


CVCLOP.EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[gli 


works  are  Endymlon  sleeping,  Hippo- 
crates refusing  the  Presents  of  Artaxcr- 
xes,  the  Deluge,  the  Burial  of  Attala, 
&o.  He  also  painte^l  Xapolcon  receiv- 
ing the  keys  of  Vienna;  full-length 
portraits  of  the  Veiidean  leaders,  Bon- 
champ  and  Cathelincau ;  and  St.  Louis 
in  Eu'vpt,  which  was  his  last  great  work. 
D.  1S24. 

GIKTIX,  TH0ii.\s,  an  artist,  was  b.  in 
London,  in  ITTU.  He  was  a  Pupil  of 
Daves ;  atler  which  he  studied  the 
works  of  Canaletli,  and  the  coloring  of 
,  Rnbens.  He  first  introduced  the  cus- 
tom of  drawing  upon  cartridge  paper, 
and  he  also  painted  excellently  in  oil 
colors.  lie  took  many  beautiful  views 
in  Scotland,  Wales,  and  various  parts 
of  England  and  France.  He  also  paint- 
ed a  panorama  of  London,  which  was 
exhibited  in  Spring  gardens.     D.  1802. 

GISBOKNL,  TH0M.V9,  prebendary  of 
Durham,  an  eminent  philosophical, 
theological,  and  miscellaneous  writer, 
was  b.  at  Derby,  1758.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Harrow  and  Cambridge,  where 
he  greatly  distinguished  himself,  and  on 
soon  after  entering  holy  orders,  in  1792, 
he  obtained  the  living  of  Barton  in  Staf- 
ford, and  the  same  year  removed  to 
Yoxall  Lodge,  near  Barton,  where  he 
ever  after  resided.  It  would  occupy  too 
much  of  our  space  to  enumerate  the 
long  series  of  works  which  Mr.  Gisborne 
gave  in  succession  to  the  world.  Many 
of  them  have  attained  great  and  lasting 
popularity :  among  which  may  bo  men- 
tioned the  "Principles  of  Moral  Philoso- 
phy investigated,"  &c.,  "  An  Inquiry 
into  the  Duties  of  the  Female  Sex," 
"  A  Familiar  Survey  of  the  Christian 
Religion  and  History,"  &c.,  besides 
sermons,  and  two  volumes  of  poetry, 
which,  under  the  title  of  "  Walks  in  a 
Forest,"  and  "Poems,  Sacred  and 
Moral,"  gave  him  no  inconsiderable 
poetic  fame.     D.  IS-tO. 

GIULIO  ROMANO,  the  most  distin- 
guished of  Raphael's  scholars  and  as- 
sistants, was  b.  at  Rome,  in  1499.  He 
resided  principally  at  Mantua,  and  tlierc 
found  a  wide  field  for  the  exercise  of  his 
powerful  geniu.^,  both  in  architecture 
and  ift  painting.  He  was  unequalled 
for  the  boldness  of  his  style,  the  gran- 
deur of  his  designs,  and  the  loftiness  of 
his  poeticiil  conceptions.     D.  1.546. 

GIUSTIXIAXI,  I'osiPEY,  by  birtli  a 
Corsiean,  was  an  eminent  general  in  the 
Spanish  service,  and  obtained  the  name 
of  Iron-arm,  by  having  one  of  iron 
made  to  replace  the  arm  he  lost  at  the 
BiegQ  of  Ostend.     He  was  governor  of 


Candla,  where  he  was  killed,  in  1616; 
and  the  Venetian  senate  erected  an 
equestrian  statue  to  his  memory. 

GLANVIL,  Sir  John,  an  eminent 
lawyer  and  statesman  in  the  reign  of 
Charles  I.  He  graduated  at  Oxford ; 
entered  at  Lincoln's  Inn ;  obtained  a 
sergeant's  coif  in  1639 ;  and,  being  a 
member  of  parliament,  was  chosen 
speaker  of  the  bouse  of  commons  in  the 
year  following.  His  attachment  to  tho 
royal  cause  rendered  him  obnoxious  to 
the  republicans,  who  imprisoned  him, 
and  he  was  not  restored  to  liberty  till 
164S.  He  recovered  his  rank  on  the  re- 
turn of  Charles  II.,  but  died  soon  after, 
in  1661. 

GLASS,  John,  founder  of  the  religious 
sect  of  Glassites  in  Scotland  ;  b.  in  Fife- 
shire,  109.);  d.  1773. 

GLAUBER,  John  Rodolph,  a  chem- 
ist, alcher«ist,  and  physician  of  Amster- 
dam, who  died  in  1638.  Chemistry  is 
indebted  to  him  for  facilitating  many 
useful  processes,  as  well  as  for  the  dis- 
covery of  the  purgative  salt  which  bears 
his  name.  Like  others  of  his  day,  he 
was  incessantly  occupied  in  attempts  to 
find  out  the  philosopher's  stone ;  and 
his  experiments,  however  futile  for  his 
professed  object,  threw  light  on  the 
composition  and  analysis  of  various 
metals,  inflammable  substances,  &c. 

GLEIM,  Frederic  William  Louis,  a 
celebrated  poet,  sometimes  called  the 
German  Anacreon,  was  b.  in  1719,  at 
Erinslebeu;  tilled  the  office  of  secretary 
to  the  chapter  of  Halberstadt ;  and  d.  iu 
1803,  aged  84.  He  owes  his  chief  fame 
to  his  war  songs,  composed  for  the 
Prussian  army ;  and  they  will  long  be 
remembered  by  his  countrymen  for 
their  spirit-stirring  power. 

GLENDOWEU,  Owen,  a  celebrated 
Welshman,  lineally  descended  from 
Llewellyn,  the  last  prince  of  Wales,  and 
who  opposed  Henry  IV.  fourteen  years, 
declaring  him  a  usurper  of  the  English 
throne.     B.  1350;  d.  1416. 

GLENIE,  James,  an  eminent  mathe- 
matician, was  b.  in  Ireland,  and  educated 
at  St.  Andrew's.  During  the  American 
war  he  distinguished  himself  as  an  offi- 
cer of  artillery;  but  having  written  a 
pamphlet,  ridiculing  the  duke  of  Rich- 
mond's plan  of  fortification,  he  was 
compelled  to  leave  the  service,  and  lie 
afterwards  experienced  much  of  the  vi- 
cissitudes of  life.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  Royal  Society ;  and  the  author  of 
a  "  History  of  Germany,"  and  several 
mathematical  works.     D.  1817. 

6LICAS,   or  GLYCAS,   Michael,  a 


oon] 


CYCI.OP-CDIA   OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


445 


Gvcek  iiistoriau  of  the  13th  century. 
His  "Annals  from  the  Creation,"  and 
the  "History  of  the  Byzantine  Emper- 
ors," are  extant,  and  were  publislied 
by  Lahhc  at  Paris,  lOOO. 

GLOUCESTEK,  Robektof,  the  oldest 
of  Enirlisii  ijocts,  lived  in  the  time  of 
Henry  H.  Camden  quotes  many  of  his 
old  En2;lish  rhymes,  and  speaks  highly 
of  him.  He  d.  at  an  advanced  age, 
about  tlie  be<rinnini;  of  the  rei^n  of  King 
John. — William  Fredkric,  duke  of,  the 
son  of  Prinee  William  Henry,  dnke  of 
(ilouoestcr  (brother  to  Cn'onre  Tll.'i  by 
liis  wife  the  couutess-dowaicer  of  W'alde- 
grave,  was  b.  at  Eome,  in  Januarv,  1776. 
1).  1834. 

GLOVEE,  EicHARD,  a  poet  and  dram- 
atist, was  the  son  of  a  London  mcr- 
c-hant,  and  b.  in  1712.  He  was  educated 
at  Cheam  school,  where,  at  16,  he  wrote 
sonie  verses  to  the  memory  of  Sir  Isaac 
Newton,  which  obtained  considerable 
attention.  On  leavin?  school,  he  en- 
tered on  the  mercantile  line  under  his 
father,  who  was  engaged  in  the  Ham- 
burgh trade.  In  17S7  he  married  a  lady 
(if  fortune ;  soon  after  which  he  pub- 
lished his  "  Leonidas,"  an  epic  poem. 
His  poem  of  "  London,  or  the  Progress 
of  Commerce,"  appeared  in  173'J.  The 
same  year  he  ]iublished  liis  popular 
ballad,  entitled  "Hosier's  Ghost,"  in- 
tended to  rouse  the  national  spirit 
against  the  Spaniards.  In  1753  his  tra- 
gedy of  "  Boadicea"  was  brought  out  at 
L>rury-lane,  but,  though  supported  by 
Garrick,  Mossop,  Mrs.  Cibber,  &c.,  it 
was  performed  only  9  nights;  Ins  "Me- 
dea," some  years  after,  met  with  greater 
attention.  At  the  accession  of  George 
in.  he  was  chosen  M.l'.  for  Weymouth, 
:ind  was  esteemed  by  the  mercantile  in- 
terest as  an  active  and  able  supporter. 
D.  17S,). — J  AXE,  a  distinguished  actress, 
was  b.  at  Newry,  in  Ireland,  in  17si. 
I'ndcr  the  auspices  of  her  lather,  ilr. 
Betterton,  slic  commenced  her  theatri- 
cal career  at  the  a^e  of  six  ;  and  after  a 
highly  successful  appearance  in  the 
juovinees,  she  was  engaged  by  Mr.  Har- 
ris, of  Covent-ffarden,  where  she  made 
her  debut,  as  Elvina,  in  Hannah  More's 
"Percy,"  in  17'j7.     D.  1S50. 

GLL'CK,  CiiRisToriiER.  one  of  the  most 
eminent  musical  composers  of  modern 
times,  was  b.  in  Bavaria,  in  1714,  de- 
voted himself  to  the  study  of  music,  and 
became  a  skilful  performer  on  several 
instruments.  He  went  to  London  'm. 
1745,  and  composed  for  the  Italian  opera. 
He  then  went  to  the  Continent ;  and 
Vienna,  Naples,  Eome,  Milan,  and  Ven- 


ice were  in  turn  the  theatres  of  his 
glory.  His  "  Alceste,"  and  "  Orpheus," 
produced  at  Vienna,  between  the  years 
1762  and  1769,  liad  an  overwhelming  ef- 
fect by  their  boldness  and  originality, 
and  served,  toffether  with  some  later 
ones,  to  establish  the  fame  of  tlieir 
author.  In  1774,  Gluek  went  to  Paris  ; 
and  the  celebrated  Piccini  arriving  there 
shortly  after,  the  French  capital  was  di- 
vided upon  the  merits  of  the  two  com- 
posers. Such  a  scene,  indeed,  of  musi- 
cal rivalry  had  never  before  been  known. 
He  now  brought  out  his  long-promised 
opera  of  "  Iphigenia  in  Anlis."  It  was 
received  with  enthusiastic  applause,  and 
represented  170  times  in  the  course  of 
two  seasons.  In  1787  he  returned  to 
Germany,  with  a  large  fortune,  and  d. 
at  Vienna  in  the  same  year. 

GMELIN,  John  George,  a  botanist 
and  physician,  was  b.  at  Tubingen,  in 
1709.  He  went  to  Petersburg,  where 
he  became  member  of  the  academy,  and 
professor  of  chemistry  and  natural  his- 
toiy.  In  1773  he  was  sent  with  a  com- 
pany employed  to  explore  the  bounda- 
ries of  Siberia.  He  published  "  Flora 
Siberica"  and  "  Travels  through  Sibe- 
ria." D.  1755. — Samuel  Theophilus, 
nephew  of  the  preceding,  was  b.  at  Tu- 
bingen, in  1743;  went  to  Petersburg, 
and  obtained  a  professorship.  He  spent 
some  years  in  travelling  through  Tartary, 
where  he  d.  in  prison,  into  which  lie 
had  been  thro\{'n  by  one  of  the  chiefs, 
in  1774.  He  wrote  his  "  Travels  through 
Eussia,"  and  a  "Journey  from  Astracan 
to  Czaricvn." — .John  Frederic,  a  phy- 
sician ancl  chemist,  was  b.  at  Tubingen, 
in  1748.  He  became  prolessor  of  chem- 
istry and  natural  history  at  Gottin^en ; 
and  published  several  works  on  chem- 
istry, mineralogy,  and  natural  history. 
One  of  the  most  celebrated  is  his  edition 
of  the  "Systema  Naturae"  of  Linnaeus. 
He  was  also  the  author  of  "  A  History 
of  Chemistry  ;"  and  the  world  is  in- 
debted to  him  for  tlie  discovery  of  sev- 
eral excellent  dyes,  extracted  from  min- 
eral and  vegetable  substances.     D.  1805, 

GOAD,  Jonx,  an  eminent  schoolmas- 
ter, was  b.  in  London,  1615.  His  works 
arc,  "  Genealogicon  Latinum,"  "  Astro- 
Mcteoroloirical  Apliorisms  and  Dis- 
courses of  the  Bodies  Celestial,  their 
Natures,  Intluenccs,"  ito.  The  subject 
of  this  is  a  kind  of  astrology  founded 
on  reason  and  exper;.:rient,  and  gained 
him  great  reputation. 

GOBliO,  I'kter  Paul  Cortoxtse,  a 
celebrated  painter  of  fruit  and  land- 
scapes,  b.   at  Cortona,    in    15S0.      He 


44G 


•  vci-ci'-Ein A  Of  luo.'.JRAPiir. 


L^ 


copied  uaturc  with  the  greatest  accuracy, 
aud  by  his  skill  iti  the  chiiiro-oscuro  he 
gave  an  exact  aud  expressive  rouudiie»» 
to  his  fruits,  »fcc.,  but  he  chietiy  excelled 
in  coloring'.     D.  1640. 

GOBKlIN,  Giles,  n  French  dyer  of 
the  17th  eenturv,  who  resided  at  Paris, 
and  is  said  to  luive  invented  or  greatly 
improved  the  process  of  dyeing  scarlet. 
In  IG60,  a  royal  establishment  for  the 
manufactory  of  fine  tapestry  was  founded 
on  the  spot  where  his  premises  stood, 
whence  the  work  produced  there  was 
termed  the  Gobelin  tapestry. 

GODDARD,  Jonathan,  an  able  chem- 
ist and  physician,  b.  at  Greenwich, 
about  the  year  1617.  He  was  educated 
at  Oxford,  graduated  at  Cambridge,  and 
on  the  brealiing  out  of  the  civil  war  was 
attached  to  the  parliament.  lie  attended 
Cromwell  in  his  expeditions  to  Scotland 
and  Ireland,  as  physician  to  the  forces ; 
was  appointed  warden  of  Merton  college, 
and  in  the  parliament  of  1653,  sat  as  sole 
representative  for  Oxford.     1).  1674. 

GODFREY  of  Bouillon,  chief  of  the 
first  crusade,  and  king  of  Jerusalem, 
•was  the  son  of  Eustace  II.,  count  of 
Boulogne  and  Lens.  He  served  witli 
great  gallantry  in  the  armies  of  the  Em- 
peror Henry  IV^.,  who  conferred  upon 
him  the  title  of  duke  of  Lorraine  ;  and 
when  the  first  crusade  was  set  on  foot, 
the  fame  of  his  exploits  caused  his  elec- 
tion as  one  of  the  principal  commanders. 
In  1096,  accompanied  by  his  brothers, 
Eustace  and  Baldwin,  he  commenced 
his  march,  and  on  arriving  at  Philop- 
polis,  in  Thrace,  he  compelled  the  Em- 
peror Alexis  Comnenus  to  allow  him 
a  free  passage  to  the  East.  Several  dif- 
ficulties occurred :  but  at  length  the 
Turks  were  vanquished,  and  the  object 
of  his  ambition  was  effected.  Jerusalem 
wa-s  carried  by  storm,  after  a  siege  of 
five  weeks,  (July  15,  1099;)  and,  in 
eii,'ht  days  after,  Godfrey  was  proclaimed 
king,  Vjy  the  unanimous  voice  of  the 
crusading  army;  but  the  piety  and  hu- 
mility of  the  conqueror  would  not  suffer 
him  to  wear  a  crown  in  the  holy  city, 
and  he  declined  the  regal  title,  content- 
ing himself  with  that  of  Delender  and 
Guardian  of  the  Holy  Sepulchre.  The 
sultan  of  E>ry[>t,  at  tlie  head  of  400,000 
men,  now  attempted  to  dispossess  liim 
of  iiis  newly-acquired  territory,  but 
Godfrey  gave  him  battle  in  tlie  plain  of 
Asc:'lon,  and  lu0,O00men  were  left  dead 
on  the  field.  1).  in  llOu. — Ok  Vitkhdo, 
an  historian  who  lived  in  tlie  12th  cen- 
tury, was  chaplain  and  secretary  to 
Conrad  III.,  aud  the  emperorij  Frederic 


and  Henry  VI.  He  labored  40  years  in 
compiling  a  chronicle  from  the  creation 
of  the  world  to  the  year  1186.  It  is 
written  in  a  mixture  of  prose  and  verse  ; 
and  was  first  printed  at  Basle  in  1559. 

GODMAN,  John  D.,  an  eminent 
anatomist  and  naturalist.  After  obtain- 
ing his  medical  degree,  he  entered  with 
energy  upon  the  active  duties  of  his 
profession.  He  went  to  Baltimore,  and 
afterwards  removed  to  Philadelphia. 
Being  invited  to  the  professorship  of 
anatomy  in  the  college  of  Ohio,  he  spent 
a  year  at  the  West,  and  then  returned  to 
Philadelphia,  where  he  willingly  retired 
from  the  field  of  practice,  and  devoted 
himself  to  scientific  pursuits.  Deter- 
mined to  be  a  thorough  teacher  of 
anatomy,  he  opened  a  room  for  private 
demonstrations,  and  in  the  first  winter 
had  a  class  of  seventy  students.  After 
prosecuting  his  anatomical  labors  four 
or  five  years,  he  was  chosen  professor  of 
anatomy  in  Rutorer's  medical  college  in 
New  York.  With  a  broken  constitu- 
tion he  was  compelled,  before  the  com- 
pletion of  his  second  course  of  lectures 
to  retire  from  the  school,  and  to  seek 
a  milder  climate.  After  passing  the 
winter  in  Santa  Cruz,  he  settled  in 
Germantown,  near  Philadelphia.  He 
wrote  the  articles  on  natural  history  for 
the  "  American  Encyclopaedia"  to  the 
end  of  the  letter  C,  besides  numerous 
papers  in  the  periodical  journals  of  the 
day.  He  published  the  "  Western  Quar- 
terly Reporter  of  Medical  Science,"  Cin- 
cinnati, 1822;  "  Account  of  Irregularities 
of  Structure  and  Morbid  Anatomy ;" 
"  Contributions  to  Physiological  and 
Patholo<=rical  Anatomy  ;"  "  Bell's  Anato- 
my" with  notes  ;  "  Anatomical  Investi- 
gations, comprising  descriptions  of 
various  FasciiB  of  the  Body,"  1824 ; 
"  American  Natural  History,"  with  en- 
gravings ;  addresses  on  various  publio 
occasions,  1829;  and  "Rambles  of  a 
Naturalist."     D.  1830. 

GODOLPHIN,  Sidney,  a  poet,  was 
b.  in  Cornwall,  in  1610;  educated  at 
Exeter  colleire,  Oxford ;  and  having 
joined  the  king's  army,  he  fell  in  an 
enG:agement  at  Chagford,  Devon,  in 
1643.  Besides  several  poems,  he  trans- 
lated that  part  of  Virgil  which  recites 
the  loves  of^  Dido  and  yEneas. 

GODWIN,  earl  of  Kent,  a  powerful 
Anglo-Saxon  lord.  In  1017  he  accom- 
panied Canute  in  an  expedition  against 
Sweden,  where  ho  behaved  with  such 
valor  as  to  receive  the  daughter  of  that 
monarch  in  tnarriatrc,  and  large  grants 
of  land.     On  the  death  of  Canute,  the 


god] 


CYCLOl'.'nDlA    OF    BIOGRAPHV. 


447 


enrl  sided  with  Ilardicannle  against 
Harold,  bat  afterwards  lie  espoused  Ibe 
cause  of  tlie  hitter.  lie  was  charged 
with  murdering  Alfred,  one  of  the  sons 
of  Ethelred  II.,  from  which  he  vindi- 
cated himself  by  oath.  On  the  deatli  of 
Ilardieanute  he  joined  Edward,  who 
married  his  danuhter,  hut  afterwards  he 
rebelled  against  Edward,  and  beinG: 
unsuccessful,  fled  to  Flanders.  Having 
gathered  fresh  forces,  he  sailed  up  the 
Thames,  and  appeared  before  London, 
which  threw  the  country  into  such  con- 
fusion, that  the  king  was  obliged  to 
negotiate  peace  with  (Jodwin,  who  was 
restored  to  his  estates.  D.  lO'v'?. — 
Francis,  was  b.  at  Ilavington,  in  Nor- 
thamptonshire, in  1501.  InlGol  he  was 
promoted  to  the  see  of  Llandatf,  and 
was  translated  to  that  of  Hereford  in 
1617.  He  d.  in  16;'>3.  He  was  the  author 
of  "Kcrum  Auirlicaruni  Hon.  VIII." 
&c. ;  and  a  curious  book  entitled  "  The 
JLin  in  the  Moon,  or  a  Discourse  of  a 
Voyage  thither,  by  Domingo  Gonzales." 
— Thomas,  a  distinsuished  scholar,  who 
in  the  17th  century  was  the  master  of 
the  foundation  school  at  At)ingdon, 
Berks.  He  was  the  author  of  a  useful 
work,  entitled  "  Romanje  Historic  An- 
thologia,"  a  "  Synopsis  of  Hebrew 
Antiquities,"  and  a  treatise  on  Jewish 
rites  and  ceremonies.  D.  1643. — Wil- 
liam, the  well-known  author  of  "  Polit- 
ical Justice,"  "Caleb  Williams,"  &c., 
was  the  son  of  a  dissenting  minister, 
and  b.  at  Wisbeach,  in  1756.  He  was 
designed  for  the  same  calling  as  his 
father;  but,  while  studying  at  the 
Dissenters'  college,  Hoxton,  his  reli- 
gious opinions  had  undergone  repeated 
cliangcs,  and  thouijrh  he  commenced  as 
a  preacher,  he  ultimately  abandoned  the 
pulpit  in  1783,  and  went  to  London  as  a 
literary  adventurer.  His  first  iniblica- 
tion  was  a  series  of  six  sermons,  called 
"Sketches  of  History;"  and  he  soon 
after  had  the  good  fortune  to  obtain 
employment  as  a  principal  conductor  of 
the  "  Annual  Eciristcr,"  from  wiiich  he 
derived  a  small  but  certain  income. 
Associating  with  the  democrats  of  the 
day,  and  expressing  opinions  in  unison 
with  theirs,  he  soon  enlisted  under  their 
banners.  But  it  was  the  stormy  ele- 
ments of  the  French  revolution  which 
Called  forth  his  extraordinary  powers  of 
mind,  and  gave  birth  to  that  bold  and 
astounding  masterpiece  of  republican- 
ism, his  "Political  Justice."  In  179-I- 
he  ■published  his  celebrated  novel  of 
"  Caleb  Williams,"  a  work  which  pro- 
duced nearly  as  great  a  sensation  as  the 


former,  its  object  being  to  decry  the 
existing  constitution  of  sociciv,  while  it 
portrayed,  witli  appalling  lorce,  the 
effects  of  crime.  After  the  trial  of  his 
friends.  Hardy,  Thelwall,  and  Home 
Tooke,  he  published  a  pamphlet,  con- 
taining strictures  on  Judge  Eyre's 
charge  to  tlie  jury,  the  circuhition  of 
which  government  tried  in  vain  to  pre- 
vent. Mr.  Godwin  did  not  appearagain 
as  an  autiiortill  1797,  when  he  puljlished 
a  series  of  essays,  under  the  title  of 
"The  Enouirer."  In  the  following 
vear  he  produced  the  "  Memoirs  of  Mary 
Wolstoncroft,"  authoress  of  a  "  Vindi- 
cation of  the  Rights  of  Woman,"  whose 
congenial  mind  in  politics  and  morals, 
p*id  whose  noble  spirit  he  ardently 
admired.  He  had  lived  with  her  some 
time  before  their  marriage  ;  and  in  her 
"Memoirs"  he  says,  "tlie  principal 
motive  for  complying  with  the  ceremony, 
was  the  circumstance  of  Mary's  being 
in  a  state  of  pregnancy."  She,  however, 
died  a  few  months  after,  in  giving  birth 
to  a  daughter.  In  1799  he  produced 
another  work,  entitled  "  St.  Leon,"  a 
romance.  In  1801  he  again  married, 
and  shortly  after  opened  a  bookseller's 
shop  in  skinner-street,  where  ushered 
forth  a  variety  of  juvenile  publications, 
many  of  which  were  his  own  composi- 
tion. Though  engaged  in  trade,  ho 
continued  to  wield  the  pen  of  an  expe- 
rienced author.  He  wrote  the  novels  of 
"  Fleetwood,"  and  "  Mandeville  ;"  a 
"  History  of  the  Life  and  Age  of  Geof- 
frey Chaucer,"  a  "History  of  the 
Commonwealth  of  England,"  two  un- 
successful tragedies,  an  "  Exposition  of 
Mr.  Malthus's  Theory  of  Population," 
"  Cloudesley,"  a  novel;  "Thoughts  on 
Man;  his  Nature,  Productions,  and 
Discoveries;"  "Tlie  Lives  of  the  Nec- 
romancers," &o.  As  a  novelist,  God- 
win is  decidedly  original,  combining 
great  depth  of  thought  with  singular 
independence  and  energy  of  style. 
During  the  administration  of  Earl  Grey, 
he  was  appointed  to  the  sinecure  office 
of  yeoinan-usher  of  the  exchequer,  by 
wliich  his  latter  days  were  rendered 
comfortable.  D.  Aiiril,  1836. — Tiiewit'e 
of  the  preceding,  tnough  better  known 
as  Mary  Wolstoncuoft,  was  b.  1759. 
The  povertv  of  her  parents  could  only 
afford  her  tlie  commonest  mode  of  edu- 
cation. Reading  and  reflection,  with 
extraordinary  talents,  her  bioirrapher 
tells  us,  su]iplicd  all  deficiencies ;  so 
that,  at  the  death  of  her  mother,  she 
opened  a  school  with  her  sisters  at 
Islington,  from  whence  they  removed  to 


us 


CVCLOP.EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[gof 


Newington  Green.  Shortly  after,  Mary 
quitted  lier  sisters  to  attend  upou  a  sick 
lady  wlio  iiad  been  lier  benefactress,  and 
wlio  died  at  Lisbon.  Upou  her  return 
she,  ciii,Mi;-ed  liersclf  as  governess  to 
Lord  KintTsborougli's  cliildren.  In 
17^'J  slic  tixed  her  residence  in  London, 
and  began  lier  literary  pursuits  with 
"  Thoughts  on  the  Education  of  Daugh- 
ters." In  17y7  she  was  married  to 
AVilliani  Godwin,  and  died  a  few  months 
afterwtirds. — William,  son  of  the  author 
of '"Caleb  Williams,"  and  the  brother 
of  Mrs.  Shelley,  was  a  contributor  to 
some  of  the  best  periodicals  of  the  day, 
and  a  parliamentary  reporter.  Ills 
essays  showed  that  he  was  an  attentive 
observer  of  n>en  and  manners,  and  were 
written  with  considerable  tact  and 
vivacity.     D.  18:j'2. 

i;oiiTHE,  John  Wolfgang  von,  the 
greatest  modern  poet  of  Germany,  and 
the  patriarch  of  German  literature,  was 
b.  at  Frankfort-on-tlie-Maine,  August 
2S,  1749.  His  father  was  doctor  of  law 
and  imperial  counsellor;  and  being  in 
good  circumstances,  possessing  a  taste 
for  the  tine  arts,  and  having  made  a 
tolerable  collection  of  pictures  and  other 
objects  of  virtii,  young  Goethe  had  an 
early  opportunity  of  indulging  his  fancy 
and  inijiroving  his  mind.  Drawing, 
music,  natural  science,  the  elements  of 
jurisprudence,  and  the  languages  occu- 
pied liis  early  years;  and  when  he  was 
15,  he  was  sent  to  the  university  at 
Leipsic,  but  did  not  follow  any  regular 
course  of  studies.  In  1708  he  quitted 
Leipsic,  and  subsequently  went  to  the 
university  of  Strasbiirg,  to  qualify  him- 
self for  the  law;  but  he  paid  more  at- 
tention to  chemistry  and  anatomy  than 
to  his  nominal  pursuit.  In  1771  he  took 
the  degree  of  doctor  of  jurisprudence, 
and  then  went  to  Wetzlar,  where  he 
found,  in  his  own  love  lor  a  betrothed 
lady,  and  in  the  suicide  of  a  young  man 
jianied  Jerusalem,  the  subjects  for  his 
"  Werther,"  winch  appeared  in  1774, 
and  at  once  excited  the  attention  of  his 
countrymen,  while  it  produced  an  in- 
stantaneous ettect  on  his  country's  liter- 
ature. Having,  in  178l',  entered  tlie 
service  of  the  duke  of  Saxe-Weinwr, 
whom  he  had  met  in  travelling,  he  was 
made  president  of  tlic  council  chamber, 
ennobled,  and  loaded  with  honors.  A 
splendid  galaxy  of  talent  assembled  at 
AVeimar,  and  united  itself  to  Goethe. 
The  direction  of  tiie  theatre  was  eon- 
fi  led  to  him,  and  he  there  brought  out 
Bome  of  the  noble  dramatic  che/s-d^xavre 
of  Schiller,  with  an  effect  worthy  of 


them.  There,  too,  his  own  dramatic 
works  first  appeared,  viz.,  "  Goetz  von 
Berlichingen,"  "Faust,"  "  Iphigenia  in 
Taiiris,"  "Tasso,"  "Clavigo,"  "Stella," 
and  "  Count  Egmont."  In  1786  he  made 
a  journey  to  Italy,  where  he  remained 
two  years,  visited  Sicily,  and  remained 
a  long  time  in  Rome.  In  1792  he  fol- 
lowed his  prince  during  the  campaign 
in  Champagne.  He  was  afterwards 
created  minister ;  received,  in  1807,  the 
order  of  Alexander-Newsky  from  Alex- 
ander of  Russia,  and  the  grand  cross  of 
the  legion  of  honor  from  Napoleon.  D. 
at  Weimar,  March  22,  1832,  aged  80. 
Goethe  was  an  intellectual  giant ;  and 
his  profound  knowledge  ofTifcandof 
individual  character  places  his  vi'orks 
among  the  first  ever  produced.  His 
greatest  production,  "Faust,"  has  been 
repeatedly  translated  into  English,  His 
beautiful  songs  and  shorter  poems,  elo 
gies,  distichs,  &c.,  possess  a  perennial 
beauty,  Goethe's  writings  are  by  far 
too  voluminous  to  be  here  enumerated; 
but  we  must  mention  "  William  Meis- 
ter's  Apprenticeship,"  an  ethie  fiction  ; 
"  Herman  and  Dorothea,"  and  the 
"  Elective  Atiinities,"  &e. 

GOETZE,  Jon.v  Augustus  Ephraiji, 
a  German  naturalist,  was  b.  at  Ascher- 
leben  in  1731 ;  and  d.  in  17113.  He  made 
many  microscopic  discoveries,  and  wrote 
several  books  on  natural  history ;  among 
which  are  "Entomological  Memoirs," 
"  A  History  of  Intestine  Vermes,"  and 
a  "  European  Fauiui."  He  was  pastor 
of  the  church  at  Quedlinburgh. 

GOFFE,  William,  one  of  the  judges 
of  King  Charles  I.,  and  a  major-general 
under  "Cromwell,  left  London  before 
Charles  II.  was  proclaimed,  and  .arrived 
at  Boston  in  July,  16G0.  Governor  En- 
dicott  gave  him  a  friendly  reception. 
But  when  the  act  of  indemnity  arrived 
in  November,  and  his  name  was  not 
found  among  those  to  whom  pardon 
was  ottered,  the  government  of  Massa- 
chusetts was  alarmed.  Perceiving  his 
danger,  he  with  Whalley  left  Cam- 
bridge, where  they  had  resided,  and 
went  to  New  Haven.  They  were  here 
concealed  by  Deputy-governor  Leet  and 
Mr.  Davenport.  From  New  Haven 
they  went  to  West  Rock,  a  mountain 
300  feet  in  height,  at  the  distance  of 
two  or  three  miles  from  the  town,  where 
they  were  hid  in  a  cave.  They  after- 
wards lived  in  concealment  at  Milford, 
Derby,  and  Branfonl,  ami  in  October, 
l(j'>4,  removed  to  Hadley,  in  Massachu- 
setts, and  were  concealed  for  15  or  16 
years  in  the  house  of  Mr.  Kussell,  the 


ool] 


CVCLOP.EDI.V    OF    lilOUU  AI'UV. 


449 


minister.  On  the  first  of  September, 
1675,  the  town  of  ITadley  was  alarmed 
by  the  Indians  in  tlie  time  of  public 
worship,  and  the  people  were  thrown 
into  the  utmost  eonfusioii.  But  sud- 
deidy  an  aijed  venerable  man  in  an  un- 
common dress  appeared  in  the  midst  of 
them,  revived  then*  eouraire,  and  j)Utlin<; 
himself  at  their  head,  led  them  to  the 
attack,  and  repulsed  tlie  enemy.  The 
deliverer  of  lludley  immediately  disap- 
peared, and  the  inhabitants,  overwhelm- 
ed with  astonishment,  supposed  that  an 
anscl  had  been  sent  for  their  protection. 
D.^about  1079. 

GOGUET,  Anthonv  Yves,  a  Parisian 
advocate,  and  a  writer  on  jurisprudence. 
His  principal  work,  exhibitinij  much 
industry  and  learning,  appeared  in  1758, 
(the  year  in  which  he  died,)  and  is  en- 
titled "  Orisrine  des  Loix,  de3  Sciences, 
et  dcs  Arts,  et  de  leurs  Progres  chez 
les  Anciens  Pcnplcs." 

GOICOECIIEA,  Joseph  Anthony  de 
LiEUDOY,  professor  of  philosophy  and 
thcolosry  at  Guatimala,  in  South  Amer- 
ica, and  founder  of  the  Economical  So- 
ciety there,  was  a  Franciscan  friar,  but 
at  the  same  time  a  public  spirited  mem- 
ber of  the  stale.  lie  published  a  niunbcr 
of  memoirs  on  botany,  aitriculture,  &c., 
and  imported  into  his  own  country 
many  invaluable  inventions  and  discov- 
eries.    1).  ISl-i. 

GOLDING,  Arthvk,  an  English  wri- 
ter, of  the  Elizabethan  era,  patronized 
by  Cecil,  Sir  Philip  Sidney,  and  other 
cotemporary  literati,  was  the  translator 
of  Ovid's  '"  Metamorphoses"  into  En- 
glish verse,  and  of  Caisar's  "Commen- 
taries" into  prose.  He  was  likewise  the 
author  of  an  account  of  the  earthquake 
of  15S<\  and  of  several  devotional  and 
other  treatises. 

GOLDONI,  Charles,  a  celebrated 
Italian  dramatist,  was  b.  at  Venice,  in 
1707  :  and  so  early  did  his  taste  for  the 
drama  appear,  that  l>efore  he  was  8 
years  old  he  had  sketched  the  plan  of  a 
comedy.  His  father,  wlio  was  a  physi- 
cian, havinii  settled  at  Pcrusria,  intended 
that  his  son  should  follow  the  medical 
profession  ;  but  Goldoni,  dissatisfied 
with  this  pursuit,  obtained  permission 
to  study  law  in  \'enice.  After  commit- 
tintr  many  youthful  follies,  lie  brousjht 
a  few  pieces  upon  the  stage,  which  pro- 
cured but  little  profit,  and  not  much 
praise ;  and  lie  continued  to  live  in  a 
continual  scene  of  dissipation  and  in- 
triune  until  he  married  the  dauirhtcr 
of  a  notary  in  Genoa,  and  removed  to 
Venice.  Here  he  first  began  to  cultivate 
as* 


that  department  of  dramatic  poetry  in 
which  he  was  to  excel,  namely,  descrip- 
tion of  character  and  manners,  in  whicli 
he  took  Molicre,  whom  he  began  to 
study  about  this  time,  lor  his  model. 
Ilaviuii-  taken  the  direction  of  the  thea- 
tre at  Kimini,  he  set  about  the  reforma- 
tion of  the  Italian  staire,  and  in  1761  to 
undertake  a  similar  office  at  I'aris.  On 
the  conclusion  of  his  engagement,  he 
was  appointed  Italian  master  to  the 
princesses,  with  apartments  in  Ver- 
sailles, and  a  pension.  For  80  years  ho 
resided  in  the  French  capit;d ;  but  tlio 
revolution  luiving  deprived  him  of  his 
chief  resources,  he  sank  into  a  profound 
melancholy,  and  d.  1792,  aged  85. 
/GOLDSMITH,  Oliver,  (a  celebrated 
(^poet,  historian,  and  essayist,  was  b.  in 
1731,  at  Pallas,  in  the  county  of  Long- 
ford, Ireland.  He  was  the  sou  of  a 
clergyman,  and  was  educated  at  the 
universities  of  Dublin,  Edinburgh,  and 
Leyden,  with  a  view  to  the  medical  pro- 
fession. But  his  eccentricities  and  care- 
less conduct  were  the  prolific  source  of 
difficulty  to  himself  and  friends  ;  and 
when  he  abruptly  quitted  Leyden  he 
liad  but  one  sliirt  and  no  money,  though 
he  intended  to  make  the  tour  of  Europe 
on  foot,  and  actually  travelled  through 
Flanders,  part  of  France,  Germany, 
Switzerland,  and  Italy,  often  subsisting 
on  the  bounty  of  the  peasants,  and  re- 
turning the  oliligation  of  a  night's  lodir- 
iiig,  or  a  meal,  by  liis  skill  on  the  Ger- 
man flute,  wliieli  he  fortunately  carried 
with  him  as  his  stock  in  trade.  In  1753 
lie  arrived  in  England  ;  and,  by  the  as- 
sistance and  recommendation  of  Dr. 
Sleigh,  his  countryman  and  fellovv-col- 
Icgian,  obtained  a  situation  as  usher  in 
a  school  at  Pcelvham ;  where,  however, 
he  did  not  remain  long,  but  settled  in 
London,  and  subsisted  by  writing  for 
periodical  publications.  One  of  his  first 
performances  was  an  "  Inquiry  into  the 
State  of  Polite  Learning  in  Europe  ;'' 
but  he  emerged  from  obscurity,  in  I7i)5. 
by  the  publication  of  his  poem,  entitled 
'•The  Traveller,  or  a  Prospect  of  So- 
ciety," of  which  Dr.  Johnson  said, 
"  that  there  had  not  been  so  fine  a  poem 
since  Pope's  time."  The  year  following 
appeared  his  well-known  novel  of  the 
''  Vicar  of  Wakefield."  His  circum- 
stances were  now  respectable,  and  he 
took  chambers  in  the  Temple  ;  but  the 
liberality  of  his  temper  involved  him 
in  frequent  dilKculties.  In  17li8  lie 
broujjht  out  his  comedy  of  the  ''  Good- 
Natured  Man"  at  Co'vent-garden,  but 
its  reception  was  not  equal  to  its  merita. 


A'A) 


CVCLOP.KDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[gor 


In  1770  he  published  "The  Deserted 
^"illacrc,"  a  poein,  which,  in  point  of 
description  and  pathos,  is  ybove  fill 
praise ;  yet  such  was  his  modest  opin- 
ion of  it's  merits,  that  lie  could  hardly 
be  induced  to  take  the  protlered  recom- 
pense of  £100  from  his  bookseller.  In 
1772  he  produced  his  comedy  of  "She 
Stoops  to  Conquer.''  which  was  hitchly 
successful  and  profitable.  Besides  tfiese 
performances,  he  produced  a  number 
of  others  ;  as  a  "  History  of  Enorland,  in 
a  Series  of  Letters  from  a  Nobleman  to 
his  Son,"  "A  History  of  Enorland,"  "A 
Koman  and  a  Grecian  History,"  "  A 
History  of  the  Earth  and  Animated  Na- 
ture," "  Chinese  Letters,"  <fec.  Gold- 
smith was  the  friend  of  Johnson,  Rey- 
nolds, and  Burke,  and  a  member  of  the 
Literary  Club  established  by  the  former. 
D.  April  4,  1774. 

GULIUS,  James,  an  eminent  oriental 
scholar,  was  b.  at  the  Hapcue,  in  1596 ; 
educated  at  Leyden,  and  in  1622  went 
as  interpreter  to  the  Dutch  embassy  in 
Morocco.  On  his  return  he  was  appoint- 
ed professor  of  Arabic  at  Leyden,  and 
afterwards  also  nominated  professor  of 
mathematics,  and  interpreter  of  the  ori- 
ental lanjrua<:res  to  the  United  States. 
His  principal  works  are,  an  "Arabic 
Lexicon,"  a  "Persian  Dictionary," 
"  The  History  of  the  Saracens,  transla- 
ted from  Ehnaein,"  and  "The  Life  of 
Tamerlane."  D.  1667.  —  Peter,  his 
brother,  who  was  also  an  excellent  ori- 
entalist, became  a  Catholic,  and  founded 
a  Carmelite  convent  on  Mount  Libanus. 
He  d.  in  1673,  at  Surat,  in  the  East 
Indies,  whither  he  had  proceeded  as  a 
missionary. 

G(JNGOliA,  Louis,  a  celebrated  Span- 
ish poet,  was  b.  at  (Cordova,  in  1562,  and 
is  Called  by  his  countrymen  the  prince 
of  lyric  poets.  His  style,  however,  is 
often  difficult  to  comprehend,  even  to 
the  Spaniards  themselves,  among  whom 
he  has  had  almost  as  many  ccnsurers  as 
admirers.     1).  1627. 

GONSALV(J  OF  Cordova,  Hernan- 
dez Y  Aofii.AR,  a  eelet)rated  Spanish 
warrior,  was  b.  at  Montilla,  near  Cordo- 
va, in  144;}.  He  entered  the  army  when 
only  15;  distinsrnisiied  himself  aifainst 
the  Moors,  Turks,  and  Portuguese  ;  was 
appointed  viceroy  of  Naples,  after  hav- 
ing conquered  tiiat  kinifdom,  and  uni- 
versallv  obtained  the  appellation  of  the 
Great  Captain.     D.  1515. 

GOOD,  John  Mason,  a  physician, 
poet,  and  philologist,  was  the  son  of  a 
dissenting  minister,  and  b.  1764,  at  Ep- 
piiig,  in  Essex.     Having  been  appren- 


ticed to  a  surgeon,  he  first  practised  at 
Coggeshall;  but  in  1793  he  settled  in 
London,  as  a  surgeon  and  apothecary ; 
and  having  obtained  a  diploma  from  the 
university  of  Aberdeen,  he  commenced 
practice  as  a  physician  in  1802.  It  is 
stated  of  him,  that  so  incessant  and 
multifarious  were  his  labors  in  1803, 
that  he  was  finishing  a  translation  of 
"Solomon's  Sonsr,"  carrying  on  his 
"Life  of  Dr.  Geddes,"  walking  from  12 
to  14  miles  a  day  to  see  his  patients, 
editing  the  "Critical  Eeview,"  and  sup- 
plying a  column  of  matter,  weekly,  for 
the  "Sunday  Keview;"  added  to  which 
lie  had,  for  a  short  period,  the  manage- 
ment of  the  "  British  Press"  newspa- 
per. In  the  winter  of  18l0,  Mr.  Good 
commenced  his  lectures  at  the  Surrey 
Institution,  which  were  published  in 
1826,  entitled  "The  Book  of  Nature." 
He  produced  many  other  valuable 
works,  among  which  are  "  Tiie  Study 
of  Medicine."     D.  1827. 

GOODRICH,  Chauncet,  lieutenants 
governor  of  Connecticut,  was  b.  at  Dur- 
ham, October  20th,  1759,  and  (rrnduated 
at  Yale  college  in  1779,  with  a  high 
reputation  for  genius  and  acquirements. 
After  having  spent  several  years  as  a 
tutor  in  that  seminary,  he  established 
himself  as  a  lawyer  at  Hartford,  and 
soon  attained  the  first  eminei.co  in  the 
profession.  He  \yas  chosen  a  represent- 
ative in  the  legislature  of  the  state  in 
1793,  and  the  following  year  was  elected 
to  a  seat  in  conarress,  and  continued 
there  till  1800.  In  1802  he  became  a 
counsellor  of  the  state,  and  retained  the 
office  till  1807,  when  he  was  appointed 
a  senator  of  the  United  States.  He  re- 
ceived the  office  of  mayor  of  Hartford 
in  1812,  and  lieutenant-governor  of  the 
state  in  1813,  when  he  resigned  his  seat 
in  the  United  States  senate.     D.  1815. 

GOOKIN,  Daniel,  a  major-general 
of  Massachusetts,  was  b.  in  England, 
and  in  1621  emigrated  to  Virginia.  In 
1644  he  removed  to  New  England,  and 
was  appointed  superintendent  of  all 
the  Indians  who  had  submitted  to  the 
government  of  Massachusetts.  In  1681 
he  received  the  appointment  of  major- 
general  of  the  provmce.  He  d.  in  1687, 
at  the  age  of  75.  He  left  in  manuscript 
historical  collections  of  New  England 
Indians,  which  were  published  in  the 
first  volume  of  the  "Massachusetts  His- 
torical Society."  He  also  left  in  manu- 
script a  history  of  New  England. 

(i(jRI)l.\N,*  Marcus  Antonius,  the 
elder,  a  Koman  emperor,  surnamed  Af- 
ricanus,  was  descended  from  the  Grac- 


.okJ 


CYCLOP.KUIA    OK     BIOGRAPHY. 


451 


chi,  find  the  family  of  Trajan.  He  was 
b.  157,  and  the  early  part  of  his  life  was 
ppcnt  in  literary  pursuits.  After  beint; 
edilo,  twice  consul,  and  proconsul  of 
Africa,  L3  was,  at  the  aire  of  80,  raised 
to  the  throne,  in  conjunction  with  his 
son  ;  who  being  slain  in  battle  six  weeks 
after  their  accession,  the  father,  in  an 
agony  of  grief,  put  a  period  to  his  own 
existence. — Maucus  Antonius,  grandson 
of  the  preceding,  was  called  to  the  throne 
when  lie  was  only  13  years  of  age.  He 
became  a  renowned  warrior,  and  was 
styled  the  Guardian  of  the  Common- 
wealth.    He  d.  near  Circesium,  in  244. 

GORDON,  Patrick,  governor  of 
Pennsylvania,  xindcr  the  proprietors, 
commenced  his  administration  as  the 
successor  of  Sir  "William  Keith,  in  172ti. 
It  was  distinguished  by  prudence,  mod- 
eration, and  a  rcirard  to  the  interests  of 
the  province,  and  was  highly  popular. 
He  was  bred  to  arms,  and  served  from 
his  youth  to  near  the  close  of  (Jueen 
Anne's  reign,  with  a  high  reputation. 
D.  at  Philadelphia,  173(5.  —  William, 
minister  of  Eoxbury,  Mass.,  was  a  na- 
tive of  England,  lie  had  been  settled 
in  the  ministry  in  England,  and  came  to 
America  in  1770,  an<l  was  ordained  min- 
ister of  the  third  church  in  Koxbnrv, 
1772.  He  took  an  active  part  in  public 
measures  during  the  war  with  Great 
Britain,  and  was  chosen  chaplain  to  the 
provincial  congress  of  Massachusetts. 
In  1776  he  formed  the  design  of  writing 
a  liistory  of  the  great  events  in  Ameri- 
ca. Besides  other  sources  of  informa- 
tion, he  had  recourse  to  the  records  of 
congress,  and  to  those  of  New  England, 
and  was  indulged  with  the  perusal  of 
the  papers  of  Washimrton,  (Jates, 
Greene,  Lincoln,  and  Otho  Williams. 
After  the  conclusion  of  the  war,  he  re- 
turned to  his  native  country  in  17SC), 
and  in  17SS  published  the  work  which 
had  for  a  number  of  years  occupied  his 
.attention.  1).  1S07.  —  Alkxandek,  a 
Scotch  antiouary,  who  lived  many  years 
in  Italy  ancl  other  parts  of  the  Conti- 
nent; and,  in  1730,  was  appointed  sec- 
retary to  the  society  for  the  encourage- 
ment of  learning.  In  1741  he  went  to 
Carolina,  whore  he  held  several  ofiices, 
find  had  some  grants  of  land.  D.  n.'iO. 
Among  his  Works  are  the  "  Lives  of  Pope 
Alexander  VI.  and  his  son  Caesar  Bor- 
gia," '*  A.  Comiilcte  History  of  Ancient 
Amphithriatres,"  Szc. —  Lord  CiEot?«e, 
eon  of  Cosmo  George,  duke  of  Gordon, 
was  b.  in  1750.  He  entered  when  young 
into  the  navy,  but  left  it  during  the 
American  war,  in  consequence  of  a  dis- 


pute with  Lord  Sandwich,  relative  to 
promotion.  He  sat  in  parliament  for 
Luggershall,  and  became  conspicuous 
by  ills  opposition  to  ministers;  but, 
though  eccentric,  he  displayed  no  de- 
ficiency of  wit  or  argument.  He  soon, 
however,  became  an  object  of  great 
notoriety  ;  for  a  bill  having  been  intro- 
duced into  the  house,  in  17S0,  for  the 
relief  of  Poman  Catholics  from  certain 
penalties  and  disabilities,  lie  collected  a 
mob,  at  the  head  of  whom  he  marched 
to  present  a  petition  against  the  pro- 
posed measure.  The  dreadful  riots 
which  ensued,  led  to  his  lordship's  ar- 
rest and  trial  for  high  treason ;  but  no 
evidence  being  adduced  of  such  a  de- 
sign, he  was  acquitted.  In  the  begin- 
ning of  1778,  having  been  twice  convict- 
ed of  libelling  the  French  ambassador, 
the  queen  of  France,  and  the  crimin.al 
justice  of  his  country,  he  retired  to 
Holland ;  but  he  was  arrested,  sent 
home,  and  committed  to  Newgate, 
where  he  d.  in  1703. — Thomas,  a  politi- 
cal writer,  was  b.  at  Kirkcudbright,  in 
Scotland,  and  settled  in  London  as  a 
classical  teacher,  but  soon  turned  his 
attention  to  polities,  and  was  employed 
by  Harley,  earl  of  Oxtbrd.  Mr.  Trcnch- 
ard  next  took  him  to  live  with  him, 
and  they  wrote  in  conjunction  "Cato's 
Letters,"  and  the  "Independent  Whig." 
He  translated  Tacitus  and  Sallust:  and 
at'tcr  his  death,  which  happened  in 
\7r<o,  appeared  "  A  Cordial  for  Low 
Spirits,"  and  the  "  Pillars  of  Priestcraft 
and  Orthodoxy  Shaken." 

GOKE,  CiinisTopiiEK,  a  governor  of 
the  state  of  Massachusetts,  was  b.  at 
Boston,  in  175S,  his  father  being  an 
opulent  mechanic  there.  In  17S'.>  Wash- 
ington appointed  him  first  United  States 
attorney  for  the  district  of  Massachu- 
setts ;  and  in  1796  ho  was  selected  by 
the  president  as  the  colleague  of  the 
celebrated  William  Pinkney,  to  settle 
the  American  claims  upon  England  for 
spoliations.  In  this  situation  he  evinced 
his  wonted  energy  and  talent,  and  re- 
covered property  to  a  very  great  amount 
for  his  fellow-citizens.  In  1S03  he  was 
let\  in  London  as  charr/i-  d'ajfinivft,  when 
Kufus  King,  the  American  minister,  re- 
turned to  America.  In  l^Oit  he  was 
chosen  governor  of  JIassachusetts.  hut 
retained  his  dignity  only  for  one  year. 
In  1814  he  was  called  to  the  senate  of 
the  I'nion,  and  served  in  this  capacity 
for  three  years,  when  he  retired  from 
public  aiFairs,  and  d.  in  1827.  aired  68. 
He  was  a  good  scholar,  and  had  an  ex- 
cellent knowledge  of  the  world,  whicb 


452 


CVCLOl'.EDIA    OF    BIOGKAPHV. 


[goct 


qualities  -were  set  off  to  the  best  advau-  i 
tage  by  liis   fine  person  and  graceful 
manners. 

GORGIAS,  Leontincs,  a  celebrated 
orator  of  the  school  of  Empedocles,  was 
ft  native  of  Lcontium  in  Sicily,  and 
flourished  in  tlie  5th  century  b.  o.  A 
statue  of  gold  was  erected  to  Ins  honor 
at  Delphi ;  and  Plato  has  criven  his  name 
to  one  of  his  dialogues,  lie  lived  to  the 
age  of  lO.i. 

GORHAM,  Nathaniel,  president  of 
congress,  was  b.  in  Charlestown,  Mas- 
sachusetts, in  1733,  and  d.  June  11th, 
17y6,  aged  SS.  He  was  often  a  member 
of  the  legislature,  and  in  17S4  was  elect- 
ed to  congress.  As  a  member  of  the 
convention  he  assisted  in  forming  the 
constitution  of  the  United  States. — J  ohn, 
a  physician  of  Boston,  graduated  at  Har- 
vard college,  ISOl,  and  finished  his  pro- 
fessional education  at  Edinburgh.  In 
1809  he  was  appointed  adjunct  protessor 
of  chemistry  and  materia  medica  at 
Cambridge;' and  in  1816  professor  of 
chemistry  and  mineralogy.  He  d.  1829, 
aged  40.  He  publishect an  "Inaugural 
Address,"  1817;  "Elements  of  Chem- 
ical Science,"  1819. 

GOSXOLD,  Bartholomew,  an  in- 
trepid mariner  of  tlie  west  of  England, 
sailed  from  Falmouth  for  the  coast  of 
America,  March  L'6, 1602.  Instead  of  ap- 
proaching this  country  by  the  way  ofthe 
West  Indies,  he  was  the  first  English- 
man who  directly  crossed  the  ocean. 
He  discovered  laud  May  4th,  and  a  cape 
on  the  loth,  near  which  he  caught  a 
great  number  of  cod,  from  which  cir- 
cumstance he  named  the  land  Cape  Cod. 
The  Indians  which  he  met  at  different 
places  wore  ornaments  of  copper,  and 
used  the  pipe  and  tobacco,  lie  passed 
Sandy  Point,  and  in  a  few  days  came  to 
an  island,  which  he  named  Martha's 
Vineyard,  as  there  were  many  vines 
upon  it.  This  is  supposed  to  have  been, 
not  the  island  which  now  bears  that 
name,  but  tlie  small  island  which  is 
called  No  Man's  Land.  He  resided  three 
weeks  on  the  most  western  of  the  Eliz- 
abeth islands,  on  which  he  built  a  fort 
and  storeliouse.  But  finding  that  he 
had  not  a  supply  of  provisions,  he  gave 
up  tlie  design  of  making  a  settlement. 
The  cellar  of  liis  Rtorehouse  was  discov- 
ered by  Dr.  Belknap  in  1797.  After  his 
return  to  England  he  embarked  in  an 
expedition  to  Virginia,  where  he  was  a 
member  of  the  council.  But  he  d.  soon 
after  his  arrival,  1007. 

G0SS?2LIN,  Pascal  Fkaxcls  Joseph, 
an  eminent  French  geographer,  b.  at 


Lille,  in  the  Netherlands,  in  1751.  He 
was  engaged  in  a  tour  through  Europe 
for  several  years,  and  made  many  valu- 
able researches  concerning  ancient  geog- 
raphy. In  1789  he  was  admitted  a  mem- 
ber of  the  national  assembly,  and,  in 
1791,  nominated  a  member  of  the  cen- 
tral administration  of  commerce.  Ho 
was  subsequently  employed  in  the  war 
department,  became  a  member  of  the 
legion  of  honor ;  and  was  ultiuii  rely 
made  keeper  of  the  king's  library  and 
cabinet  of  medals,  &c.,  at  Paris.  His 
works  relate  to  ancient  geography,  and 
possess  inucli  merit.     D.  1830. 

GOTIIOFRED,  Denis,  an  eminent 
French  lawyer,  b.  of  an  illustrious  family 
at  Paris,  in  1549.  France  being  involved 
in  confusion  by  the  leaguers,  lie  accept- 
ed of  a  professor's  chair  at  Geneva,  until 
he  was  employed  by  Henry  IV. ;  but 
being  afterwards  deprived  of  Ids  office, 
as  a  Huguenot,  he  retired  to  Heidelberg, 
and  d.  u\  1622.  He  wrote  many  books, 
the  chief  of  which  is  the  "  Corpus  Juris 
Civilis." — Theodore,  son  of  the  prece- 
ding, was  b.  at  Geneva,  in  1580.  As 
soon  as  he  had  finished  his  studies  he 
went  to  Paris,  where  he  conformed  to 
the  Catholic  religion,  and  applied  with 
indefatigable  industry  to  the  study  of 
history.  In  1632  Loiiis  XIII.  made  him 
one  of  his  historiographers,  with  a  sti- 
pend of  3000  livres ;  and,  in  1636,  he  was 
sent  to  Cologne,  and  subsequently  to 
Munster,  to  assist  at  the  treaty  of  peace 
negotiating  there.  He  d.  in  1649.  His 
principal  work  is  an  "Account  of  the 
Ceremonial  of  the  Kings  of  France." — 
Denis,  son  of  Theodore,  was  b.  at  Paris, 
in  1615.  "Ho  studied  history,  after  his 
fiither's  example ;  became  as  eminent  in 
that  department  of  knowledge,  and  ob- 
tained the  reversion  of  his  father's  place 
of  historiographer  royal,  from  Louis 
XIII.,  when  he  was  but  25  years  of  age. 
He  finished  the  "Memoirs  of  Philip  de 
Commines,"  began  by  liis  father ;  and 
was  preparing  a  history  of  Charles  VIII., 
when  he  d.,  in  lOSl. 

GOTTSCIIED,  John  CrinisTOPHEB,  a 
German  writer,  wash,  at  Konigsberg,  in 
1700;  and  is  considered  to  have  con- 
tributed much  towards  the  reformation 
of  German  literature.  He  was  succes- 
sively ]-)rofessor  of  the  belles  lettrea, 
philosophy,  metaphysics,  and  noetry,  in 
the  university  of  Leipsic ;  and  a.  in  1766. 
He  was  assisted  in  his  dramatic  writings 
by  his  wife,  who  was  a  woman  of  splen- 
did talents. 

GOUJON,  Jean,  a  French  sculptor 
and  architect  in  the  16th  century,  -who, 


qea] 


CYCLOP.-ElJlA    OF    lilOGRAl'IIV. 


453 


being  a  Prolcstanv,  fell  in  the  massacre 
of  St.  Bartiioloinew,  1572.  He  designed 
the  fine  faijade  of  llio  old  Louvre,  and 
other  works,  which  procured  him  the 
title  of  the  French  riiidiiis. 

GOULU,  Jame.s,  an  eminent  American 
jurist.  lie  was  a  native  of  Branford, 
Conn. ;  andfrraduatcd  at  Yale  college  in 
1791.  In  early  life  lie  became  distin- 
guished as  a  lawyer  ;  and  was  raised  to 
the  otlice  of  judge  of  the  supreme  court 
of  hi.s  native  state.  From  this  otKce, 
however,  ho  was  disfilaced  in  1S18,  Vjy 
the  adoption  of  a  new  constitution.  For 
many  years  lie  was  associated  with 
Judge  Tappan  Kcevc,  as  professor  of  the 
law  school  at  Litchfield,  and  after  the 
death  of  .Judge  Keeve  he  continued  to 
conduct  the  school  till  within  a  few  years 
of  his  death,  when  the  state  of  his  health 
required  him  to  relinquish  it.  In  his 
manners  he  was  an  accomplished  gen- 
tleman ;  in  his  family  one  of  the  most 
amiable  and  affectionate  of  men  ;  and  in 
the  social  circle  one  of  the  most  refined 
and  agreeable  companions.  His  mind 
was  richly  stored  with  the  treasures,  not 
of  his  profession  only,  but  of  iincient 
and  modern  classics,  and  also  of  the  ele- 
gant literature  of  the  day.     D.  1858. 

GOUVION  ST.  CYR,  General  Lxv- 
EEXT,  marquis  de,  an  eminent  French 
commander,  commenced  his  military 
career  during  the  revolution.  In  the 
campaign  on  the  Rhine,  in  1705,  he  re- 
peatedly distinguished  himself;  and  in 
the  following  year  he  attracted  the  par- 
ticular attention  of  Moreau,  who  hesi- 
tated not  to  attribute  to  his  skill  and 
bravery  much  of  the  success  which  at- 
tended the  French  arms.  He  was  after- 
wards intrusted  with  some  diplomatic 
missions ;  and  when  these  were  per- 
formed, he  returned  to  the  camp,  and  in 
1800  commanded  the  centre  of  the  army 
of  the  Rhine.  In  1804  he  was  made 
colonel-general  of  the  cuirassiers,  and 
grand  otlicer  of  the  legion  of  honor.  He 
continued  to  pursue  a  successful  career 
durins:  the  following  campaigns  in  Italy 
and  Germany ;  and  when  the  FrencK 
first  invaded  Spain  he  was  cmploved  in 
Catalonia,  where  he  also  displayed  con- 
siderable ability.  In  the  disastrous 
campai<rn  of  Bonaparte  in  Russia,  he 
succeeded  Marshal  Oudinot  in  the  com- 
mand of  the  central  army;  and  for  lus 
services  on  that  occasion  he  was  promo- 
ted to  the  rank  of  marshal.  He  behaved 
with  great  judgment  and  bravery  at  the 
battle  of  Dresden,  and  was  let't  there 
with  a  garrison  of  16,000  men  ;  but  suc- 
ceeding events  rendered   it  impossible 


for  liim  to  maintain  the  place.  On  the 
restoration  of  the  Bourbons  he  was  cre- 
ated a  peer,  and  made  a  cumniander  of 
the  order  of  St.  Louis.  In  1817  he  was 
appointed  minister  for  naval  affairs,  and 
he  subse([uently  filled  the  hiifiiest  otlico 
in  the  war  department.     D.  18:50. 

GOWER,  John,  an  English  poet  of 
the  14tli  century,  supposed  to  have  been 
b.  in  Yorkshire,  ab^jut  1820.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  society  of  the  Inner 
Temple  ;  and  some  writers  assert  that  he 
became  chief  justice  of  the  common 
picas  ;  though  the  more  general  opinion 
is,  that  the  judge  was  another  person  of 
the  same  luinic.  He  d.  in  1402,  and  was 
buried  in  the  conventual  church  of  St. 
Mary  Overy,  Southwark,  to  which  he 
was  a  benefactor,  and  where  his  tomb  is 
still  to  be  seen.  He  was  author  of  a 
tripartite  work,  entitled,  "Speeidum 
Meditantis,"  "  Vox  Clamantis,"  and 
"  Confessio  Amantis." 

GOYEN,  John  van,  a  painter  of  land- 
scapes, cattle,  and  sea-pieces,  was  b.  at 
Leyden,  in  1596  ;  and  was  the  pupil  of 
Vandcrvelde.  He  possessed  great  facil- 
ity and  freedom ;  his  works  are  conse- 
quently more  general  throughout  Europe 
than  those  of  any  other  master,  but  such 
as  are  finished  and  remain  undamaged 
are  highly  valued. 

GOZOX,  Deouati,  grand-master  of 
the  order  of  St.  .John  of  Jerusalem,  was 
celebrated  for  his  courage  and  other  vir- 
tues. A  fabulous  story  is  told  of  his 
killing  a  dragon  of  a  monstrous  kind,  that 
infested  the  island  of  Riiodes.     D.  1853. 

GOZZI,  Gaspak,  Count,  an  Italian; 
author  of  "  Dramatic  Pieces,"  "  Poems," 
"Familiar  Letters,"  and  a  work  on  the 
plan  of  the  Spectator,  called  the  "  Vene- 
tian Observer."  B.  at  Venice,  1818  ;  d. 
1786. — Charles,  Count,  brother  of  the 
preceding,  a  dramatic  writer,  known  as 
the  persevering  enemy  and  rival  of  ■ 
Goldoni. 

GRACCHUS,  Tiberius  Semtronius, 
was  a  celebrated  Roman,  of  eminen- 
talents  and  patriotism,  who  distinguish- 
ed himself  at  the  taking  of  Carthage,  and 
was  elected  tribune  of  the  people.  Hav- 
ing, in  their  name,  demanded  of  the 
I  senate  the  execution  of  the  iigrarian  law, 
by  which  all  persons  possessiuir  above 
I  500  acres  of  land  were  to  be  deprived  of 

i'  the  surplus,  for  the  benetit  of  the  poor 
citizens,  among  whom  an  ei^ual  distri- 
bution of  it  was  to  be  made,  it  met  with 
violent  opposition,  and  Tiberius  fell  a 
victim  to  his  zeal  and  the  fury  of  the  of- 
fended patricians,  133  h.  c. — Caics,  a 
younger  brother  of  the  preceding,  who 


454 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[grj 


possessed  similar  talents  and  principles, 
and  pursued  similar  measures.  lie  was 
twice  tribune,  and  obtained  the  passing 
of  various  laws  obnoxious  to  the  patri- 
cians ;  but,  at  lengtli,  he  was  slain  in 
battle,  when  contending  with  the  consul 
Opiniius,  121  B.C. 

GKACIAN,  Balth.\sar,  a  Spanish 
Jesuit,  and  one  of  the  most  popular 
preachers  and  writers  of  his  time,  was 
b.  in  15St,  and  became  rector  of  the  col- 
lege of  Tarragona.  He  wrote  several 
works ;  the  chief  of  which  are,  "  The 
Courtier,"  "The  Hero,"  and  "The  Art 
of  Prudence."     T>.  1G.58. 

GK^FE,  or  GK.EVIUS,  John  G.,  a 
learned  classical  scholar,  b.  at  Naum- 
burg,  Saxony,  in  li532.  His  avidity  for 
study  in  liis  early  years  was  astonishing. 
He  succeeded  Gronovius  in  the  profess- 
orship of  history  at  Deventer.  and  re- 
moved from  thence  to  Utreclit,  where 
be  d.  in  1703.  He  published  editions  of 
several  of  the  classics  ;  but  his  greatest 
worlcs  are  his  "  Thesaurus  Antiquitatum 
Komanorum,"  and  "  Thesaurus  Anti- 
quitatum et  Historiarum  Italiie." 

GK/EME,  John,  a  Scotch  poet,  wash, 
at  Carnwarth,  in  Lanarkshire,  in  17-i9. 
lie  was  the  son  of  a  poor  lavmer,  but 
discovered  a  superior  genius,  obtained 
a  liberal  education,  first  at  Edinburgh, 
and  next  at  St.  Andrews.  He  was  pre- 
paring for  the  ministry,  when  he  d.  in 
1772,  leaving  behind  him  a  volume  of 
elegiac  and  miscellaneous  poetry,  which 
was  afterwards  puVilished. 

GUAFFIGNY,  Frances  d'Tssemboitrg 
d'Hai'poxcourt  de,  was  b.  at  Nancy  in 
1094.  She  was  the  wife  of  Grafflgny, 
chamberlain  to  the  duke  of  Lorraine, 
from  whom  she  was  legally  separated 
on  account  of  his  brutal  conduct.  Her 
best  literary  productions  are  a  sentimen- 
tal work,  entitled  "  Lettres  d'unc  I'eru- 
vienne,"  and  the  drama  of  "Ccnie." 
1).  at  I'aris,  1758. 

GKAFTON^  AuousTns  Henry  Frrz- 
RuY,  duke  of.  was  b.  in  1730;  succeeded 
his  granclfalner  in  the  fatnily  honors  in 
17")7 ;  and  in  1700  was  appointed  secretary 
of  state  ;  but  the  year  following  lie  relin- 
quished that  station,  and  soon  after  be- 
came first  lord  of  the  treasury,  which  he 
held  till  1770.  During  his  administra- 
tion, he  was  virulently  attacked  by  Ju- 
nius, who  seems  to  have  been  actuated 
quite  as  much  by  personal  enmity  as  by 
political  hostility.  In  1771  the  duke  was 
nominated  lord  privy  seal,  which  office  he 
resigned  in  177.'),  and  acted  in  opposition 
to  the  court  till  1782,  when  he  was  again 
in  plac«  for  a  short  time.    After  this,  he 


I  was  uniformly  an  opponent  of  ministers, 
till  his  death.  He  was  the  author  of  a 
volume  of  theological  essays,  &c.  D. 
1811. — EiciiARD,  an  English  historian, 
who  carried  on  an  extensive  business  in 
London,  as  a  printer,  in  the  16th  cen- 
tury, lie  greatly  assisted  in  the  compi- 
lation of  "Hall's  Chronicle,"  and  aiso 
produced  another,  entitled  "A  Chroni- 
cle at  large  of  the  Aflfayres  of  England 
from  the  Creation  of  the  Worlde  untc 
Queene  Elizabeth."  Grafton's  Chroni- 
cle was  republished  in  1809. 

GEAGGINI,  Anthony  Francis,  an 
Italian  poet  of  the  10th  century.  He 
was  the  originator  of  the  Delia  Crusca 
academy ;  and  the  author  of  poems  and 
tales,  the  latter  rivalling,  in  purity  of 
style,  those  of  Boccaccio.  B.  at  Flor- 
ence, 1503  ;  d.  1583. 

GEAIIAM,  George,  an  ingenions 
watchmaker,  and  a  most  accurate  mech- 
anician, was  b.  at  Kirklington,  Cumber- 
land, 1675.  He  invented  various  as- 
tronomical instruments,  by  which  the 
progress  of  science  was  considerably 
furthered.  The  great  mural  arch  in  the 
observatory  of  Greenwich  was  made  for 
Dr.  Halley,  under  his  inspection,  and 
divided  by  his  own  hand,  lie  invented 
the  sector  with  which  Dr.  Bradley  dis- 
covered two  new  motions  in  the  fixed 
stars.  He  furnished  the  members  of 
the  French  Academy,  who  were  sent  to 
the  north  to  measure  a  degree  of  the 
meridian,  with  the  instruments  for  thab 
purpose ;  and  he  composed  the  whole 
planetary  system,  within  the  compass 
of  a  small  cabinet,  from  which  model  all 
succeeding  orreries  have  been  formed. 
D.  1751. — Sir  John,  the  faithful  com- 
panion and  fellow-patriot  of  Sir  William 
Wallace.  He  fell  at  the  battle  of  Fal- 
kirk, July  22,  1298.— John,  of  Clavcr- 
house.  Viscount  Dundee,  "a  soldier  of 
distinguished  courage  and  professional 
skill,  but  rapacious  and  protane,  of  vio- 
lent temper,  and  of  obdurate  heart," 
whose  name,  "  wherever  the  Scottish 
race  is  settled  on  the  face  of  the  globe, 
is  mentioned  with  a  peculiar  energy  of 
liatred,"  was  b.  in  1650.  His  career  in 
arms  commenced  as  a  soldier  of  fortune 
in  France;  he  subsequently  entered  tlie 
Dutch  service;  and  on  his  return  to 
Scotland  in  1G77,  he  was  nominated  to 
the  command  of  a  regiment  of  horse 
that  had  been  raised  against  the  Cove- 
nanters. His  subsequent  career  we  will 
not  dwell  upon.  Among  many  cruel 
instruments  of  a  tyrannous  sovereign, 
he  made  himself  conspicuous  by  hia 
barbarity,  and  has  obtained  an  unenvia- 


gra] 


CYCLOPEDIA  OF  BIOGRAPHY. 


455 


blc  notoriety  in  liistory,  romance,  and 
local  tradition.  The  services  wiiidi  he 
rendered  to  his  soverci<rn  were  rcwanlcd 
from  time  to  time  by  various  hisjh  otfices ; 
and  lie  was  linally  raised  to  the  pceratre 
by  tiie  title  of  Viscount  Dundee.  Killed 
at  Killicrankie,  in  the  hour  of  victory, 
in  lOS'J. — Sir  Kichaisd,  Lord  Viscount 
Preston,  was  b.  Iii48.  He  was  sent  am- 
bassador by  Charles  II.  to  Louis  XIV., 
and  was  master  of  the  wardrobe  and 
secretary  of  state  under  James  II. 
When  the  revolution  took  place,  he  was 
tried  and  condemned,  on  an  accusation 
of  attemptina;  the  restoration  of  that 
prince,  but,  tliroujjh  the  queen's  inter- 
cession, he  was  pardoned.  lie  spent 
the  remainder  of  his  days  in  retirement, 
and  published  an  elegant  translation  of 
Boetnius  on  the  "Consolations  of  Phi- 
losopliy."     D.  1695. 

GP.\HAME,  James,  a  Scottish  poet, 
was  b.  17 Go,  at  Glassrow,  and  educated 
at  the  university  of  that  city.  He  was 
bred  to  the  law,  but  relinquished  foren- 
sic pursuits  for  clerical ;  and  d.  in  1811, 
curate  of  Sednrefield,  near  Durham.  His 
poetry  is  mostly  of  a  relii^ioiis  character, 
solemn,  yet  animated,  flowinsr,  and  de- 
scriptive. His  principal  pieces  are, 
"The  Sabbath,"  "The  Bards  of  Scot- 
land," and  "British  Geort,'ics." 

GRAINGER,  James,  a  poet  and  phy- 
sician, was  b.  at  Dunsc,  in  Scotland,  in 
1723.  After  serving  his  time  to  a  sur- 
geon at  Edinburgh,  he  became  a  regi- 
mental surgeon  in  the  English  army  in 
Germany;  but  on  the  restoration  of 
peace  in  1748,  he  took  his  doctor's  de- 
gree, and  settled  as  a  physician  in.  Lon- 
don ;  where,  however,  he  principally 
supported  himself  by  writing  for  the 
press.  An  "  Ode  to  Solitude,"  pub- 
lished in  Dodsley's  collection,  first  pro- 
cured him  reputation  ;  and,  among  oth- 
ers, tlic  acquaintance  of  Shenstone  and 
Dr.  Percy.  In  17."i9  he  publishcil  his 
"  Elegies  of  TibuUus,"  wliich,  owing  to 
some  severity  of  criticism,  involved  him 
in  a  paper  war  with  SiBollett.  He  then 
went  to  the  West  Indies  as  tutor  to  a 
young  gentleman,  and,  during  the  voy- 
age, Ibrmed  an  attachment  to  a  lady, 
whom  he  married  on  his  arrival  at  the 
island  of  St.  Christopher's,  of  which  her 
father  was  governor.  Here  he  suceess- 
fuliy  established  himself  as  a  medical 
practitioner,  but  did  not  lay  aside  his 
jien.  He  wrote  a  West  Indian  Georgic, 
or  didactic  poem,  entitled  "Tlie  Sugar 
Cane,"  and  the  ballad  of  "  Brian  and 
Pereene."  He  d.at  Basseterre,  St.  Chris- 
topher's, 1767. 


GRAMMONT,  PniLiBKRT,  count  of,  a 
celebrated  wit  of  Charles  the  Second's 
court,  was  the  son  of  Antliony,  duke  of 
Grammont.  After  serving  in  the  army 
under  (,'onde  and  Turenne,  he  came  to 
England  in  the  early  part  of  the  reign 
of  Charles  II.,  with  whom,  as  well  as  his 
mistresses,  he  became  a  great  favorite. 
He  married  tiie  daughter  of  Sir  George 
Hamilton,  fourth  son  of  the  earl  of  Abtr- 
corn,  and  d.  17o7.  He  is  described  as 
possessing,  with  a  great  turn  for  gallant- 
ry, much  wit,  politeness,  and  good-na- 
ture ;  but  he  was  a  great  gamester,  and 
seems  to  have  been  indebted  tor  his  sup- 
port chiefly  to  his  superior  skill  and  suc- 
cess at  play.  His  memoirs  were  written 
by  his  brolher-in-law,  Anthony,  usually 
called  Count  Hamilton,  who  followed 
the  tbrtunes  of  James  II.,  anU  ended 
his  days  in  the  service  of  France.— The 
duke  of,  father  of  the  duke  of  Guiehe, 
and  the  countesses  of  Tankcrville  and 
Sebastian!,  d.  at  Paris,  aged  81,  August, 
1836.  Some  years  ago  he  instituted  a 
suit  in  the  French  courts  to  establish 
his  claim  to  the  citadel  of  Blaye  and  its 
dependencies ;  and  the  cour  royale  of 
Bordeaux  decreed  that,  at  the  expira- 
tion of  three  years,  the  state  should  pay 
the  duke  an  annuity  of  1(»0,000  iVancs, 
or  reinstate  him  in  the  possession  of  the 
citadel.  The  present  duchess  de  Gram- 
mont is  sister  to  Count  Alfred  d'Orsav. 

GllAXDIUS,  or  GRANDI,  Gcido,  an 
Italian  mathematician,  was  b.  1671,  at 
Cremona.  He  became  professor  of  phi- 
losophy at  Florence,  and  zealously  advo- 
cated the  Cartesian  doctrines ;  subse- 
quently removed  to  Pisa ;  was  appointed 
professor  of  mathematics  in  that  univer- 
sity, and  d.  1742.  He  cori'csponded  with 
Newton,  Leibnitz,  and  Bernouilli,  and 
published  several  works,  the  chief  of 
which  is  a  Latin  treatise,  "De  Infinitis 
lufinitorum." 

GRANET,  Francis,  deacon  of  the 
church  of  Ai.v,  and  an  able  critic,  was  b. 
1602,  at  BriguoUes,  in  Provence.  He 
continued  Dcsfontaines's  "  Nouvelliste 
du  Parnasse,"  till  the  work  was  sup- 
pressed ;  after  which  lie  published 
"Rctlexions  sur  les  Ouvrages  de  Litte- 
rature.''  He  also  translated  Newton's 
"  Chronologv,"  and  edited  Lauuoy's 
works.     Dri:41. 

GRANGE,  .losErn  de  Ch.^xcel  de  la, 
a  poet,  was  b.  in  1G76,  in  Perigord.  He 
wrote  a  comedy  at  9  years  old,  and  a 
tragedy  at  16  ;  but  the  work  which  made 
him  known  was  a  satire,  entitled  "  Phi- 
lippics," containin?  many  infamous  ac- 
cusations against  Philip,  duke  of  Orleans. 


456 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF     BIOGRAPHY, 


[gra 


For  this  lie  wiw  seized,  and  ordered  to 
be  iinprisoued  in  the  Isle  of  St.  Marga- 
ret;  but  lie  contrived  to  ctreet  his  es- 
cape, and  on  the  regent's  death  returned 
to  France,  where  he  was  allowed  to  live 
unmolested.  Jlis  works,  consisting  of 
operas,  tragedies,  and  miseellaneous 
poems,  form  live  volumes.     D.  1758. 

GKANOEK,  James,  an  English  di- 
vine, who  published  a  valuable  and 
highly  interesting  work,  entitled  "The 
Biographical  History  of  England."  D. 
1776. 

GEAXT,  Annk,  usually  designated 
Mrs.  Grant  of  Laggau,  a  popular  and 
instructive  miscellaneous  writer,  whose 
maiden  name  was  M' Vicar,  was  b.  in 
Glasgow,  1735.  Her  early  years  were 
passed  in  America,  whither  her  father, 
who  hel(l  a  commission  in  the  British 
army,  had  removed  with  the  intention 
of  permanently  settling  there;  but  cir- 
cumstances interfered  with  his  design, 
and  on  his  return  to  Scotland  he  was 
appointed  burrack-master  of  Fort  Au- 
gustus. Here  his  daughter  became  ac- 
quainted with  the  Kev.  James  Grant, 
diaplain  to  the  fort;  and  a  mutual  at- 
tachment having  sprung  up  between 
them,  on  his  appointment  to  the  living 
of  Laggan,  luvernesshire,  they  were 
married" in  177'.'.  In  ISOl,  left  a  widow 
with  a  largo  family,  and  but  scanty 
means,  she  was  induced,  by  the  persua- 
sion of  her  friends,  to  publish  a  volume 
of  her  poems,  which  proved  successful 
beyond  her  most  aruent  wishes ;  and 
the  literary  ice  once  broken,  she  now 
adopted  literature  as  a  profession,  and 
at  various  periods  produced  her  "  Let- 
ters from  the  >[ounlains,"  (which  have 
been  often  reprinted.)  "  Memoirs  of  an 
American  Lady,"  "  Essays  on  the  Su- 
perstitions of  the  Highlanders  of  Scot- 
land," ''Popular  Models  of  Impressive 
"Warnincrs  from  the  Sons  and  Daughters 
of  Industry,"  &c.  Nearly  the  last  -30 
vears  of  her  life  were  spent  in  Edin- 
burgh, where  she  formed  the  centre  of 
a  highly  accomplished  circle,  numbering 
amonsr'  her  friends  Sir  Walter  Scott, 
Lord  Jeffrey,  Henry  Mackenzie,  and  all 
the  Scotch  "notables"  of  the  day;  and 
where  the  Christian  resignation  which 
she  displayed  amid  many  calamitous 
events,  and  her  amia!)le  character,  no 
less  than  her  literary  celebrity,  procured 
lier  general  esteem  and  rei^ard.  I).  183S. 
Her  "  Memoirs  and  Oirrespondenee" 
have  since  been  publislied. — Francis, 
Lord  Cullen,  an  eminent  Scotch  judge, 
was  b.  about  1660.  He  studied  at  Ley- 
den  under  Voet,  and  on  his  return  homo 


was  admitted  an  advocate.  He  distin- 
guished himself  by  his  publications  in 
favor  of  the  revolution,  for  which  he 
was  rewarded,  first  by  a  baronetcy,  and 
soon  after  by  being  appointed  one  of 
the  judges,  or  senators  in  the  college  of 
justice,  when  he  took  the  title  of  Lord 
Cullen.  He  continued  to  discharge  the 
duties  of  his  office  for  20  years,  with  the 
highest  reputation ;  and  d.  in  1726. — 
James,  a  Scotch  barrister,  and  at  the 
time  of  his  death  the  father  of  the  Scot- 
tish bar.  He  was  early  distinguished 
for  his  liberal  political  principles,  and 
could  number  among  his  friends  Henry 
Erskinc,  Sir  James  Mackintosh,  and 
many  others,  eminent  for  their  attain- 
ments and  the  lead  they  took  in  the 
polities  of  the  day.  He  was  the  author 
of  "  Essays  on  the  Origin  of  Society," 
"Thouixhts  on  the  Origin  and  Descent 
of  the  Gael,"  &e.  D.  1835.— Sir  Wil- 
liam, master  of  the  rolls ;  an  excellent 
equity  judge,  the  promptitude  and  wis- 
dom of  whose  decisions  were  appreciated 
no  less  by  the  public  than  by  the  pro- 
fession, of  which  he  was  a  distinguished 
member.  B.  at  Elchies,  in  Scotland, 
1754:;  d.  1832. 

GRANVILLE,  Sir  Eichard,  was  a 
native  of  Cornwall,  b.  in  1540,  and  en- 
tered early  into  the  military  service,  as  a 
volunteer  against  the  Turks.  He  after- 
wards joined  Sir  Walter  Raleigh  in  his 
expedition  to  America;  and,  in  1591, 
became  vice-admiral  under  Sir  Thomas 
Howard,  who  was  sent  out  to  the  Azores 
to  intercept  the  Plate  fleet.  The  Span- 
iards, however,  being  apprised  of  the 
design,  dispatched  a  powerful  squadron, 
which  succeeded  in  cutting  off  Gran- 
ville's ship  from  the  rest ;  and  in  a  des- 
perate contest  with  them  he  was  mor- 
tally wounded. — Sir  Bevil,  grandson  of 
the  preceding,  was  b.  in  1596.  At  the 
commencement  of  the  civil  war,  he  raised 
a  troop  of  horse  at  his  own  expense,  and 
was  killed  at  the  battle  of  Lansdowne, 
in  1643. — Geokoe,  Lord  Lansdowne,  a 
nobleman  of  very  considerable  talents, 
grandson  to  Sir  Bevil.  B.  in  1667.  _  Ho 
had  a  strong  inclination  for  a  military 
life  ;  but  this  was  chocked  by  his  friends, 
and  he  employed  himself,  during  the 
various  political  changes  that  occurred, 
in  cultivating  liis  taste  for  literature.  In 
1696,  his  comedy,  called  "The  Gallants," 
was  performed' at  the  theatre  royal  in 
Lincoln's  Inn  Fields,  as  was  liis  tragedy 
of"  Heroic  Love,"  in  1698.  On  the  ac- 
cession of  Queen  Anne,  he  made  his 
first  appearance  at  court ;  took  his  seat 
in  the  nouse  of  commons  as  member  for 


gra] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHV. 


457 


Fowey ;  became  successively  secretary 
of  \v;ir,  comptroller  of  the  household, 
treasurer,  and  one  of  the  privy  council. 
On  the  queen's  death  lie  not  only  lost 
his  post,  but  beinf,'  suspected  of  disaf- 
'.^ction  to  the  Hanoverian  succession, 
was  arrested  and  sent  to  the  Tower, 
whore  ho  roinaincd  upwunls  of  a  twelve- 
month, lie  then  retired  to  the  Conti- 
nent for  ten  years ;  and  on  liis  return 
passed  his  life  as  a  country  fjentleman, 
ainusinij  himself  with  the  republication 
of  his  poems,  and  in  writini;  a  vindica- 
tion of  his  uncle.  Sir  Richard,  airainst 
the  charges  of  Clarendon  and  Burnet. 
D.  17;i--|.  ' 

GRATIAN,  a  Eoman  emperor,  was 
the  sou  of  Valentinian  I.  by  liis  wife 
Severa,  and  b.  in  359.  Ilis  father  took 
hin»  as  his  associate  in  the  empire  when 
he  was  only  8  years  old.  In  his  17th 
year  he  succeeded  to  the  throne,  on  the 
death  of  liis  father.  Gratian  defeated 
the  Goths,  and  exerted  himself  with 
enersry  and  success  in  defending  the 
empire,  but  was  put  to  death  in  a  revolt, 
in  Gaul,  a.  i>.  353.— -V  Benedietine  in  the 
1-ith  century,  was  a  native  of  Chiusi.  in 
Tuscany.  He  cmjjloyed  twenty-four 
years  in  compiling  an  abridgment  of  the 
"canon  law,  commonly  called  "  Gratian's 
Decretal." 

GKATIUS,  F.\Liscu3,  a  Latin  poet, 
supposed  to  be  cotemporary  with  Ovid. 
He  wrote  a  poem,  entitled  "Cynogeti- 
con,"  or  the  "Art  of  Hunting  with 
Doss." 

GEATTAN,  Henry,  an  eminent  Irish 
orator  and  statesman,  was  b.  about  the 
year  1750,  at  Difblin,  of  which  city  his 
'father  was  recorder.  He  finished  his 
education  at  Trinity  college,  whence  he 
removed  to  England,  and  became  a  stu- 
dent in  the  Middle  Temple.  lie  was 
called  to  the  Irish  bar  in  1772,  and 
brouirht  into  the  parliament  of  Ireland 
in  1775,  where  ho  immediately  became 
distinguished  tor  his  patriotic  speeches, 
and  tliat  vigorous  opposition  to  the  stat- 
ute 6th  Geo.  I.,  which  roused  the  whole 
island,  and  produced  its  repeal,  in  1782. 
For  his  share  in  this  transaction,  Mr. 
Grattan  received  addresses  from  all  parts 
of  the  country,  and  was  rewarded  with 
the  sum  of  .£."io,000,  voted  to  him  by  the 
parliament  of  Ireland.  In  I7i10  he  was 
returned  for  the  city  of  Dublin,  princi- 
pally for  the  purpose  of  opposing  the 
unio^ ;  but  when  that  measure  was 
carried,  he  did  not  refuse  a  seat  in  the 
united  house  of  commons.  The  latter 
years  of  his  parliamentary  attendance 
were  chiefly  devoted  to  a  warm  and 
39 


energetic  support  of  Catholic  emancipa- 
tion ;  and  it  may  be  truly  said,  that  he 
d.  in  the  service  of  this  cause.     D.  1820. 

GKAUNT,  Edward,  a  scholar  of  the 
16th  century.  He  was  appointed  master 
of  Westminster  school  in  1572  ;  resigned 
the  mastership  in  15U1 ;  and  d.  rector 
of  Toppcrsfield,  in  Essex,  16oI.  He  was 
the  author  of  "  Graecte  Lingua;  Spicile- 
giiim,"  &c. 

GRAVES,  Richard,  a  clergyman  of 
the  ciiurch  of  England,  but  better  known 
as  a  novelist  and  poet  than  as  a  divine, 
was  b.  at  Mickleton,  in  Gloucestershire, 
in  1715.  In  1750  he  was  jiresented  to 
the  rectory  of  Claverton,  near  Hath  ;  and 
in  that  pleasant  sequestered  village  he 
resided  till  the  time  of  his  death,  in 
1804.  Among  his  various  works  are, 
"  The  Testoon,  or  a  Collection  of  Epi- 
crrams,"  "  I^ucubrations  in  Prose  and 
Rhyme,"  "  The  Spiritual  Quixote,"  a 
novel  ridiculing  the  extravagances  of 
Methodism,  as  they  appeared  among  the 
immediate  followers  of  Whitefickl  and 
Wesley,  and  combining  much  shrewd- 
ness, wit,  and  humor. 

GRAVESANDE,  William  James,  an 
eminent  Dutch  geometrician  and  philos- 
opher, was  b.  at  Boi.s-le-Duc,  in  1688. 
lie  was  bred  a  civilian,  and  practised 
some  time  at  the  bar  with  rei>utation  ; 
but,  about  1715,  he  became  professor  of 
mathematics  and  natural  philosophy  at 
Leyden,  where  he  taught  the  Newtoaiaa 
system.     D.  1742. 

GRAVINA,  John  Vincent,  a  cele- 
brated jurist  and  literary  character,  was 
b.  in  Calabria,  in  1664,  became  professor 
of  civil  and  canon  law  at  Rome,  was  one 
of  the  founders  of  the  Arcadian  academy, 
and  the  early  protector  of  Metastasio, 
and  d.  in  1718.  His  works  are  numer- 
ous, and  the  principal  one,  "Origines 
Juris  Civilis,"  is  said  to  be  replete  with, 
learning. 

GRAY,  Stephen,  a  gentleman  belong- 
ing to  the  Charter  House,  who,  early  in 
the  ISth  century,  distinguished  himself 
as  an  experimental  philosopher.  He 
discovered  the  method  of  communica- 
ting electricity  to  bodies  not  naturally 
possessing  it,  by  contact  or  contigiiity 
with  electrics  ;  and  he  projected  a  kind 
of  luminous  orrery,  or  electrical  planet- 
arium, thus  leading  the  way  to  future 
discoveries  and  improvements. — Tiio.M- 
.vi,  a  celebrated  En<rlish  poet,  was  b. 
in  London,  in  1716,  and  entered  himself 
at  the  Inner  Temple,  with  a  view  of 
studying  for  tlu^  bar.  Becomin^:;  inti- 
mate, liowever,  with  Horace  Walpoje, 
he  was  easily  induced  to  accompany  him 


458 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[ghe 


in  his  tour  of  Europe ;  but  they  parted 
at  Kearcrio,  and  Gray  returned  to  Eui;laiid 
in  1741.  Here  he  owupied  himself  sev- 
enJ  years  in  iayiiisj  literary  schemes  and 
plans  of  magnitude,  whieli  he  admira- 
Dly  eommeueed,  but  wanted  enertry  to 
mature.  So  slow  was  he  to  publish, 
that  it  was  not  until  1747  that  his  "  Ode 
on  ii  distant  Prospect  of  Eton  College" 
made  its  appearance ;  and  it  was  only 
in  consequence  of  the  printing  of  a  sur- 
reptitious copy,  that,  in  1751,  he  pub- 
lislied  his  '•  Elegy  written  in  a  Country 
Ciuirehyard."  lie  declined  the  office 
of  laureate  on  Cibber's  death,  in  1757, 
and  the  same  year  published  liis  two 
principal  odes,  "  On  the  Progress  of 
Poesy  '  and  "The  Bard."  In  1768  the 
duke  of  Grafton  presented  him  with  the 
professorship  of  modern  history  at  Cain- 
bridge.  But  though  Gray  published 
little  besides  Ins  poems,  he  was  a  man 
of  extensive  acq\iiremcnts  in  natural 
history,  the  stutly  of  ancient  arcliitec- 
ture,  Arc. ;  his  correspondence  places 
him  among  the  best  epistolary  writers, 
and  some  of  his  posthumous  pieces  af- 
ford proof  of  his  profound  and  varied 
erudition.  As  a  poet,  he  is  energeiie 
and  harmonious,  and  his  lyrics,  though 
few,  have  been  rarely,  if  ever,  surpassed. 
D.  1771. 

GREATOREX,  Thomas,  an  eminent 
musician,  was  h.  at  North  AVinfield, 
Derbyshire,  in  1758.  lie  was  a  pupil 
of  Dr.  Cook,  and  afterwards  went  to 
Italv,  where  he  studied  vocal  music 
untfer  Santarelli,  at  Rome ;  and  having 
made  himself  acquainted  with  all  the 
knowledge  he  could  gather  by  a  profes- 
sional tour  to  the  principal  cities  of 
Italy,  Germany,  Switzerland,  and  tiie 
Netherlands,  he  returned  to  England  in 
1788,  and  established  himself  in  Lon- 
don as  a  teacher  of  music,  in  which  he 
was  eminently  successful.  He  harmo- 
nized various  airs,  adapted  many  of 
Handel's  productions,  and  arranged 
parts  for  the  grand  orchestra  witii  great 
ability.  But  he  did  not  devote  his  at- 
tention wholly  to  music;  matiiematics, 
nstrynomy,  botany,  and  chemistry,  each 
occupied  his  mind  by  turns.   D.  1831. 

GKE.WES,  KictiAKD,  an  orientalist 
and  tnatheinatician,  was  b.  at  Colmorc, 
Hants,  in  IGO'2,  and  chosen  professor  of 
peometry  at  Gresham  college,  in  1630. 
He  next  went  to  Leyden,  where  he 
Btudied  the  Arabic  language  under  Go- 
lius.  He  also  visited  Egypt,  and  mailo 
a  survey  of  the  pyramids.  While  in 
£gypt,  lie  made  an  accurate  measure- 
ment, «fec.,  of  the  principal  pyramids, 


which  ho  pave  to  the  woild  under  tne 
title  of  •■Pyramidographia;"  he  also 
published  an  ingenious  work,  entitled 
"Epocha^  Cclebriores,"  and  a  "Disser- 
tation on  the  Roman  Foot  and  Denarius." 
D.  1652. — Thomas  and  Edward,  his  bro- 
tilers,  were  also  men  of  learning:  the 
former,  a  good  orientalist ;  the  latter, 
eminent  as^  a  physician,  and  created  a 
baronet  by  Ciiarles  II. 

GRECUURT,  Jean  Baptiste  Joseph 
ViLLAET  DE,  a  French  ecclesiastic,  famous 
as  a  wit  and  poet,  was  b.  at  Tours,  iu 
1684.  He  excelled  in  epigrams,  tales, 
sonnets,  and  fables,  a  collection  of  which 
was  pnbiisiied.     D.  1743. 

GREENE,  Robert,  a  humorous  poet 
in  tlie  reign  of  Elizabeth,  was  b.  at  Nor- 
wich, about  1560.  He  was  educated  at 
St.  John's  college,  Cambridge,  and  after 
making  '' the  grand  tour,"  took  orders. 
He  wrote  five  plays,  and  various  tracts 
in  prose,  amnnir  which  is  one,  lately 
reprinted,  witii  the  quaint  title  of  "A 
Groat's  Worth  of  ^V  it  bought  with  a 
Million  of  Repentance."  D.  151)2. — 
Matthew,  author  of ''The  Spleen,"  a 
clever  poem,  w,is  a  native  of  London. 
He  held  a  situation  in  tlie  custom-house, 
and  is  described  as  a  man  of  great  prob- 
ity and  suavity  of  manners.  D.  1737. 
—Samuel,  was  the  first  printer  in  North 
America.  The  first  thing  printed  was 
the  "Freeman's  Oath,"' in  1639,  the 
next  an  almanac,  and  the  third  the  New 
England  version  of  tlie  Psalms  in  1640. 
The  time  of  his  death  is  unknown. — 
Nathaniel,  major-general  in  the  army 
of  the  United  States,  was  b.  in  War- 
wick, R.  I.,  174-2.  Though  enjoying 
very  few  advantages  of  education,  he 
displayed  an  early  fondness  for  knowl- 
edge, "and  devoted  his  leisure  time  as- 
siduously to  study.  In  1770  he  was 
elected  a  member  of  the  state  legislature, 
and  in  1774  enrolled  himself  as  a  private 
in  a  cornjiany  called  the  Kentisii  Guards. 
From  this  situation  he  was  elevated  to 
the  head  of  three  regiments,  with  the 
title  of  major-general.  In  1776  he  ac- 
cepted from  congress  a  commission  of 
brigadicr-gcneral,  and  soon  after,  at  the 
battles  of  Trenton  and  Princeton,  dis- 
tinguished himself  by  his  skill _  and 
bravery.  In  1778  he  was  aiipolnted 
quartermaster-general,  and  in  that  of- 
fice rendered  efficient  service  to  the 
country  by  his  unwearied  zeal  and  great 
talents  lor  business.  He  presided  at  the 
court-martial  which  tried  Major  Andre 
in  17S0,  and  was  appointed  to  succeed 
Arnold  in  the  command  at  West  Point, 
but  he  held  this  post  only  a  few  days. 


ore] 


CYCLOr.EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


459 


^ji  December  of  the  same  year  he  as- 
Buuied  the  coiiitnand  of  the  southern 
army,  and  in  this  situation  disjihiyud  a 
prudence,  intrepidity,  and  tirnuiess 
whicli  raise  him  to  an  elevated  rank 
among  our  revohitionary  generals.  In 
September,  17S1,  he  obtained  the  fa- 
mous victory  at  Eutaw  Springs,  for 
which  he  received  from  conj^ress  a 
Britisl)  standard  and  a  gold  medal,  as  a 
testimony  of  their  value  of  his  conduct 
and  services.  On  the  termination  of 
hostilities,  he  returned  to  Khode  Island, 
and  in  17S5  removed  with  liis  family  to 
Georgia,  where  he  d.  suddenly  in  June 
of  the  following  year. 

GKEENFIELb,  W'ii.i.iam,  celebrated 
as  an  oriental  scholar  and  linguist,  was 
editor  of  the  "Comprehensive  Bible," 
and  made  many  valuable  translations  of 
the  Bible  into'  Eastern  dialects.  His 
literary  .acquirements  were  made  unrler 
great  ditRculties,  and  while  pursuing 
his  dailv  occupation  of  a  booKbinder. 
D.  1S3-2.' 

GREGOEY  I.,  surnamed  the  Great, 
was  b.  of  a  noble  family  at  Kome,  about 
the  year  544.  He  discovered  such  abili- 
ties as  a  senator,  that  the  Emperor  Jus- 
tin appointed  him  prefect  of  Rome ; 
after  which  he  embraced  the  monastic 
life,  in  a  society  founded  by  himself. 
Pope  Pelagius  II.  sent  him  as  nuncio  to 
Constantinople,  and  on  his  return  made 
him  apostolical  secretary.  He  was 
elected  successor  to  that  pontiff  in  o'JO. 
D.  604. — VII.,  pope,  who  is  said  to  have 
been  the  son  ot  a  carpenter,  and  his  real 
name  Hildebrand,  is  chieflv  memorable 
for  his  extension  of  the  autFiority  of  the 
popes.  This  he  carried  so  far  as  to  de- 
pose Henry  IV.,  emperor  of  Germany, 
and  to  send  legates  into  all  the  king- 
doms of  Europe,  to  support  his  pre- 
tended rights.  D.  lOS.').— XIII.,  was  a 
native  of  Bologna,  and  succeeded  Pope 
Pius  V.  in  157"-'.  He  was  the  most 
deeply  versed  in  the  canon  and  civil  law 
of  any  in  his  time.  lie  ornamented 
Rome  with  many  fine  buildings  and 
fountains;  but  his  pontificate  is  chiefly 
memorable  for  the  rctbrmation  of  the 
calendar,  which  took  ])lace  under  his 
auspices,  and  bore  his  name.  D.  l."S"). 
— XV'.,  was  a  native  of  Bologna,  and 
descended  of  an  ancient  family,  but  his 
rei\l  name  was  Alkxandek  Ludovisio.' 
He  was  elected  to  the  papal  dignity  in 
1621,  and  was  tiie  author  of  several 
works,  one  of  which,  entitled  '•  Epistola 
ad  Eegem  Pcrsarum,  Sehah  Abbas," 
i.articularly  deserves  mention.  —  XV'l., 
Mauro  Capellari,  was  b.  at  BellHno  in 


1765,  and  succeeded  Pius  VIII.  in  the 
papal  chair,  IS^'-l.  His  reign  embraced 
a  period  of  no  ordinary  interest  and  dif- 
ficulty in  the  history  of  the  church,  and 
in  the  relations  of  the  Vatican  with  the 
temporal  powers  of  Christendom.  1). 
1S46. — Nazianze.x,  St.,  eminent  for  his 
piety  and  extensive  learning,  was  b.  in 
324,  at  Nazianzum,  in  Cappadocia,  of 
which  place  his  father  was  bishop.  He 
received  an  excellent  education,  which 
he  improved  at  Athens,  where  he  form- 
ed an  acquaintance  with  St.  Basil.  On 
his  return  home  he  was  ordained,  and 
having  displayed  great  theological  and 
classical  talents,  he  was  chosen  bishop 
of  Constantinople,  which  appointment 
was  confirmed  by  Theodosius  in  8S0. 
After  filling  the  archiepiscopal  throne 
for  several  years,  he  resigned  it,  and  re- 
turned to  his  native  place,  where  he  d. 
in  SS9. — King  of  Scotland,  cotemporary 
with  Alfred,  succeeded  to  the  throne  in 
8S3.  He  delivered  his  country  from  the 
Danes,  acquired  the  counties  of  Cum- 
berland and  Westmoreland,  performed 
many  brilliant  exploits  in  Ireland,  and 
built  the  city  of  Aberdeen.  D.  894. — 
Bishop  of  Neocresarea,  in  the  .3d  century, 
was  surnamed  Thalmtatukgus,  or  the 
"  Wonder-worker,"  on  account  of  the 
miracles  which  he  is  said  to  have  per- 
formed. The  church  flourished  under 
his  care  until  the  Daeian  persecution,  in 
250,  when  he  thought  it  jtrudent  to  re- 
tire for  a  time.  He  was  a  pupil  of  the 
celebrated  Urigen,  and  appears  to  have 
been  a  man  of  learning.  D.  265. — Of 
Nyssa,  St.,  was  ordained  bishop  of 
Nyssa,  in  372.  The  zeal  he  displayed 
against  the  Arians  excited  the  resent- 
ment of  the  Emperor  Valens,  who  be- 
longed to  that  sect,  and  he  was  banished, 
but,  on  tlic  accession  of  Gratian,  he  wa.s 
restored  to  his  see.  He  drew  up  the 
Nicene  creed  at  the  council  of  Constan- 
tinople, and  d.  396. — George,  a  divine 
and  miscellaneous  writer,  was  a  native 
of  Ireland,  and  b.  in  1754.  With  an  in- 
tention of  following  mercantile  pursuits, 
he  was  placed  in  a  counting-house  at 
Liverpool,  and  it  was  not  till  1778  that 
he  took  orders.  In  1782  he  settleil  in 
London,  where  he  obtained  the  curacy 
of  Cripplcgate,  and  was  chosen  eveniiiir 
preacher  at  the  Foundling.  Among  his 
works  are,  "Essavs,  Historical  and 
Moral,"  a  "Churcli  History,"  "The 
Life  of  Cliattcrton,"  "The  Economy  of 
Nature,"  "Sermons,"  "Letters  on  Phi- 
losophy," and  a  translation  of  "  Lowth's 
Lectures  on  Hebrew  Poetry."  D.  lSo3. 
— George   Florence,  saiut,   commonly 


460 


CYCLOIVEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[0 


called  Gregory  of  Tours,  ■svas  b.  544,  in 
Auvergne."  lie  d.  in  o'Jo.     He  \vas  the 
author  of  a  "  History  of  the  Franks." 
and  other  works. ^Jaues,  an  eminent 
niatlieinatician  and  philosopher,  was  b. 
at  Aberdeen,  in  lG3b.     lie  published  in 
10(33  his  "  Treatise  on  Optics,"  in  wliieh 
he  imparted  liis  invention   of  the   re- 
tleeting  teleseope.     About  16(35  he  went 
to  Padua,  where  he  printed  a  work  on 
the  "Quadrature  of  the  Circle  and  Hy- 
perbola."    On  his  return  from  his  trav- 
els, he  was  chosen  a  fellow  of  the  Koyal 
Society  of  London,  and  merit  procured 
him  the  niathematicid  chair  at  St.  An- 
drew's.    In  1674:  he  removed  to  Edin- 
burgh, on  being  appointed  to  the  math- 
ematical professorsliip ;  but  he  held  the 
situation  only  for  a  short  time,  for  while 
showing  the  satellites  of  Jupiter  to  some 
pupils,   in  October,  1675,  lie  was   sud- 
denly struck  blind,  and  d.  a  few  days 
after. — David,  nepliew  of  the  preceding, 
and  the  inheritor  of  his  abilities  and  his 
fame,  was  b.  at  Aberdeen,  in  1G61,  and 
became    professor    of   mathematics    in 
Edinburgn.    He  was  afterwards  elected 
Savilian  professor  of  astronomy  at  Ox- 
ford, carrying  his  election  against  Hal- 
ley,  who  was  also  a  candidate  for  that 
situation.      In   1605   he   published   his 
"  Catoptrics  efc  Dioptrica)  Sphericse  Ele- 
menta."  His  demonstration  of  the  curve, 
called  the  catenarian,  appeared  in  1697, 
in  the    "Philosophical   Transactions;" 
but  his  greatest  work  was  published  in 
1702,  and  entitled  "  Astrononnai  Phy- 
sicie  et  Geometricaj  Elementa."  D.  1710. 
—James,  was  b.  at  Aberdeen  in  1753, 
and  was  long  one  of  the  brightest  orna- 
ments of  the  university  of  Edinburgh. 
He  was  the   author  of  "Philosophical 
and  Literary  Essays,"  "  Cullen's  First 
Lines  of  the  Practice  of  Physic,  vvith 
Notes,"    and    "  Conspectus    Medicina) 
Theoretieae."     D.  1821.— John,  a  phy- 
sician and  miscellaneoua  writer,  was  b. 
in  1724,  at  Aberdeen,  became  professor 
of  philosophy  at  Aberdeen,  and  after- 
wards protessor  of  physic  at  Edinburgh, 
and  was  appointed  lirst  physician  to  the 
king  of  Scotland.     His  works  are,  "A 
Comparative  View  of  the  State  and  Fac- 
ulties of  ALin  witli  those  of  the  Animal 
World,"  "  Ob.servations  on  the  Duties 
and  Onices  of  a  Physician,"  "  Elements 
of  the  Practice  of  I'hysic,"  and  "  A  Fa- 
ther's Legacy  to  his  Daughters."     D. 
1773. — Oi.i.NTiius,  Wits  b.  at  Yaxley,  in 
Huntingdonshire,    in   1774.      He   com- 
menced his  literary  career  at  the  age  of 
19.  but  the  works  wliich  chiefly  brought 
hiin  into  notice  were  his  "  Treatise  on 


Astronomy"  and  the  "  Fantalogia,"  a 
comprehcnhive  dictionary  of  tlie  arts 
and  sciences,  of  which  he  undertook  the 
general  editorsliip.  Through  the  in- 
terest of  his  friend.  Dr.  llutton,  he  was 
appointed,  in  1802,  mathematical  master 
at  the  royal  military  academy,  Wool- 
wich, where  he  obtained  the  professor  a 
chair.  He  was  the  author  of  "  Elements 
of  Plane  and  Spherical  Tngonometrj'," 
"  Mathematics  for  Practical  Men,"  "  Let- 
ters to  a  Friend,  on  tlie  Evidences, 
Doctrines,  and  Duties  of  the  Christian 
Keligiou,"  and  "Memoirs  of  the  Life, 
Writinirs,  &c.,  of  the  late  John  Mason 
Good,  iM.P."     D.  1841. 

GEEGORIE,  Henhy,  Count,  bishop 
of  Blois,  a  French  prelate,  distinguished 
by  his  love  of  democracy,  no  less  than 
by  his  inflexible  integrity  and  active 
philanthropy,  was  b.  in  1750,  at  Yatro, 
near  Luneville.  In  1789  he  was  nomi- 
nated by  the  clergy  of  his  province  a 
member  of  the  states-general ;  and  in 
the  constituent  assembly  he  distinguish- 
ed himself  by  the  boldness  of  his  opin- 
ions relative  to  civil  and  religious  lib- 
erty. He  was  among  the  first  of  the 
clergy  who  swore  fidelity  to  the  consti- 
tution ;  but  during  the  reign  of  terror, 
when  the  bishop  of  Paris  abdicated  his 
office,  and  several  of  the  elericy  abjured 
Christianity,  the  bishop  of  Blois  stood 
forward  as  the  supporter  of  the  religion 
of  his  country,  lie  also  opposed  tlie 
accession  of  the  first  consul  to  the  throne 
of  France.  On  the  restoration  of  the 
Bourbons  he  was  excluded  from  the  In- 
stitute, and  deprived  of  his  bishopric. 
He  spent  the  remainder  of  his  life  in 
retirement,  and  d.  at  Paris,  in  1831, 
Among  his  writings  are,  "Essai  sur 
rAiiiciioration  Politique,  Physique,  et 
Morale  des  Juifs;"  "Memoires  en  fa- 
veur  des  Gens  de  Couleur,  on  Sang- 
meles  de  St.  Domingue;"  "Essai  His- 
toriquc  sur  les  Libertiis  de  I'Eijiise 
Gallicane ;"  "  Les  Kuines  de  Port  Koy- 
al," &c. 

GKENVILLE,  Geokoe  an  English 
statesman  in  the  reigns  of  George  II.  and 
ni.,  was  younger  brother  of  Richard 
Grenville,  Earl  Temple,  and  the  father 
of  Lord  Grenville.  He  entered  parlia- 
ment as  member  for  Buckinghamshire, 
and  was  distinguished  for  his  eloquence. 
Jle  successively  tilled  the  situations  of 
treasurer  of  the  navy,  first  lord  of  the 
admiralty,  and  first  lord  of  the  treasury. 
In  1763  lie  became  chancellor  of  the  ex- 
chequer; but,  in  1765,  he  resigned  his 
post  to  the  marquis  of  Eockingham. 
llis  administration  having  been  violent- 


gkeJ 


CVCLOP.t;DIA    OF    BIOGKAPIIY. 


4G1 


ly  attacked  by  tho  press,  ho  published 
'•  Considerations  on  tlie  Commerce  and 
Finance*  of  England,  and  on  the  Meas- 
ures taken  by  the  Ministers,"  &e.,  in  its 
defence.  1).  ITGO. — William  Wvndiiam, 
Lord,  third  son  of  the  iirccedini,',  was  b. 
1700.  He  began  his  parliamentary  career 
as  the  representative  for  Buckincrham- 
sliire,  filled  the  speaker's  chair  six 
tnonths,  and  then  succeeded  Lord  Sid- 
ney as  secretary  lor  the  home  depart- 
ment. In  17'J0  he  was  raised  to  tlie 
]>eerage,  and  in  the  following  year  made 
secretary  of  state  for  foreign  affairs.  On 
the  dissolution  of  the  ministry,  his  lord- 
ship principally  confined  his  senatorial 
exertions  to  the  cause  of  Catholic  eman- 
cipation, for  which  he  was  always  a 
steady  and  consistent  advocate.  He  was 
distinguished  for  his  general  literary  at- 
taiinnents,  as  well  as  for  his  political 
knowledge ;  and  he  held  the  office  of 
chancellor  of  the  imiversity  of  Oxford ; 
to  which,  on  his  death,  in  1834,  the 
duke  of  Wellington  was  elected. 

GRESHAM,  Sir  Thomas,  a  patriotic 
merchant  and  citizen  of  London,  the 
son  of  Sir  Richard  Gresham,  a  merchant 
and  lord  mayor  of  London,  was  b.  1519. 
llis  father  liad  been  the  king's  agent  at 
Antwerp,  and  the  person  wlio  suceeed- 
eil  him  having  mismanaged  the  roy.d 
att'uirs  there.  Sir  Thomas  was  sent  over, 
in  1552,  to  retrieve  them.  This  lie  did 
ctiectU'illy.  Elizabeth,  on  her  accession, 
removed  him  from  his  otMce,  but  soon 
restored  it,  and  knighted  him.  lie 
planned  and  erected  a  burse  or  ex- 
change for  the  merchants  of  London,  in 
imitation  of  that  at  Antwerp;  and,  in 
1570  it  was  opened  by  the  queen  in  per- 
son, who  dined  with  the  foimder,  and 
named  it  the  Royal  Exchange.  Having 
built  a  mansion  in  Bishopsgate-street, 
tor  his  town  residence,  he  directed  by 
his  will  that  it  should  be  converted  into 
habitations  and  lecture-rooms  for  seven 
professors  or  lecturers  on  the  seven 
liberal  sciences,  wlio  were  to  receive  a 
sahiry  out  cf  the  revenues  of  the  Royal 
Exchange ;  but  Gresham  college  has 
since  been  converted  into  the  general 
excise  office,  and  the  lectures  are  now 
given  in  a  room  over  the  exchange.  D. 
157y. 

GRESSET,  Jean*  Baptlste  Loris,  a 
French  poet  and  dramatist,  b.  in  1709 ; 
entered  the  society  of  Jesuits,  but  with- 
drew from  them  at  the  age  of  26.  For  a 
long  time  he  excited  the  admiration  of 
Parisian  circles,  wrote  some  elegant  po- 
ems, became  a  member  of  the  Aeadem.y, 
and  was  the  companion  of  the  wits  and 
39* 


literati  of  the  French  capital;  but  at 
length  he  renounced  his  favorite  pur- 
suits, and  retired  from  the  gay  world  to 
enjoy  the  tranquillity  of  retirement.  D. 
1777.  His  literary  fame  rests  principally 
on  his  "  Ver  Vert,"  his  "Chartreuse," 
and  "  Le  Mechant." 

GRETREY,  Andre  Erneste  Mod- 
ESTE,  an  eminent  musical  composer,  was 
b.  in  1744,  at  Liege.  He  first  studied 
under  Morcau,  then  went  to  Rome,  and 
finally  settled  at  Paris,  in  17fi'^.  He 
produced  upwards  of  40  or)eras,  of 
which  about  20  retain  possession  of  the 
stage,  and  two  of  them,  "Zemire  et 
Azor"  and  "Richard  Cceur  de  I^ion," 
have  been  translated,  and  played  in. 
London  with  success.    D.  1S13. 

GREVILLE,  FuLKE,  Lord  Brooke,  a 
patron  of  letters,  and  an  ingenious  wri- 
ter, was  b.  1554,  and  descended  from 
the  noble  families  of  Neville,  Beau- 
champ,  and  Willoughby  de  Brooke.  He 
was  in  great  favor  with  Elizabeth,  and 
was  created  Lord  Brooke  by  James  I., 
who  gave  him  Warwick  castle.  In  1G14 
he  was  made  iinder-treasurer,  chancellor 
of  the  exchequer,  and  one  of  the  pri\'y 
council.  He  founded  a  history  lecture 
at  Cambridge.  He  was  stabbed  by  a 
servant  named  Haywood,  whom  he  had 
reprimanded  for  an  insolent  expression, 
after  which  the  assassin  committed  siri- 
eide  with  the  same  weapon.  This  was 
in  1628.  After  his  death  appeared  sev- 
eral of  his  poetical  works,  and  the  life 
of  his  friend  Sir  Philip  Sidney,  written 
bv  him. 

'GREY,  Charles,  Earl,  a  British  states- 
man, distinguished  for  his  senatorial 
abilities  generally,  but  more  especially 
for  his  long  and  inflexible  advocacy  of 
parliamentary  reform,  was  b.  at  Fallo- 
den,  near  Alnwick,  1764.  He  was  al- 
most constantly  occupied  in  the  discus- 
sion of  the  most  important  questions 
that  engaged  the  attention  of  parlia- 
ment. At  the  onset  of  his  career,  his 
oratorical  powers  were  displayed  as  one 
of  the  managers  of  the  impeachment  of 
Warren  Hastings ;  and  from  that  time 
he  always  held  a  conspicuous  station 
among  the  Whigs.  When,  in  January, 
1S06,  ilr.  Pitt  was  removed  from  the 
helm  of  state  by  death,  Mr.  Grey  took 
otfice,  under  Jlr.  Fox,  as  first  lord  of  the 
admiralty  ;  and  in  the  followin2r  October 
was  secretary  of  foreign  atfaii-s.  The 
Whig  ministry  was  soon  after  dismiss- 
ed, parliament  was  dissolved,  and,  on 
the  death  of  Lord  Grey's  father,  in  1807, 
he  removed  to  the  upper  house.  B. 
1845. — Lady  Jane,  an  illustrious  female, 


462 


CYCLOP.EUIA    OF    BlUUKAPHY. 


[gbi 


•whose  accomplishinents  and  misfortunes 
have  rendered  her  an  especisil  object  of 
interest,  was  the  dauirbter  of  'Henry 
Grey,  marquis  of  Dorset,  by  the  Lady 
Frances,  daii'_'htcr  of  Charles  Brandon, 
Juke  of  Sutfolk,  and  Mary,  younger 
sister  of  Henry  Vlll.  She  was  b.  in 
1537,  at  Bradgate,  her  father's  seat  in 
Leicestershire ;  and  early  in  life  gave 
proofs  of  talents  of  a  superior  order, 
biie  wrote  an  incomparable  hand,  played 
well  on  different  instruments,  and  ac- 
quired a  knowledge  of  the  Greek,  He- 
brew, and  Latin,  as  well  as  of  the  French 
and  Iraliau  languages.  Ko^e"  Ascham 
has  given  a  bcautifuJ  and  atlectiiig 
.narrative  of  his  interview  with  her  at 
Bradirate,  where  he  found  her  reading 
Plato's  "  Phffido,"  in  Greek,  while  the 
family  were  amusing  themselves  in  the 
park.  In  lool  her  father  was  created 
duke  of  Sutfolk  ;  and  at  this  time  Lady 
Jane  Grey  was  much  at  court,  where  the 
ambitious  duke  of  Northumberland  pro- 
jected a  marriage  between  her  and  his 
son.  Lord  Guildford  Dudley,  which  took 
place  at  the  end  of  May,  1553.  Soon 
after  this  Edward  VL  died,  having  been 
prevailed  upon,  in  his  last  illness,  to 
settle  the  crown  upon  the  Lady  Jane, 
who  reluctantly  accepted  the  crown,  and 
was  proclaimed  with  great  pomp.  This 
gleam  of  royalty,  however,  was  of  short 
duration,  tor  the  pageant  reign  lasted 
but  nine  days.  The  kingdom  was  dis- 
satisfied, and  the  nobility  indignant  at 
the  presumption  of  Northumberland ; 
so  tiuit  Mary  soon  overcame  lier  ene- 
mies, and  was  not  backward  in  taking 
ample  revenge.  The  duke  of  Northum- 
berland was  beheaded;  and  La- 'jV  Jane 
and  her  husband  were  arraigned,  con- 
victed of  treason,  and  sent  to  the  Tow- 
er. After  being  confined  some  time,  the 
council  resolved  to  put  these  innocent 
victims  of  a  parent's  unprincipled  am- 
bition to  death.  Lord  Guildford  suffered 
first ;  and  as  he  passed  her  window,  his 
lady  gave  him  her  last  adieu.  Immedi- 
ately afterwarils  she  was  executed  on 
the  same  scaffold ;  suffering  with  calm 
resignation,  and  a  firm  attachment  to 
the  Protestant  reli'^ion,  Feb.  12,  1554. 

GRIDLKY,  JERf;xii.\n,  an  eminent 
lawyer  of  .NL-issachusetts,  was  b.  about 
the  year  17o5,  and  was  graduated  at 
H:irvard  college  in  1725.  He  was  a 
war.Ti  advocate  for  the  colonial  rights, 
but,  tiotwitlistimding,  was  appointed  at- 
torney-general of  the  province,  and  in 
that  capacity  defended  the  obnoxious 
writs  of  iussistance.  He  was  a  man  of 
an  ardent  and  generous  character,  and 


possessed  extensive  legal  information. 
D.  1767. 

GKIESBACH,  John-  James,  an  emi- 
nent German  theologian,  b.  1745,  at 
Butzbach,  in  the  duchy  of  Hesse  Darm- 
stadt. He  studied  successively  at  Frank- 
fort, Tubingen,  Halle,  and  Leipsic'  be- 
came rector  of  the  university  of  Jena, 
and  ecclesiastical  privy  councillor  to 
the  duke  of  Saxc- Weimar ;  and  d.  in 
1812.  His  works,  which  are  too  numer- 
ous to  particularize  here,  possess  great 
erudition  ;  but  the  most  valuable  is  an 
edition  of  tlie  Greek  Testament,  with 
various  readings. 

GKIFFIER,  John,  known  by  the  ap- 
pellation of  Old  Grither,  an  eminent 
painter,  was  b.  at  Amsterdam  in  1658, 
and  d.  at  London,  in  1718.  He  suc- 
ceeded chiefly  in  landscapes,  and  paint- 
.ed  several  views  on  the  Thames.  He 
also  etched  prints  of  birds  and  beasts. — • 
His  son  KoBERT,  called  the  Younger 
Gritfier,  w:v3  b.  in  England,  and  was  a 
good  landscape  painter,  though  not 
equal  to  his  father. 

GRIFFIN,  Edward  Dour,  an  eminent 
divine,  b.  at  East  Haddam,  Ct.,  1770. 
He  was  a  pastor  tirst  at  New  Hartford, 
Ct.,  and  then  at  Newark,  N.  J.,  and  in 
1809  was  appointed  professor  of  sacred 
rhetoric  at  Andover  theological  school. 
He  was  next  a  preacher  at  Boston,  and 
in  1821  was  chosen  president  of  Wil- 
liams college.  He  was  one  of  the  most 
eloquent  preachers  of  his  dav.     D.  1837. 

GRIFFITH,  Elizabeth,  a  native  of 
Wales,  who  jointly  with  her  husband 
wrote  two  novels,  entitled  "  Delicate 
Distress,"  "  The  Gordian  Knot,"  and 
"The  Letters  of  Henry  and  Frances." 
She  also  produced  several  works  of  her 
sole  composition,  among  which  are 
"  Lady  Juliana  Harley,"  "  The  Morality 
of  Shakspeare's  Drama  illustrated,"  and 
some  plavs.     D.  1703. 

GRLMALDl.  Tlie  Grimaldi  family 
have  ever  been  of  great  importance  in 
Genoa,  and  many  of  its  members  are 
conspicuous  in  the  history  of  that  re- 
public.— Rameri,  was  the  tirst  Genoese 
who  conducted  the  naval  forces  of  the 
republic  beyond  the  Straits  of  Gibraltar. 
In  the  service  of  Philip  the  Fair  of 
France,  Grimaldi  Bailed  to  Zealand,  in 
1304,  with  16  Genoese  galleys  and  20 
French  ships  under  his  command  ;  and 
defeated  and  made  prisoner  the  Count 
Guy  of  Flanders,  who  commanded  the 
enemy's,  fleet  of  80  sail. — Antonio,  waa 
also  a  distinguished  naval  commander. 
His  victories  over  the  Catalonians  and 
Aragonese,    who   had     committed    ag- 


GRiJ 


CYCLOP.KDIA    OF     UUXiKAl'U  V. 


463 


gressions  on  the  Genoese,  for  a  lonj^ 
time  gave  the  latter  a  decided  maritime 
ascendency;  but  at  lenirtli,  in  13.');5,  tlic 
Cataloniaiis,  assisted  by  tlie  Venetians, 
under  the  command  of  Nicholas  I'isani, 
f^avc  him  battle,  and  nearly  de«troyed 
his  whole  fleet. — Giovanni,  Is  celebrated 
for  the  victory  he  gained  over  the  Vene- 
tian admiral  Trevesani,  on  the  Po,  in 
1131 ;  when,  in  sight  of  (_'annatrnoIa''s 
army,  he  succeeded  in  taking  -iS  galleys, 
and  a  great  number  of  transports,  with 
immense  spoils. — Domenico,  cardinal, 
archbishop,  and  vice-legate  of  Avignon, 
was  eminent  both  as  a  naval  command- 
er and  as  a  zealous  extirpator  of  heresy 
from  the  Catholic  ehureh.  At  the  bat- 
tle of  Lepunto,  in  1571,  though  a  bishop 
at  the  time,  he  is  said  to  have  ilistin- 
guisheil  himself  by  his  skill  and  cour- 
age.— Gekonimo,  b.  1597,  was  sent  by 
Urban  VIII.  as  nuncio  to  Germany  and 
France ;  and  the  services  he  rendered 
the  Eoman  court  were  rewarded,  in 
1643,  by  a  cardinal's  hat.  lie  was  bish- 
op of  Aix,  and  endeavored  to  reform 
the  manners  of  the  clergy  in  his  diocese, 
by  establishing  an  ecclesiastical  semina- 
ry ;  he  also  founded  an  hospital  for  the 
poor,  and  annually  distributed  100,000 
livres  of  his  vast  property  in  alms.  D. 
liJSo. — Fkancesco  Maiua,  a  learned  Jes- 
uit and  an  cminerit  mathematician,  was 
b.  at  Bologna,  in  1613.  He  assisted 
Kiccioli  in  his  scientific  labors ;  and  was 
the  author  of  "  riiysico-mathesis  de  Lu- 
mine  Coloribus  et  Iride,  aliisquc  annex- 
is,"  &c.  I).  1663. — Giovanni,  an  emi- 
nent painter,  also  called  Bolognesc,  was 
b.  at  Bolo>rna,  in  1606.  He  studied  un- 
der Annibale  Caracci,  to  whom  he  was 
related  ;  and  became  distinguished  chief- 
ly as  a  landscape  painter,  though  he  was 
also  employed  on  historical  subjects, 
particularly  in  the  Vatican.  Nor  was 
lie  merely  a  painter;  as  an  architect  he 
was  greatly  distinguished,  and  as  an  en- 
graver also  his  merit  was  conspicuous. 
Cardinal  Mazarin  invited  him  to  I'r.ris, 
where  he  enjoyed  a  pension,  and  was 
much  noticed  by  Louis  XIII.  1).  16S0. 
— Joseph,  an  unrivalled  pantomimic 
clown,  b.  1779,  was  the  son  of  Signior 
Grimaldi,  an  artiste,  noted  for  his  ini- 
nior  an<l  eccentricities,  who  by  day  fol- 
lowed the  profession  of  a  dentist,  and 
by  night  that  of  ballet-master  at  Drury- 
iane.  For  a  period  of  forty  years 
"  Grimaldi  the  clown"  delighted'  the 
lauirhter-Ioving  audiences  of  Drury-lanc, 
Covent-garden,  and  Sadler's-well.s,  with 
a  rich  and  (paradoxical  as  the  term  nay 
seem)  intellectual  species  of  buftbonery, 


peculiarly  his  own — portraying  to  the 
life  all  that  is  grotesque  in  manners,  or 
droll  in  human  action.  D.  1837. — Wil- 
liam, (marquis  of  Genoa,)  was  b.  in 
1785,  in  Westminster,  and  in  early  life 
entered  into  the  service  of  the  P^as't  In- 
dia Company,  but  afterwards  held  a 
situation  ni  the  war-otliee  at  tlie  Horse 
Guards.  In  1828  he  travelled  in  search 
of  his  hereditary  rights,  and  discovered 
that  he  was  sole  heir  of  the  late  marquis 
of  Grimaldi ;  but  he  never  enjoyed  any 
aflvantiige  from  it,  being  attacked  by  "a 
fit  of  apoplexy  while  at  his  prayers. 

GKIMLALD,  St.,  a  learned  ecclesias  • 
tic  of  the  yth  century,  who  was  invited 
over  from  Flanders  by  Alfred  the  Great. 
He  brought  with  him  several  learned 
associates,  and  settled  at  Oxford  ;  but 
disputes  arising  between  the  strangers 
and  the  students  before  placed  there,  ho 
retired  to  a  monastery,  founded  by  Al- 
fred, at  Winchester.  It  is  supposed 
that  he  was  skilful  as  ah  architect,  and 
that  the  crypt  of  St.  Peter's  clmrch,  (.)x- 
ford,  is  his  work. 

GEIMKE,  Thomas  SMrrn,  a  distin- 
guished lawyer  of  South  Carolina,  b.  afi 
Charleston,  1778.  He  was  a  fine  clas- 
sical scholar,  of  devoted  piety,  and 
throughout  his  life  took  a  warm  interest 
in  all  the  benevolent  movements  of  the 
day,  especially  on  the  subject  of  pea«e. 
D."  1834. — John  F.,  judge  of  the  su 
preme  court  of  South  Carolina,  was  a 
colonel  in  the  war  of  the  American  rev- 
olution. He  published  "  A  Kevised  Edi- 
tion of  the  Laws  of  South  Carolina,  to 
1789;"  "On  the  Duty  of  Justices  of 
Peace,"  "A  Probate  Directory."  D.  1819. 

GEIMM,  Fkederio  Melchior,  baron 
de,  counsellor  of  state  of  the  Enssian 
empire,  and  a  man  of  letters,  was  b.  in 
1723,  at  Eatisbon.  Going  to  Paris,  ho 
became  principal  secretary  to  the  duko 
of  Orleans,  and  acquainted  with  Eous- 
seau  and  other  Parisian  philosophers  ; 
an  account  of  whose  writings,  Iriend- 
ships,  disputes,  &c.,  has  been  preserved 
in  his  "Correspondence."  In  1776, 
being  appointed  envoy  from  the  duke 
of  Saxe-Gotha  to  the  French  court,  he 
was  honored  with  the  title  of  baron,  and 
invested  with  several  orders.  On  the 
revolution  breaking  out,  he  retired  to 
the  court  of  Gotha,  where  he  found  a 
safe  asylum.  In  1705  the  empress  of 
Eussia  made  him  her  minister  plenipo- 
tentiary to  the  states  of  Lower  tsaxony  ; 
and  he  was  confirmed  in  tliat  jiost  by 
Paul  I.,  anil  retained  it  till  ill  healtli 
oblisred  him  to  relinquish  it.     D.  1807. 

GEIMOAED,   Count    Philip    de,    a, 


464 


CVCLOP.EDIA    OF    13I0GRAPHY. 


[gro 


French  diplomatist,  general,  and  author, 
c\escendea  from  an  ancient  family,  one 
of  whose  members  was  I'opo  Urban  V. 
Louis  XVI.  intrusted  hiui  with  a  nego- 
tiation in  Holland  ;  and  on  his  return  he 
formed  I  lie  plans,  otfensive  and  defen- 
sive, for  tlie  campaign  of  1792.  The 
fall  of  the  king  interrupted  his  career, 
and  he  retired  to  private  life,  devoting 
himself  to  literature,  lie  wrote  "  Essai 
Tlieorique  et  Pratique  sur  les  Batailles," 
"  Reelierclies  sur  la  Force  do  I'Armee 
Fram;aise,"  &c. ;  and  "  Tableau  Ilistori- 
quc  de  la  Guerre  de  la  Revolution  de 
1  ranee,"  1S08,  in  conjunction  with  Gen- 
eral iServan  ;  of  which  work  only  3  vols. 
were  published,  when  it  was  suppressed 
by  order  of  Bonap»arte.     D.  1815. 

GKIMSTON,  .Sh-  IIarbottle,  an  emi- 
nent English  lawyer  in  the  time  of 
Cromwell,  was  b.  in  Essex,  about  1504. 
In  16G0  he  was  chosen  speaker  of  what 
was  called  "the  healing  parliament," 
and  he  was  one  of  the  commissioners 
who  waited  on  Charles  II.  at  Breda;  on 
whose  restoration  he  was  made  master 
of  the  rolls.  He  puljlished  the  "  Re- 
ports of  Sir  Georcre  Croke."     D.  1683. 

GRINDAL,  Edmund,  archbishop  of 
Canterbury,  was  b.  at  Hensingham,  in 
Cumberland,  in  1519.  In  1559  he  was 
chosen  master  of  Pembroke  hall,  and 
the  same  year  preferred  to  the  see  of 
London  ;  in  1570  he  was  translated  to 
York;  and  in  1575  to  Canterbury.  Two 
years  afterwards  he  was  suspended  from 
Ills  arcliiepiscopal  functions,  for  refusing 
to  obey  Queen  Elizabeth's  order  to  sup- 
press prophesyiniTs,  or  associations  of 
the  clergy  to  expound  tlie  Scriptures. 
At  length  his  sequestration  was  taken 
otf,  though  he  never  completely  recov- 
ered the  royal  favor.  Ho  contributed 
to  "  Fox's  Acts  and  Monuments,"  and 
founded  the  celebrated  scliool  of  St. 
Bee's,  in  Cumberland.     D.  1583. 

GRISVVOLD,  RooEK,  governor  of 
Connecticut,  graduated  at  Yale  college, 
17bO,  and  afterwards  studied  law.  In 
1794  he  was  elected  a  member  of  con- 
gress. In  1801  he  declined  the  anpoint- 
ment  of  secretary  of  war,  offered  liim  by 
Mr.  Adams.  In  1807  he  was  appointed 
a  .judge  of  the  supreme  court  of  Con- 
uecticnt.  He  was  lieutenant-governor 
from  1809  to  1811,  when  he  was  elected 
governor.     1).  1812,  ajred  50. 

GROLLIER,  John,  a  i)atron  of  learned 
men,  was  h.  at  Lyons,  m  1479.  He  was 
grand  trciisurer  to  Francis  I.,  who  sent 
him  on  an  embassy  to  Rome,  where  he 
employed  the  Aldnses  to  print  some 
cliusica  for  him.     He  also  made  a  large 


collection  of  valuable  books,  and  settled 
pensions  on  many  eminent  scholars, 
b.  1505. 

GRONOVIUS,  John  Frederic,  aa 
erudite  writer,  b.  at  Hamburgh,  in  1611. 
He  studied  at  Leipsic  and  Jena;  trav- 
elled through  France,  Holland,  and 
England  ;  and  became  professor  of 
belles  lettres  at  Leyden,  where  he  d. 
in  1671.  With  extensive  knowledge 
he  combined  indefatigable  industry,  a 
modest  opinion  of  his  own  merit,  and 
amiable  manners.  He  published  a  num- 
ber of  classics  with  valuable  notes  and 
improved  readings  ;  of  which  "  Com- 
mentarius  de  Sesterciis,"  and  his  edition 
of  Hugo  Grotius's  work,  "  De  Jure  Belli 
et  Pads,"  will  serve  as  instances. — 
.James,  son  of  the  preceding,  was  b.  at 
Deventer,  in  1645.  He  was  educated 
entirely  under  his  father,  whom  he 
surpassed  in  learning,  thousrh  he  fell 
short  of  him  in  modesty  and  liberality. 
In  1672  he  went  to  France,  and  from 
thence  to  Italy,  where  the  grand-duke 
of  Tuscany  gave  him  a  pension,  and 
obtained  for  him  a  professorship  at 
Pisa.  This  he  held  two  years,  and 
then  returned  to  Leyden  ;  and  was 
appointed  to  the  professorship  of  belles 
lettres  and  geography  in  that  university. 
His  acquirements  in  criticism  and  ]ihi- 
lology  were  very  extensive  ;  he  compiled 
the  valuable  "  Thesaurus  Antiquitatum 
Grsecarum,  and  edited  a  variety  of  clas- 
sics.    D.  1716. 

GROS,  Antoine  Jean,  Baron,  a  dis- 
tinguished French  painter,  professor  of 
painting  at  the  Ecole  Royale  des  Beaux 
Arts,  was  b.  at  Paris,  1771.  His  pencil 
was  chiefly  devoted  to  the  illustration 
of  subjects  from  the  history  of  France 
during  the  career  of  Napoleon  ;  and  his 
pictures,  though  coarse,  are  conspicuous 
for  vigor  and  felicity  of  execution.  T). 
1835. 

GROSE,  Francis,  an  eminent  Enjilish 
antiquary,  was  1).  in  1731,  at  Richmond, 
in  Surrey.  His  father  was  a  jeweller, 
and  left  him  a  good  fortune,  which  ho 
soon  spent,  and  became  adjutant  and 
paymaster  in  the  Surrey  militia.  He 
was  remarkable  for  his  wit  and  humor, 
and  of  a  generous  disposition,  but  his 
imprudences  involved  nim  in  <rreut  dif- 
ficulties ;  to  clear  himself  from  which, 
he  published  his  "  Views  of  Antiquities 
in  Eii?land  and  Wales."  Besides  his 
"  Antiquities,"  he  published  a  "  Trea- 
tise on  Ancient  Armor  and  Weapons," 
"  MilitarvAntiquities,"  and  other  works 
D.  1791. 

GROSSMANN,   Gustavcs   Frederio 


GRU] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


465 


William,  a  celebrated  actor  and  drama- 
tist, b.  at  Berlin,  in  17-10.  lie  was  ori- 
(jinally  employed  in  soino  subordiuute 
diplomatic  sitiuitioDf>  at  Warsaw  and 
Ucrlin  ;  bat  havintf  become  acquainted 
witii  Lessing  at  tlie  latter  j)laee,  an  acci- 
dental hint  from  that  celebrated  writer 
induced  him  to  try  his  fortune  as  a 
dramatist ;  and  he  wrote  several  suc- 
cessful plays.  He  afterwards  became 
an  actor  and  inanaijer,  manifesting  con- 
siderable talents,  and  eliecting  many 
reformations  in  the  German  stage  ;  but 
his  bud  success  as  a  manager  led  to 
habits  of  intemperance,  and  involved 
him  in  great  distress.    1>.  1790. 

GROTIUS,  or  DE  GEOOT,  Hugo,  an 
eminent  scliolar  and  statesman,  b.  at 
Delft,  in  Holland,  1583.  He  was  de- 
scended from  a  noble  family,  received 
an  excellent  education,  and  gave  early 
manifestations  of  surprising  talents.  In 
l.Vj'j  he  commenced  his  career  as  a  legal 
advocate,  and  also  as  an  author ;  and 
he  was  successively  appointed  histori- 
ographer, advocate-general  of  Holland 
and  Zealand,  a  member  of  the  states- 
general,  and  envoy  to  England.  In  1613 
ho  became  syndic,  or  pensioner^  of  Kot- 
terdam ;  and,  declaring  himselt  on  the 
side  of  Barneveldt,  he  supported  him, 
and  the  cause  of  the  Arininians,  by  his 
j)cn  and  influence.  But  he  narrowly 
escaped  the  fate  of  Barneveldt,  who 
sutiered  on  the  seatfold,  and  received 
sentence  of  imprisonment  for  life  in  the 
fortress  of  Louvestein.  From  this,  how- 
ever, at  the  expiration  of  18  months, 
which  he  had  employed  in  writing  his 
celebratetl  "  Treatise  on  the  Truth  of 
the  Christian  Religion,"  he  succeeded 
in  escaping.  This  was  efieeted  by  the 
manaiiement  of  his  wife,  who  contrived 
to  have  him  carried  out  of  the  castle  in 
a  chest  that  had  been  used  for  the  con- 
veyance of  books  and  linen.  Grotius  at 
lirst  sought  an  asylum  in  France;  and 
it  was  diirinir  his  residence  there  that 
he  (--ompiised  his  great  work,  "  De  Jure 
Belli  et  Tacis."'  After  an  absence  of  12 
years,  he  returned  to  his  native  country, 
relying  on  the  fa  "or  of  Frederic  Henry, 
prince  of  Orange,  who  had  written  him 
a  sympathizing  letter.  But,  by  the  in- 
fluence of  his  enemies,  he  was  con- 
demned to  perpetual  banishment.  He 
passed  the  remnant  of  his  life  in  the 
diplomatic  service  of  Sweden,  and  d.  at 
Rostock,  in  1645. 

GROTO,  Lewis,  an  Italian  poet,  si  r- 
named  II  Ciero,  was  b.  at  Adria,  in 
1541.  He  was  blind  from  hisinfanc}'; 
notwithsti\nding  which  he  displayed  au 


uncommon  facility  for  learning,  and  at 
the  age  of  14  delivered  publie'orationa 
at  Venice.  He  d.  1585,  having  a  short 
time  before  performed  the  part  of  QCdi- 
pus  in  a  play  at  Vicenza,  with  great  rep- 
utation. 

(iK(JUC'nY,  Eman'uel,  marquis  of,  a 
distinguished  marshal  of  France,  and  a 
scion  of  a  noble  Norman  family,  was  b. 
at  Paris,  1766.  In  1789  he  was  a  sub- 
lieutenant of  the  royal  gardes  du  corps; 
but  embracing  the  new  ideas,  he  took 
part  in  the  wars  of  the  revolution,  and 
gained  great  distinction,  especially  in 
the  Alps  and  La  Vendee,  where  he  was 
named  general  of  division  in  1793.  The 
decree  which  dcpriveil  all  the  nobles  of 
France  of  military  rank  fell  heavily  upon 
him  ;  but  nothing  daunted  he  joined 
the  army  as  a  private,  and  his  distin- 
guished gallantry  soon  led  to  his  resto- 
ration. Dispatched  in  1798  to  the  army 
of  Italy,  under  the  command  of  Joubert, 
he  planned  the  abdication  of  the  king 
of  Sardinia,  and  thus  united  Piedmont 
to  France.  He  took  part  in  the  battle 
of  Novi,  where  he  received  14  wounds, 
and  fell  into  the  enemy's  hands.  His 
bravery  was  no  less  conspicuous  on  the 
Adds  of  Hohenlinden,  Eyiau,  Friedland, 
Wagram,  Moscow,  &c. ;  and  he  obtained 
the  marshal's  baton  from  the  liands  of 
the  emperor  shortly  before  his  abdica- 
tion. During  the  hundred  days  he  was 
opposed  to  the  duke  d'Angouleme  in 
the  south,  and  made  him  prisoner.  He 
was  then  summoned  into  Belgium,  where 
he  played  an  important  part.  He  had 
already  carried  tlie  villages  of  Fleurus, 
(June  16,)  and  Ligny,  (June  17,)  and 
was  marching  according  to  his  instruc- 
tions in  pursuit  of  Blucher  witli  a  body 
of  30,000  men,  when  tiie  battle  of  Wa- 
terloo was  fought.  Not  getting  instruc- 
tions in  time,  he  could  not  take  part  in 
the  battle,  and  his  absence  may  in  some 
measure  be  said  to  have  decided  the 
fortune  of  the  dav.  At  the  restoration, 
his  title  of  marslial  was  not  acknowl- 
edged, and  remained  so  till  1830,  a  year 
which  righted  a  good  many  wrongs-  In 
1S3-J  he  was  created  a  peer.     I).  1847. 

GRUBENMANN,  Jons  IIlp.io  and 
John-,  two  Swiss  mechanics,  who  having 
l)ecn  brought  up  as  carpenters,  devoted 
their  entire  attention  to  the  construction 
of  wooden  bridges  without  the  su]>port 
of  piers.  The  most  extraordinary  of 
these  were  at  Reichenau,  Wettingen, 
and  Schaflt'hausen ;  the  latter,  over  the 
Rhine,  beintr  nearly  400  ieet  long.  Du- 
ring the  campaign  of  1799  they  were  all 
destroyed  by  the  French.  The  ingenious 


466 


CYCLOP-EUIA    OF    lUOfiKAPIIV. 


[gue 


builders  died  about  the  end  of  the  ISth 
century. 

GKLNDY,  Felix,  n  senator  of  the 
United  States,  b.  in  V'irtrinia,  1777,  who 
early  removed  to  Kentucky,  wliere  he 
distinguished  himself  as  a  lawyer.  lie 
was  a  uieinlier  of  the  Kentucky  legisla- 
ture from  17y'J  to  ISOO,  when  he  was 
appointed  one  of  the  judges  of  the  su- 
preme court,  and  then  chief  justice. 
Shortly  afterwards  he  removed  to  Ten- 
nessee, where  he  was  elected  to  con- 
gress, in  ISll,  and  served  with  activity 
for  several  sessions.  In  1829  he  was 
appointed  senator,  and  took  a  leading 
part  in  the  politics  of  the  period.  Presi- 
dent \'an  Buren  made  him  attorney- 
general.     D.  1840. 

GRYl'IIIUS,  Andrew,  a  celebrated 
German  dramatist,  was  b.  at  Glogau,  in 
IGIG.  He  was  called  tlie  Corneillo  of 
Germany,  and  his  tragedies  acquired 
great  popularity.  He  also  wrote  a  keen 
satire  on  the  old  comedies  of  his  coun- 
trymen, and  produced  some  smart  epi- 
grams. I).  1664. — Sebastian,  a  printer 
in  the  IGth  century,  who  settled  at 
Lyons,  and  was  distinguished  for  the 
beauty  of  his  Greek  and  Hebrew  types. 
D.  1506. 

GUA,  John  Paul  de,  a  French  eccle- 
siastic, was  b.  in  Languedoc,  in  1712. 
He  laid  the  plan  of  the  "Encyclopedic," 
and  wrote  a  number  of  mathematical 
papers  in  the  "  Memoirs  of  the  Acad- 
emy;"  besides  which  he  translated  some 
English  works  into  French.     D.  1785. 

GUALDO  PKIOPvATO,  Galeasso,  an 
Italian  liistorian,  b.  at  Viceuza,  in  1606; 
author  of  a  "  History  of  the  Trouliles  in 
France,"  an  "Account  of  the  Adminis- 
tration of  Cardinal  Mazarin,"  and  his 
"  Life,"  a  "  History  of  the  Wars  of  the 
Emperors  Ferdinand  II.  and  III.,"  «fec. 
D.  1678. 

GU ARINI,  Battista,  acelebrated  Ital- 
ian poet,  b.  at  Ferrara,  in  1537.  He  was 
Bccretary  to  Alphonso,  duke  of  Ferrara; 
next,  to  Ferdinand  de  Medici,  grand- 
duke  of  Tuscany;  and,  subsequently, 
to  the  duke  of  Urbino.  He  was  well 
acquainted  with  polite  literature  ;  wrote 
Beveral  admired  jioems ;  but  liis  chief 
composition  is  his  pastoral  drama,  en- 
titled "11  I'astor  Fid..."     I).  1612. 

GUAY-TROUIN,  Rene  du,  a  French 
naval  otticcr,  was  b.  at  St.  Maloes,  in 
laiZ.  He  commanded  a  ship  at  the  age 
of  18,  and  had  great  success  on  liie  coast 
of  Ireland,  but  at  last  fell  in  the  hands 
of  some  English  cruisers,  and  was  carried 
into  Plymouth  ;  from  whence  he  made 
hia  escape,  and  in  a  short  time  renewed 


his  depredations  in  the  British  Channel, 
and  also  on  tue  coast  of  Spain.  In  1709 
he  was  ennooled,  and  two  years  after- 
wards he  made  himself  master  of  Kio 
Janeiro.     D.  1736. 

GUELF,  or  GUELPH,  (from  the  Ital- 
ian Guelfi  and  the  German  Welfen,')  the 
name  of  a  celebrated  family,  which,  in 
the  11th  century,  was  transplanted  from 
Italy  to  Germany,  where  it  became  the 
ruling  race  of  several  countries.  The 
family  still  continues  in  the  two  lines  of 
Brunswick — the  royal  in  England,  and 
the  ducal  in  Germany.  The  memory  of 
this  ancient  name  was  revived  by  the 
foundation  of  the  Hanoverian  Guelphic 
order. 

GUERCINO,  (properly  Gianfran- 
cesco  Barbieri,  but  surnamed  Guercino 
da  Cento  from  his  squinting,)  was  a 
celebrated  painter,  b.  at  Cento,  near 
Bologna,  in  1590.  He  studied  under 
Creinonini  and  Gennari ;  but  adopted 
two  or  three  styles  in  succession,  and 
afterwards  perfected  himself  in  the 
scliool  of  Ludovico  Caraeci.  He  executed 
106  altar-pieces  for  churches,  and  144 
historical  pieces,  besides  numerous  per- 
formances in  fresco;  in  short,  such  was 
the  uncommon  rapidity  of  his  pencil, 
that,  having  been  requested  by  some 
monks,  on  the  eve  of  a  festival,  to  paint 
Jehovah  for  the  grand  altar,  he  tinished 
the  picture  in  one  night  by  torch  light. 
The  duke  of  Mantua  conferred  on  him 
the  honor  of  knighthood;  and  several 
sovereigns  endeavored,  in  vain,  to  draw 
him  into  their  service.  He  d.  in  1666, 
very  rich,  notwithstanding  he  had  ex- 
pended large  sums  in  building  chapels, 
founding  hospitals,  and  other  acts  of 
charity  and  devotion. 

GUJERICKE,  Otto  von,  a  distin- 
guished experimental  philosopher,  was 
b.  1602;  studied  at  Leipsic,  Jena,  and 
Leyden ;  travelled  in  trance  and  En- 
gland ;  and  settled  at  Magdeburgh,  where 
he  eventually  became  burgomaster.  He 
invented  the  air-pump,  .and  in  1654  made 
the  first  public  experiments  with  his 
machine  at  the  diet  at  Ratishon,  before 
the  Emperor  Ferdinand  HI.,  several 
electors,  and  other  estates  of  the  empire. 
His  electrical  and  astronomical  knowl- 
edge also  was  considerable.     D.  1686. 

GUERRERO,  Vicentu,  elected  presi- 
dent of  the  United  Mexican  States,  in 
1829,  was  by  birth  a  Creole.  At  the 
very  commencement  of  the  revolution 
in  Mexico  he  took  arms  against  tlie 
royalists,  and  never  ceased  to  occupy  a 
fjrominent  position  in  the  affairs  of  titat 
country.    On  repeated  occasions,  from 


GUI  I 


CVCLOP.-KDIA    OF    BIOGU.M'IIY. 


467 


1810  to  1828,  General  Guerrero  became 
the  rallyiii]?  point  of  the  lilieral  or  popu- 
lar party,  the  Yorkiiiori,  and  was  repeat- 
edly called  into  active  service  in  his 
military  capacity.  Having  been  success- 
ful iu  various  contests  with  the  aristo- 
cratical  party,  he  at  length,  in  1S20,  was 
elected  lo  the  presidency.  The  expedi- 
tion of  Barradas  soon  gave  employment 
to  tlie  new  government;  and  the  better 
to  enable  the  president  to  meet  the 
exigency,  he  was  invested  with  extra- 
ordinary powers ;  but  after  the  victory 
over  the  Spanish  troops,  and  when  the 
invading  expedition  was  destroyed, 
(Juerrero  evinced  an  unwillingness  to 
relinquish  the  dictatorship,  which  be- 
came the  pretext  of  another  revolution  ; 
and  Bustamente,  the  vice-president,  as- 
sumed the  reins  of  government.  Guer- 
rero, however,  was  not  long  idle:  in 
September,  1S30,  lie  collected  a  large 
force  at  Valhidolid,  and  established  a 
form  of  government  in  opposition  to  that 
of  Bustamente,  and  the  whole  country 
was  agitated  by  troops  in  arms.  But 
liis  career  was  almost  run.  In  February, 
1S31,  lie  was  taken,  and  shot. 

GUEVARA,  LoLis  Velez  de  las 
DuENAs  Y,  a  Spanish  dramatist  and 
romance  writer,  was  b.  in  1574,  at  Ecija, 
in  Andalusia.  He  was  an  advocate,  and 
by  his  flashes  of  wit  often  drevv  forth 
peals  of  laughter  from  the  court.  Sev- 
eral of  his  comedies  are  excellent ;  but 
the  work  which  especially  established 
the  tame  of  Guevara  was  his  "  Diablo 
Co.i'uelo,"  an  admirable  romance,  whiel» 
aflTorded  the  idea  of  Le  Sage's  famous 
"Diable  Buiteux."  Many  of  his  witty 
sayings  have  become  familiar  to  the 
people,  and  to  this  day  are  often  heard 
as  proverbs  in  Spain.     D.  1G4G. 

GUIBERT,  Jacques  Antoixe  Hypo- 
lite,  count  de,  a  celebrated  French  tac- 
tician, was  b.  at  Montauban,  in  1743. 
lie  studied  the  military  art  under  his 
father,  with  whom  he  served  in  the 
German  war;  and,  in  the  expedition  to 
Corsica,  he  was  made  a  colonel,  with  the 
cross  of  St.  Louis.  On  his  return  to 
France,  he  published  his  "  Essai  Gene- 
ral de  Tactique,"  which  work  being 
diametrically  opposed  to  Folard's,  ex- 
cited a  vehement  controversy.  He  was 
also  the  author  of  some  tragedies ;  his- 
torical eulogies  on  Marshal  Catinat,  the 
chancellor  de  THopital,  and  Frederic 
the  Great;  "Travels  in  Germany,"  and 
"  Travels  in  Switzerland."     D.  iViu). 

GUICCIAKDINI,  Francis,  an  Italian 
historian,  was  b.  at  Florence,  in  14S2. 
He  was  bred  to  the  law,  and  appointed 


professor  of  jurisprudence  in  his  native 
city.  Politics,  however,  occupied  the 
rest  of  his  life.  In  1.512  he  was  sent  am- 
bassador, on  the  part  of  the  republic,  to 
the  Spanish  court  at  Bruges ;  for  his 
services  in  which  mission  he  was  re- 
ceived with  great  honor  In-  his  country- 
men, and  Leo  X.  constituted  him  advo- 
cate of  the  consistory.  In  1.518  he  was 
made  governor  of  Modena  and  Keggio, 
and  next  of  I'arma,  where  he  drove  out 
the  French,  and  confirmed  the  inhabit- 
ants in  their  obedience.  He  was  after- 
wards reappointed  to  the  government 
of  Modena,  and  the  presidency  of  the 
Komagna ;  and,  in  1531,  he  was  made 
governor  of  Bologna,  where  he  assisted 
at  the  coronation  of  Charles  V.  After  a 
life  of  great  activity,  he  returned  to  his 
native  city,  and  there  began  his  great 
work  on  the  "  History  of  Italy  during 
his  own  Time,"  which  he  had  nearly 
completed  at  the  time  of  his  death,  iu 
1540. 

GUIDO  EENI,  one  of  the  most  emi- 
nent among  the  Italian  painters,  was  b. 
at  Bologna,  in  1575.  Combining  the 
beauties  of  Albert  Durer  and  Caravaggio 
with  the  school  of  Caracei,  he  soon  gave 
his  teachers  occasion  to  admire  his 
talents,  and  is  even  said  to  have  ex- 
cited the  jealousy  of  Annibale  Caraeci. 
He  was  honored,  caressed,  and  employed 
by  the  great,  and  might  have  accumu- 
lated great  wealth ;  but,  to  satisfy  an 
unfortunate  passion  for  gambling,  he 
often  sold  his  paintings  at  any  price, 
and  became  involved  in  pecuniary  em- 
barrassments, so  that,  in  1»J42,  he  d.  in 
a  state  of  j)Overty  and  dejection.  Guide 
imitated  the  beautiful  in  nature,  and 
was  pre-eminently  the  painter  of  youth 
and  female  loveliness.  —  Caqnaooi,  an 
historical  painter,  b.  at  Bologna  in  1600, 
and  adiscii)le  of  Guido  Keni.  D.  1680. 
GUILLOTIN,  Joseph  Igxatils,  a 
French  physician,  who,  during  the  rev- 
olution, proposed  the  use  of  the  guil- 
lotine, an  instrument  made  after  the 
fashion  of  "the  maiden,"  which  was 
used  on  the  Scottish  borders  in  tlie  l<Uh 
century.  He  practised  medicine  iu 
Paris  many  years,  and  was  much  re- 
spected for  his  general  conduct.  He  was 
a  member  of  the  national  assembly, 
where  his  political  principles  were 
marked  by  moileration,  and  his  intro- 
duction of  this  instrument  of  death  was 
from  a  humane  motive — that  of  render- 
ing capital  punishment  less  painful,  by 
decapitation.  He  was  not.  as  has  been 
reported,  the  victim  of  his  own  con- 
trivance, though  greatly  annoyed  by  its 


468 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[gun 


bein;;  called  by  his  name.     D.  in  peace- 
ful lotireineiit,  1814. 

GUIRAN,  Galllvrd,  counsellor  of 
state  to  the  prince  of  Oran.ire  in  the  ITtli 
century;  author  of  an  "  Historical  and 
Chronolo^rieul  Kcirister  of  the  Seneschals 
of  Nisincs  and  ]5eaucaire."     U.  1680. 

GUISCIIAKD,  Charles  Gotlieb,  an 
able  writer  on  military  tactics,  was  a  na- 
tive of  Magrdeburg.  Ilis  works  are 
'•  McnioiresMilitaires  sur  les  Grecs  et 
les  Koniains"  and  "Meinoires  Critiques 
et  llistoriijnes  sur  plusieurs  Points 
d'Antiquiti-s  Militaires.'^    D.  1775. 

GUISK,  Fhancis  of  ijORRAixE,  duke 
of,  an  illustrious  warrior  of  France,  but 
as  ambitious   and    bigoted  as   he  was 
brave,     lie  was  b.  1519 ;  distinguished 
himself  by  his  bravery  at  the  siege  of 
Boulogne,'  the  defence  of  Mctz,  the  con- 
quest "of  Calais,  &c. ;  and  lost  his  life 
by  assassination,  in  1G53. — Charles  of, 
nsually  called  the  Cardinal  of  Lorraine, 
was   the   minister  of    Francis   II.   and 
Cliarles  IX.     lie   is   notorious    for    his 
violent  and  intolerant  spirit,  and  his 
memory  will  ever  be  held  in  execration 
for  thefurious  persecution  he  promoted 
against  tlie  Protestants  of  France.     B. 
1525;  d.  1571.  —  Henry  of  Lorraine, 
eldest  son  of  Francis,  duke  of  Guise, 
was  b.  in  1550.     lie  is  memorable  in  the 
history  of  France  for  his  bravery ;  but 
lie  was  of  a  turbulent,  ambitious,  and 
cruel  disposition.     After  haviuLT  distin- 
guished himself  in  Hungary  by  his  valor 
ai^ainst  the  Turks,  he  placed  liimself  at 
tiie  liead  of  an  armed  band,  which  he 
called  the  Leau'ue,  under  the  pretext  of 
defcndinir  the  Koman  CathoM  religion, 
Henry   IH.   the    kinL',  and    the    state, 
au'ainst  the  desisins  of  the  Huguenots,  or 
French    Protestants.      This    plan    was 
formed  by  his  brother  the  cardinal,  and 
the  Huguenots  were  massacred  by  thou- 
sands.    But  their  violence  did  not  stop 
here.     Guise  now  became  an  open  rebel ; 
he  entered  Paris  against  the  king's  ex- 
press order,  and  put  to  the  sword  all 
who  opposed  him ;  and  the  streets  be- 
ing barricaded  to  prevent  his  progress, 
this  fatal  day  is  called  in  French  history, 
"  ihe  day  of  the  barricades."     The  king 
escaped  to  Blois,  and  convened  an  as- 
semoly  of  the  states  ;  and  the  duke  of 
Guise  had  the  boldness  to  appear  there 
to  a  summons  sent  him  for  that  purpose. 
A  forced  reconciliation  then  took  place 
between  them,  by  tlie  advice  of  tliis  as- 
Bembly  ;  but  it  being  afterwards  discov- 
ered that  Guise  hod  formed  a  plan  to 
dethrone  the  kin^',  the   latter,  wantitig 
the  resolution  to  bring  him  to  a  trial, 


procured  his  assassination  as  he  Was  en- 
tering the  council  chamber,  Dec.  23, 
1558. — Henp.y  II.,  duke  of  Lorraine, 
a  grandson  of  the  preceding,  was  b.  1614. 
He  is  described  as  prodigal  and  brave, 
addicted  equally  to  love  and  war.  After 
liaving  joined  in  the  rebellion  of  the 
count  de  Soissons,  and  received  a  par- 
don, he  was  induced  to  join  the  revolted 
Neapolitans  ;  and,  at  their  head,  dis- 
played great  gallantry:  but  he  at  length 
fell"  into  the  hands  of  the  Spaniards.  D. 
1664. 

GUITOX,  John,  a  citizen  of  Eochelle, 
who  was  chosen  mayor  of  the  town  when 
it  was  besieged  by  Cardinal  Kichelieu, 
in  1637.  He  refused  the  post,  unless 
permitted  to  have  a  poniard  to  stab  the 
hrst  who  should  offer  to  surrender. 
Being  told  that  famine  had  carried  off 
many  of  the  inhabitants,  he  answered, 
"■It  matters  not,  provided  there  is  one 
left  to  shut  the  gates." 

GUIZOT,  Elizabeth  Charlotte  Pau- 
line, a  French  lady,  whose  works  writ- 
ten for  the  instruction  of  youth  have 
given  her  celebrity,  was  b.  at  Paris,  in 
1773.  Her  father  died  when  she  was 
a  child,  and  her  family  having  been 
brought  to  distress  by  the  revolutionary 
changes,  she  was  induced  to  attempt 
authorship,  in  order  to  provide  for  their 
exigencies.  She  accordingly  produced 
the  novels,  entitled  "  Les  Contradic- 
tions" and  "LaChapelled'Ayton  ;"  she 
also  wrote  in  the  public  journals ;  and 
her  articles  on  manners,  the  drama, 
&c.,  attracted  considerable  attention. 
At  length  she  became  acquainted  with 
M.  Guizot,  since  distinguished  also  as  a 
statesman  ;  in  1812  they  were  married  ; 
and  she  subsequently  acquired  no  small 
share  of  literary  distinction  for  licr 
"  L'Ecolier  on  Kaoul  ct  Victor,"  "  Non- 
veaux  ('ontes,"  and  "  Lettres  de  Famille 
sur  I'Education  Domestiqiie."  D.  1827. 
GUNDULF,  bisliop  of  Kochester,  was 
one  of  the  Norman  ecclesiastics  brought 
over  by  William  the  Conqueror.  He 
was  a  "celebrated  architect ;  and  built 
that  part  of  the  Tower  of  London  called 
the  \Vhitc  Tower.  He  also  erected 
Kochester  castle,  and  rebuilt  the  cathe- 
dral.    I).  1108. 

GUNNER,  John  Ernest,  bishop  of 
Drontheim,  was  b.  at  Christiana,  in 
Norway,  1718.  He  founded  the  Royal 
Norweirian  Society,  in  the  Transactions 
of  which  he  published  several  valuable 
papers  en  natural  history.  On  account 
of  his  zeal  for  botany,  Linnaeus  gave  his 
name  to  a  plant  in  his  system.  He  pub- 
lished "  Flora  Norvogica,"  and  d.  1773. 


guy] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


409 


GUNTEE,  Edmund,  a  mathematician, 
was  b.  in  llcrctbrdshiro,  in  15S1.  He 
Was  professor  of  astronomy  in  Gresham 
collcfjc,  where  ho  d.  1620.  lie  invent- 
ed II  portable  quadrant  for  astronomical 
purposes,  and  the  famous  "  rule  of  pro- 
portion," which,  in  its  mechanical  form,. 
IS  styled  "  Gunter's  scale."  lie  also  dis- 
covered the  variation  of  the  mai^netic 
needle.  His  works  were  collected  into 
one  volume,  and  liave  been  repeatedly 
published.     D.  1G26. 

GUSTAVUS  I.,  kinnr  of  Sweden, 
known  by  the  name  of  Gustavus  Vasa, 
was  b.  in  1490.  Ilavinj^ delivered  Sweden 
from  the  Danish  yoke,  he  was,  in  1.523, 
elected  kin;;  of  tliat  country  ;  reiifncd 
ploriously  for  87  years,  and  d.  15i)0. — 
Adolphus,  the  f^randsou  of  Gustavus 
Vasa,  was  b.  at  Stockliolm,  in  ir)',)5,  and 
ascended  the  throne  in  1 6 1 1 .  lie  brought 
the  war  in  wliieli  liis  country  was  then 
involved  with  Denmark,  Kussia,  and 
Poland,  to  a  successful  issue  ;  and  after- 
wards led  an  army  of  60,000  men  into 
Germany  for  the  noble  purpose  of  res- 
ouin;;  the  Protestants  from  the  tyranny 
of  the  liouse  of  Austria.  He  penetrated 
from  the  Vistula  to  the  Danube,  and 
twice  defeated  the  celebrated  Tilly. 
Tliisg'reat  prince  fell  in  the  battle  fouirht 
on  the  plains  of  ]>utzen,  in  1632. — 111., 
Was  the  son  of  Adolphns  Frederic  and 
Louisa  Ulrica,  sister  of  Frederic  11., 
kinoj  of  Prussia.  He  was  b.  174G,  and 
succeeded  his  father  in  1771.  lie  abol- 
ished the  practice  of  torture,  and  intro- 
duced other  good  regulations  in  tlie 
administration  of  justice.  He  also  form- 
ed a  college  of  connnerec,  and  reformed 
his  army  and  navy.  In  1788  he  was  in- 
volved in  a  war  with  Kussia,  wliich 
power  was  assisted  by  Denmark.  Gus- 
tavus licadcd  Ills  army  himself,  and 
stormed  the  defences  of  Frcderickshall, 
where  he  took  and  destroyed  a  great 
number  of  vessels.  On  the  breaking 
out  of  the  French  revolution,  a  coalition 
was  formed  between  the  northern  pow- 
ers and  Spain,  by  whieli  it  was  agreed 
that  Gustavus  should  march  against 
France  at  the  head  of  a  considerable 
army ;  but  while  preparations  were 
making,  he  was  shot  at  a  masquerade 
by  Ankarstroem,  a  disbanded  officer  of 
the  army,  1792. — IV.,  was  b.  1778,  and 
ascended  the  throne  when  his  father  fell. 
D.  1837. 

GUTCH,  Joirv,  an  antiquarian  ^^Viter, 
wlio  was  registrar  of  the  university  of 
O.xford,  rector  of  St.  Clement's,  and 
chaplain  of  All  Soul's  college.  He  pub- 
lislicd  "  Collectanea  Curiosa,"  from  the 
40 


MSS.  of  Archbishop  Bancroft;  "The 
History  and  Antiquities  of  the  Colleges, 
&c.,  from  MSS.  in  the  Bodleian  library, 
^vritten  by  Anthony  Wood ;"  "  The 
Antiquities  and  Annals  of  the  Univer- 
sity," &c.     D.  1831. 

GUTHRIE,  William,  an  indefatigable 
writer,  was  b.  at  Brechin,  Scotland,  in 
1708  ;  and  after  receiving  his  education 
at  King's  college,  Aberdeen,  settled  in 
London  as  an  author.  Among  the  va- 
rious works  which  bear  this  author's 
name  are,  a  "History  of  England,"  a 
"History  of  Scotland,"  an  "Universal 
History,"  the  "  Geographical  Gram- 
mar;" "The  Friends,"  a  novel;  "Re- 
marks on  English  Tragedy,"  also  a 
translation  of  Quintilian,  and  Cicero's 
"Offices."     D.  1770. 

GUTTEMBERG,  John,  usually  called 
the  inventor  of  printing,  was  b.  at 
Mcntz,  in  1400.  In  1427  he  resided  at 
Strasburg,  as  a  merchant ;  but  returned 
to  Mentz  in  1430.  About  1438,  Guttem- 
berg  made  use  of  movable  types  of 
wood  ;  and  in  1450  formed  a  co-partner- 
ship with  John  Faust,  or  Fust,  a  rich 
goldsmith,  who  furnished  money  to 
establish  a  press,  on  which  the  Latin 
Biljle  was  first  printed.  Guttemberg, 
whose  jmnting-office  remained  in  Mcntz 
till  1465,  d.  1468. 

GUY,  Thoii.\s,  the  founder  of  Guy's 
hospital,  was  the  son  of  a  lighterman  of 
lIorsleydo%vn,  and  b.  in  1644.  He  was 
brought  up  to  the  business  of  a  book- 
seller, and  had  a  lucrative  trade  by 
dealing  largely  in  the  importation  of 
bibles  from  Holland,  and  afterwards 
contracting  with  Oxford  for  tlioso 
printed  at  that  imiversitj';  but  his 
principal  gains  arose  from  the  disrepu- 
table purchase  of  seamen's  prize  tickets, 
and  jobbing  in  South  Sea  stock.  By 
these  means,  joined  to  most  penurious 
habits,  he  amassed  a  fortune  of  nearly 
half  a  million  sterlincr,  of  which  he 
spent  about  £200,000  in  building  and 
endowing  the  hospital  in  Southwark, 
which  bears  his  name.  He  also  erected 
alms  houses  at  Tamworth,  and  made 
bequests  to  Christ's  hospital  and  va- 
rious other  charities  ;  besides  leaving 
£80,000  to  be  divided  among  those  who 
could  prove  anv  decrrec  of  relationship 
to  him.     D.  1724. 

GUYOX,  Jeax  Marie  Boitviere  de 
LA  MoTHE,  a  French  lady,  celebrated  as 
a  religious  enthusiast,  was  b.  at  Mon- 
targis,  in  1648,  and  became  a  widow 
with  three  children,  at  the  age  of 
twenty-eight.  Having  a  strong  predi- 
lection for  a  kind  of  mvstical  devotion, 


470 


CVCL0P.E1>IA    OF    HIOGRAPMV. 


[gwi 


bIio  relinquit<liC(i  Ihccarcot'licrcbildreu 
to  othcr.s,  and  ^avo  up  a  part  of  her 
fortune  for  their  ni:uutenaiiee,  while 
she  professed  to  be  wliolly  guided  by 
"divine  impulses,"  thereby  implying  a 
complete  renunciation  of  self,  tlie  silence 
of  the  soul,  and  the  annihilation  of  all 
earthly  cares  and  emotions,  which  has 
Biuee  obtained  the  name  of  quietism. 
For  several  years  she  wandered  from 
place  to  place,  preaching  lier  doctrines, 
and  making  converts;  till  her  fame 
reaching  Paris,  and  calumny  having 
been  busy  with  her  character,  she  was 
was  oy  the  king's  order  shut  up  in  a 
convent.  Through  the  intercession  of 
niadanie  de  Maintenon,  liowever,  she 
Boon  obtained  her  liberty ;  and  such 
were  the  attractions  of  her  eloquence, 
and  the  tenderness  and  apparent  fervor 
of  her  piety,  that  she  not  only  made 
proselytes  of  many  ladies  of  the  court, 
out  enlisted  the  illustrious  Fenelon  in 
her  cause.  Her  doctrines  and  conduct 
at  length  excited  the  resentment  of  Bos- 
suet  and  other  rigid  ecclesiastics,  and 
she  was  compelled  to  sign  a  recantation. 
But  again  pursuing  the  same  career  in 
Paris,  she  was  confined  in  the  Bastille. 
On  being  liberated,  in  1702,  she  retired 
to  Blois,  and  there  passed  the  remainder 
of  her  life  in  the  private  exercise  of 
"  quietism."  Her  works,  which  are 
very  voluminous,  are  now  scarcely 
remembered,  except  the  one  entitled 
"The  Song  of  Songs  interpreted  ac- 
cording to  its  Mystical  Sense." — Marie 
Claude,  a  priest  of  the  Oratory  at  Paris, 
author  of  a  "  History  of  the  Amazons," 
a  "  Historv  of  Empires  and  Republics," 
a  "  History  of  the  Indies."  B.  1701 ; 
d.  1771. 

GUYS,  Peter  Auoi-stime,  a  French 
merchant,  b.  at  Marseilles,  in  172u ; 
whose  love  of  letters  induced  him, 
when  trading  to  the  Levant,  to  make 
frequent  excursions  into  Greece,  with 
Homer  in  his  liand,  for  the  purpose  of 
making  his  comments  on  the  spot,  and 
tracing  the  vestiges  of  its  ancient  glories. 
The  fruit  of  his  i-esearches  appeared  in 
a  work,  entitled  "Voyage  Litteraire  de 
la  Grece."  He  also  wrote  "  Kelatioii 
Abr('-gee  de  les  Voyages  en  Italie  et 
dans  le  Nord." 

GUYTON  DE  MORVEAU,  Loris 
Bebnabd,  ail  eminent  French  chemist, 


was  the  son  of  a  lawyer  at  Dijon,  where 
he  was  b.  in  1737.  He  figured  among 
the  earliest  and  most  violent  of  the 
revolutionists;  bore  a  decided  emnity 
to  the  kingly  authority  and  the  priest- 
hood ;  became  successively  a  member 
,of  the  legislative  assembly,  the  conven- 
tion, the  committee  of  public  safety, 
and  the  council  of  five  hundred ;  was 
made  a  member  of  the  legion  of  honor, 
and  a  baron  of  the  empire  by  Bona- 
parte ;  and  was  director  of  the  Poly- 
technic school,  and  administrator  of  the 
mint.  Besides  liis  share  in  the  "  Ency- 
clopedic Methodiqiie,"  he  was  one  of 
the  principal  editors  of  the  "Annals 
of  Cnemistry,"  and  wrote  some  other 
chemical  works.     D.  1816. 

GWILYM,  David  ap,  a  British  bard, 
known  by  the  name  of  David  of  Gla- 
morgan, and  styled  the  Welsh  Ovid, 
was  b.  in  1340,  in  the  county  of  Cardi- 
gan. He  was  one  of  the  itinerant  bards, 
and  became  steward  and  tutor  in  the 
family  of  Ivor  Hael,  where  he  d.  1400. 
His  poems  were  ptiblished  in  1792,  and 
are  said,  by  those  who  profess  to  be 
judges,  to  be  unsurpassed  by  any  of  his 
bardic  successors. 

GWINNE,  Matthew,  was  a  physician 
of  Welsh  descent,  but  b.  in  London. 
After  taking  his  degrees  at  Oxford,  he 
commenced  practice  there ;  but,  on  the 
settlement  ot  Gresham  college,  he  was 
chosen  professor  of  physic,  and  in  1605 
appointed  physician  to  the  Tower.  He 
wrote  a  comedy  called  "  Vertumnus," 
"  Orations,"  "  Letters  on  Chemical  and 
Magical  Secrets,"  &c.    D.  1627. 

GWINNET,  BuTTox,  was  b.  in  En- 
gland in  1732,  and  after  engaging  in 
commercial  pursuits,  emigrated  to 
America  in  1770,  and  resided  for  about 
two  years  at  Charleston,  S.  C.  He  then 
removed  to  Georgia,  and  having  pur- 
chased a  plantation  turned  his  attention 
to  agriculture.  On  the  commencement 
of  the  revolution,  he  took  an  active  part 
in  the  affairs  of  tliis  state  ;  was  elected 
a  representative  in  the  general  congress 
of  1(75,  1776,  and  1777,  and  signed  the 
declaration  of  independence.  In  May, 
1777,  he  was  a  candidate  for  the  eliair 
of  governor  of  the  state,  but  failed  ;  and 
on  the  27tli  of  the  same  month  was  shot 
in  a  duel  with  a  political  rival,  General 
M'Intosh. 


HAO] 


CYCLOPiEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPIIV. 


471 


H. 


ITAAK,  Theodokk,  a  German  writer, 
b.  at  Xewliuuseii,  I'iOo.  He  studied  at 
Oxl'ord,  traiishited  the  Dutch  "  Annotii- 
tioiis  of  tlie  Bible,"  and  was  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  Royal  Society.    D.  1690. 

HAAS,  "WiLLLvsr,  a  letter-founder  at 
Basle,  who  improved  the  art  of  printing 
1)V  the  invention  of  a  balance-press,  «kc. 
1).  1800. 

IIAHEKLIN,  Francis  Dominic,  a  Ger- 
man historian  and  antiquary,  author  of 
the  "  History  of  the  German  Empire," 
but  wliicli,  owinjT  to  his  death,  in  1787, 
was  left  incomplete.  lie  was  a  native 
of  Suabia,  and  professor  of  history  at 
Helmstadt. — Charles  Frederic,  son  of 
the  preceding,  was  professor  of  juris- 
prudence in  the  univeisity  of  Helm- 
stadt, and  the  author  of  various  legal 
works.     D.  1808. 

IIABEKT,  Germain,  a  French  poet, 
was  abbot  of  Notre  Dame  de  Cerisi,  and 
one  of  the  first  members  of  the  academy. 
Ho  d.  in  1055.  His  principal  poem  is 
entitled  "  Metamorpuose  cles  Yeu.x 
d'Iris  changes  en  Astrcs."  He  also 
wrote  the  '•  The  Life  of  Cardinal  de 
Berulle." — Isaac,  bishop  of  Vabres,  in 
France;  distinguished  himself  as  a  con- 
troversialist against  .Jansenius,  and  left 
a  translation  of  the  pontilioal  of  the 
Greek  church,  some  Latin  poems,  and 
other  works.     D.  1()6S. 

HABINGTON,  THOM,^t,  a  gentle- 
man of  landed  property,  at  Henlip,  in 
Worcestershire,  who  was  implicated  in 
various  treasonable  practices,  but  who 
liad  the  good  fortune,  thouah  detected, 
to  escape  from  the  lull  penalty  of  them. 
He  was  found  guilty  of  engaging  in  a 
conspiracy  to  release  Mary  queen  of 
Scots,  lor  which  he  was  hnnrisoned  si.x 
years;  and  lie  was  afterwards  convicted 
of  concealing  some  of  the  agents  in  the 
gunpowder-j)lot,  and  received  sentence 
of  death  ;  but  obtained  a  pardon,  owing 
as  some  assert,  to  his  having  been  the 
godson  of  Queen  Elizabeth  ;  though, 
more  probably,  to  the  circumstance  of 
his  daughter' being  the  wife  of  Lord 
Monteagle,  and  tlic  supposed  writer  of 
the  mysterious  letter  that  led  to  its  dis- 
covery. He  was,  however,  restrained 
from  ever  leaving  "Worcestershire  ;  in 
eon-cquenceofthis,  he  employed  the  rest 
of  his  life  in  eollecling  a  mass  of  topo- 
graphical materials,  which  subsequently 
formed  the  foundataou  ofDr.  Nash's  his- 


tory of  that  county.  B.  1560 ;  d.  1647.— 
Wi'ixiAM,  son  of  the  preceding,  was  b. 
at  Ilenlip,  VVorcestersliire,  in  1605;  and 
was  botli  a  poet  and  an  historian.  He 
was  educatecl  at  St.  Omer's  and  Paris ; 
married  the  daughter  of  the  first  Lord 
Powis  ;  and  published  a  volume  of 
poems,  under  the  title  of  "Ca.stara;" 
which,  according  to  the  judgment  of 
modern  critics,  possess  much  fancy, 
elegance,  and  moral  feeling.  His  other 
works  are,  "  The  tiueen  of  Aragon,']  a 
tragi-comedy ;  "  Observations  upon  His- 
tory," and  ''  A  History  of  Edward  IV." 
D.'i645. 

IIACKET,  John,  bishop  of  Lichfield, 
was  b.  in  1502;  received  his  education 
at  Westminster,  and  Trinity  college, 
Cambridge  ;  and  became  chaplain  to 
James  1.  This  appointment  soon  led 
to  other  church  preferment.  Pie  was 
the  author  of  "A  Century  of  Sermons," 
"  Loyola,"  a  Latin  play,  twice  performed 
at  tlie  university  before  James  I. ;  and 
the  "  Life  of  Bishop  Williams."  I).  1670. 

HAC'QUET,  Balthasar,  an  eminent 
naturalist,  b.  at  Conquet,  in  Britauy,  in 
1740.     D.  1815. 

HACLEY,  John,  an  English  philoso- 
pher, who  lived  in  the  early  part  of  the 
ISth  century.  He  invented  the  quad- 
rant which  bears  his  name,  and  also  a 
retiecting  telescope ;  was  vice-president 
of  the  Eoyal  Society ;  and  contributed 
several  papers  to  Ihe  "Philosophical 
Transactions." 

HAFIZ,  or  HAFEZ,  Mohammed, 
ScHEMSEDDiN,  tho  most  popular  of  the 
Persian  poets,  was  b.  at  Sliiraz,  and 
flourished  in  the  14th  century.  Like 
Anaereon,  his  muse  is  dedicated  to  love 
and  wine,  and,  it  is  said,  he  practised 
what  he  preached.  If  we  may  .pulgc  of 
their  general  merit  from  the  odes  which 
have  been  translated  by  Sir  W.  Jones 
and  others,  we  must  admit  tliat  the  limio 
of  Hafiz  has  never  been  overrated.  Tie 
d.  ill  1389,  and  his  countrymen  erected 
a  monument  to  his  memory,  which  was 
destroyed  by  an  earthquake  in  1>^25. 

HAGEDORN,  Frederic,  a  celebrated 
German  poet,  was  b.  at  Hamburgh,  1708. 
He  was  educated  in  the  eollcL'e  of  his 
native  city;  went  to  London  in  the  suite 
of  the  Danish  ambassador:  and.  in  1733, 
was  appointed  secretary  to  the  Ensrlish 
factory  at  Hamburgh.  'lie  was  the  au- 
thor of  Fables,  Soiigs,  Tales,  and  Moral 


472 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    lUOGRAPHY. 


[hal 


Poems ;  in  all  of  which  there  is  consid- 
erable oriijrinality,  and  many  ot'tlu-ni  are 
extremely  graceful.  D.  1754. — Ciir.is- 
TiAX  Lewis,  brother  of  the  preceding, 
held  the  rank  of  counsellor  of  legation, 
and  was  eminent  as  a  connoisseur  of  the 
fine  art-*.  He  wrote  "  Kemarks  on  Paint- 
in^'."     B,  1717;  d.  17S0. 

llAGEE,  Joseph  vox,  professor  of  the 
oriental  lansruaires  in  tlie  university  of 
Pavia,  was  b.  at  Milan,  1750 ;  studied  at 
Vienna,  and  devoted  himself  to  the  ac- 
quisition of  a  critical  knowledge  of  the 
Chinese  tongue.  He  resided  some  time 
in  London,  where  he  published  several 
Morks  explanatory  of  the  Chinese  lan- 
guage ;  but  meeting  with  little  success, 
he  went  to  Paris,  and  there  published 
many  more.  Among  his  works  are, 
"The  Chinese  Pantheon,"  "An  Expla- 
nation of  the  Elementary  Characters  of 
the  Chinese  Language,"  "  A  Dissertation 
on  the  newly  discovered  Babylonian 
Inscriptions,"  &e.     D.  at  Milan,  ISiiO. 

HAtlN,  Philip  Matthew,  a  celebrated 
mechanical  genius,  b.  1739,  at  Scharn- 
luuisen.  While  at  the  university  of  Tii- 
biufrcn,  he  spent  his  leisure  hours  in 
making  sun-dials  and  speaking-trum- 
pets, <rrinding  glasses,  &c.  He  continued 
his  labors  with  unremitting  assiduity, 
and  eventually  produced  works  of  great 
ingenuity  :  as",  a  clock  showing  the  course 
of"the  earth  and  other  planets,  as  well 
as  that  of  the  moon  and  other  satellites, 
and  their  eccentricities ;  a  calculating 
machine ;  and  many  other  ingenious 
inventions.     D.  1790. 

HAHNEMANN,  SAiirEL,  founder  of 
the  system  of  medicine  called  Homoe- 
opathv,  was  b.  at  Meissen,  in  Saxony, 
175.'}.'  Educated  at  the  high  school  of 
his  native  town,  he  successively  studied 
at  Leipsic,  Vienna,  and  Erlangcn,  where 
his  zeal  in  the  pursuit  of  knowledge  pro- 
cured liim  the  regard  of  all  his  teachers  ; 
and  having  taken  his  degree  of  M.D., 
he  was  appointed,  in  1781,  district  phy- 
eieian  at  Gomern,  near  Maijdeburg, 
where  he  relieved  his  professional  la- 
bors by  an  ardent  study  of  chemistry  and 
mineralogy.  In  1784  lie  removed  to 
Dresden,  where  he  gained  a  high  repu- 
tation as  a  practitioner;  but  struck  with 
the  absence  of  a  guiding  principle  in 
tiierapeutics,  and  the  great  uncertainty 
of  the  healing  art,  he  retired  from  prac- 
tice, and  devoted  himself  exclusively  to 
chemistry  and  literary  occupations. 
While  tfins  employed,  the  creat  law  of 
"similia  similibns  curaiitur"  da\vne<l 
upon  hii;-.,  and,  in  17'J0,  he  announced 
his  new  oacovery  to  the  medical  world, 


and  his  whole  time  was  now  spent  in 
tesiinir  his  principles  by  practice,  and  in 
making  known  the  results  in  various 
publications.  In  1813  he  removed  to 
Leipsic  as  Ma2:ister  Legens ;  _  but  the 
persecutions  of  the  apothecaries  ch-ove 
him  thence  to  Cothen,  where  the  duke 
of  Anhalt-Cotheu  ottered  him  an  asylum 
in  1S20.  Here  he  remained  for  15  years, 
extending  his  tame  and  practice ;  but  in 
1SS5,  having  married  a  French  lady 
when  in  liis  80th  year,  he  removed  with 
her  to  Paris,  where  lie  remained  in  the 
active  exercise  of  his  profession,  and 
surrounded  by  numerous  disciples  from 
all  parts  of  the  world,  till  his  decease, 
which  took  place  in  1843.  His  chief 
works  are  the  "  Organon  of  the  Healing 
Art,"  published  in^lSlO  ;  and  "Chronic 
Diseases,  their  peculiar  Nature  and  Ho- 
moeopathic Cure,"  published  in  IS'28. 

HAKLUYT,  RicHAKi),  a  naval  histo- 
rian, was  b.  at  Eyton,  in  Herefordshire, 
1553.  He  received  his  education  at 
Westminster  school,  and  at  Christ- 
church,  Oxford,  where  he  made  cosmog- 
raphy his  favorite  study,  and  read  lec- 
tures on  it.  About  1584  he  went  to 
Paris  as  chaplain  to  the  English  ambas- 
sador, and,  during  his  absence,  was  made 
prebendary  of  Bristol.  On  his  return 
to  England  he  published  several  works, 
particularly  a  translation  from  the 
Spanish  of  "Leo's  Geographical  History 
of  Africa,"  and  Peter  Martyr's  "History 
of  the  West  Indies."  In  1605  lie  was 
promoted  to  a  prebend  of  Westminster, 
and  the  rectorj'  of  Whetheringset,  in 
Sufit'olk.  His  principal  work  is  a  valua- 
ble collection  of  the  "  Voyages  and  Dis- 
coveries of  the  English  nation." 

HALE,  Sir  Matthew,  an  eminent  En- 
glish judge,  was  b.  at  Aldersley,  in 
Gloucestershire,  1600;  educated  at  Mag- 
dalen hall,  Oxford,  and  removed  to  Lin- 
coln's Inn,  where  he  studied  the  law 
with  great  application.  He  act6>l  as 
counsel  for  Strattbrd,  Laud,  HamUton, 
and  even  for  Charles  himself;  yet,  by 
dint  of  importunity,  Cromwell  prevailed 
upon  him  to  become  one  of  the  justices 
of  the  bench  ;  but,  refusing  to  warp  the 
laws,  he  otteuded  the  protector,  and  re- 
fused to  try  any  more  criminal  causes. 
In  the  parliament  which  recalled  the 
king,  he  sat  for  his  native  county;  and, 
soon  atter  the  restoration,  was  made 
chief  baron  of  the  exchequer;  from 
which  he  was  advanced  to  the  chief- 
justiceship  of  the  Killer's  Be-uch.  He 
resigned  his  olEce  in  1075,  and  died  the 
following  year.  He  was  a  learned  man, 
an   upright  judge,  and    an   exemplary 


hal] 


CYCLOP.iiDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


473 


Cliriptian.  His  •writitiars  are  numerous 
oil  tlicoloLriciil,  pliilosophiwil,  and  leiral 
sul)ju(jts.  The  principal  are,  "The 
Primitive  Oriirination  of  Mankind  con- 
videre'l  and  explained  accordins^  to  the 
Li;iht  of  Nature,"  "The  History  of  the 
Pleas  of  the  Crown,"  and  "  Coiitenii)la- 
tions,  Moral  and  Divine."  lie  also 
wrote  various  mathematical  and  philo- 
sophical works,  and  left  a  very  valuable 
eolle.etion  of  manuscripts  relatinir  to  his- 
tory and  jurisprudence,  which  arc  pre- 
served in  the  library  of  Lincoln's  Inn. — • 
Mathan,  Captain,  an  otticer  in  the  Amer- 
ican revolutionary  war,  graduated  at 
Yale  college,  1773.  In  the  war  he  com- 
manded a  company  in  Col.  Knowlton's 
regiment,  and  was  with  the  army  in  the 
rctrciit  from  Long  Island,  1770.  Wash- 
ington having  ajiplied  to  Knowlton  for  a 
discreet  and  enterprising  officer  to  pen- 
etrate the  enemy's  camp  and  procure 
intelligence,  Hale  passed  in  disguise  to 
the  Britisii  camp,  but  on  his  return  was 
apprehended  and  carried  before  Lord 
\\'m.  Howe,  by  whom  he  was  ordered 
lor  execution  the  next  morning.  He 
was  denied  a  bible  and  the  aid  of  a 
clergyman.  The  letters,  full  of  fortitude 
and  resignation  which  he  had  written  to 
his  mother  and  sister,  were  destroyed. 
He  was  hung,  regretting  that  he  had 
but  one  life  to  lose  for  his  country ; 
though  executed  in  a  brutal  manner  as 
a  spy,  he  was  firm  and  composed. 

ILVLES,  John,  commonly  called  "  the 
ever-memorable,"  was  b.  at  Bath,  L5S4. 
He  sulfered  great  hardships  in  the  re- 
bellion, and  tl.  1650.  He  was  a  man  of 
learning  and  skill  in  argument,  a.s  ap- 
j>ears  from  his  works,  which  were  col- 
lected after  his  deatli,  and  published 
under  the  title  of  "Golden  Kemains  of 
the  ever-memorable  Mr.  John  Hales,  of 
Eton  colletre." 

HALFOKU,  Sir  Hf.nky,  bart.,  one  of 
tlie  most  eminent  and  successful  of  mod- 
ern English  physicians,  was  tiic  son  of 
Dr.  John  Vaughan,  of  Leicester,  and 
was  educated  at  Kugbv  and  Oxford.  D. 
lS4i. 

HALHED,  Nathaniel  Brassey,  an 
eminent  orientalist,  was  educated  at 
Harrow  school,  and  afterwards  became 
a  civil  officer  in  the  East  India  Comjia- 
ny's  service.  He  published  "  A  Code 
of  Gentoo  Laws  on  Ordinations  of  the 
Pundits,  from  a  Persian  Translation  ;" 
"  A  (jiammar  of  the  Bengal  Languajrc  ;'' 
and  "A  Narrative  of  the  Events  which 
have  happened  in  Bombay  and  Bentral, 
relative  to  the  Mahratta  Empire  since 
Julv,  1777."  B.  17.51 ;  d.  1S30. 
40* 


HALIFAX,  Geokge  Saville,  marquis 
of,  an  eminent  statesman,  was  b.  in 
li;;5u;  contributed  to  the  restoration  of 
Charles  11.,  who  made  him  a  [irivy 
councillor,  and  rewarded  him  with  u 
coronet.  On  the  accession  of  James,  lie 
was  appointed  president  of  the  council, 
from  which  he  wa.s  dismissed  for  refu- 
sing his  consent  to  a  repeal  of  the  tests. 
In  the  convention  parliament  he  was 
chosen  speaker  of  the  house  of  lords, 
and  at  tlie  accession  of  William  and 
Mary  was  made  lord  privy  seal.  D. 
l(5yo.  He  wrote  an  excellent  piece,  enti- 
tled "  Advice  to  a  Daughter,"  and  vari- 
ous political  tracts. 

HALKET,  Lady  Anxe,  the  wife  of 
Sii  James  Ilalket.  She  was  the  c.augh- 
ter  of  Mr.  Robert  Murray,  of  the  Tulli- 
bardin  family,  and  b.  in  lfJ22.  Her 
father  was  preceptor  to  Charles  I.,  and 
afterwards  provost  of  Eton  college  ;  and 
her  mother  was  sub-governess  to  the 
duke  of  Gloucester  and  the  Princess 
Elizabeth.  Anne  received  u  liberal  edu- 
cation ;  but  theology  and  physic  were 
her  favorite  studies.  Her  skill  in  the 
latter  was  so  great,  that  persons  came 
I'roin  Holland,  and  other  countries,  to 
benelit  by  her  advice  and  treatment.  D. 
169'J. 

HALL,  Edwarh,  an  old  English 
chronicler,  whose  works  rank  with  tliose 
of  Holingshed  and  Stowe.  He  was  a 
native  of  London,  and  being  a  lawyer 
by  profession,  attained  the  rank  of  a 
jutlge  in  the  sheritf's  court.  His  death 
took  place  in  1547.  As  atibrding  delin- 
eations of  the  manners,  dress,  and  cus- 
toms of  the  age,  his  "  Chronicle," 
which  Grafton  completed,  is  very  cu- 
rious.— Sir  James,  b.  1760,  was  the  au- 
thor of  "An  Essay  on  the  Origin,  Prin- 
ciples, and  History  of  Gothic  Architec- 
ture," and  of  many  papers  in  the 
"  Transactions  of  the  Eoyal  Society  of 
Edinburgh."  D.  1832.— Basil,  Captain, 
a  distinguished  writer  of  voyages  and 
travels,  itc. ;  was  b.  at  Edinburgh  iu 
17!>S.  Entering  the  navy  in  ISiii,  he 
gradually  rose  through  the  minor  ranka 
till  he  became  post-captain  in  1817.  Be- 
sides contributing  numerous  papers  on 
scientific  subjects  to  various  journals 
and  encyclopjedias,  Capt.  Hall  wrote 
"A  Voyage  of  Discovery  to  the  West- 
ern Coast  of  Corea  and  the  great  Loo- 
Choo  Island  in  the  Japan  Sea,"  a  most 
interesting  woik,  which  went  through 
many  editions  ;  "  Extracts  from  a  Jour- 
nal written  on  the  Coasts  of  Ciiili,  Peru, 
and  Mexico,  in  the  Years  1S20,  1821, 
lS2i,"    "Travels  in   North  America,'' 


ill 


CYCLOIMCDIA    OF    BIOGUAPHY. 


[hal 


"  Fragments  of  Voyages  and  Travels," 
'•SoliToss  Ik'iiifiekl,  or  a  Winter  in 
Lower  Styria,'  &c'.  I),  lb-14. — Kobeut, 
a  eelebrated  Baptist  preacher,  and  a 
distinguished  theological  writer,  was 
1).  at  Arusby,  in  Leicestershire,  in  1764. 
His  father,  "who  was  also  a  Baptist  min- 
ister, early  remarked  his  precocity  of 
talent,  and  in  1773  placed  him  under  the 
instruction  of  the  learned  and  pious 
Jolm  Kyland,  of  Northampton.  At  15 
he  became  a  student  in  the  Baptist  col- 
le;^e  at  Bristol ;  and  at  18  he  entered 
King's  college,  Aberdeen,  -where  he  took 
the  dcirree  of  M. A.  He  then  was  chosen 
as  colleague  with  Dr.  Caleb  Evans,  in 
the  ministry  at  Bristol,  and  adjunct  pro- 
fessor in  the  institution.  Here  he  at- 
tained great  popularity ;  but  he  was 
obliged  to  retire  from  this  situation,  in 
consequence  of  approaching  symptoms 
of  mental  tlerangcment.  By  judicious 
treatment,  during  a  long  seclusion  from 
the  world,  his  powerful  mind  regained 
its  former  vigor;  and,  in  1791,  lie  re- 
moved to  Cambridge,  being  chosen  suc- 
cessor to  the  eelebrated  Kobert  Kobin- 
son.  lie  now  appeared  as  the  author 
of  a  pamphlet,  entitled  "Christianity 
not  inconsistent  with  the  Love  of  Free- 
dom." This  was  shortly  after  followed 
by  his  "Vindication  of  the  Freedom  of 
the  Press,"  which  passed  through  sev- 
eral editions,  and  is  still  regarded  as  a 
standard  work.  But  it  was  his  "  Ser- 
mon on  Modern  Infidelity"  that  estab- 
lished his  fame  as  a  divine.  In  1802, 
Mr.  Hall's  mind  again  received  a  shock, 
wliicii  obliged  him  to  suspend  his  pulpit 
labors  ;  and  on  his  recovery  he  removed 
to  Leicester,  where  he  remained  as  pas- 
tor of  the  Baptist  congregation  upwards 
of  20  years.  On  the  death  of  Dr.  Ky- 
land,  in  1826,  he  succeeded  to  the  presi- 
dency of  the  Bristol  academy,  and  the 
pastorship  of  Broadmoad  chapel;  and 
there  lie  continued  till  his  death,  which 
^ook  place  in  1S31. — Lyman,  governor 
of  Geortria,  was  a  native  of  Connecticut, 
and  graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1747. 
Having  studied  medicine,  he  established 
himself  at  Sunbury,  Georgia.  He  early 
and  zealously  espoused  the  cause  of  his 
country.  His  efforts  were  particularly 
useful  in  inducing  the  Georgians  to  join 
the  American  confederacy.  In  May, 
177'i,  he  was  a  member  of  congress,  and 
signed  the  declaration  of  independence, 
and  continuc'I  in  that  body  to  the  close 
of  17W.  Wliile  the  British  had  pos- 
Hession  of  Georgia  they  confiscated  his 
property.  In  1788  he  was  elected  gov- 
ernor. "D.  1791.— GoEDo.v,  first  Ameri- 


can missionary  at  Bombay,  graduated 
at  Williams  college  in  1808.  Having 
studied  theology,  lie  refused  an  invita- 
tion to  settle  in  Connecticut,  saying, 
"  Woe  is  me  if  I  pn-each  not  the  gospel 
to  the  heathen."  Ofiering  himself  as  a 
missionary  to  the  American  Board  of 
Commissioners  for  foreign  missions,  he 
was  ordained  1S12,  and  sailed  for  Cal- 
cutta. He  arrived  at  Bombay  in  Feb. 
1813,  and  there  spent  thirteen  years. 
D.  1836. 

HALLEE,  Albert  von,  an  eminent 
Swiss  physician,  was  b.  at  Berne,  in 
1708.  The  early  display  of  his  abilities 
was  most  extraordinary ;  and  when  in 
his  loth  year,  he  was  not  only  distin- 
guished for  his  knowledge  in  Greek  and 
Latin,  but  also  for  his  poetical  genius. 
In  his  16th  year  he  began  to  study  medi- 
cine at  Tubingen,  but  the  fame  of  Boer- 
haave  induced  him  to  remove  to  Ley- 
den,  where,  animated  by  the  example 
of  the  great  geniuses  around  him,  he 
spent  his  days  and  nights  with  the  least 
possible  intermission,  in  the  most  in- 
tense study.  In  1727  he  visited  En- 
gland, and  formed  an  acquaintance  with 
Sir  Hans  Sloane,  Cheselden,  and  other 
eminent  men.  He  received  the  title  of 
physician  and  counsellor  to  King  George 
II.,  at  whose  request  Francis  I.  gave  him 
a  patent  of  nobility,  as  a  baron.  After 
17  years  absence  at  Gottingen,  the  fame 
of  whose  medical  school  lie  had  greatly 
extended,  he  returned,  in  1753,  to  Berne, 
where  his  countrymen  received  him 
with  the  respect  due  to  his  great  fame 
and  talents.  Having  been  elected  a 
member  of  the  sovereign  council  of  the 
state,  he  soon  obtained  one  of  its  ma- 
gistracies ;  and  his  various  duties  as  a 
statcisman,  a  physician,  and  a  medical 
teacher,  occupied  his  attention  till  his 
death.  His  "  Elcmenta  PhysiologiiE" 
and  "  Bibliotheca  Medicinte"  afford  am- 
[jle  proofs  of  his  penetrating  genius 
and  solid  judgment;  and  hispliilosophi- 
cal  and  descriptive  poems  display  great 
depth  of  thought  and  richness  of  ima- 
gination. He  was,  in  short,  a  profound 
philosopher,  an  admirable  poet,  and  a 
first-rate  physician  and  botanist;  yet 
not  more  eminent  for  his  various  scien- 
tific knowledge,  than  for  his  piety  and 
active  benevolence.     D.  1777. 

HALLPJV,  Edmund,  an  eminent  En- 
glish astronomer  and  mathematician, 
was  b.  in  1656,  at  Haggerston,  near  Lon- 
don. He  received  his  education  at  St. 
Paul's  school,  and  Queen's  college,  Ox- 
tbrd,  where  he  made  so  great  a  pro- 
ficiency in  his    mathematical    studies, 


ham] 


CVCLOP.tUIA    OF    HIOGKAPllY. 


475 


that  iu  167G  he  published  observations 
oil  a  spot  iu  the  sun,  by  wliicli  the  nio- 
tiuii  ol'  that  body  on  its  axis  was  dcter- 
tnined.  The  same  year  he  went  to  St. 
Helena,  wiiere  he  determined  the  posi- 
tion of  850  stars,  which  procured  him 
the  name  of  the  Southern  Tycho.  On 
his  return  to  Eii<rland  he  was  created 
master  of  arts,  and  eliosen  a  fellow  of 
tiie  Koyal  Society;  which  learned  body 
de]Uited  liim  to  yo  to  iJantzic,  to  adjust 
a  dispute  between  llookc  and  lleve- 
lius,  respeetinjr  their  proper  glasses  for 
astronomical  purposes.  In  16b0  he  made 
the  tour  of  Europe  with  'Mr.  jS'elson ; 
and  on  the  passaji:o  to  Calais  was  the 
lirst  to  observe  the  great  comet.  After 
his  return,  he  turned  his  attention  to 
the  theory  of  the  jilanetary  motions, 
which  brought  him  acciuainted  with 
Isaac  Newton,  who  intrusted  to  him  the 
publication  of  his  I'rincipia.  In  17u3 
lie  was  appointed  Saviliaii  professor  of 
geometry  at  Oxford ;  iu  1705  he  made 
public  his  valuable  researches  on  the 
orbits  of  comets ;  in  1713  he  became 
secretary  to  tlie  Ko,\  al  Society ;  and  in 
171'J  he  succeeded  Elamsteed  as  astron- 
omer royal.  The  remainder  of  his  life 
was  ehielly  spent  in  the  sedulous  per- 
formance of  his  tiuties  in  that  situation, 
especially  in  completing  the  theory  of 
the  motion  of  the  moon.     D.  1741-2. 

HALS,  Fk.\ncis,  an  eminent  portrait 
painter,  b.  at  Meclilin,  in  1584,  who  was 
consiilcred  as  ranking  next  to  Vandyke. 
D.  lOGO.  —  DntK,  his  brother,  was  fa- 
mous tor  painting  nierry-makiugs  and 
bubjccts  of  drollery.     D.  1G56. 

HAMILTON,  Alexander,  was  b.  in 
1757.  ^Vhile  ii  student  of  Columbia 
college,  N.  Y.,  at  the  age  of  17,  he  pub- 
lished several  essays  concerning  the 
rights  of  the  colonies,  which  were 
marked  by  vigor  and  maturity  of  style, 
as  well  as  by  soundness  of  argument. 
15>;ibrc  he  was  lit  he  entered  the  Amer- 
ican army,  with  the  rank  of  captain  of 
artillery;  and  by  the  time  he  was  2o, 
the  commander-in-chief  liad  made  him 
his  aid-di'-camp,  with  the  rank  of  lieu- 
t<'nant-colonel.  From  this  time  he  con- 
liiiued  the  inseparable  companion  of 
Washington  during  the  war,  and  was 
always  consulted  by  him  on  the  most 
important  occasions.  After  the  war. 
Colonel  Hamilton,  then  about  21,  com- 
menced the  study  .1"  tiie  law,  and  was 
soon  admitted  at  the  bar.  In  1782  lie 
was  chosen  a  member  ot'  congress  from 
the  state  of  New  York,  where  he  quickly 
BCquired  the  greatest  iiiHuence  and  dis- 
tinction.   He  contributed  greatly  to  the 


favorable  reception  of  the  constitution, 
by  the  essays  he  wrote,  in  conjunction 
with  Madison  and  Jay,  in  the  "  Feder- 
alist." On  tlie  organization  of  the  fed- 
eral government  in  1789,  he  was  ap- 
pointed secretary  of  the  treasury  ;  and 
during  his  continuance  in  that  oiiice, 
about  five  years,  he  raised  the  public 
credit  from  the  lowest  state  of  depres- 
sion to  a  height  altogether  unprece- 
dented in  the  history  of  the  country. 
In  17'.iS,  when  an  invasion  was  appre- 
hended from  the  French,  and  a  provis- 
ional army  had  been  calleil  into  the  field, 
his  public  services  were  again  required  ; 
and  on  the  death  of  Washington,  in 
1790,  he  succeeded  to  the  chief  com- 
mand. "When  the  army  was  disbanded, 
Hamilton  again  returned  to  the  bar,  and 
continued  to  practise,  with  increased 
reputation  and  success,  until  1804.  A 
quarrel  having  taken  place  between  him 
and  Colonel  Burr,  the  latter  challenged 
him,  and  they  met  at  Hoboken  on  the 
11th  of  July.  At  the  first  fire  Hamilton 
fell,  mortally  wounded,  on  the  same 
spot  where,  a  short  time  previously,  his 
eldest  son  had  been  killed  in  a  duel. — 
Anthoxv,  Count,  a  poet,  courtier,  and 
man  of  letters  in  the  17tli  century.  He 
was  descended  from  an  ancient  Scotch 
tiiniily,  but  b.  in  ItMG,  in  Ireland;  from 
W'hence  he  was  taken  to  France,  when 
a  child,  by  his  parents,  who  were  at- 
tached to  Charles  II.  When  James  II. 
was  obliged  to  contend  for  his  crown  in 
Ireland,  he  gave  Count  Hamilton  a  regi- 
ment of  infantry,  and  made  hiin  gov- 
ernor of  Limerick ;  but  on  the  ruin  of 
the  royal  cause,  lie  accompanied  James 
to  France,  where  he  passed  the  rest  of 
his  life.  His  wit  and  talents  secured 
him  admission  into  the  first  circles,  and 
he  d.  at  St.  (iermain,  in  1720.  Count 
Hamilton  is  chiefiy  known  as  an  author 
by  his  "Memoirs  of  Count  Grammont," 
a  lively  and  spirited  production,  exliibit- 
ing  a  free  and  faithful  delineation  of  the 
voluptuous  court  of  Charles  II.  His 
other  works  are,  "Poems  and  Fairy 
Tales,"  which,  as  well  as  the  memoirs, 
are  in  French,  and  display  elegance  of 
style  with  fertility  of  invention. — Eliz- 
abeth, a  lady  of  great  literary  attain- 
ments, was  b.  at  Belfast,  in  Ireland,  in 
1758.  She  wrote  the  "Letters  of  a 
Hindoo  liajah,"  "The  Life  of  Agrip- 
]>ina,"  "Memoirs  of  Modern  Pliiloso- 
phers,"  "Popular  Essays,"  "On  the 
Elementary  Principles  of  Education," 
"  Letters  on  the  Formation  of  the  Ke- 
ligious  and  Moral  Princiiile,"  and  other 
works,  replete  with  sound  sense  and  in- 


476 


CYCLOP.EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[ham 


formation.  D.  1816. — Gavin,  an  histor- 
ical painter,  and  counoissLUir  of  ancient 
art,  was  b.  ut  Lanarlv,  in  Scotland. 
Having  discovered  an  early  genius  for 
painting,  he  was  sent  to  Italy,  and 
placed  under  Augustine  Massuchi,  by 
whose  instructions  lie  profited  consider- 
ably ;  after  which  he  applied  with  great 
diligence  to  tiie  study  of  the  anticjue, 
which  has  given  his  paintings  of  ancient 
subjects  that  propriety  with  regard  to 
costume,  which  distinguished  them  at 
the  time  from  the  generality  of  modern 
compositions.  One  of  his  greatest  works 
was  his  Homer,  consisting  of  a  series  of 
pictures,  representing  scenes  taken  from 
the  Hiad.  The  latter  part  of  his  life  was 
employed  in  making  excavations,  at  Tiv- 
oli,  among  the  ruins  of  Adrian's  villa, 
and  in  various  other  places  in  Italy,  by 
which  he  was  enabled  to  bring  to  light 
many  of  the  long-buried  treasui-es  of 
antiquity ;  so  that  the  success  which 
crowned  his  researches  made  ample 
amends  for  the  loss  which  painting  may 
have  suffered  by  the  intermission  of  his 
practice.  D.  at  Kome,  179i5. — James,  in- 
ventor of  the  Hamiltonian  system  of 
teaching  languages,  d.  at  Dublin,  where 
he  liad  gone  for  the  purpose  of  giving 
lectures,  Sept.  10,  1829. — Patrick,  the 
first  Scotch  reformer,  was  nephew  to 
James,  earl  of  Arrun,  and  b.  in  1503. 
He  was  educated  at  St.  Andrew's,  after 
which  he  went  abroad,  where  ho  im- 
bibed the  opinions  of  Luther.  On  his 
return  home  he  was  made  abbot  of 
I'erne,  in  the  shire  of  lioss,  where  he 
promulgated  the  new  doctrines  with  so 
much  zeal  as  to  excite  the  wrath  of  the 
clergy,  who  caused  him  to  be  appre- 
hended and  sent  to  Beaton,  archbisiiop 
of  St.  Andrew's.  After  a  long  exann- 
nation  lie  was  declared  contumacious, 
and  burnt  at  a  stake,  opposite  St.  Sal- 
vador's college.  March  1,  1527.  —  Thom- 
as, is  chiefly  known  as  the  author  of 
"Cyril  Thornton,"  a  stirring  novel  of 
military  adventure,  combining  the  ele- 
gant style  of  an  excellent  classical  scho- 
lar witii  tlie  grapliic  description  and 
vivid  feeling  of  one  who  liad  partici- 
pated in  the  scenes  and  circumstances 
that  he  described.  After  serving  through 
the  Peninsular  and  American  campaigns, 
Cant.  Hamilton  devoted  his  time  chiefly 
to  literature,  and  he  was  a  voluminous 
contributor  to  "lilackwood's  Magazine," 
in  wiiicli  "Cyril  Tliornton"  originally 
appeared.  His  oliicf  se]>aratc  works 
after  (Jyril  Tliornton  are,  "Annals  of 
the  Peninsular  Campaign,"  and  "Men 
aud  ilauners  iu  America."    1).  1842. — 


"WiLLiAir,  an  historical  painter,  was  b. 
in  1750.  He  went  to  Italy  wiien  very 
young,  and  was  there  placed  under  the 
instruction  of  Zucclii,  the  painter  of 
arabesque  ornaments,  at  Home.  On  his 
return  to  England  he  acquired  consid- 
erable employment ;  and,  in  1789,  was 
admitted  a  royal  academician.  D.  1801. 
— William,  a  Scotch  poet,  was  b.  at 
Bangour,  in  x\yrshire,  in  1704.  Ho 
joined  the  Pretender  in  1745,  and  nar- 
rowly escaped  being  taken  after  the 
battle  of  Culloden.  D.  1754.  Among 
his  songs  and  ballads  is  the  well-known 
"  Braes  of  Yarrow." — William  Gerard, 
a  statesman  who  obtained  the  appella- 
tion of  "  Single  Speech  Hamilton,"  from 
the  extraordinary  impression  produced 
by  the  first  and  almost  only  speech  he 
ever  made  in  the  British  parliament, 
was  the  son  of  a  barrister  of  Lincoln's 
Inn,  where  he  was  b.  in  1729.  He  was 
educated  at  Winchester  school  and  Oriel 
college,  Oxford.  In  1754  he  was  elected 
into  parliament  for  Petersfield,  and  the 
year  following  delivered  the  speech  al- 
luded to.  In  1761  he  went  to  Ireland 
as  secretary  to  Lord  Halifax,  and  in  the 
parliament  of  that  kingdom  he  confirmed 
the  reputation  which  he  had  gained  in 
England  by  his  oratory.  He  was  about 
twenty  years  chancellor  of  the  exchequer 
in  Ireland,  but  retired  from  public  life 
in  1784.  His  works,  consisting  of  "  Par- 
liamentary Logic,"  "Speeches,"  &c., 
&c.,  were  printed  in  1808,  with  the  life 
of  the  author  prefixed.  Among  the 
many  to  whom  the  Letters  of  Junius 
were  once  ascribed,  Mr.  Hamilton  was 
one  ;  but  there  was  scarcely  the  shadow 
of  an  argument  to  support  the  conjecture. 
I).  1796. — Sir  William,  was  a  native  of 
Scotland;  b.  in  1780.  His  mother  hav- 
ing been  the  nurse  of  George  111.,  young 
Hamilton  very  naturally  obtained  that 
prince's  patronage.  Sir  William  was 
generally  distinguished  for  his  taste  in 
the  polite  arts,  employed  a  large  portion 
of  his  life  in  the  study  of  natural  history, 
and  supplied  the  Pliilosophieal  Trans- 
actions and  the  Archa^ologia  with  many 
learned  articles.  During  his  residence 
as  ambassador  from  England  to  the 
court  of  Naples,  he  published  his 
"Campi  Phlegrffii,"  from  liis  observa- 
tions of  Mount  Vesuvius,  Mount  Etna, 
and  other  volcanoes.  He  presented 
many  books,  manuscripts,  and  geologi- 
cal curiosities  to  the  British  Museum ; 
and,  after  his  deatii,  his  superb  collec- 
tion of  antique  vases  was  purchased  by 
parliament  lor  that  institution.  D.  1803. 
— Emma,  Lady,  wife  of  the  above,  was 


ham] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOORAPHY. 


477 


the  (Ifinpliter  of  a  female  servant.  At 
tlic  ago  of  l;;  bIic  olitiiiiicd  a  situation 
under  the  uanic  oF  Knuiia  liarte,  in 
the  house  of  Mr.  Tiioiiuis,  of  liowar- 
den,  Flintsliirc,  to  wail  on  his  cliildrL'n. 
Emma,  it  seems,  thought  the  situation 
dull,  and  left  it.  At  16,  she  went  to 
London,  got  a  place  in  the  house  of  a 
shopkeeper  in  St.  James's  market,  and 
soon  after  was  hired  to  wait  upon  a  Itidy 
of  rank,  where,  having  onh'  the  duty  of 
dressing  her  mistress,  she  passed  her 
leisure  time  in  reading  novels  and  plays. 
She  soon  acquired  a  taste  for  the  drama ; 
antl  employed  herself  in  imitating  the 
attitudes  aiid  manners  of  persons  on  the 
stage,  from  a  desire  to  become  an  actress. 
She'  tinis  laid  the  foundation  of  her  ex- 
traordinary skill  in  p;mtomimic  repre- 
sentations. But  she  neglected  her 
business,  was  dismissed,  and  went  to 
serve  in  a  low  tavern,  frequented  by 
actors,  painters,  musicians,  Arc.  In  this 
service  she  formed  an  acquaintance  with 
a  Welsh  youth,  who  was  pressed  upon 
the  river,*when  she  went  to  the  captain 
and  obtained  the  boy  Ins  liberty.  The 
ea[)tain  loaded  her  with  presents,  and 
with  him  slie  remained  for  some  time. 
At  length  she  quitted  him  for  a  gentle- 
man of  large  fortune,  who  kept  her  in 
great  aflluence  for  a  short  period ;  but 
disgusted  by  her  extravagance,  and  in- 
duced by  domestic  considerations,  he 
dismissed  her.  Reduced  to  the  greatest 
poverty,  she  became  one  of  the  most 
common  of  degraded  females.  From 
this  state  she  was  relieved  by  the  infa- 
mous Dr.  Graham,  who,  perceiving  the 
beautiful  symmetry  of  her  person,  took 
her  to  his'  house,  and  there  exhibited 
her,  covered  only  with  a  transparent 
veil,  under  the  name  of  the  goddess 
llygeia.  rainters,  sculptors,  and  others, 
paid  their  trilnite  of  admiration  at  the 
shrine  of  this  new  goddess.  The  artful 
quack  had  her  bust  modelled  ;  numbers 
purchased  it,  and  a  greater  number  came 
to  admire  the  original.  She  was  an 
adept  in  deceit;  with  a  violent  and 
impassioned  temper,  she  assumed  the 
appearance  of  candor,  innocence,  and 
simplicity.  Charles  Greville  (of  the 
Warwick  family)  became  enamored 
with,  and  would  have  married  her,  but 
for  tlie  interference  of  his  uncle,  Sir  \V. 
Hamilton,  who,  according  to  sotne  ac- 
counts, made  an  agreement  with  Grev- 
ille to  pay  his  debts,  on  condition  th.it 
lie  shouU\  give  up  liis  mistress ;  or,  as 
others  state  the  circumstance,  in  his 
endeavors  to  save  his  nephew,  fell  into 
the  snaro  himself,  and  became  the  victim 


of  her  arts.  lie  made  her  his  wife  in 
\7't\  ;  introduced  her  at  the  court  of 
Naples,  wlicre  tiio  queen  became  so  in- 
fatuated with  tlie  new  ambassadress,  as 
frecpiently  to  keep  her  a  visitor  at  the 
palace.  It  was  there  that  she  imbibed 
!i  violent  passion  for  PJngland'.s  nav;d 
hero,  then  commanding  the  "Agamem- 
non ;"  and,  from  that  period,  she  became 
tlie  conij)anion  of  Nelson,  to  whom  she 
was  sometimes  useful  as  a  political  agent. 
After  the  victory  of  Aboukir,  when  the 
conqueror  was  received  in  Naples  with 
extravagant  rejoicinirs.  Lady  llamilton 
was  the  heroine  of  the  crowd,  and  ac- 
companied the  slave  of  her  charms 
wherever  he  went.  To  her  advice  is 
attributed  the  ignominious  death  of 
Prince  Caracciolo,  tiie  oldest  and  the 
best  officer  in  the  Neapolitan  navy.  She 
d.  in  ISIG,  in  the  neighborhood  of  Calais. 

HAMMOND,  Anthonv,  an  ingenious 
writer,  was  b.  at  the  family  seat  of 
Somersham  place,  nuntingdonshire,  in 
1668.  lie  was  educated  at  St.  John's 
college,  Cambridge,  and  became  a  mem- 
ber of  parliament,  where  his  eloquence 
procured  him  the  name  of  "  Silver 
Tongue."  lie  was  also  a  commissioner 
of  the  navy ;  but  d.  a  prisoner  in  the 
fleet,  in  1738.  He  was  the  author  of  a 
''  Miscellany  of  Original  Poems." — 
James,  an  elegiac  poet,  was  b.  in  1710; 
received  his  education  at  Westminster 
school ;  was  appointed  equerry  to  Fred- 
eric, prince  ot  Wales  ;  and  sat  in  par- 
liament for  Truro.     D.  1741. 

HAMPDEN,  John,  a  political  char- 
acter of  great  celebrity  in  the  reign  of 
Charles  1.,  was  descended  of  an  ancient 
family  in  Buckinghamshire,  and  b.  in 
London,  in  15!i4.  In  1636  he  distin- 
guished himself  by  his  spirited  oppo- 
sition to  the  payment  of  ship-nioney,  by 
which  he  acquired  great  popularity.  lie 
became  a  leading  man  in  the  house  of 
commons:  and  at  the  commencement 
of  the  civil  war  he  took  up  arms  against 
the  king,  and  accepted  the  command  of 
a  regiment  in  the  parliamentary  army, 
under  the  carl  of  Essex.  Prince  Kupert 
having  beaten  up  the  quarters  of  the 
parliamentary  troops  near  Thame,  in 
Oxtbrdshire,  Hampden  eagerly  joined  a 
few  cavalry  that  were  rallied  in  haste, 
and,  in  the  skirmish  which  ensued,  re- 
ceived a  wound,  which  in  a  few  days 
proved  fatal.  His  character  and  conduct 
throughout  his  contest  with  the  crown 
showed  great  firmness  and  moderation  ; 
and  his  name  has  become  a  sort  of 
watchword  to  many  Avho,  lovijig  his 
stern   republican  virtues,  exult  in  dis- 


478 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[han 


playing  their  patriotism  by  resisting  not 
LniTcly  taxation  by  prerogative,  but  all 
iujustiee.     D.  l(>4o. 

HANCOCK,  John,  an  American  pa- 
triot and  statesman,  was  b.  in  Quincy, 
Massachusetts,  in  1737,  and  under  the 
patronage  of  a  wealthy  uncle  received  a 
liberal  education,  and  was  graduated  at 
Harvard  college,  in  1754.  On  leaving 
college  he  entered  the  counting -house  ot" 
liis  uncle,  by  whose  sudden  death  in 
17ri4  he  succeeded  to  great  riches,  and 
the  management  of  an  extensive  busi- 
ness. In  176t)  he  was  chosen  a  member 
of  the  assembly,  and  soon  distiugaished 
himself  by  his  zeal  in  the  cause  of  the 
colonies.  In  1774  he  was  elected  pres- 
ident of  the  provincial  coiierress  of  Mas- 
sachusetts, and  iu  the  following  year 
president  of  the  continental  congress,  in 
which  capacity  he  was  the  first  to  affix 
his  signature  to  the  declaration  of  inde- 
pendence. In  this  station  he  continued 
till  October,  1777,  wlien  ill  health  in- 
duced him  to  resign.  In  1780  he  was 
elected  governor  of  Massachusetts,  and 
held  that  office  for  four  successive  years, 
and  again  from  17S7  till  his  death  in 
17;iS.  Governor  Hancock  was  hospita- 
ble and  munificent,  a  man  of  excellent 
talents  for  business,  and  a  true  lover  of 
his  country. 

HANDEL,  Geokge  Frederic,  an  illus- 
trious musician,  was  b.  at  Halle,  in  Sax- 
ony, in  1684.  His  father,  who  intended 
him  for  the  law,  perceivinu:  his  propen- 
sity to  music,  discouraged  it  as  much  as 
possible,  and  especially  forbade  him  to 
touch  an  instrutnent.  The  boy,  how- 
ever, contrived  to  have  a  small  clavi- 
chord concealed  in  the  garret,  where  he 
used  to  amuse  himself  when  the  family 
were  asleep.  At  the  age  of  9,  Handel 
composed  the  church  service,  for  voices 
and  instruments;  and  when  he  was  14 
he  far  excelled  his  master,  and  was  sent 
to  Berlin,  where  the  sovereign  made  him 
liberal  presents.  In  1704  lie  brought  out 
liis  first  opera,  "  Almira."  Soon  after 
tiiis  he  visited  Italy,  and  at  Florence 
produced  the  opera  of  "  liodrigo."  He 
suVisequently  went  to  Venice,  Naples, 
and  Eome  ;  and  having  altogether  re- 
mained in  Italy  about  six  years,  he  ac- 
cepted the  pressing  invitations  he  had 
received  from  many  of  the  British  no- 
bility to  visit  London,  and  set  out  for 
England,  where  he  arrived  in  the  latter 
end  of  1710.  The  flattering  reception 
he  experienced  induced  him  to  prolong 
his  stay,  and  he  rose,  during  the  50 
years  which  foUoved,  to  the  height  of 
professional  honor.    In  1741  lie  brought 


out  his  cTicf-d'mtvre,  the  oratorio  of  the 
"Messiah!"     D.1759. 

HANMER,  Sir  Tiioir.43,  an  English 
statesman  and  writer,  was  b.  in  1076, 
and  succeeded  his  uncle  in  his  title  and 
the  family  estate  of  Haniner.  He  was, 
in  1713,  chosen  speaker  of  the  house  of 
commons.  Towards  the  close  of  his 
life  he  withdrew  altogether  from  publio 
business,  and  occupied  himself  in  ele- 
gant literature  ;  the  fruits  of  which  ap- 
peared in  a  corrected  edition  of  Shak- 
speare's  dramatic  works.    D.  1746. 

HANNIBAL,  general  of  the  Cartha- 
ginians, was  the  sou  of  Amilcar,  who 
caused  him,  at  the  age  of  eight  years,  to 
swear  before  the  altar  eternal  enmity  to 
the  Romans.  In  the  year  of  Eome  534, 
and  220  b.  c,  he  took  the  command  of 
the  army,  on  the  death  of  his  brother 
Asdrubal.  After  achieving  several  con- 
quests in  Spain,  he  turned  his  arms 
against  the  Romans,  and  crossed  the 
Alps  by  a  new  road.  Having  defeated 
Scipio  and  other  commanders,  in  sepa- 
rate actions,  he  marched  towards  Rome, 
and  gained  the  victory  of  Cannae,  216 
B.  c.  Instead  of  following  up  this  ad- 
vantage, Hannibal  rested  at  Capua, 
which  enabled  the  Romans  to  recover 
from  their  fright,  so  that  when  the  Car- 
thaginians encamped  before  the  city, 
their  appearance  created  no  alarm.  Han- 
nibal, finding  it  hopeless  to  make  any 
attempt  upon  the  capital,  retreated. 
Two  years  afterwards  he  defeated  Mfir- 
cellus;  but  notwithstanding  this,  find- 
ing his  affiiirs  growing  desperate  in  Italy, 
where  he  had  now  been  16  years,  ho 
made  overtures  of  peace,  which  termin- 
ated without  eti'eet.  The  battle  of  Zama, 
in  which  he  lost  20,000  men,  completely 
ruined  Hannibal,  and  he  retired  to  Asia, 
where  he  took  refuge  with  Prusias,  king 
of  Bithynia ;  but  being  apprehensive 
that  he  should  be  delivered  up  to  the 
Romans,  he  took  poison,  at  the  age  of 
64,  183  B.C. 

HANNO.  There  were  several  Car- 
thaginian generals  of  this  name.— One 
of  them  made  a  voyage  on  the  western 
coast  of  Africa,  of  which  he  has  left  a 
description,  called  the  "  Periplus  of 
Hanno."  The  purpose  of  this  voyage 
was  to  make  discoveries  for  the  benefit 
of  commerce,  and  to  settle  colonies,  of 
which  lie  estal^lished  several.  Two  Car- 
thaginian generals,  of  the  name  of  Han- 
no, commanded  in  Sicily,  successively, 
during  the  first  Punic  war. — Another 
Hanno  was  one  of  the  commanders  un- 
der Hannibal  in  Italy,  and  was  success- 
ful on  several  occasions. 


CVCLOP.iiUIA    OF    HIOGRAPIIY. 


479 


HANS  SACHS,  a  German  poet  of  the 
16tli  century.  Prolilic  as  German  wri- 
ters in  general  are,  lionest  Hans  must 
ever  be  ro-jardcd  as  an  extraordinary 
instance  ot"  poetical  iertility,  if  what  his 
countrymen  assert  be  true,  namely, 
tliat  he  wrote  no  less  than  10,840  corn- 
posit  ior.s  in  verse,  among  which  are 
218  comedies  and  tragedies.  To  tliis  we 
are  bound  to  add,  as  an  additional  proof 
of  his  industry,  that  he  was  a  shocnuv- 
kcr,  and  worked  all  his  lite  at  the  trade. 

IIAMSAKO,  Li:ke,  an  industrious 
and  suocesstul  printer,  was  b.  at  Nor- 
wich, in  175:^.  He  served  his  appren- 
ticeship in  his  native  citv;  and,  at  its 
expiration,  he  started  for  "London,  with 
a  good  character,  and  one  solitary  guinea 
in  his  pocket.  His  tirst  situation  in 
London  was  that  of  a  compositor  in  the 
printinir-otTiee  of  Mr.  Hughs,  printer  to 
the  house  of  commons  ;  in  which  he 
acquired  the  full  confidence  of  his  em- 
ployer, and,  by  his  indefatigable  atten- 
tion, extendecl  the  business.  In  1774 
he  became  a  partner  in  the  concern,  and 
■when  the  whole  of  tlie  business  devolved 
upon  him,  by  the  death  of  Mr.  Hughs, 
he  spared  no  cost  nor  personal  lalior  in 
performing  the  important  duties  in- 
trusted to  him.  He  amassed  a  very 
considerable  property,  and  finished  his 
iiseful  and  hiborious  life  in  1828,  aged 
76. 

HAKDENBP^KG,  Charles  Augustus, 
baron,  afterwards  prince  of,  a  famous 
Prussian  statesman,  b.  in  17r)0  ;  became 
cabinet  minister  in  1703;  and  his  sijjna- 
ture  will  be  found  to  most  of  the  treaties 
of  coalition  airainst  Napoleon,  with  Kus- 
sia  and  Austria,  till  the  battle  of  Aus- 
terlitz,  in  1805.  In  IfilO  he  was  made 
eliancellor  of  state.  He  was  one  of  the 
Russian  pleniijotentiarics  signing  the 
treaty  of  Paris  in  1814;  was  created 
prince;  accompanied  the  allied  sover=^ 
eigns  to  London  ;  was  one  of  the  most 
proiiiinent  actors  at  the  congress  of 
Vienna;  and  afterwards  made  president 
of  the  council  of  state.  He  was  present, 
in  1818,  at  the  congress  of  Aix-Ia-Cha- 
pelle;  in  1819,  at  Carlsbad;  in  1820,  at 
x'ienna,  at  Tro]ipau,  and  Verona.  D. 
I^i^'^. — Fredkkio  von,  (better  known  by 
his  literary  cognomen,  Novalis,)  was  h. 
at  Mansfield,  near  Eisleben,  1772  ;  stud- 
ied at  Jena,  Leipsic,  and  "Wittenberg, 
and  finally  became  superintendent  of 
the  mines  in  Saxony,  having  ac(|uired  a 
competent  knowledjife  of  the  science  of 
mineralogy  under  the  celebrated  Wer- 
ner. His  lyric  poems  have  gained  him 
great  celebrity ;  and  his  romance,  "  Hein- 


rich  von  Ofterdingen,"  though  tinfln- 
ished,  has  called  for  the  admiration  even 
of  such  fastidious  critics  as  Tieck  and 
Frederic  Scliletrel.     D.  1801. 

HARDICANUTE,  king  of  Enfrland 
and  Denmark,  was  the  son  of  Canute, 
and  succeeded  his  I'ather  on  the  Danish 
throne  in  1038;  and  at  the  same  time 
laid  claim  to  that  of  Entrland,  which  had 
devolved  to  his  half-brother,  Harold. 
A  comyiromisc  was  efiected,  by  which 
he  governed  the  southern  part  of  the 
kinirdom  during  Harold's  lite,  and  suc- 
ceeded to  the  whole  on  his  death.  His 
conduct  was  violent  and  tyrannical — he 
revived  the  odious  tax  called  damgelt, 
and  his  subjects  rejoiced  at  his  early 
death,  which  happened  in  1041. 

HARDOUIN,  John,  a  learned  French 
Jesuit,  the  author  of  several  works,  but 
remarkable  as  the  author  of  one  in  par- 
ticular, (which  excited  equal  interest  and 
animadversion  at  the  time.)  the  object 
of  which  was  to  show  that  ahnost  all  the 
writinscs  under  the  names  of  the  Greek 
and  Roman  poets  and  historians  are  the 
spurious  productions  of  the  13th  centu- 
ry. B.  1647;  d.  172'J. — John  Stephen, 
a  French  'UTitcr ;  the  translator  of 
Young's  "  Night  Thoughts,"  and  Fene- 
lon's  "  Telemachus,"  into  rhvme.  B. 
1735;  d.  1817. 

HARDWICKE,  Philip  Yorke,  earl 
of,  an  eminent  Euirlish  lawyer,  was  b.  at 
Dover,  in  Kent,  in  1690.  Al'ter  serving 
the  offices  of  solicitor  and  attorney 
general,  he  was,  in  1733,  apponited 
chief  justice  of  the  Kind's  Bench,  and 
created  a  peer.  In  1736  he  was  made 
lord  chancellor,  which  situation  he  held 
20  years.  In  1754  he  was  created  earl 
of  Hardwicke.  D.  1764. — Philip  Yoree, 
earl  of,  eldest  son  of  the  preceding,  was 
b.  in  1720.  In  1738  he  was  appointed 
one  of  the  tellers  of  the  exchequer,  and 
in  17G4  succeeded  his  lather  in  the  earl- 
dom. He  d.  in  179i'».  Lord  Hardwicke 
wrote  a  poem  on  the  death  of  Queen 
Caroline ;  and  with  his  brother,  the 
Honorable  Charles  Yorke,  projected  the 
"Athenian  Letters,  or  the  Epistolary 
Correspondence  of  an  Agent  of  the 
King  of  Pei-sia,  residing  at  Athens  du- 
ring the  Peloponnesian  War."  A  few 
copies  only  of  this  work  were  at  first 
pnnted  for  }irivate  circulation;  but  in 
1798  an  elegant  edition  was  published. 
Lord  Hardwicke  also  y)rinted  "  The  Cor- 
respondence of  Sir  Dudley  Carleton,  in 
the  reicrn  of  James  I.,"  and  "  Miscella- 
neous State  Papers  from  1501  to  1726." 
IIj\RDY,  Sir  Charles,  an  English 
adiniri\.;  and  the  grandson  of  an  emi- 


4&0 


Ci'CLOPvEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[har 


nent  naval  cominaiuler  of  the  same 
name,  in  the  rciirn  of  Queen  Anne.  He 
had  the  eoitunaiul  of  the  Channel  fleet 
in  1770,  but  died  the  same  year  at  Spit- 
head. — Sir  Thomas,  a  gallant  otticer,  the 
friend  and  brother  in  arms  of  the  gal- 
lant Nelson,  whose  last  breath  he  re- 
eeived  on  board  the  Victor}'.  At  the 
early  age  of  12  he  entered  the  royal 
navy  as  a  midshipman,  on  board  the 
Helena,  of  14  guns,  and  in  November, 
1793,  was  made  lieutenant  in  the  Melea- 
ger,  of  the  squadron  of  Nelson,  under 
whose  notice  he  was  thus  brought.  He 
was  thenceforth  constantly  employed 
under  the  hero,  who,  in  17'J7,  promoted 
him  to  the  command  of  tlie  brig  La 
Mutine,  of  the  capture  of  which  he  was 
the  main  cause.  His  constant  gallantry, 
and  especially  his  conduct  at  the  battle 
of  the  Nile,  in  which  his  vessel.  La 
Mutine,  was  the  only  single-decker  that 
was  present,  caused  Nelson  to  promote 
him  to  the  command  of  the  Vanguard. 
In  July,  1S03,  he  became  flag-captain  to 
Nelson,  on  board  the  Victor}'.  For  his 
services  at  Trafalgar  he  was  created  a 
oaronet.     B.  1709';  d.  1839. 

HARLEY,  Kor.ERT,  earl  of  Oxford 
and  Mortimer,  a  distinguished  English 
statesman,  was  b.  1661.  At  the  revolu- 
tion he  was  returned  to  the  house  of 
commons,  and  in  1702  he  was  chosen 
Bpe.iker.  In  1710  ho  again  came  into 
office,  as  a  commissioner  of  the  treasury, 
and  chancellor  of  the  exchequer.  Shortly 
after  he  was  stabbed  by  the  marquis  of 
Guiscard,  a  Frenchman,  when  under 
examination  at  the  eouneil-board ;  but 
he  recovered  from  his  wound,  and  the 
assassin  died  in  prison.  He  was  then 
advanced  to  the  peerage,  and  made  lord 
high  treasurer;  which  office  he  resigned 
a  few  days  before  the  death  of  Queen 
Anne,  in  1714.  On  the  accession  of 
George  I.  he  was  impeached  by  the 
house  of  commons,  and  committed  to 
the  Tower,  where  he  was  kept  two 
years,  and  then,  after  a  public  trial,  he 
was  acquitted.  After  this,  he  retired 
wholly  from  public  business,  and  d.  1724. 

HARLOW,  Geokge  IIknrt,  an  En- 
glish painter,  was  b.  in  1787  ;  studied 
under  Driimmond  and  Sir  Thomas  Law- 
rence ;  and  il.  1SJ9.  He  produced  sev- 
eral good  pictures  ;  among  which  is  the 
well-known  scene  from  Shakspeare's 
Henry  the  Eightli,  containing  portraits 
of  the  Kemble  family  and  other  distin- 
guished actors. 

HAROLD  I.,  surnamed  Harefoot, 
king  of  England,  succeeded  his  father, 
Canute,  in  1035.   He  reigned  four  years. 


and  d.  in  1039. — II.,  king  of  England, 
was  the  second  son  of  Godwin,  earl  of 
Kent.  Upon  the  death  of  Edward  the 
Confessor,  in  1066,  he  took  possession 
of  the  throne,  without  attending  to  the 
more  legal  clairi  of  Edgar  Atheling,  or 
the  asserted  bequest  of  Edward  in  favor 
of  William,  duke  of  Normandy.  Tlio 
latter  accordingly  invaded  England  with 
a  large  army,  and  Harold  fell  at  the 
memorable  battle  of  Hastings,  October 
14,  1066  ;  by  which  the  conquest  of  the 
kingdom  was  effected,  and  the  Norman 
rule  began. 

H AROUN,  or  AARON  AL  RASCHID, 
a  celebrated  caliph  of  the  Saracens,  as- 
cended the  throne  in  786,  and  was  the 
most  potent  prince  of  his  race,  ruling 
over  territories  extending  from  Egypt 
to  Khorassan.  He  gained  many  splendid 
victories  over  the  Greek  emperors,  and 
obtained  immense  renown  tor  his  bra- 
very, magnificence,  and  love  of  letters  ; 
but  he  was  cruel  and  tyrannical.  D.  808. 
HARPER,  Robert  Goodloe,  was  a 
native  of  Virginia,  but  when  very  young 
removed  with  his  parents  to  North 
Carolina.  His  parents  were  poor,  and 
in  early  life  he  passed  through  a  number 
of  vicissitudes.  At  the  age  of  twenty 
he  found  himself  in  Charleston,  S.  C, 
with  but  a  dollar  or  two  in  his  pocket, 
and  with  the  intention  of  studying  the 
profession  of  the  law.  Having  obtained 
introduction  to  a  lawyer,  he  prepared 
himself  under  his  instruction  for  the 
bar,  and,  in  about  a  twelvemonth,  un- 
dertook the  management  of  causes  on 
his  own  account.  He  then  removed 
from  Charleston  to  an  interior  district, 
where  he  first  distinguished  himself, 
politically,  by  the  publication  of  a  series 
of  newspaper  essays  on  a  proposed 
change  in  the  constitution  of  the  state. 
He  was  immediately  elected  to  the  state 
legislature,  and  soon  afterwards  to  con- 
gress, where  he  was  an  efficient  meniber 
of  the  federal  party,  a  powerful  advocate 
of  the  policy  of  Wasnington,  and  the 
personal  friend  of  the  most  distinguished 
federal  statesmen  of  the  day.  Many 
years  afterwards  he  collected  in  an  oc- 
tavo volume,  a  number  of  his  circulars 
and  addresses  to  his  constituents,  and 
several  of  his  speeches  in  congress.  la 
1797  he  published  a  pamphlet,  entitled 
"  Observations  on  the  Dispute  between 
the  United  States  and  France,"  which 
passed  through  numerous  editions,  and 
acquired  great  celebrity  both  at  home 
and  in  E«roj)e.  The  speeches  which  he 
delivered  in  managing  the  impeachment 
of  Blount,  and  the  defence  of  Judge 


har] 


CYCLOP.'KDIA    OF    niOGRAPHV. 


481 


Chase,  arc  admirable  specimens  of  arfru- 
ment  and  eloquence.  On  tiie  downfall 
of  the  federal  party  Mr.  Har[ier  resumed 
the  practice  of  the  law  in  Baltimore, 
where  he  married  the  dautrhter  of  the 
distinsruished  Charles  Carroll,  lie  at- 
tended almost  every  session  of  the 
supreme  court,  from  the  time  of  its  re- 
moval to  Washintrton  to  that  of  his 
deatli,  and  was  always  heard  with  re- 
spect and  attention  by  the  court  and 
juries.  The  federal  party  havinsj  re- 
trained the  ascendant  in  Maryland,  Mr. 
Harper  was  iimnediatelv  elected  a  sen- 
ator in  con;?ress,  but  tlie  demands  of 
his  jirolession  soon  obliged  him  to  resign 
his  seat. 

II.VKKINGTON,  James,  a  celebrated 
political  writer,  was  b.  in  1611,  in  Nortli- 
atuptonshire.  His  chief  work  is  entitled 
"  Oceana,"  a  political  romance,  in  which 
ho  defended  republicanism.  In  10(51  he 
was,  on  a  charge  of  treason,  sent  to  the 
Tower,  from  whence  he  was  removed  to 
St.  Nicholas's  Island,  near  Plymouth, 
but  was  afterwards  released  on  bail. 
D.  1G77. 

H  AKRIS,  James,  a  philological  writer, 
was  b.  at  Salisbury,  in  IToO.  In  1774 
he  was  made  secretary  and  comptroller 
to  the  queen.  He  wrote  "  Three  Trea- 
tises :  the  first  concerning  Art  ;  the 
second  concerning  Music,  Tainting,  and 
Poetry ;  and  the  third  concerning  Ilap- 
piness;"  "Hermes,  or  a  Pliilosophical 
Inquiry  concerning  Universal  Gram- 
mar ;"  "•  Philological  Inquiries,"  &c. 
D.  1780. 

HARRISON,  John,  celebrated  as  the 
inventor  of  the  time-keeper  for  ascer- 
taining the  longitude  at  sea,  was  b.  at 
Foulby,  Yorkshire,  in  1693.  His  tatlicr, 
a  carpenter  or  builder,  brought  him  up 
to  the  same  occupation  ;  but  by  dint  of 
ingenuity  and  perseverance  he  learned 
to  make  clocks  and  watches ;  and  having 
turned  his  attention  to  the  improvement 
of  pocket-watches,  he  was  induced  to 
make  a  time-keeper,  in  that  form,  which 
he  finished  in  1759.  This  chronometer, 
in  two  voyages,  having  been  found  to 
correct  the  longitude  within  the  limits 
required  by  the  act  of  parliament,  Har- 
rison applied  for  the  jiroposed  reward 
of  £20,000,  wliich  he  received.  1).  1776. 
— John,  one  of  the  regicide  judges  who 
sat  upon  the  trial  of  Ciiarles  1.,  was  the 
son  of  a  butcher,  and  became  a  general 
in  the  parliamentary  army.  He  was  one 
of  the  ten  who  were  e.xccutod  for  that 
act,  after  the  restoration. ^Robekt  Han- 
son, sustained  the  offices  of  chief  justice 
of  the  general  court  of  Maryland,  and 
41 


governor  of  the  state.  In  1789  he  was 
appointed  one  of  the  judges  of  ihe  su- 
preme court  of  the  United  States,  but 
declined  accepting  the  office,  which  was 
afterwartls  conferred  on  Mr.  Iredcl.  He 
exerted  himself  in  the  prosecution  of 
the  revolutionary  war  with  great  ardor, 
and  in  his  station  as  judge  and  governor 
displayed  very  superior  talents.  He  d. 
1790. — Benjamin,  governor  of  Virginia, 
was  educated  at  the  college  of  William 
and  Mary.  He  Avent  early  into  public 
life,  commencing  as  a  member  of  the 
legislature  of  his  native  province,  Vir- 
ginia. Ho  was  ollered  by  the  British 
government  a  seat  in  the  executive 
council,  which  he  declined,  and  re- 
mained true  to  his  country.  In  1774  he 
was  a  delegate  in  congi'ess  from  \'irginia, 
and  continued  to  be  a  member  till  1777. 
From  17S2  to  1784  he  was  governor  of 
Virginia.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
Virginia  convention  for  adopting  the 
constitution  of  the  United  States.  D. 
1791. — William  IIenet,  president  of 
the  United  States  of  America,  was  b.  in 
Virginia,  in  1773,  his  father  being  one 
of  tiie  most  conspicuous  among  the  pa- 
triots of  the  revolution.  After  receivmg 
the  customary  education  at  Hampden 
Sydney  college,  lie  studied  for  the  med- 
ical profession  ;  but  participating  iu  the 
general  excitement  whicii  prevailed 
throughout  the  country  against  the 
barbarous  mode  of  warfare  at  that  time 
practised  by  the  Indians  on  the  north- 
western frontiers,  he  suddenly  aban- 
doned the  precepts  of  Galen,  and  joined 
his  brethren  in  arms,  as  an  ensign  in 
the  U.  S.  artillery,  in  1791.  During  the 
vears  1811,  1S12,  and  1818,  General 
^Harrison  assembled  a  body  of  militia 
and  volunteers,  and  raarclied  against 
the  Indians,  wiio,  under  Tecumseh,  had 
created  serious  disturbances  on  the  tron- 
tier.  The  most  signal  success  crowned 
his  ctforts,  and  he  was  appointed  by  Mr. 
Madison  to  negotiate  with  those  enemies 
against  whom  his  military  skill  had 
been  so  ably  directed.  In  1828  he  was 
sent  as  United  States  minister  to  Co- 
lumbia; and,  in  1840,  he  was  elected 
chief  magistrate.  But  one  month  after 
his  accession  he  w'as  seized  with  an  ill- 
ness, and  d.  April  4,  1841. 

HART,  .John,  a  patriot  of  the  Amer- 
ican revolution,  and  one  of  the  signers 
of  the  declaration  of  independence.  Ho 
was  a  member  of  congress  in  1774,  from 
New  Jersey.  In  the  latter  part  of  the 
year  1770  his  farm  was  pillaged  by  the 
enemy,  and  his  family  dispersed.  The 
alarm"  and  distress  of  these  occurrences 


482 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPUV. 


[hat 


caused  'lie  death  of  liis  -n-ife.  After  the 
evacuaion  of  New  Jitspv  he  again  col- 
lected liis  family;  but  his  health  was 
now  failini:  him, "and  ho  d.  1780. 

IIAKTE,  AValtku,  au  English  poet 
and  historian,  waa  b.  and  educated  at 
ilarlborough,  in  "Wiltshire.  He  pub- 
lished a  poetical  collection,  called  the 
'' Amarantli,"  a  "History  of  Gustavus 
Adolpiius,"'  and  "Essays  ou  Husband- 
ry."'    1).  177S. 

■  HAKTLEY,  David,  an  English  phy- 
sician, was  I),  at  Armlt-y,  in  Yorkshire, 
in  170'>,  and  d.  at  Bath  in  1757.  He 
wrote  an  excellent  work,  entitled  "  Ob- 
servations on  Man."' — David,  son  of  the 
preceding,  was  b.  in  1780;  educated  at 
Merton  college,  Oxford;  became  M.  P. 
for  Hull ;  was  distinguished  by  his 
strenuous  opposition  to  the  American 
war ;  and  was  appointed  one  of  the  ne- 
gotiators to  treat  with  Dr.  Franklin.  He 
Iiad  the  merit  of  several  ingenious  in- 
ventions, one  of  which  is  a  mode  of 
securinsr  buildings  from  fire.     D.  1813. 

HARVARD,  John,  a  nonconformist 
divine,  who  d.  in  1688,  at  Charlestown, 
Mass.  He  is  deserving  of  commemora- 
tion by  being  the  founder  of  the  college 
bearing  liis  name,  at  Cambridge. 

HARVEY,  William,  a  "celebrated 
pliysician,  was  b.  at  Folkstone,  1578. 
lie  discovered  the  circulation  of  the 
blood,  of  which  he  published  an  ac- 
count in  1G28,  entitled  "  Exercitatio 
Anatom  ea  de  Motu  Cordis  et  San- 
guinis." In  1632  he  was  made  physi- 
cian to  Charles  I.,  and  adhered  faithfully 
to  the  king;  for  which,  in  1645,  ho  was 
chosen  warden  of  Merton  college, 
Oxford;  but  when  the  parliamentary 
visitons  came  there,  he  left  it  lor 
London.  In  1651  appeared  his  "  Excr- 
citationes  de  Generatione  Aniuuilium." 
D.  165S. 

HASSELQUIST,  FuEDr.nic,  a  Swe- 
dish naturalist,  and  one  of  the  most 
celebrated  of  all  the  pupils  of  Linnteus, 
was  b.  in  1722.  lie  embarked  for 
Smyrna  in  August,  1749,  went  to  Egypt, 
remained  some  time  at  Jerusalem,  "and 
afterwards  visited  other  parts  of  the 
country.  Returning  to  Smyrna,  lie 
brought  with  him  an  admirable  colleo 
tion  of  jihmts,  minerals,  fishes,  reptiles, 
insects,  and  other  natural  curiosities. 
His  "  Iter  J'alffistinum,  or  a  .Journey 
to  the  Holy  Land,"  was  derived  froiri 
his  journal,  and  was  drawn  up  by  Lin- 

n£DUS. 

HASTINGS,  WAifHEv,  was  b.  in  1783, 
at  Cliurc.'iill,  C  xfordsjiire,  wliere  his 
father    was   tha    clergyman.     Ho  was 


educated  at  Westminister,  and  at  the 
ago  of  17,  went  out  to  India,  as  a  writer 
in  the  company's  service.  On  his  ar- 
rival he  applied  with  diligence  to  the 
duties  of  his  station,  and  at  his  leisure 
studied  the  oriental  languages.  After  14 
years'  residence  in  Bengal,  he  returned 
to  England;  but  in  1769  he  went  out 
as  second  in  council  at  Madras,  where 
he  remained  about  two  years,  and  then 
removed  to  the  presidency  of  Calcutta. 
In  1786  he  returned  to  England,  when 
he  was  accused  of  having  governed 
arbitrarily  and  tyrannically";  of  having 
extorted  immense  sums  of  money ;  and 
of  having  exercised  every  species  of 
oppression.  An  impeachment  followed, 
which  lasted  9  years.  He  was  at  length 
acquitted,  and  sentenced  to  pay  only 
the  costs  of  prosecution,  (£71,080  ster- 
ling,) for  which  the  East  India  Company 
indemnified  him  by  a  pension  of  £4,000 
for  life.  He  lived,  however,  to  see  his 
plans  for  tlie  security  of  India  publicly 
applauded,  and  d.  1818.  Mr.  Hastings 
was  a  man  of  mild  and  unassuming 
manners,  and  an  elegant  scholar.  He 
wrote  "  A  Narrative  of  the  Insurrection 
at  Benares.""  Memoirs  relative  to  the 
State  of  India,"  some  fugitive  poetry, 
etc. — Francis  Rawdon',  marqnis  of,  son 
of  the  carl  of  Moira,  was  b.  in  1754,  and 
entered  the  army  in  1771.  He  greatly 
distinguished  himself  in  the  American 
war;  was  appointed  in  1778,  adjutant- 
general  of  tiie  British  forces  there,  and 
rose  to  the  rank  of  a  major-general.  In 
1812  he  obtained  the  appointment 
of  governor-general  of  British  India, 
which  he  helci  till  1822  ;  and  during  the 
10  years  of  his  sway  he  overcame  the 
Nepaulese,  the  Piiidarees,  and  other 
native  powers,  and  rendered  the  British 
authority  supremo  in  India.  Wliile 
absent  he  was  created  marquis  of  Hast- 
ings.    I).  1725. 

IIATTO,  or  HATTO  VERCELLEN- 
SIS,  was  bishop  of  Vercelli,  in  Italy,  in 
the  loth  century.  His  work  on  the 
"  Grievances  of  the  Church,"  (which  i-» 
curiously  illustrative  of  the  spirit  and 
complexion  of  the  times,)  together  with 
his  canons  and  epistles,  were  published 
in  1768. 

HATTON,  Sir  Christopher,  an  emi- 
nent statesman,  and  lord  chancellor  of 
England,  wiis  b.  at  Iloldenby,  in  North- 
iimptonsliire.  In  1587  was'  made  botli 
cliancellor  and  knight  of  the  garter. 
liis  inexj^erience  created  much'  prej- 
udice against  him  at  first,  but  Ins 
natural  capacity  and  souml  i.ulginent 
were  seldom  found  defective   'Howroto 


haw) 


CYCLOP-EDIA    OK    lUOfiUAPIIY. 


483 


the  fonrtli  act  in  the  tragedy  of  "  Tan- 
cred  and  Si','is!niinda ;"  and  to  him  is 
ascril)cd  ''  A  Treatise  concerning  Stat- 
utes or  Acts  of  rarlianient."     L).  15'Jl. 

IIAUBULD,  Christian  Gottlieb,  a 
celebrated  German  jurist,  was  b.  at 
Urcaden,  in  17GG.  lie  was  made  doctor 
Df  law  in  1788 ;  and  eventually  became 
ordinary  iirol'rnsor  of  law  in  the  univer- 
sity of  Leii)>ic. 

ilAUFF,  AViMiKLir,  one  of  the  most 
fri'accful  prose  writers  of  Germany,  was 
b.  at  Stuttgart.  1802.  He  went  "to  the 
university  of  Tubingen  from  1820  to 
ls:jl,  where  lie  studied  philosophy  and 
theology,  with  a  view  to  the  church. 
While  discharging  the  duties  of  tutor 
in  a  noble  family  at  Stuttgart,  he  com- 
menced his  literary  career  with  the 
"  Miirchen  Almanaeh  aiif  das  Jahr," 
1820.  The  chief  of  his  works  are, 
"  Memoiren  des  Satans,"'  "Mann  im 
Monde,'''  "Lichtenstein,"  "Die  Bett- 
leriii  von  Pont  des  Arts,"'  '' rhantasien 
im  Bremen  EathskcUer,"  «fce.  He  had 
just  undertaken  the  editorship  of  the 
t'clebrated  journal,  called  the  '•  Morgeu- 
blatt,"  when  he  d.  November,  1827^ 

HAUGWITZ,  CnijisTiAx  Henuy 
CiiAs.,  count  of,  an  eminent  Prussian 
statesman,  wiis  b.  in  Silesia,  in  1758. 
1).  1832. 

IIAUKSBEE,  Fkancis,  an  English 
philosopher  of  the  18th  century,  who 
made  nuuiy  experimental  discoveries  in 
electrieitv,  and  published  them. 

H  AUTKFEUILLE,  John,  a  rneehanic, 
was  b.  at  Orleans,  in  1647.  He  made 
several  discoveries  and  improvements 
in  doek-niaking,  and  invented  the 
spiral  spring  which  moderates  the  vi- 
bration of  balance-wheels  in  watches, 
which  Huygcns  afterwards  perfected. 
He  also  wrote  several  shoi't  treatises  on 
mechanical  subjects  ;  also,  "  Tlie  Art  of 
Breathing  mider  Water,"  "  The  Per- 
petual Pendulum,"  "A  new  Sy.stem  of 
the  Flux  and  Keflux  of  the  Sea,"  &c. 
D.  1724. 

HAU  Y,  Rene  Just,  Abbe,  a  celebrated 
mineralogist,  V).  at  St.  Just,  in  Picardy, 
in  1742,  He  first  studied  theology,  and 
was  twenty-one  years  professor  of  lan- 
giuages.  But  mineralogy  was  his  favorite 
])nrsuit;  and  to  him  science  is  indebted 
tor  an  admirable  theory  of  crystalliza- 
tion, founded  on  geometrical  laws.  He 
was  appointed  by  Bonaparte  professor 
of  mineralogy  at  the  botanic  garden, 
and  to  the  faculty  of  sciences  at  Paris. 
In  180:^,  at  the  command  of  Napoleon, 
he  wrote  his  "Traite  de  Physique." 
His  treatises  ou  mineralogy,  crystallog- 


raphy, and  natural  history,  are  all 
hiirhly  esteemed ;  and  his  beautiful 
collection  of  minerals,  for  which  he  liad 
refused  an  oli'er  of  000,000  francs,  wiis 
bought  by  the  duke  of  Buckingham. 
D.  1822. 

HAWES,  Stephen,  a  poet  of  the  15th 
century,  was  a  native  of  Suffolk,  and 
educated  at  Oxford. 

HAWKKSWOKTH,  John,  ^the  son 
of  a  watchmaker  at  Bromley,  Kent,  was 
b.  in  1715,  and  apprenticed  to  his 
father's  trade ;  but  he  soon  left  it  for 
literary  pursuits,  and  eventually  became 
an  author  of  eminence.  He  is  chiefiy 
remembered  by  his  "Adventurer,"  a 
series  of  periodical  essays  ;  a  sentence, 
taken  from  the  last  number  of  which 
work,  is  inscribed  on  a  marble  monu- 
ment erected  to  his  memory  in  Bromley 
church.     D.  1773. 

HAWKINS,  Sir  John,  a  brave  En- 
glish admiral  under  Queen  Elizabeth, 
was  a  native  of  Devonshire.  He  was 
rear-admiral  of  the  fleet,  which  she  sent 
against  the  Spanish  Armada,  and  had  a 
great  share  m  that  victory.  He  wa9 
afterwards  made  treasurer  of  the  luivy. 
But  his  niemorv  is  disgraced  by  his 
being  the  first  European  who  carried 
off  slaves  from  the  coast  of  Africa,  and 
introduced  that  inhuman  traffic  into  the 
W^cst  Indies.  Queen  Elizabeth  herself, 
while  she  honored  liis  bravery  by 
knighthood,  threatened  him  with  the 
divine  vengeance  for  this  practice.  D. 
1395. — Sir  John,  a  lawyer  and  miscel- 
laneous writer,  was  b.  in  London,  in 
17111.  He  ]iractised  as  a  solicitor,  with 
reputation  tor  some  years;  and  having 
made  general  literature  the  study  of  his 
leisure  hours,  he  also  wrote  for  the 
periodical  press.  A  taste  for  music  led 
him  to  become  a  member  of  the  acad- 
emy of  ancient  music;  and  in  1742  he 
was  chosen  a  member  of  the  litcmry 
club,  established  by  Dr.  Johnson,  witli 
whom  he  formed  an  acquaintance  which 
lasted  during  their  joint  lives.  Having 
in  1753  married  a  lady  of  great  fortune, 
and  becoming  possessed  of  a  much 
greater  one  in  1750,  on  the  death  of  lior 
brother,  he  gave  up  his  profession,  and 
Ijccame  a  magistrate  for  Middlesex. 
His  principal  work  is,  "  A  General  His- 
tory of  the  Science  and  Practice  of 
Music,"  and  liis  edition,  with  notes,  of 
"Isaac  Walton's  Complete  Angler," 
ac(|nirod  deserved  popularity.     D.  17'^9. 

HAAVLEY,  Joseph,  a  distiniiuished 
American  jiatriot,  was  b.  in  1724,  at 
Northampton,  Mass.,  and  beinir  breda 
lawyer,  soon  acquired  great  eminence  in 


484 


CYCLOP.EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHr. 


hiB  profession.  But  he  was  mostly  dis- 
tiniruislied  for  his  knowledge  of  politiciil 
history  and  the  principles  of  free  gov- 
ernment— a  circumstance  which  render- 
ed him  one  of  the  ablest,  advocates  of 
American  liberty  in  the  legislature,  pre- 
vious to  and  "during  the  contest  be- 
tween the  colonies  and  the  parent  state. 
D.  17S8. 

HAY,  George,  judge  of  the  United 
States  court  for  the  eastern  district  of 
Virginia,  and  for  many  years  attorney  of 
the  L'nited  States,  in  which  capacity  he 
was  the  prosecutor  of  Aaron  Burr.  He 
d.  1830.  His  political  writings,  signed 
Hortensius,  gave  him  some  celebrity. 
He  wrote  also  a  "Treatise  against  the 
Usury  Laws,"  "The  Life  of  John 
Thonipson,"  and  a  "  Treatise  on  Emi- 
gration." 

HAYDX,  JosKPH,  an  eminent  Ger- 
man musician,  was  b.  1732,  in  the  village 
of  Kohrou,  on  the  borders  of  Hungary 
and  Austria.  He  was  the  son  of  a  poor 
wheelwright,  who,  having  a  taste  for 
music,  played  the  harp  on  Sundays,  his 
mother  accompanying  with  her  voice  ;  a 
circumstance  which  accounts  for  tlie 
strong  predilection  which  their  son 
sliowed  for  the  science  even  in  his  in- 
fancy. When  but  eight  years  old  he 
became  a  chorister  in  St.  Stephen's,  and 
at  ten  years  of  a<?e  composed  pieces  for 
scver.il  voices.  With  his  fine  soprano 
he  lost  his  place,  and  his  situation  was 
very  discouraging;  but  he  had  the  good 
fortune  to  become  acquainted  with 
Prince  Esterhazy,  who  placed  him  at 
the  head  of  his  private  chapel.  For 
this  prince  he  composed  some  beautiful 
symphonies — a  department  in  which  he 
excelled  all  other  composer.s — and  the 
greatest  part  of  his  fine  quartettes. 
When,  after  a  period  of  about  20  years, 
the  prince  reduced  his  court,  and  Haydn 
was  discharged,  ha  went  to  London,  to 
which  capital  lie  had  often  been  invited. 
In  1704,  having  made  a  second  journey 
thither,  he  found  a  most  splendid  re- 
ception, and  the  university  of  Oxford 
conferred  upon  him  the  degree  of  doc- 
tor of  music.  On  his  return  from  En- 
gland, he  piurchased  a  small  house  and 
garden  in  one  of  the  suburbs  of  Vienna, 
where  lie  died.  To  the  English  public 
he  is  universally  known  by  his  noble 
oratorio  of  the  "Creation,"  which  is 
considered  a  cliff -d'c^uv re.     D.  1800. 

HAYDON,  Bknjamin  Eohekt,  an  his- 
torical painter  of  distinguisheil  merit, 
was  b.  at  I'lymouth,  1780.  He  com- 
menced his  studies  at  the  royal  academy 
in  1804.    His  first  picture  was  exhibited 


[hat 


in  1807  ;  the  subject  of  it,  "  Joseph  and 
Mary  resting  with  our  Saviour  after  a 
day's  journey  on  the  road  to  Egypt." 
His  second  "great  work,  "Dentatus," 
was  exhibited  in  1809,  and  in  the  follow- 
ing year  it  obtained  the  great  prize  at 
the  iioyal  Institution.  His  "  Judgment 
of  Solomon"  appeared  next.  He  went, 
accompanied  by  Wilkie,  to  Paris,  in 
1814,  to  study  at  the  Louvre,  and  on  his 
return  commenced  his  largest  work, 
"Christ  entering  into  Jerusalem." 
This  picture  was  exhibited  in  1820,  both 
in  London  and  Edinburgh,  and  was  con- 
sidered a  triumph  of  modern  art.  But 
with  his  acknowledged  powers,  he  dis- 
dained to  follow  the  more  certain  path 
to  fame  and  fortune.  He  became  poor 
and  discouraged,  and  died  by  his  own 
hand  in  1846. 

HAYES,  Charles,  a  mathematician, 
b.  1578.  He  published  a  "Treatise  on 
Fluxions,"  and  some  other  mathematical 
pieces,  besides  several  works  of  a  theo- 
lotrical  nature.     D.  1760. 

ILVYLEY,  William,  an  English  poet, 
was  b.  at  Chichester,  1745.  After  quit- 
ting Trinity  college,  Cambridge,  he  set- 
tled at  Eartham,  in  Sussex,  and  devoted 
his  time  principally  to  literature.  He 
was  tlie  author  of  ati  "Essay  on  History, 
in  Three  poetical  Epistles  to  Edward 
Gibbon,"  "Triumphs  of  Temper,"  "Es- 
says on  Painting  and  Sculpture,"  a  prose 
"JEssay  on  Old  Maids,"  and  lastly, 
"  The  Life  and  Correspondence  of  the 
Poet  Cowper."     D.  1820. 

HAYNE,  Isaac,  a  colonel  in  the 
American  army,  and  a  martyr  to  the 
cause  of  independence,  was  descended 
from  a  highly  respectable  family  in  South 
Carolina.  After  the  capitulation  of 
Charleston,  he  consented  to  subscribe 
a  tleclaration  of  his  allegiance  to  the  king 
of  Great  Britain,  provided  he  might  not 
be  compelled  to  bear  arms  against  his 
countrymen.  He  was  summoned,  how- 
ever, after  the  successes  of  Greene  had 
changecl  the  face  of  atfuirs,  to  repair  im- 
mediately to  the  British  standard.  This 
he  refused,  as  a  violation  of  the  compact 
he  had  entered  into,  and  hastened  to  the 
American  camp.  Bein^  shortly  after 
taken  prisoner  by  the  English,  he  was 
tried,  and  condemned  to  be  hanged. 
This  cruel  sentence,  notwithstanding 
the  mitigating  circumstances  of  the  ease, 
was  accordingly  put  into  execution,  Aug. 
4,  1781. 

HAYS,  Jacob,  a  noted  constable  and 
thief-taker,  of  the  city  of  New  York, 
who  was  appointed  by  Edward  I^iv- 
ingstou    in    1801,  and "  discharged   the 


^J 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPIIV. 


485 


flutics  of  his  otlice  till  the  day  of  his 
death,  in  1S50.  His  natural  qiialifioa- 
tions  for  the  place  were  remarkable  ;  he 
never  forgot  a  man  that  he  had  seen, 
and  his  coiiraire  as  well  as  ingenuity  in 
catching  otfcnders  made  him  a  terror  to 
evil-doers.     B.  1772  ;  d.  1S50. 

HAYWOOD,  Ei-izABKTH,  an  ingenious 
writer,  was  b.  in  Lonilon,  1G93,  and  d. 
1750.  She  published  the  "  Female  Siiec- 
tator,"  " Epistles  for  the  Ladies,"  "For- 
tunate Foundling,"  "Adventures  of 
Nature,"  &c. 

ILVZAHn,  Ebenezer,  postmaster-gen- 
eral of  the  United  States,  was  a  native 
of  I'l'.iladelphia,  and  graduated  at  Prince- 
ton collese  in  1702.  In  1782  he  suc- 
ceeded Mr.  Bache  as  postmaster,  and 
continued  in  ofKce  until  the  adoption  of 
the  constitution  in  1781).  He  published 
a  valuable  work  in  reference  to  Amer- 
ican history,  which  is  often  quoted, 
namely,  "Historical  Collections^"  also 
"  lieniarks  on  a  Report  concerning  the 
"Western  Indians."     1).  1817. 

HAZLITT,  William,  a  distinguished 
critic  and  essayist,  was  the  son  of  a  dis- 
senting minister,  and  educated  at  the 
Unitarian  college  at  Hackney.  He  be- 
gan life  as  an  artist;  but  thoutrh  he 
always  preserved  an  intense  love  for  the 
arts,  he  soon  relinquished  the  pencil  for 
the  pen ;  and  when  he  was  not  borne 
away  by  violent  prejudices,  he  appeared 
as  one  of  the  most  alile,  powerful,  and 
iudicious  critics  of  the  day.  Besides 
being  a  constant  contributor  for  many 
years  to  the  "  Morning  Chronicle"  and 
"  Examiner"  newspapers,  he  occasion- 
ally wrote  in  others.  Among  the  most 
popular  of  his  writings  are  several  vol- 
nmes  collected  from  periodical  works, 
under  the  titles  of  "  Table  Talk,"  "  The 
Spirit  of  the  Age,"  and  "The  Plain 
S})eaker,"  The  largest  and  most  elab- 
orate, though  not  the  most  successful  of 
his  works,  is  the  "  Life  of  Napoleon." 
His  "Characters of  Shakspeare's  Plays," 
attracted  much  notice  ;  as  did  also  his 
"  N'icwof  tlie  English  Sta<xe,"  "Political 
Essavs  and  Sketi'hcs  of  Public  Charac- 
ters," "The  Literature  of  the  Eliza- 
bethan Age,"  "The  Modern  Pygmalion," 
ttc.  His  last  work  was  a  very  interest- 
ing volume,  entitled  "Conversations  of 
James  Northeote.  esq.,  K.  A."     1).  If^SO. 

HEATH,  Charles,  an  eminent  line 
engraver,  was  b.  178-1.  His  taste  for  art 
was  fostered  and  matured  by  his  father, 
James  Heath,  a  name  well  known  to  the 
print  collector;  and  his  serial  artistic 
publieations,  the  "Book  of  Beauty"  and 
the  "Keepsake,"  &c.,  for  many  years 
41* 


kept  his  name  before  the  world  as  one 
of  the  tirst  Englisii  engravers,  besides 
exercising  a  marked  influence  over  that 
department  of  the  arts.  D.  1848. — Wil- 
liam, major-general  in  the  American 
revolutionary  army,  was  a  native  of  Rox- 
bury,  Mass.  In  1775  he  was  appointed 
provincial  brigadier,  and  also  brigadier 
of  tiie  United  States,  June  22,  and  Aug. 
9, 1776,  major-general.  When  the  army 
removed  to  New  York,  he  commandecl 
near  King's-bridge.  In  1777  he  was  in- 
trusted with  the  command  of  the  eastern 
department  near  Boston,  and  the  pris- 
oners of  Saratoga  fell  under  his  care. 
In  June,  1770,  he  returned  to  the  main 
army,  and  commanded  the  troops  on  the 
Hudson,  and  in  that  station,  for  the 
most  part,  he  remained  until  the  close 
of  the  war.  He  was  the  last  surviving 
American  major-general  of  the  war.  He 
published  a  volume,  which  for  a  time, 
nad  great  notoriety,  entitled,  "Heath's 
Memoirs."  D.  1814. — James,  an  liistor- 
ical  writer  during  the  reigns  of  Charles 
I.  and  II.  lie  wrote  "A  Chronicle  of 
the  late  War,"  "The  Glories  and  Tri- 
umphs of  the  Restoration  of  Charles 
II.,"  "Flatrcllum,  or  the  Life  and  Death 
of  Oliver  Cromwell."  <fcc.    D.  1664. 

HEATHCOTE,  Ralph,  a  clergyman 
of  the  church  of  iMigland,  to  whom  the 
merit  is  due  of  being  the  projector  of 
the  "General  Biographical  Dictionary." 
He  was  also  the  author  of  "  The  Ire- 
narch,  or  Justice  of  the  Peace's  Man- 
ual," "Sylva,  or  the  Wood,"  "A 
Sketch  ofLord  Bolingbroke's  Philoso- 
phy," and  other  polemical  works ; 
which  caused  liis  introduction  to  Dr. 
Warburton,  who  nominated  him  his 
assistant  preacher  at  Lincoln's  Inn.  He 
subsequently  obtained  higher  church 
preferments.     D.  1795. 

HEBER,  Reginald,  bishop  of  Cal- 
cutta, was  b.  at  ilalpas,  Chesliire,  1783. 
He  entered  a  student  at  Brazenose  col- 
lege, Oxford,  in  ISOO,  and,  8  years  after, 
carried  the  Encrlish  prize  for  his  beauti- 
ful poem,  "Palestine."  From  1803  to 
1822,  he  spent  his  time  in  discharging 
the  duties  of  a  parish  priest ;  during 
which  he  published  some  elegant  poems, 
and  the  life  of  Jeremy  Taylor.  He  was 
then  elected  preacher  at  Lincoln's  Inn. 
On  the  death  of  Dr.  Middleton,  the 
bishopric  of  Calcutta  was  offered  to  Mr. 
Heber,  and  on  the  16th  of  June,  with 
his  wife  and  infant  daughter,  he  em- 
barked for  India.  On  the  lltli  of  Octo- 
ber he  reached  his  destination,  and  found 
constant  occupation  in  the  important 
exercise  of  his  official  duties.     In  1826 


486 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[hei 


he  took  a  joiiruey  in  the  disclmrge  of 
liis  opisoopul  iliity,  to  Trichinopoly, 
where  lie  arrived  on  the  1st  of  April, 
1S26.  The  next  day  he  was  seized  with 
an  apoplectic  tit,  wliilst  bathiiis?,  which 
tennmatod  liis  vaUiable  lit'o.  Since  his 
doatli,  a  ••  Narrative  ofa  Journey  through 
the  Unper  Provinces  of  India,"  has  ap- 
peared, and  his  widow  has  also  publish- 
ed his  bioirraphy. 

IIEBEiiT.  James  Kene,  commonly 
cahed  Pero  Duclicne,  (from  the  title  ofa 
Jacobin  paper  of  which  he  was  the  edi- 
tor,) was  b.  at  Alen^on,  1755.  lie  was 
one  of  the  most  violent  advocates  for 
the  French  revolution.  Having  dared 
to  oppose  his  colleagues  and  masters, 
they  accomplished  his  destruction.  At 
the" place  ot  his  execution,  contempt  and 
insult  were  added  to  tlic  severity  of  his 
sufferings,  and  he  d.  amid  the  hisses  of 
the  populace,  on  the  ^4111  March,  1794. 

HECKWELDEK,  John,  many  years 
employed  by  the  Moravian  brethren  as  a 
missionary  to  the  Delaware  Indians,  was 
a  native  of  England.  In  1819  he  pub- 
lished, at  Philadelphia,  "A  History  of 
the  Manners  and  Customs  of  the  Indian 
Nations  who  once  inhabited  Pennsylva- 
nia;" and,  in  1820,  a  "Narrative  of  the 
Moravian  Mission  among  the  Delaware 
Indians,  <fcc.,  from  1740^to  1808."  He 
d.  at  Bethlehem,  1823,  aged  78. 

HEDLINGEK,  John  Charles,  the 
most  celebrated  die-cutter  of  his  age, 
was  b.  at  Schwcitz,  1691.  Many  crown- 
ed heads,  among  whom  were  Charles 
XII.  of  Sweden,  Peter  the  Great,  and 
Pope  Benedict  XIII.,  honored  him  with 
their  patronage.  He  frequently  visited 
Sweden,  and  on  his  last  voyage  from 
that  country,  in  1745,  he  lost  tlie  greater 
part  of  his  property  by  shipwreck.  His 
works  are  distinguished  by  great  sim- 
plicity, softness,  and  correctness  of  de- 
sign.    D.  1771. 

IIEEREN,  Arnold  Hekmann  Ltjdwig, 
a  distinguished  German  historian,  was 
b.  near  Bremen,  1760 ;  studied  at  Got- 
tingen ;  and  after  spending  some  years 
in  foreign  travel,  returned  to  Gottingen 
in  1787,  when  he  was  appointed  pro- 
fessor, and  thenceforward  devoted  him- 
self to  the  composition  of  those  numer- 
ous works  wliicn  have  placed  him  among 
the  first  historians  of  his  age.  His  chief 
works  arc,  "Idecn  iiber  die  Politik  den 
Vcrkchr,  «fec.,  der  vornelunslen  Volker 
der  altcn  Welt,"  "Ilandbuch  der 
Geschichte  derStaaten  des  Altcrthums," 
"  IlandlMich  der  EuropSisciien  Stauten- 
system,"'  &c.  D.  184-'. 
'  HEGEL,  Gkobgb  \N'ilham  Frederic, 


the  founder  of  a  new  school  of  philoso- 
phy, was  b.  at  Stuttgart,  1770.  He  was 
professor  successively  at  Jena,  Heidcl- 
Dcrg,  and  Berlin.  He  was  at  first  the 
disciple  of  Schehing,  with  whom  ho  wiis 
associated  in  the  conduct  of  a  philosoph- 
ical journal  in  180'2-3.  But  his  opinions 
gradually  took  a  ditferent  turn.  He  re- 
jected Schelling's  intellectual  intuition 
as  an  unwarrantabh;  assumption,  al- 
though he  continued  to  maintain  its 
leading  idea.  His  system  is  at  present 
the  centre  of  nearly  all  philosoi^)hical  in- 
terest in  Germany,  chiefly  Irom  the 
widely  discrepant  deductions,  political 
and  religious^  which  his  friends  and  en- 
emies draw  from  it;  some  maintaining 
it  to  be  favorable  to  the  present  order 
of  things  in  church  and  state,  others 
founding  upon  it  conclusions  at  vari- 
ance with  all  ordinary  notions  of  religion 
or  morality.     D.  of  cholera,  1831. 

HEIDEGGEK,  John  James,  a  very 
extraordinary  character,  by  birth  a  Swiss, 
who  took  up  his  residence  in  London, 
in  1660,  and,  obtaining  a  commission  in 
the  guards,  was  knovrn  in  fashionable 
society  by  the  appellation  of  the  Swiss 
count.  lie  undertook  the  management 
of  the  opera  house,  and  in  his  conduct 
of  that  establishment  was  very  fortunate ; 
added  to  which,  by  giving  concerts,  mas- 
querades, &c.,  under  tlie  patronage  of 
the  court,  he  gained  a  handsome  income, 
which  he  expended  in  keeping  a  hos- 
pitable table,  and  relieving  the  unfortu- 
nate.    D.  1749,  aged  90. 

HEINE,  Heinkich,  a  German  poet 
and  miscellaneous  writer,  was  b.  at 
Dusseldorf,  1797,  and  studied  at  Bonn, 
Gottingen,  and  Berlin,  with  the  view  of 
embracing  a  legal  career ;  but  his  temper 
and  turn  of  mind  rendered  a  residence 
in  Germany  distasteful,  and  he  repaired 
to  Paris  about  182(1,  wliere  he  continued 
thencelbrward  pjrincipally  to  reside.  His 
works  comprise  two  plays,  political  pam- 
phlets and  satires,  views  of  French  so- 
ciety, &c. ;  but  his  fame  chiefly  depends 
on  his  poems  and  tlie  "  Reisebildcr," 
which,  though  often  deformed  by  a 
spirit  of  raillery  and  satire  that  knows 
no  bounds,  are  full  of  grace,  tenderness, 
and  artless  ease.     D.  1847. 

HEINECCIUS,  Jonx  Gotlieb,  a  cele- 
brated civilian,  b.  at  Ersenburg,  in  Al- 
tenburg,  in  1681.  After  having  studied 
at  Goslar  and  Leipsic,  ho  became  pro- 
fessor of  philosophy  at  Halle,  1710  ;  and 
in  1711  he  was  made  professor  of  civil 
law,  with  tlie  title  of  counsellor  of  the 
court.  Ilia  great  reputation  induced  the 
states  of  Fricsland    to   invite  him  to 


HEL 


CyCLOP-ElMA   OF    BIOOHAPHY. 


487 


Franeker,  in  1724  ;  but  in  1727,  the 
kins  ot'  Prussia  prevailed  on  liini  to 
accept  of  a  rirofessorsliJn  of  law  at 
Fraiikfort-on-tlie-Oder,  wtiere  he  dis- 
tinfrtiirthed  himself  till  1753.  Becoming? 
asaiii  professor  at  Ilalle,  he  remained 
tiiere  till  his  death  in  1741,  thonijh 
invited  to  Marburg,  Denmark,  and 
Ilollnnd. 

IIEINECKEN,  Christian  TIknrt,  an 
extraordinary  child,  b.  at  Lubeek,  in 
1721.  So  astonndinjc  is  the  account 
which  is  related  of  tliis  mental  phenom- 
enon, that  notwithstandiTicr  it  is  sup- 
ported by  the  most  powerful  evidence, 
It  still  exceeds  creddiility.  lie  spoke 
tluently  at  ten  months  old;  at  twelve 
he  could  recite  the  principal  facts  in  the 
Pentateuch  ;  in  two  months  more  he 
was  master  of  the  entire  history  of  the 
Old  and  New  Testaments  ;  at  two  years 
and  a  half,  he  answered  the  principal 
<|uestions  in  geojrraphy,  and  in  ancient 
and  modern  history ;  and  he  spoke 
Latin  and  Freneli  witli  crreat  facility  be- 
fore he  had  reached  his  fourth  year. 
Ho  died  in  his  fiftli  year. 

IIKIXSIUS,  Daxizi,,  professor  of  poli- 
tics and  history  at  Leyden,  and  libra- 
rian to  the  univei-sity,  was  b.  at  Ghent, 
ir)80.  Ho  liecame  a  pupil  of  Joseph 
Scalifrer  at  Leyden,  and  was  preatly  in- 
dcbteil  to  liim  for  the  eminence  to 
whieh  he  attained  in  literature.  He 
distintruishcfl  himself  as  a  critic  by  liis 
labors  on  many  classical  authors,  a7id 
was  higlily  lionored  at  home  and  abroad. 
Gubtavus  Adolphus  gave  hira  a  place 
among  his  counsellors  of  state ;  the  re- 
public of  Venice  made  him  a  knight  of 
the  order  of  St.  Mark ;  and  Pope  Urban 
VIII.  invited  him  to  como,  as  he  ex- 
pressed it,  to  rescue  Komc  from  barbar- 
ism. D.  1666. — Nicholas,  the  son  of 
Daniel,  was  b.  at  Leyden,  and  became 
as  great  a  Latin  poet  as  his  father,  and 
a  still  greater  critic.     D.  1681. 

HELMONT,  John  Baptist  van,  a 
celebrated  chemist,  Avas  b.  at  Brussels, 
in  1577.  His  tirst  literary  production 
was  a  treatise  on  the  Spa  waters,  wliich 
is  remarkable  on  account  of  the  author 
having  used  the  German  word  (ilieut, 
answering  to  the  English  ghost,  or 
spirit,  to  denote  the  air  on  which  the 
properties  of  tlie  Spa  water  depend,  and 
from  which  is  derived  the  modern  word 
mx,  now  so  extensively  used.  In  1609 
lie  settled  at  Vilvorden,  where  he  prac- 
tised medicine  gratuitously,  and  is  said 
to  have  pertbrmed  some  very  wonderful 
cures.  He  professed  to  disregard  all 
book-learning  on  the  healing  airt;  and 


had  he  lived  at  the  present  day,  wonld 
have  been  styled  an  imjnKlcnt  quack; 
but  though  his  works  abound  with 
crude  and  visionary  dogmas,  they  con- 
tain also  many  observations  on  the 
Galenical  system,  which  are  shrewd  and 
pertinent.  D.  1044. — Francis  Mkrcury 
VAN,  Baron,  son  of  tlie  precedinfr,  was 
b.  at  Vilvorden,  in  1618,  and  there  prac- 
tised as  a  physician  and  experimental 
clieniist.  If  the  father  be  cliarged  with 
eccentricity  or  quacken',  the  son  has  a 
tenfold  right  to  both  qualities;  yet  that 
he  was  a  man  of  talent  none  have  de- 
nied, lie  travelled  over  a  part  of  Eu- 
rope with  a  caravan  of  Bohemians,  (a 
gang  of  gipsies,)  to  learn  their  lanfrunffe 
and  opinions ;  pretended  to  have  dis- 
covered the  original  langnafc  of  man  ; 
and  had  the  impudence  to  affirm  that  a 
cliild  born  deaf  and  dumi)  would  bo 
able  to  articulate  the  characters  at  first 
sight.  He  professed  to  believe  in  the 
doctrine  of  transmigration,  in  the  exist- 
ence of  tlie  philosopher's  stone,  and 
otlier  theories  no  less  wild  and  vision- 
arv.     D.  1600. 

HELOISE,  or  ELOISE,  celebrated 
for  her  beanty  and  wit,  but  still  more 
on  account  of  her  love  for  Abelard,  was 
b.  at  Paris  in  1101,  and  d.  in  1164. 

HELST,  Bartholomew  van  per,  an 
admirable  Dutch  painter,  excelling  in 
portraits,  but  also  great  in  landscapes 
and  historical  subjects.  B.  at  llaerlem, 
1613:  d.  1670. 

HELVETIUS,  Adrian,  a  Dutch  phy- 
sician,  who  being  at  Paris  wliile  the 
dysentery  was  raging  in  that  city,  suc- 
cessfully arrested  its  procrress  by  admin- 
istering a  remedy.  Beinir  ordered  by 
Lonis  XIV.  to  make  it  public,  he  de- 
clared it  to  be  ipeca<nianJia,  and  was  re- 
warded with  1000  lonis  d'ors,  and  made 
inspector  of  the  military  hospitals.  B. 
1656;  d.  1721. —  John  CLAunE,  son  of 
the  prccedinir,  was  also  a  pliysicinn,  and 
a  man  of  "-rent  skill  in  liis  profession. 
He  cured  Louis  XV.  of  a  dangerous  dis- 
order in  liis  infancy,  and  became  first 
physician  to  the  queen,  and  counsellor 
of  state.  He  was  the  antlior  of  several 
able  works,  and  a  menil)er  of  the  Acad- 
emy of  Sciences,  <l'c.  D.  1755. — Ci-ArnE 
Adrien,  son  of  the  last  mentioned,  was 
b.  at  Paris  in  1715,  and.  at  the  age  of 
23,  obtained  the  post  of  a  farmcr-£ren- 
eral  ;  but  resigned  it,  and  afterwards 
purchased  the  place  of  maitre-d'li  "tel  to 
the  queen.  In  17T)8  lie  published  "  De 
FEsprit,"  the  materialism  of  which  drew 
upon  him  many  attacks,  and  it  was  con- 
demned by  the    parliament  of  Paris. 


488 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[hen 


Tho  book,  however,  obtained  a  rapid 
cclebvitj',  tliouirli  its  author  Ibund  it 
nei'ossary  to  insure  liis  personal  sat'oty 
by  withdrawinij  tor  a  time,  first  to  En- 
gland, and  afterwards  to  Frussia.  lie 
at  lenirth  returned  to  Franee,  and  led  a 
retired  and  domestic  life  on  his  estate  at 
Vore,  till  his  death,  which  happened  in 
im.  A  posthumous  work,  entitled 
"  De  rilunmie,"  is  a  continuation  of 
the  former  treatise,  and  contains  a  fuller 
development  of  the  doctrines  laid  down 
in  it;  but,  at  the  same  time,  many  new 
ones,  partit'ularly  suCh  as  relate  to  the 
science  of  education. 

ilELWIG,  Amelia  von,  a  distin- 
puished  female  poet  of  Germany,  b.  at 
AVcimar,  in  1776.  Her  father  travelled 
in  Franee,  England,  and  Holland  ;  and, 
at  a  very  early  asje,  she  discovered  a  re- 
markable aptitude  in  learninar,  not  only 
the  modern  languaires,  but  Greek,  while 
lier  poetical  talents  were  at  the  same 
time  successfully  cultivated.  Among  a 
host  of  literary  characters,  whose  friend- 
ship she  obtained,  and  from  whom  she 
derived  much  valuable  instruction,  were 
Schiller  and  Goethe.     D.  1S82. 

IIEMANS,  Felicia  Dorothea,  an 
amiable  and  hitrhly'  accomplished  po- 
etess, was  b.  at  Liverpool,  of  respect- 
able parents  of  the  name  of  Browne, 
■who  subsequently  took  up  their  resi- 
dence near  St.  Asaph,  Wales.  She 
manned  younsr;  but  her  marriage  was 
infelicitous,  and,  after  the  birth  of  five 
children,  lier  liusband  estranged  him- 
Belf  from  her  society,  and  a  permanent 
separation  ensued.  From  childhood 
she  had  an  ardent  tliirst  for  knowledge, 
and  her  reading  was  extensive  and  va- 
ried. Her  imagination  was  rich,  chaste, 
and  glowing;  and  though  some  of  her 
earlier  poems  may  be  deemed  rather 
monotonous,  her  "  Records  of  Woman" 
and  "Forest  Sanctuary"  are  poems  of 
a  high  order.  After  her  establishment 
at  St.  Asaph  was  broken  up,  she  retired 
to  Vavertree,  near  Liverpool,  but  re- 
maine<l  about  three  years  only,  when  she 
settled  in  Dublin,  where  she  d.  on  the 
10th  of  May,  isg."),  in  the  41st  year  of 
lier  acfc.  Besides  the  two  works  before 
mentioned,  Mrs.  Hemans  wrote  "  Wal- 
lace," "Dartmoor,"  "Dramatic Scenes," 
"  Welsh  Melodies,"  "  The  Siege  of  Va- 
lencia," "Songsof  the  AfFeetions,"  "Na- 
tional Lyrics  and  Songs  for  Music," 
"Scenes  and  Hymns  of  Life,"  "The 
Vespers  of  Palermo,"  a  tragedy,  and  a 
variety  of  scattered  lyrics,  in  tho  "  New 
Monthly"  and  "Blackwood's"  maga- 
zines. 


IIEMSTERnUYS,  Tibertos,  a  cele^ 
brated  Dutch  philologist,  was  the  sou 
of  a  physician,  and  b.  at  Groningen,  in 
li)S5.  in  1705  he  became  professor  of 
mathematics  and  philosophy  at  Amster- 
dam, wlicre  he  applied  himself  so  zeal- 
ously to  the  GreeK  authors,  that  he  may 
justly  be  said  to  have  been  the  most 
profound  Hellenist  of  the  age.  Hem- 
sterhuys  had  no  taint  of  pride  or  dog- 
matism, but  was  remarkable  for  lils 
modesty  and  mildness  of  character.  D. 
1756. — FuANCis,  his  son,  inherited  his 
classical  acquirements,  and  was,  more- 
over, an  acute  philosopher,  and  a  critical 
judsre  of  the  fine  arts.    B.  1720:  d.  I7i'0. 

HENAULT,  C^haklks  John  Francis, 
an  eminent  French  writer,  was  presi- 
dent of  the  parliament  of  Paris,  where 
he  was  b.  in  16S5.  He  became  president 
of  the  first  chamber  of  inquests  in  1710, 
which  led  him  to  make  the  Roman  law 
his  study,  though  he  still  amused  him- 
self with  poetry,  and,  in  1713,  produced 
his  tragedy  of  "Cornelia."  In  1723  he 
obtained  a  place  in  the  French  Academy, 
after  which  he  set  himself  to  digest  into 
a  chronological  order  the  history  of 
France.  This  work  appeared  in  1744, 
and  has  been  translated  into  most  Eu- 
ropean languasres.  He  also  wrote  three 
comedies,  and  after  liis  death  appeared 
a  work  of  his,  entitled  "Histoire  Criti- 
que de  I'Etablissement  des  Francois 
dans  les  Gaules."  He  was  intimately 
coimected  with  madame  du  Detfand, 
and  from  his  rank,  as  well  as  his  talents, 
he  held  a  distinguished  station  among 
the  literati  of  Paris.  D.  1770. — John  d', 
a  French  poet,  was  b.  at  Paris.  After 
travelling  into  several  countries,  he  re- 
turned to  France,  and  was  patronized 
by  Fouquet.  His  works  were  printed 
at  Paris,  in  a  small  volume,  in  1670; 
besides  which  he  translated  part  of 
Lucretius,  but  was  persuaded  by  his 
confessor,  when  at  the  point  of  death, 
to  throw  it  into  the  fire. 

HENDERSON,  John,  a  firat-rato 
actor,  was  b.  in  London,  in  1747.  He 
ai-.;nircd  cfreat  celebrity  at  Drury-lane 
theatre  in  Shakspeare's  cliaraeters, 
where  he  performed  Falstaft',  Richard 
III.,  &c.,  with  unbounded  applause. 
D.  1785. 

HENGIST,  the  first  Saxon  king  of 
Kent,  wlio,  with  his  brother  Horsa 
landed  an  army  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Tiiamcs,  and  eventually  subjugated  the 
Britons.  The  kingdom  of  Kent,  found- 
eil  by  Hengist,  embraced  that  tract 
which  is  now  known  as  the  counties 
of  Kent,  Middlesex,  Essex,  and  part  of 


hen] 


CYCLOP.ED.'A    OF    niOGRAPIIY. 


4sy 


Surrey.  He  established  his  residence 
at  Canterlniiy,  and  d.  about  tlie  year 
48S,  leaving  his  kingdom  to  his  pos- 
terity. 

liEXLEY,  Anthony,  an  ingenious 
■nritcr,  eoleinporary  with  Steele  and  Ad- 
dison, and  who  eontributed  to  the 
."Tattler,"  and  other  works.  lie  was 
b.  at  the  Grange,  in  Hampshire,  the 
seat  of  his  father,  Sir  Kobert  Henlcv, 
became  M.P.  for  Audover,  and  d.  in 
1711. — EoBKKT,  lord  chancellor  North- 
ington,  third  son  of  the  preceding,  was 
t).  in  1708,  educated  at  Westminster 
sftliool,  and  Christ-church  and  St.  John's 
college,  O.xford  ;  became  lord  keeper  in 
17.")7,  and  raised  to  the  peerage  in  17C0, 
when  he  presided  at  the  trials  of  Earl 
Ferrers  and  Lord  Byron ;  resigned  the 
great  seal  in  1706,  and  d.  in  1772. — 
John,  familiarly  known  by  the  appella- 
tion of  "  Orator  Henley,"  "was  b.  at  Mel- 
ton Mowbray,  1G92.  lie  was  educated 
at  Cambridge,  and  entered  into  holy 
orders ;  but  being  dissatisfied  with  his 
prospects  of  church  preferment,  he  com- 
menced public  orator.  Having  opened 
a  chapel  in  London,  he  gave  lectures  on 
theological  subjects  on  Sundays,  and  on 
other  subjects  every  Wednesday.  Nov- 
elty procured  him  a  multitude  of  hear- 
ers ;  but  he  was  too  imprudent  to  gain 
any  permanent  advantage  by  it ;  he  be- 
came the  butt  of  wits  and  caricaturists, 
and  he  cradually  sunk  into  obscurity. 
J),  n.'ifi."" 

HENRIETTA,  Anna,  of  England, 
dtichess  of  Orleans,  the  daughter  of 
King  Charles  I,,  was  b.  at  Exeter,  in 
I'M-i,  amid  the  turbulent  scenes  of  the 
civil  war.  Her  r.nhappy  mother  fled 
witii  her  to  Fr.mce  when  the  infant  was 
scarcely  three  weeks  old;  and  after  the 
death  of  the  king  she  repaired  to  the 
convent  of  Chaillot,  and  there  devoted 
herself  to  the  education  ol' her  daughter. 
She  united  with  great  sweetness  of 
character  the  charms  of  beauty,  an.'. 
Mas  married  to  Philip,  duke  of  Orleans. 
I).  lfi:?0. 

HENRY  I.,  of  Germany,  surnamed 
"the  Fowler,"  m"  s  the  sonof  Otho  the 
Illustrious,  duke  of  Saxony  and  Thu- 
ringia,  and  b.  in  870.  When  he  was 
elected  sovereign  of  Germany,  in  Ol'.i, 
lie  had  to  contend  with  anarchy  at 
home  and  enemies  abroad,  but  his  ac- 
tivity and  prudence  overcame  them  all. 
Al'ter  a  fortunate  and  glorious  reign  of 
sixteen  years,  he  d.  at  Quedlinburgh,  in 
9:30. — III.,  of  Oermnuy,  son  of  the  Em- 
peror Conra<l  II.,  succeeded  his  father 
m  the  ill  perial  dignity,  1039.    Nature 


had  given  him  the  talents,  and  educa- 
tion the  character,  suitable  lor  an  able 
ruler.  In  every  thing  he  undertook,  he 
displayed  a  steady  and  persevering 
spirit:  the  clergy  were  compelled  to 
acknowledge  their  dependence  on  him, 
and  the  temporal  lords  he  held  in  actual 
subjection.  B.  1017;  d.  1056. — IV.,  son 
of  the  preceding,  was  b.  in  1050,  and  at 
the  death  of  his  father  was  only  five 
years  old.  His  disputes  with  Pope 
Gregory  VII.,  who  had  been  elevated  to 
the  papal  chair  without  the  consent  of 
the  impeiual  court,  embroiled  him  in  a 
scries  of  wars,  and  caused  him  to  be  ex- 
communicated. His  eldest  son,  Conrad, 
rebelled  against  him,  but  was  overcome, 
and  died  at  Florence  in  1101,  deserted 
by  his  partisans.  Pie  then  caused  his 
second  son.  Henry,  to  be  elected  his 
successor,  and  crowned ;  but  the  latter 
also  rebelled,  and  making  himself  mas- 
ter of  his  father's  person  in  1105,  by 
stratagem,  compelled  him  to  abdicate 
the  throne.  Henry  IV.  ended  his  life 
and  sorrows  in  neglect,  at  Liege,  in  1106. 
— v.,  emperor  of  Germany,  the  son  and 
successor  of  the  preceding,  and  who  had 
made  himself  notorious  by  his  con- 
spiracy against  his  father,  was  b.  1081. 
In  1111  he  married  Matilda,  the  daugh- 
ter of  Henry  I.,  king  of  England,  and 
the  rich  dowry  he  received  with  this 
princess,  gave  him  the  means  of  under- 
taking an  expedition  over  the  Alps,  in 
order  to  demand  the  imperial  crown 
from  the  pope  in  Rome.  He  caused  the 
pope  to  DC  conveyed  away  from  the 
altar,  while  at  mass,  and  cut  down,  in 
the  streets  of  Rome,  all  who  opposed 
liim.  D.  1125.  — VII.,  was  the  first 
German  emperor  who  was  chosen  solely 
by  the  electors,  without  the  interference 
of  the  other  states  of  the  empire.  Ho 
undertook  an  expedition  to  Italy,  and 
compelled  the  Milanese  to  crown  him 
king  of  Lombardy.  He  then  suppressed 
by  force  a  revolt  which  had  broken  out 
in  Upper  Italy ;  took  several  cities  by 
storm ;  and,  having  captured  Rome,  lie 
was  crowned  Roman  emperor  by  two 
cardinals,  while  in  the  streets  the  work 
of  murder  and  i)illa!re  was  still  going 
on.  D.  131:5. — Tii?;  Liox,  the  most  re- 
markable prince  of  Germany  in  the  12tJi 
century,  was  b.  in  1129,  and  assumed 
the  government  of  Saxony  in  1140. — De 
Blois,  bishop  of  Winchester,  nephew 
of  William  Rufus,  and  brother  of  King 
Stephen,  was  an  active  prelate  and  a 
bold,  ambitious,  and  entcrprisin:j  states- 
man. When  England  was  invaded  by 
the  partisans  of  the  Empress  Matilda,  lie 


490 


CYCL0P.4i:DIA  OF  BIOGRAPHY. 


[lIElf 


Bt  first  joined  her  standard,  but  subse- 
quently deserted  it,  and  became  her 
most  determined  enemy.  The  empress 
queen  and  lier  tbllowers  having  taken 
refuge  in  the  castle  of  Winchester,  he 
laid  siege  to  it,  set  the  eity  on  fii-c,  and 
consumed  twenty  churches,  a  number 
of  religious  houses,  and  many  other 
buildings.  lie  is  now  remembered 
chietly  as  the  founder  of  the  hospital 
of  St.  Cross,  near  Winchester,  the 
churcli  of  which  is  regarded  by  many 
antiquaries  as  furnishing  the  model  of 
the  distinguishing  features  of  the  Gothic 
or  pointed  style  of  architecture.  1).  1171. 
— The  Navigator,  the  fourth  son  of 
•John  I.,  king  of  Portugal,  was  b.  1894. 
He  gave  early  proof  of  brilliant  courage, 
but  his  love  of  arms  was  surpassed  by 
his  love  of  the  sciences,  particularly 
mathematics,  astronomy,  and  naviga- 
tion. He  was  tlie  first  who  applied  the 
compass  to  navigation ;  and  to  him  also 
u  principal  part  is  ascribed  in  the  inven- 
tion of  the  astrolabe.  Various  expedi- 
tions were  undertaken,  and  discoveries 
made,  under  his  patronage  and  at  his 
expense  ;  but,  at  lengtli,  companies  were 
formed  of  enterprising  men,  who  were 
tempted  with  the  prospect  of  obtaining 
gold  dust,  and  the  whole  people  became 
animated  with  the  love  of  discovery. 
In  144i>  Nunno  Tristan  doubled  Cape 
Verde ;  and,  two  years  later,  Gonzmo 
Vallo  discovered  three  of  the  Azoi'ea 
islands,  about  1000  miles  from  the  con- 
tinent. Henry  contiimed  these  efforts 
till  his  death,  in  146-3,  and  thus  secured 
for  himself  an  undying  name  as  the 
patron  and  friend  of  navigation. — IV., 
called  THK  Great,  king  of  France  and 
Xavarre,  was  b.  in  1.5."):3,  at  Tau,  in 
Bcf-arn.  His  father,  Anthony  of  Bour- 
bon, was  descended  from  a  son  of  Louis 
IX.  ;.his  mother  was  Jeanne  d'Albret, 
daughter  of  Henry,  king  of  Navarre. 
He  was  brought  up  in  the  simple  and 
hardy  manner  of  the  peasantry  ot  Beam, 
and  this  laid  the  foundation  of  a  vigor- 
ous constitution  and  temperate  habits. 
He  was  placed  under  the  tuition  of  Flo- 
rent  Chretein,  a  learned  man  and  ze.ilous 
Protestant.  In  1.509  he  accompanied 
his  motlier  to  Kocholle,  and  learned  the 
art  of  war  under  Admiral  Coligni.  Hav- 
ing assumed  the  title  of  "King  of  Na- 
varre," his  marriage  took  place,  Aug. 
18,  l.')72.  Then  followed  the  horrible 
scenes  of  St.  Bartholoinciw,  Aug.  J4th. 
The  Catholics,  in  l')8."),  formed  tlie  cel- 
ebrated league,  which  the  king  was 
obliged  to  confirm:  and  when  called,  by 
right  of  birth,  fo  tne  French  throne,  ho 


found  innumerable  diificiTlties  in  estab- 
lishing his  claims.  His  Protestant  reli- 
gion was  brought  forward  to  prejudice 
the  Calbolics  against  him.  Atter  a  pro- 
tracted and  obstinate  struggle,  convinced 
that  he  should  never  enjoy  quiet  pos- 
session of  the  French  throne  without 
professinij  the  Catholic  faith,  Henry  at> 
length  yielded  to  the  wishes  of  his 
friends,  was  instructed  in  the  doctrines 
of  the  Catholic  church,  and  professed 
the  Catholic  faith,  July  25,  1.593,  in  the 
church  of  St.  Denys.  He  happily  es- 
caped an  attempt  to  assassinate  him ; 
was  solemnly  anointed  king  at  Chartres, 
in  1594;  and  entered  the  capital  amid 
the  acclamations  of  the  people.  He 
made  use  of  the  tranquillity  which  fol- 
lowed, to  restore  the  internal  prosperity 
of  his  kingdom,  and  particularly  the 
wasted  finances ;  and  in  this  design  he 
was  highly  successful,  with  the  aid  of 
his  prime  minister  Sully.  To  his  former 
brothers  in  faith  and  in  arms,  the  Prot- 
estants, he  granted  entire  religious  free- 
dom and  political  security,  by  the  edict 
of  Nantes,  in  1598.  In  1610,  while  riding 
through  the  streets  of  Paris,  his  coach 
was  obstructed  in  the  street  dela'Fe- 
ronnerie,  by  two  wagons.  A  fanatic, 
named  Kavaillac,  took  advantage  of  this 
moment  to  perpetrate  a  long-meditated 
deed  ;  and  he  received  a  fatal  stab  from 
the  hand  of  this  assassin,  in  the  52d 
year  of  his  age,  and  22d  of  his  reign.— 
I.,  kin^  of  England,  called,  on  account 
of  his  learning,  "  Beauclerc,"  was  the 
youngest  son  of  William  the  Conqueror, 
"b.  in  1068,  and  succeeded  his  brother 
Kufus  in  1100.  He  restored  the  uni- 
versit_y  of  Cambridge,  forgave  all  debts 
owing  to  the  crown  prior  to  his  acces- 
sion, reformed  the  court,  and  conquered  ' 
Wales.  He  abolished  the  curfew-bell, 
established  a  standard  for  weights  and 
measures,  and  signed  the  charter,  which 
])roved  the  origin  of  the  Eni,dish  liber- 
ties. 1).  1135.— II.,  king  of  England, 
the  son  of  Geotfrey  Plantagenet  and 
Maud,  empress  of  Germany,  was  b.  in 
Normandy,  in  11.'52,  and  succeeded  Ste- 
phen in  1154.  He  added  the  provinces 
of  Anjou,  Towraine,  Maine,  Poitou, 
Saintonge,  Guienne,  and  Gascony,  to 
the  English  crown.  His  reign  was 
troubled  by  disputes  between  him  and 
Bccket,  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  who 
being  murdered  in  1170,  the  pope  obliged 
the  king  to  undertro  penance  for  it  at 
Becket's  tomb  at  (Jauterbury.  In  1170 
he  caused  his  eldest  son,  Henry,  to  bo 
crowned  king  of  England.  Iu'll72  ho 
conquered  Ireland,  and,  the  year  fol- 


hen] 


CVCLOP.EDIA    OF    HIOGR AI'IIY, 


491 


.owinj?,  his  sons  rebelled  nnrainst  him. 
llcnry  cheeked  the  prevailincr  licenti- 
ousness by  severe  laws,  partitioned  En- 
gland into  four  judiciary  districts,  and 
appointed  itinerant  justices  to  make 
rciTuhir  excursions  through  them.  lie 
revived  trial  by  jury,  discouraged  that 
by  combat,  and  demolished  all  tlie  newly 
erected  castles,  as  shelters  of  violence 
and  anarchy.  I).  1180. — III.,  king  of 
England,  surnamed  of  Winchester,  on 
account  of  his  having  been  b.  iu  that 
city,  succeeded  his  father,  John,  in  1215. 
lie  was  obliged  to  relinquish  Normamly, 
Anjou,  I'oitou,  Touraiue,  and  Maine  to 
the  king  of  France  ;  after  which  a  civil 
■war  broke  out  in  England,  and  the  king 
was  taken  prisoner  by  the  barons,  at  the 
head  of  whom  was  Simon  de  Montf(,)rt, 
carl  of  Leicester.  The  tide  of  alfairs 
turning  in  his  favor,  he  deprived  sev- 
eral of  these  lords  of  their  estates,  and 
gave  them  to  his  friends.  B.  1207 ;  d. 
1272. — IV.,  king  of  England,  surnamed 
Bolingbroke,  was  b.  in  13*57.  lie  was 
the  son  of  John  of  Gaunt,  duke  of  Lan- 
caster, the  third  son  of  Edward  III.  In 
the  reign  of  Kichard  II.  he  was  made 
carl  of  Derby  and  duke  of  Hereford. 
Having  accused  the  duke  of  Norfolk  of 
treason,  the  latter  challenged  him  to 
single  combat;  but  on  the  appearance 
of  the  two  champions,  at  the  ai)pointed 
time  and  place,  Kiehard  would  not  suffer 
them  to  proceed.  Both  were  banished 
the  kingdom,  Norfolk  for  life,  and  Here- 
ford for  a  term  of  years.  On  the  death 
of  his  father  he  succeeded  to  the  duke- 
dom of  Lancaster ;  and,  returning  before 
the  stated  time,  for  the  avowetl  object 
of  claiming  his  duchy,  and  having  been 
joined  by  the  earls  of  Northumberland 
and  Westmoreland,  soon  found  himself 
at  the  head  of  60,000  men.  Eiehard  II. 
was  defeated,  taken  prisoner,  and  de- 
posed ;  and  the  duke  was  unanimously 
de(;lared  king,  under  the  title  of  Henrv 
IV.  This  usurpation  gave  rise  to  the 
civil  war  between  the  houses  of  York 
and  Lancaster.  D.  1413. — V.,  king  of 
England,  called,  after  his  birthplace,  of 
Mcnmouth,  was  b.  iu  1388.  Ilis  dissi- 
pated habits  while  a  prince  gave  his 
fatlier  Lcreat  uneasiness;  but  he  fre- 
quently dis]>layed  noble  traits  of  char- 
Acter,  and  on  ascending  the  throne  he 
cast  olf  his  former  companions,  and 
justified  the  best  e.vpectations.  France 
being  at  the  time  torn  asunder  by  the 
opposing  factions  of  the  dukes  of  Or- 
leans and  Burgundy,  Henry  took  the 
favorable  opportunity  of  reviving  the 
claims  of  his  predecessors  upon  that 


country,  and  he  landed  an  army  at  Ilar- 
flcur,  Aug.  14,  1415.  With  lojOOO  men 
he  gained  the  battle  of  Agincourt,  though 
the  French  amounted  to  52,o00.  Ho 
then  returned  to  England ;  but  three 
veai-s  afterwards  he  went  again  to 
Vrance,  espoused  the  Princess  Catha- 
rine, on  condition  that  the  French 
crown  should  go  to  Henry  and  liis  heirs 
on  the  death  of  the  king  of  France,  and 
be  inseparably  united  to  the  crown  of 
England.  D."l422.  — VL,  king  of  En- 
gland, son  of  the  preceding,  was  b.  at 
Windsor,  in  1421,  and  was  but  ten 
months  old  at  the  death  of  his  father. 
His  grandfather,  Charles,  king  of  France, 
died  soon  after,  and  the  duke  of  Orleans, 
encouraged  by  the  minority  of  Heniy, 
assumed  the  title  of  king  by  the  name 
of  Charles  VI I.  When  only  nine  years 
old,  Henry  was  crowned  at  Paris,  and 
the  great  duke  of  Bedford,  his  tincle 
and  guardian,  obtained  several  import- 
ant victories.  But  the  raising  of  the 
siege  of  Orleans  by  Joan  of  Arc  gave  a 
new  turn  to  affairs,  and  the  English  in- 
terest declined.  The  death  of  the  duke 
of  Bedford  was  a  fatal  blow  to  the  cause 
of  Henry,  and  at  length  the  English  were 
deprived  of  their  possessions  in  France, 
e.veept  the  town  of  Calais.  The  insurrec- 
tion of  Cade  followed.  To  add  to  his  niis- 
fiirtunes,  the  York  party  in  England  pre- 
vailed, and  Henry  was  sent  to  the  Tower, 
where,  according  to  the  prevailing  opin- 
ion, he  was  slain  by  Eichard,  duke  of 
Gloucester,  iu  1471. — VII.,  king  of  En- 
gland, first  sovereign  of  the  race  of 
Tudor,  was  b.  1457.  He  was  the  son 
of  Edmund,  earl  of  Eichmond,  and  of 
Margaret  of  the  house  of  Lancaster. 
By  the  assistance  of  the  duke  of  Brit- 
any  he  landed  in  Wales,  and  laid  claim 
to  the  crown  in  1485.  The  people,  dis- 
gusted at  the  cruelties  of  Eichard  III., 
joined  him  in  such  numbers  that  he  was 
enabled  to  srive  the  usurper  battle  at 
3osworth  field,  where  Eichard  was  .slain, 
and  Henry  crowned  on  the  spot.  Ho 
reigned  24  years,  and  d.  1509.— VIII., 
king  of  England,  was  b.  in  1491,  and 
succeeded  his  father  at  the  age  of  IS. 
The  Emperor  Maximilian  and  the  Pope 
Julius  II.,  having  leagued  against 
France,  persuaded  Henry  to  join  them, 
and  he  in  consequence  invaded  that 
kingdom,  where  he  made  some  con- 
qiiests.  About  the  same  time  James 
iV.,  king  of  Scotland,  invaded  England, 
but  was  defeated  and  slain  at  Floddcn 
Field.  When  Luther  commenced  the 
reformation  in  (^crmaiiy,  Henry  wrote 
ft  book  against  him,  for  which  ho  was 


49^ 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHl'. 


[her 


complimented  by  tlio  pope  with  the  title 
of  Uet'eiidei-  of  the  Failli.     Iluving  con- 
ceived :iu  aliectiou  for  Auue  Boleyn,  ho 
deteniiiucd  to  divorce  his  wife  Outha- 
riiie  of  Aragon,  to  whorli'  lie  had  been 
married  IS  years.     But  on  the  divorce 
Ijeing  refused  by  the  pope,  Henry  as- 
sumed the  title  o'f  supreme  head  of  the 
English  cliurch,  put  down  tlie  monas- 
teries, and  alienated  their  possessions  to 
secular   purposes.     Ills   marriage   with 
Anne  Boleyn  followed ;  but  afterwards 
he  brought  her  to  the  scafl'old,  and  mar- 
ried Lady  Jane  Seymour,  who  died  in 
cliildbed.     He   next  married   Anne  of 
(."Icves ;  but  she  not  proving  agreeable 
to  his  expectations,  he  put  her  away, 
and  caused  Cromwell,  earl  of  Essex,  the 
projector  of  the  match,  to  be  beheaded, 
llis  next  wife  was  Catharine  Howard, 
who  was  beheaded  for  adultery;  after 
which  he  espoused  Catharine  Parr,  who 
survived    him.     D.    lolG. — Charles,    a 
gentleman  distinguished  for  his  chemi- 
cal  knowledge  and  scientific  pursuits, 
was  the  son  of  an  eminent  manufixetu- 
ring  chemist  at  Manchester,  and  b.  in 
1775.    Though  intended  for  the  medi- 
cal profession,  he  relinquished  it  for  the 
sake  of  co-operating  in  his  father's  lu- 
crative  pursuits,  which   he   afterwards 
carried  on.     D.  1836. — Matthew,  a  non- 
conformist divine,  was  b.  in  1602.     He 
was  educated  by  his  father,  Philip  Hen- 
ry,  an    eminent    Presbyterian   divine ; 
studied  the  law  in  Gray's  Inn,  but  re- 
nounced it  for  the  ministry,  and  settled 
at  Hackn  \v.     His  chief  work  is  an  "  Ex- 
position of  the  Bible ;"  besides  which 
he   wrote   a    "  Method   of  Prayer,"    a 
"  Discourse  on  ths  Lord's  Supper,"  and 
other  books  of  j^.-Lctical   divinity.     D. 
1714. — K(jBEKT,  minister  of  one  of  the 
churches  in  Edinburgh,  and  author  of 
"The   History  of  Great  Britain,"  was 
b.  at  St.  Ninian's,  near  Stirling,  in  1718, 
and  d.  in  1700. — Patuick,  an  American 
orator  and   statesman,   was   b.  in   Vir- 
ginia in  1736,  and  after  receiving  a  com- 
mon school   education,   and    spending 
some  time    in  trade    and    agriculture, 
commenced  the  practice  of  the  law,  after 
only   six  weeks   of  preparatory  study. 
After  several  years  of  poverty,  with  the 
incumbrance  of  a  family,  lie  first  rose 
to  distinction  in  managing  the  popular 
cause  in  the  controversy  between  the 
legislature  and  the  clergy,  touching  the 
stipend  which  was  claimed  by  tiie  latter. 
In  1765  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
lioiise  of  burgesses,  with  express  refer- 
ence  to  an    opposition   to   the   liritish 
stamp  act.    In  this  assemV)ly  he  obtain- 


ed the  honor  of  being  the  first  to  com- 
mence the  opposition  to  the  measures  of 
the  British  government,  which  termi- 
nated in  the  revolution.  He  was  one  of 
the  delegates  sent  by  Virginia  to  the 
first  general  congress  of  the  colonies,  in 
1774,  and  in  that  body  distinguished 
himself  by  his  boldness  and  eloquence. 
In  1776  he  was  appointed  the  first  gov- 
ernor of  the  commonwealth,  and  to  this 
office  was  repeatedly  re-elected.  In  17S6 
he  was  appointed  by  the  legislature  one 
of  the  dci)uties  to  tlie  convention  held 
at  Philadelphia,  for  the  purpose  of  re- 
vising the  federal  constitution.  In  1783 
ho  was  a  member  of  the  convention, 
which  met  in  Virginia  to  consider  the 
constitution  of  the  United  States,  and 
exerted  himself  strenuously  against  its 
adoption.  In  1794  he  retired  from  the 
bar,  and  d.  in  1799.  Without  extensive 
information  upon  legal  or  political  topics, 
he  was  a  natural  orator  of  the  highest 
order,  possessing  great  powers  of  ima- 
gination, sarcasm,  and  humor,  united 
with  great  force  and  energy  of  manner, 
and  a  deep  knowledge  of  human  nature. 
IIENK\S(JN,  Eobert,  a  Scotch  poet 
in  tlie  16th  century,  was  schoolmaster 
at  Dumfermline,  and  a  monk  of  the 
Benedictine  order.  His  "  Fabils"  were 
printed  at  Edinburgh  in  1621 ;  and  his 
"Testament  of  Faire  Creseide"  in  1593. 
He  wrote  a  number  of  other  pieces, 
which  are  to  be  found  in  the  collections 
of  Hailes,  Pinkcrton,  &c. 

HEPBUKN,  KoBEiiT,  a  miscellaneous 
writer,  was  b.  in  Scotland,  in  1090.  At 
the  age  of  21  he  published,  in  30  num- 
bers, a  series  of  essays,  entitled  "The 
Tattler,  by  Hector  Maestaff,  of  the 
North."  ile  studied  the  civil  lavv'  in 
Holland,  and  became  a  member  of  the 
faculty  of  advocates  at  Edinburgh, 
where  he  d.  1712. 

HEKACLITUS,  the  founder  of  a  phil- 
osophical sect,  was  b.  at  ?]phesus,  aad 
flourished  in  the  09th  Olympiad,  about 
500  B.  c.  He  incorporated  the  mysteries 
of  the  Pythagorean  system  into  his 
own,  which  was  exceedingly  severe  and 
obscure.  Being  of  a  misanthropic  turn, 
whence  he  is  said  to  have  wept  at  the 
follies  of  mankind,  he  retired  to  a 
mountainous  region,  where  he  lived 
upon  roots  and  herbs;  but  being  at- 
tacked by  a  fatal  disease,  was  obliged  to 
return  to  the  city,  and  soon  afterwards 
d.,  in  the  00th  year  of  his  acre. 

HEKAULT  DE  SECHELLES,  Marie 
Jean,  '^idvocate-generul  in  the  parlia- 
ment of  I'aris  under  the  old  regime, 
and  afterwards  a  member  of  the  nation 


11  kr] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    DIOGKAI'IIV. 


40J 


al  convention,  was  b.  at  Paris,  in  17G0. 
lie  chiotly  distinguished  liiniseU'  in  the 
contest  between  tlio  Mouutiiin  and  Gi- 
ronde  parties,  and  he  powert'ully  co-op- 
erated in  tlic  destruction  of  the  latter; 
but  all  his  services  to  the  terrorists  did 
not  save  him  from  the  scaffold ;  he  was 
executed  with  Danton,  in  1795. 

IlERBELOT,  BARxnoLOMEW  d',  a 
learned  orientalist,  was  b.  at  Paris,  in 
1G25.  After  travellinfj  twice  into  Italy, 
in  search  of  Eastern  numuscripts,  and 
to  converse  with  oriental  travellers,  with 
a  view  to  the  elucidation  of  the  Hebrew 
Scrintures,  he  was  appointed  regius 
jirotessor  of  Syriac  in  the  French  capi- 
tal, and  g-ranted  a  pension.  lie  was  the 
author  of  '"The  Oriental  Library,"  and 
other  able  works.     D.  1695. 

HERBERT,  Edward,  lord  of  Cher- 
bury,  was  b.  in  15S1,  at  Montgomery 
castle ;  was  sent,  when   only  12  years 
old,  to  University  college,  Oxford;  was 
made  a  knight  of  the  Bath,  soon  after 
tlie  accessiiin  of  James  I.;  and  shortly 
after  travelled  on  the  Continent,  where 
his  elegant    manners  and  cliivaJric  ac- 
complishments   attracted    the  greatest 
notice.   He  served  in  the  Netherlands  in 
11)10   and  1G14,  distinguishing  himself 
by   his   romantic  bravery ;    was   twice 
ambassador  to   France,  and  on  liis  re- 
turn, in  1025,  was  created  an  Irish  peer, 
imd  afterwards  an  English  baron.     He 
espoused   the  parliamentary  cause  du- 
ring the  civil  wars,  but  quitted  it,  and 
d.  IGiS.     His  principal  work  is  entitled 
"  Do  Veritate,"  the  object  of  which  was 
to  assert  the  suiliciency  and  perfection 
of  natural  religion,  with  a  view  to  prove 
the  uselessness  of  revelation.     He  also 
wrote    "  De  Eeligione  Laici,"  his  own 
"  Memoirs,"  a  "Life  of  Henry  VIII.," 
&e. — George,  a  brother  of  the  prece- 
ding, was  distinguished  as  a  poet  and  a 
divine.      He  was  b.  in  1593;  educated 
at  Westminster  school,   and  at  Trinity 
college,  Cambridge  ;  and  became  rector 
of  Bemerton,  Wilts;    where   he   d.    in 
liioa.      Ho  was  a  man   of   exemplary 
])iLty  and  benevolence,  and  a  poet  of  no 
mean    rank. — Wii.i.i.\ir,   earl    of  Pem- 
broke, a  poet  and  tlie  patron  of  learned 
men,  was  b.  in  1580,  at  Wilton  liouse, 
the   family  seat.     Ho  was  educated  at 
New  college,  Oxford;  and  in  162t)  was 
elected  chancellor  of  th.at  university,  to 
which    ho    was     a    liberal    benefactor 
through  life,  and  bequeathed  to  it  at  his 
death   a  valuable   collection   of   manu- 
scripts.    D.    1630. — Sir   Thomas,  a   de- 
scendant of  one  of  the  branches  of  the 
Pembroke  family,  was  the  son  of  an  al- 
.■■42 


derman  at  York.  After  receiving  his 
education  at  O.xford,  he  travelled  for  4 
years  in  Asia  and  Africa,  of  which  ho 
published  an  account.  On  the  breaking 
out  of  the  civil  wars  he  sided  with  the 
parliament ;  but  having  been  appointed 
to  attend  upon  Charles  in  his  captivity, 
he  became  warmly  attached  to  Inm,  ana 

Eroved  himself  a  zealous  and  incorrupti- 
le  servant  to  him  up  to  the  hour  of 
his  execution.  He  assisted  iJugdale  in 
his  "  Monasticon  Anglicanum,"  and 
published  an  account  of  the  last  two 
years  of  the  life  of  King  Charles,  under 
the  title  of  "Threnodia  Carolina."  D. 
1682. 

HERDER,  JoHK  Godfrey  von,  a  clas- 
sical German  writer,  and  philosopher, 
was  b.  in  1744,  of  poor  parents,  at  Sloh- 
rungcn,  in  Prussia;  was  educated  for 
the  church,  and  became  court  preacher, 
ecclesiastical  counsellor,  and  vice-presi- 
dent of  the  consistory,  to  the  duke  of 
Saxe  Weimar;  and  'd.  1803.  At  the 
moment  when  he  expired  he  was  wri- 
ting a  hymn  to  the  Deity,  and  the  pen 
was  found  on  the  unfinished  line.  He 
was  greatly  esteemed  by  all  who  knew 
him,  and  looked  upon  as  the  Fenelon 
of  Germany.  His  unrelaxing  zeal  and 
diligence  penetrated  the  most  various 
branches  of  science,  theory,  philosophy, 
philology,  natural  and  civil  history,  and 
polities. 

IIERMAS,  an  ancient  father  of  the 
Christian  clnirch,  surnamed  Pastor,  or 
the  Shepherd,  who  is  said  to  bo  the 
same  mentioned  by  St.  Paul,  in  his 
Epistle  to  the  Romans.  He  is  supposed 
to  have  d.  at  Kome  about  the  year  81. 
A  piece  of  his,  entitled  "  The  Shepherd," 
is  still  extant,  and  was  translated  into 
English  by  Archbishop  Wake. 

HERMELIN,  Saml.  Gustavus,  Baron, 
a  Swedish  mineralogist,  was  b.  in  1744, 
at  Stockholm.  After  having  travelled 
extensively,  and  paid  jDarticular  attention 
to  the  statistics  and  geology  of  the  coun- 
tries which  he  visited,  ho  settled  in  his 
native  land,  and  for  more  than  50  years 
held  the  most  eminent  situations  in  the 
management  of  the  Swedish  mines. 
Ilermelin  wrote  various  works  relative 
to  the  mineralogy,  metallurgy,  and  re- 
sources of  Sweden  ;  and  spent  15  years 
in  perleeting  the  Swedish  Atlas,  a  geo- 
graphical undertaking  of  vast  magni- 
tude.   D.  1S20. 

HERMES,  Trismegistus,  an  Egyptian 
priest  and  philosopher,  who,  according 
to  Diodorus,  was  the  friend  an<l  coun- 
sellor of  the  great  Osiris,  and  is  said  to 
have  been  the  first  lawgiver,  and  the 


494 


CYCLOP.EDIA    01^     BIOGRAPIIV, 


[her 


foiinrler  of  religions  ceremoniea  among 
tlie  iij^yptiaiis.  He  instructed  liis  coun- 
trymen in  the  cultivation  of  the  olive, 
tlie  measurement  of  lands,  and  the 
knowledge  of  hieroglyphics,  and  to  him 
are  attributed  ail  the  mystic  sciences  of 
the  Alexandrian  school.  Eut  every 
thing  relating  to  him  is  so  uncertain 
and  obscure,  that  even  the  time  wlien, 
and  the  place  where,  ho  lived  cannot  be 
assijrned  with  any  certainty. 

IIKRMILLY,  Vaquette,  d',  a  French 
historian,  was  b.  at  Amiens,  in  1707,  and 
d.  at  Paris,  in  1778.  He  wrote  the 
"History  of  Majorca  and  Minorca,"  and 
translated  Ferrara's  "  History  of  Spain" 
and  the  "Critical  Theatre"  of  iather 
Feiioo. 

llERMOGEXES,  a  rhetorician,  b.  at 
Tarsus,  in  Cilicia,  lived  about  the  mid- 
dle of  the  2d  century,  and  is  celebrated 
for  tiie  precocity  and  rapid  extinction  of 
his  talents.  At  the  age  of  15,  he  was 
famous  for  his  powers  of  oratory;  at  17, 
he  published  his  rhetoric;  and,  soon 
after,  \-arious  treatises  on  oratory,  which 
ranked  him  high  among  writers  upon 
that  subject;  but,  in  his  25th  year,  he 
wholly  lost  his  memory,  and  sank  into 
a  state  of  inentiil  imbecility. 

HERODiyrUS,  called  by  Cicero  the 
"Father  of  History,"  was  b.  at  Halicar- 
nassus,  in  Caria,  484  b.  c.  and  is  the 
mo.'t  ancient  of  the  Greek  historians 
whose  works  are  extant. 

HERKERA  TORDESILLAS,  Anto- 
nio i)E,  a  Spanish  historian,  who  wrote 
a  "General  History  of  India,"  which  is 
a  curious  work.  He  also  wrote  a  "  Gen- 
eral History  of  Spain."  B.  15G5;  d. 
1«2.-.. 

HERRICK,  Robert,  an  English  poet 
of  the  17th  century.  He  received  his 
education,  first  at  St.  John's  colle.^e,  and 
next  at  Trinity  hall,  Cambridge ;  after 
which  he  entered  into  orders,  and  ob- 
tainc'l,  in  l()2'i,  the  vicarage  of  Dean 
IVior,  in  Devonshire.  He  was  deprived 
of  this  living  during  Cromwell's  usurp- 
ation, but  recovered  it  at  the  restora- 
tion, and  (1.  not  long  afterwards. 

HERSCHEL,  Sir  William,  one  of  the 
ntost  distinguished  astronomers  of  mod- 
ern times,  was  b.  at  Hanover,  in  1788. 
His  father,  who  was  a  musician,  brought 
him  up  to  hifi  own  ]>rofession,  and,  at 
the  a're  of  14,  he  was  placed  in  the  band 
of  the  Hanoverian  foot-guards.  Towards 
the  close  of  the  seven  years'  war,  when 
the  Froncli  armies  entered  Hanover, 
youn.r  IIe:-a  ■'.!  ,-1  re-ioKcd  to  visit  En- 
gland, but  not  being  able  to  obtain  em- 
ployment in    London,    ho    accepted  a 


situation  in  the  band  of  the  Durham 
militia.  When  the  regiment  came  to 
Doncaster,  he  formed  an  acquaintance 
with  Dr.  Miller,  an  eminent  composer 
and  organist  of  that  town.  It  happened 
aliout  this  time  that  an  organist  was  also 
wanted  at  Halifax,  ami,  by  the  advice  of 
the  doctor,  his  young  friend  ottered 
himself  as  a  candidate  for  Jie  place,  and 
was  successful.  In  1766  he  removed 
from  Yorkshire  to  Bath,  where  he  was 
chosen  organist  at  the  Octagon  chapel, 
and  leader  of  the  orchestra  at  the  public 
rooms.  Although  enthusiastically  fond 
of  music,  he  had  tor  some  time  devoted 
his  leisure  hours  to  the  study  of  math- 
ematics and  astronomy ;  and,  in  1779, 
having  constructed  a  telescope,  and 
begun  a  regular  survey  of  the  heavens, 
star  by  star,  he  discovered,  March  13th, 
1781,  a  new  primary  planet,  which  he 
named  the  Georgium  Sidus.  in  honor  of 
George  the  Third.  The  same  year  he 
was  elected  a  fellow  of  the  Royal  Society, 
and  had  the  gold  medal  awariled  him  for 
his  discovery.  After  a  long  series  of 
arduous  and  valuable  labors,  in  1802  he 
laid  betbrc  the  Royal  Society  a  catalogue 
of  5000  new  nebula3,  nebulous  stars, 
planetary  nebulaj,  and  clusters  of  stars, 
which  he  had  discovered.  He  continued 
his  astronomical  observations  till  within 
a  few  years  of  his  death,  which  took 
place  in  1822. —  C-uioune  Lucretia,  sis- 
ter of  the  above,  and,  like  him,  distin- 
guished for  her  zeal  in  astrononiical  pur- 
suits, was  b.  at  Hanover,  1750.  Having 
joined  her  brotiier  at  Bath,  in  1771,  she 
voluntarily  undertook  the  arduous  duties 
of  his  astronomical  assistant,  not  only 
acting  as  his  amanuensis,  but  executing 
the  laborious  numerical  calculations  ne- 
cessary to  render  his  discoveries  avail- 
able to  science,  and  laboring  in  the  cause 
of  astronomy  with  an  ardor  and  activity 
which  neither  the  fatigue  of  the  body, 
nor  the  inclemencies  of  the  season,  coulcl 
exhaust.  Her  own  observations  were  so 
numerous  and  important,  that  the  Royal 
Society  published  them  in  one  volume  ; 
and  her  "  Zone  Catalogue"  was  honored, 
in  1823,  with  the  gold  medal  of  the  Lon- 
don Astronomical  Society,  of  which  she 
was  also  elected  an  honorary  member. 
D.  1848. 

HERVEY,  James,  an  English  divine, 
was  b.  in  1714,  at  HarJinfrstone,  near 
Northampton  ;  and  eventually  sncceeded 
his  father,  as  rector  of  Weston  Favell 
and  Colliiiictree.  His  chief  writings  are, 
'■  M(;ditatioiis  and  Contemplations," 
"  Remarks  on  Loril  Bolingbroke's  Let- 
ters on  the  Study  and  Uso  of  History," 


hid] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    niOGllAPHY. 


495 


and  "Thcron  and  Aspasia ;  or,  a  Se- 
ries of  Diiilo^ues  and  Letters  on  the 
nio.-t  important  Subjects."  D.  1758. — 
John-,  Lord,  second  son  of  John,  first 
earl  of  Ki'istol,  was  b.  1694.  In  1720 
he  married  Miss  Lcpell,  so  well  known 
in  Pope's  letters  and  verses  ;  in  1723 
he  succeeded  to  the  title  of  Lord  Hcr- 
Ycy  by  the  death  of  his  elder  brother ; 
and  in  1725  became  member  for  Bury, 
when  lie  attached  himself  to  Sir  Robert 
Walpole's  party  in  opposition  to  Pulte- 
ney's,  and  was  made  viec-ehamberlain 
in  1730,  which  he  retained  by  court  in- 
ftuonce  till  1740,  when  he  became  lord 
privy  seal.  From  an  early  age.  Lord 
Hervey  took  an  active  part  in  the  liter- 
ary and  political  contests  of  the  day. 
His  pamplilcts  in  answer  to  the  "Crafts- 
man involved  him  in  a  duel  with  Pul- 
teney ;  his  quarrel  with  Pope,  which 
extencled  over  many  years,  gave  rise  to 
some  of  the  bitterest  satirical  sketches 
ever  penned ;  and  he  carried  on  an  ac- 
tive correspondence  with  Dr.  Middleton 
regarding  the  mode  of  electing  the  Ro- 
man senate.  His  "  Memoirs  of  the 
Reign  of  Georse  IL  from  his  Accession 
to  tlie  Death  of  Queen  Caroline,"  after 
slumbering  for  a  century  in  the  chests 
of  Ickworth,  were  published  in  1848, 
with  an  interesting  account  of  the  author 
by  John  Wilson  Croker.     D.  1743. 

ilESIOD,  a  very  ancient  Greek  poet, 
but  whether  a  cotemporary  with,  or 
older  or  younger  than,  Homer  is  not 
agreed  among  the  learned.  The  "The- 
ogony"  and  "  Works  and  Days"  are  the 
only  "undoubted  pieces  of  this  poet  now 

HEWSON,  William,  a  celebrated 
anatomist  and  physiologist,  was  the  son 
of  a  surgeon  at  Hexham,  in  Northum- 
berland, where  he  was  b.  in  1739.  In 
1771  he  obtained  the  Coplevan  medal 
from  the  Royal  Society,  for  Ids  discov- 
eries of  the  lymphatic  syster.n  in  birds 
and  fishes,  and  was  elected  a  fellow  of 
that  learned  body.  He  also  published 
"  Experimental  Inquiries  into  the  Prop- 
erties of  the  Blood."     D.  1774. 

HEYLIN,  Petkis,  an  English  divine, 
was  b.  at  Burford,  in  Oxfordshire,  in 
1600.  In  1631  he  published  his  "  His- 
tory of  St.  George,"  for  which  the  king 
gave  him  the  rectory  of  Hemmingford, 
in  Huntingdonshire,  and  a  prebend  of 
Westminster,  to  which  was  added  the 
livinsr  of  Houtrliton,  in  the  l)isho])ric  of 
Durham.  Other  eiuirch  preferment  fol- 
lowed. He  published  a  weekly  pa[>er, 
called  "  Mercurius  Aulieus."  His  otiier 
productions  are,  "  Cosmography,"  "  A 


Help  to  English  History,"  the  "  Life  of 
Charles  I.,"  a  "  History  of  the  Reforma- 
tion," <fec.     D.  1662. 

HEYNE,  CimisTiAN  Gottlob,  a  dis- 
tinguished scholar,  was  a  native  of 
Chemnitz,  in  Saxony,  whither  his  father, 
a  poor  linen  weaver,  had  fled  from 
Gravenschutz,  in  Silesia,  on  account  of 
religious  persecution.  Though  destitute 
and  obscure,  he  acquired  a  remarkable 
acquaintance  with  the  ancient  languages, 
and  succeeded  Gesner  as  professor  of 
eloquence  at  Gottingen,  where  he  was 
soon  after  .appointed  first  librarian  and 
counsellor.  By  his  editions  and  com- 
mentaries on  classic  authors,  Heyne  has 
deserved  the  reputation  of  being  one  of 
the  most  distinguished  luminaries  of  the 
literary  world.     D.  1812,  aged  82. 

HEYWOOD,  JoH^•,  one  of  the  earliest 
of  the  English  dramatic  poets,  was  b.  at 
North  Miins,  in  llcrtt'jrdsliire,  and  edu- 
cated at  Oxford  ;  at'ter  which  he  became, 
through  Sir  Thomas  More,  a  great  favor- 
ite with  Henry  VIII.  He  also  continued 
in  the  court  of  Edward  VI.,  and  was 
much  in  the  confidence  of  Queen  Mary; 
on  whose  death,  being  a  Roman  Catho- 
lic, he  went  abroad,  and  d.  at  Mechlin, 
in  Brabant,  1565.  He  wrote  "  The  P.ar- 
ablc  of  the  Spider  and  Fly,"  a  volumi- 
nous poem.  His  other  works  are,  a 
"  Dialogue  of  Proverbs,"  and  several 
plays. — Thomas,  a  dramatic  writer  and 
actor  in  the  reigns  of  Elizabeth,  James 
L,  and  Charles  I.  He  is  said  to  have 
been  a  most  voluminous  author,  having 
written  no  less  than  220  plays,  of  which 
only  24  are  extant.  He  also  wrote  "  The 
Actor's  Vindication,"  "The  Hierarchy 
of  the  Angels,"  a  "  Life  of  Merlin," 
"  Life  of  Queen  Elizabeth,"  •'  laves  of 
the  Nino  Worthies,"  itc.  Neither  the 
date  of  his  birth  nor  that  of  his  death, 
are  on  record. 

HICKES,  George,  an  eminent  div^ne 
and  learned  antiquary  of  the  17th  centu- 
ry, was  b.  at  Newsham,  in  Yorkshire, 
ill  1642.  Dr.  Hiekes  was  a  profound 
scholar,  particularly  in  Saxon  lore ;  but 
in  theological  matters  the  violence  of 
his  prejudices  sometimes  obscured  his 
judgment.  His  greatest  work  is  en- 
titled "  Thesaurus  Grammatieo-Criticus 
et  Archteolofrieus  Lincruaruin  veterum 
Septentrionalium."     D.  1715. 

IIIDALGO  Y  COSTILLA,  Dov  Miq- 
rEi-  a  Spanish  priest,  whodistiniruished 
himself  ill  promoting  the  war  of  inde- 
pendence in  Mexico,  which  commenced 
in  1809.  He  was  at  that  time  curate  of 
Dolores,  and  possessed  great  influence 
over  the  Indians  and  Creoles.    At\cr 


49G 


CyCLOP.*:DIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[lIIL 


raising  the  standard  of  independence,  he 
was  joined  by  Allcnde  and  a  consider- 
able body  of  insurgents;  upon  which  he 
tlirew  oil'  liis  clerical  robes,  and  assumed 
the  uniform  and  rank  of  generalissimo. 
At  hrst  he  obtained  great  success ;  but 
he  ultimately  fell  into  the  hands  of  the 
rovalists,  and  was  executed  in  July, 
Ibll. 

IlIGGONS,  Bevil,  a  dramatic  poet 
and  historian.  His  principal  works  are, 
a  tragedy  called  "  The  Generous  Con- 
queror," and  a  "  Short  View  of  the  En- 
glish History."'  He  accompanied  James 
II.  to  France,  where  he  d.  in  1735. 

IIIGIIMOEE,  Joseph,  a  portrait  and 
historiL'al  painter,  b.  in  London,  lGy2. 
Among  his  best  paintings  is,  "Ilagarand 
Ishmael,"  in  the  Foundling  Hospital. 
He  distinguished  himself  also  as  an  au- 
thor. D.  17S0. — NATnAMEL,  an  English 
anatomist,  was  b.  at  Fordingbridge,  in 
Hampshire.  He  wrote  "Corporis  liu- 
mani  Disquisitio  Anatomicas,"  and  other 
medical  works.  The  cavity  called  the 
Antriun  Higlimorianum,  in  the  superior 
maxilla,  takes  its  name  from  him.  B. 
161:5:  d.  Itis4. 

HILL,  Sir  Joiix,  a  voluminous  wri- 
ter, was  b.  in  1716,  at  reterborough. 
He  w;is  brought  up  as  an  apothecary, 
and  practised  as  a  physician  ;  wrote  nu- 
merous books  with  great  rapidity,  and 
was  the  inventor  of  several  lucrative 
quack  medicines.  Under  the  auspices 
of  the  earl  of  Bute  he  published  a  "  Sys- 
tem of  Botany,"  ancl  on  presenting  a 
copy  of  it  to  the  king  of  Sweden,  was 
invested  with  an  order  of  knighthood. 
He  also  published  a  supplement  to 
Chamber's  "Cyclopaedia,"  "Essays  on 
Katural  I"i.story  and  PhilosoT)hy,"  con- 
ducted a  periodical  called  "Tlie  Inspec- 
tor," and  wrote  several  novels,  farces, 
&c.  He  was  a  constant  attendant  on 
every  place  of  public  amusement;  and, 
being  a  satiric:d  "  busybodv,"  was  often 
involved  in  quarrels  with  tiie  wits  of  the 
day.  On  one  of  these  occasions  he  was 
cliaraeteristieally  hit  olf  by  Garrick  in 
the  Ibllowing  epigrammatic  couplet: — 

"  For  physic  and  fiirc-'B  liii  riviil  there  6  nrce  is ; 
His  lju-c«a  lire  physic,  his  physic  ii  fiirce  is." 

— Rowland,  the  venerable  minister  of 
Surrey  chapel,  was  b.  at  Ilawkstone, 
near  Shrewsbury,  in  1744.  At  the  time 
lie  quitted  the  university  the  celebrated 
George  Wliitefield  was  in  the  zenith  of 
lii.H  popularity ;  ^nd  so  congenial  to  his 
nature  was  that  extraordinary  preach- 
er's ninnnfr  and  doctrine,  that  he  quick- 
ly adopted  botli,  and  became  his  zealous 
oiaciple,  prosecuting  his  favorite  plan  of 


itinerancy,  preaching  in  the  streets  of 
Bristol,  on  the  quays,  or  among  the  col- 
liers at  Kingswoocl;  wherever,  in  fixet, 
he  could  gain  an  audience ;  but  resu- 
ming, at  stated  periods,  the  services  of 
the  London  and  Bristol  tabernacles.  In 
17S3  the  building  of  Surrey  chapel  was 
completed ;  and  from  that  time  to  the 
period  of  his  death,  an  interval  of  50 
years,  he  continued  to  pass  his  winters 
in  town  for  the  purpose  of  officiating 
there,  his  place  being  supplied  during 
the  summer  months  by  a  succession  of 
popular  ministers  from  the  country. 
His  writings  are  very  numerous,  the 
principal  of  which  is  entitled  "  Village 
Dialogues."  But  he  was  not  sparing  of 
wit,  humor,  or  sarcasm,  whenever  he 
could  make  either  subservient  to  his 
purpose,  as  was  strikingly  seen  in  a 
satirical  pamphlet  against  the  ministers 
of  the  established  church,  which  he 
published  anonymously,  under  the  title 
of  "  Spiritual  Characteristics,  bv  an  Old 
Observer."  D.  1833,  aged  88.— ^Robert, 
a  self-taught  genius  of  extraordinary 
merit,  was  b.  in  Hertfordshire,  in  1690, 
and  bred  a  tailor  and  staymaker.  By 
indefatigable  application  he  acquired  a 
sufficient  knowledge  of  the  Lntin,  Greek, 
and  Hebrew  languages,  to  be  able  to 
teach  them.  He  d.  at  Buckingham,  in 
1777.  He  wrote  "Remarks  on  the  Es- 
say on  Spirit,"  "The  Character  of  a 
Jew,"  and  "  Criticisms  on  Job." 

HILLHOUSE,  James  A.,  a  distin- 
guished poet,  b.  at  New  Haven,  Conn., 
where  he  passed  most  of  his  life.  His 
chief  productions  were  "  Hadad,"  a 
scriptural  drama;  "Percy's  Mask;" 
"Sachem's  Wood,"  and  several  spirited 
miscellaneous  pieces.  He  also  wrote 
considerably  in  prose,  but  no  sustained 
or  continuous  work.     D.  1840. 

IIILLI.VRD,  Nicholas,  a  portrait 
painter,  was  b.  in  1547,  at  Exeter.  He 
imitated  the  style  of  Hans  Holbein,  and 
became  goldsmith,  carver,  and  painter 
to  Queen  Elizabeth.  Among  his  best 
works  are  the  portraits  of  Elizabeth  and 
Marv,  queen  of  Scots.     D.  1010. 

Il'lLLTON,  Waltek,  a  Carthusian 
monk  of  the  monastery  of  Sheen,  in 
the  15th  century  ;  author  of  "  The  Scale 
or  Ladder  of  Perfection,"  and  to  whom 
also  lias  been  erroneously  attributed 
the  celebrated  book  "De  Imitatione 
Christi,"  written  by  Thomas  i,-Keinpis, 
or  by  Gerson. 

HILTIJX,  William,  an  eminent  En- 
glish artist.  On  the  death  of  the  great, 
tiiough  eccentric,  Fuseli,  Mr.  Hilton 
succeeded  him  as  keeper  of  the  Royal 


hob] 


CYCLOI'^UIA    OF    UIOGKAl'HV, 


497 


Academy,  and  in  that  important  office 
he  alily  and  iiidcfutijrahly  directed  and 
aided  the  students.     B.  1787;  d.  1840. 

Illl'PAKCliUS,  the  most  eminent 
nmong  the  ancient  astronomers,  was  a 
native  of  Nicaja,  in  Bithynia,  and  flour- 
i.shed  about  a  eentury  and  a  half  before 
the  C'iiristian  era.  He  resided  some 
time  in  the  island  of  lihodes,  wheneo- 
he  has  derived  the  appellation  of  Kho- 
dius  ;  but  he  afterwards  went  to  Alex- 
andria, at  that  time  the  irreat  school  of 
science.  lie  has  been  styled  tlie  patri- 
arch of  astronomy,  and  was  certainly 
the  first  who  treated  the  sublime  science 
in  a  philosopliic  manner.  He  discovered 
the  precession  of  the  equinoxes,  calcula- 
ted the  eclipses,  determined  the  revolu- 
tions and  mean  motions  of  the  planets, 
invented  the  stcrcographical  method  of 
projection,  numbered  and  catalogued 
the  fixed  stars,  and,  in  short,  by  his 
labors,  were  laid  the  solid  foundations 
of  geographical  and  trigonometrical  sci- 
ence. 

JIIPPIAS,  prince  of  Athens,  was  tlie 
son  of  Fisistratus,  at  whose  death  he 
as.sumed  the  government,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  his  brother  liipparchus-  but 
the  latter  being  assassinated  by  a  band 
of  conspirators,  while  conducting  a  sol- 
emn jiroeession  to  the  temple  of  Miner- 
va, Ilippias  immediately  seized  the  reins 
of  government,  and  revenged  the  death 
of  his  brother  by  putting  to  death  all 
of  whom  he  entertained  the  least  sus- 
picion. 

HIPPOCRATES,  the  most  eminent 
of  the  Greek  physicians,  and  deservedly 
Ptvled  the  father  of  mediciil  science,  was 
b.'in  the  isle  of  Cos,  460  n.  c,  and  d.  361 
B.  c.  His  memory  is  still  venerated  in 
his  native  island,  and  the  inhabitants 
show  with  pride  a  house  in  which  they 
say  he  resided. — Of  Chios,  a  celebrated 
geomctrieiah,  who  lived  about  500  n.  c., 
and  discovered  tlie  quadrature  of  the 
lunula,  which  bears  his  name. 

HIPPOLYTIS.  St.,  a  Christian  bish- 
op, who  sutfered  in  the  persecution  of 
Alexander  Severus,  a.».  230.  His  works 
in  Greek  and  Latin  were  printed  by  Fa- 
bric! us,  1710. 

ini'POXAX,  a  satiric  poet,  of  Ephe- 
sus,  who  lived  about  450  b.  c,  and  was 
cotemporary  with  Anacreon. 

IIOADLY,  Bknjamix,  a  celebrated 
prelate,  was  b.  at  Westerham,  in  Kent, 
in  167G.  He  soon  distinguished  him- 
pelf  as  a  champion  of  freedom,  in 
his  controversy  with  Calamy  and  Atter- 
bury  ;  and  was  recommended  by  the 
house  of  commons  to  Queen  Anne,  who 
42* 


promised  him  preferment,  but  wliieh  he 
did  not  obtain  from  her.  On  the  acces- 
sion of  George  I.,  he  was  nunie  bishop 
of  Bangor;  and  soon  afterwards  trans- 
lated to  Hereford.  In  1723  he  obtained 
the  bishopric  of  Salisbury,  and  in  1734 
he  becsmie  bishop  of  Winchester.  D. 
1761. — Benjamin,  eldest  son  of  the  jn-e- 
ceding,  was  physician  to  George  II.  and 
Frederic,  prince  of  "Wales.  He  pub- 
lished some  medical  and  philosopliical 
pieces ;  but  he  is  best  known  as  the 
author  of  "  The  Suspicious  Husband," 
a  comedy.     B.  1706  ;  d.  1757. 

HOAKE,  Sir  Richard  Colt,  an  emi- 
nent local  historian  and  topographer, 
was  the  eldest  son  of  Sir  Richard  Iloare, 
the  first  baronet,  and  b.  in  175S.  Tn 
1818  he  printed  for  private  circulation 
among  his  friends,  his  "  Recollections 
of  a  Classical  Tour."  Various  treatises 
on  antiquarian  and  other  kindred  sub- 
jects occasionally  came  from  his  pen ; 
but  his  great  Avork,  on  which  he  be- 
stowed the  utmost  care  and  attention, 
and  which  entitles  him  to  a  distin- 
guished place  in  the  first  rank  of  topo- 
graphical historians,  is  the  ". Ancient 
and  Modern  History  of  AViltshire," 
which  at  the  time  of  his  death  was  not 
quite  complete.     D.  1S38. 

IIOBART,  .John  Henrt,  was  b.  in 
Philadelphia  on  the  14th  of  September, 
1775.  lie  was  educated  at  the  college 
in  Princeton,  New  Jersey,  and  was 
noted  in  early  life  for  his  industry  and 
proficiency  in  his  studies.  On  leaving 
this  institution  he  was  engaged  a  short 
time  in  mercantile  pursuits,  was  subse- 
quently a  tutor  at  Nassau  hall,  and  after 
two  years'  service  in  this  eaiiacity  he 
determined  upon  the  study  of  theology. 
In  1798  he  was  admitted  into  orders, 
iind  was  first  settled  in  the  two  churches 
at  Perkiomcn,  near  Philadelphia,  but 
soon  alter  accepted  a  call  to  Christ 
eliureh.  New  Brunswick.  In  about  a 
year  he  removed  from  this  place  to 
become  an  assistant  minister  of  the 
largest  spiritual  cure  in  the  country, 
comprising  three  associated  congrega- 
tions in  the  city  of  New  York.  In  1811 
he  was  elected  assistant  bishop,  and  in 
1816  became  diocesan  of  New  York, 
and  in  performing  the  severe  duties  of 
the  office,  his  labors  were  indefatigable. 
From  ISIS  to  1823  he  was  employed  in 
editin-r  the  American  edition  of'  Mant 
and  D'Oyley's  bible,  with  notes.  In 
September,  1823,  the  state  of  his  health 
required  a  visit  to  Europe,  where  he 
remained  about  two  years.  He  d.  in 
1830.    Ho    was    incessantly    active    in 


498 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY: 


[hof 


performiug  his  reliijious  offices,  and 
made  several  valuable  compilations  for 
the  use  of  the  church. 

HOEBES,  TiioMiVs,  a  celebrated  phi- 
losopher and  politic;d  writer,  was  b.  iu 
15SS,  at  Maluiesbury,  Wilts;  was  edu- 
cated at  Matrdalen  hall,  Oxford  ;  and  in 
160S  became  tutor  to  a  son  of  the  earl 
of  Devonshire.  On  the  death  of  his 
patron  and  pupil,  he  became  travelling 
tutor  to  a  younfj  gentleman ;  but  the 
countess  dowager  of  Devonshire  re- 
c;illed  him  into  her  fomily,  to  take  upon 
hini  the  education  of  the  young  earl. 
In  102S  he  attended  the  earl  on  his 
travels,  and  at  Pisa  contracted  an  inti- 
macy with  Galileo.  In  1642  he  printed 
his  book,  "  Do  Give,','  vvliich  procured 
him  many  enemies  by  its  dangerous 
principles.  Soon  after  this  he  was  ap- 
pointed mathematical  tutor  to  the  prince 
of  Wales.  In  1650  appeared,  in  English, 
his  work  on  "  Human  Nature ;"  and 
one,  "De  Corpore  Politico,  or  the 
Elements  of  Law."  The  next  year  he 
published  his  stiU  more  famous  and 
obnoxious  book,  entitled  "  Leviathan." 
At  the  restoration  he  received  a  pen- 
sion ;  but  in  1665  the  parliament  passed 
a  censure  on  his  writings,  which  greatly 
alarmed  him.  Besides  the  works  which 
we  have  enumerated  above,  he  pub- 
lished "  Dc  Mirabilibus  Pecci,  or  the 
Wonders  of  the  Peak,"  a  poem ;  a 
translation  of  Homer;  "Elements  of 
Philosophy,"  a  "Letter  on  Liberty  and 
Necessity,"  "  Six  Lessons  to  the  Pro- 
fessors of  the  Mathematics,"  &c.  The 
latter  years  of  his  life  were  spent  at 
Chatsworth,  the  scat  of  the  earl  of  Dev- 
onsiiire,  where  he  d.  1679. 

HOBBIMA,  MixDERiiouT,  an  eminent 
Dutcli  landscape  painter,  b.  at  Antwerp, 
in  1611.  His  pieo.»  are  remarkable  for 
the  grace  and  beauty  of  their  execution, 
and  being  rare,  are  now  very  valuable. 

IIOCIIE,  Lazakus,  an  eminent  French 
general,  was  b.  in  176S,  at  Montreuil, 
near  Versailles,  where  his  father  was  an 
liostlcr.  In  1785  he  entered  tlie  army  ; 
was  made  a  corporal  of  grenadiers,  and 
having  passed  with  apjilause  through 
the  intermediate  gradations  of  rank, 
frequently  distinguishing  himself  by 
acts  of  bravery,  lie  was  raised  in  1793, 
to  the  conuaund  of  the  army  of  the 
Moselle,  wliere  he  had  to  contend  with 
the  duke  of  Brunswick,  and  was  several 
times  beaten.  He,  however,  succeeded 
better  when  engaged  with  the  Aus- 
trians,  whom  lie  drove  out  of  Alsace. 
In  1795  he  was  placed  at  the  head  of  the 
republican  army  in  La  Vendee.    In  this 


important  and  difficult  station  he  ac- 
quitted himself  well,  and  succeeded  in 
defeating  the  emigrants  at  Quiberon, 
and  in  induchig  the  royalists  to  yield 
obedience  to  the  government.  After 
having  been  sent,  in  the  winter  of  1796, 
as  commander  of  the  troops  in  the  ex- 
pedition to  Ireland,  and  from  which  he 
returned  in  disgrace,  he  was  appointed 
to  the  command  of  the  army  of  the  Sam- 
bre  and  Meuse,  and  had  already  gained 
considerable  advantages  when  his  career 
was  stopped  by  the  armistice  between 
Prince  Charles  and  Bonaparte.  D.  1797. 

HOFEK,  Andrew,  a  patriotic  leader 
of  the  Tyrolese,  was  b.  in  1765,  at  Pas- 
sayer ;  and  when  he  grew  up,  he  kept 
an  inn  there,  and  dealt  in  corn,  wine, 
and  cattle.  By  the  treaty  of  Presburg, 
the  Tyrol  was  transferred  to  the  king  of 
Bavaria ;  but  the  war  being  rekindled 
in  1809,  the  inhabitants  rose  in  a  mass 
to  drive  out  the  Bavarians,  and  again 
place  themselves  under  the  dominion 
of  Austria.  The  riches  and  influence 
of  Hofer,  his  athletic  form  and  decided 
character,  all  combined  to  induce  the 
insurgents  to  elect  him  their  chief. 
Every  thing  prospered  under  his  direc- 
tion. Almost  the  whole  country  was 
conquered,  and  8000  of  the  best  troops 
of  Bavaria  were  made  prisoners  by  the 
peasants.  Ilofer  now  appeared  upon 
the  Brenner,  and  became  the  idol  of  the 
Tyrolese.  He  was  preparing  to  restore 
to  the  closely  blockaded  and  sutfering 
Tyrol  a  communication  with  the  inte- 
rior of  the  imperial  states,  when  the 
battle  of  Wagram  was  succeeded  by  the 
armistice  of  Znaiin,  the  terms  of  which 
required  that  the  Austrians  should 
abandon  the  Tyrol  and  Vorall)erg  to  the 
vengeance  of  the  enemy.  The  gallant 
Hofer  concealed  himself  in  a  cave,  but 
soon  issued  from  his  retreat,  and  drove 
the  French  invaders  out  of  the  country. 
At  length,  however,  the  tide  of  victory 
turned ;  and  although  they  maintained 
a  glorious  struggle,  and  gained  many 
spKiudid  victories,  the  Tyrolese  were 
sulijugatcd,  and  Hofer  being  discovered, 
he  was  tried  bv  a  court-martial  at  Man- 
tua, and  shot,  Feb.  20,  1810.  After  his 
death  he  was  revered  by  his  country- 
men as  a  martyr,  his  family  were  in- 
demnified for  the  loss  of  their  property 
by  the  emjjcror  of  Austria,  ana  his  son 
was  ennoliled  by  him. 

HOFFMAN  or  HOFFMANN.  There 
were  several  (lermans  of  this  name  dis- 
tiniruished  for  their  medical  knowledge. 
— Maukk^e,  an  anatomist,  botanist,  and 
physician  ;  b.  in  1621,  at  Furstenwalie, 


hog] 


CYCLOPEDIA  Of  BIOGRAPHY', 


499 


in  Bradenburf?  ;  settled  in  Altorf,  where 
lie  lifld  the  professorships  ol'  anatomy, 
botany,  and  i)liysic  ;  was  the  discoverer 
of  the  pancreatic  duct;  and  d.  in  Ifi'jS. 
lie,  as  well  as  his  son,  Jonx  Maup.ice, 
wrote  several  works  on  various  medical 
subjects. — Fkehkric,  the  most  celebrated 
of  tiic  name,  was  b.  in  16(33,  at  Ilalle,  in 
Saxony,  where  his  father  was  also  an 
eminent  phvsician.  lie  studied  and 
lectured  at  ."lena,  and  afterwards  prac- 
tised at  Mindcn.  In  1684  he  visited 
England,  and  tbrined  an  acquaintance 
with  Boyle  and  other  men  of  science. 
On  the  establishment  of  the  university 
of  Ilalle,  lie  was  appointed  primary  pro- 
lessor  of  medicine  and  natural  ])hiloso- 
phy;  and  thrice  held  the  situation  of 
rector.  His  rcnutation  beinij  now  fully 
established,  ana  his  fame  widely  spread, 
he  was  elected  a  member  of  various 
BcientiHc  associations  in  London,  Berlin, 
and  Petersburg ;  and  appointed  phy- 
sician to  the  king  of  Prussia,  who  gave 
him  the  title  of  archiater  and  aulic 
counsellor,  with  a  liberal  salary.  His 
works  are  very  numerous ;  the  most 
important  being  his  "isysteina  Medi- 
einie  Kationalis"  and  "  ilediciiui  Con- 
sultatoria."  It  has  been  remarked  of 
liim,  that  as  a  theorist  his  suggestions 
were  of  great  value,  and  contributed  to 
introduce  that  revolution  in  the  science 
of  pathology,  which  subsequent  obser- 
vation has  extended  and  coiitirmed.  T>. 
1742.— Caspar,  another  German  physi- 
cian, was  a  native  of  Gotlia ;  wrote 
several  medical  works,  became  professor 
of  the  theory  of  medicine  at  Altorf,  and 
d.  there  in  1648. — Chuistopiiek  Lewis, 
also  a  physician,  was  b.  in  1721,  at 
Klieda.  in  Westpiialia.  He  distinguisiied 
himself  as  a  professional  writer,  and 
formed  a  new  system  of  medicine,  by 
eonibining  the  humoral  and  nervous 
pathology  ;  assuming  as  the  basis  of  his 
system,  the  sensibility  and  irritability 
of  the  solids,  and  the  corruption  of  the 
humors  as  the  principle  of  irritation. 
He  was  successively  physician  to  the 
bishop  of  Munster  and  the  electors  of 
Cologne  and  Ment;;.  T>.  1807. — Erxest 
TiiEonoRE  William,  a  (lernian  of  varied 
talents,  was  b.  at  Konigsbcrg,  in  1776. 
He  studied  the  law,  and  held  various 
iudiciul  appointments  in  Prussia;  till  his 
legal  career  was  interrupted  by  the  in- 
vasion of  Warsaw  by  the  French  in 
1806,  in  the  government  of  which  city 
he  had  l^een  a]ipoiiited  counsellor. 
Having  devoted  his  leisure  hours  to  the 
study  of  music,  and  being  at  the  same 
time  a  romance  -writer  and  an  artist,  he 


apnlied  himself  to  these  pursnits  in 
oraer  to  obtain  a  liveiihoou.  He  pos- 
sessed much  imagination  and  talent; 
but  he  was  an  intemperate  liver,  and 
sutl'ered  much  from  hypochondriacisin. 
Among  his  works  are,  "  The  Devil's 
Elixir,"  "The  Entail,"  "The  Adver- 
Siiry,"  &c. ;  all  displaying  a  singularly 
wild  and  romantic  imagination.  In  1816 
he  was  reinstated  as  counsellor  in  the 
court  of  judicature  in  Berlin,  and  d.  in 
1822. 

HOFLAND,  Barbara,  (widow  of  Mr. 
T.  C.  Hoeland,  landscape  painter,  who 
d.  in  184^,)  well  known  liy  her  numerous 
works,  written  principally  for  the  atnusc- 
ment  and  instruction  of  youth,  was  the 
dauglitcr  of  a  manufacturer  at  Sheffield, 
named  Wreaks,  where  she  was  b.  in  the 
year  1770.  She  commenced  her  literary 
career  in  1805,  by  the  publication  of  a 
volume  of  poeins,  by  subscription  ;  from 
the  proceeds  of  wliich  she  established 
herself  in  a  school  at  Ilarrovvgate,  at  the 
same  time  appearing  occasionally  as  a 
writer  of  moral  and  amusing  tales. 
Among  the  more  important  of  her 
works  are  "  Emilv,"  a  novel :  "  Bea- 
trice," "The  Unloved  One,"  "The  Son 
of  a  Genius,"  "  Tales  of  the  Priory," 
"Self-denial,"  "The  Merchant's  Wid- 
ow," "Decision,"  &c.     D.  1814. 

HOGAETIl,  William,  a  truly  great 
and  original  painter  of  life  and  manners, 
was  b.  in  London,  in  169S,  and  bound 
apprentice  to  an  engraver  of  arms  on 
silver  plate.  About  1720  he  set  up  for 
himself,  and  his  lirst  employment  was 
to  engrave  coats  of  arms  and  shop  bills. 
He  next  undertook  to  execute  plates  for 
booksellers,  the  chief  of  which  are  the 
prints  to  Iludibras.  His  first  perform- 
ance as  a  painter  was  a  representation 
of  Wanstead  Assembly,  the  portraits 
being  taken  from  life.  In  17-0  he  mar- 
ried a  daughter  of  Sir  James  Thornhill; 
shortly  after  which  he  cmhellished  the 
gardens  of  Vauxliall  with  some  excellent 
[taintings,  for  which  the  propietor  com- 
plimented him  with  a  perpetual  ticket 
of  admission.  In  1733  appeared  his 
"  Harlot's  Progress,"  prints  which 
stamped  his  reputation,  and  were  fol- 
lowed by  other  moral  histories  and  sa- 
tirical representations  of  vice  and  lolly, 
such  as  "The  Rake's  Progress,"  "  Mar- 
riage-a-la-Mode,"  "  Industry  an<l  Idle- 
ness," &e.,  all  admirably  executed.  Soon 
after  the  treaty  of  Aix-la-Chapelle  he 
went  to  France,  and  while  at  C'alais 
began  to  sketch  a  drawing  of  the  g.ite 
of  the  town,  for  which  lie  was  taken  up, 
but  was  soon  releaj-.ed.     On  his  return 


500 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[nOL 


ho  commemornted  the  affair  in  his  ex- 
cellent jtrint,  "O  the  Koast  Beef  of  Old 
Eugluud."  In  1753  he  published  his 
''  Analysis  of  Beauty,"  in  which  he  was 
assisted  by  Dr.  lloadly.  In  1757  he  be- 
came sergeant-painter  to  the  king;  but 
though  he  had  arrived  at  wealth  and 
eminence,  yet,  from  being  destitute  of 
the  advantages  of  a  liberal  education,  he 
was  inordinately  vain  of  his  talents,  and 
affected  to  despise  every  kind  of  knowl- 
edge which  he  did  not  possess.  He 
■was  also  remarkably  absent,  of  which 
the  following  is  an  instance :  On  setting 
up  his  carriage  he  paid  a  visit  to  the 
lord  mayor,  and  having  protracted  his 
stay  till  a  heavy  shower  came  on,  he 
was  let  out  by  a  different  door  from 
that  by  which  he  entered,  and  unmind- 
ful of  his  carriage,  he  set  off  on  foot, 
got  home  wet  to  the  skin,  and  when 
asked  where  he  had  left  the  carriage, 
said  that  he  had  forgotten  it.  D.  1702. 
HOGG,  James,  (the  Ettrick  Shepherd,) 
a  native  of  Scotland,  was  b.  January  25, 
17S2,  the  anniversary  of  the  natal  day 
of  Burns.  His  humble  occupation,  like 
that  of  his  ancestors,  "  time  out  of 
mind,"  was  that  of  a  shepherd  ;  nor  had 
he,  as  he  avers,  even  been  more  than 
half  a  year  .at  school.  At  the  age  of  18, 
however,  he  began  to  amuse  himself  in 
stringing  rustic  rhymes  together ;  and 
he  continued  to  tend  his  sheep,  and  to 
write  verses,  until  it  was  his  good  for- 
tune to  be  noticed  by  Sir  Walter  Scott, 
(who  had  seen  some  of  his  poetical  ef- 
forts,) which  induced  him  to  attempt 
Bomething  of  a  more  decided  chariicter. 
He  produced  an  "  Essay  on  Sheep," 
which  won  for  him  the  premium  given 
by  the  Highland  Society ;  and  wliich, 
added  to  the  success  of  a  volume  of 
ballads  he  had  shortly  before  published, 
under  the  title  of  "The  Mountain  Bard," 
led  him  to  hope  for  future  fame  and 
profit.  He  soon  afterwards  produced 
his  "  Forest  Minstrel,"  which  gained 
him  but  little  in  cither  sense  ;  and  it 
was  owinff  to  the  kindness  of  Scott  and 
Grieve,  that  his  pecuniary  dirticulties 
were  relieved.  It  was  not  until  the 
publication  of  the  "  Queen's  Wake" 
that  his  fame  was  established;  but  from 
that  time  he  was  considered  as  a  some- 
what popidar  author.  His  publications 
ore  numerous;  and  he  contributed  to 
some  of  the  Edinburgh  periodicals  of 
the  highest  literary  ciiaracter.  In  fact, 
it  was  from  the  repeated  mention  ot 
"the  Shepherd"  in  t'lc  "  Koctes"  of 
Blackwood,  that  his  name  attained  its 
chief  celebrity.  He  continued  the  friend 


and  companion  of  Sir  "Walter  Scott  until 
the  decease  o\'  the  latter.     D.  1S35. 

IIOIIENLOHE,  Alexander  Leopold, 
prince  of,  bishop  of  Sardica,  celebrated 
for  the  mmierous  miraculous  cures 
which  credulity  has  attributed  to  him, 
was  b.  at  Knpferzell,  17l.t4.  Destined 
from  his  infancy  for  the  church,  he 
passed  through  his  educational  course 
at  Vienna,  Berne,  and  EUwangen ;  in 
181G  he  entered  into  holy  orders  at 
Olmutz ;  and  after  a  journey  to  Kome, 
where  he  lived  chiefly  with  the  Jesuits, 
he  discharged  ecclesiastical  duties  at 
Bamberg  and  Munich,  to  the  satisfaction 
of  all  the  members  of  his  church.  In 
1820,  having  been  struck  with  the  cures 
which  the  prayers  ot'a  Badenese  peasant, 
M.irtin  Michel  by  name,  were  said  to 
have  effected  on  many  distinguished 
invalids.  Prince  Ilohenlohe  was  induced 
to  have  recourse  to  similar  means;  and 
having  healed  some  nervous  patients, 
he  was  soon  surrounded  by  a  host  of 
invalids,  eager  to  test  the  spiritual  pow- 
ers of  one  whose  fame  had  been  noised 
abroad  as  having  effected  fcures  which 
had  baflied  all  ordinary  medical  skill. 
As  in  most  similar  cases,  minor  was  far 
in  advance  of  the  truth ;  but  the  prince 
was  the  dupe  of  his  own  credulity;  and 
it  was  not  until  a  thorough  exposure  of 
the  whole  proceedings  was  given  to  the 
world  by  the  burgomaster  of  Bamberg, 
that  ho  abandoned  his  supernatural 
pretensions.  He  wrote  several  tracts 
and  sermons,  and  d.  at  Grosawaradin, 
in  Ilunsary,  1849. 

HOLBACH,  Taul  Thieert,  Baron 
von,  a  distinguished  natural  philoso- 
pher, was  b.  at  Heidelsheim,  in  the 
Palatinate,  1723.  His  house  was  long 
the  centre  of  attraction  to  all  the  savans 
of  Paris ;  he  contributed  to  the  Ency- 
clopedic numerous  articles  on  natural 
history,  politics,  and  philosophy ;  and 
i'cw  men  have  left  beliind  them  more 
enduring  memorials  of  taste,  skill,  and 
ability.     D.  1789. 

IKJLBEIN,  IIaxs,  or  John',  an  emi- 
nent painter,  was  b.  at  Basle,  in  1498, 
and  learned  tlic  dements  of  his  art  from 
his  father,  whom  he  soon  excelled.  His 
talents  procured  him  the  friendship  of 
Erasmus,  for  whose  "  Praise  of  Folly," 
he  drew  several  whimsical  designs.  At 
the  recommendation  of  Erasmus  ho 
went  to  England,  and  was  employed 
first  by  Sir  Thomas  More,  who  intro- 
duced him  to  Henry  Vlll.  lie  now 
rose  to  the  zenith  of  fortune  in  that 
monarch's  court,  and  ])ainted  a  vast 
number  of  portraits,  which  are  still  cou- 


no/.] 


CVCLOP.KDIA    OF    UlUGKAl'IIV. 


501 


fiiderod  masterpieces  of  art.  Some  of 
his  earlier  jirodiietions,  especiiilly  liis 
"  Dance  of  Death,"  are  also  verj-  cele- 
brated ;  and  lie  was  no  moan  proficient 
in  the  art  of  wood-ent,'raving',  many  of 
his  historical  paintings  having  been 
executed  by  hun  in  a  hitrhly  graphic 
Btylc.     D.  of  the  jilagne  in  1554. 

IIOLBKRG,  Louis,  baron  of,  a  popu- 
lar Danish  writer,  was  b.  at  lieriren,  in 
Norway,  in  11)^4.  His  father  liad  raised 
himself,  i)y  a  bold  achievement,  from 
the  ranks  to  the  otKce  of  colonel,  luit 
took  little  enrc  in  forming  the  mind  and 
character  of  his  son,  who  struggled  with 
great  difficulties  in  acquiring  learning. 
iBy  reading  the  accounts  of  travellers,  lie 
became  desirous  of  visiting  other  coun- 
tries; and  tliougli  straitened  in  circum- 
stances, he  travelletl  in  England,  Hol- 
land, France,  and  Italy ;  and,  on  his 
return  to  liis  native  country,  raised 
himself  to  fame,  fortune,  and  rank,  by 
liis  literary  talents.  He  laid  the  foun- 
dation of  his  fame  by  a  comic-heroic 
poem,  or  national  satire,  called  "  I'eder 
Paars."  He  also  wrote  numerous  dramas, 
romances,  fables,  and  epigrams,  all  of 
which  abound  with  wit,  humor,  and 
originality.  His  other  works  consist  of 
"The  Subterraneous  Travels  of  Nicho- 
las Kliinm."  an  "  Universal  History," 
"Parallel  Lives  of  Hlustrious  Men  and 
"Women,"  a  "  History  of  Denmark,"  &c. 
D.  1754. 

HOLCROFT,  Thomas,  a  dramatist, 
novelist,  and  miscellaneous  writer,  was 
the  son  of  a  London  tradesman,  and  b. 
in  1774.  He  at  first  followed  his  father's 
trade,  (that  of  a  shoemaker,)  then  be- 
came an  actor,  and  finally  directed  his 
talents  to  literary  pursuits.  It  was  as  a 
dramatist  that  ho  first  essayed  his  pow- 
ers; and,  between  1778  and  1806,  lie 
produced  more  than  thirty  pieces,  several 
of  which  were  successtuf,  and  some  still 
retain  possession  of  the  stage,  among 
Avliich  is  the  "Koad  to  Ruin."  On  the 
breaking  out  of  the  French  revolution, 
Ilolcroft  rendered  himself  obnoxious  as 
a  strenuous  supporter  of  liberal  princi- 
ples, and  was  accused  of  high  treason  in 
1704,  on  which  he  surrendered  himself; 
but,  owing  to  his  companions.  Hardy, 
Home  Tookc,  and  Thelwall,  being  a'c- 
oiiittcd,  he  was  not  brought  to  trial. 
Among  his  productions  are,  "A  Tour 
in  (ieri;.aiiy  and  France,"  several  novels, 
and  numerous  translations  from  the  Ger- 
man and  French.     D.  1809. 

HOLDSW(,)KTn,  Edward,  an  elegant 
writer,  was  b.  168S,  at  North  Stoneham, 
in  Hampshire,  of  which  parish  his  father 


was  rector.  He  was  the  author  of  "  Mus- 
cipula,"  a  Latin  poem,  written  with  clas- 
sical purity  ;  also  of  a  dissertation,  enti- 
tled "  Pharsalia  and  Philippi,  or  the  Two 
Pliilippi  in  VirgiPs  Georgics  explained." 
D.  174(5. 

HOLINSHED,  or  HOLINGSHED, 
Raphaei,,  an  English  chronicler,  of  the 
Elizabethan  age.  He  is  said  to  have 
been  descended  from  a  respectable  fam- 
ily in  Cheshire ;  and  from  his  own  will 
it  appears,  that  in  the  latter  jiart  of  hia 
life  he  was  a  steward  to  Thomas  Bur- 
det,  esq.,  of  Bromeote,  Warwickshire. 
The  "Chronicles  of  Holinshed"  were 
first  published  in  1577;  and  prefixed  to 
them  is  one  of  the  most  curious  and 
interesting  memorials  existing  of  the 
manners  and  domestic  history  of  the 
English  in  the  lOth  century.     D.  1582. 

HOLLAND,  Henry  Richakd  Vassal, 
Lord,  was  the  only  son  of  Stephen, 
second  Lord  Holland,  elder  brother  of 
the  Right  Hon.  Charles  James  Fox. 
During  his  parliamentary  career  he  was 
the  uncompromising  advocate  of  the 
Catholic  claims;  a  zealous  promoter  of 
every  endeavor  to  soften  the  asperities 
of  the  law  ;  and  an  assertor  of  popular 
rights  in  the  most  extensive  sense  of 
the  term.  When  the  Whig  party  came 
into  power  in  1830,  he  became  a  cabinet 
minister,  and  chancellor  of  the  duchy 
of  Lancaster.  During  his  lifetime,  Hol- 
land house,  presided  over  by  Lady  Hol- 
land, who  died,  1845,  wa.s  the  .most 
renowned  temple  of  wit  and  hospitality 
of  which  England  could  boast.  Lord 
Holland  left  behind  him  some  interest- 
ing "Foreign  Reminiscences,"  which 
were  pnblisiied  in  1850.     D.  1840. 

HOLLAR,  Wencesi.aus,  an  eminent 
Bohemian  engraver,  was  b.  at  Prague, 
1617.  He  was  brought  tc  England  in 
1636,  by  the  earl  of  Arundel,  on  his  re- 
turn from  the  embassy  to  Vienna ;  and, 
in  1640,  he  was  appointed  drawing-mas- 
ter to  the  prince  of  Wales  and  tlie  duke 
of  York.  His  "  Ornatus  Muliebris  An- 
glicanus"  is  lield  in  high  estimation,  as 
jiortraying,  with  great  correctness,  the 
fair  sex,  of  all  classes,  in  tlie  17th  cen- 
tury. 

HOLLES,  Denzil,  Lord,  one  of  the 
five  members  of  the  long  parliament 
who  were  demanded  by  King  Charles  I. 
when  he  went  to  the  house  of  commons. 
At  the  restoration  he  was  advanced  to 
the  peerasrc :  in  1663  he  was  sent  am- 
bassador to  France,  and  in  1667  was  one 
of  the  English  plenipotentiarios  at  Breda. 
Notwitiistanding  these  cmphyments,  he 
remained  a  zealous   friend    to  liberty; 


502 


CVCLOF.EDIA    OF    lUOGRAPHV. 


[not, 


nnd  when  the  politics  of  tlic  rciiru  tended 
to  mulvc  tlie  kina:  absolute.  Lord  Holies 
was  a  couspieuous  leader  of  the  opposi- 
tion.    1>.  IriSO. 

IIOLLEY,  Horace,  a  celebrated  pul- 
pit orator,  was  b.  in  Connecticut,  1781, 
and  graduated  at  Yale  college  in  17'jy. 
On  leaving  this  institution  he  began  the 
study  of  the  law,  which  he  soon  relin- 
quished for  divinity,  and  in  1805  was 
ordained  to  the  pastoral  charge  of 
Greenfield  hill,  Conn.  Hi  1809  he  was 
installed  over  the  society  in  HoUis-street, 
Boston,  where  he  remained  for  ten  years, 
when  he  accepted  an  invitation  to  be- 
come president  of  Transylvania  univer- 
sity, in  Kentucky.  Hi  this  situation  he 
continued  till  1827,  when  he  died  on  his 
passage  from  New  Orleans  to  New  York. 
Jiis  sermons  were  generally  extempora- 
neous, and  were  distinguished  for  power 
and  eloquence. 

HOLMAN,  Joseph  George,  a  drama- 
tist and  actor,  was  a  native  of  London, 
and  intended  for  the  church;  but  in 
1784  he  made  his  debut  at  Ooveut-gar- 
den  theatre.  He  afterwards  came  to 
America,  and  became  manager  of 
Charleston  theatre.  Among  his  dra- 
matic productions,  are  the  "Votary  of 
Wealth,"  a  comedy;  "Eed  Cross 
Knights,"  *'  Abroad  and  at  Home," 
&c.  Hia  death  was  remarkable  and 
melancholy,  taking  place  together  with 
that  of  his  second  wife,  two  days  after 
their  marriage,  by  yellow  fever,  in  1817. 
HOLMES,  Abiel,  a  divine  and  author, 
was  b.  in  Woodstock,  Conn.,  1768; 
graduated  at  Y'ale  college,  1783;  froth 
November,  178-5,  to  June,  1701,  was 
pastor  of  a  Congregational  church  at 
Midway,  Geo. ;  and  in  1792  he  became 
pastor  "of  the  First  church  in  Cambridge, 
Mass.,  where  he  remained  the  rest  of 
his  life.  His  most  eonsiderable  literary 
production,  entitled  "The  Annals  of 
America,"  is  one  of  the  most  valuable 
historical  publications  that  has  been 
written  in  this  country.     D.  1837. 

HOLT,  Fr.vncis  'Ludlow,  queen's 
counsel,  and  for  22  years  vice-chancel- 
lor of  the  county  y)alatine  of  Lancaster, 
was  called  to  the  bar  in  1809,  and  in 
1831  rose  to  the  rank  of  a  king's  counsel. 
He  was  the  author  of  several  legal  works 
on  the  law  of  libel,  shipping  and  navi- 
gation laws,  the  bankrupt  laws,  reports 
of  cases  at  nisi  prius,  (fee.  He  also  wrote 
one  or  two  dramatic  pieces ;  and  was  for 
manv  vears  the  principal  editor  of 
"  Ik-ll's'Weekly  Messenger."  D.lSti.— 
Sir  JoHNj  an  "eminent  English  judge, 
celebrated  tor  tirmness,  integrity,  and 


great  legal  knowledge,  was  b.  at  Thame, 
Oxfordshire,  lG-42.  "He  filled  the  office 
of  recorder  of  London  for  about  ayear 
and  a  half,  when  his  uncompromising 
opposition  to  the  abolition  ot  the  Test 
Act  caused  him  to  lose  his  situation. 
Becoming  a  member  of  the  lower  house, 
he  distinguished  himself  so  much  by  his 
exertions  and  talents  in  what  is  called 
the  "convention  parliament,"  that  on 
King  AVilliam's  accession  he  was  made 
lord^  chief  justice  of  the  King's  Bench; 
On  the  removal  of  Lord  Somers,  in  1700, 
he  was  offered  the  chancellorship;  but 
he  refused  it.     D.  1709. 

HOLTY,  Louis  Hexey  Christophep.,  a 
German  poet,  excelling  particularly  in 
lyrical  and  elegiac  compositions,  was  b. 
at  Mariensee,  1748.  He  was  of  a  mild 
and  pensive  disposition,  pursued  his 
studies  beyond  his  natural  strength, 
and  prematurely  d.  at  Gottingen,  1775. 

HOLYOAKE,  Francis,  a  learned  lex- 
icographer, was  b.  in  Warwickshire, 
about  15157,  and  d.  1G53.  His  "  Etymo- 
loarical  Dictionary  of  Latin  Words"  was 
first  printed  in  1606. — TnoM.\s,  his  son, 
was  doctor  in  divinity,  and  d.  in  1675. 
During  the  civil  wars  he  commanded  a 
troop  of  horse  in  the  king's  service,  al- 
though in  holy  orders,  and  on  the  failure 
of  the  royal  cause  he  practised  medicine 
for  a  subsistence  ;  but  at  the  restoration 
he  resumed  his  ecclesiastical  functions, 
and  obtained  church  preferment.  He 
enlarged  his  father's  dictionary,  which 
was  published  in  1677. 

HOLYOKE,  Edward  Augustus,  an 
American  physician,  b.  in  Essex  county, 
Mass.,  in  1728.  He  graduated  at  Har- 
vard college,  and  in  1749  began  to  prac- 
tise at  Salem ;  was  upwards  of  100  years 
old  when  he  died,  yet  it  is  said  he  was 
never  in  his  life  so  far  as  50  miles  from 
the  spot  where  he  was  born.  Even  after 
lie  had  attained  uis  100th  year  he  took 
interest  in  the  investigation  of  medical 
subjects,  and  wrote  letters  which  show 
that  liis  understanding  was  still  clear 
and  strong.  Dr.  Holyoke  was  a  good 
anatomist;  was  versed  in  natural  phi- 
losophy and  astronomy ;  and  regularly 
recorded  his  meteorological  observations 
daily  for  80  years.     D.  1829. 

HOLY  WOOD,  John,  or,  according  to 
his  Latinized  appellation,  De  SACitonos- 
oo,  was  an  Entrhsh  mathematician  and 
divine,  b.  at  Halifax,  in  Yorkshire.  Af- 
ter receiving  his  education  at  Oxford,  he 
went  to  Tans,  where  he  taught  math- 
ematics, and  d.  in  1256.  He  wrote  "  De 
Si>hfEra  Mundi,"  "  De  Anni  Kat'oiie," 
and  "  De  Algorismo." 


.X] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


503 


HOME,  David,  t\  Scotch  divine,  wlio 
wiis  oiiii)loycd  by  James  I.  to  bring  tlic 
rrotoslant-s  of  Europe  into  one  confes- 
sion. Ho  wrote  "  Apologia  Basilica, 
sen  Macliiavclli  Ingeaiiun  Examina- 
tuin,"  "  L'Assassinat  dii  Roi,"  &c. — Sir 
Evi-.UARi),  an  eminent  surgeon,  was  the 
h-on  of  Robert  Home,  esq.,  of  Greenlaw 
ciustlo,  in  the  county  of  JBerwick ;  and 
was  brought  up  to  the  profession  under 
his  brother-in-law,  the  celebrated  John 
Hunter.  For  a  period  of  more  than  40 
years  he  practised  with  great  success  in 
London;  and  during  that  time  he  pro- 
duced numerous  medical  works,  which 
are  held  in  high  repute.  He  was  ser- 
geant-surgeon to  the  king,  surgeon  to 
Chelsea  hospital,  vice-president  of  the 
Royal  Society,  president  of  the  Eoyal 
College  of  Surgeons,  and  was  created  a 
barouet  in  1813.  Among  his  works  are, 
"  Lectures  on  Comparative  Anatomy," 
and  '•  Practical  Observations"  on  a  vari- 
ety of  diseases,  consisting  of  several 
volumes ;  besides  numerous  valuable 
contributions  to  the  "Philosophical 
Transactions,"  &c.  B.  1756;  d.  1832. 
— Hexuv,  Lord  Kames,  a  Scottish  judge 
and  eminent  writer,  b.  in  the  year  Itj'JG. 
Mr.  Home's  success  at  the  bar  was  not 
great,  till  his  abilities  were  known  by 
the  publication  of  his  ''Remarkable  De- 
cisions of  the  Court  of  Session,  from  ITlt) 
to  1718,"  which  happened  in  172S. 
From  tliat  period  he  practised,  with 
mucli  respectability  and  success,  till  the 
year  1752,  when  he  was  called  to  the 
bench.  Eleven  years  afterwards  he  was 
appointed  one  ot  the  lords  of  justiciary, 
ludependent  of  various  judicial  works, 
lie  wrote  '•  Essays  concerning  British 
Antiquities,"  "Essays on  the  Principles 
uf  Morality  and  Natural  Religion,"  "An 
Introduction  to  the  Art  of  Thinking." 
and  "  Elements  of  Criticism."  Notli- 
iiig  further  came  from  his  pen  till  1772, 
\vlien"The  Gentleman  Farmer"  made 
its  appearance ;  and,  the  following  year, 
••  Sketches  of  the  History  of  Man."  The 
last  work  he  published  was  "  Loose 
Hints  upon  Education,  chielly  concern- 
•ng  tlic  Culture  of  the  Heart."  D.  1782. 
— Jon.v,  the  autlior  of  the  popular  tra- 
gedy of  "Douglas,"  was  b.  near  An- 
erum,  Koxburghshire,  in  1724,  and 
Cilucated  for  the  church  ;  but  in  the  re- 
bellion of  1745  he  entered  into  the  royal 
armv,  and  was  taken  prisoner  at  the 
battle  of  Falkirk.  He  contrived,  how- 
ever to  make  his  escape,  and  in  1750 
was  ordained  as  minister  of  Atlidstanc- 
ford,  in  East  Lothian.  His  trauedy  of 
"  Douglas"  was  performed  at  Edinburgh 


in  175G,  and  gave  such  offence  to  th« 
presbytery  that  the  author,  to  avoid  ec- 
L'lesiastical  censure,  resigned  his  living, 
and  ever  after  appeared  and  acted  as  a 
layman.  He  obtained  some  trifling  gov- 
ernment appointments,  and  wrote  four 
other  plays,  whicli,  however,  failed  to 
attract,  ills  "  History  of  the  Rebellion 
of  1745-G,"  also  disai>pointed  the  public 
e.vueetation.     D.  18u8. 

HOMER,  the  father  of  poetry.  Of  the 
birth  of  this  immortal  bard,  and  of  the 
circumstances  of  his  death — of  his  pa- 
rentage and  descent,  nay,  even  of  liis 
actual  existence — all  is  involved  in  doubt 
and  fable.  Seven  cities  disputed  fortiie 
honor  of  being  his  birthplace  :  Smyr- 
na, Colophon,  Chios,  Argos,  Alliens, 
Rhodes,  and  Salamis  :  the  probability  is 
that  he  was  an  Asiatic  Greek,  and  flour- 
ished in  the  9th  centurv  b.  c. 

HONDEKOETER,  Giles  ;  GrsuREcnT, 
his  son ;  and  Melchior,  his  grandson; 
three  Flemish  artists  of  the  ItJth  and 
17th  centuries.  The  first  excelled  in 
landscape  painting ;  the  second  in  de- 
lineating birds ;  and  the  last,  who  was 
by  far  the  most  celebrated  of  the  three, 
combined  the  powers  of  the  former  two, 
and  painted  with  great  elegance  and  ac- 
curaev. 

HONDIUS,  Abraham,  a  Dutch  artist, 
of  considerable  ability,  particularly  in 
his  hunting  pieces ;  he  also  painted 
"  The  Destruction  of  Troy,"  in  a  man- 
ner which  has  obtained  lor  him  the 
highest  praise.  He  went  to  England, 
and  d.  lt>91. 

HONE,  Nath.^niel,  a  celebrated 
painter  in  enamel,  was  a  native  of  Dub- 
lin, but  came  to  London  early  in  life, 
and  was  one  of  the  first  members  of  the 
Eoyal  Academy.  D.  1784. — William, 
the  son  of  a  dissenter  at  Bath,  became 
conspicuous  as  the  publisher  of  a  scries 
of  parodies,  in  which  such  irreverent  use 
was  made  of  the  liturgy,  that  the  gov- 
ernment felt  bound  to  prosecute  him. 
He  was  tried  on  three  charges,  and  de- 
fended himself  for  three  days  with  con- 
siderable ability,  and  witheq\ial  courswre 
and  temper  ;  and,  as  the  government  of 
that  day  was  in  ill  odor  with  that  largo 
party  in  whom  the  reforming  spirit  nt 
that'tiiiic  was  rife,  a  verdict  was  return- 
ed in  his  favor,  lie  subsequently  had  a 
large  sum  suliscribed  lor  liim,  by  per- 
sons who,  we  presume,  must  have  en- 
tertained sentiments  similar  to  those  of 
the  "  persecuted  but  triumphant  cliam- 
pion  of  the  press."  His  publications 
were  the  "Every-Day  Book"  and  tiie 
•'  Year  Book."    This  business,  however. 


504 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


did  not  sueceed,  and  Mr.  Hone  became 
much  involved.  Being  led  to  attend  the 
ministry  of  Mr.  Binney  at  the  Weigh- 
house,  iiid  character  became  changed  ; 
and  the  new  religious  connection  result- 
ed in  bis  becoming  subeditor  of  the 
'•Patriot;"  this  he  continued  till  his 
death,  which  took  place  in  November, 
1842. 

HOOD,  RoBix,  a  celebrated  English 
outlaw  of  the  12th  century— whose  per- 
sonal courage,  skill  in  archery,  boldness 
of  enterprise,  and  generous  disposition, 
have  rendered  his  name  famous  in  the 
legendary  history  of  that  country — lived 
in   Sherwood   forest,   in    Nottingham- 
shire.    The  heads  of  his  story,  as  col- 
lected  by  Stowe,    are   briefly  these : — 
"In  this" time  (about  the  year  1190,  in 
the  reign  of  Kiehard  I.)  were  mnny  rob- 
bers and  outlaws,  among  whom  Kobin 
Hood  and  Little  John,  renowned  thieves, 
continued  in  the  woods,  despoiling  and 
robbing  the  goods  of  the  rich.    They 
killed  none  but  such  as  would  invade 
them,  or  by  resistance  for  their  own  de- 
fence.    The  said  Eobin  entertained  100 
tall  men  and  good  archers,  with  such 
spoils  and  thefts  as  he  got,  upon  whom 
400  (were   they  ever  so  stronsr,)  durst 
not   give   the  "onset.     He   sulfered  no 
woman   to    be   oppressed,   violated,    or 
otherwise  molested ;  poor  men's  goods 
he  spared,  abundantly   relieving  them 
with  that  which  by  theft  he  got  from 
abbeys    and    the    houses    of   rich    old 
carles."     D.  1247.— Sajicel,   Lord  Vis- 
count, the  son  of  a  clergyman  at  Thorn- 
combe,  in  Devonshire,  was  b.  there  in 
1724,  and  entered  the  royal  navy  at  the 
age  of  16.    By  his  bravery  in  the  cap- 
ture of  a  fifty-gun  ship,  in  1759,  he  ac- 
quired the  rank  of  post-captain ;  and 
he  was  present,  as  rear-admiral,  at  the 
famous  defeat  of  De  Grasse,  by  Eodney, 
April  12tb,  1782,  when  his  services  on 
that  occasion  were  rewarded  with  an 
Irish  peerage.    In  17S4  he  was  elected 
into   parliament  for  Westminster ;  but 
in   1768  he  vacated  his  seat   on  being 
named  one  of  the  lords  of  the  admiralty. 
In   1793   he  signalized  himself  by   the 
taking  of  Toulon,  and  afterwards  Cor- 
Bica ;  in  reward  of  which  achievements 
be  wa.s  made  a  viscount,  and  governor 
of    Greenwich    hospital.      D.    1816.— 
Thomas,  a  poet,  humorist,  and  miscel- 
laneous writer,  the  son  of  Mr.  Hood, 
bookseller,  was  at  first  a  clerk,  and  then 
an  engraver,  and  at  length  we  find  him 
contributing  to,  and  in  part  editing,  the 
"  London  Magazine."     But  his  connec- 
tion with  the  press  became  more  pub- 


[hoo 


licly  known  by  the  occasional  appearance 
of  his  name  to  various  clever  and  whim- 
sical tritles,  which  enlivened  the  pages 
of  some  of  the  most  popular  among  the 
weekly  and  monthly  periodicals.  After 
this  came  his  "  Whims  and  Oddities," 
"National  Tales,"  "Comic  Annuals," 
"Whimsicalities,"  "The  Plea  of  the 
Midsummer  Fairies,"  "Tylney  Hall," 
"  Up  the  Rhine,"  &c.  Much,  however, 
as  we  have  admired  his  abilities  as  a 
punster  and  a  satirist,  and  heartily  a.s  we 
have  laughed  at  his  original  sketches, 
droll  allusions,  and  grotesque  similes ; 
much  as  we  esteem  the  man  of  wit  who 
can  "shoot  folly  as  it  flies," _  without 
indulging  in  personalities,  or  inflicting 
pain  on  any  but  the  worthless,  we  can 
still  both  admire  and  esteem  him  more, 
when,  with  true  pathos,  he  fixes  the  at- 
tention of  the  reader,  and  commands 
the  best  sympathies  of  man's  nature,  by 
compositions  so  simple,  eloquent,  and 
forceful  as  "  The  Song  of  the  Shirt." 
B.  1708  ;  d.  1845. 

HOOGSTPvATEN,  David  van,  a 
Dutch  poet  and  critic,  b.  at  Rotterdam, 
in  1668;  became  professor  of  the  belles 
lettrea  at  Amsterdam,  wrote  several 
good  poems,  in  the  Latin  language,  and 
otherwise  displayed  considerable  claii- 
sical  attainments.     D.  1724. 

IIOOGVLIET,  Arnold,  a  Dutch  poet, 
b.  in  1687.  His  chief  fame  rests  on  a 
poem  entitled  "  Abraham  the  Patri- 
arch," wliich  is  admired  for  the  beauty 
of  its  style  and  imagery.     D.  1763. 

HOOK,  James,  a  musical  composer, 
of  great  industry  and  tiilent,  was  b.  at 
Norwich,  in  1746.  Ilis  operatic  and 
melodramatic  productions  amount  to 
more  than  140  complete  works,  many 
of  which  were  higlily  successful;  he 
also  set  to  music  upwards  of  2000  songs. 
D.  1827. — Dr.  James,  dean  of  Worcester, 
son  of  the  preceding,  was  an  accom- 
plished scholar,  and  an  able  dignitary 
of  the  church.  Besides  some  dramas, 
which  he  wrote  early  in  life,  he  pub- 
lished, in  1820,  "An^uis  in  Ilerba;  a 
Sketch  of  the  true  Character  of  the 
Church  of  England  and  her  Clergy," 
which  he  inscribed  "  To  the  sober  sense 
of  his  country."  Few  writers,  indeed, 
surpassed  Dr!^  Hook  as  a  polemical  or  a 
political  pamphleteer.  D.  1828.--Theo- 
DoRE  EnwARD,  a  celebrated  novelist  and 
dramatic  writer,  but  more  celebrated  for 
his  surpassing  wit  and  extemporaneous 
powers,  was  the  youngest  son  of  James 
llook.  He  was  "b.  in  London,  in  1783. 
At  17  he  produced  his  first  drama, 
"  The   Soldier's   Return."    which    was 


CYCLOP.EDIA    OK    BIOGRAPIIY, 


UOP] 


speedily  followed  by  "Catch  him  who 
can,''  '•Tekeli,"  "Killing  no  Murder," 
and  nine  other  dramatic  pieces,  nearly 
all  of  which  were  decidedly  successful. 
These,  with  a  host  of  piquant  articles  in 
the  "  Satirist  Magazine,"  and  other  pe- 
riodicals, were  hit  oft'  before  he  reached 
Ills  2.")tli  year.  In  Oct.,  1S13,  he  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  offices  of  accountant-gen- 
eral and  treasurerof  the  Mauritius,  which 
he  held  till  Feb.,  1818,  when  it  was  dis- 
covered that  there  was  a  deficiency  in  the 
military  chest  of  £12,000,  abstracted,  us 
it  afterwards  appeared,  by  his  deputy, 
who,  on  the  accounts  being  about  to  be 
investigated,  destroyed  himself;  but 
Mr.  Hook,  as  a  matter  of  course,  was 
made  answerable  for  the  acts  of  his 
subordinate,  lie  was  accordingly  sent 
home,  his  effects  were  seized  and  sold, 
and  he  became  for  a  considerable  time 
an  inmate  of  the  King's  Bench.  The 
first  series  of  "Sayings  and  Doings" 
appeared  in  182-i.  Other  novels,  as 
"Jack  Brag,"  "Births,  Deaths,  and 
Marriages,"  "Gilbert  Gurney,"  &c., 
followed  at  short  iutervds.  He  also 
wrote  "  Memoirs  of  Sir  David  Baird" 
and  of  "Michael  Kelly,"  the  composer. 
But  not  a  little  of  his  notoriety  arose 
from  his  connection  with  the  "John 
Bull,"  of  which  he  was  editor  as  well  as 
a  joint  proprietor ;  and  from  his  pen 
proceeded  most  of  those  bold  political 
articles,  racy  sketches  of  men  and  man- 
ners, smart  poems,  and  epigrannnatic 
jeux  d'esprit,  which  for  so  long  a  time 
distinguished  that  ultra-tory  paper. 
For  the  last  few  years  he  was  the  editor 
of  the  "  New  Monthly  Magazine."  D. 
1841. 

HOOKEE,  John,  a  learned  antiquary, 
was  b.  at  Exeter,  1524.  He  wrote  a 
"Description  of  Exeter,"  and  some 
part  of  "  Ilolingshcd's  Chronicle,"  be- 
sides other  pieces.  D.  1601. — Eichard, 
an  eminent  English  divine,  author  of 
an  excellent  work,  entitled  "  The  Laws 
of  Ecclesiastical  Polity,"  was  b.  at  Ileavi- 
tree,  near  Exeter,  in  1553,  and  d.  at 
Bishop's  Bourne,  Kent,  of  which  place 
he  was  rector,  in  1600. 

HOOLE,  John,  a  dramatic  poet  and 
translator,  was  b.  in  1727.  lie  was  a 
clerk  in  the  India  House,  but  devoted 
his  leisure  hours  to  literary  pursuits, 
particularly  the  study  of  the  Italian  lan- 

fuage,  of  which  he  acquired  a  great 
nowledge,  as  appears  by  his  excellent 
translations  of  Anosto's  '"  Orlando  Fu- 
rioso,"  and  Tasso's  "  Jerusalem,"  into 
English.  He  also  published  two  vol- 
umes of  the  dramas  of  Metastasio,  and 
43 


505 


was  the  author  of  three  tragedies,  viz., 
"Cvrus,"  "Timanthes,"  and  "Cleo- 
niee."     D.  1803. 

HOOPER,  William,  a  signer  of  the 
declaration  of  independence,  was  b.  in 
Boston  in  1742,  and  was  graduated  at 
Harvard  college,  in  1760.  He  engaged 
in  the  study  of  the  law,  and  removing 
to  North  Carolina  commenced  the  prac- 
tice of  his  profession  in  that  province. 
In  1774  he  v.-as  elected  a  delegate  to  the 
general  congress  which  met  at  Philadel- 
phia. In  1776  he  was  a  third  time  dele- 
gate to  congress,  but  in  the  following 
year  was  obliged  to  resign  his  seat  in 
consequence  of  the  embarrassment  of 
his  private  affairs.     I).  1790. 

HOPE,  John,  a  physician  and  natu- 
ralist, b.  at  Edinburgh,  1725,  was  pro- 
fessor of  botany  and  the  materia  medica 
in  his  native  city,  and  in  1761  was  ap- 
pointed botanist  to  the  king,  and  super- 
intendent of  the  botanic  garden.  D. 
1786. — Thomas,  an  English  gentleman 
of  large  fortune,  distinguished  by  his 
talents  and  patronage  of  the  fine  arts, 
was  the  nephew  of  a  rich  merchant  of 
Amsterdam.  In  1805  he  first  appeared 
as  an  author,  by  publishing  a  work,  en- 
titled "  Household  Furniture  and  In- 
ternal Decorations;"  this  was  tbUowcd 
by  two  elegant  publications,  "The  Cos- 
tumes of  the  Ancients,"  and  "Designs 
of  Modern  Costume;"  but  his  great  per- 
formance was  "  Anastasius,  or  Memoirs 
of  a  Modern  Greek,"  which  appeared 
anonymously  in  1819,  and  was  for  some 
time  very  generally  ascribed  to  Lord 
Byron.  Another  work  of  a  metaphysi- 
cal nature,  has  been  published  since  his 
death,  entitled  "The  Origin  and  Pros- 
pects of  Man."     D.  1831. 

HOPITxVL,  Michael  de  l',  was  an 
eminent  chancellor  of  France,  to  which 
high  station  he  rose  throuirh  the  zeal, 
ability,  and  integrity  he  displayed  in 
the  various  offices  he  before  filled.  He 
was  b.  in  1505;  studied  jurisprudence 
in  the  most  celebrated  universities  of 
France  and  Italy ;  rose  rapidly  in  his 
profession,  and  was  sent  by  Henry  II. 
as  ambassador  to  the  council  of  Trent. 
In  1554  he  was  made  superintendent  of 
the  royal  finances,  when,  by  his  good 
management,  and  his  inflexible  disre- 
gard of  those  rapacious  favorites  of  the 
court  who  battened  on  the  public  purse, 
he  restored  the  exhausted  treasury.  He 
was  a  sincere  friend  to  religious  tolera- 
tion, and  the  principal  author  of  thft 
edict  of  1562,  which  allowed  freedom  of 
worship  to  Protestants.  "When  the 
atrocious  massacre  of  the  Protestants, 


506 


CVCLOP^DIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[hok 


on  Bartholomew's  Day,  1572,  was  at  its 
height,  and  his  frieuds  thoujht  he 
would  be  made  one  of  its  victims,  he 
not  only  rct'iised  to  take  measures  for 
his  own  safety,  but,  when  a  party  of 
liorsemen  advanced  towards  his  house, 
lie  refuse  to  close  his  trates.  They  were, 
iu  fiict,  dispatched  by  the  queen  with 
express  orders  to  save  him.  He  sur- 
vived this  event  a  lew  months  only, 
dying  in  1.573. — William  Francis  An- 
THoNr  HE  l\  marquis  de  St.  Mesme,  a 
celebrated  French  mathematician,  was 
the  son  of  a  general  in  the  army,  and  b. 
1>361.  Such  was  his  reputation  for 
mnthemalical  science,  that  the  profound 
Iluygens  did  not  disdain  to  apply  to 
him  for  information.  He  wrote  several 
works  on  conic  sections,  equations,  &c. 
D.  1704.^ 

HOPKINS,  Lemuel,  an  American 
physician  and  author,  b.  at  Waterbury, 
Conn.,  1750.  He  introduced  the  anti- 
phlogistic regimen  and  practice  in  feb- 
rile diseases,  and  was  not  less  assiduous 
than  he  was  skilful  as  a  practitioner; 
while,  as  a  literary  man  he  successfully 
distinguished  himself  by  various  politi- 
cal tracts  and  satires,  written  with  a 
view  to  give  a  tone  to  the  public  feeling 
in  favor  of  the  administration  of  Wash- 
ington. D.  1801. — Samuel,  founder  of 
the  sect  called  Hopkinsians,  was  b.  at 
AVaterbury.  Conn.,  in  1721.  He  was  a 
pious  and  zealous  man,  with  considcra- 
t)le  talents,  and  almost  incredible  powers 
of  application;  but  his  theological  opin- 
ions have  given  rise  to  much  contro- 
versy. He  published  numerous  ser- 
mons, a  ''Treatise  on  the  Millennium," 
&e. ;  and  earnestly  advocated  the  aboli- 
tion of  slavery.  From  the  year  1769  he 
presided  over  a  congregation  at  New- 
port, K.  I.,  where  he  d.  in  1803. — Ste- 
phen, one  of  the  signers  of  the  declara- 
lion  of  independence,  wius  b.  in  1707,  in 
that  part  of  Providence  which  now 
forms  the  town  of  Scituate.  In  1732  he 
was  elected  a  representative  to  the  gen- 
eral assembly  from  Scituate,  and  was 
chosen  speaker  to  that  body  in  17-11.  In 
1751  he  was  appointed  chief  justice  of 
the  superior  court  of  Ehode  Island; 
and,  in  175'),  was  elected  its  governor; 
w;i.s  several  times  chosen  a  member  of 
congress,  and  d.  in  1785.  He  was  a  clear 
and  convincing  speaker,  and  a  good 
roathematician ;  and  though  he  had  re- 
ceived but  a  very  limited  education,  his 
knowledire  of  literature,  science,  and 
political  economy  was  varied  and  cxten- 
Bive. — William,  an  Knglish  divine,  b. 
At  Evesiiam,  Worcestershire,  in  1647, 


was  a  celebrated  antiquary.  He  assisted 
Bishop  Gibson  iu  his  edition  of  the 
"  Saxon  Chronicle,"  and  was  the  trans- 
lator of  the  article  '•Worcestershire," 
in  Camden's  "Britannia."  In  1675  lie 
was  promoted  to  a  prebend  iu  Worces- 
ter cathedral ;  lield  the  mastersliip  of 
St.  Oswald's  hospital;  and  d.  1700.— 
William,  was  the  author  of  ''An  ^Vp- 
peal  to  Common  Sense ;"  and,  though 
openly  professing  Aiian  principles,  lield 
tlie  rectory  of  Bolney,  iu  Susses,  till 
his  death,  in  1786. 

IIOPKINSON,  Francis,  an  eminent 
author,  and  one  of  the  signers  of  the 
declaration  of  independence,  was  b.  at 
Philadelphia,  in  1738.  His  father  was 
the  intimate  friend  and  scientific  coad- 
jutor of  Franklin.  After  graduating  at 
the  college  of  Philadelphia,  and  m.akiug 
the  law  his  study,  Francis  visited  En- 
gland, the  country  of  his  parents'  birth, 
and,  in  a  few  years  after  his  return,  en- 
tered consrress  as  a  delegate  from  New 
Jersc}'.  He  produced  many  satires  and 
ironical  pieces,  such  as  the  "Prophecy," 
the  "  Political  Catechism,"  &e.,  tending 
to  ridicule  the  ol  1  country  ;  while,  at  the 
same  time,  he  directed  his  efforts  against 
the  ribaldry  of  the  newspapers,  and  the 
exaggerations  and  prejudices  with  which 
tlie  federal  constitution  w.as  at  first  as- 
sailed. After  his  retirement  from  con- 
gress, he  was  appointed  judge  of  the 
admiralty  for  Pennsylvania,  and  d.  in 
1791.  Among  his  works,  tlie  greater 
part  of  which  are  of  a  political  charac- 
ter, there  are  many  sound  essays  and 
scientific  papers,  acute  and  learned  judi- 
cial decisions,  and  a  variety  of  songs, 
possessing  much  sweetness  and  deli- 
cacy, which  were  rendered  still  more 
popular  Ijy  the  airs  he  composed  for 
them. 

HOPPNf^R,  Jon>f,  an  ingenious  por- 
trait and  landscape  painter,  chiefly  ex- 
celling in  females  and  children,  was  b. 
175?,  and  d.  ISIO.  As  the  author  of  a 
metrical  translation  of  "  Oriental  Tales," 
and  in  other  literary  performances,  he 
also  distiniruished  himself. 

HOE  ATI  US  FLACCUS,  QuiNTus,  or 
HORACE,  one  of  the  most  eminent, 
and  certainly  the  most  popular  and  ele- 
gant of  the  Roman  poets,  was  b.  at  Ve- 
nusium,  a  city  lying  on  the  borders  of 
Lucania  and  Apulia,  65  b.  'i.  His  father, 
although  following  the  ca.lincf  of  a  tax- 
gatherer,  was  a  man  of  elevated  and 
liberal  sentiments,  and  took  the  greatest 
pains  in  ijrovidinsr  for  his  education.  At 
the  age  of  20  years  he  went  to  Athens  to 
complete  his  studies ;  and  while  there, 


hor] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOORAPHV. 


507 


Marcus  Brutus  passint,'  tlironjli  the  city 
oil  lii.s  wiiy  to  Alaccdonia,  Horace,  ac- 
companied by  otlicr  Komaii  youths, 
joined  the  jirniy ;  became  a  lejrionary 
tribune  ;  roug:lit  in  tlic  last  battle  for  the 
freedom  of  Rome  at  I'hilippi,  and  saved 
liimself  by  flight.  Thou<?n  he  saved  his 
Hfe,  he  forfeited  his  estate,  and  was  re- 
chiced  to  srreat  want,  till  Virgil  introdu- 
ced him  to  Micccnas,  by  whose  interest 
he  recovered  his  j^atrimony.  Augus- 
tus now  became  his  friend,  and  ottered 
to  make  him  his  secretary,  which  Horace 
declined.  When  Maecenas  was  sent  to 
Brundusium,  to  conclude  a  treaty  be- 
tween Au(?ustua  and  Antony,  he  took 
witli  him  Horace,  Virg-il,  and  other  lit- 
erary friends ;  and,  not  long  after,  his 
munificent  patron  pre?  ented  him  with 
the  Sabine  villa;  to  wliich,  having  wit- 
nessed such  striking  examples  of  the 
instability  of  fortune,  hi  witlidrew  from 
the  tumult  at  Kome,  preferring  retire- 
ment to  a  more  brilliant  life.  His  odes 
are  models  of  that  kinr,  of  composition, 
and  his  epistles  and  satires  abound  with 
acute  and  vivacious  observations  on  life 
and  manners  ;  while  hi  j  "  Ars  Foetica," 
so  often  quoted,  evinces  great  taste,  and 
is  remarkable  for  a  species  of  graceful 
negligence.     D.  9  b.  c. 

HORN,  Charles  Epward,  the  best 
English  melodist  of  modern  times,  the 
son  of  C.  F.  Horn,  a  German  musician, 
was  b.  in'  London,  178G.  At  the  preco- 
cious age  of  six,  he  showed  evident 
signs  of  n  taste  for  composition,  his 
skill  at  improvisation  arresting  the  at- 
tention of  liis  father's  visitors,  among 
wliom  the  great  Haydn  could  be  num- 
bered. On  the  opening  of  the  English 
opera  house,  he  was  er gaged  as  second 
tenor,  and  he  subsequently  shared  the 
puVjlic  favors  with  the  tirst  singers  of 
the  day.  He  composed  the  whole  or 
the  greater  portion  of  tiie  music  for  in- 
numerable operas;  and  he  was  the  au- 
thor of  the  three  mos',  popular  ballads 
of  his  time,  "C'hcrry  Ripe,"  "I've  been 
Roaming,"  "The  deep,  deep  Sea,"  &c. 
D.  at  New  York,  1849. 

HORXE,  George,  aler^rnedand  pious 
English  prelate,  was  ]-.  1730,  at  Otham, 
Kent.  He  took  6rdeir>  in  17');^,  and  his 
graceful  elocution  and  excellent  style 
rendered  him  a  pojuil  ir  preacher.  He 
was  successively  chaplain  to  the  king, 
vice-chancellor  of  the  university,  and 
dean  of  Canterbury ;  ind,  in  1790,  he 
n'as  raised  to  the  see  of  Norwich.  He 
was  distinguished  for  his  biblical  knowl- 
edge, and  in  early  lifo  was  a  strenuous 
Hutchinsonian.      In   1751   he    opposed 


the  Newtonian  philosophy  as  inconsist- 
ent with  the  15iiilc  ;  in  \7'i4:  he  wroto 
against  iJr.  Shucklord's  account  of  the 
creation  and  fall  of  man  ;  and  in  17oij  he 
became  involved  in  a  controversy  with 
Dr.  Kennicott,  the  supposed  author  of 
"A  Word  to  the  Hutchinsonians."  But, 
among  his  nmnerous  works,  which  are 
too  numerous  for  specifying  here,  the 

i)rinoipal  is  "A  Commentary  on  the 
Jook  of  Psalms,"  an  elaborate  perform- 
ance, on  the  composition  of  which  he 
bestowed  nearly  20  years.    D.  1792. 

HORNECK,  Ottocar  of,  one  of  the 
oldest  historians  in  the  German  language, 
was  a  native  of  Styria,  and  lived  in  the 
13th  and  14th  centuries.  About  the 
year  12S0  he  composed  a  work  on  the 
great  empires  of  the  earth,  which  con- 
cluded with  the  death  of  the  Emperor 
Frederic  II.,  and  is  still  extant  in  man- 
uscript at  Vienna.  He  also  wrote  a 
chronicle  of  the  events  of  his  own  tune, 
consisting  of  more  than  83,000  verses, 
and  which  is  said  to  be  rich  in  portray- 
ing the  characters  of  eminent  men,  and 
in  the  description  of  festivals,  tourna- 
ments, and  battles,  at  part  of  which  he 
was  himself  present. 

HORNEMANN,  Frederic  Co.nrad,  a 
celebrated  German  traveller,  b.  at  Hil- 
desheim,  in  1772.  At  the  instance  of 
Blumenbach,  the  famous  naturalist,  ho 
was,  in  1797,  cuiployed  by  the  African 
Association,  in  London,  to  explore  the 
interior  of  Africa.  After  having  visit- 
ed Cyprus,  Alexandria,  and  Cairo,  he 
crosseci  the  Libyan  desert,  rciched 
Mourzouk,  the  capital  of  Fezzau,  and 
soon  afterwards  proceeded  on  an  excur- 
sion to  Tripoli.  From  this  place  he  set 
out  with  the  intention  of  penetrating 
into  Central  Africa,  and  is  oelieved  to 
have  d.  on  his  return  to  Fezzan,  of  a 
fever  caused  by  drinking  cold  water, 
after  being  exposed  to  great  fatigue. 
His  Journal,  which  was  sent  by  him 
from  Tripoli,  was  published  in  1802  by 
the  African  Society. 

HORNER,  Fra'ncis,  barrister-at-law, 
was  b.  at  Edinburgh,  1778.  He  entered 
parliament  in  ISOC,  and  distinguished 
himself  as  chairman  of  the  bullion  com- 
mittee; but  his  severe  application  to 
that  intricate  subject  injured  his  health, 
which  was  naturally  dciieate;  and  he  d. 
in  1817,  at  Pisa,  whither  he  had  gone  for 
its  restoration. 

HORNTHORST,  Ger.msd,  a  celebrated 
painter,  called  also  Gerardo  pai.le  Not- 
Ti,  from  his  subjects,  was  b.  at  Utrecht 
in  1592,  and  was  a  pupil  of  Abraham 
Bloemart,  but  finished   his   studies   ut 


508 


CVCLOP.EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[how 


Kome.  Ho  painted  night-scenes,  and 
pieces  illuminated  by  torch  or  candle 
light.  On  his  return  from  Italy  he  vis- 
ited Kn^Liud,  and  obtained  the  favor  of 
Cliarlcs  1. ;  and  on  liis  return  to  Holland, 
he  was  much  employed  by  the  prince 
of  Orange.  Among  his  numerous  pic- 
tures, that  of  Jesiis  Christ  before  the 
tribunal  of  Pilate  is  the  most  celebrated. 
D.  lOGO. 

]IOKliOX,  Jeremiah,  an  English  as- 
tronomer, was  b.  at  Toxtcth,  in  Lanca- 
shire, about  1619.  He  was  the  first  who 
observed  the  transit  of  Venus  over  tlie 
sun's  disk,  his  account  of  which  was 
published  by  Hevelius,  at  Dantzic,  in 
1661,  under  the  title  of  "Venus  in  Sole 
visu,  anno  1639,  Nov.  24;"  and  he 
formed  a  theory  of  lunar  motion,  which 
Kewton  did  not  disdain  to  adopt.  D. 
1640. 

HORSLEY,  John",  a  learned  antiquary, 
who  d.  1731.  His  work,  entitled  ''Bri- 
tannia Komana,"  folio,  gives  a  copious 
and  exact  account  of  the  remains  of  the 
Komans  in  Britain. — Samuel,  a  celebra- 
ted English  prelate  and  mathematician, 
was  b.  in  London  in  1733 ;  and  held 
several  livings  in  succession,  till  he  ar- 
rived at  the  episcopal  dignity.  But 
while  he  was  rapidly  rising  in  the 
church,  and  opposing  br.  Priestley,  the 
great  champion  of  Unitarianism,  by  his 
theological  arguments,  he  was  not  ne- 
glectful of  science.  In  1775  he  pub- 
lished an  edition  of  Newton's  works; 
and  from  1773  till  the  election  of  Sir 
Jo.seph  Banks,  he  was  secretary  of  the 
Eoj'al  Society.  His  writings  were  nu- 
merous and  important,  in  theology,  in 
science,  and  in  classical  literature.  1). 
1806. 

HOSACK,  David,  an  eminent  phy- 
sician of  New  York.  He  received  his 
education  at  Edinburgh;  was  long  at 
the  head  of  the  profession  in  New  York ; 
and  was  an  eloquent  and  aV)le  teacher  as 
a  professor  of  the  theory  and  practice  of 
physic  in  the  New  York  Medical  College. 
He  was  held  in  high  estimation  as  a  man 
of  talents,  learning,  and  worth ;  was  a 
liberal  promoter  of  the  arts  and  sciences ; 
and  was  the  author  of  the  "History  of  the 
Erie  Canal,"  and  of  the  Life  of  his 
friend,  Dc  Witt  Clinton,  formerly  gov- 
ernor of  New  York.  D.  suddenly  of 
apoplexv,  18:;.'),  aged  66. 

HOTtlNGER,  John  Henry,  alearned 
oriental  scholar,  b.  at  Zurich,  in  1620. 
He  displayed  such  a  j)ropciisity  for,  and 
made  such  progress  m,  the  ancient  lan- 
guages, that  lie  was  sent  to  foreign 
universities  at  the  public  expense.    He 


went  to  Geneva,  Gottingen,  and  Ley- 
den;  visited  England;  and  returned  to 
his  native  country,  enriched  with  vast 
stores  of  knowledge.  In  1642  he  waa 
appointed  professor  of  ecclesiastical  his- 
tory in  his  native  city;  and  b.y  his  teach- 
ing and  writings  contributed  greatly  to 
promote  the  study  of  oriental  literature. 
In  1667,  while  preparing  for  a  visit  to 
the  university  of  Leyden,  in  compliance 
with  repeated  invitations,  he  was  acci- 
dentally drowned,  with  three  of  his 
children,  by  the  upsetting  of  a  boat,  in 
the  neighborhood  of  Zurich. — John 
James,  son  of  the  preceding,  was  b.  at 
Zurich,  in  1652;  at  which  place  he  be- 
came professor  of  theology ;  and  d.  1735. 
His  principal  work  is  an  "Ecclesiastical 
History  of  Switzerland." — Another  pro- 
fessor at  Zurich,  of  the  same  name, 
known  by  his  eclitions  of  the  classics, 
was  b.  1750,  and  d.  l^slu.  He  was  an 
acute  critic  and  elegant  scholar ;  among 
his  best  works  is  an  "  Essay  towards  a 
Comparison  of  the  German  with  the 
Greek  and  Roman  Poets." 

HO  VEDEN,  Roger  de,  an  English  his- 
torian, who  flourished  in  the  reign  of 
Henry  II.  He  wrote  "  Annals"  in  Latin, 
commencing  at  731,  the  period  at  which 
Bede  finished,  and  bringing  down  af- 
fairs to  the  third  year  of  John,  1201. 
His  style  is  defective,  but  he  is  highly 
esteemed  for  diligence  and  fidelity. 

HOWARD,  Charles,  earl  of  Notting- 
ham, an  intrepid  English  admiral,  com- 
mander-in-chief at  the  defeat  of  the 
Sjjanish  armada.  B.  1586;  d.  1624.— 
Edward,  the  descendant  of  an  ancient 
and  opulent  family,  was  one  of  the 
earliest  and  best  of  the  naval  school  of 
novelists.  "  Ratlin  the  Reefer,"  "Out- 
ward Bound,"  "The  Old  Commodore," 
and  "  Jack  Ashore,"  attest  his  powers, 
while  his  "  Life  of  Sir  Henry  Morgan, 
the  Buccaneer,"  gave  promise  of  even 
higher  excellence.  D.  1842. — John,  the 
celebrated  philanthropist,  was  b.  at 
Hackney,  in  1726.  He  was  apprenticed 
to  a  grocer,  but  his  constitution  being 
delicate,  and  having  an  aversion  to  trade, 
he  purchased  his  indentures  and  went 
abroad.  Ou  his  return  he  lodged  with 
a  widow  lady,  whom  he  afterwards  mar- 
ried. Aftertlie  decease  of  Mrs.  Howard, 
who  lived  only  about  three  years,  he,  in 
1756,  embarked  for  Lisbon,' in  order  to 
view  the  effects  of  the  recent  earth- 
quake, but  on  the  passage  the  ship  waa 
taken  and  carried  to  Fraiice.  The  nard- 
sliips  he  suffered  and  witnessed  during 
his  imprisonment,  first  roused  his  at- 
tention to  the  subject  of  his  future  la- 


iio<v] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGKAl'IlV. 


509 


bors.  On  beinpr  released,  Mr.  Howard 
retired  to  a  villa  in  the  New  Forest ;  and 
in  17;>S  lie  married  a  second  wit'e,  who 
d.  in  childbed  in  1765,  leavintr  him 
one  son.  lie  .it  this  time  resided  at 
(.'ardintrton,  near  Bedford,  where  he  in- 
dulged tiie  benevolence  of  his  disposi- 
tion by  continually  assisting  and  anic- 
lioratin;.''  the  condition  of  the  poor.  In 
1773  lie  served  the  office  of  shcritt', 
which,  as  he  declared,  "brought  the 
distress  of  the  prisoners  more  imme- 
diately under  his  notice,"  and  led  him 
to  form  the  design  of  visiting  the  jails 
tlirough  England,  in  order  to  devise 
means  for  alleviating  the  miseries  of  the 
prisoners.  Having  done  so,  he  laid  the 
result  of  his  inquiries  before  the  house 
of  commons,  for  which  he  received  a 
vote  of  thanks.  He  next  made  a  tour 
through  the  principal  parts  of  Europe, 
and  published  his  "State  of  the  I'ris- 
ous,"  with  a  view  to  render  them  both 
more  humane  and  more  ctHcacious.  A 
new  subject  now  engaged  his  attention, 
namely,  the  management  of  lazarettos, 
and  the  means  of  preventing  the  com- 
munication of  the  plague  and  other  con- 
tagiouii  diseases.  In  this  he  encountered 
every  danger  that  can  be  conceived,  and 
having  become  personally  acquainted 
with  tlie  subject,  in  17S9  iie  published 
"  An  account  of  the  principal  Lazarettos 
in  Europe,  with  Papers  relative  to  the 
Plague,"  &e.  Actively  pursuing  this 
salutary  and  benevolent  object,  Mr. 
Howard  took  np  his  residence  at  the 
town  of  Cherson,  a  Eussian  settlement 
on  the  Black  Sea.  A  malignant  fever 
prevailed  there,  and  he  having  been 
prompted  by  humanity  to  visit  one  of 
the  sufferers,  lie  caught  the  infection, 
and  d.  Jan.  20,  1790. — Sir  Robert,  an 
English  poet  and  historian,  was  the  sou 
of  Thomas,  carl  of  Berkshire.  He  was 
was  a  zealous  friend  of  the  revolution 
of  1083.  He  wrote  several  plays,  the 
"History  of  the  Reigns  of  Edward  and 
Richard  II,"  the  "  History  of  Reliarion," 
&e.  D.  1698. — Thomas,  earl  of  Surrey 
and  duke  of  Norfolk,  an  eminent  states- 
man and  warrior  in  the  reign  of  Henry 
VIII.  He  served  with  his  brother,  Sir 
Edward,  against  Sir  Andrew  Barton,  a 
Scotch  pirate,  who  infested  the  English 
coast  in  1511,  but  who  was  killed  and  I 
his  ships  taken.  He  next  accompanied 
the  marquis  of  Dorset  in  his  expedition 
to  Guienne,  which  ended  in  the  eon- 
quest  of  Navarre  bv  Ferdinand.  The 
victory  of  Flodden  Vicld,  in  which  the 
king  of  Scotland  was  slain,  was  chicllj' 
owing  to  his  braverv.  On  the  breaking 
43* 


out  of  the  disturbances  in  Ireland,  he 
was  appointed  lieutenant  of  that  king- 
dom, where  he  suppressed  the  rebellion. 
Notwithstanding  his  great  services, 
Henry,  at  the  close  of  life,  caused  the 
duke'  to  be  sent  to  the  Tower,  on  a 
charge  of  treason,  and  his  son  to  be  be- 
headed in  his  presence.  The  death  of 
the  tyrant  only  saved  the  duke's  life. 
D.  1554. — Edward,  younger  brother  of 
the  above,  entered  early  on  the  maritime 
service,  and  about  1494  was  knighted. 
In  1512  he  was  sent  as  lord  higli  ad- 
miral of  England  with  a  large  fleet 
against  France,  the  coasts  of  which  ho 
ravaged.  He  also  defeated  the  enemy's 
fleet  off  Brest ;  but  the  year  following 
he  was  slain  in  boarding  the  French 
admiral's  ship,  and  his  body  thrown 
into  the  sea. — Henry,  earl  of  Surrey,  an 
accomplished  nobleman,  a  brave  soldier, 
and  the  best  English  poet  of  his  age, 
was  b.  in  1520.  He  served  under  his 
father,  the  duke  of  Norfolk,  as  lieuten- 
ant-general of  the  army  sent  against 
Scotland,  and  performed  various  other 
military  exploits  of  eminence  and  value. 
He  had  quartered  on  his  escutcheon  the 
royal  arms  of  Edward  the  Confessor,  to 
which  he  had  an  hereditary  right,  and  ho 
is  said  to  have  aspired  to  the  hand  of 
the  Princess  Mary.  On  these  and  other 
less  substantial  charges  he  suffered  de- 
capitation on  Tower-hill,  1546,  by  the 
jealous  and  arbitrary  mandate  of  Henry 
VIII.  His  works  consist  of  "Songs 
and  Sonnets,"  &c.,  which  deserve  a 
high  degree  of  commendation,  for  the 
period  at  which  they  were  composed. — 
Thomas,  earl  of  Arundel,  a  nobleman 
distinguished  by  his  patronage  of  the 
fine  arts,  was  earl  marshal  in  the  early 
part  of  the  reign  of  Charles  I.,  and  was 
employed  in  several  foreign  embassies 
by  that  prince  and  his  fiither.  He  sent 
agents  into  Greece  and  Italy,  to  collect 
lor  him,  at  a  vast  expense,  whatever  was 
curious  and  valuable  of  the  works  of 
ancient  artists,  which  had  escaped  de- 
struction. His  unrivalled  museum  of 
antiquities  was  divided  at  his  death,  and 
Henry,  the  sixth  duke  of  Norfolk,  about 
the  year  166S,  presented  to  the  univer- 
sity of  Oxford  a  considerable  part  of  his 
moiety,  including  the  celebrated  Parian 
Chronicle,  which  with  the  other  ancient 
inscribed  stones  accompanyins  it  are 
now  termed  the  "  Arundelian  marbles." 
D.  1646. — .John  Eager,  an  officer  of  the 
army  of  the  American  revolution,  wa.s 
b.  in  B.nltiinore  in  1752.  After  serving 
in  the  rank  of  captain,  in  1779,  he  was 
appointed  lieutenant-colonel,  and  dis- 


510 


CYCLOP.EUIA    OF    BIOURAPHY. 


[hua 


tinsuished  himself  by  Lis  valor  and 
activity  during  the  wiir.  At  the  battle 
ot"  Cowpcus,  Col.  Howard,  at  one  time, 
had  in  liis  hands  the  swords  of  seven 
otliecrs  who  liad  surrendered  to  him 
personuUy.  lie  was  also  present  at  tlic 
battles  of  Gcrmantown,  White  Plains, 
Monmouth,  Camden,  and  llobbieks 
hill.  On  the  disbanding  of  tlie  army 
he  re.tired  to  his  patrimonial  estates, 
near  Baltimore,  and  was  subsequently 
governor  of  JSIuryland,  and  member  of 
the  senate  of  the  United  States.  D. 
1827. 

HOWE,  Jonx,  an  eminent  noncon- 
formist clerfirvman  of  the  17th  century, 
b.  in  11)30,  at  Loughborough,  was  ejected 
from  his  living  at  Torrington,  Devon, 
and  for  many  years  officiated  as  the 
minister  of  a  Presbyterian  congregation 
in  London  ;  afterwards  retired  to  the 
Nctlierlands,  but  returned  to  England 
upon  James's  proclamation  of  liberty  of 
conscience.  1).  1705. — John,  a  states- 
man in  the  reigns  of  William  IIL  and 
Anne.  lie  was  a  member  of  the  con- 
vention parliament,  and  exerted  himself 
greatly  in  favor  of  the  revolution,  but 
afterwards  joined  the  opposition,  and 

favc  great  offence  to  the  king  by  the 
oldness  of  his  conduct.  In  the  suc- 
ceeding reign  he  was  made  a  privy 
councillor  and  paymaster  of  the  forces  ; 
but  retired  on  the  accession  of  George 
L,  and  was  succeeded  in  his  office  by 
Waipole.  D.  1720. — Kichard,  carl,  a 
celebrated  English  admiral,  was  the 
third  son  of  Emanuel,  Viscount  Howe, 
and  was  b.  in  1725.  He  was  placed,  at 
the  age  of  14,  as  amidsliipman  on  board 
the  Severn,  in  which  sliip  he  sailed  with 
Anson  for  tlie  J'acific,  and  continued 
going  through  the  usual  gradations  of 
the  service  under  that  adiniral  till  1745, 
when,  though  only  20  years  of  age,  he 
obtained  the  command  of  the  Baltimore 
sloop  of  war,  and  was  made  post-captain 
for  gallantly  defeating  two  Prench  ships 
bearing  succors  to  the  Pretender.  Hav- 
ing greatly  distinguished  himself  on 
many  occasions,  ho  sailed,  as  com- 
mander-in-chief, to  the  Mediterranean 
in  1770,  with  the  rank  of  rear-admiral, 
and  in  a  few  years  rose  to  ha  vice-ad- 
miral of  the  blue.  On  the  breaking  out 
of  the  war  with  France,  Lord  Howe 
Hailed  for  the  coast  of  America,  with  a 
squadron  destined  to  act  against  D'Es- 
taing,  and,  on  his  return  in  1782,  he 
Was  created  an  English  viscount.  In 
the  course  of  the  same  year  he  sailed  to 
the  relief  of  Gibraltar,  which  he  effected 
in  spite  of  the  combined  lleet.s  of  the 


enemy.  In  1783  he  accepted  the  post 
of  tjrst  lord  of  the  admiralty,  and  in 
1788  he  was  created  an  earl  of  Great 
Britain.  In  1793,  on  the  breaking  out 
of  the  war  with  France,  he  took  the 
command  of  the  British  fleet,  and  bring- 
ing the  enemy  to  an  action  on  the  1st 
of  June,  17y4,  obtained  over  them  a 
decisive  and  most  important  victory. 
In  17'.t7  Lord  Howe  exerted  himself 
with  great  success  to  quell  the  mutiny 
among  the  seamen  at  Portsmouth,  and 
d.  in  1799. — Sir  William,  brother  of  the 
preceding,  succeeded  General  Gage  in 
the  chief  command  of  the  British  forces 
in  America,  having  landed  at  Boston 
with  generals  Clinton  and  Burgoyne,  in 
May,  1775.  General  Howe  commanded 
at  the  attack  on  Bunker  Hill,  was  be- 
sieged in  Boston  during  the  next  winter, 
evacuated  that  town  in  the  ensuing 
spring,  and  retired  to  Halifax.  In  June, 
1776,  he  arrived  at  Staten  Island,  where 
he  was  joined  by  his  brother  Lord 
Howe.  Here  the  brothers  informed 
congress  that  they  had  received  full 
power  to  grant  pardon  to  all  the  rebels 
who  should  return  to  tlieir  obedience; 
but  the  commissioners  appointed  by 
that  body  considered  both  the  form  and 
substiince  of  the  propositions  too  objec- 
tionable to  deserve  attention.  In  Au- 
gust he  defeated  the  Americans  on  Long 
Island,  and  took  possession  of  New 
York  in  September.  After  the  cam- 
paign of  the  Jerseys,  he  set  sail  from 
New  York  and  entered  Chesapeake 
Bay.  Having  previously  secured  the 
command  of  the  Schuylkill,  he  crossed 
it  with  his  army,  and  repelled  the  attack 
of  the  Americans  at  Germantown.  In 
May,  1778,  he  was  succeeded  in  the 
command  by  General  Clinton.     D.  1814. 

HOWELL,  James,  a  miscellaneous 
writer,  was  b.  in  1595,  at  Abernant  in 
Cacrmarthenshirc,  and  after  receiving 
his  education  at  Oxford,  travelled  on  the 
Continent  as  agent  to  procure  workmen, 
tkc,  for  a  glass  manufactory  tlien  for 
tlie  first  time  established  in  England. 
He  was  subsequently  a  member  of  par- 
liament, secretary  to  the  British  ambas- 
sador in  Denmark,  and  clerk  of  the 
council.  For  some  offence  to  the  par- 
liamentarians he  was  imprisoned  in  the 
Fleet,  but  obtained  his  liberty  by  apply- 
ing to  Cromwell,  becan  .e  historiographer 
to  Charles  II.,  and  d.  in  16(3<).  He  wrote 
many  books,  but  the  one  by  which  he 
will  bo  longest  remembered  is,  "  Epis- 
tolic  Howclliana^,  or  Familiar  Letters, 
domestic  and  foreign." 

HUARTE,   John,  a  Spanish  philos- 


H0O] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


511 


oplier  and  author  in  the  17th  century, 
who  giiiiied  celebrity  by  n.  worlc,  cmi- 
tled  ''Exainen  de  Ingeiiios  pura  las 
Scicuzias,"  &e.,  or,  an  Examination  ol' 
such  Geniuses  as  arc  lit  for  acquirinir  the 
Sciences.  This  book,  whicli  is  full  of 
practical  wisdom,  lias  been  translated 
into  English,  under  the  title  of  "  The 
Trial  of  Wits,"  and  into  (tcrman  by 
J-cssintr,  as  "  Prut"ung  dcr  KOpfc." 
Though  he  wrote  in  Spanish,  and  is  sup- 
iwsed  to  have  been  born  of  Spanish 
parents,  Iluarte  was  a  native  of  Navarre. 
IIUBEII,  John  James,  a  celebrated 
anatomist,  was  b.  at  Basle,  in  1707.  lie 
studied  under  Ilallcr  at  Berne,  and  next 
at  Strasburg  ;  after  which  he  took  his 
doctor's  degree  at  his  native  place.  He 
assisted  Ilaller  on  his  great  work  on  the 
Plants  of  Switzerland.  He  obtained  the 
rank  of  court  physician  and  counsellor 
of  state  ;  published  a  work  on  the  spinal 
marrow  and  other  parts  of  the  nervous 
system,  entitled  "  Commentatio  de  ^le- 
dulla  Spinali."  D.  177s. — Ulric,  a  na- 
tive of  Friesland,  author  of  "  De  Jure 
Civitatis."  D.  1694. — Mary,  a  deistical 
writer;  author  of  "  Lettres  sur  la  Ke- 
ligion  de  rHomme,"  and  many  other 
works.  B.  at  Gi-ncva,  ltj'.4  ;  d.'l7'>y. — 
John  James,  a  painter,  called  bv  Fuseli 
the  Swiss  Tintoretto.  B.  lG68;"d.  1748. 
— JoiinJ  a  Gcnevesc  artist,  b.  in  17'J-'. 
lie  was  a  good  painter,  but  devoted 
much  of  his  attention  to  the  art  of  cut- 
ling  profiles,  in  which  he  acquired  an 
extraordinary  degree  of  dexterity.  lie 
is  described  as  being  an  eccentric  char- 
acter; and,  among  other  fanciful  schemes, 
formed  a  project  for  cuidiiiir  the  course 
of  air  balloons  by  the  flight  of  "large 
birds;  on  which  "lie  published  a  tract, 
illustrated  with  plates.  U.  1790. — Mi- 
en ael,  a  native  ot  Bavaria,  professor  of 
French  in  Leipsic,  and  the  translator  of 
several  German  works  into  French.  B. 
1727  ;  d.  1804. — Loris  Ferdinand,  son 
of  the  preeedint;;  editor  of  several  iour- 
nals.  B.  at  Paris,  1764 ;  d.  1804.— 
Theresa,  daughter  of  the  celebrated 
philologist  Ilcyne,  and  wife  of  the  pre- 
ceding ;  a  popular  German  novelist, 
nianv  of  whose  works  appeared  under 
her  liusband's  name. — Fijancis,  a  natu- 
ralist, b.  in  1750,  at  Geneva;  author  of 
"  Is'ouvellcs  Observations  sur  ics  Abeil- 
les,"  in  ■which  he  explains  the  manner 
of  the  queen-bee's  impregnation,  &c. 
Having  lost  his  way  in  a  winter  night, 
the  etl'cct  of  the  cold  producctl  total 
Mindness  ;  but  the  lady  to  whom  he  had 
been  betrothed  afterwards  married  him, 
and  became  his  constant  amanuensis. 


HUDSON,  Hen-ry,  a  distinguished 
naviirator,  whose  early  liistory  is  un- 
known. After  making  three  voyages 
to  Jind  a  northeast  or  northwest  pas- 
sage to  China,  in  the  second  of  whicii  he 
discovered  tlic  river  Hudson,  he  set  sail 
a  fourth  time,  April  17th,  1610,  in  a  i)ark 
named  the  Discovery,  and  proceeding 
westward,  reachc'l,  in  latitude  60",  the 
strait  bearing  his  name.  Through  this 
he  advanced  along  the  coast  of  Labrador, 
until  it  issued  into  the  vast  bay  which  is 
also  called  after  him.  Here,  with  his 
son,  and  seven  infirm  sailors,  he  was 
turned  adrift  by  a  mutinous  crew,  and  is 
supposed  to  have  perished. 

HUEKTA,  Vincent  Garcia  de  la,  a 
S|)anish  poet  and  critic,  b.  1729,  at 
Zafra,  in  Estremadura.  He  acquired 
considerable  tame  among  his  country- 
men, and  zealously  defended  Spanish 
literature  from  the  censures  of  Voltaire 
and  other  French  writers.  He  publish- 
ed various  poems  and  dramas,  and  edit- 
ed "Teatro  Espaiiol.'' 

HDET,  Peter  Daniel,  a  celebrated 
French  critic  and  classical  scliolar,  b.  at 
Caen,  in  Normandy,  1630.  He  was  edu- 
cated in  the  Jesuits'  college,  accompa- 
nied Bochart  to  Sweden,  and  was  in 
vain  persuaded  to  settle  there  by  Queen 
Christina.  In  1670  he  was  appointed 
preceptor  to  the  dauphin  ;  and  while  he 
tilled  that  situation  he  wrote  an  erudite 
work  in  defence  of  Christianity,  entitled, 
"  Demonstratio  Evangelica;"  he  also 
published  the  Latin  classics,  in  63  vols., 
with  those  ample  illustrations  which 
have  made  what  are  called  the  Delphin 
editions  so  generally  known  and  esteem- 
ed. In  1689  he  was  made  bishop  of 
Avrantes,  but  resigned  that  see  in  1699, 
and  spent  the  remainder  of  his  days  in 
literary  retirement,  producing  many 
works  of  great  merit.  He  d.  at  Paris, 
1721. 

HUFELAND,  ChristlCx  "William, 
a  Prussian  counsellor  of  state,  who  was 
also  an  eminent  physician,  was  b.  at 
Langensalza,  1762,  and  fii-st  practised 
physic  at  Weimar.  In  1793  he  was 
made  professor  at  Jena,  and  in  ISOl 
physician  to  the  king  of  Prussia.  He 
greatly  imjiroved  his  art,  and  wrote  a 
"System  of  Medicine,"  which  is  among 
the  best  practical  books  extant.    D.  1836. 

HUFNAGEL,  George,  a  Flemish 
painter,  was  b.  at  Antwerp  in  1")45,  and 
d.  1600.  He  was  also  a  tolerable  poet  in 
Latin  and  German. 

HUGH  CAPET,  the  first  of  the  third 
race  of  French  mouarchs,  was  count  of 
Paris  and  Orleans.    He  was  proclaimed 


512 


CYC1.0P,«DIA    OF    BIOURAPIIY. 


[hum 


king  of  France  at  Noyon,  in  9S7,  and  d. 
in  y'J6,  aired  r)7. 

llUGllKkJ,  John,  an  Englisli  pod, 
ciraniiitio  aiitlior,  and  essayist ;  b.  1677  ; 
d.  1727.  His  last  work  was,  the  "Siege 
of  Damascus,"  a  tragedy,  wliich  still 
coutiuues  on  the  stage.  Several  papers 
in  the  "Tattler,"  " Speetator,''  and 
"  Guardian"  were  written  by  him. 

IIL'GO,  IIekman,  a  learned  Jesuit  and 
Latin  poet,  was  b.  at  Brussels  in  1588, 
and  d.  of  the  plague  at  Ehinberg,  in 
16-29. 

JIUGTEXBURGH,  John  van,  aDutch 
painter,  who  painted  the  victories  of  the 
duke  of  Marlborough  andPrince  Eugene. 
D.  1733. 

HULL,  TnoM/Vs,  a  dramatic  writer 
and  actor,  b.  in  17iiS.  He  was  cotempo- 
rury  with  Garrick,  and  lived  to  be  father 
of  the  British  stage,  but  never  rose  to 
any  great  eminence  in  his  profession. 
He  was  the  authorof  a  deservedly  popu- 
lar poem,  entitled  "  Eiehard  Plantage- 
uet,"  besides  some  novels,  tales,  and 
dramas. 

HUMBOLDT,  Willlvm  von,  a  dis- 
tinguished statesman  and  philologist, 
the  elder  brother  of  the  great  philos- 
opher and  traveller,  was  b.  at  Potsdam, 
171)."'.  He  received  his  early  education 
at  Berlin,  and  studied  at  Gottingen  and 
Jena,  where  he  formed  a  friendship  with 
Schiller,  which  lasted  through  life,  hi 
1800  he  was  appointed  Prussian  minister 
at  the  papal  court,  where  his  love  of  an- 
tiquarian and  classical  pursuits  neces- 
sarily received  a  fresh  impulse;  and  on 
his  return  in  1808  he  was  created  a 
counsellor  of  state,  and  nominated  min- 
ister of  education.  In  181')  he  went  as 
plenijiotentiary  to  Vienna ;  and  he  shared 
in  all  the  great  diplomatic  transactions 
of  the  next  few  years  ; — at  Prague,  at  tlic 
conferences  of  Chatillon,  where  he  sign- 
ed the  capitulation  of  Paris  along  with 
Ilardenberg,— and  at  the  congress  of 
Viemia,  &c.  He  next  went  as  ambas- 
sador extraordinary  to  London  ;  assisted 
at  tiie  congress  of  Aix-la-Chapelle,  in 
1818  ;  and  tiie  following  year  he  became 
a  member  of  the  Prussian  cabinet,  but 
lie  soon  retired  in  consequence  of  the 
retrograde  policy  pursued  by  liis  col- 
leagues, and  thenceforward  lived  chiefly 
at  his  seat,  Tegel,  near  Berlin,  in  the 
cultivation  of  literature  and  science. 
His  works  are  of  a  most  miscellaneous 
character,  and  show  the  extraordinary 
versatility  oF  his  powers;  Init  his  cliief 
fame  rests  on  his  erudite  researches  into 
philology,  and  more  especially  the 
Basoue,  Sanscrit,  North  A.merican,  and 


!Malay  languages  :  nor  should  we  forget 
to  mention,  as  most  illustrative  of  his 
amiability  and  excellence  of  heart,  his 
"  Letters  to  a  Pemale  Friend."     1).  1335. 

HUME,  David,  a  celebrated  historian, 
philosopher,  and  miscellaneous  writer.. 
was  b.  at  Edinburgh  in  1711.  He  was 
designed  for  the  law,  but  having  no  in- 
clination to  that  profession,  he  applied 
to  mercantile  pursuits,  and  became,  in 
1734,  clerk  in  an  eminent  house  at  Bris- 
tol. He  did  not,  however,  continue 
long  in  that  line ;  for,  having  a  strong 
propensity  to  literature,  he  went  to 
Prance,  where  he  wrote  his  "Treatise 
of  Human  Nature,"  which  he  published 
at  London  in  1738.  This  nietapliysical 
work,  however,  met  with  an  inditt'erent 
reception;  nor  were  his  "Moral  Es- 
says," which  appeared  in  17-12,  more 
successful.  Hi  17-16  he  became  secretary 
to  General  St.  Clair,  whom  he  accompa- 
nied in  his  military  embassy  to  the 
courts  of  Vienna  and  Turin.  While  at 
the  latter  city,  he  republished  his  first 
work,  under  a  new  title  of  "  An  Inquiry 
concerning  Human  Understanding;" 
and,  in  1752,  appeared  at  Edinburgh, 
his  "Political  Discourses,"  which  were 
followed  the  same  year  by  his  "  Inquiry 
concerning  the  Principles  of  Morals," 
which  of  all  his  writings  he  considered 
incomparably  the  best.  In  iVS-l  he 
published  the  first  volume  of  his  "  His- 
tory of  England,"  which  he  did  not 
complete  till  1761.  While  this  work 
was  in  progress  he  printed  apiece,  with 
the  title  of  "  The  Natural  History  of 
Religion,"  which  was  attacked  by  War- 
burton  in  an  anonymous  tract,  ascribed 
at  the  time  to  Dr.  Ilurd.  His  great 
work,  the  "  History  of  England,"  had 
now  acquired  considerable  celebrity,  and 
the  writer  gained  largely  by  its  popular- 
ity, I'or  besides  the  profits  it  brought 
him,  he  obtained  a  pension  tinough 
Lord  Bute.  In  1763  he  accompanied 
the  earl  of  Hertford  on  his  embassy  to 
Paris,  from  whose  fashionable  and  lit- 
erary circles  he  received  an  enthusiastic 
welcome ;  and  where,  in  1765,  he  re- 
mained as  ehargd  d'atfaires.  The  year 
following  ho  returned  home,  accompa- 
nied by  Jean  Jacques  liousseau,  to  whoin 
he  behaved  with  great  delicacy  and  gen- 
erosity. He  then  became  und.er-secre- 
tary  of  state  to  General  Conway.  In 
1769  he  retired  to  his  native  country  on 
an  independent  income  of  £1000  per 
annum.     I).  1776. 

HUMMEL,  John  Nkpomuk,  an  emi- 
nent musician,  was  b.  at  Presburg,  in 
1778.   His  friends  discovering  in  liini  an 


CrCLOP.tDIA    OF    niOGKAPIlY. 


513 


extraordinary  capacity  for  mnsic,  he  was 
plucetl  with  Mozart  when  only  seven 
years  of  aj^e ;  and  after  remainincj  un- 
der his  roof  about  two  years,  he  and  liis 
father  travelled  throu<rh  various  parts  of 
Europe,  visitiiiff  Enjfland  in  17Vil,  where 
Ills  performances  on  the  pianoforte  were 
hiifliiy  apjilaudcd.  He  soon  acquired 
great  celebrity  as  a  composer  as  well  as 
a  performer.  In  1S20  lie  became  chapel- 
master  to  the  jrranci-dnke  of  Weimar, 
where  he  continued  afterwards  to  re- 
side, making',  from  time  to  time,  bril- 
liant and  [irotitahlc  tours  in  tjcrniany, 
liussiu,  and  England.  Hummel  com- 
posed some  operas,  tlie  most  celebrated 
of  which  is  "  Mathilde  von  Guise;"  his 
church  music  was  also  admirable  ;  but 
his  fame  will  chiefly  rest  upon  his  bril- 
liant compositions  for  the  pianoforte. 
D.  1837. 

HUMPHREYS,  David,  minister  of 
the  United  States  to  the  court  of  Spain, 
was  b.  in  Connecticut  in  1753,  and  re- 
ceived his  education  at  Yale  eollep^c. 
Soon  after  the  commencement  of  the 
revolutionary  war,  he  entered  the  army, 
and  was  successively  an  aid  to  Parsons, 
I'utnam,  Greene,  and  Washington.  He 
k'i't  the  army  with  the  rank  of  colonel. 
In  17S4:  he  was  appointed  secretary  of 
legation  to  Paris,  and  was  subsequently 
ambassador  to  the  court  of  Lisbon,  and 
in  1797  mip.ister  plenipotentiary  to  the 
court  of  Madrid.  While  in  the  "military 
service,  he  published  a  poem  addressed 
to  the  American  armies,  and  after  the 
war  another  "<)n  the  Happiness  and 
Glory  of  America."  In  1789  he  pub- 
lished a  "  Life  of  General  Putnam," 
and  while  in  Europe  a  number  of  mis- 
cellaneous poems.  D.  1818. — James,  an 
eminent  lawyer  and  juridical  writer; 
author  of  "Observations  on  the  En- 
glish Law  of  Real  Property,"  &c.  He 
was  a  native  of  Montgomeryshire, 
Wales  ;  and  d.  in  1830. 

HUMPHRY,  OziAs,  an  eminent  min- 
iature pnintor,  b.  at  Honiton.  Devon,  in 
1743.  He  tirst  settled  at  Bath;  then 
went  to  London,  by  the  advice  of  his 
friend.  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds,  and  was 
made  a  royal  academician.  In  1780  he 
went  to  India,  where  he  was  held  in  high 
esteem  by  Sir  W.  Jones  and  Warren 
Hastings,  and  was  chosen  one  of  the 
first  tncmbers  of  the  Asiatic  Society. 
D.  1810. 

HUNT,  Hejtry,  was  b.  at  Urhaven, 
Wilts ;  about  the  year  1773.  where  he 
was  well  known  as  an  opulent  fanner, 
and  one  who  was  a  regular  attendant  at 
the  Devizes  market.  "When  Mr.  Hunt 


was  a  young  man,  he  wa-s  a  decided 
loyalist ;  but  later  in  life  he  became  a 
'•  radical  reformer,"  associated  with  the 
most  disalfectcd,  and  was  looked  up  to 
by  many  of  them  as  the  fearless  cham- 
pion of  their  party.  He  long  tried  for 
a  seat  in  parliament,  hut  was  unsuccess- 
ful at  Bristol,  Westminster,  and  for  the 
county  of  Somerset.  He  was,  however, 
twice  elected  tor  Preston,  in  1830-1 ; 
but  the  year  after  his  second  return,  his 
constituents  declined  his  future  ser- 
vices. As  "  lord  of  the  manor  of  Glas- 
tonbury" he  acted  fairly  at  his  court- 
leet;  and,  as  a  popular  orator,  he  ob- 
tained notoriety  ;  but  a  radical  meeting 
at  Manchester,  where  he  presided  and 
declaimed,  having  ended  with  loss  of 
life  and  limb  to  many  of  the  assembled 
multitude,  he  was  indicted  as  the  ring- 
leader of  an  unlawful  assembly  of  the 
people ;  tried,  found  guilty,  and  sen- 
tenced to  three  years'  imprisonment  in 
Ilchestcr  jail.  But,  though  in  confine- 
ment, he  was  not  idle ;  lie  discc  ."ered 
and  made  known  to  tlie  public  some 
flagrant  malpractices  going  on  at  the 
jail,  wliicli,  through  his  means,  were 
afterwards  corrected.  He  was  seized 
with  paralysis  while  alighting  from  his 
phaeton  at  Alresford,  Hants,  where  ho 
d.  1835. 

HUNTER,  RoBEET,  an  English  gen- 
tleman, who  wrote  the  famous  letter  on 
Enthusiasm,  which  has  been  ascribed 
both  to  Swift  and  Shaftesbury.  He  was 
governor  of  New  York  and  New  Jersey 
several  years,  and  afterwards  of  Jamaica, 
where  he  d.  in  1734. — William,  a  cele- 
brated anatomist  and  physician,  was  b. 
at  Kilbridge,  Lanarkshire,  1718.  His 
father  was  a  farmer,  and  designed  him 
for  the  church;  but  an  acquaintance 
with  Dr.  Cullen  inclining  him  to  the 
study  of  physic,  he  resided  with  the 
doctor  3  years.  In  1740  he  removed  to 
Edinburgh,  where  he  followed  his  stud- 
ies with  intense  application,  and  the 
year  following  visited  London,  soon  af- 
ter which  he  was  taken  by  Dr.  James 
Douglas  into  his  house  as  a  dissector, 
and  also  tutor  to  his  son.  In  174t)  he 
succeeded  Mr.  Samuel  Sharpe  as  lectu- 
rer to  a  society  of  surgeons  in  Covcnt- 
gardcn,  and  commenced  a  series  of  lec- 
tures on  anatomy  and  surgery.  He 
soon  rose  into  extensive  practice  in  sur- 
gery and  midwitcry,  but  confined  him- 
self to  the  latter,  and  in  I'lU  was  ap- 
pointed physician  extraordinary  to  the 
queen,  lie  was  elected  F.  K.  S. ;  be- 
came physician  to  the  British  Lying-in 
hospital ;  and  on  the  foundation  of  the 


514 


CVCLOP.EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[hun 


Koyal  Academj',  the  king  appointed  liim 
professor  of  anatomy.  In  1770,  Dr. 
Hunter  completed  his  house  in  Great 
Wiudmill-street,  to  wliich  were  attaehed 
a  theatre,  apartments  lor  lectures  and 
dissections,  and  a  magnificent  room  as  a 
museum.  His  valuable  museum  is  now 
in  the  university  of  Glasgow.  He  wrote 
several  able  works  on  medical  subjects, 
the  most  elaborate  of  which  is  '•  The 
Anatomy  of  the  Gravid  Uterus."  D. 
1783. — JoH.v,  younger  brother  of  the 
preceding,  was  b.  172S,  and  apprenticed 
to  a  cabinet-maker;  but,  hearing  of 
William's  success  in  Loudon,  he  ottered 
his  services  to  him  as  an  anatomical  as- 
sistant. In  a  few  months  he  had  attain- 
ed such  a  knowledge  of  anatomy  as  to 
be  capable  of  demonstrating  to  the  pu- 
pils in  the  dissecting  room.  In  1753  he 
entered  as  a  gentleman-commoner  of  St. 
Mary's  liall,  Oxford.  In  1707  he  was 
chosen  a  I'ellow  of  the  Royal  Society, 
and,  the  ne.\t  year,  he  was  elected  one 
of  the  surgeons  of  St.  George's  hospital. 
In  1776  he  was  appointed  surgeon  extra- 
ordinary to  the  king ;  and,  subsequently, 
inspector-general  of  hospitals  and  sur- 
geon-general. He  d.  suddenly,  having 
been  seized  with  a  spasmodic  affection 
of  the  heart,  in  St.  George's  hospital, 
Oct.  16,  1793.  He  wrote  several  profes- 
sional treatises,  besides  recording  the 
results  of  many  of  his  valuable  discov- 
sries  in  the  "Philosophical  Transac- 
tions."— .Annt:,  wife  of  tlie  preeediuij, 
and  sister  of  Sir  Everard  Home,  was  the 
author  of  many  lyrical  poems  possess- 
ing much  sweetness  and  beauty.  Some 
of  these  were  set  to  music  by  Ilavdn. 
B.  1742;  d.  1821.— William  L.  an  emi- 
nent citizen  of  Rhode  Island ;  from 
1811  to  1321,  senator  in  compress,  and  in 
1844  minister  to  Brazil.  B.  1774;  d. 
1849. 

HUNTINGDON,  Henry  of,  an  an- 
cient Enijrlish  historian,  who  flourished 
in  tlie  11th  and  12th  centuries.  lie 
composed  a  general  history  of  Endand 
from  the  earliest  accounts  to  the  death 
of  King  Stephen,  in  ll.')!,  in  S  books ; 
and,  towards  the  conclusion,  the  author 
honestly  acknowledges  that  it  is  only  an 
abridgment,  observuif,'  that  to  compose 
a  complete  history  of  England,  many 
books  were  necessary  which  he  could 
not  procure. — Seli.va,  coimtess  of,  the 
second  daughter  of  Washington,  Earl 
Ferrers,  was  h.  in  1707,  and  married  in 
17^8  to  TheophiluH,  earl  of  Huntinfrdon. 
After  she  became  a  widow,  she  espoused 
the  principles  of  the  Calviniatic  Method- 
ists, and  patronized  the  famous  George 


Whitefield,  whom  she  constituted  hei 
chaplain  ;  by  the  influence  of  her  rank 
and  fortune,  appeared  at  the  liead  of  a 
sect;  and,  after  tlie  death  of  Whitedcld, 
his  Ibllower.s  were  desrcrnated  as  the 
people  of  Lady  Huntingdon.  She  found- 
ed schools  and  colleges  for  preachers, 
and  expended  annually  large  sums  not 
only  in  their  support,  but  in  private 
charity.  D.  1791.— William,  a  religious 
enthusiast,  was  b.  1744.  He  was  the 
son  of  a  farmer's  laborer  in  Kent,  and 
the  early  part  of  his  life  was  passed  in 
menial  service  and  other  humble  occu- 
pations. After  indulging  in  vice  and 
dissipation  for  several  years,  according 
to  his  own  account,  he  was  converted, 
and  became  a  preacher  among  the  Cal- 
vinistic  Methodists.  He  soon  engaged 
in  religious  controversies,  published  a 
vast  number  of  tracts,  and  was  regarded 
as  the  head  of  a  peculiar  set.  His  pub- 
lications are  very  numerous,  and  some 
of  them  contain  curious  details  relative 
to  his  personal  history  and  religious 
experience.  After  the  death  of  his  first 
wife,  he  married  the  wealtliy  relict  of 
Sir  James  Sanderson,  a  London  alder- 
man, and  passed  the  latter  part  of  his 
life  in  affluence.  After  his  conversion, 
he  generally  appended  to  his  name  the 
mystical  letters  S.  S.,  or  Sinner  Saved. 

HUNTINGFORD,  George  Is.a..4.c,  a 
distinguished  classical  scholar,  and  an 
amiable  dignitary  of  the  cliureli,  was  b. 
at  Winchester,  "in  1748.  Through  the 
patronage  of  Lord  Sidmouth,  who  had 
been  his  pupil  at  Winchester,  he  ob- 
tained the  see  of  Gloucester  in  1802,  and 
that  of  Hereford  in  1815.  He  was  the 
author  of  "  Greek  Monostrophics,"  "  A 
Call  for  Union  with  the  Established 
Church,"  "  Thoughts  on  the  Trinity," 
&c.     D.  1832. 

HUNTINGTON,  Ebenezer,  a  distin- 
guished citizen  of  Connecticut,  d.  1834, 
graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1775 ;  joined 
the  army  near  Boston  the  same  year  as 
a  volunteer;  in  September  was  commis- 
sioned as  a  lieutenant;  in  1776  was  ap- 
pointed a  captain  and  also  deputy  adju- 
tant-general ;  in  1777  a  major ;  'and  in 
179'J  a  lieutenant-colonel.  He  was  pres- 
ent at  the  surrender  of  Cornwallis  at 
Yorktown.  In  1799  he  was,  at  the  rec- 
ommendation of  Washington,  ap])ointed 
a  brigadier-general  in  tlie  army  raised 
by  congress,  when  expectations  were 
entertained  of  a  war  with  France.  D. 
1834. — Samuel,  a  signer  of  the  declara- 
tion of  independence,  was  b.  in  1732,  in 
Connecticut,  settled  in  early  life  at  Nor- 
wich as  a  lawyer,  and  soon  rose  to  pep- 


hut] 


CYCLOi'.KDlA    OF    muOKAl'llV. 


515 


iilarity  and  eminence.  In  1775  he  was 
elected  a  dclesrnte  to  congress,  and  in 
177y.  was  eliosen  president  of  that  ven- 
erable body.  In  1784  he  was  appointed 
lieutenant-fjovernor  of  his  native  state, 
and  advaneeii  to  the  scat  of  chief  jndji'c. 
lie  was  chosen  chief  magistrate  in  1780. 
D.  1796. 

IIUPAZOLI,  Francis,  one  of  the  few 
individuals  who  have  lived  in  three 
centuries.  lie  was  b.  in  1587,  at  Casal, 
in  Sardinia,  and  d.  in  1702.  At  first  he 
was  a  clerg'yman,  and  afterwards  became 
a  merchant  at  Scio  ;  and,  in  his  23d 
j-ear,  he  was  appointed  Venetian  consul 
at  Smyrna.  By  his  fifth  wife,  whom  he 
married  at  the  aire  of  98  years,  he  luid 
four  children.  His  drmk  was  water; 
ho  never  smoked,  and  ate  little,  (prin- 
cipally game  and  fruit.)  He  drank  a 
good  deal  of  the  juice  of  the  scorzoncra 
root,  ate  but  very  little  at  night,  went  lo 
bed  and  rose  early,  then  heard  mass, 
and  walked  and  labored  the  whole  day 
to  the  last,  lie  wrote  down  cvcrj'  thing 
remarkable  which  he  had  witnessed,  in 
22  volumes,  lie  never  had  a  fever,  was 
never  bled,  and  never  took  any  medi- 
cine. At  the  age  of  100  his  gray  hair 
again  became  black.  When  109  years 
old,  he  lost  his  teeth  and  lived  on  soup ; 
and,  four  years  later,  he  had  two  large 
new  teeth,  and  began  again  to  eat  meat. 

KURD,  KiciiAKi),  an  eminent  English 
prelate  and  philologist,  was  b.  in  1720, 
at  Congreve,  in  Stallbrdshire.  In  1749 
lie  published  "  lloratii  Ars  Poetica," 
with  an  English  commentary.  In  1750 
he  published  a  commentary  on  the 
"  Epistle"  of  Horace  to  Augustus  ;  and 
also  a  satirical  attack  on  Doctor  Jortin, 
in  defence  of  Warburton,  in  an  essay  on 
the. "  Delicacy  of  Friendship,"  which  he 
afterwards  endeavored  to  suppress.  His 
''  Dialogues,  Moral  and  Political,"  with 
"Letters  on  Chivalry  and  Eoniance," 
appeared,  at  ditl'erent  times,  from  175S 
to  1704,  and  were  republished  collect- 
ively, in  1765.  None  of  his  works  at- 
tracted 80  much  notice  as  the  "  Dia- 
logues," which  were  translated  into 
German.  In  1767  he  was  made  arch- 
deacon of  Gloucester ;  1775  was  raised 
to  ti»e  bishopric  of  Lichfield  and  Cov- 
entry ;  and,  not  long  after,  was  trans- 
lated to  the  see  of  Worcester  in  1781. 
D.  1808. 

HURE,  Cii.\nLEs,  a  French  divine  of 
the  Jansenist  persuasion,  was  b.  1639, 
and  d.  1717.  His  works  are  a  "  Dic- 
tionary of  the  Bible,"  a  "Translation 
of  tlio  New  Testament  into  French,"' 
with  notes,  a  "Sacred  Grammar,"  &c.    | 


HUSKISSON,  William,  an  English 
statesman,  was  b.  in  1770.  He  waa 
brought  into  parliament  for  Morpeth, 
by  government  interest,  in  1797,  from 
which  time  he  connected  himself  on 
terms  of  friendship  with  Mr.  Canning, 
Hiid  su))ported  all  the  measures  of  the 
Pitt  administration.  During  tlie  Whig 
administration  of  1806,  he  was  an  active 
niember  of  the  opposition  ;  but  on  its 
dissolution  he  returned  to  otficc,  and 
remained  till  the  premiership  of  the 
duke  of  Wellington,  with  the  short  ex- 
ception of  an  interval  in  1809,  when  the 
quarrel  took  place  between  Mr.  Canning 
and  Lord  Castlereagh,  and  lie  sided 
with  the  former  in  withdrawing  from 
the  government.  Wlien  Mr.  Canning 
was  appointed  to  the  government  of 
India,  Mr.  Iluskisson  succeeded  liim  as 
member  of  parliament  for  Liverpool ; 
was  successively  treasurer  of  the  navy, 
joint  secretary  of  the  treasury,  vice- 
president  and  president  of  the  board  of 
trade,  and  was  colonial  secretary  during 
the  Liverpool  and  Canning  administra- 
tions. It  was  during  this  latter  period 
that  he  brouglit  forward  his  celeorated 
free-trade  measures.  Mr.  Iluskisson  d. 
at  Manchester,  September  15,  1830,  in 
consequence  of  one  of  Ids  legs  being 
cruslied,  and  other  severe  injuries  sus- 
tained, by  the  wheels  of  a  iocomotive 
steam-engine  coming  in  contact  with 
him,  while  present  at  the  celebration  of 
the  opening  of  the  Liverpool  and  Man- 
chester railway. 

nUSS,  John,  a  celebrated  Bohemian 
reformer  and  martyr,  b.  at  Ilussienitz, 
about  1376.  He  was  the  first  onposer 
of  the  doctrine  of  transubstantiation, 
and  the  defender  of  Wickliff ;  for  which 
he  was  burnt  alive  by  order  of  the  coun- 
cil of  Constance,  in  1415. 

HUSSEY,  Giles,  an  English  painter, 
b.  at  Marnhull,  in  Dorsetshire,  in  1710. 
He  studied  in  France  and  Italy,  pos- 
sessed considerable  talents,  and  painted 
some  good  pictures;  but  he  was  some- 
wliat  eccentric,  and  met  with  little  en- 
couragement in  proportion  to  his  merits. 
D.  1788. 

IIUTCIIESON,  Fkanols,  a  metapliys- 
ical  writer,  was  b.  in  1694;  studied"  at 
Glasgow  ;  and,  on  his  return  to  Ireland, 
otficiated  to  a  dissenting  congregation, 
for  some  time,  in  the  northern  i)art  of 
that  kingdom  ;  but,  in  1729,  he  was 
elected  professor  of  moral  philosophy  at 
Glasgow.  He  was  the  author  of  "  An 
Inquiry  into  the  Ideas  of  Beaaty  and 
\'irtue,"  and  a  "Treatise  on  ..iie  Pius- 
sions."    lu  1755    his  son,  D'.  Fjcvsoa 


516 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[hut 


HuTCHEsox,  a  physician  of  Glasgow, 
primed  from  Ins  tlvthfr's  papers,  "A 
System  of  Moral  Pliilosophy,"  to  which 
is  prefixed  an  account  of  the  author. 
D.  1747. 

HUTCIIINS,  John,  an  English  divine 
and  topographer,  was  b.  in  JJorsetshire, 
in  1690,  and  d.  177:3.  He  was  the  author 
of  the  '•  History  and  Antiquities  of  the 
County  of  Dorset." — Thomas,  geogra- 
pher-ireneral  to  the  United  States  of 
America,  was  b.  in  New  Jersey,  about 
1730.  He  had  served  in  the  army 
against  the  Indians  in  Florida;  was 
imprisoned  in  England,  in  177'J,  on  the 
charge  of  having  corresponded  with  Dr. 
Franklin,  then  American-  agent  in 
France;  afterwards  joined  tlie  army  of 
General  Greene,  and  d.  at  Pittsburg, 
in  178y.  He  published  several  topo- 
graphical and  historical  works  of  con- 
Bideralile  interest. 

HUTCHINSON,  Anx,  a  religious  en- 
thusiast in  New  England,  who  instituted 
meetings  for  women,  in  which  she  pre- 
tended to  enjoy  immediate  revelations. 
By  these  means,  great  dissensions  were 
caused  in  the  churches,  and  in  1637  an 
ecclesiastical  synod  assembled  and  con- 
demned her  errors.  Not  long  after,  she 
Was  banished  from  the  colony,  where 
in  1643,  she  and  her  family,  consisting 
of  15  persons,  were  captured  by  the 
Indians,  and  all  except  a  daughter 
killed. — JoH.v,  an  English  philosophical 
and  critical  author,  celebrated  as  the 
opponent  of  Dr.  Woodward  in  natural 
history,  and  of  Sir  Isiiae  Newton  in 
philosophy.  B.  1674  ;  d.  1737. — John 
Hely,  an  Irisli  statesman  and  lawyer, 
was  b.  in  1715.  He  becaiie  secretary 
of  state,  and  accumulated  a  number  of 
lucrative  employments.  So  great  indeed 
was  his  avidity  for  office  and  emolu- 
ment, that  Lord  North  said,  "  H'  En- 
glancl  and  Ireland  were  given  to  this 
man,  he  would  solicit  the  Isle  of  Man 
for  a  potato  garden."  He  possessed 
great  talents  and  eloquence,  and  d.  17'J4. 
— Thomas,  lord  chief  justice,  and  after- 
wards lieutenant-governor  of  the  colony 
of  Massachusetts,  was  b.  at  Boston, 
1711.  He  had  been  greatly  rcspocted 
in  his  province  for  his  able  and  irre- 
proaciiable  conduct  on  the  judicial 
bench ;  but  having  covertly  taken  part 
with  Great  Britiiin  against  the  American 
colonies,  and  given  the  English  minis- 
ters advice  relative  to  the  enforcement 
of  the  duty  on  tea,  it  was  found  neces- 
sary to  remove  liim  and  j/lace  Gi-neral 
G'ij;e  in  his  situation.  Hi;  accurilingly 
went  to    England,    lived  in  a  retired 


manner  at  Brompton,  and  d.  there  in 
1780.  Governor  Hutchinson  was  the 
author  of  a  "  History  of  the  Colony  of 
Massachusetts  Bay,"  &c. 

HUTTEN,  Jacob,  a  native  of  Silesia, 
who  in  the  16th  century,  founded  a  sect 
called  the  Bohemian  or  iloravian  breth- 
ren. These  were  the  descendants  of 
the  Hussites,  and  appear  to  have  given 
rise  to  the  Anabaptists.  Hutten  is  9Ui|>- 
posed  to  have  been  burnt  as  a  heretic 
at  Inspruck. — Uleic  von,  a  German 
soldier,  poet,  and  miscellaneous  writer, 
was  b.  at  Steckelberg,  in  Franconia,  in 
1488.  He  was  the  most  active  of  all 
the  early  reformers ;  and  his  writings 
against  the  church  of  Kome  were  so 
severe,  that  the  pope  sent  orders  to  the 
inquisitor  to  seize  him  ;  but  he  fled  into 
Switzerland,  and  d.  near  Zurich  in  1523. 
His  letters  and  poems  are  very  classical. 
Hutten  was  one  of  the  boldest  and  most 
free-spirited  man  of  his  time ;  injus- 
tice, falsehood,  hypocrisy,  and  tyranny 
filled  him  with  indi.^nation,  and  he 
unmasked  them  with  a  spirit  that 
knew  no  fear.  Herder  has  collected 
his  poems. 

HUTTEE,  Elias  and  Leonard,  two 
cotemporary  Protestant  divines,  b.  at 
Ulm,  about  the  middle  of  the  16th  cen- 
tury. The  former  is  remarkable  for 
having  published  a  Hebrew  Bible,  con- 
taining no  less  than  SO  versions  of  the 
117th  psalm  in  various  lan<;uagcs.  He 
also  published  a  Polyglot  Bible  in  four 
langmiges,  Hebrew,  Greek,  Latin,  and 
German  ;  and  he  afterwards  added  to  it 
the  Italian,  French,  Sclavonic,  and 
Saxon.  D.  1603. — Leonard,  who  dislin 
guished  himself  as  a  stanch  supporter 
of  the  reformed  church,  published  a 
variety  of  polemical  treatises,  obtained 
the  divinity  professor's  chair  at  tho 
university  of  Wittemberff,  and  d.  in 
1616. 

HUTTON,  Ch^vrles,  an  eminent 
mathematician,  was  b.  at  Newcastle- 
upon-Tyne,  in  1737.  Having  made 
great  progress  in  his  mathematical 
studies,  and  distinguished  himself  by 
the  production  of  a  small  work  on  the 
principles  of  bridges,  he  was  appointed 
professor  at  the  royal  military  college, 
Woolwich.  He  produced  in  1796  his 
"  Mathematical  and  Pliilosophical  Dic- 
tionary," and  in  1793  he  gave  to  the 
world  the  first  edition  of  his  "  Course 
of  Mathematics."  He  was  afterwarda 
engaged  with  Dr.  Pearson  and  Dr. 
Shaw  in  an  abridcrment  of  the  Philo- 
sophical Transactions,  for  his  labor  in 
which   work,    it    is    said,   he  received 


HYP  J 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


il' 


£6000.  lie  roth  3d  from  his  appoint- 
ment at  Woolviuh  in  1807,  with  a 
pension  of  £500.  D.  1823. — James,  a 
celebrated  geologist  and  natural  phi- 
losopher, was  b.  in  Edinburfch,  in  1726. 
After  finishing  his  education  at  the 
university,  he  was  apprenticed  to  a  wri- 
ter to  the  signet,  but  quitted  the  legal 
profession  for  tiiat  of  medicine,  as  being 
the  nearest  allied  to  chemistry,  which 
was  his  favorite  study.  He  in  conse- 
quence went  to  the  universities  of  Paris 
and  Leyden,  at  the  latter  of  which  he 
took  his  degree  in  17-10 ;  but  on  his 
return,  being  desirous  of  making  him- 
self conversant  with  agricuUnre,  he 
settled  upon  a  farm  of  his  own  in  Ber- 
wickshire. In  1768  he  went  to  Edin- 
burgh, and  from  that  time  he  devoted 
himself  entirely  to  scientific  pursuits, 
publishing  numerous  works,  and  inves- 
tigating various  subjects  of  natural 
philosophy.  Dr.  Ilutton  is  chietly 
distinguished  as  the  author  of  a  system 
or  theory  of  geology,  termed  the  Pluto- 
nian, by  which  the  structure  of  the 
solid  parts  of  the  earth  are  accounted 
for  by  the  action  of  subterraneous  fire. 
This  theory  excited  a  warm  controversy 
among  men  of  science,  and  met  with 
many  fierce  opponents ;  but  the  late 
I'rolessor  Playfiir  advocated  it  in  his 
"Illustrations  of  the  Iluttonian  Theory 
of  the  Earth,"  and  it  has  since  been 
gradually  rising  into  repute.  Among 
the  chief  works  of  Ilutton  are,  "The 
Progress  of  Reason  from  Sense  to  Sci- 
ence and  Philosophy,"  and  a  "  Theory 
of  the  Earth,  with  Proofs  and  Illustra- 
tions."    D.  1797, 

HUYGENS,  CnRLSTiA.v,  an  eminent 
mathematician  and  astronomer,  was  b.  at 
the  Hague,  in  1629.  He  was  the  son  of 
Constantino  Huygeus,  lord  of  Zuyliehen, 
a  nobleman  of  great  scientific  abilities, 
who  initiated  his  son  in  the  principles 
of  general  science  and  classical  learning, 
and  sent  him  to  the  university  of  Ley- 
den. He  soon  distinguished  himself  by 
the  publication  of  several  learned  works, 
Ijoth  astronomical  and  mathematical ; 
he  also  invented  the  pendulum,  im- 
proved the  air-pump,  ascertained  the 
laws  of  collision  of  elastic  bodies,  and 
discovered  the  ring  and  one  of  the 
satellites  of  Saturn,  of  which  he  gave 
an  account  in  his  "  Systema  Saturni- 
num."  He  visited  both  Franco  and 
England  for  scientific  purposes;  was 
made  a  fellow  of  the  Eoyal  Society  in 
1661,  and  shortly  after,  at  the  invitation 
of  Colbert,  he  settled  in  Erauee,  where 
he  recci  .'ed  a  handsome  pension,  and 

•n 


remained  till  1681,  when  he  returned  to 
his  native  country,  and  d.  16',i.5. 

HUYSUM,  John'  van,  a  celebrated 
painter,  was  b.  in  1682,  at  Amsterdam, 
where  his  father,  Justus  van  Huysum, 
was  a  respectable  artist.  John  was  the 
most  distinguished  flower  and  fruit 
painter  of  modern  times,  and  his  pic- 
tures fetched  enormous  prices;  his 
landscapes  were  also  highly  esteemed. 
He  d.  ni  1749. — He  had  two  brothers, 
Justus  and  J.\cob,  the  former  painted 
battles,  and  d.  in  his  22d  year;  the 
latter  copied  the  works  of  .John  with 
great  exactness,  and  d.  in  London,  in 
1740. 

HYDE,  Thomas,  a  learned  divine  and 
orientalist,  was  b.  in  1636,  atBillinsrsley, 
in  Shropshire,  and  studied  at  King's 
college,  Cambridge.  While  there,  be- 
fore ne  was  18,  he  assisted  "Walton  in 
his  great  Polyglot  bible.  In  1658  he 
went  to  Oxford,  and  became  successively 
Hebrew  reader  and  keeper  of  the  Bod- 
leian Library.  Ho  was  next  promoted 
to  a  prebend  in  Salisbury  cathedral,  and 
afterwards  appointed  regius  professor 
of  Hebrew,  and  canon  of  Christ-chureh, 
Oxford.  D.  1703.  His  "  Veterum  Per- 
sarum  ct  Medorum  Ilistoria"  is  regarded 
as  a  hiirhlv  valuable  work. 

HYDEit  ALT,  or  HYDER  ALLY 
KHAN,  a  celebrated  Indian  prince, 
who,  during  the  latter  part  of  the  18th. 
century,  was  a  formidable  enemy  to  the 
English  in  Hindostan,  was  the  son  of  a 
petty  chief  in  the  Mysore.  He  intro- 
duced the  European  discipline  among 
his  troops,  became  general-in-chief  of 
the  forces  of  Cinoas,  who  then  reigned 
at  Seringapatam  as  a  vassal  of  the  great 
Mogul ;  and  having  quarrelled  witli  the 
grand  vizier,  got  him  into  his  power, 
and  eventually  assumed  the  sovereignty 
himself  He  made  important  conquests 
iVom  the  Mahrattas,  twice  invaded  the 
East  India  Company's  territories,  and  at 
one  time  caused  the  greatest  apprehen- 
sion for  the  safety  of  the  British  newer 
in  the  East.  A  treaty  was  eoncluaed  in 
1769,  which  was  broken  in  1780,  and 
the  war  renewed  with  vigor;  but  the 
skill  of  Sir  Eyre  Cootc  proved  superior 
to  Hyder,  who  Ictt  the  military  opera- 
tions to  his  son  Tippoo  Saib.     I).  1782. 

HYPATIA,  a  female  philosopher,  of 
the  ecleetie  sect,  was  the  daughter  of 
Theon,  a  celebrated  mathematician,  who 
governed  the  Platonic  school  in  Alex- 
andria, in  the  4th  century.  She  early 
exhibited  proofs  of  extraordinary  genius 
and  judgment;  and  being  educated  by 
her  father  in  all  he  knew,  she  became  a 


518 


CyCLOP.EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[ig: 


Fi 


reccptrcss  ia  the  school  iu  which 
lieroolcs  and  other  celebrated  philoso- 
phers liiid  presided.  Her  ready  elocu- 
tion, her  beauty,  and  graceful  address. 
uuited  witli  deep  erudition  and  sound 
judjjrinent,  procured  her  the  admiration 
of  all  licr  hearers;  and  her  house  he- 
cauie  tlie  resort  of  all  the  learned  and 
eminent  persons  in  Alexandria,  among 
w.iom  Wis  Orestes,  the  governor.  This 
roused  the  jciJousy  of  Cyril,  a  haughty 


and  intolerant  prelate,  at  thai  Lime  the 
patriarch  of  Alexandria ;  and  such  was 
the  blind  bigotry  and  resentment  of  his 
monkish  partisans,  that  they  conspired 
against  llypatia's  life,  and  a  furious 
band  of  assassins  seizing  her  as  she  was 
returning  home  from  the  schools,  they 
dragged  her  through  the  streets,  mur- 
dered her  in  the  most  barbarous  man- 
ner, and  threw  her  mangled  limbs  into 
the  flames,  a.  d.  415. 


1. 


IBRAHIM  MANSOUE  EFFENDI, 
an  adventurer,  whose  real  name  was 
Cerfbere,  was  b.  at  Strasbnrg,  of  a 
Jewisii  family.  After  having  served  in 
the  repiiblican  hussars,  he  Ijeeame  so 
violent  a  royalist  tliat  lie  was  impris- 
oned. In  1802  lie  went  to  Constantino- 
ple, turned  Mahometan,  and  was  em- 
ployed to  discipline  the  Turkish  troops. 
llo'  subsequently  wandered  through 
Kussia,  Sweden,  and  Denmark;  held, 
under  the  name  of  Medelsheim,  a  gov- 
ernment office  in  We»tplialia;  fought 
against  the  Servians ;  was,  for  three 
J  ears,  engineer  to  All  Pacha;  recom- 
aenced  his  wanderings,  and  extended 
.hem  to  various  parts  of  Asia,  Africa, 
ind  America;  and  at  last,  being  in  a 
starving  state,  shot  himself  at  Paris,  in 
1326.  He  wrote  a  "  Memoir  of  Greece 
and  .\lbaiiia.  during  the  Government 
of  Ali  Pacha." 

IBYCUS,  a  Greek  lyric  poet,  a  native 
of  liheu'ium,  was  b.  iu  the  6th  century 
B.  0.  He  wrote  seven  books  of  odes,  of 
wliicli  only  a  few  fratrments  are  extant. 
He  was  killed  in  a  solitary  spot  by  rob- 
bers, whose  crime  is  said  to  have  been 
discovered  in  a  singular  manner.  While 
dying,  he  saw  a  flight  of  cranes  passing, 
and  callerl  upon  them  to  avenge  him. 
As  the  murderers  were  walking  in  Khe- 
gium,  one  of  them  saw  some  cranes 
overlicad,  and  said  to  his  companions, 
"  Here  are  the  avengers  of  Ibycus." 
This  speech  excited  suspicion,  and  the 
trutli  was  wrung  from  the  criminals  by 
torture. 

IF1'"LAND,  AuorsTus  William,  a 
popul  ir  actor  and  dramatist,  was  b.  at 
Hanover,  in  1759,  mid  from  his  child- 
hood had  iv  propcMisity  to  the  stage, 
wiiieii  his  father  vainly  endeavored  to 
repji.'as.  In  1770  he  absconded  from  his 
homo,  and  made  his  appearance  at  the 
Gotha  theatre.   He  soon  rose  to  the  first 


rank  among  German  actors.  As  a  wri- 
ter he  was  almost  ecjually  successful. 
In  1708  he  published  an  edition  of  his 
works,  which  contained  47  comedies 
and  tragedies ;  and  he  subsequently 
wrote  many  others.     D.  1814. 

IGNAKKA,  Nicholas,  a  learned  Nea- 
politan antiquary,  b.  in  1728.  He  was 
educated  at  the  college  of  Urbano,  at 
Naples,  and  at  the  age  of  20  he  taught 
Greek  in  that  seminary.  When  Charles 
III.  founded  the  Ilerculanean  academy, 
in  1755,  Ignarra  was  appointed  one  of 
the  first  members.  In  1763  ho  succeed- 
ed Mazzochias,  professor  of  sacred  lit- 
erature in  the  royal  university,  and  in 
1771  he  became  principal  professor.  In 
1782  he  was  nominated  director  of  the 
royal  printing-otlice ;  and  two  years 
after,  tutor  to  the  hereditary  Prince 
Francis  of  Bourbon.  He  was  made  a 
canon  of  the  cathedral  of  Naples,  17ii4, 
and  d.  in  1808.  His  principal  work  is 
entitled,  "De  Paluestra  Neapclitana 
Commentarium,"  1770,  a  very  learned 
production.  He  also  published  "  The 
Lil'e  of  Mazzochi,"  ancf  other  pieces. 

IGNATIUS,  St.,  a  father  of  the 
church,  made  bishop  of  Antioch  by  St. 
John  the  evamrelist.  After  exhibiting 
many  virtues  in  his  province,  he  was 
seized  by  Adrian,  ana  exposed  to  tlio 
fury  of  wild  beasts  in  the  Koman  am- 
phitheatre. Seven  of  his  epistles  are 
preserved. — A  patriarch  of  Constantino- 
ple, was  son  of  the  Emperor  Michael 
Curopalata,  by  Procopia,  and  presided 
at  the  eighth  general  council  of  that  see. 

D.  srs. 

IGNATIUS  DE  LOYOLA,  the  foun- 
der of  the  order  of  the  Jesuits,  was  b. 
in  14'Jl,  of  a  noble  family,  in  the  Span- 
ish firovince  of  (niipuscoa.  In  l.")2l  he 
was  severely  wounded  at  the  siege  of 
Pampeluna.  The  result  of  his  medi- 
tations on  a  bed  of  pain  was,  sorrow  for 


innJ 


CVCLOP.EDIA    OK    ISIOORAPHY. 


519 


Lis  past  debaujhed  life,  and  n  detevnii- 
nation  to  devnte  liiin!~elf  to  works  of 
piety,  lie  botraii  l\v  a  pilgrimage  to 
Jerusalem ;  after  wliich  lie  studied  at 
Alcala,  Salamauca,  and  Paris;  and  be- 
gan to  preaeh  and  to  make  disciples. 
At  lirst  he  was  opposed,  and  even  im- 
prisoned ;  but  at  Icnirtli  the  pope,  in 
lo4(),  irave  his  sunetion  to  tlie  new 
order  wliioh  Loyola  had  established, 
and  apjiointed  him  ita  first  general,  lie 
d.  in  1556,  and  was  canonized  in  1G22. 

HIKE,  JonN,  an  erudite  Swede,  was 
b.  at  Ui>sal,  in  1707 ;  was  educated  at 
the  university  there ;  became  professor 
of  poetry,  rhetoric,  and  politics  ;  was 
ennobled  and  made  a  knight  of  the  I'o- 
lar  Star ;  and  d.  1780.  lie  is  the  author 
of"  Lexicon  Dialectornm,"  "Glosfsarium 
Sueco-Gothicuni,"  "A  Dissertation  on 
Runic  Antiquities,"  and  other  M'orks. 

INriiliALD,  Elizabicth,  a  dramatist 
and  novelisl,  whose  maiden  name  was 
Simpson,  was  b.  in  1756,  at  Stanning- 
field,  near  Bury,  in  Suffolk.  At  tlie  age 
of  16  she  secretly  quitted  her  family,  be- 
ing prompted  by  an  irrepressible  desire 
of  visiting  the  metropolis.  After  es- 
caping many  danfrers  in  licr  rash  adven- 
ture, she  married  .Mr.  Inchbald,  of  Dru- 
ry-lane  tlieatre,  and  was  tor  sever.al  years 
upon  the  stage.  In  1789,  however,  she 
quitted  it,  and  thenceforth  depended 
npon  lier  literary  labors.  She  d.  in 
ls21.  She  wrote  19  dranjps,  some  of 
which  were  dcser\"edly  successful ;  and 
two  novels,  "The  Simple  Story,"  and 
"Nature  and  Art,"  which  rank  among 
tlie  standard  works  in  that  class  of  lit- 
erature; and  she  oditcd  "The  British 
Theatre,"  "The  Modern  Theatre,"  and 
a  "  ('(illcction  of  Farces." 

IXCIIOFKR,  MKLcniou,  a  German 
Jesuit,  was  b.  iu  Vienna,  in  1584.  lie 
wrote  a  book,  entitled,  "Tiie  Virgin 
Mary's  Letter  to  the  people  of  Messina 
proved  to  be  genuine,"  which  gave 
great  offence  to  his  brethren,  whom  he 
found  great  ditHculty  in  appeasing.  lie 
also  wrote  a  satire  against  them,  whicli 
was  printed  after  his  death  under  the 
title  of  "Mouarchia  Solipsornm."  lie 
also  wrote  the  "Ecclesiastical  History 
of  ITuiiirarv,"  &e.     1).  at  Milan,  104S. ' 

INCLKl'X^N,  Benjami.n  Chakles,  a 
cclclirated  English  singer,  was  b.  at  St. 
Kevcran,  in  Cornwall,  in  1764,  where 
bis  father  practised  as  a  surgeon.  When 
only  eight  years  old,  the  lustonishing  fine 
tones  of  his  voice  induced  his  parents 
to  article  him  to  Jackson,  of  Exeter,  un- 
der wluiiic  tuition  he  remained,  as  a 
choristei  in  Exeter  cathedral,  until  he 


was  15.  Not  liking  the  restraints  to 
whioli  he  was  necessarily  sulijcct,  he 
abruptly  quitted  his  place  in  1779.  In 
1790  he'  miido  his  debut  at  Coveiit-aar- 
den  theatre,  with  great  success,  as  Der- 
mot,  in  "  The  Poor  Soldier,"  and  rose 
at  once  into  a  degree  of  popularity, 
which  attended  him  till  the  infirmities 
consequent  upon  advancing  years,  and 
an  irregular  mode  of  life,  compelled  him 
to  quit  tlie  stage.  His  voice  combined 
uncommon  power,  sweetness,  and  flexi- 
bility, both  in  the  natural  tones  and  the 
falsetto,  and  his  intonation  was  singu- 
larly correct.  Indeed,  those  who  have 
heard  him  in  "The  Storm,"  "Black- 
eyed  Susan,"  or  any  of  tlie  better  sort 
of  the  old  English  ballads  and  hunting- 
songs,  will  not  easily  forget  a  style  of 
singing  which,  we  believe,  has  seldom, 
if  ever,  bad  its  equal.     D.  1826. 

INGENIIorSZ,  JonN,  a  physician 
and  experimental  ])hilosopher,  was  b.  in 
1730,  at  Breda,  in  Holland;  settled  in 
London,  where  he  was  chosen  a  mem- 
ber of  the  lioyal  Society;  was  recom- 
mended by  Sir  John  Pringle  to  inocii- 
late  the  tainily  of  the  Empress  Maria 
Theresa ;  resided  for  many  years  at 
Vienna,  in  the  enjoyment  of  honors 
and  fortune  ;  and  at  length  returned  to 
England,  where  he  d.  in  1799.  He  is 
the  author  of  "  Experiments  on  Vegeta- 
bles," "Experiments  in  and  Observa- 
tions on  Natural  Philosophy,"  and  other 
works  of  ffrcat  merit. 

INGERSOLL,  Jaued,  a  judge  of  the 
admiralty  cotn-t  of  Connecticut,  grad- 
uated at  Yale  college,  iu  1742.  Ho 
settled  at  New  Haven  as  a  lawyer,  and 
was  agent  of  the  colony  in  England,  in 
1757;  but  being  apjiointcd  distributor 
of  the  stamps  in  Connecticut,  under  the 
stamp  act,  he  lost  his  popularity.  The 
people  of  New  Haven  compelled  hira 
to  resign.  Not  deeming  this  resigna- 
tion explicit,  a  large  comp.any  from  the 
eastc^rn  part  of  Connecticut  set  out  on  a 
journey  to  New  Haven.  They  met  Mr. 
ingersoll  at  Wethersfield,  when  they 
compelled  him  to  resign,  and  cry  out 
three  times,  "  Liberty  and  Property." 
The  next  day  500  men  escorted  him  to 
Hartford.  He  was  afterwards  judge  of 
the  admiralty.     D.  17S1. 

INMAN,  Hknky,  an  eminent  portrait 
painter  of  New  York,  was  b.  at  Utiea, 
1801.  In  1812  he  removed  to  New 
York,  and  became  a  pupil  of  the  famous 
Jarvis.  He  subsequently  achieved  a 
brilliant  reputation  as  an  artist. 

INNOCENT  I.,  a  native  of  Albano, 
elected  pope  after  Anastasius  the  first, 


520 


CVCLOP.EIJIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[IXN 


402.  He  defended  Chrysostom,  and 
condemued  the  Novatians  and  Pela- 
gians. D.  417. — II.,  was  elected  pope 
after  Ilonorius  II.,  though  part  of  the 
Cardinals  protested  against  his  elevation 
to  tlie  papal  chair,  by  appointing  tiie 
son  of  a  Jew,  of  the  name  of  Peter  de 
Leo,  who  assumed  the  appellation  of 
Anacletus  II.  Innocent,  though  sup- 
ported by  the  princes  of  Europe,  except 
the  kings  of  Scotland  and  Sicily,  who 
acknowledged  the  authority  of  his  rival, 
Was  at  last  driven  from  liome  by  the 
tunuilts  of  Arnauld  de  Bresse,  and  I'e- 
tired  to  France,  where  he  held  several 
councils  at  Clermont,  Rheims,  Puy,  and 
otiier  places.  After  the  death  of  Ana- 
cletus, and  the  abdication  of  his  succes- 
sor, X'ictor  IV.,  he  returned  to  Pome, 
where  he  held  the  second  Lateran  coun- 
cil in  liaii,  attended  by  1000  bishops, 
and  crowned  Lothaire  as  emperor,  lie 
afterwards  made  war  against  Roger, 
king  of  Sicily,  and  d.  at  Rome,  1143. — 
III.,  Lothaire  Conti,  a  native  of  Anagni, 
raised  to  tlie  popedom,  1198,  af.er  Celes- 
♦■inus  III.  though  only  37  years  old. 
To  nnitetiie  Christian  princes  in  the  re- 
sovery  of  the  Holy  Land,  he  preached  a 
crusade  against  the  Albigenses  of  Lan- 
guedoc,  and  afterwards  put  Philip  Au- 
gustus of  France  under  an  interdict,  and 
excomnTUnicated  .John,  king  of  England, 
and  Raymond,  count  of  Toulouse.  He 
raised  the  piapal  authority  to  such  a 
heigiit  that  the  Roman  republic  in  its 
brightest  days,  was  never  more  power- 
fid,  so  that  the  pone  was  no  longer  the 
vassal  of  the  neighboring  princes,  but 
the  temporal  master  of  all  sovereigns, 
wiiom  he  could  depose  or  restore  agree- 
ably to  his  absolute  will.  Under  In- 
nocent, the  Dominieans,  Franciscans, 
Trinitarians,  and  other  orders  arose, 
which  were  still  to  spread  farther,  and 
to  confir!n  the  power  of  Rome.  This 
pope,  thus  distin<jruished  by  political 
sagacity  and  courtly  intritrue,  d.  at  Pe- 
rousc,  1216. — IV.,  Sinibaldi  de  Ficscpie, 
chancellor  of  the  Roman  chureli,  and 
cardinal,  was  elected  pope,  1243,  after 
the  <leath  of  Celeslinus  IV.  He  was 
early  engatred  in  a  quarrel  with  Fred- 
eric, emperor  of  Germany,  who  wished 
to  invade  tiic  rights  of  the  church,  and 
he  held  a  council  at  Lyons,  in  which  he 
e.xcommnnicated  and  deposed  tlie  im- 
perial delinquent.  Tiiis  severe  measure 
was  flispleasiiiir  to  several  princes,  but 
Louis,  kin?  of  France,  interfered  in  \ain 
witli  the  inexorable  nontilf,  and  the  dis- 
pute was  terminated  only  by  the  death 
«r the  emperor.    He  wrote  "Apparatus 


super  Decretalc?,"  and  was  the  first  who 
invested  the  cardinals  with  a  red  hat,'  as 
a  mark  of  their  dignity.  D.  1254. — V., 
Peter  de  Tarantaisc,  a  Dominican,  arcii- 
bishop  of  Lyons,  and  a  cardinal,  made 
pope,  1276.  He  wrote  "Notes  on  the 
Epistles  of  St.  Paul,"  commentaries, 
and  other  works.  D.  1276.— VI.,  Ste- 
phen Albert,  a  native  of  Pompadour,  in 
Limoges,  was  bishop  of  Ostia,  and  a 
cardinal,  and  in  1352,  elected  pope  after 
Clement  VI.  He  was  of  a  peaceful  dis- 
p-vsition,  and  labored  earnestly  to  recon- 
cile the  kings  of  England  and  France. 
He  is  blamed  for  bestowing  too  many 
honors  on  his  family,  though  their  good 
conduct  deserved  the  highest  dignities. 
D.  1362. — VII.,  Come  de  Meliorati,  a  na- 
tive of  Sulmone  in  Abruzzo,  was  elected 
pope,  1404,  but  opposed  by  the  arms  of 
Ladislaus,  king  of  Naples,  who  drove 
him  from  Rome.  D.  1406. — VIII.,  .John 
Baptist  Cibo,  a  noble  Genoese,  of  Greek 
extraction,  bishop  of  Melfi,  elected  pope, 
1484.  He  labored  much  to  re-establish 
union  among  Christian  princes,  and 
showed  himself  particularly  attentive  to 
the  interests  of  liis  family,  and  of  his 
children,  whom  he  had  had  before  he 
was  admitted  into  the  church.  He  was 
a  benevolent  pontitf,  and  d.  of  an  apo- 
plectic fit,  1492.  —  IX.,  John  Anthony 
Faechinetti,  a  native  of  Bologna,  made 
a  cardinal  by  Gregory  XIII.  for  his  ser- 
vices at  tiie  •council  of  Trent.  He  was 
elected  pope,  2itth  October,  1591,  and  d. 
two  months  after.  —  X.,  John  Baptist 
Pamphili,  a  native  of  Rome,  who  suc- 
ceeded Urban  VIIL,  1644,  at  the  age  of 
72.  He  jiersecuted  the  I3arberinis,  to 
whom  he  was  indebted  for  his  elevation, 
and  he  published  his  bull  against  the 
five  projiositions  of  the  Jansenists.  D. 
1655.— XL,  Benedict  Odescalchi,  a  na- 
tive of  Como,  in  tlie  Milanese,  was  made 
a  bishop  and  a  cardinal  by  Pope  Inno- 
cent X.,  and  elected  pope  1676.  He 
reformed  several  abuses  in  the  ecclesi- 
astical states,  and  opposed  with  great 
firmness  Louis  XIV.  by  refusing  to 
admit  to  bislioprics  those  persons  who 
were  rccommcntled  to  him  by  the  mon- 
arch, so  that  at  his  death  not  less  than 
tiiirty  dioceses  were  vacant.  He  con- 
demned the  errors  of  the  Molinists  and 
tlie  Quietists,  and  ell'ected  a  strong  coa- 
lition between  Germany,  Pohmd,  and 
Venice,  against  tlie  Turks.  D.  16S9.— 
XII.,  Anthony  Pignatelli,  a  noble  Nea- 
politan, raised  to  the  pnpal  chair,  1691, 
after  Alexander  VIII.  He  issued  a  bull 
against  the  system  adopted  by  his  pre- 
decessor, of  paying  particular  honors  to 


luvj 


CYCLOP.EIJIA    OF    muGKAl'UV. 


521 


tho  relations  of  popes,  and  condemned 
the  '•  Maxims  ol'  tlie  Saints,"  written 
bv  i'enclon,  arelibisliop  of  Cambr.'.y. 
15.  \:>M). 

IRELAND,  Samcel,  was  originally  a 
silk  manufacturer  in  Spitallields ;  but 
havinjj  a  taste  for  the  arts,  he  became  a 
spceuhitor  in  scarce  books,  prints,  &c., 
and  ]iidjlished  many  embellished  tours. 
In  IT'JO  his  character  sustained  a  deep 
injury  in  consequence  of  the  part  he 
tijolv  in  the  publication  of  an  impudent 
'brgery,  fabriciited  by  his  son,  which 
made  a  preat  noise  at  the  time,  and  was 
entitled  "  Miscellaneous  Papers  and  Le- 
fjal  Instruments,  under  the  hand  and 
seal  of  William  Sliakspeare,"  &c.  His 
son,  however,  acquitted  him  of  wilt'ul 
participation  in  tliis  gross  literary  fraud, 
ni  what  he  termed  an  "  Authentic  Ac- 
count of  the  Shakspeare  Manuscripts." 
Besides  a  variety  of"'  Picturesque  Tours" 
above  alluded  to,  Samuel  Ireland  pub- 
lished a  work  in  one  volume,  entitled 
"  (iraphie  Illustrations  of  Hogarth."    D. 

ISIH). 

IKEX.iEU'S,  St.,  a  Christian  martyr 
in  the  2d  century,  was  bishop  of  Lyons, 
lie  was  a  man  of  considerable  learnintr, 
and  animated  with  an  ardent  zeal  for 
Ciiristianity  ;  in  which  cause  he  suffered 
during  the  fifth  persecution  under  Sep- 
timus Scverus,  in  202,  and  is  liouored  as 
a  saint. 

IREXE,  an  empress  ofConstantinople, 
alike  famous  for  her  talents,  her  beauty, 
and  lier  crimes,  was  by  birth  an  Athe- 
nian, and  married  Leo  IV.,  after  whoso 
death,  in  TGy,  she  raised  herself  and  her 
son  Constantino  VI.,  who  was  then  but 
9  years  old,  to  the  imperial  throne. 
Charlemagne  at  that  time  menaced  the 
Eastern  empire.  Irene  at  first  delayed 
him  by  promises ;  and  at  length  went 
so  far  as  to  oppose  him,  arms  in  hand  ; 
but  he  totally  defeated  her  army  in  the 
year  7S8.  When  Constantino  had  ar- 
rived at  manhood,  he  refused  to  permit 
her  to  participate  lonjer  in  the  govern- 
ment, and  actually  reiirned  alone  seven 
years;  but  the  inhuman  and  unnatural 
empress  caused  him  to  be  deprived  of 
his  sight,  and  assumed  the  sovereignty. 
Her  entrance  into  Constantinople  on  a 
triumphal  car  of  gold  and  precious 
stones,  her  liberality  to  the  people,  the 
freedom  which  she  bestowed  on  all  pris- 
oners, and  other  artifices  employed  by 
her,  were  not  sufficient  to  secure  her 
from  the  consequences  of  her  criminal 
accession.  Nicenhorus,  who  was  placed 
on  the.  imperial  throne,  exiled  her  to  the 
isle  ol  Lesbos,  where  she  d.  in  SOS. 
44"- 


IRETON,  Henry,  a  soldier,  states- 
man, and  regicide,  was  b.  at  Attentou^ 
in  Nottinghamshire,  iu  1010;  studied  at 
Trinity  eoile)'e,  Oxford,  and  the  iliddla 
Tem|)lc ;  and  on  the  breaking  out  of  tho 
rebeUion,  joined  the  parliamentarians, 
the  left  wing  of  whose  army  he  com- 
manded at  the  battle  of  Naseby.  Hav- 
ing married  a  daughter  of  Oliver  Crom- 
well, he  soon  rose  to  preferments ;  sat 
in  judgment  upon  the  king,  whom  he 
had  ))reviously  betrayed  ;  and  was  ap- 
pointed connnander-in-chief  in  Ireland, 
where  he  d.  in  IGol.  His  body  was 
brought  to  England,  and  buried  in 
AVestiuinster  abbey  till  the  restoration, 
when  it  was  taken  up,  suspended  at  the 
gallows,  and  tiien  thrown  into  a  pit  with 
those  of  Cromwell  and  Bradshaw. 

IRVING,  William,  a  merchant  of  the 
city  of  New  York.  He  was  also  distin- 
guished as  a  gentleman  of  literary  taste, 
and  iu  1812  became  a  member  of  con- 
gress. Mr.  I.  was  a  brother  of  Washing- 
ton Irving;  and  it  is  said  furnished 
several  papers  for  the  noted  work  under 
the  name  of  "  Salmagundi."  D.  1821. — 
Edwakd,  a  native  of  Annan,  Scotland, 
was  b.  ill  17y2.  He  received  the  fir.st 
rudiments  of  classical  education  of  the 
village  schoolmaster,  which  he  com- 
pleted at  the  university  of  Eilinburgii. 
When  a  mere  child  he  is  said  to  have 
been  singular  in  his  way  of  thinking, 
habits,  and  amusements;  and,  betbre  he 
had  reached  the  17th  year  of  his  age,  he 
was  recommended  as  a  teacher  of  the 
mathematics,  by  Professor  Leslie,  to  an 
academy  at  Haddington.  That  situation 
he  left,  in  order  to  fill  a  similar  one  at 
Kirkkaldy,  where  he  remained  seven 
years,  and  during  which  time  he  became 
enamored  of  JHss  Isabella  Martin, 
whom  he  afterwards  married.  In  ISly 
he  went  to  Edinburgh,  with  a  determi- 
nation of  becoming  a  preacher  of  the 
gospel ;  and  on  Dr.  Chalmers  hearing 
him  in  the  pulpit,  he  appointed  him  his 
assistant  at  St.  John's  church,  Glasgow. 
In  182o  he  was  appointed  to  preach  at 
tho  Caledonian  asylum,  in  Cross-street, 
llatton-garden.  The  force,  cloqucncCj 
and,  it  may  be  added,  the  novelty  ot 
style  and  manner  of  Mr.  Irving,  drew 
siieh  large  congregations  to  the  Cale- 
donian asylum,  tliat  those  only  were 
admitted  who  could  procure  ticket.s— 
even  for  "standing  room  ;"  while  these 
were  chiefly  distributed  among  the 
noble,  wealthy,  and  liberal  of  both 
sexes.  He  published  many  of  his  ser- 
mons and  opinions;  and  on  becoming 
acquainted  with  Mr.  Drummond,  joined 


5-2-3 


CVCLOr.EUIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


ISI 


*'  the  prophets,"  as  they  were  called,  of 
Albury  park,  tlie  seat  of  the  latter. 
These  "  prophets''  were  twenty  or  thirty 
persons  iisseinbled  together  at  t!ic  above- 
named  scat,  lor  the  express  object  of 
atudyiug,  or  elucidating,  *'tiic  sublime 
scMciife  of  sacred  prophecy,"  accounts 
of  which  were  published  in  1827.  In 
the  course  of  this  and  tiie  following  year 
tiie  change  in  Mr.  Irving's  doctrines 
became  evident  to  his  former  admirers ; 
and  in  1830  he  was  charged  with  heresy 
by  the  Scotch  church  in  London.  Pro- 
ceeding's of  the  presbytery  were  carried 
on  against  him;  and  the  judgment  of 
that  body  being  approved  bv  tlie  trus- 
tees of  "the  National  Seotcli  church, 
which  had  been  erected  for  him  in  Kc- 
gent  square,  he  was  dismissed  there- 
from, and  afterwards  deposed  by  the 
presbytery  af  Annan.  He  then  removed 
to  Newman-street  to  preacli,  and  grew 
wilder  than  ever,  till  he  d.  1S34. 

IKWIN,  Etlks,  was  b.  at  Calcutta, 
of  Irisli  parents,  in  17-iS,  and  received 
his  education  in  England.  In  17(57  he  re- 
turned to  the  Eiist  in  a  civil  capacity,  but 
was  suspended  in  1777,  for  his  attach- 
ment to  Lord  Pigot;  on  whicli  he  came 
to  Europe  over  land  to  seelv  redress, 
obtained  it,  and  was  restored  to  his 
former  station  at  Madras,  whither  he 
again  repaired.  In  1785  he  returned 
again  to  England;  but  in  1792  he  went 
to  China  to  superintend  the  Company's 
atfairs ;  after  which  he  revisited  England, 
wiiere  he  d.  in  1S17.  Ills  works  arc 
"  Adventures  during  a  Voyage  up  the 
llel  Sea,  and  a  Journey  across  the  Des- 
ert," '-Eastern  Eclogues,"  an  "Epistle 
to  Mr.  Ilayley,"  "  Ode  on  the  Death  of 
Ilyder  Ali,"  ""  An  Inquiry  into  the  Fea- 
sibility of  Bonaparte  s  Expedition  into 
tlie  East,''  "  Napoleon,  or  the  Vanity  of 
Human  Wishes,"  etc. 

IS. VAC,  Kauo,  a  rabbi,  who  was  forced 
to  i(uit  Spain  in  consequence  of  the  edict 
of  Ferdinand  and  Isabella  in  149i),  whicli 
comjielled  the  Jews  to  leave  that  coun- 
try within  4  months,  or  become  Chris- 
tians, lie  tirst  W'cnt  to  Portugal,  and 
from  thence  to  Jerusalem,  but  was  so 
unfortunate  as  to  lose  all  his  children 
on  their  journey,  as  well  as  Ids  library. 
lie  then  passed  the  remainder  of  his  life 
in  solitude,  occupying  himself  in  writing 
a  "Commentary  on  tlie  i'entateuch." 

ISAACSON,  IIk.nuv,  the  author  of  a 
valuable  system  of  chron(ih)gy,  was  the 
son  of  Uicliard  Isaacson,  sheriff  of  Lon- 
don.    B.  l.'>81 ;  d.  10S4. 

ISABELLA  OF  Castile,  the  celebrated 
queen  of  Spain,  daughter  of  John  II., 


was  b.  1451,  and  man-led,  in  1460,  Fer- 
dinand v.,  king  of  Aragon.  After  the 
death  of  her  brother,  Henry  IV.,  in 
1474,  she  ascended  the  lliroiic  of  Ca-stilc, 
to  the  exclusion  of  her  eldest  sister,  Jo- 
anna, who  had  the  rightfid  claim  to  tho 
crown.  After  the  kingdoms  of  Aragoa 
and  Castile  were  united,  Ferdinand  and 
Isabella  together  assumed  the  royal  title 
of  Spain.  She  was  haughty  and  ambi- 
tious ;  but  with  the  graces  and  charms 
of  her  sex,  Isabella  united  the  courage 
of  a  hero,  and  the  sagacity  of  a  states- 
man and  legislator;  she  was  always 
present  at  the  transaction  of  state  affairs, 
and  her  name  was  placed  beside  that  of 
her  husband  in  public  ordinances.  Pri- 
vate warfare,  which  had  formerly  pre- 
vailed to  the  destruction  of  public  tran- 
quillity, she  checked,  and  introduced  a 
visjorous  administration  of  justice.  D. 
1504. 

IS^US,  an  Athenian  orator,  tlic  pupil 
of  Lysias  and  Isocrates.  lie  lived  in 
the  tirst  half  of  the  4th  century  b.  c,  was 
wholly  unconnected  with  public  affairs, 
and  devoted  himself  to  the  task  of  in- 
structing others.  Eleven  of  his  orations 
are  still  extant. 

ISC  AN  US,  JosEPHCs,  or  Joseph  of 
ExETKi:,  was  a  distinginshed  writer  of 
Latin  poetry,  who  accompanied  Kiehard 
Cu3ur  de  I^ion  to  Palestine.  He  was  the 
author  of  an  epic  poem,  entitled  "  Anti- 
oeheis,"  or  the  deeds  of  Kiehard,  which 
the  poet  had  himself  witnessed.  This 
is  unfortunately  lost;  but  anotlier,  on 
the  Trojan  war  is  still  extant.  Warton 
styles  Iscanus  "  the  miracle  of  his  age 
in  classical  composition."     D.  1224. 

ISELIN,  Isaac,  a  German  philosopher, 
and  an  ingenious  writer,  b.  at  Basle,  in 
1728,  of  the  grand  council  of  which  city 
he  became  secretary  in  1756.  His  prin- 
cipal work  is  entitled  "The  History  of 
Mankind,"  but  many  others  came  from 
his  pen.     D.  1782. 

ISEMBERT  OF  Xaintes,  a  French 
architect  of  the  12th  century,  whose 
skill  in  building  the  bridges  of  Xaintes 
and  Kochelle,  induced  John,  king  of 
England,  to  recommend  him  to  the  citi- 
zens of  London,  in  1201,  as  an  engineer, 
or  architect,  who  might  be  useful  to 
them  in  completing  the  bridge  over  tho 
Thames  then  building. 

ISIDOKE  OF  Miletus,  a  Greek  archi- 
tect of  the  6tli  century,  who,  together 
with  Anthcmius,  was  employed  by  the 
Emperor  Justinian,  to  erect  the  church 
of  St.  So[)hia,  at  Constantinople.  It  is 
now  used  as  a  mosque. — Of  Pelusidm, 
a  saint  in  the  Koman  calo.dar,  and  so 


ivk] 


CVCLOl'.KDIA    UF    HIOGRAPHY. 


523 


called  from  his  rething  to  a  solitude 
ne:ir  tho  town  wliicli  hears  that  name, 
was  ii  celebrated  disc  pie  of  St.  Clirysos- 
lotn,  and  flourislied  ii  the  5th  century, 
lie  wrote  oOOO  cpis/les  on  theolo^iical 
questions  and  ecclesiastical  discipline. — 
Ok  SicviLLE,  another  Koman  saint,  was 
I),  at  ('arthajrena,  of  which  his  father  was 
CfoviTuor.  Isidore  succeeded  liis  brotlu^r 
in  the  bishopric  of  Seville  in  Ooi,  and  d. 
in  630.  His  works  are  numerous,  and 
anion^  them  is  a  chronicle,  ending  at 
Wic  year  Ol'I}. 

ISOCKATES,  one  of  the  greatest  ora- 
tors of  Greece,  was  h.  at  Atlicns,  43G 
B.  c,  and  was  the  son  of  a  musical  in- 
strutnent-inaker.  His  princinal  teachers 
were  Gorj^ias,  Prodicns,  and  Thcrame- 
nes.  On  account  of  his  weak  voice  and 
natural  timidity,  lie  took  but  little  share 
himself  in  public  spcakin.ar,  but  lie  ap- 
plied hiinseU'wilh  tlie  <rrcatest  ardor  to 
instruction  in  the  art  of  eloquence,  and 
preparinfr  orations  for  others.  He  was 
jwrticularly  distin,2uislied  for  a  polished 
style  and  an  harmonious  construction  of 
his  sentences ;  his  sulyccts  were  the 
most  important  points  of  morals  and 
politics  ;  and  it  is  recorded  to  his  honor 
that  he  never,  by  writin?  or  accusation, 
injured  a  single  individual.  He  was 
warmly  attached  to  the  liberties  of  his 
country;  and  such  his  trrief  on  hearing 
of  the  fatal  battle  of  Chcroiuva,  that  he 
took  no  food  for  four  days,  and  literally 
died  of  starvation,  in  the  'J8tli  year  of 
his  asre. 

ITL'KBIDE,  AuousTrx,  emperor  of 
Mexiea,  was  h.  at  Valladolid,  in  New 
Spain,  17S4,  and  entered  the  military 
service  at  the  age  of  17.  In  1S19  he  was 
invited  to  take  the  command  of  an  army 
destined  to  the  south,  and  he  marched 
to  Acapuleo.  There  he  matured  a  plan, 
the  professed  object  of  which  was  the 
emancipation  of  Mexico  from  the  yoke 
of  Spain,  the  independence  of  tlie  coun- 
try, the  protection  of  religion,  and  the 
union  of  the  Spaniards  and  Mexicans. 
On  the  strength  of  this  plan  Iturbide 
continued  his  march  to  Querotaro,  and 
was  soon  joined  by  Victoria,  the  most 
devoted  of  tlie  friends  of  liberty.  He 
took  possession  of  the  capital  in  the 
name  of  the  nation,  and  established  a 
regency,  consisting  of  members  nom- 
inated by  himself,  and  wholly  under  his 
control.  Finding  that  the  republicans 
saw  througli  his  intentions,  and  were  op- 
posed to  iiis  domination,  ho  resolved  to 
preserve  his  autiiority  by  boldly  usurp- 
ing the  crown ;  and,  accordingly, 
\hrough  tho  subserviency  of  his  troops, 


and  the  concurrence  of  a  portion  of  tho 
deputies,  he  was  proclaimed  emperor, 
May  18,  1822.  But  defection  now  be- 
came general  among  the  oflicers  of  the 
army,  and  in  all  the  provinces,  so  that 
Iturbide  saw  plainly  tliat  his  cause  was 
hopeless,  and  nastily  assemljled  at  Mex- 
ico the  dispersed  members  of  conErrcss, 
and  tendered  to  thein  his  abdication  of 
the  crown,  March  20,  1823.  (,'ongress 
agreed  to  grant  Iturbide  a  large  yearly 
pension,  on  condition  of  his  leaving  the 
^lexical!  territory  for  ever,  and  residing 
somewhere  in  Italy.  He  proceeded  to 
the  coast,  and  embarked,  1S23,  for  Leg- 
horn. He  might  have  continued  to  live 
liappily  in  one  of  the  chariniiig  villas  of 
Tuscany,  had  lie  not  been  impelled  by 
an  ambition  to  attempt  the  recovery  of 
!iis  lost  empire,  ^\'lth  this  oiyect  lie 
lett  Italy  for  Elngland,  and  embarked  for 
Mexico,  precisely  a  year  after  his  de- 
parture from  it,  and  arrived  in  sight  of 
the  port  of  Soto  la  ^Marina,  July  14. 
During  the  vear  that  had  elapsec^,  the 
Mexicans  liaA  adopted  a  repulilican  con- 
stitution. The  government  had  been 
appri.sed  of  his  leaving  Italy,  and  sus- 
pected his  design.  A  decree  was  p;issed, 
1824,  declaring  him  to  be  proscnlied  as 
a  traitor,  and  requiring  that,  in  case  he 
landed  in  the  countrj-,  the  mere  fact 
should  render  him  a  public  enemy. 
AV  holly  deceived  ir.  the  fate  wliich 
awaited  him,  Iturbide  landed  at  Soto  la 
Marina,  accompanied  only  by  Bcneski, 
his  secretary,  and  was  almost  immedi- 
ately arrested  by  order  of  La  Garza, 
commander  of  the  province  of  New 
Santander.  La  Gai-?a  lost  no  time  in 
coiiilucting  his  prijTOner  to  Padilla,  the 
capital  of  the  province.  His  fate  was 
i'or  a  sliort  time  delayed;  sentence  of 
immediate  death  was  pronounced;  and 
he  was  shot,  July  19,  1824. 

IVANOF,  Feodou  FEODORovrrscn,  a 
Russian  dramatist,  was  b.  in  1777.  He 
first  served  in  the  army,  from  which  lie 
was  removed  to  the  commissariat  de- 
partment, was  the  author  of  sf^veral 
comedies,  and  a  tragedy  called  "  Martha, 
or  the  Conquest  of  Novogorod."  D. 
181 1>. 

IVES,  John,  an  English  antiquary-, 
was  b.  at  Yarmouth,  in  1751.  lie  be- 
came Suffolk  herald  extraordinary,  and 
publisheil  three  numbers  of  select  papers 
on  subjects  of  Eiurlish  antiquities;  also 
"  Kemnrks  on  the  Garianonnin  of  the 
Romans,"  "Remarks on  PInglish Coins," 
&c.     I).  1771?. 

IVETAUX,  Nicholas  Vauqeun,  Sei- 
gneur d',  a  French  poet  and  man  of  let- 


524 


CVCLOP--EDIA    OF    BIOGllAPHY. 


[jAC 


ters,  b.  1559.  Ho  wrote  a  clever  poem,  I  Antiquities,  or  Memorials  of  he  City  of 
entitled  "Institutioa  d'uu  Prince,"  and  Exeter."  was  b.  tliere,  filled  the  oincea 
a  variety  of  other  pieces.     D.  1(5-49.  of  town-clerk  and  chamberlain,  and  d. 

IZAACKE,  liiciiARD.  author  of  "The  |  in  1700. 


JABLONOWSKY,  Joseph  Alexan- 
der VON,  a  Polish  prince,  b.  in  1712. 
Preferrinjj  a  life  of  literary  ease,  he  re- 
sisrned  his  dignity  when  the  troubles 
broke  out  in  his  country,  and  went  to 
live  at  Leipsic,  where  he  distinf^uished 
himself  as  the  patron  of  science,  founded 
a  society,  called  by  his  name,  which  still 
exists,  lie  wrote"  Tiie  Lives  of  Twelve 
Generals,"  a  "Treatise  on  Sclavonic 
Poetry,"  and  other  works.     D.  1777. 

JACKSON,  Andrew,  president  of  the 
United  States  from  1829  to  1837,  was  b. 
in  South  Carolina,  17G7.  His  father  was 
an  Irish  emigrant.  At  the  age  of  16  he 
took  part  in  the  vi-ar  of  independence; 
at  the  close  of  which  he  became  a  law 
student,  and  was  thus  enabled  to  dis- 
charge efficiently  some  high  legal  offices 
in  Tennessee,  to  which  he  was  subse- 
quently appointed.  On  the  breaking 
out  of  the  war  with  England  in  1812,  he 
took  vigorous  measures  for  the  defence 
of  the  menaced  territory ;  in  1814  he  was 
appointed  major-general;  and,  among 
other  exploits,  which  raised  him  to  the 
highest  point  of  popularity,  he  gained 
the  decisive  victory  over  the  English, 
Jan.  8,  1815,  at  New  Orleans,  which  put 
an  end  to  the  war.  The  same  success 
attended  liis  arms  against  the  Creek 
tribes,  whom  he  repeatedly  subdued. 
In  1821  he  was  appointed  governor  of 
Florida;  and  his  gallant  deeds  being 
Btill  fresh  in  his  countrymen's  recollec- 
tion, lie  was  brought  forward  by  the 
democratic  party  as  a  candidate  for  the 
presidency,  elected  in  1829,  and  re- 
elected in  1833.  His  period  of  office  is 
cliiefly  remarkable  for  the  extension  of 
democratic  tendencies  which  took  place 
during  it.  lie  obtained  from  Franco 
the  payment  of  an  indemnity  of  twenty- 
five  millions  of  francs  for  injuries  done 
to  the  commerce  of  the  United  States 
during  the  empire.  His  i-efusal  to  re- 
new the  bank  charter,  in  1833,  led  to 
one  of  the  most  violent  financial  strug- 
gles on  record.  General  Jackson  was 
or  lowed  with  inflexible  will,  an  ardent 
patriotism,  and  was  always  the  idol  of 
the  people.  D.  1815. — John,  a  learned 
Uebrai.-it  and  controversial  writer,  was 


b.  at  Lensy,  in  Yorkshire,  in  1686 
The  corporation  of  Doncaster  gave  him 
the  living  of  IJossiugton,  but  the  perti- 
nacity with  which  he  supported  his 
Arian  principles  prevented  his  further 
rise  in  the  church.  He  was  the  author 
of"  Chronological  Antiquities  ;"  and  left 
behind  him  the  character  of  a  learned 
and  sincere  writer,  though  strongly  tinc- 
tured with  the  faults  of  a  violent  polemic. 
D.  1703. — John,  an  eminent  English 
portrait  painter,  was  b.  at  Lastingham, 
m  Yorkshire,  in  1778,  and  apprenticed 
to  hi.s  father,  Avho  was  a  tailor  ;  but  dis- 
covering a  decided  talent  for  the  art  in 
which  he  afterwards  excelled,  his  abili- 
ties procured  him  the  protection  of  Sir 
George  Beaumont,  through  Avhose  means 
he  removed  to  London,  and  studied  at 
the  Eoyal  Academy.  At  the  time  ho 
entered  the  great  theatre  of  art,  Law- 
rence, Opie,  Beechey,  and  other  eminent 
masters  pre-occupied  the  particular 
branch  he  had  chosen,  and  for  a  time 
he  contented  himself  with  painting  por- 
traits in  water-colors,  in  which  he  was 
very  successful.  He  was,  however,  de- 
termined to  take  a  high  stand,  if  possi- 
ble, as  a  portrait  painter  in  oil ;  and  the 
tact  with  which  he  copied  the  works  of 
the  old  masters  surprised  his  cotempo- 
raries.  He  was  elected  royal  academi- 
cian in  1817;  and  when,  in  1819,  he 
travelled  through  Italy,  and  visited 
Eome  with  Mr.  Chantrey,  he  was  chosen 
a  member  of  the  academy  of  St.  Luke. 
D.  1831. — William,  a  musical  composer 
and  author,  was  b.  in  1730,  at  Exeter, 
and  received  the  rudiments  of  a  classical 
education,  with  a  view  to  his  following 
one  of  the  liberal  professions.  His  taste 
for  music  displayed  itself,  however,  so 
decidedly  white  he  was  yet  a  youth,  that 
his  friends  were  induced  to  place  him 
under  Travers,  the  organist  of  the  ca- 
thedral belonging  to  his  native  city. 
Having  passed  two  years  in  the  metrop- 
olis, he  returned  to  Exeter  in  1750,  and, 
succeeding  eventually  to  the  situation 
of  organist,  there  passed  the  remainder 
of  his  life.  He  published  several  books 
of  songs,  canzonets,  hymns,  and  sonatas 
of  his  compo.sition,  which  are  still  held 


jam] 


C'VCL01'.t:i)IA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


525 


in  esteem  for  their  eliasteness  of  concep- 
tion and  Inith  of  expression ;  lie  was 
also  tlie  author  of  a  treatise  "Ou  tlie 
Present  State  of  Music,"  "The  Four 
Ages,"  Jkc.     D.  ISO-i. 

JACOBI,  John  George,  a  German 
poet,  was  b.  in  1740,  at  Diisseldorf; 
stiulicd  at  (iottingen;  was  professor  of 
piiilosopliy  and  C'ioquciK'e  at  Halle  ;  and, 
Buhsequcntly,  of  the  belles  lettrcs  at 
Friburg,  wliieh  he  retained  durin^r  his 
life.  Thi'  M'.vle  of  Jacobi  was  formed  on 
that  of  die  lii^liter  French  poets,  and 
possesses  ninch  case  and  gayety.  D.1S14. 

JACOBS,  FuEUKKic,  a  celebrated  phil- 
ological writer,  was  b.  at  Golliar,  in 
Saxony,  in  1704-.  In  17S5  he  became  a 
teacher  in  the  gymnasium  of  his  native 
city,  wher<»  he  published  a  number  of 
excellent  works,  of  which,  independent 
of  those  of  a  critical  or  philological  char- 
acter, may  be  noticed  his  "School  for 
Women,"  and  "  Tales."  1).  1847.— 
Jl'riex,  was  a  native  of  Switzerland,  b. 
in  1610.  lie  studied  under  Snyders, 
and  is  celebrated  for  the  fidelity  and 
spirit  with  which  he  painted  the  animals 
in  his  hunting  pieces. — Luc.vs,  commonly 
called  Ll'cas  van  Leyden,  was  b.  at 
Leyden,  in  1494.  lie  studied  under  his 
father,  Hugh  Jacobs,  and  next  under 
Cornelius  Engelbrecht.  Many  of  his 
pictures  in  oil  and  distemper  are  to  be 
found  on  the  Continent;  but  he  is  now 
best  known  bv  his  engrravings.  D.  1.533. 

JACOPONE,  Da  Tom,  so  called  on 
account  of  his  birthplace,  was  an  Italian 
poet,  whose  real  name  was  .Jacopo  de 
Benedetti.  On  being  left  a  widower 
he  distributed  his  property  among  the 
poor,  and  entered  into  the  order  of 
Minorites  as  a  servitor.  He  composed 
Sacred  Canticles,  Latin  poems,  and  the 
famous  "  Stabat  Mater,"  since  so  cele- 
brated by  the  compositions  of  Haydn, 
Pergolesi,  etc.     D.  1306. 

JACOTOT,  Jean  Joseph,  originally  a 
captain  of  artillery  in  Napoleon's  army, 
and  subsequently  sub-director  of  the 
Polytechnic  school,  was  deprived  of  his 
office  at  the  restoration  for  having  been 
a  member  of  the  chamber  during  the 
"  hmidred  days."  Retiring  to  Belgium, 
he  there  conceived  and  put  into  partial 
practice  a  new  system  ot  education,  on 
the  principle  that  all  intelligences  are 
equal,  the  only  ditference  between  man 
and  man  being  the  result  of  circum- 
stances more  than  of  nature.  He  has 
left  several  works  upon  the  subject,  in- 
teresting for  insrenuity,  if  not  for  cor- 
rectness.   B.  1770;  d.  1840. 

JACQUAKD,  Joseph  Mauie,  the  in- 


ventor of  the  beautilil  H]>paratus  for 
figured  weaving,  which  bears  his  mime, 
was  b.  at  Lyons,  1752.  At  an  early  ago 
he  displayed  a  taste  for  mechanics, 
which  distinguished  him  through  life; 
and  whether  in  book-binding,  type- 
founding,  or  cutlery — all  of  which  ho 
tried  in  his  youth — he  showed  a  strong 
aptitude  for  improvement.  On  his  fa- 
ther's death,  he  attem])ted  to  carry  on 
the  weaving  business,  which  he  inherited 
from  him,  but  with  little  success ;  and 
soon  afterwards,  during  the  troubles  of 
the  French  revolution,  he  lost  his  little 
all,  having  been  compelled  to  flee  from 
Lyons  after  its  reduction  by  the  army 
of  the  convention.  He  then  joined  the 
army  of  the  Rhine ;  but  having  seen  his 
son  fiiU  in  battle  by  his  side,  he  once 
more  returned  to  Lyons,  where  he  was 
obliged  to  earn  a  precarious  sustenance 
in  the  humble  occupation  of  plaiting 
straw.  But  a  new  era  was  now  m  store 
for  him.  In  1801  he  submitted  to  the 
"  National  Exposition"  his  celebrated 
machine,  which  forms  a  memorable 
epoch  in  the  textile  art ;  and  its  merits 
being  at  once  acknowledged  and  re- 
warded, he  was  soon  afterwards  em- 
]i!oyed  by  Napoleon  in  the  "Conserva- 
toire des  Arts  et  des  Metiers,"  at  Paris, 
where  he  introdnced  some  ingenious 
improvements  in  the  models  and  ma- 
chinery there  in  use.  On  his  return  to 
Lyons,  he  had  to  struggle  against  much 
opposition  and  prejudice  on  the  part  of 
the  weavers  ;  but  he  outlived  it  all,  and 
long  before  his  death  he  had  the  satis- 
faction of  seeing  his  m.ichinery  intro- 
duced into  every  European  and  Amer- 
ican manufactory  ;  and  so  far  from 
diminishing  employment,  as  some  feared 
on  its  first  introduction,  it  has  increased 
the  number  of  workmen  in  the  opera- 
tions to  which  it  is  applied  tenfold. 
D.  18.34. 

■  JAIIN,  John,  a  learned  orientalist, 
who  after  having  been  professor  ot 
biblical  archaeology  and  theology  in  the 
university  of  Vienna,  obtained  the  chair 
of  oriental  literature,  which,  in  ISOG,  ho 
was  obliged  to  relinquish  on  account  of 
his  heterodoxy.  He  published  a  "  He- 
brew Bible,"  "  Biblical  Archtcology," 
"  Enchiridion  Ilermeneutiete  gcneralis 
Tabularum  veteris  et  novi  F'ojderis," 
&e. ;  and  his  works  on  the  philology  of 
the  sacred  writings  are  said  to  be  tho 
most  valuable  extant.     1).  1817. 

JAMBLICHUS,  a  philosopher  who 
flourished  at  the  beginning  of  the  tburtb 
century,  and  was  a  native  of  Chalcis  in 
Coelosyria.    He  was  the  disciple  of  Ana- 


526 


CYCLOI'.SDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[.. 


toll  US  and  Porphyry,  from  whom  he 
learnt  the  mysteries  of  the  Plotinian 
system  of  pliilosopiiy,  which  he  taught 
with  jrreat  rei)Utatioi'i.  Amonj^  the  pliil- 
osophiciil  works  of  Jambliehus  now  ex- 
tant are,  '"  The  J^ife  of  Pythagoras," 
''  An  Exiiortalion  to  the  Study  of  Phi- 
losophy," and  a  "  Treatise  on  the  Mys- 
teries of  the  Egyptians,  Chaldeans,  and 
Assyrians." 

JAMES  I.,  king  of  Scotland,  of  the 
house  of  Stuart,  b.  in  1394,  was  the  son 
of  Kobert  III.  In  1405  he  was  taken  by 
the  English  on  his  passage  to  France, 
and  kept  in  confinement  IS  years.  In 
14-24  he  obtained  his  liberty,  and  se- 
verelv  punished  those  who  had  gov- 
erned his  country  in  his  absence;  for 
which,  and  some  strong  measures  which 
he  took  to  curb  a  lawless  nobility,  ho 
fell  a  victim  to  assassins,  who  gained 
admission  to  his  apartment,  and  mur- 
dered him  in  his  bed,  in  1437. — V.,  of 
Scotland,  succeeded,  in  15l;5,  at  the 
death  of  his  father,  James  IV.,  though 
only  18  months  old.  At  the  age  of  17 
he  assumed  the  government,  and  as- 
sisted Francis  I."  of  France  against 
Charles  V.,  for  which  that  prince  gave 
liim  his  daughter  Margaret  in  marriage. 
On  her  decease  he  married  Mary  of  Lor- 
raine, daughter  of  Claude,  duke  of  Guise. 
D.  1.J45.— 1.  of  England,  and  VI.  of  Scot- 
land, was  the  son  of  Mary,  queen  of 
Scotland,  by  Henry  Stuart,  Lord  Darn- 
ley,  and  was  b.  in  15G6.  In  the  follow- 
ing year,  Queen  Mary  being  forced  to 
resign  the  crown,  he  was  solemnly 
crowned  at  Stirling,  .ind  all  public  acts 
ran  in  his  name.  In  1603,  on  the  death 
of  Elizabeth,  James  succeeded  to  the 
crown  of  England,  and  proceeded  to 
London.  He  received  during  his  life- 
time a  deal  of  adulation  for  Ids  literary 
abilities ;  but  tliough  he  was  the  author 
of  some  few  books,  they  display  more 
pedantry  than  learning.  D.  1625. — II., 
king  of  England,  second  son  of  Charles 
1.  and  of  Henrietta  of  France,  was  b.  in 
1633,  and  innncdiately  declared  duke  of 
York.  After  the  capture  of  Oxford  by 
the  parliamentary  army,  he  escaped, 
and  was  conducted  to  his  sister,  the 
princess  of  Orange.  At  that  time  he 
was  15  years  of  age.  He  soon  after 
joined  hm  mother  at  Paris,  and,  when 
he  had  reached  his  iiOth  year,  served  in 
the  French  army  under  Turenue,  and 
subsequently  cntentd  the  Spanish  army 
in  Flanders,  under  Don  John  of  Austria 
and  the  Prince  of  Condc.  At  the  res- 
toration be  returned  to  England,  and 
married  secretly  Anue  Hyde,  daughter 


of  the  Earl  of  Clarendon,  by  whom  ho 
had  two  daughters,  who  afterwards  be- 
came queens  of  England,  viz.,  Mary  and 
Anne.  In  the  Dutch  warr,  he  sitrnalized 
himself  as  commander  of  the  English 
fleet,  and  showed  great  skill  and  bra- 
very. On  the  death  of  Charles  II.,  in 
16S">,  the  duke  succeeded,  under  the 
title  of  James  II.,  and,  from  the  time  of 
his  ascending  the  throne,  seems  to  have 
acted  with  a  steady  determination  to 
render  himself  absolute.  After  disgust- 
ing the  great  majority  of  his  subjects, 
he  proceeded  to  levy  the  customs  and  ex- 
cise without  the  authority  of  parliament, 
lie  proceeded  by  every  direct  and  indi- 
rect attack  to  overthrow  the  established 
church  ;  but  these  innovations,  in  regard 
both  to  the  religion  and  government, 
gradually  united  opposing  interests,  and 
a  large  body  of  the  nobility  and  gentry 
concurred  in  an  application  to  the  prince 
of  Orange,  who  had  been  secretly  pre- 
paring a  fleet  and  an  army  for  the 
nivasion  of  the  country.  James,  who 
was  long  kept  in  ignorance  of  these 
transactions,  when  informed  of  them 
by  his  minister  at  the  Hague,  was  struck 
with  terror  equal  to  his  former  infatua- 
tion ;  and  immediately  repealing  all  his 
obnoxious  acts,  he  practisecl  every 
method  to  gain  popularity.  All  confi- 
dence was,  however,  destroyed  between 
the  king  and  the  people.  William  ar- 
rived with  his  fleet  in  Torbay,  Nov.  4th, 
168S ;  and  being  speedily  joined  by 
several  men  of  rank,  his  ranks  swelled, 
while  the  army  of  James  began  to 
desert  by  entire  regiments.  He  fled  to 
France.  The  throne  of  Great  Britian 
was  declared  to  be  abdicated,  and  Wil- 
liam and  Lis  consort  M.ary  (the  daughter 
of  James)  were  inianimously  called  to 
till  it  conjointly.  Assisted  by  Louis 
XIV.,  .lames  was  enabled,  in  March, 
1689,  to  make  an  attempt  for  the  re- 
covery of  Ireland.  The  battle  of  Boyne, 
fought  June,  1690,  compelled  him  to 
return  to  France.  D.  1701. — Thcmas, 
an  English  navigator,  in  the  17th  cen- 
tury, who,  in  1631  and  1632,  attempted 
to  discover  a  northwest  passage.  Ho 
wintered  on  Charleton  Island,  in  Hud- 
son's Bay  ;  and  next  summer  proceeded 
on  his  voyage,  but  was  unable  to  pene- 
trate farther  than  65  degrees  and  a  half 
north.  He  made  some  discoveries  on 
the  coast  of  Hudson's  Bay;  to  the  coun- 
try on  the  western  side  of  which  ho 
gave  tlie  name  of  New  South  Wales. 
On  his  return  to  England  he  published 
an  account  of  his  expedition,  entitled 
'•  The  strange  and  dangerous  Voyage 


jay] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OK    BIOGRAPHY. 


527 


of  Cnptain  Thomas  James,  for  the  Dis- 
covery of  a  Northwest  Pasan^e  to  tlie 
South  Sen." — WiLi.TAM,  the  autlior  of  a 
vahiable  national  worls,  entitled  "The 
Naval  History  of  Great  Britain,  from 
the  declaration  of  War  hy  Franco,  in 
17'.t:3,  to  the  Accession  of  George  IV." 
tfee.  Every  accessible  source  of  authen- 
tic information  was  made  use  of  by  Mr. 
Jumes  in  writinij  this  history;  and  his 
industry  and  research  deserve  the  high- 
est praise.  J).  IS'27. — William,  a  land 
agent  and  surveyor,  was  a  native  of 
lIenloy-in-.\rden,  AVarwiekshire.  He 
was  the  original  projeetor  of  the  Man- 
chester and  Liverpool  railway;  and  may 
in  some  respects  be  regarded  as  the 
father  of  the  railway  system,  having 
surveyed  numerous  lines  at  his  own 
expense,  and  been  an  active  promoter 
of  these  undertakings,  at^  a  time  when 
tliey  were  considered  to  be  mere  specu- 
lative innovations.  D.  aged  OG,  at  Bod- 
min, Cornwall,  ^lareh  11,  ISoT. 

JAMESON,  Geouqe,  an  eminent 
painter,  justly  termed  the  Vandyke  of 
Scotland,  was  b.  at  Aberdeen  in  1586, 
and  .1.  in  1644. 

JANSEX,  Cornelius,  bishop  of 
Ypres,  and  professor  of  divinity  in  the 
universities  of  Louvain  and  Douay, 
was  one  the  most  learned  divines  of  the 
17th  century,  and  founder  of  tiic  sect 
of  Jansenists.  "  lie  was  b.  in  1585,  at 
Akay,  near  Leerdam,  in  Holland ;  and 
studied  at  Louvain.  Being  sent  into 
Spaiii  to  transact  some  business  of  con- 
sequence relating  to  the  university,  the 
Catholic  kinsr,  viewing  with  a  jealous 
eye  the  intriguing  policy  of  France, 
engaged  with  him  to  write  a  book 
against  the  French,  for  having  formed 
an  alliance  with  Protestant  states ;  and 
rewarded  him  for  it  with  the  see  of 
Ypres  in  1605.  He  had  among  other 
writings  before  this,  maintained  a  con- 
troversy against  the  Protestants  upon 
the  subject  of  grace  and  predestination  ; 
but  his  "  Augustinus,"  respectiuET  which 
a  furious  and  almost  interminable  eon- 
test  arose,  was  the  principal  labor  of  his 
life.     1).  1058. 

JANSENIUS,  CoRN-KLics,  bishop  of 
Ghent,  was  b.  at  Hulst,  in  Flanders,  in 
I'llO.  He  distinguished  himself  at  the 
council  of  Trent  by  his  learning  and 
modesty.  He  wrote  a  "  Harmony  of 
tlie  Gospels,"  and  other  works,  and  d. 
at  Ghent  in  157(5. 

JANSSENS,  Aun.vtiAM,  an  b.istorical 
painter,  was  b.  at  Antwerp,  iu  1569. 
He  was  cotemnorary  with  Rubens,  and 
in    many  of  tlie  finest  parts  of  the  art 


was  accounted  not  inferior  to  him. — 
CoRjiELics,  called  also  Joiixso.v,  an  emi- 
nent portrait  painter,  was  b.  at  Amster- 
dam. He  resided  in  England  several 
years,  and  was  engaged  in  the  service 
of  King  James  L  His  paintings  are 
easily  distinguished  by  tlieir  smooth, 
clear,  and  delicate  tints,  and  by  a  strong 
character  of  truth  and  nature.  1).  1685. 
— VicTor.  HoxoRirs,  a  celebrated  histor- 
ical painter,  was  b.  at  Brussels,  in  1664. 
He  a>sociated  with  Teinpesta,  the  cele- 
brated landscape  painter  for  several 
years,  and  painted  the  figures  in  the 
works  of  that  great  master  as  long  as 
they  resided  together.  For  small  his- 
torical pictures,  he  was  preferable  to  all 
the  painters  of  his  time. 

JAENOWICK,  GiovANNA  Maxe,  a 
celebrated  violinist,  was  b.  at  Palermo 
in  1745,  and  was  the  most  accomplished 
pupil  of  Lulli.  For  several  years  he 
resided  at  Paris,  and  was  considered  at 
the  head  of  his  profession;  he  after- 
wards went  to  England,  where  he  was 
very  popular;  but  on  being  invited  to 
settle  at  Petersburg,  he  went  thither, 
where  he  d.  in  1804.  He  was  as  eccen- 
tric and  irritable  as  he  was  clever,  and 
numerous  singular  anecdotes  are  re- 
corded of  him. 

JARVIS,  JoHX,  an  artist,  distin- 
guished by  his  paintings  on  glass,  was 
b.  in  Dublin,  in  1749  ;  and  after  practi- 
sing his  art  in  that  city,  removed  to  Lon- 
don, where  he  obtained  great  reputa- 
tion. His  most  celebrated  performance 
is  the  west  window  of  New  college, 
O.xford,  from  the  design  of  Sir  Joshua 
Revnolds.  D.  1804. — John  Wesley 
a  clistinguished  and  eccentric  portrait 
painter,  one  of  the  foremost  of  his  day, 
was  b.  at  South  Shields,  1780,  but  came 
to  America  early  in  life.  He  was  ajipren- 
ticed  to  Edwin,  the  engraver,  but  his 
tastes  were  for  painting,  and  he  took  to 
the  brush.  Settling  in  New  York,  he 
soon  won  a  high  reputation  as  wtH  for 
his  wit  and  convivial  talents  as  for  hia 
skill  as  an  artist.  His  portraits  are 
among  the  most  spirited  that  luive  beeu 
produced.     D.  1S34. 

J.\Y,  John,  au  eminent  jurist  and 
statesman,  was  b.  at  New  Y'ork  in  1745. 
Afterstndying  at  Columbia  (then  King's) 
colleiTc,  he'  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  and 
in  1774  was  chosen  a  delcirate  to  the  first 
.\merican  congress,  at  Philadelphia.  Iu 
1776  he  was  chosen  president  of  the 
con-xress,  in  1777  he  was  a  member  of 
thecon  vent  ion  which  framed  the  con- 
stitution of  New  York,  and  in  the  fol- 
lowing year   he   was    appointed    chia 


528 


CVULOP.EDIA    UF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[jEF 


justice  of  that  stale.  He  was  next  sent 
as  iniaister  plenipotentiary  to  Spain, 
and  in  17S"i  lie  was  appointed  one  ot" 
the  coinini.s.sioners  to  neirotiato  a  peace 
with  Great  Britain.  Tlic  detinitive 
treaty  having  been  signed  in  September, 
1783,  lie  returned  to^tlie  United  States, 
and  in  17S4  he  was  sent  as  envoy  ex- 
traordinary- to  Great  Britain,  and  con- 
cluded the  treaty  wliich  has  been  called 
after  his  name.  In  17'J5  he  was  elected 
governor  of  his  native  state :  this  post 
nc  continued  to  occupy  till  ISOl,  when 
he  declined  a  re-election,  as  well  as  a 
reappointment  to  the  office  of  chief  jus- 
tice of  the  United  States,  and  passed  the 
remainder  of  his  days  in  retirement. 
D.  1829. 

JEBB,  .John,  a  divine  and  physician, 
was  the  son  of  Dr.  .John  Jebb,  dean  of 
Cashel,  and  b.  in  London  in  17-5G.  He 
studied  at  Trinity  college,  Dublin,  and 
Peter  house,  Cambridge,  and  obtained 
church  preferment,  which,  however,  he 
rcsignca,  and  then  ciimmeneed  practice 
as  a  physician,  in  which  he  was  very 
successful.  lie  was  a  violent  partisan 
in  whatever  he  engaged,  and,  though 
conscientious  in  his  religious  opinions, 
their  peculiar  complexion,  and  tne  free- 
dom with  which  he  indulged  in  the 
political  squabbles  of  the  day,  obstructed 
las  professional  progress.  D.  1786. — 
Samuel,  an  eminent  physician  and  clas- 
sical scholar,  was  a  native  of  Notting- 
ham. While  at  the  university  he  pub- 
lished the  "Dialogue  of  Justin  Martyr 
with  Trypbo  the  Jew,''^  in  Greek  and 
Latin.  lie  afterwards  married  the 
daughter  of  an  apothecary,  procured 
the  degree  of  M.D.,  practised  as  a  phy- 
sician at  Stratford,  in  Essex,  and  retired 
to  Derbyshire,  where  he  d.  1772.  Dr. 
S.  Jebb  was  the  conductor  of  a  classical 
journal,  entitled  "  Bibliotheea  Litera- 
ria,"  and  the  editor  of  Koger  Bacon's 
"  Opus  Mains." 

JEFFERSON,  Thomas,  third  presi- 
dent of  the  United  States,  was  b.  in 
1743,  at  Shadwell,  in  Virginia,  and  was 
brought  up  to  the  bar.  In  17C'J  he  M'as 
elected  a  member  of  the  provincial  legis- 
lature, and  in  177o  he  entered  congress. 
and  took  a  conspicuous  and  very  decidea 
part  in  opposition  to  the  measures  which 
England  liad  adopted  towards  lier  Amer- 
ican colonies,  and  it  was  lie  who  drew 
up  tlie  famous  declaration  of  independ- 
ence. In  1776  lie  retired  from  his  seat 
in  congress,  and  was  next  chosen  gov- 
ernor of  Virginia,  which  post  he  held 
two  yean*.  On  the  return  of  Dr.  Frank- 
lin to  America,  in  1785,  Mr.  Jefferson 


was  named  his  successor  at  Paris,  from 
which  he  proceeded,  as  envoy,  to  Lon- 
don, in  17So.  At  the  usual  presentation, 
however,  to  the  king  and  queen,  both 
Mr.  Adams  and  himself  were  received 
in  the  most  ungracious  manner,  and, 
aft-er  a  few  vague  and  ineffectual  con- 
ferences, ho  returned  to  Paris.  Hero 
he  remained,  with  the  exception  of  a 
visit  to  Holland,  to  Piedmont,  and  the 
south  of  France,  until  the  autumn  of 
1789,  zealously  pursuing  whatever  was 
benelicial  to  his  country.  He  subse- 
quently filled  the  office  of  secretary  of 
state  under  Washington,  until  1793, 
when  he  resigned,  ami  lived  in  retire- 
ment for  four  years.  He  was  then 
elected  vice-president,  and  in  180l 
chosen  president.  At  the  expiration 
of  eight  years  he  again  retired  to  private 
life,  and  on  the  -ith  of  July,  1S26,  (the 
fiftieth  anniversary  of  American  inde- 
pendence,) he  d.  He  was  the  acknowl- 
edged head  of  the  republican  party,  and 
an  acute  politician,  eloquent  and  per- 
suasive in  conversation,  and  possessing 
the  faculty  of  acquiring  an  ascendency 
in  his  politicnl  connections. 

JEFFEEY,  Francis,  Lord,  equally 
eminent  on  the  bench,  at  the  bar,  and 
in  the  world  of  letters,  was  b.  at  Edin- 
burgh, in  1773.  In  1794  he  was  called 
to  the  bar  in  Scotland,  and  when  he  had 
obtained  a  fair  share  of  practice,  ho 
joined  a  few  of  his  more  intimate  friends 
in  establishing  the  "Edinburgh  Re- 
view," of  which  he  was  sole  editor  for 
the  long  period  of  27  years.  Tlie  first 
number  appeared  Oct.  25, 1802.  On  the 
formation  of  the  Whig  ministry  late  in 
1830,  lie  was  made  lord  advocate,  and 
after  sittin<r  a  short  time  for  the  Perth 
district  of  burghs  and  for  MaltoUf  ho 
was  chosen  to  represent  Edinburgh  in 
parliament,  immediately  after  the  pass- 
mg  of  the  Reform  bill.  His  success  in 
the  house  of  commons  disappointed  his 
admirers,  chiefly  because  he  entered  so 
late  in  life  on  a  new  field,  and  partly 
because  he  spoke  generally  above  his 
audience.  In  1834  lie  was  promoted  to 
the  bench,  and  in  this  capacity  he  dis- 
played such  eminent  qualities,  that  ho 
is  by  common  consent  allowed  to  rank 
among  the  very  ablest  judges  that  ever 
sat  on  the  Scottish  bench.     D.  1850. 

JEFFREYS,  Geouqe,  Baron  Wem, 
Lord,  connnonly  known  by  the  name  of 
Judge  Jeffreys,  was  b.  at  Acton,  in  Den- 
bighshire, towards  the  beginning  of  the 
17th  century,  and  educated  at  Shrews- 
bury school.  He  studied  at  Westmin- 
ster and   the  Inner  Temple,  and    roser 


jkn] 


CYCLOl'>'EI)I.\    OK    lilUGHAl'lIV. 


529 


throuijli  tlio  pradations  of  recorder  of 
]x)ndon,  a  Welsh  judifo,  and  chief  jus- 
tice of  Chester,  till  at  len<^thj  in  KjSG, 
lie  attained  the  diLcnity  of  chief  justice 
of  the  Kinif's  Bench.  On  the  accession 
of  James  II.,  he  was  one  of  the  advisers 
and  ]ironiotcrs  of  all  the  oppressive  and 
arbitrary  nic-.isurcs  of  his  reign;  and, 
for  his  saiii,niinury  and  inhuman  pro- 
ceedings against  the  adherents  of  Mon- 
mouth, was  rewarded  with  the  post  of 
lord  higli  chancellor  in  1(5S5.  liis  con- 
duct on  the  bench  was,  in  the  highest 
degree,  discreditable  at  all  times,  and 
he  indulged  in  scurrility  and  abuse  of 
the  most  degrading  description.  On 
the  arrival  of  the  prince  of  Orange,  he 
disguised  himself  as  a  seaman,  in  order 
to  get  on  board  a  ship  unknown,  but 
was  detected  in  a  low  public  house  at 
AVapping,  by  an  attorney  whom  he  had 
insulted  in  open  court.  The  latter  ma- 
king him  known,  he  was  seized  by  the 
populace,  carried  before  the  council,  and 
committed  to  the  Tower,  where  he  d. 
liJS'J. — Georoe,  an  English  poet,  was  b. 
at  Weldon,  Northamptonslnrc,  in  1673. 
He  was  a  nephew  of  the  eighth  Lord 
(Jhandos,  and  orcd  to  the  bar.  He  wrote 
'•  ^lisccllanies,  in  Prose  and  Verse,"  and 
two  tra^'cdics,  "  Edwin"  and  "  Merope." 
D.  175.-.. 

JEFFKIES,  .John,  was  b.  at  Boston 
in  1774r.  Having  studied  medicine  at 
the  university  of  Cambridge,  he  went 
to  London,  and  on  his  return  to  Boston 
practised  with  groat  success,  until  the 
evacuation  of  that  city  by  the  British 
garrison.  lie  then  aecomnunicd  Gen- 
eral Howe  to  Halifax,  ana  was  made 
surgeon-general  to  the  forces  in  ."76. 
He  subsequently  resigned  his  army  ap- 
l>oin{ments,  declining  even  the  otfer  of 
the  lucrative  post  of  surgeon-general  to 
the  forces  in  India,  and  in  1780  settled 
in  London.  He  there  occupied  himself 
much  in  scientific  research,  and  in  order 
to  ascertain  the  correctness  of  certain 
preconceived  hypotheses  relative  to  at- 
mospheric temperature,  he  undertook 
two  aerial  voyages,  the  second  of  which 
was  made  Jan.  7,  1785,  from  the  cliffs 
of  Dover,  across  the  British  Channel, 
into  the  forest  of  Guinncs  in  France,  and 
was  the  only  successful  attempt  that 
had  then  been  made  to  cross  the  sea  in 
a  balloon.  In  1789  lie  again  returned 
to  Boston,  and  continued  to  practise 
there  with  success,  till  his  death  in  181'.). 

JEKYLL,  Sir  Joseph,  a  lawyer  and 
statesman  in  the  reigns  of  Anno  and 
George  I.,  was  the  bon  of  a  clergyman 
ia  Nottinghamshire.     He  was  a  member 


of  parliament,  and  one  of  the  manager.s 
of  tlie  trial  of  Sacheverel ;  was  knighted 
by  (Jeorge  I.,  who  raised  him  to  the  of- 
fice of  master  of  the  rolls.     I>.  17.33. 

JENNEK,  EowAKo,  an  English  phy- 
sician, celebrated  for  having  nearly  erad- 
icated a  pestilent  disorder  from  the 
liuman  race  by  introducing  vaccine  inoc- 
ulation, was  b.  at  Berkeley,  Gloucester- 
shire, in  1749,  and  subsequently  settled 
there  as  a  medical  practitioner.  About 
the  year  1776,  his  attention  was  turned 
to  the  cow-pox,  by  tlie  circumstance  of 
his  ascertaining  that  those  persons  who 
had  been  att'ected  with  this  disease,  were 
thereby  rendered  free  from  variolous 
infection.  From  tliat  time  till  179(3  he 
steadily  pursued  his  investigation  of 
this  discovery;  and  having  at  length 
established  its  general  efficacy,  amidst 
all  tlie  opposition  naturally  to  he  expect- 
ed in  such  a  case,  the  practice  of  vacci- 
nation was  introduced  into  the  London 
hospitals,  tlie  army  and  navy,  &c.,  and, 
finally,  extended  to  every  part  of  the 
globe.  Honors  and  rewards  were  now 
conferred  on  Dr.  Jenner  as  a  public 
benefactor;  a  parliamentary  grant  of 
£20,000  was  voted  him ;  learned  socle- 
ties  at  home  and  abroad  enrolled  him 
as  a  member;  and  when  the  allied  po- 
tentates visited  England  in  1814,  the 
emperor  of  Eussia  sought  an  interview 
witn  liim,  and  offered  to  bestow  on  him 
a  Eussian  order  of  nobility.  Dr.  Jen- 
ner's  writings  consist  merely  of  "  Ob- 
scrv.ations  ou  the  VarioUe  Vaccinic," 
and  a  paper  in  the  Philosophical  Trans- 
actions "On  the  Natural  History  of  tho 
Cuckoo."     D.  1823. 

JENNINGS,  IlENRr  Coxstantin-e,  an 
antiquary  and  virtuoso  of  most  eccen- 
tric habits  and  checkered  fortune,  was 
b.  in  1731,  and  was  the  only  son  of  a 
gentleman  of  considerable  property  at 
Shiplake,  in  Oxfordshire,  lie  was  edu- 
cated at  Westminster  school,  and  at 
seventeen  became  an  ensign  in  the  foot- 
guards;  but  resigned  his  commission, 
and  travelled  on  the  Continent,  where 
he  collected,  while  in  Itah',  a  number  of 
statues  and  other  antiques,  with  which 
he  decorated  his  seat  at  Shiplake.  IIo 
now  led  the  life  of  a  man  of  fashion  and 
fortune,  indulging  in  the  most  expen- 
sive follies;  the  consequence  of  which 
was  that  he  soon  became  an  inmate  of 
the  King's  Bench.  He  was  at  length 
freed  from  his  pecuniary  embarrass- 
ments, and  settled  on  an  estate  he  had 
in  Essex,  where  he  gave  himself  up 
with  enthusiasm  to  the  collection  of 
scarce  books,  pictures,  and  ouriositioa. 


530 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    DIOGRAPHY. 


[jew 


But  the  current  of  good  fortune  did  not 
long  run  smooth,  ilaving  borrowed  a 
sum  of  money  from  a  person  who  was 
indebted  to  the  crown,  liis  museum  was 
hastily  sold  for  a  small  sum,  to  satisfy 
the  claim  of  government  under  an  ex- 
tent in  aid.  I'or  many  years  he  was  a 
pri.ioncr  in  Chelmsford"  jail ;  but  on  re- 
jraining  his  freedom,  he  resumed  his 
former  habits,  and  settled  at  Chelsea. 
D.  l'<l!t. 

JENYNS,  SoAME,  a  sprightly  and 
entertaining  writer,  was  the  only  son  of 
Sir  Kobert  Jenyns,  b.  in  London,  in 
1704.  Having  entered  into  public  life 
as  representative  of  the  county  of  Cam- 
bridge, he  began  his  career  by  support- 
ing Sir  Robert  Walpolc,  and  ever  after 
remained  a  faithful  adherent  to  the 
minister  for  the  time  being.  This  at- 
tachment to  ministers  was  rewarded  by 
his  bein;::r  made  a  commissioner  of  the 
boiird  of  trade,  an  office  he  held  for  five- 
and-twenty  years.  As  a  country  gen- 
tleman ancl  magistrate,  Mr.  Jenyns  ap- 
peared to  much  greater  advantage  than 
as  a  politician ;  but  it  is  as  an  author, 
a  wit,  and  a  shrewd  observer  of  man- 
ners, that  he  is  principally  to  be  regard- 
ed. His  chief  works  are  "Poems," 
'•Free  Inquiry  into  the  Origin  of  Evil," 
"  A  View  of  the  Internal  Evidence  of  the 
Christian  Religion,"  "  Political  Tracts," 
and  some  others.     D.  17b7. 

.lEPIISON,  RicnARD,  a  dramatic  wri- 
ter, was  a  native  of  Ireland,  and  b.  in 
]7y*).  lie  was  a  captain  in  the  army, 
and  master  of  the  horse  to  the  lord-lieu- 
tenant, during  twelve  administrations. 
As  a  dramatist  his  claims  are  chiefly 
founded  on  his  tragedies  of  "  Braganza" 
and  the  ''Count  of .  Narbonne."  He 
also  wrote  the  "  Law  of  Lombardy," 
"  Jidia,"  and  "The  Conspiracy,"  trage- 
dies; and  the  farce  of  "Two  Strings  to 
your  Bow,"  "  Love  and  War,"  &c.  Ho 
wivs  also  author  of  "The  Confessions  of 
James  Baptiste  Couteau,  Citizen  of 
Franco,"  a  severe  satire  on  the  French 
revolution,  "Roman  Portraits,"  a  poem 
in  heroic  verse,  with  historical  remarks 
and  ilhisf rations.     I).  1803. 

JERNIXOHAM,  Edward,  a  poet  and 
miscellaneous  writer,  was  descended 
from  an  ancient  Roman  Catholic  family, 
and  b.  in  Norfolk,  in  1727.  Ho  was 
educated  at  Douay  and  Paris  ;  but  on 
his  return  to  England,  he  joined  in 
communion  with  the  established  church. 
He  was  the  author  of  the  trasrcdies  of 
"  Mariraret  of  Anjou"  and  "TheSioge 
sf  Berwick  ;"  he  also  wrote  "  An  Es- 
«ay  on  the  mild  Tenor  of  Christianity," 


"The  Dignity  of  Human  Nature,  an 
Essay,"  "  The  Alexandrian  School,"  &e. 
D.  ISI'2. 

JEROME,  or  HIERONYMUS,  St., 
one  of  the  fathers  of  the  church,  was 
b.  in  332,  at  Stridon,  on  the  frontiers  of 
Daeia,  and  studied  at  Rome,  under  Do- 
uatus  the  grammarian.  He  was  ordained 
a  presbyter  at  Antioch,  in  378  ;  and  soon 
after  went  to  Constantinople,  where  he 
lived  with  Gregory  Nazianzen.  In  382 
he  visited  Rome,  and  was  made  secre- 
tary to  Pope  Damasus  ;  but  three  years 
afterwards  he  returned  into  the  East, 
accompanied  by  several  monks  and  fe- 
male devotees,  who  wished  to  lead  an 
ascetic  life  in  the  Holy  Land  ;  and  d.  in 
422,  superintendent  of  a  monastery  at 
Bethlehem. — of  Prague,  so  called  from 
being  a  native  of  the  capital  of  Bohemia, 
studied  in  the  universities  of  Oxford, 
Paris,  Prague,  &c. ;  was  a  disciple  of 
Wicklilf,  and  boldly  followed  the  great 
reformer,  Huss,  in  propagating  his  doc- 
trines. He  attacked  the  worship  of 
images  and  relics  with  ardor,  trampled 
them  under  foot,  and  caused  the  monks 
who  opposed  liiiii,  to  be  arrested.  Ha 
publicly  burned,  in  1411,  the  bull  of  the 
crusade  against  Ladislaus  of  Naples, 
and  the  papal  indulgences.  When  Huss 
was  imprisoned  at  C'onstance,  he  has- 
tened to  his  defence  ;  but  on  his  attempt- 
ing to  return  to  Prague,  the  duke  of 
Sulzbach  caused  him  to  be  seized,  and 
carried  in  chains  to  Constance.  He  here 
received,  in  prison,  information  of  the 
terrible  fate  of  his  friend,  and  was  terri- 
fied into  a  momentary  recantation  of  bis 
principles  ;  but  he  resumed  his  courage, 
and,  retracting  his  recantation,  avowed 
that  none  of  his  sins  tormented  hira 
more  than  his  ajiostasy,  while  ho  vindi- 
cated the  principles  of  Huss  and  Wick- 
liff  with  a  boklness,  energy,  and  elo- 
quence that  extorted  the  admiration  of 
his  adversaries.  He  was,  however,  con- 
demned to  be  burnt;  which  sentence  ho 
endured  with  heroic  fortitude.  May  80, 
1410. 

JEWELL,  JoHX,  a  learned  prelate  of 
the  church  of  England,  who  was  bishop 
of  Salisbury  in  tlie  reign  of  Queen  Eliz- 
abeth, and'  a  great  polemical  writer 
asrainst  popery.  He  was  b.  1522,  at  the 
villafrc  of  Buden,  near  Ilfracombe,  Dev- 
onshire; studied  at  Oxford,  and  in  l.")46 
openly  professed  tl.e  tenets  of  the  re- 
formers. Having  obtained  the  living  of 
Suniiinsrwell,  Berks,  he  distinsruished 
himself  by  his  zeal  and  assiduity  as  a 
parish  priest;  but  at  the  accession  of 
Queen  Mary,  finding   they  were  about 


joh] 


CYCL01M<:i)IA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


531 


to  prosec'.ile  him  as  a  heretic,  he  made 
his  escape  to  the  Continent,  and  became 
vicc-iiiustor  of  a  college  at  Strasbiirg. 
On  the  death  of  Mary  lie  returned  to 
Eiiirland,  was  received  with  preat  favor 
by  lier  successor,  and  in  15(50  he  was 
raised  to  tlie  bishopric  o'  Salisbury.  His 
principal  work  is  entitled  "  An  Apolo<ry 
for  the  Church  of  England,"  originally 
written  in  elegant  Latiii,  but  translated 
into  every  European  language;  and 
which,  it  is  said,  had  more  eftect  in 
promoting  the  reform-«tion,  than  any 
other  hook  ever  publisled.     D.  1571. 

J(X\N  OF  AKC,  called  also  the  Maid 
of  Orleans,  was  one  of  the  most  cele- 
brated heroines  in  history.  She  was 
born  of  poor  parents,  at  Domrcmi,  a  vil- 
lage on  the  borders  of  Lorraine,  1402; 
and  became  a  servant  at  an  inn,  where 
she  attended  the  horses,  drove  the  cattle 
to  pasture,  and  was  employed  in  other 
services  similar  to  what  a  man-servant 
would  perform  in  America.  At  this 
time  the  affairs  of  France  were  in  a  de- 
plorable state,  and  the  city  of  Orleans 
was  so  closely  bosiegoil  by  the  duke  of 
Bedford,  that  its  fall  appeared  inevitable. 
In  the  exigency  Joan  pretended  to  have 
received  a  divine  conmiission  to  expel 
the  invaders.  On  being  introduced  to 
the  king,  Charles  VII.,  she  otfered  to 
raise  the  siege  of  Orleans,  and  conduct 
liis  majesty  to  Kheims  to  be  crowned  and 
anointed ;  at  the  same  time  demanding 
for  herself  a  particular  sword,  whicli 
was  in  the  church  of  St.  Catharine.  Af- 
ter a  little  hesitation  her  request  was 
complied  with ;  and  while  the  French 
soldiers  were  elated  by  having  an  in- 
spired leader,  the  English  were  as  much 
dismayed.  From  this  period,  she  ap- 
pears tiie  finest  character  in  the  history 
of  the  middle  ages  of  France.  In  a  male 
dress,  armed  cap  a  pie,  she  bore  the 
Rword  and  the  sacred  banner,  as  the 
signal  of  victory,  at  the  head  of  the 
army.  Still  no  unfeminine  cruelty  ever 
stained  lier  conduct.  She  was  wounded 
several  times  herself,  but  never  killed 
any  one,  or  shed  any  blood  with  her 
own  hand.  The  general  belief  of  her 
elevated  mission,  of  which  she  lierself 
was  piously  persuaded,  produced  the 
most  extraordinary  elfects.  Eesolute, 
chivalrous,  gentle,  antl  brave,  looking  to 
one  single  aim,  she  was  skilfully  em- 
]iloyed  by  the  generals  to  animate  the 
army,  while  they  did  not  implicitly  fol- 
low her  counsels.  The  first  enterprise 
was  successful.  With  10,000  men,  un- 
der the  command  of  St.  Severre,  Dunois, 
and  I>a  Hire,  she  marched  from  Blois. 


and,  on  April  29th,  1429,  entered  Orleans 
with  supplies.  By  bold  sallies  to  whicli 
she  animated  the  besieged,  the  P'nglish 
were  tbrccd  from  their  intrenchments, 
and  Sutlblk  abandoned  the  siege.  Joan 
entered  Orleans  in  triumph,  and  the 
coronation  at  Eheims  followed ;  after 
which  Charles  caused  a  medal  to  be 
struck  in  honor  of  the  lieroine,  and  en- 
nobled her  family.  The  town  of  Dom- 
rcmi also,  where  she  was  born,  was 
exempted  from  all  imposts  for  ever. 
After  the  coronation,  Joan  declared  that 
her  mission  was  at  an  end,  and  that  she 
should  now  retire  to  private  life ;  but 
the  French  commandant,  Dunois,  who 
thought  she  might  still  prove  service- 
able, induced  lier  to  throw  herself  into 
Compeiiinc,  then  besieged  by  the  duke 
of  Burgundy,  and  the  earls  of  Arundel 
and  Suffolk.  Here,  after  performing 
prodigies  of  valor,  she  was  taken  pris- 
oner in  a  sally ;  and  after  four  months' 
imprisonment,  was  cruelly  condemned 
by  the  English  to  be  burnt  alive,  on  the 
charge  of  sorcery.  She  resolutely  de- 
fended herself  from  the  absurd  accusa- 
tion, and  was  carried  to  the  stake,  where 
with  dauntless  courage  she  met  her  dis- 
astrous fate,  in  the  29th  year  of  her  age, 
May  20,  14:>1. 

JODELTjE,  Etiexne,  an  early  French 
poet  and  dramatist,  b.  at  Paris,  15:'52. 
lie  was  the  author  of  the  first  regular 
tragedy  acted  on  the  Frencli  stage:  and 
he  is  described  as  Iiaving  possessed  an 
extraordinary  facility  and  fluency  of 
composition.  Though  enjoying  the 
favor  of  Charles  IX.  and  of  Ilenry  II., 
yet  he  died  in  great  poverty  and  tlis- 
tress,  in  1573. 

JOFFEID,  abbot  of  Croyland,  in  the 
12th  century.  In  the  continuation  of 
"Ingulph's  Account  of  Crovland,"'  bv 
Peter  de  Blois,  he  says,  "that  Abbo"t 
Joffrid  sent  a  deputation  of  three  learned 
French  or  Norman  monks,  named  Odo, 
Terrick,  and  William,  to  Ids  manor  of 
Cottenham,  near  Cambridge,  to  teach 
the  people  in  that  neigliborhood.  gram- 
mar, logic,  and  rhetoric;  and  that  these 
three  monks  went  every  day  from  Cot- 
tenham to  Cambridge,  where  they  hired 
a  barn,  in  which  they  taught  those  sci- 
ences to  a  great  numl^er  of  scholars,  who 
resorted  to  them  from  all  the  country 
round."  If  De  Blois  can  be  relied  on, 
Jotfrid  may  therefore  be  considered  as 
the  original  founder  of  the  university 
of  Cambriilcro. 

JOHN,  king  of  England,  was  the 
younsrest  son  of  Henry  II.  by  Eleanor 
of  Guienne,  b.  1160,  and  succeeded  his 


5o2 


CrCLOP.-EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[jOH 


brother  Richard.  He  rendered  himself 
the  object  of  such  universal  contempt 
nnd  hatred,  that  liis  nobles  determined, 
if  possible,  to  control  his  power,  and  es- 
tablish their  privilcires  ;  and  thouufh  the 
pope  declared  his  disapprobation  of  their 
conduct,  the  barons  assembled  in  arms 
at  Oxford,  where  the  court  then  was, 
and  immediately  proceeded  to  warlike 
oj)erations.  They  were  received  with- 
out opposition  in  London,  which  so 
intimidated  the  kinsr,  that  he  consented 
to  whatever  terms  they  chose  to  dictate. 
Thus  was  obtained  that  basis  of  Eni^lisli 
constitutional  freedom,  known  as  Mag- 
na Charta,  which  not  only  protected  the 
nobles  ajrainst  the  crown,  but  secured 
important  privileges  to  every  class  of 
freemen. — Of  Gaunt,  duke  of  Lancas- 
ter, a  renowned  general,  w-as  b.  1340. 
lie  served  with  great  distinction  in 
France  with  his  brother  the  Black 
I'rincc,  and  on  his  death  had  the  man- 
agement of  attairs  during  the  life  of  liis 
father.  John  of  Gaunt  was  a  man  of 
great  valor,  prudence,  and  generosity. 
J  lis  son  afterwards  became  king,  by  tlie 
title  of  Henry  IV".  D.  13'Jli.— Of  Salis- 
liUKY,  bislio[)  of  Chartres,  in  France,  was 
b.  at  Salisbury,  in  Wiltshire,  in  tiie  be- 
ginning of  the  12th  century.  He  studied 
under  tlie  most  eminent  professors  on 
the  Continent,  and  acquired  considerable 
fame  for  his  proficiency  in  rhetoric  and 
general  literature.  After  his  return  to 
England,  he  became  tlie  intimate  friend 
and  companion  of  Thomas  a  Beeket, 
whom  lie  had  attended  in  his  exile,  and 
he  is  said  to  have  been  present  when  he 
was  murdered  in  Canterbury  cathedral. 
He  was  one  of  the  first  restorers  of  the 
Greek  and  Latin  languages  in  Europe, 
and  an  elegant  Latin  poet. 

JOHNSON,  Samuel,  a  divine,  emi- 
nent for  his  zeal,  and  for  his  numerous 
writings,  in  the  cause  of  civil  liberty, 
was  b.  in  1649,  in  the  county  of  Stafforil ; 
received  liis  education  at  St.  Faul's 
school  and  at  Trinity  college,  Cam- 
bridge ;  and  became  minister  of  Cor- 
ringham,  in  Essex.  In  the  reign  of 
Ciiarles  II.,  while  Lord  Kussell  and  his 
coadjutors  were  promoting  the  bill  for 
excluding  the  duke  of  York,  he  puh- 
lished  a  tract,  entitled  "Julian  the 
Apostate,"  for  which  he  was  fined  and 
imprisoned.  In  1<J1S,  when  the  army 
was  encamped  on  Jlounslow  Heath,  he 
drew  up  a  j)aper,  entitled  "An  huml)le 
(ind  hearty  Address  to  all  tlie  English 
Protestants  in  tlie  present  Army,"  for 
whicli  he  was  tried,  and  condemned  to 
stand  in  the  pillory  in  three  places,  to 


pay  a  fine  of  five  hundred  marks,  to  be 
degraded  from  the  priesthood,  and  to 
be  publicly  whipped  from  Newgate  to 
Tyburn.  He  bore  all  these  disgraceful 
punishments  with  unshrinking  forti- 
tude, and  continued  to  employ  liis  pen 
in  the  same  cause  until  the  revolution, 
when  the  king  olfered  jiini  the  rich 
deanery  of  Durliam  ;  but  this  he  rcjfused, 
as  inadequate  to  his  sutlerings  and  ser- 
vices, wliich  he  thought  merited  a  bish- 
opric. He  finally  received  a  present  of 
£1000,  and  a  pension  of  £300  per  annum 
for  the  life  of  himself  and  his  son.  D, 
1703.' — Samuel,  the  celebrated  lexicog- 
rapher, and  one  of  the  most  distin- 
guished writers  of  the  18th  century, 
was  b.  in  1709,  at  Lichfield,  where  his 
father  was  a  bookseller.  He  completed 
his  education  at  Pembroke  college,  Os.- 
ford;  and  in  1732  he  became  under- 
master  of  a  free-school  at  Market  Bos- 
worth,  in  Leicestershire,  which  situation 
he  was  soon  induced  to  quit,  on  account 
of  the  haughty  treatment  he  received 
from  the  principal ;  and  he  next  endeav- 
ored to  earn  a  scanty  m;iintenance  by 
literary  employment.  In  1735  he  mar- 
ried Mrs.  Porter,  the  widow  of  a  mercer 
at  Birmingham,  with  a  fortune  of  about 
£800,  by  which  he  was  enabled  to  open 
a  boarding-school ;  but  the  plan  did  not 
succeed,  and,  after  a  year's  trial,  he  re- 
solved to  seek  his  fortune  in  London, 
in  company  with  one  of  his  few  pupils, 
tlie  cclobraled  David  Garrick.  In  March, 
1787,  the  two  adventurers  accordinijly 
arrived  in  the  metropolis,  .Johnson  with 
his  unfinished  tragedy  of  "  Irene"  in  his 

Eockct,  and  with  little  to  depend  upon 
ut  his  slender  engagement  with  Cave, 
the  proprietor  of  the  Gentleman's  Maga- 
zine. At  this  time  he  became  acquainted 
with  the  reckless  and  unfortunate  Sav- 
age, and  in  some  respects  his  personal 
conduct  was  rmfavoraoly  aflfceted  by  the 
intimacy;  but  from  irregularity  of  tliis 
nature  he  was  soon  recovered  by  his 
deeply  grounded  religious  and  moral 
principles.  His  first  literary  production, 
which  attracted  notice  in  the  metropolis, 
was  his  "London,"  a  poem  in  imitation 
of  the  third  satire  of  Juvenal.  In  1747 
lie  printed  proposals  for  an  edition  of 
"  Siiakspeare,"  and  the  plan  of  liis  "  En- 
glish Dictionary,"  addressed  to  Lord 
Chesterfield.  The  price  agreed  vipon 
between  him  and  the  booksehers  for  the 
last  work  was  £1.")75.  In  1749,  Garrick 
brought  his  friend's  tragedy  on  the ' 
stage  of  Drury-lanc,  but  it  was  unsuc- 
cessful. In  1750  ho  commenced  his 
"  Pambler,"   which  was  continued  till 


JOIl] 


CYCLOr.'EDIA    OF    UIOGHAPIIi'. 


533 


1752.  In  this  \vork  only  flvo  papers 
were  the  productions  of  otlier  writers. 
Soon  after  tlie  close  of  tliis  paper  he  lost 
Ills  wife,  a  circumstance  which  greally 
art'ected  him,  as  appears  from  his  "  Med- 
itations," and  the  sermon  wliicli  he  wrote 
on  her  death.  In  1755  appeared  his  Dic- 
tionary, and  the  same  year  the  university 
of  (.)x?ord  conferred  on  him  the  dciiree 
of  JI.A.  Lord  Chesterfield  endeavored 
also  to  assist  it  by  writin<j  two  papers 
in  its  favor  in  "The  AVorld;"  but  as  he 
had  hitherto  nesflected  the  author,  John- 
son treated  him  with  contempt.  The 
publication  of  this  jrreat  work  did  not 
relieve  him  from  his  embarrassments, 
for  the  price  of  his  labor  had  been  con- 
sumed in  the  progress  of  its  compilation. 
In  1758  he  began  the  "Idler,"  a  period- 
ical paper,  which  was  published  in  a 
weekly  newspaper.  On  the  death  of 
his  motlier  in  1759,  he  wrote  the  ro- 
mance of  "Rasselas"'  to  defray  the  ex- 
penses of  her  funeral.  In  1762  the  king 
granted  him  a  pension  of  £000  per  an- 
num. In  1773  he  went  on  a  tour  with 
Mr.  Boswell  to  the  western  islands  of 
Scotland,  of  which  journey  he  shortly 
after  jmblished  a  highly  interesting  ac- 
count; but  which  gave  otfenee  to  many, 
by  tlie  violent  attack  therein  made  on 
the  anthenticily  of  the  poems  attributed 
to  Ossian.  In  1779  he  began  his  "  Lives 
of  the  English  Poets,"  a  work  which, 
on  the  wiiole,  may  be  regarded  as  a 
treasure  of  sound  criticism,  and  a  model 
of  literary  biography.  1).  1784. — Sam- 
TiiiL,  a  dramatic  writer  and  performer  of 
eccentric  celebrity;  author  of  "Hurlo- 
thrumbo,  or  the  Supernatural,"  and  va- 
rious other  laughable  extravaganzas.  D. 
1773. — Samuel,  first  president  of  King's 
college,  New  York,  was  b.  at  Guildford, 
(lonnecticut;  educated  at  the  college  of 
Saybrook ;  first  preached  at  West  Ha- 
ven, then  became  an  Episcopalian,  and 
went  to  England  to  obtain  ordination. 
On  liis  return  he  settled  at  Stratford, 
where  he  preached  to  an  Episcopalian 
congregation;  received  the  degree  of 
D.D.  from  Oxford,  in  1743;  and  was 
chosen  president  of  the  college  at  New 
York  on  its  establishment  in  1754.  He 
held  this  situation  with  much  credit, 
until  17(53,  when  he  resigned  and  re- 
turned to  his  pastoral  chartre  at  Strat- 
ford, where  he  continued  till  his  death, 
in  1772. — Thomas,  an  English  botanist, 
was  b.  at  Selby,  in  Yorkshire.  lie  was 
bred  an  apothecary  in  London,  and  be- 
came, says  Wood,  the  best  lierbalist  of 
his  age.'  He  wrote  "  Iter  in  Agrum 
Canturarium"  and  "  Ericetuin  Hamsted- 
45* 


ianum,"  which  were  the  first  local  cata- 
logues of  plants  published  in  England. 
But  his  great  work  was  an  improved 
edition  of  "Gerard's  Herbal."  In  the 
civil  wars  he  entered  into  the  royal 
army ;  at  the  siege  of  Basing-house  he 
received  a  wound,  of  which  he  d.  in 
1<J14.— Kichard  M.,  an  eminent  poli- 
tician, and  for  some  years  vice-president 
of  the  United  States.  He  was  b.  at 
■,   and  fit  an  early 


age  was  chosen  a  member  of  the  legis- 
lature, tlien  a  member  of  congress,  and 
finally  vice-president  of  the  United 
States.  He  took  an  active  part  in  the 
Indian  wars  of  the  northwest,  and  is 
supposed  to  have  been  the  man  who 
killed  the  groat  chief,  Tecumseh.  While 
in  congress  he  read  a  report  on  the  sub- 
ject of  stopping  the  mails  on  Sunday, 
which  was  a  masterly  argument  and 
gave  liim  sreat  eclat.     T>.  1850. 

JOHNSTON,  or  JOHNSON,  Charles, 
a  native  of  Ireland,  who  was  bred  to  the 
bar,  and  came  over  to  England  to  prac- 
tise; but  being  afflicted  with  deafness, 
he  was  compelled  to  quit  that  profes- 
sion. His  first  literary  attempt  was  the 
celebrated  "Chrysal,  or  the  Adventures 
of  a  Guinea,"  a  political  romance,  which 
produced  a  great  sensation.  This  work 
naving  so  well  succeeded,  he  produced 
others  of  a  similar  class,  viz.:  "The 
Reverie,  or  a  Flight  to  the  Paradise  of 
Fools,"  "  The  History  of  Arbaces, 
Prince  of  Betlis,"  "  The  Piltrritn,  or  a 
Picture  of  Life,"  and  the  "  History  of 
John  Juniper,  esq.,  alias  .Juniper  Jack." 
In  1782  he  went  to  India,  where  he  en- 
gaged in  literary  and  other  speculations, 
and  obtained  considerable  wealth.  D. 
1800. 

JOHNSTONE,  John-  Henry,  a  cele- 
brated comic  actor  and  vocalist,  was  b. 
in  1750  at  Tipperary,  where  his  father 
was  a  small  farmer.  xVt  the  age  of  IS  he 
enlisted  in  a  regiment  of  Irish  dragoons, 
and  soon  attracted  the  notice  of  his  com- 
radis,  by  his  fine  voice  and  ffood-hu- 
morcd  liveliness.  The  colonel  of  the 
regiment  having  had  proofs  of  John- 
stone's vocal  powers,  and  hearing  that 
he  liad  an  inclination  for  the  stage,  he 
generously  granted  his  discharge,  and 
gave  him  a  reeonnnendatory  letter  to 
Mr.  Eyder,  then  manager  of  the  Dublin 
theatre,  who  engaged  him  for  three 
years,  at  two  guineas  per  week,  which 
was  soon  raised  to  four.  His  fame  as  n 
vocalist  increased  rapidly  ;  and  having 
married  a  Miss  Poitier,  who  had  acquir- 
ed a  profound  knowledge  of  the  science 
of  music,  he  profited  by  her  iustruc- 


534 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    UIOGRAPHY. 


[jON 


tions,  and  soon  became  a  finished  sing- 
er. His  first  appearance  at  Covent- 
pardtn  theatre  was  made  iu  October, 
ITS;}.     D.  1S-2S. 

JOlWILLE,  John-,  Sieur  de,  senes- 
chal of  Champagne,  an  eminent  French 
statesman  and  "historian  of  the  13th 
century.  He  accompanied  Louis  IX.  in 
hi.s  firs't  crusade  or  expedition  to  Egypt, 
in  121',>,  sharing  his  master's  captivity, 
and  rendering  liim  many  important  ser- 
vices. In  the  king's  second  crusade, 
however,  he  declined  taking  a  part,  and 
subsequently  employed  hunself  in  wri- 
ting the  "  Life  of  St".  Louis,"  one  of  the 
most  interesting  documents  existing 
relative  to  the  "history  of  the  middle 
ages.     D.  131S. 

JOLY,  Claude,  a  French  ecclesiastic, 
who  wrote  "  A  Collection  of  Maxims  for 
the  Education  of  a  Prince,"  which  gave 
grcit  otfencc,  and  was  Isurnt  by  the 
hanirman.  The  author,  however,  re- 
publislicd  it  with  an  addition,  called 
f-  Codicil  d'Or,"  or  the  Golden  Codicil. 
B.  at  I'aris,  1007,  and  d.  there  in  1700. 
— (iiTY,  the  confidential  secretary  of 
Cardinal  do  Retz,  who  wrote  "Memoirs 
of  his  Times,"  containing  an  interesting 
account  of  transactions  from  1643  to 
l*)";.'),  in  which  is  included  the  private 
history  of  his  patron.— Makt  Eliza- 
beth, a  celebrated  French  actress,  was 
b.  at  Versailles  in  1761.  She  commen- 
ced her  theatrical  career  in  1781,  and 
BO">n  rose  to  eminence  in  her  profession, 
excelling  principally  as  a  representative 
of  the  soubrettes  of  the  French  drama. 
In  17U3  she  was  imprisoned  among  oth- 
er political  victims,  but  recovered  her 
liberty  on  condition  of  performing  at 
the  tlieatre  of  the  republic.     1).  17it8. 

JOMELLI,  NicoLo,  a  musical  com- 
poser, was  b.  in  1714,  at  Aversa,  in 
the  kingdom  of  Naples.  He  composed 
a  number  of  operas  in  his  own  country, 
and  became  a  popular  favorite.  He 
afterwards  visited  Bologna,  Rome,  Ven- 
ice, and  other  principal  cities  of  Italy, 
everywhere  carrying  away  the  palm 
from  rival  musicians.  He  was  the  au- 
thor of  many  devotional  pieces,  among 
which  are  his  celebrated  "Eequiem" 
and  "  Miserere."     I).  1774. 

JONES,  Iniuo,  a  celebrated  architect, 
and  tlie  reviver  of  classical  architecture 
in  England,  was  b.  in  London,  about 
1.572.  lie  was  at  first  an  apprentice  to  a 
ioincr;  V)ut  his  talents  for  drawing 
having  attracted  the  notice  of  the  earls 
of  Arundel  and  Pembroke,  the  latter 
supplied  him  with  the  means  of  visiting 
It.aly,  for  the  purpose  of  studying  land- 


scape painting.  He  -n'ent  to  Venice, 
where  the  works  of  Palladio  inspired 
him  with  a  taste  for  architecture ;  and 
he  afterwards  devoted  all  his  energies 
in  pursuit  of  that  noble  branch  of  art. 
He  soon  acquired  fame,  and  obtained 
the  situation  of  first  architect  to  Chris- 
tian IV.,  king  of  Denmark,  who  visiting 
his  brother-in-law,  .James  I.,  in  1606, 
brought  Jones  with  him  to  England. 
Being  induced  to  remain,  the  queen 
chose  him  as  her  .architect :  and  the 
place  of  surveyor-general  of  the  bo.ard 
of  works  was  granted  to  him  in  rever- 
sion. In  1620  he  was  appointed  one  of 
the  commissioners  for  repairing  St. 
Paul's  cathedral ;  but  this  was  not  com- 
menced till  1623.  In  the  following  reign 
he  was  much  employed  in  preparing 
masques  for  the  entertainment  of  th& 
court,  and  in  building  the  Banqueting 
House  at  Whitehall :  but  while  thus 
engaged  he  fell  under  the  displeasure  of 
Ben  Jonson,  who  ridiculed  him  on  the 
stage,  and  made  him  the  subject  of  his 
epigrammatic  muse.  Jones  realized  a 
handsome  fortune;  but  being  a  Eoman 
Catholic,  and  a  partisan  of  royalty,  he  suf- 
fered severely  in  the  civil  war.  D.  1652. 
— OwEx,  a  Welsh  antiquary,  and  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Gwyneddigion,  or  Cambrian 
society,  for  encouraging  the  bards,  lan- 
guage, and  music  of  Wales,  was  b.  in 
1740,  and  d.  in  1814.  He  collected  and 
published  "The  Archfeology  of  Wales," 
the  "  Poems  of  Dafydd  ap  Gwillym," 
and  other  productions. — Joiix  Paul,  a 
naval  adventurer,  was  a  native  of  Sel- 
kirk, Scotland,  and  b.  in  1736.  His  first 
voyage  was  to  this  country,  where  he 
settled  early  in  life;  and  at  the  com- 
mencement of  the  strugirle  between  the 
colonies  and  the  mother  country,  he 
offered  his  services  to  the  former,  and 
was  appointed  first  of  the  first  lieuten- 
ants. In  1775  he  obtained  the  command 
of  a  ship  under  Commodore  Hopkins, 
and  distiniruished  himself  in  several 
engagements,  for  which  he  received  his 
commission  as  captain  of  the  marine. 
He  then  sailed  to  France,  and  being 
well  acquainted  with  the  Irish  coast, 
and  the  northern  ]>art  of  England,  ho 
conceived  the  design  of  effecting  a 
descent.  For  a  long  time  he  kept  the 
northern  coast  in  a  constant  state  of 
alarm  ;  at  length  he  effected  a  lauding 
at  Whitehaven,  and  having  dismantled 
a  fort,  set  fire  to  some  shippincr  in  the 
harbor.  From  thence  he  sailed  for 
Scotland,  where  he  landed  on  the  estate 
of  the  earl  of  Selkirk,  and  plundered 
his   lordship's   house   of  all   the  plato. 


jon] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    UKCKArilV. 


535 


ITc  next  took  the  Drake  sloop  of  vnr, 
wit!i  wliicli  lip.  returned  to  l^irest.  lie 
afterwards  sailed  round  Ireland  to  the 
North  Sea,  with  three  sliips,  the  Kich- 
ard,  I'allas,  and  \'enireanee.  Having' 
eomtnitted  frreat  misehief  on  that  eoast, 
ho  fell  in  with  the  Baltic  fleet,  convoyed 
by  the  Serapis  frisrate,  and  the  Conntess 
of  Scarborough  armed  ship,  both  which, 
afTer  a  severe  action,  he  captured  off 
Flamboroutrii  Head.  For  these  services 
the  kin?  of  Franco  confcrre<l  on  liiin 
the  order  of  merit,  and  •save  him  a  gold- 
hiltcd  sword.  lie  afterwards  was  in- 
vited into  the  Russian  service,  with  the 
rank  of  rear-admiral,  where  he  was 
'disappointed  in  not  receivins  the  com- 
mand of  the  fleet  acting  apiinst  the 
Turks  in  the  Blank  Sea.  He  found 
fault  with  the  conduct  of  the  prince  of 
Nassau,  the  admiral ;  became  restless 
and  impatient,  was  intri<jued  asainst  at 
court,  and  calumniated  by  his  enemies; 
and  had  permission,  from  the  empress 
Catharine,  to  retire  from  the  service 
Willi  a  pension,  which  was  never  paid. 
He  returned  to  Paris,  sunk  into  pov- 
erty, and  d.  1792. — .Sir  William,  an 
eminent  lav/ycr,  poet,  and  general 
scholar,  was  the  son  of  an  able  matlic- 
mitician  :  and  was  only  three  years  of  aire 
when  his  father  died,' in  1740.  In  1770 
he  was  made  a  commissioner  of  bank- 
rupts ;  about  which  time  his  correspond- 
ence with  his  pupil  evinced  the  manly 
pjiirit  of  constitutional  freedom  by 
which  he  was  actuated;  and  to  his 
feelings  on  the  American  contest  he 
gave  vent  in  a  spirited  Latin  ode  to 
Liberty.  In  1778  appeared  his  trans- 
lation of  the  "  Orations  of  Isa;us,"  with 
a  prefatory  discourse,  notes,  and  com- 
mentary, which,  for  elegance  of  style, 
and  profound  critical  and  historical 
research,  excited  much  admiration.  At 
length,  on  the  accession  of  the  Shelbnrne 
administration,  he  obtained  what  had 
long  been  the  object  of  his  ambition, 
the  appointment  of  judge  in  the  su- 
preme court  of  idieature  in  Bengal, 
lie  went  to  Ii.dia  in  April,  17S3.  One 
of  his  earliest  acts  in  India  was  the 
establishment  at  Calcutta  of  an  institu- 
tion oil  the  plan  of  the  Koyal  Society, 
of  which  he  was  chosen  the  first  presi- 
dent. Another  was,  to  take  vigorous 
measures  for  procuring  a  digest  of  the 
Hindoo  and  .Mahometan  laws.  He  then 
applied  himself  with  ardor  to  the  study 
of  the  Sanscrit,  and  his  health  soon 
suiTcring  from  the  climate,  he  took  a 
journey  through  the  district  of  Benares, 
during  which  cessation  of  public  duties 


he  composed  a  "Treatise  on  the  Goda 
of  Greece,  Italy,  and  India."  His 
translation  of  the  celebrated  "Ordi- 
nances of  Menu,"  the  famous  Indian 
legislator,  publislicd  early  in  1794,  had 
scarcely  appeared,  when  he  was  seized 
with  an  inflatnmatioii  of  the  liver, 
which  terminated  his  truly  valuable  life 
on  the  27th  of  April,  in  "the  48th  year 
of  his  age. 

.K^NSON,  Benjamix,  a  celebrated 
dramatist,  and  the  cotemporary  and 
friend  of  Sliakspeare,  was  the  posthu- 
mous son  of  a  clergyman.  He  was  b. 
in  Westminster,  in  1574:  at  the  gram- 
mar-school of  which  city  lie  was  placed, 
under  Camden,  at  an  early  age;  till  his 
mother  marrying  again  to  a  person  who 
held  the  humble  occupation  of  a  brick- 
layer, young  Ben,  as  he  was  familiarly 
called,  was  taken  home  abruptly  by  his 
father-in-law,  and  employed  by  him  as 
an  assistant  in  his  trade.  The  ardent 
spirit  of  the  future  poet  revolted  against 
his  condition  ;  he  fled  from  home  and 
entered  the  army  as  a  private  soldier, 
in  which  capacity  he  served  in  the  En- 
glish army  in  Flanders.  On  his  return 
he  resumed  his  .studies,  and  went  to 
Cambridge ;  but  from  the  poverty  of 
his  circumstances,  lie  was  obliged  to 
leave  the  university  and  take  to  the 
stage.  At  first  he  was  not  very  success- 
ful, either  as  an  actor  or  an  author  ;  and 
having  the  misfortune  to  kill  another 
actor  in  a  duel,  he  was  taken  u}i  and 
imprisoned,  and  narrowly-  escaped  with 
life.  On  being  released  from  confine- 
ment he  married,  and  recommenced 
writing  for  the  stage,  to  which  he  was 
encouraged  by  Sliakspeare,  who  per- 
formed in  one  of  his  pieces.  In  1593 
he  produced  his  comedy  of  "Every 
Man  in  his  Humor;"  which  was  fol- 
lowed by  a  new  play  every  year,  till  the 
reign  of  James  the  First,  when  he  was 
employed  in  the  masques  and  entertain- 
ments at  court.  But  regardless  of  pru- 
dence, Ben  joined  Chapman  and  Marston 
in  writinir  the  eoinedy  of  "Eastward 
Hoe,"  which  so  grossly  libelled  the 
Scotch  nation,  that  the  authors  were 
committed  to  prison,  and  had  they  not 
made  a  timely  and  humble  submission 
for  the  offence,  they  would  have  lost 
their  noses  and  ears  in  the  pillory,  ac- 
cording to  their  sentence.  I5y  his  ad- 
dress, however,  he  soon  contrived  to 
reinstate  himself  in  the  favor  "of  a 
monarch  to  whose  pleasures  the  ctFu- 
sions  of  his  muse  lia<l  become  neces- 
sary; and  for  the  remainder  of  that 
reifrn  he  continued  in  hisrh  favor  ---  > 


536 


CYCLOP.-EDJA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[joa 


kind  of  superintendent  of  the  court 
revels.  lu  liJlV  he  was  appointed  poet 
hiureutc,  with  a  salary  of  £100,  and  a 
butt  of  wine  yearly  from  the  king's  cel- 
lars. \Vant  of  economy,  however,  kejjt 
him  constantly  poor;  lUthough,  in  addi- 
tion to  the  royal  bounty,  he  had  a  pen- 
sion from  the  city.     D.  1637. 

.lOKDAEXS,  Jacob,  an  eminent  his- 
torical and  portrait  painter,  was  a  native 
of  Antwerp.  He  was  the  son-in-law  of 
Van  Oort,  under  whom  he  studied ;  he 
also  received  some  instruction  from 
Rubens ;  and  his  pictures  are  executed 
with  correctness  and  brilliancy.  JB. 
15',tl;  d.  I'ilS. 

JOKDAN,  Charles  Stephen,  a  Prus- 
Bi;ui  writer,  originally  of  a  French  fam- 
ily, wa.i  b.  at  Berlin  in  1700,  and  d.  in 
174*).  He  wrote  '-Travels  in  France, 
England,  and  Holland,  with  Satirical 
Anecdotes,"  "  A  Miscellany  of  Litera- 
ture, Piiilosophy,  and  History,"  and 
the  ••  Life  of  de  la  Croze." — Dohothea, 
or  DoRaTHY  Bland,  (Jordan  being  only 
an  assumed  name,)  was  b.  at  Waterford, 
about  the  year  1702.  She  made  her 
tiieatrical  debut  on  the  Dublin  stage,  in 
1777,  in  the  part  of  i'hoebe,  in  "  As  You 
Like  It."  In  the  following  season  she 
appeared  at  Cork,  where  she  was  much 
at-tmircd  for  her  archness  and  sportive 
simplicity.  In  1782  she  came  to  En- 
gland, was  engaged  by  Tate  Wilkinson, 
and  first  appeared  at  the  Leeds  theatre 
as  Calista,  in  "  The  Fair  Penitent." 
From  Leeds  she  proceeded  to  York, 
where  she  first  played  under  the  name 
of  Mrs.  Jordan,  by  which,  though  never 
married,  she  was  subsequently  known. 
In  1785  she  made  her  tirst  appearance 
before  a  Jjondon  audience  at  Drury- 
lane,  as  Pejfgy,  in  "The  Country  Girl ;" 
and  immediately  became  such  a  decitlcd 
favorite,  that  lier  salary  was  doubled, 
and  she  was  allowed  two  bcnelits.  At 
the  close  of  the  season,  she  made  a  pro- 
vincial tour,  and  visited  nearly  all  the 
large  towns  in  England,  everywhere  re- 
ceiving tlic  most  enthusiastic  welcome 
from  admiring  audiences.  Wlieii  the 
duke  of  Clarence  first  made  overtures  to 
her,  .■ihe  was  the  mistress  of  a  Mr.  Ford, 
who  refused  to  make  her  his  wife, 
through  fear  of  offending  his  father. 
Mrs.  Jordan  then  entered  into  that  con- 
nection with  the  duke,  which  continued 
in  an  almost  iminterntptcd  state  of  do- 
mestic Jiarmony,  until  it  was  suddenly 
broken  olf  in"  1811.  D.  1810.— Sir 
Joseph,  a  gallant  English  admiral,  who 
by  hib  presence  of  mind  and  valor, 
gained  the  battle  of  Solebay,  in  1072. — 


Thomas,  a  dramatic  writer  in  the  reign 
of  Charles  L  He  wrote  two  comedies 
and  a  masque  ;  and  is  mentioned  by 
Langbaine  with  respect. 

JUKDANO,  LucA,  a  famous  painter, 
was  b.  at  Naples,  in  1032 ;  and  d.  there 
in  1705. 

JOETIN,  John,  an  eminent  scholar 
and  divine,  was  b.  in  London,  in  lOUS. 
Here  he  acquired  so  high  a  character 
for  learning  and  acuteness,  that  he  was 
employed  by  Pope  to  extract  the  notes 
from  Eustathius,  to  print  with  his 
translation  of  the  Iliad.  His  chief  works 
are,  "Discourses  concerning  the  Truth 
of  the  Christian  Eeligion,"  "  Miscella- 
neous Observations  upon  Authors,  an-# 
cient  and  modern,"  "Kemarks  upon 
Ecclesiastical  History,"  "Life  of  Eras- 
mus," and  seven  volumes  of  "Sermons 
and  Charges,"  which  were  printed  after 
his  death'.     D.  1770. 

JOSE,  Antonio,  a  Portuguese  drama- 
tist, by  birth  a  Jew,  who  was  burnt 
alive  at  the  last  auto-da-fe  in  1745,  for 
having  introduced  in  one  of  his  farces  a 
scone,  in  which  a  criminal  is  conversing 
at  the  gallows  with  his  confessor,  in  a 
style,  as  may  be  supposed,  not  the  most 
edifying. 

JOSEPH  I.,  emperor  of  Germany, 
the  son  of  Leopold  1.,  was  b.  at  Vienna, 
in  1078 ;  received  the  crown  of  Hungary 
in  1039 ;  and  was  soon  after  elected 
king  of  the  Romans.  D.  1711.— II., 
emperor  of  Germany,  was  the  son  of  the 
Emperor  Leopold  and  Maria  Theresa, 
queen  of  Hungary.  He  was  crowned 
king  of  the  Romans  in  1704;  the  year 
following  he  succeeded  his  father;  and 
in  1780,  by  the  death  of  the  empress- 
queen,  lie  succeeded  to  the  crown  of 
Hungary  and  Bohemia.     D.  1789. 

JOSEPHINE,  empress  of  France  and 
queen  of  Italy,  was  b.  at  Martinique  in 
1703,  and  bore  the  name  from  her  pa- 
rents of  Rose  Tascheb  de  la  PAOEKrE. 
While  very  young,  she  was  taken  by  hei 
father  to  France,  to  be  the  bride  of  tho 
\'iseount  de  Eeauharuois— a  marriage 
having  been  arranged  by  the  two  fam- 
ilies when  the  Marquis  Bcauharnois  was 
governor-general  of  the  Antilles.  They  . 
were  accordingly  married  ;  and,  in  the 
enjoyment  of  each  other's  society,  tliey 
lived  beloved  and  respected,  while  Jo- 
sephine became  the  mother  of  two  chil- 
dren, Eugene  and  llortcnse.  Prompted 
by  filial  attachment,  she  went,  in  1786, 
to  Martinique,  to  attend  upon  her  mo- 
ther in  sickness  ;  and  having  taken  her 
daughter  with  her,  she  remained  in  tho 
island  three  years.    The  sudden  rising 


jou] 


CVCLOP.EDIA    OF    BIOGHAPIIY. 


of  tlic  colony,  however,  obliged  her  to 
quit  it  lor  France,  witli  such  haste,  a3 
not  to  allow  of  her  takinjj  leave  of  her 
parent.  After  etlecting  her  escape,  and 
isurrnounting  numerous  obstacles,  Ma- 
dame Beauliarnois  began  to  expcricnco 
the  horrors  of  the  French  revolution  ; 
and  soon  saw  her  husband,  who  hatl 
used  every  exertion  at  the  head  of  the 
French  army  on  the  Khine,  dragged  to 
ft  prison,  and  thence  to  the  scalibld. 
Siic  was  also  included  in  the  list  of 
proscription  ;  but  the  death  of  her  luis- 
})ancl  reduced  her  to  such  a  state  that 
she  could  not  be  removed,  and  to  this 
circumstance  she  owed  her  deliverance. 
Roi)espierre  at  length  perished,  and  the 
viscountess  was  delivurcd  from  prison 
by  Tallien,  who  was  never  forgotten  by 
her,  nor  by  Eugene,  from  whom  he  re- 
ceived a  considerable  pension  till  his 
death.  Josephine  was  indebted  to 
Barras  for  the  restoration  of  a  part  of 
the  pro]5erty  of  her  husband;  and  at 
his  liouse,  after  the  13th  Veudemiaire, 
she  met  General  Bonaparte,  who  was 
desirous  of  seeing  her,  in  consequence 
of  her  son  Eugene,  then  15  years  old, 
presenting  himself  before  the  general, 
to  solicit  that  the  sword  which  had  be- 
longed to  his  father  mi^ht  be  given  to 
him.  Bonaparte  from  the  first  was  fa- 
vorably impressed  towards  the  widow; 
and  his  attachment  strengthening  at 
every  succeeding  interview,  he  married 
her  in  17ii6.  From  that  day  it  became 
her  practice  to  encourage  him  through 
dangers,  and  moderate  his  feelings  in 
the  hour  of  victory.  After  Napoleon 
became  emperor,  a  divorce  was  a  sub- 
ject lo  which  his  friends  advised  him, 
but  which  he  at  tirst  declined.  Jose- 
phine had  been  crown  d  empror;s  at 
I'aris,  and  queen  of  Italy  at  Milan. 
When  Napoleon  became  desirous  of 
marrying  a  princess,  and  she  was  made 
acquainted  with  the  wishes  of  the  na- 
tion regarding  a  successor,  she  resolved 
to  sacrifice  lier  private  1'oelings,  and 
givin-^  the  archduchess,  Maria  Louisa, 
credit  for  all  the  estimable  qualities 
whlcli  slie  knew  were  requisite  to  the 
happiness  of  Napoleon,  she  consented 
to  the  marriage.  She,  liowever,  woidd 
not  follow  the  wishes  of  her  children, 
who  were  an.\ious  tliat  she  should  quit 
France  ;  but  retired  to  her  beautiful 
seat  of  Malmaison,  with  the  title  of 
emprcss-oucen-dowager.     D.  1814. 

JOSEPilUS,  Flavr-s,  the  celebrated 
historian  of  tlie  Jews,  was  b.  ai  Jeru- 
salem, A.  D.  37.  His  father,  Mattathias, 
was  descended  from  the  ancient  hisrh- 


priests  of  the  Jews,  and  hi."?  mother  was 
of  the  Maceabean  race.  He  was  early 
instructed  in  Hebrew  learning,  and  be- 
came an  ornament  of  the  sect  of  the 
Pharisees,  to  which  he  i)elonged.  When 
2(5  years  old  he  visited  Kome,  for  the 
purpose  of  obtaining  the  release  of  some 
prisoners  whom  F^elix  had  sent  to  the 
capital,  on  which  occasion  he  was  in- 
troduced to  Poppaa,  afterwards  the 
wife  of  Nero,  and,  on  his  return,  wa3 
made  governor  of  Galilee.  He  after- 
wards obtained  the  command  of  the 
Jewish  army,  and  supported  with  cour- 
age, wisdom,  and  resolution  a  siege  of 
seven  weeks,  in  the  fortified  tovkn  of 
Jotapata,  where  he  was  attacked  by 
Vespasian  and  Titus.  The  town  was 
betrayed  to  the  enemy.  He  accom- 
panied Titus  back  to  ^feome,  where  he 
was  rewarded  with  the  freedom  of  the 
city,  and  received  a  pension  and  other 
favors  from  Vespasian  and  his  son,  ^nd. 
as  a  mark  of  gratitude,  he  then  assumeo. 
their  family  name  of  Flavins.  His 
"  History  of  the  Jewish  "War,  and  the 
Destruction  of  Jerusalem,"  was  com- 
posed at  the  command  of  Vespasian, 
and  is  singularly  interesting  and  atfect- 
ing,  as  the  historian  was  an  eye-witness 
of  all  he  relates.  St.  Jerome  calls  him 
the  Livy  of  the  Greeks.  His  "Jewish 
Antiquities,"  written  in  Greek,  is  a  very 
noble  work,  and  his  discourse  "  Upon 
the  Martyrdom  of  the  Maccabees"  is  a 
masterpiece  of  eloquence.  He  is  suj)- 
posed  to  have  d.  about  the  year  95. 

JOUFFKOY,  marquis  de,  who  dis- 
putes with  Fulton  and  F'itch  the  honor 
of  having  been  the  first  to  apply  steam 
to  the  purposes  of  navigation,  was  b.  in 
Franche  Comte,  1751.  He  made  his 
first  attempt  on  the  Doubs  in  1776,  and 
renewed  it  with  more  success  on  the 
Saoiie  in  1783,  but  he  tailed  to  carry  it 
out  through  want  of  means  and  support. 
He  was  no  les.^  unsuccessful  at  Paris  'n 
1816,  but  the  Academy  of  Sciences  ac 
knowledgcd  his  claim  to  the  discovery 
in  1840,  a  distinction  with  which, 
whether  merited  or  otherwise,  he  could 
not  fail  to  be  gratified.  D.  lSo'2. — Theo- 
dore, a  distinguished  writer  on  philo- 
sophical sr.bjccts,  and  professor  ot 
philosophy  at  Paris,  was  b.  at  Pontets, 
17y*5.  Besides  numerous  original  works, 
which  are  in  great  repute  for  clearness 
and  depth,  he  translated  into  French 
the  writings  of  Kcid  and  Dugald  Stew- 
art, and  his  "Cours  du  Droit  Naturel" 
will  be  found  worthy  the  most  attentive 
perusal.     D.  1842. 

JDURDAIN,  Am.vble  Louis  Michel 


538 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHV. 


[jUA 


Brechillet,  b.  in  17S8,  was  the  son  of  a 
celebrated  suri;eoii-dentist  at  Paris.  He 
was  designed  for  tlie  law,  but  being 
struck  at  hearing  the  splendid  eulogies 
bestowed  on  Anquetil  du  Perron,  the 
Orientalist,  he  determined  on  cultivating 
the  same  brandies  of  learning  for  which 
tliat  great  scholar  had  been  distin- 
guished. This  he  pursued  with  such 
success,  that  the  otiiee  of  adjunct-sec- 
retary of  the  school  of  oriental  languajjes 
was  created  in  his  favor,  and  heliela  it 
till  his  death.  He  was  a  contributor  to 
the  '•  Biographie  Universelle,"  and  other 
extensive  publications,  and  author  of 
'•  La  Perse,  ou  Tableau  de  I'Histoire,  du 
Gouvernenient,  de  la  Eeligion,  de  la 
Littcrature,  &c.,  de  cet  Empire,"  be- 
sides some  otiiers.     D.  1818. 

JOUVENET,  John,  an  historical 
painter,  b.  at  Kouen,  in  Normandy,  in 
lOi'i,  and  who  studied  under  Poussin. 
He  was  employed  to  adorn  the  apart- 
ments of  Versailles  and  the  Trianon ; 
he  also  painted  colossal  figures  of  the 
twelve  apostles  in  the  hospital  of  the 
Invalids  at  Paris.     D.  1717. 

JOUY,  Joseph  Etienne  de,  a  facile 
and  graceful  writer,  was  b.  in  1764, 
served  in  America  and  India,  and  took 
part  in  the  tirst  campaign  of  the  revolu- 
tion. But  lie  soon  abandoned  the  sword 
for  the  pen,  and  rose  to  great  popularity 
with  his  vaudevilles  and  tlie  librettos 
which  he  wrote  forSpontini,  Cherubini, 
and  Rossini.  He  was  also  distinguished 
as  a  political  writer,  but  lie  is  best 
known  in  England  for  his  amusing  and 
Batirical  work  called  the  "  Hermit  of  the 
Ohaussee  d'Antin,"  which  was  trans- 
lated into  English  many  years  ago.  In 
1830,  Louis  Philippe  apnoiiited  Iiiiu  li- 
brarian at  the  Louvre.     D.  1846. 

J(jVJ':LLANOS,  Don  Gaspak  Mel- 
CHioR  DE,  one  of  the  most  distinguished 
Spaniards  of  modern  times,  was  b.  at 
Gijon,  in  Asturias,  in  1744,  of  an  an- 
cient and  noble  family.  He  became 
a  member  of  the  criminal  branch  of 
the  audiencia  in  Seville,  and  advan- 
cing ra])idly  in  his  professional  career, 
lie  was  linally  appointed  to  the  dignified 
station  of  member  of  the  council  of  the 
military  orders  at  ^ladrid.  About  the 
hame  tune  he  was  intrusted  with  some 
important  ati'airs,  and  nominated  coun- 
Bellor  of  state,  by  (Jharles  III.  When, 
in  1794,  Spain  found  herself  loaded  with 
debt,  .Jovellanos  proposed,  for  tiic  relief 
of  the  national  clillieulties,  a  tax  on  tlie 
property  of  the  higher  order  of  the 
clertry,  for  which  he  was  exiled  to  the 
mountains  of  Asturias,  though  his  pro- 


ject was  afterwards  carried  into  execu- 
tion. In  17'JU  he  was  recalled,  and 
made  minister  of  justice  for  the  interior, 
but  before  twelve  months  were  past,  he 
was  dismissed,  and  banished  to  the 
island  of  Majorca,  wiiere  he  was  con- 
fined in  the  convent  of  the  Carthusians. 
After  the  fall  of  Godoy,  the  prince  of 
peace,  in  1808,  he  recovered  his  liberty, 
and  subsequently  became  a  member  of 
the  supreme  junta.  He  was,  however, 
suspected  of  favoring  the  French  ;  and, 
at  length,  being  denounced  as  a  traitor 
for  endeavoring  to  promote  their  plans 
for  the  subjugation  of  Spain,  he  was  put 
to  death,  in  1812,  during  a  popular  in- 
surrection. He  v/rote  "  Lyric  Poems," 
"Pelayo,"  a  tragedy,  "The  Honorable 
Delinquent,"  a  comedy,  several  works 
on  subjects  connected  with  political 
economy,  and  translated  Milton's  "  Par- 
adise Lost." 

JOYCE,  Jeremiah,  an  ingenious  and 
industrious  writer,  whose  profession 
was  that  of  a  dissenting  minister,  was 
b.  in  1764,  and  first  attracted  public 
notice  as  one  of  the  persons  included 
in  the  state  prosecution  with  Hardy, 
Home  Tooke,  Thelwall,  and  others  for 
treason.  He  was  the  coadjutor  of  Dr. 
Gregory  in  the  compilation  of  his  "  Cy- 
clopiEdia,"  and  subsequently  produced 
another  on  a  similar  plan,  which  goes 
by  the  name  of  Nicholson.  He  was 
also  the  author  of  "Scientific  Dialogues," 
"Dialogues  on  Chemistry,"  "Letters 
on  Natural  Philosophy,"  &c.     D.  1816. 

JUAN,  or  Don  John'  of  Austria,  a 
natural  son  of  the  Emperor  Charles  V., 
and  the  great  military  hero  of  his  age, 
was  b.  at  Eatisljon,  in  1546.  His  mo- 
ther is  said  to  have  been  a  lady  named 
Barbara  Bloniberg,  but  this  is  doubtful, 
and  a  singular  veil  of  mystery  hangs 
over  his  maternal  parentage.  He  was 
first  einploycil,  in  1570,  against  the 
Moors  or  Granada,  and  acquired  great 
fame  by  their  subjugation.  He  also 
signalized  himself  by  a  memorable  vio- 
tory  over  the  Turks,  in  1571,  in  the 
gulf  of  Lepanto,  as  well  as  by  the  con- 
quest of  Tunis  and  other  places  on  the 
African  coast.  In  1576  he  went  to 
Flanders,  took  Namur  by  stratagem, 
and  succeeded  in  reducing  the  insur- 
gents to  obedience.  1).  1577. — Y  San- 
TiciLiA,  Don  Georoe,  a  learned  Spanish 
matlieraatician  and  naval  otficer,  was  b. 
at  C>riliuela,  in  1712.  His  progress  in 
mathematics  was  so  great  that,  wjiile  a 
student  in  Carthagena,  he  obtained  the 
appellation  of  Euclid:  and,  entering  the 
naval  service  early,  his  reputation  as  a 


pnJ 


CYCl.Ol'.KUlK    ul'     KiOOHArHV. 


539 


Bcientific  man  occasioned  his  appoint-  i 
mciit,  with  Antonio  de  Ulloa,  to  accom-  ' 
p;iny  Boii<rner  ami  La  Condamine  to 
i'eru,  in  173.'),  to  measure  a  de;;rec  of 
the  meridian  at  tlic  equator.  lie  after- 
wards directed  nuicli  ot'liia  attention  to 
marine  urohitecture,  and  his  exertions 
to  improve  the  Spanish  navy  were 
liiirlily  sncccsst'ul.  lie  published  liis 
"  Observations  on  Astronomy  and  Phys- 
ics, made  in  I'eru,"  and  treatises  on 
niiviiration  and  sliip-bnildins^.    D.  177-1. 

JUUA,  a  kin;;  ot  Numidia  and  Mau- 
ritania, wiio  wa.s  au  ally  of  Pompcy 
airainst  Julius  Cicsar.  After  the  battle 
of  Pharsalia  he  joined  his  forces  to 
those  of  Scipio,  but  being  totally  de- 
feated at  Thansus,  he  put  an  end  to  liis 
own  life,  and  his  kinirdoin  became  a 
Kotnan  province. — II.,  king  of  Numidia, 
son  of  the  preceding,  was,  when  a  boy, 
led  a  captive  to  Kome  to  adorn  the  tri- 
umph of  Cffisar,  but  the  Roman  con- 
queror bestowed  on  him  an  excellent 
education,  and  ho  became  one  of  the 
most  learned  men  of  his  time.  lie 
gained  the  hearts  of  the  Romans  by  the 
courteousness  of  bis  manners,  and  was 
in  great  favor  with  Augustus,  wlio  gave 
him  the  daughter  of  Antony  in  mar- 
riage, and  made  him  king  of  Gictulia, 
of  wliicli  dignity  he  proved  himself 
worthy,  by  governing  his  dominions 
with  justice  and  lenity.  He  was  also  an 
able  and  prolific  author,  as  appears  by 
Pliny,  Strabo,  Plutarch,  and  other  wri- 
ters, wlio  allude  to  his  histories  of  the 
Ai'abians,  Assyrians,  and  Romans,  his 
treatises  on  the  fine  arts,  and  his  natural 
history,  of  all  which  a  few  frairments 
onlv  have  been  ]n\'servcd.     1).  2i. 

JUGURTIIA,  king  of  Numidia,  was 
the  son  of  Manastabal.  He  was  en- 
dowed by  nature  with  superior  talents, 
and  was  remarkable  for  mnnly  strength 
and  personal  bo;ity.  Formed  for  a 
soldier,  his  valor  and  conduct  won  the 
esteem  of  the  Romaia  army,  and  the 
fi'iendship  of8ei}Mo;  but  involving  him- 
self in  intrigues  and  crimes  to  obtain 
the  Numidian  crown,  the  Roman  senate 
sent  Metellus  against  him,  who  con- 
quered him  in  a  great  battle,  and  re- 
elected all  his  bri!)0s.  When  on  the 
point  of  signini,'  a  shameful  peace,  and 
Burrenderiug  to  the  Romans,  Jngurtha, 
throuirli  fear,  that  they  might  inflict 
venireance  on  liim  for  his  former  crimes, 
sud.lenly  changed  his  resolution,  and 
determined  once  more-  to  abide  the 
worst.  The  kin^r  of  Mauritania,  his 
ally,  having  coni-ludcd  a  peace  wit  i  the 
Romans,  Sylla  persuaded  him  to  draw 


Jugnrtlia  into  his  power,  and  deliver 
him  up  to  the  Romans.  He  was  ac- 
cordingly seized,  and  sent  in  chains  to 
Marius,  at  (Jirta.  Thns  the  war  was 
ended,  and  Numidia  became  a  Roman 
province.  Jugurtha,  having  suffered 
many  insults  from  the  people,  was 
thrown  into  a  dark  prison,  and  starved 
to  death  after  six  days,  loi5  b.  o. 

JULIAN,  Flavius  Claudius,  sur- 
named  the  Apostate,  a  Roman  emperor, 
was  the  youngest  son  of  Constantius, 
brother  of  (Jonstantine  the  Great.  Ho 
was  b.  in  331,  educated  in  the  tenets  of 
Cliristianity,  and  apostatized  to  pagan- 
ism. In  33.5  he  was  declared  Ca;sar, 
and  sent  to  Gaul,  where  he  obtained 
several  victories  over  the  Germans,  and, 
in  3i)l,  the  troops  in  Gaul  revolted  from 
(.'onstantius,  and  declared  for  Julian. 
During  the  lifetime  of  his  cousin,  Con- 
stantius, he  made  a  profession  of  the 
orthodox  faith,  but,  on  succeeding  to 
the  throne,  he  threw  off  all  disguise, 
reopened  the  heathen  temples,  ami 
sought  to  restore  the  heathen  worship 
in  all  its  splendor,  while  he  labored, 
both  by  his  pen  and  authority,  to  de- 
stroy Christianity.     D.  363. 

JLfLIEN,  PiEUHE,  an  eminent  French 
sculptor,  many  of  whose  productions 
adorn  the  metropolis  of  France,  and 
whose  chef-d'oeuvre  is  "  The  Dving 
(iludiator."  B.  1731  ;  d.  1804.  — Simon, 
a  Swiss  painter,  who  by  his  brother 
artists  was  called  tWe  Apostate,  in  allu- 
sion to  the  Roman  emperor  of  the  same 
name,  as  well  as  to  his  abandonment  of 
the  French  school  of  painting  for  the 
Italian.     B.  1730;  d.  1799. 

JULIUS  I.,  Pope,  succeeded  to  the 
papal  see  on  the  death  of  Mark,  in  337. 
Celebrated  for  the  part  he  took  in  the 
Athanasian  controversy.  D.  3.>'2. — IT., 
Pope,  nephew  of  Sixtus  IV.,  was  b.  in 
1-143.  He  is  said  to  have,  at  one  period 
of  his  life,  followed  the  occupation  of  a 
waterman.  He  was  remarkable  for  his 
wars,  ami  his  patronage  of  the  arts. 
Durimr  his  iiontiticate,  the  rebuilding 
of  St.  Peter's  was  commenced.  D.  1513. 
— III.,  Pope,  previously  known  as  Car- 
dinal Monte,  was  chamberlain  to  Julius 
II.,  whose  name  ho  subsequently  as- 
sumed. He  took  little  part  in  public 
business,  but  led  a  life  of  indolence  at 
the  villa  still  known  bv  his  name.  D. 
1.5.5.-.. 

JUXGE,  or  JUNGIUS,  JoAcini,  an 
eminent  philosopher  of  the  17th  cen- 
tury, was  b.  at  Lubeck,  in  15?7,  and 
distinguished  himself  as  an  able  antag- 
onist of   the   Aristotelian    philosophy. 


540 


CYCLOP.EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[jus 


Like  his  great  cotemporary,  Lord  Bacon, 
he  substituted  experiineut  in  the  phice 
of  idle  and  antiquated  theories,  and  is 
ranked  by  Leibnitz  as  equal  to  Coper- 
nicus and  Galileo,  and  but  little  interior 
tc  Descartes.  Among  his  works  are 
"Geometria  Empiriea,"  "  Doxoscopiaj 
Physieae  ilinores,"  and  "  Isagoge  Pny- 
toseopc,"  iVoni  which  latter  work  Eay 
mill  ]>inna3us  appear  to  have  taken  some 
valuable  hints.     D.  lt>57. 

JUXOT,  Andociie,  duke  of  Abrantes, 
a  distinguished  French  general,  was  b. 
in  1771,  and  entered  the  army,  as  a 
volunteer,  in  1791.  lie  first  attracted 
the  notice  of  Bonaparte  bj'  his  coolness 
and  courage  when  serving  as  a  lieuten- 
ant at  the  siege  of  Toulon;  and  in  1806 
he  made  him  colonel-general  of  hussars, 
and  appointed  him  to  the  command  of 
Paris.  In  the  following  year  he  was 
placed  at  the  head  of  the  army  in  Portu- 
gal, where  he  remained  two  years,  and 
was  honored  with  his  ducal  title;  but 
being  defeated  at  the  battle  of  Vimiera 
by  Sir  Artliur  Wellesley,  (the  duke  of 
Wellington,)  he  was  compelled  to  capit- 
ulate. Jle  subsequently  served  in  Spain, 
and  was  made  governor  of  the  lUyrian 
provinces.  D.  1813. — Madame,  duchess 
of  Abrantes,  wife  of  the  preceding,  was 
from  her  infancy  intimate  with  Napo- 
leon. Her  estates  being  confiscated  in 
1814,  the  Emperor  Alexander  offered 
their  restoration,  on  condition  of  her 
becomiug  a  naturalized  Kussian.  She 
refused,  and  remained  in  Paris,  living 
quite  literally  by  the  labors  of  her  pen. 
Tlie  best  known  of  her  writings  are  the 
celebrated  "  Memoirs,"  whieli  had  a 
prodigious  run.  But  she  experienced 
the  only  too  common  fate  of  authors; 
harassed  by  creditors,  she  retired  to  a 
maison  de  sante;  where  she  died,  in 
1838. 

J  URIEU,  Petek,  a  French  Protestant 
divine  and  tlieologian,  was  b.  in  1637. 
He  studied  in  England,  under  his  ma- 
ternal uncle,  Peter  du  Moulin ;  and, 
while  there,  was  episcopally  ordained  ; 
but  the  French  Protestants  disapprov- 
ing of  episcopal  ordination,  he  was  re- 
ordained  according  to  the  Ibrm  of  Ge- 
neva. He  filled  tlic  chair  of  divinity  at 
Sedan  with  reputation  ;  but,  when  that 
university  was  taken  from  the  Protest- 
ants, lie  retired  to  Holland,  and  settled 
at  Kotterdam,  where  he  became  a  vio- 
ent  polemic,  and  engaged  in  some  fierce 
contentions  with  Bayle  and  others.  Ills 
principal  works  are  a  "Preservative 
against  Popery,"  "La  Politique  du 
Clergd-,"  "  L'Accomplissement  des  Pro- 


phetes,"  "Histoire  de  Calvinismo  et 
au  Papisme,"  and  "  Histoire  des  Dog- 
mes  et  des  Cultes."     D.  1718. 

JUSSIED,  De;  Anthony,  Bernard, 
and  JosEPn  ;  three  eminent  French  bot- 
anists and  physicians.  The  first  was  b. 
at  Lyons  in  16S6,  and  d.  in  1758.  He 
enriched  the  memoirs  of  the  Academy 
of  Sciences  at  Paris  Tvith  several  vaJu.i- 
ble  papers,  the  result  of  observations 
made  in  his  travels,  on  botany  and  min- 
eralogy. He  also  wrote  the  appendix  to 
Tournefort,  and  abridged  Barellier's 
work  upon  the  plants  of  France,  Spain, 
and  Italy ;  he  was  likewise  the  author 
of  a  "Discourse  on  the  Progress  of 
Botany." — Bernard,  brother  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  b.  at  Lyons  in  1609,  and  d. 
in  177G.  He  published  an  edition  of 
"Tournefort's  History  of  Plants  about 
Paris,"  and  was  the  author  of  a  book, 
entitled  "The  Friend  of  Humanity,  or 
the  advice  of  a  good  Citizen  to  the  Na- 
tion." He  was  botanical  demonstrator 
at  the  king's  garden,  and  was  much  es- 
teemed by  Louis  XV.  Cuvier  calls  him 
"  the  most  modest,  and,  perhaps,  the 
most  profound,  botanist  of  the  18th 
century,  who,  although  he  scarcely  pub- 
lished any  thing,  is  nevertheless  the  in- 
spiring genius  of  modern  botanists." — 
Joseph,  was  also  a  member  of  the  Acad- 
emy of  Sciences  at  Paris,  and  accompa- 
nied Condamine  to  Peru,  in  1735.  He 
was  not  only  a  good  naturalist  and  phy- 
sician, but  an  excellent  engineer.  He 
published  a  journal  of  his  voyages,  and 
d.  in  1770. 

JUSTEL,  CnRisTornER,  a  French 
statesman  and  juridical  writer  of  the 
17th  century,  was  b,  in  1580,  and  d.  in 
1649.  He  was  well  acquainted  with 
ecclesiastical  antiquities  and  the  canon 
law,  respecting  which  he  published  sev- 
eral learned  works,  and  left  valuable 
MS.  collections. — His  son  Henry  sent 
his  father's  MSS.  to  the  university  of 
Oxford,  for  which  he  was  compliment- 
ed with  the  degree  of  LL.D.  On  the 
revocation  of  the  edict  of  Nantes,  ho 
came  to  London,  and  was  appointed 
keeper  to  the  king's  library.  lie  pub- 
lished, chiefly  from  his  father's  collec- 
tion, "  Bibliotlieca  Canonici  veteris," 
and  also  some  able  works  of  his  own. 
B.  1620;  d.  1093. 

JUSTI,  John  Henry  Gottlob  de,  an 
eminent  German  mineralogist,  who,  af- 
ter gaining  some  literary  reputation  at 
the  university  of  Jena  in  1720,  enlisted 
as  a  common  soldier  in  the  Prussian 
service.  He  rose  to  the  rank  of  lieuten- 
ant ;  was  easliiered  and  imprisoned  for 


juv] 


CYCLOl'.EDI.V    OF    J310(iUAr]l V. 


541 


inaubovdination,  but  made  his  escape  to 
Leipsio,  and  maintained  himself  by  wri- 
ting for  the  press.  In  1755  ho  became 
professor  of  political  economy  and 
natural  history  at  Gottingen  ;  but  hav- 
incT  written  too  freely  on  the  Prussian 
government,  waa  arrested,  and  ended 
his  days  a  prisoner  in  the  fortress  of 
Custrin,  in  1771.  lie  was  the  author  of 
a  "Treatise  on  Money,"  a  "Treatise  on 
Jilineralogy,"  "  Miscellanies  on  Chem- 
istry and  Mineralogy,"  and  "A  Com- 
plete Treatise  on  Manufactures." 

JUSTIN,  a  Latin  historian,  who  pro- 
bably lived  at  Rome  in  the  2d  or  8d 
century.  lie  made  an  epitome  of  the 
l\istory  of  Trogus  Pompeius,  a  luvtive 
of  Gaul,  who  lived  in  the  time  of  Au- 
gustus, and  whose  works,  in  44  books, 
contain  a  history  of  the  world,  from  the 
earliest  ages  to  liis.  own  time.  Justin 
has  been  illustrated  by  the  most  able 
commentators,  and  particularly  by  Gra- 
vius. — St.,  a  Christian  philosopher  and 
martyr  in  the  2d  century,  was  a  native 
of  Sichcm,  in  Samaria.  A  persecution 
breaking  out  against  the  Christians,  un- 
der Antoninus,  Justin  presented  to  that 
emperor  an  admirable  apology  in  their 
behalf,  which  had  the  desired  cft'ect. 
He  afterwards  addressed  another  apology 
to  Marcus  Aurelius,  in  which  lie  de- 
fended those  of  his  religion  against  the 
calumnies  of  Creseens,  a  Cynic  philoso- 
pher. For  this,  and  his  neglect  of  pa- 
gan worship,  he  was  condemned  to  be 
scourged  and  then  beheaded,  which 
sentence  was  put  in  execution,  a.  d.  164., 
in  the  75th  year  of  his  ao^e. 

JUSTINIAN  I.,  surnamed  the  Great, 
nephew  of  Justin  I.,  emperor  of  the 
East,  and  celebrated  as  a  lawgiver,  was 
b.  in  483,  of  an  obscure  family.  lie 
shared  the  fortunes  of  his  uncle,  who, 
from  a  common  Thracian  peasant,  was 
raised  to  the  imper'al  throne ;  and  at 
whose  death,  in  527,  le  obtained  the  ex- 
clusive sovereignty  He  was  then  in 
his  45th  year,  and  distinguished  for  his 
devotional  austerity ;  but  immediately 
npon  his  elevation  he  solemnly  espoused 
Theodora,  an  actress  and  courtesan, 
whose  iutiucnce  over  him  was  unbound- 
ed. During  the  reign  of  Justinian 
many  conquests  were  made  by  his  brave 
general  Belisarius.  In  523  and  520  he 
obtained  three  glorious  victories  over 
the  Persians;  in  534  he  destroyed  the 
empire  of  the  Vandals  in  Africa;  Spain 
and  Sicily  were  reconquered  ;  and  the 
OstroLfoths,  who  possessed  Italy,  were 
vanquished.  The  principal  event,  how- 
ever, which  has  rendered  the  reign  of 
46 


Justinian  interestmg  to  posterity,  was 
the  celebrated  reformation  of  the  Eo- 
man  jurisprudence.  He  commissioned 
Tribonian,  aided  by  other  learned  civil- 
ians, to  form  a  new  code  from  his  own 
laws  and  those  of  his  predecessors.  To 
this  code  Justinian  added  the  "Pan- 
dects," the  "Institute,"  and  the  "  No- 
vell»,"  since  called,  colle:;tively,  the 
body  of  civil  law,  (corpus  juris  eivilis.) 
He  likewise  embellished  the  capital  with 
numerous  magnificent  churches,  among 
which  is  the  celebrated  Sancta  Sophia, 
now  subsisting  as  the  principal  mosque 
in  Constantinople.  Bridges,  aqueducts, 
hospitals,  fortresses,  and  other  public 
works,  were  also  undertaken  through- 
out the  various  provinces  of  the  empire. 
But  towards  the  end  of  his  life  he  be- 
came avaricious,  oppressed  the  people 
with  taxes,  and  lent  a  willing  ear  to 
every  accusation  ;  and  at  length,  full  of 
cares  and  disquietudes,  he  d.  in  565, 
after  a  reign  of  38  years,  and  in  the  S3d 
of  his  age. — II.  was  the  elder  sou  of 
Constantino  Pogonatus,  whom  he  suc- 
ceeded in  685.  He  recovered  several 
provinces  from  the  Saracens,  and  made 
an  advantageous  peace  with  them  ;  but 
his  exactions,  cruelties,  and  debauch- 
eries tarnished  the  glory  of  his  arms. 
He  was  slain,  with  his  son  Tiberius,  in 
711,  by  Philippieus  Bardancs,  his  suc- 
cessor. 

JUSTINIANI,  AcGusTiN,  bishop  of 
Nebo,  in  Corsica,  was  a  prelate  of  dis- 
tinguished literary  abilities.  lie  was 
the  author  of  "  Annales  de  Republica 
Genoensi;"  a  "Psalter  in  Hebrew, 
Greek,  Arabic,  and  Chaklee,  with  Latin 
notes,"  &c.,  being  the  first  of  the  kind 
that  ever  appeared  in  print.  He  per- 
ished in  a  voyage  from  Corsica  to  Ge- 
noa, in  1536. — St.  Lawrence,  the  first 
patriarch  of  Venice,  was  b.  there  in 
13S1 ;  d.  in  1485  ;  and  was  canonized  by 
Pope  Alexander  Vlll.  in  1690.  He  was 
the  author  of  several  devotional  works. 
— Bernard,  nephew  of  the  preceding, 
was  b.  at  Venice,  in  1408 ;  was  etn- 
ployed  in  several  important  missions  by 
Calixtus  III. ;  wrote  a  history  of  Venice, 
which  has  been  considered  the  first 
regular  attempt  of  the  kind,  and  the  life 
of  his  uncle,  Lawrence  the  pntriarcii ; 
and  d.  in  1489. 

JUVENAL,  Dec'ius  Junius,  a  Latin 
poet,  remarkable  for  the  caustic  severity 
of  his  satires,  was  b.  at  Aaulnum,  ia 
Campania,  about  the  beginning  of  the 
reign  of  Claudius.  He  studied  rhetoric 
under  the  most  celebrated  masters,  and 
became  an  eminent  ple.ader  at  the  bar ; 


542 


CVCLOP-«DIA     OF    mOGKAPHY. 


[kal 


but  satire  was  liis  forto.  His  first  essay 
as  a  poetical  satirist  was  directed  ajraiiist 
the  player,  Paris,  who  was  tiie  iiiiiiioii 
of  Doinitian  ;  tor  wliicli  he  was  sent  into 
an  honorable  kind  of  exile,  by  hcmg 
made  conunander  of  a  cohort  at  I'cn- 
tapolis,  on  tlie  borders  of  E^ypt.  On 
Doniitian's  death  he  returned  to  Koine, 
where  he  d.  in  his  SOtli  year,  a.  d.  128. 
He  may  be  said  to  have  boeu  the  last  of 


the  Eomau  poets,  and  as  the  bold  and 
unflinching  castigator  of  vice  he  stands 
without  a  rival.  Good  as  are  his  inten- 
tions, however,  and  forcible  as  are  his 
denunciations,  the  moral  indelicacy  of 
the  age  in  which  he  lived  renders  the 
satires  of  Juvenal  too  gross  in  their  de- 
tails for  readers  of  the  present  daj'. 
Able  translations  have  been  made  by 
Bryden,  Gitford,  &c. 


K. 


KAAB,  a  celebrated  Arabian  poet, 
cotemporary  with  Mahomet,  wiiom  he 
at  tirst  strenuously  opposed,  but  after- 
wards eulogized.  As  a  reward  for  wri- 
ting a  poem  in  his  favor,  the  prophet 
gave  liini  his  green  mantle,  which  one 
of  the  desccnilants  of  Kaab  sold  for 
10,000  pieces  of  silver.     D.  662. 

KAAS,  Nicholas,  an  eminent  Danish 
statesman,  was  b.  I.)?!.'),  and  studied  in 
the  universities  of  Germany.  In  1573 
he  was  mtide  chancellor  of  Denmark ; 
and,  on  the  death  of  King  Frederic  II., 
in  l')88,  he  was  nominated  to  fill  the 
situation  of  first  regent  during  the  mi- 
nority of  Christian  t.     D.  15'J4. 

KABKI8,  Joseph,  a  French  sailor, 
who,  being  taken  prisoner  by  the  En- 
glish, obtained  permission  to  enter  on 
board  a  South  sea  wluiler,  and  being 
wrecked  on  the  coast  of  the  island  of 
Noukahiwa,  in  the  Pacific  ocean,  fell 
into  the  hands  of  the  cannibal  inhabit- 
ants. Wliile  preparations  were  making 
for  his  intended  fate,  and  his  doom  ap- 
peared inevitable,  he  was  saved  by  the 
intercession  of  the  king's  daughter,  who 
shortly  after  became  his  wife.  Being 
now  ailied  to  royr  ;y,  he  was  made  chief 
judge  of  the  island,  which  olfice  he  ex- 
ercised with  reputation  and  comparative 
ea.se,  owing  to  the  simplicity  of  their 
legal  institutions.  Nine  years  thus 
passed  away,  and  Kabris  lived  in  the 
enjoyment  of  domestic  happiness,  when 
he  was  carried  oft",  as  lie  stated,  while 
a.sleep,  liy  the  Russian  navigator.  Cap- 
tain Krusenstern.  On  returning  to 
France,  in  1817,  he  exhibited  himself  to 
the  public  at  Paris  and  elsewhere,  his 
face  being  tattooed  in  the  New  Zealand 
style.  His  object  was  to  raise  money, 
to  enable  hiin  to  return  to  his  wife  and 
family  at  Noukahiwa;  but,  wliile  trav- 
eiruj'.'  fir  this  purpose,  ho  d.  suddenly 
at  Versailles,  182:^. 

ICiEMPFEIi,   E.vaKLBBEcnT,   a   cele- 


brated physiciam  naturalist,  and  travel- 
ler, was  b.  at  Leingo,  in  Westphalia, 
1651 ;  studied  at  Dantzic,  Thorn,  and 
Cracow;  performed  a  journey,  in  1683, 
as  secretary  to  a  Swedish  embassy,  by 
hind  through  Russia  and  Persia;  after 
which  he  visited  Arabia,  Hindostan, 
Java,  Sumatra,  Siain,  and  Japan,  in 
which  last  country  he  resided  two  years. 
In  1692  he  returned  to  his  native  coun- 
try, took  his  degree  of  M.D.  at  Leyden, 
and  entered  upon  medical  practice.  He 
was  the  author  of  a  "  History  of  Japan," 
"Amoenitates  Exoticte."  &c.     D.  1716. 

KAESTNEK,  Abkaham  Gottiielf,  a 
mathematician,  astronomer,  and  poet, 
was  b.  1719,  at  Leipsic;  and  filled  the 
situation  of  professor  of  mathematics  at 
Gottingen,  with  the  highest  reputation 
for  more  than  40  years.  His  scientific 
works  are  extremely  numerous,  of  which 
the  principal  is  a  "History  of  Mathe- 
matics."    D.  1799. 

KALB,  baron  de,  a  major-general  in 
the  American  army,  was  b.  in  Germany, 
about  the  year  1717.  He  entered  into 
the  French  service  when  young,  and 
continued  in  it  42  years.  In  1757,  du- 
ring the  war  between  Great  Britain  and 
France,  he  was  sent  by  the  French  gov- 
ernment to  the  American  colonies,  ia 
order  to  see  with  what  elfect  the  seeds 
of  discontent  against  the  mother  country 
might  be  sown  among  them.  While  in 
the  performance  of  this  commission  he 
was  seized  as  a  suspected  person,  but 
escaped  detection.  He  then  went  to 
Canada,  where  he  remained  until  its 
conquest  by  the  British,  after  which  he 
returned  to  France.  During  the  war  of 
the  revolution  he  offered  his  services  to 
the  congress,  which  were  accepted.  On 
the  15th  of  August,  1778,  when  Lord 
Rawdon  defeated  General  Gates,  near 
Camden,  the  baron  commanded  the 
right  wing  of  the  American  army,  and 
fell  covered  with  wounds. 


KAU] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOdUAPIIY. 


543 


KALE,  or  KALF,  William,  an  emi- 
nent paiutor,  was  b.  at  Amsterdam,  in 
lOoO.  He  liad  the  power  of  liembramlt 
ill  distributiii!'  his  liirht  awd  shade,  wliile 
in  correutiic.-;!  and  dcl'cacy  he  equalled 
Teniers.     D.  16<J9. 

J<AhKBKENN£K,  Christian,  an  em- 
inent musieal  composer,  was  b.  1755,  at 
^lunden,  in  Prussia  :  was  a  pupil  of 
Kmanuel  Bach;  and  having  made  con- 
siderable proiiress  both  in  the  theoret- 
ical and  praotieal  branches  of  the  profes- 
sion, entered  the  service  of  Prince  Henry 
of  Prussia,  and  finally  settled  in  Paris, 
where  liis  reputation  obtained  him  the 
appointment  of  sinfrin^-master  to  the 
academy  of  music,  wliicfi  lie  held  till  his 
death,  in  1800. — Christl\n  Frederic,  a 
distingiiisJied  pianist,  son  of  the  above, 
was  b.  at  Cassel,  1784-.  Having  acquired, 
at  an  early  age,  a  higli  reputation  as  a 
brilliant  perlbrmer  on  the  pianoforte, 
lie  removed  in  180G  to  Pans,  whence 
ho  made  frequent  professional  tours 
throughout  Europe,  his  tame  daily  in- 
creasing, both  from  his  own  perform- 
ances and  the  brilliant  compositions 
which  he  gave  to  the  world.  In  1814  he 
removed  to  London,  where  he  remained 
9  years.  He  once  returned  to  the  French 
canital  in  1823,  when  lie  joined  ^L  Plcy- 
del  as  a  manufacturer  of  keyed  instru- 
ments, and  continued  to  occupy  a  prom- 
inent position  in  th.e  musical  world  till 
his  decease.     D.  1849. 

KALM,  Petkr,  a  Swedish  traveller 
and  natural  pliilosopher,  was  b.  1715,  in 
Ostro  Bothnia;  travelled  in  North 
America  and  Russia,  for  the  purpose  of 
exploring  those  countries  ;  became  pro- 
fessor of  botany  in  the  university  of 
Abo,  and  d.  1779.  His  works  consist 
of  "Travels  in  America,"  which  have 
been  translated  into  English;  besides 
numerous  dissertations,  illustrative  of 
the  state  of  commerce,  agriculture,  and 
manufactures  in  Sweden. 

KANT,  Emmanuel,  a  celebrated  Gor- 
man metaphysician,  and  the  founder  of 
a  new  philosophical  sect,  was  b.  at  Ko- 
nigsWerg,  in  Prussia  Proper,  17'_'4,  and 
was  the  son  of  a  saddler.  Through  the 
kindness  of  a  rich  uncle  he  was  educated 
at  the  Frederician  college,  on  leaving 
which  he  accepted  the  situation  of  tutor 
in  a  clergyman's  family.  He  commenced 
his  literary  career  in  liis  2od  year ;  but 
it  was  not  till  he  was  appointed  a  pro- 
fessor in  the  university  of  Konigsberg, 
in  177i\  that  any  traces  of  his  new  met- 
aphysical system,  wliicli  afterwards  at- 
tracted so  mu  .'h  notice,  appeared  in  Ins 
works.    In  1?  SI  he  publislied  his  "  Crit- 


ical Innniry  into  the  Nature  of  Pure 
Keason,''  which  contains  the  system 
commonly  known  under  the  title  of  the 
"Critical  Philosophy."  A  second  part 
of  it,  published  in  1783,  bore  the  title  of 
"Prolegomena  for  future  Metapliysies." 
The  princi]iles  contained  in  them  he 
had,  however,  long  been  promulgating 
from  his  professional  chair.  In  1786  ho 
was  chosen  rector  of  the  university; 
and,  though  for  advanced  in  life,  lie 
continued  to  produce  works  in  further 
development  of  his  philosophical  prin- 
ciples, until  1798,  when  he  retired  trom 
liis  official  situations,  and  d.  in  1804. 
Kant  was  a  man  of  high  intellectual  en- 
dowments ;  and  his  critical  philosophy 
for  a  time  superseded  every  other  in  the 
Protestant  universities  of  Germany. 

KAKAMSIN,  Nicholas  Michaelo- 
VITSCH,  imperial  Russian  historiographer, 
was  b.  1765;  educated  at  Moscow  ;  served 
tor  a  while  in  the  imperial  guards,  and 
travelled  for  two  years,  through  Middle 
Europe ;  after  which  he  devoted  himself 
to  literature.  His  "  History  of  the  Rus- 
sian Empire,"  the  "  Letters  of  a  Russian 
Traveller,"  and  "Aglia,"  a  collection 
of  tales,  are  all  works  of  merit,  and  in 
much  esteem.     D.  1826. 

KAU FM ANN,  Maria  Axna  Angel- 
ica, a  distinguished  artist,  b.  at  Coire, 
in  the  Grisons,  1741.  She  acquired  the 
first  principles  of  drawing  and  painting 
from  her  father,  whom  she  soon  excelled. 
At  Milan,  Florence,  Rome,  an<l  Naples 
she  greatly  increased  her  skill  ;  and 
when,  in  1766,  she  went  to  England, 
and  was  patronized  by  royalty,  her  rep- 
utation and  success  quickly  improved 
her  circumstances.  She  rcmaineci  there 
seventeen  years  ;  married  Zucchi,  a  Ve- 
netian painter ;  and  d.  at  Rome,  ia 
1807.  She  excelled  most  in  the  repre- 
sentation of  female  cliaracters  ;  and 
many  of  her  most  admired  paintings 
were  engraved  by  Bartolozzi,  whose 
labors  much  contributed  to  the  growth, 
and  perpetuity  of  her  fame. 

KAuNITZ,  AVenceslaus  Anthony, 
Prince,  a  German  statesman,  was  b.  at 
Vienna,  in  1711  ;  and  though  at  first 
destined  for  the  church,  he  finally  en- 
gaged in  political  life.  His  talents, 
allied  by  a  favorable  exterior,  opened  a 
brilliant  career  to  him.  In  1744  he  was 
made  minister  of  state  for  the  kinudoms 
of  Hungary  and  Bohemia;  in  174S  he 
assisted  at  the  congress  of  Aix-la-Cha- 
pelle,  was  honored  with  the  order  of  the 
golden  fleece  by  Maria  Theresa,  and 
employed  as  ambassador  to  Paris ;  re- 
turned to  Vienna  in  1753,  and  took  th« 


o44 


CYCLOP. EDT  A    Ob'     P.IOGRAPHY. 


[keb 


offico  of  chancellor  of  state:  concluded 
the  treaty  of  alliance  between  Austria 
and  France,  in  IToG  ;  was  made  a  prince 
of  tlie  German  empire  in  1704,  and  d. 
17S'4. 

KAYE,  or  CAIUS,  Dr.  Johx,  the 
founder  of  Caius  college,  Cambridge, 
was  b.  at  Norwich,  in  1510  ;  was  edu- 
cated for  the  medical  profession,  first  at 
Glonville  hall,  Cambridge,  and  subse- 
quently at  Bologna,  where  he  graduated 
as  M.D.  On  his  return  to  England  he 
became  physician  to  the  court,  nnd  held 
that  ollice  during  three  successive  reigns. 
He  was  for  several  years  president  of 
the  college  of  physicians;  and,  in  1557, 
lie  obtained  a  royal  license  to  advance 
Glonville  hall  into  a  college,  which  he 
entlowed  with  several  considerable  es- 
tates, and  added  to  it  the  quadrangle. 
D.  l.-.7;5. 

KEAX,  Edmund,  an  eminent  English 
tragedian,  was  the  son  of  a  scene-car- 
penter of  the  name  of  Kcan,  (whose 
brother,  Moses  Kcan,  obtained  some 
notoriety  as  a  mimic  and  a  ventrilo- 
quist,) and  the  daughter  of  the  well- 
known  George  Saville  Carey,  a  dramatic 
writer  and  performer.  He  was  b.  in 
Castle-street,  Leicester-square,  London, 
in  17^7.  He  trod  the  stage  almost  as 
soon  as  he  could  walk  alone,  being  em- 
ployed in  processions,  &c.,  thus  imper- 
ceptibly acquiring  the  rudiments  of  his 
theatrical  education  luider  the  eye  of 
that  great  actor,  John  Kemble,  whose 
rival  he  was  afterwards  destined  to  be- 
come. Miss  Tidswell,  an  actress  lon^ 
known  on  the  metropolitan  stage,  and 
said  to  have  been  a  relation,  assisted 
Kean  in  his  juvenile  efforts,  and,  at  the 
age  of  1  ?  recommended  him  to  a  com- 
pany of  players  in  Yorkshire.  He  per- 
formed there  under  the  name  of  Carey, 
and  is  said  to  have  obtained  mucli  ap- 
plause in  the  parts  of  Hamlet,  Lord 
Hastings,  and  Cato.  He  also  distin- 
guislied  liimself  by  his  talents  for  reci- 
tation;  and  his  delivery  of  Satan's  Ad- 
dress to  the  Sun,  from  Milton's  Paradise 
Lost,  and  the  first  soliloquy  in  Sliak- 
Bpeare's  Richard  UL  having  been  highly 
applauded,  he  repeated  his  recitations 
at  Windsor,  bel'ore  some  of  the  royal 
family.  He  had  also  the  good  fortune 
to  attract  the  notice  of  Dr.  Drury,  who 
Bcnt  liim  to  Eton,  where  he  remained 
three  years,  and  is  said  to  have  made 
great  progress  in  classical  studies,  de- 
voting much  of  his  attention  to  tlie 
precepts  and  examples  of  Cicero.  On 
quitting  Eton  he  procured  an  cngage- 
taeat  at  Bil  aiingnam,  where   he  was 


seen  by  the  manager  of  the  Edinburgh 
theatre,  who  engaged  him  for  twenty 
nights,  on  twelve  of  wliich  he  performed 
Hamlet  to  crowded  houses.  He  was  at 
this  time  only  sixteen  ;  and  we  find  that 
his  provincial  engagements  led  him,  in 
the  course  of  a  few  years,  to  nearly  all 
the  principal  towns  in  the  south  and 
west  of  England,  playing  in  tragedy, 
comedy,  opera,  and  pantomime,  in  the 
mean  time,  Dr.  Drury,  his  old  patron, 
had  recommended  him  to  the  directing 
committee  of  Drury-lane,  as  fitted  to 
revive  that  declining  theatre.  He  was, 
in  consequence,  engaged  there  for  throe 
years,  at  a  rising  salary  of  eight,  ten, 
and  twelve  guineas  a  week  for  each  suc- 
cessive year.  His  first  appearance  was 
on  the  26th  of  January,  1814,  in  the 
character  of  Shylock.  In''lS20  he  visited 
the  United  States,  and  performed  in 
New  York,  I^hiladelphia,  Baltimore,  and 
Boston,  on  the  whole  with  great  success. 
After  his  return  to  England,  the  extrav- 
agance and  dissoluteness  which  had  al- 
ways disgraced  his  character,  involved 
him  in  great  embarrassments  ;  and  a 
second  visit  to  America,  in  1825,  was 
attended  with  little  credit  or  advantage. 
He  returned  again  to  England,  and  be- 
came manager  of  the  theatre  at  liicli- 
inond,  Surrey,  where  he  d.  May  15,  1833. 

KEATS,  Joiix,  a  young  English  poet, 
of  humble  origin,  was  b.  in  1796,  at  a 
livery-stable,  kept  by  his  grandfather  in 
Moorfields.  He  was  apprenticed  to  a 
surgeon,  but  gave  way  to  the  ambition 
of  becoming  a  poet.  He  published 
"Endymion,"  a  poetical  ronnmee,  in 
1818  ;  and,  in  1820,  his  last  and  best 
work,  "  Lamia,"  and  other  poems. 
Being  in  feeble  health,  from  a  severe 
pulmonary  disease,  he  was  advised  to 
try  the  fine  climate  of  Italy,  where  he 
arrived  in  November,  1820,  accompanied 
by  his  friend  hir.  Severn  the  artist,  and 
d.  in  liomc  on  the  27th  of  December 
followin<,^  He  was  interred  in  the  En- 
glish burying-ground,  near  tlie  iiiouu- 
nient  of  Caius  Cestius,  anil  not  far  from 
the  place  where,  soon  after,  were  de- 
posited the  remains  of  the  poet  Shelley. 
Mr.  Leigh  Hunt,  who  was  his  earliest 
and  warmest  patron,  describes  him  as 
havinir  "a  very  manly  as  well  as  a  deli- 
cate s[)irit,"  and  being  gifted  with  "the 
two  highest  qualities  of  a  poet  in  the 
liighest  degree — sensibility  and  imagi- 
nation." 

KEI?LE,  Joseph,  an  English  lawyer, 
whose  industry  was  so  remarkable  du- 
ring his  whole  life,  that  some  account 
of  it.i3  absolutely  due  ts  his  memory. 


kkl] 


CYCLOP.KUIA     OF    lilOURAPIIV, 


545 


He  was  born  fibout  1632,  studied  at  Ox- 
ford, iiiul  was  crtlled  to  the  bar  in  IGoS. 
Tliroc  years  afterwards  he  began  to  siir- 
iialize  himself  by  theeonstunt  re^ruhirity 
of  his  appearance  in  the  court  of  King's 
Bench,  where  from  that  time  to  tlie  day 
of  his  decease,  a  period  of  nearly  half  a 
century,  he  occupied  himself  incessantly 
as  a  reporter  ot  the  cases  which  came 
before  the  court.  Nor  was  lie  less  per- 
severing while  attending  the  chapel, 
copies  of  upwards  of  4O00  sermons,  de- 
livered by  various  preachers  in  that 
jilaee  of  worship,  being  found  among 
his  papers  when  he  d.,  in  1710.  His 
iiuhlicatioiis  are  numerous,  the  principal 
bciii^'-,  "A  Table  to  the  Statutes,"  "  As- 
Histance  to  .Justices  of  the  Peace,"  "Kc- 
ports,"  and  "  Essays  on  Human  Nature 
and  Human  Actions." 

KEILL,  John,  a  learned  mathemati- 
cian, was  b.  .It  Edinburgh,  in  1671.  In 
IfiyS  he  published  an  examination  of 
Burnet's  "  Theory  of  the  Earth."  to 
which  he  subjoined  "Remarks  on  Whis- 
ton's  Theory."  The  year  following  he 
was  appointed  deputy-professor  of  nat- 
ural philosophy;  and  in  1701  he  pub- 
lished his  "  Introductio  ad  Veram  rliy- 
sicam,"  as  a  preparation  for  the  study 
of  Newton's  "  Principia."  In  170S  he 
defended  Newton's  claim  to  the  inven- 
tion of  Fluxions,  which  brought  him 
into  a  dispute  with  Leibnitz.  In  1709 
he  was  appointed  treasurer  to  the  Ger- 
man exiles  from  the  Palatinate,  and 
attended  them  in  that  capacity  to  New 
England.  He  next  defended  Newton's 
doctrine  against  the  Cartesians,  an<I  re- 
ceived his  degree  of  M.D.  In  1714  he 
was  cliosen  Savilian  professor  of  astron- 
omy at  Oxford,  and  the  year  following 
appointed  decipherer  to  the  queen. 
Among  his  works  are,  "  An  Introduc- 
tion to  True  Philosophy"  and  "  An 
Introduction  to  True  Astronomy."  I). 
17-21. 

KEISER,  IlEiN-nARD,  an  eminent  Ger- 
man musician  and  composer,  was  b.  at 
Leipsic,  in  1673.  He  was  the  author  of 
118  operas,  of  which  his  "Circe,'' 
brought  out  at  Hamburgh  in  1734,  was 
the  hist  and  most  beautiful.  He  pos- 
sessed a  most  fertile  imagination,  and  is 
consiilered  as  the  father  of  German 
molodv.     D.  17r>.-s. 

KELLERMANN,  Fr.\ncis  Christo- 
piiKu,  duke  of  Valiny,  peer  an«^  marshal 
of  If  ranee,  &c.,  was  b.  at  Strasburg,  in 
173">;  entered  the  Conflans  legion  as  a 
hussar  when  17  years  of  age,  and  rose 
to  the  rank  of  quartcrmastcr-o'cneral  in 
1788.  At  the  breaking  out  of  the  revo- 
46* 


lution  he  distinguished  himself  by  his 
patriotism  and  judgment.  At  tlic  com- 
mencement of  the  war  he  received  tiic 
command  of  the  army  of  the  Moselle  ; 
formed  a  junction  with  the  main  army 
under  Duinouriez;  and  sustained,  Sept. 
2oth,  17li2,  the  celebrated  attack  of  the 
duke  of  Brunswick  at  Valmy,  which 
contributed  much  to  the  success  of  the 
eampaii,'n.  He  was  repeatedly  denoun- 
ced to  the  national  convention  by  Custine 
and  others  ;  but  his  trial  not  taking  place 
till  after  the  reign  of  terror,  he  was  ac- 
quitted. In  179.5  he  took  the  command 
of  the  army  of  the  Alps  and  Italy,  but 
he  was  soon  superseded  by  Bonaparte. 
In  1799  he  was  nominated  a  member  of 
the  military  board  ;  in  ISOl  ho  was  pres- 
ident of  the  conservative  senate,  and  the 
following  year  a  marshal  of  the  empire. 
He  served  under  Napoleon  in  Germany 
and  Prussia;  and  having,  in  1S14,  voted 
for  the  restoration  of  royalty,  was  em- 
ployed under  the  Bourbons  till  his  death 
in  iS20. 

KELLEY,  or  TALBOT,  EDW.A.nD,  a 
celebrated  necromancer  and  alchemist, 
was  b.  at  Worcester  in  15.-)5,  and  edu- 
cated at  Gloucester  hall,  Oxford ;  but 
was  obliffed  to  leave  the  university  for 
some  crime,  and  after  rambling  about 
the  kingdom,  was  sentenced  to  lose  his 
ears  at  Lancaster.  He  next  became  an 
associate  with  the  credulous  Dr.  Dee,  and 
accompanied  him  to  Prague,  where  Kel- 
ley  contrived  to  live  handsomely  by  his 
impostures,  and  was  knighted  by  the 
Emperor  Rodolphus ;  but  his  tricks 
being  discovered,  he  was  thrown  into 
prison,  and  in  attempting  to  escape,  ho 
iell,  and  bruised  himself  to  such  a  de- 
gree, that  he  d.  soon  after,  in  l.")9.5.  He 
wrote  a  poem  on  chemistry,  and  another 
on  the  philosopher's  stone ;  besides  sev- 
eral Latin  and  Enirlish  discourses  printed 
in  Dr.  Meric  Casaubon's  "True  and 
faithful  Relation  of  what  passed  for 
many  years  between  Dr.  John  Dee  and 
some  Spirits." 

KELLY,  Hugh,  a  dramatic  and  mis- 
cellaneous writer,  was  b.  in  1739,  near 
the  lake  of  Killarney.  He  was  appren- 
ticed to  a  staymaker,  which  trade  he 
quitted  when  in  London,  and  became 
clerk  to  an  attorney.  Afterwards  he 
tm'ned  his  attention  to  authorship  with 
considerable  success,  writing  political 
pamphlets,  plays,  &c.  His  works  are, 
"  False  Delicacy,"  "  A  Word  to  the 
Wise,"  "The  School  for  Wives."  the 
"Romance  of  an  Hour,"  comedies;  "Cle- 
mentina," a  tragedy ;  "  Thespis,"  a  poem 
iu  the  manner  of  ChurchiU's  "  Kosciad ;" 


540 


CVCLOP^DIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[kem 


"  Louisa  Mildn.ay,"  a  novel ;  and  "  The 
Bubbler,"  ft  collection  of  essays.  D. 
1777.  —John,  a  learned  Enirlisli  dorgy- 
niiin,  was  a  native  of  Douirlas,  in  the  Isle 
of  Man,  and  b.  in  1750.  Having  paid  a 
particular  attention  to  the  vernaeular 
tlialeet  of  tlie  Celtic  tongue,  which  was 
siioken  in  that  island,  he  was  introduced 
to  Bishop  Hildesle.N',  who  employed  him 
in  translatiiiir  the  Bible  into  the  Manks 
language,  and  ordained  him  a  minister 
of  the  Episcopal  congregation  of  Ayr, 
in  Scotland.  Through  the  patronage  of 
the  duke  of  Gordon,  to  whose  son,  the 
marquis  of  Iluntly,  he  was  tutor,  he 
obtained  the  rectory  of  Copford,  in 
Essex ;  and  having  entered  at  St.  Jolin's 
college,  Cambridge,  he  was  there  hoia- 
ored  with  the  degree  of  LL.D.  In  1808 
he  published  "  A  Practical  Grammar  of 
the  Ancient  Gaelic,  or  Language  of  the 
Isle  of  Man ;"  and  in  180-")  issued  pro- 
posals for  publishinir  "A  Triiflot  Diction- 
ary of  the  Celtic  Tongue,"  which  was 
nearly  completed  when  the  sheets  were 
destroyed  by  a  fire  on  the  premises  of 
Mr.  NichoLs,  the  printer.  D.  1809. — 
Michael,  a  composer  and  singer,  was 
the  son  of  a  wine  merchant  in  Dublin, 
who,  for  many  years,  acted  as  master  of 
the  ceremonies  at  tlie  viceregal  castle. 
He  was  b.  in  1762,  and  at  an  early  age 
gave  proofs  of  genius  for  music,  which 
induced  his  fatlier  to  place  him  under 
Kauzzini,  at  that  time  in  Dublin,  who 
prevailed  on  his  friends  to  send  him  to 
Is'aples,  where  he  arrived  when  in  his 
lOtii  year.  He  there  found  a  patron  in 
Sir  William  Hamilton,  the  British  min- 
ister; studied  under  Fineroli  and  Ap- 
ril! ;  and  subsequently  performed  at 
most  of  the  Italian  theatres,  and  in 
Germany.  He  contracted  a  close  inti- 
macy with  Mozart  during  his  stay  at 
Vienna  ;  w.is  for  some  time  in  the  ser- 
vice of  the  Emperor  Joseph ;  and  at 
length  returned  to  London,  where  he 
made  his  first  appearance,  in  1787,  at 
Drury-Iane  theatre,  in  "Lionel  and  Cla- 
rissa," and  retained  his  situation  as  first 
singer  at  that  theatre,  the  musical  per- 
formances of  which  he  directed  till  his 
retirement  from  the  stage.  He  set  to 
music  upwarils  of  fiO  pieces,  most  of 
which  were  successful,  and  amongst 
these  are  the  once  highly  popular  com- 
positions in  Colman's  musical  romance 
of  "liluebeard."  A  few  montlis  previ- 
ous to  his  death  appeared  his  "  Keminis- 
ccnces,"  a  very  amusing  work,  replete 
with  ancdotes  of  his  cotcmporaries 
and  familiar  associates.  D.  1826. 
KEMBLE,  John  Philip,  the  most  dig- 


nified and  accomplished  actor  on  the 
British  stage  since  the  days  of  Garrick, 
was  the  eldest  son  of  Koger  Kcmblo, 
mauiiger  of  a  company  of  comedians  at 
Prescot,  in  Lancasliirc,  where  he  was  b. 
in  1757.  Being  of  Catholic  parents,  he 
was  sent  to  tlie  English  college  at  Douay, 
where  he  early  distinguished  himself  by 
his  proficiency  in  elocution,  and  had 
Talma  for  a  fellow-student.  Finding 
that  his  father  designed  him  for  the 
priesthood,  he  quitted  the  college  clan- 
destinely, returned  to  England,  and, 
engaging  in  an  itinerant  company,  per- 
formed with  great  eclat  at  Liverpool, 
Edinburgh,  York,  &c.  In  1798  he  made 
his  first  appearance  on  the  boards  of 
Drury-lane,  in  tiie  character  of  Hamlet. 
His  success  was  complete ;  and  from 
that  time  he  maintained  the  character 
of  being  the  first  tragedian  of  the  age. 
On  the  secession  of  Mr.  King,  he  became 
manager  of  Drury-lane  theatre.  In  1802 
he  took  advantage  of  the  peace  to  visit 
the  Continent,  in  order  to  study  the 
French  and  Spanish  histrionic  estab- 
lishments, with  a  view  to  the  improve- 
ment of  the  English.  On  his  return,  he 
became  manager  of  the  Covent-garden 
theatre,  wliere  he  continued  till  1809, 
when  that  building  was  destroyed  by 
fire.  On  the  restoration  of  the  edifice, 
Mr.  Kemble  was,  during  the  O.  P.  riots, 
as  they  were  Ciilled,  the  object  of  popu- 
lar resentment,  in  consequence  ot  hav- 
ing raised  the  prices,  and  made  certain 
obnoxious  arrangements  in  regard  to 
the  private  boxes.  In  1817  he  retired 
from  the  stage,  after  a  long  and  honor- 
able career ;  and,  in  consequence  of  ill 
health,  went  first  to  Montpelier,  and 
thence  to  Lausanne,  where  he  d.  Feb. 
26,  1823. — Geokge  Stephen,  brother  of 
the  foregoing,  and  also  an  able  actor, 
was  b.  at  Kinirstown,  in  Herefordshire ; 
his  mother  having  performed  the  part 
of  Anne  Bullen,  in  the  play  of  Henry 
VIIL,  on  the  eveningof  his  tirth.  This 
gentleman  was  intended  for  the  medical 
profession,  and  was  a])prcnticed  to  a 
surgeon  in  Coventry;  but  soon  quitted 
it  for  the  stage.  Ho  first  appeared  at 
Covent-garden  theatre  in  1783.  He  was 
afterwards  manager  of  the  theatres  of 
Edinburgh,  Glasgow,  Liverpool,  and 
Newcastle;  and  he  was  remarkable  for 
playing  the  part  of  Falstalf  without 
stulfing.  I).  1822. — PmsciLLA,  widow 
of  John  Philip  Kemble,  the  eminent 
tragedian,  d.  at  Leamington,  atrcd  90,  on 
the  13th  of  May,  1845.  This  lady,  like 
the  widow  of  Mr.  G.arrick,  long  8ur\'ived 
her  celebrated  husband,  and,  it  is  said, 


ken] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


547 


was  (like  her)  the  oldest  member  of  the 
theatrical  profession  at  the  time  of  her 
decease.  She  entered  on  that  public 
career  in  very  earlv  youlli,  and  was  first 
married  to  Mr.  llrcrcton,  an  actor  of 
considerable  celebrity.  Not  many  years 
after  his  death  slie  was  united  to  Mr. 
Kcnible,  and  on  his  death  in  IS'iJj,  she 
took  up  her  residence  at  Leamintcton, 
where  she  lived  highly  respected ;  her 
lively  conversation  and  knowledge  of 
the  world  rendering  her  society  no  less 
tlcsirable,  than  her  liljeral  and  charitable 
disposition  had  made  it  useful. 

KEMP,  Joseph,  an  eminent  musical 
composer,  was  b.at  Exeter,  in  1778,  and 
was  a  chorister  in  the  cathedral  of  his 
native  citv,  where  he  studied  under  the 
celebrated  William  Jackson.  In  1802, 
haviiitr  been  appointed  organist  of  Bris- 
tol cathedral,  ne  removed  thither,  and 
in  the  same  year  composed  one  of  his 
best  anthems,  "  I  am  Alpha  and  Omega," 
In  1807  he  left  Bristol  for  London, "and 
the  year  following  took  the  degree  of 
LI.B.  at  Cambridge.  In  ISO'J  he  pro- 
ceeded to  that  of  doctor,  when  his  e.xer- 
eise  entitled  "  The  Crucifixion''  was 
performed.  lie  now  became  a  lecturer 
on  music  at  several  institutions,  ami  in- 
vented a  new  mode  of  teaching  the 
science.  His  principal  works  are,  "  A 
new  System  ot  Musical  Education,  be- 
ing a  Self-Instructor,"  "Twenty  Psalm- 
odical  Melodies,"  "The  Siege  of  Ischa," 
an  opera,  with  a  variety  of  songs,  glees, 
duets,  itc. 

KEMPELEX,  Wolfgang,  Baron,  a 
celebrated  mathematician,  was  b,  in 
1734,  at  Presburg,  in  Ilurigary.  Among 
his  inventions  was  the  famous  automa- 
ton chess-player,  which  he  first  exhibit- 
ed at  Pans  in  1783,  and  afterwards  in 
London  ;  but  the  secret  of  it  was  never 
discovered.  He  also  invented  a  speak- 
ing figure,  which  he  himself  described 
in  a  work  called  "The  Mechanism  of 
Speech."  He  was  also  an  author,  and 
wrote  "  Perseus  and  Andromeda,"  a 
drama,  "  The  Unknown  Benefactor,"  a 
comedy,  and  some  poems.     D.  1S04. 

KEMPIS,  TnoM.\.s  a,  a  famous  writer 
of  the  14th  century,  was  b.  at  a  village 
<if  that  name,  in  tlie  diocese  of  Cologne, 
in  13S0,  and  d.  in  1471.  His  treatise, 
"  De  Imitationc  Christi,"  or,  "  Of  the 
Imitation  of  Christ,"  some  have  at- 
tributed to  Gerson. 

KEN,  Thomas,  a  learned  and  pious 
dignitary  of  the  clmreh  of  England,  was 
b.  at  Berkhamstead,  in  Hertfordshire, 
in  1637.     T>.  1711. 

KENNEY,   James,    a    distinguished 


dramatist,  many  of  wlione  pieces  still 
keep  possession  of  the  stag  2,  was  b.  in 
Ireland,  about  167<'».  His  lively  farce 
of  "Raising  the  Wind,"  with  its  in- 
imitable character  of  Jeremy  Diddler, 
was  his  first  dramatic  production.  This 
was  soon  followed  by  "  Love,  Law,  and 
Physic,"  "Matrimony,"  "The  World," 
"  Tlie  Illustrious  Strancrer,"  &c.  Hi.s 
health  had  been  for  a  long  time  infirm, 
and  he  d.  on  the  morning  fixed  for  his 
benefit  at  Drurv-lane  theatre,  Aug.  1, 

i84y. 

KENNICOTT,  Bknjamiv,  an  able  di- 
vine and  biblical  critic,  was  a  native  of 
Totness,  Devonshire,  of  which  place  his 
father  was  parish  clerk.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Wadham  college,  O.xford,  be- 
came vicar  of  Culham,  preacher  of 
W'hitehall,  librarian  of  the  Kadelifte,  a 
prebend  of  Westminster,  and  canon 
of  Christ-church.  Dr.  Kennicott's  lit- 
erary tiune  mainly  rests  on  his  Hebrew 
Bible,  in  collating  the  numerous  manu- 
scripts for  the  text  of  which  he  was 
incessantly  occupied  during  more  than 
ten  years.  Though  some  object  to  this 
great  work,  that  the  author  was  insuf- 
ficiently acquainted  with  the  Eastern 
languages,  yet  every  scholar  admits  that 
lie  rendered  great  service  to  tlie  cause 
of  science  and  religion  by  opening  the 
way  in  this  department  of  biblical  cTiti- 
cisin.     D.  17S3. 

KENIvlCK,  W'li.LiAM,  a  miscellaneous 
writer,  was  b.  at  Watford,  in  Hertford- 
shire. He  was  brought  np  as  a  rule- 
maker,  but  quitted  bis  trade,  obtained 
a  doctor's  degree  at  Leyden,  anc]  became 
an  industrious  author  and  critic.  lie 
established  the  "  London  Review,"  in 
which  many  critiques  of  merit  appeared, 
too  often,  however,  contaminated  by 
vituperative  langu.age  and  unwarrant- 
able personalities.  He  compiled  a  "  Dic- 
tionary of  the  English  Language,"  and 
wrote  various  works,  among  which  are 
the  comedies  of  "  Falstaff's  Wedding," 
"  The  Widowed  Wife,"  and  "  The  Duel- 
list," "Epistles,  Philosophical  and 
Moral,''  and  various  poems.    D.  1770. 

KENT,  James,  b.  July  31,  17G3,  in 
Eredcricksburg,  then  part  of  Duchess 
county,  N.  Y.,  receiveci  his  preparatory 
education  at  Norwalk,  Ct.,  and  enterecl 
Yale  college  in  1777.  In  July,  1779,  du- 
riiis  the  invasion  of  New  Haven,  the 
college  exercises  were  suspended,  and 
it  was  during  this  period  that  the  future 
chancellor  acquired  a  fondness  I'or  tiic 
profession  of  the  law.  He  then  first  read 
Blackstone,  and  read  it  witu  care  and 
enthusiasm.      He  was  gradzfited    with 


548 


CYCLOP.«DIA    OF    BIOGRAPHV. 


[ker 


distinaruished  honor  in  17S1.  Upon 
leaving  college  ho  studied  the  law  with 
Egbert  Benson,  attorney-general  of  the 
state  of  New  Yurk,  anti  in  1787  was  ad- 
mitted, at  Albany,  a  eounsellor  of  the 
supreme  court  of  the  state.  In  1790, 
and  again  in  1792,  while  residing  at 
Pousfirkeepsie,  he  was  elected  to  the 
legislature  from  his  native  county,  but 
in  17'J3,  having  lost  his  election  by  a 
few  votes,  he  removed  to  the  city  of 
New  York,  and  became  professor  of  law 
in  Columbia  college,  in  1790  ho  was 
appointed  a  master  in  chancery,  and  in 
the  next  year  was  made  recorder  of  the 
city.  In  i79S  he  was  appointed  associate 
justice  of  the  supreme  court.  In  July, 
1;>04,  he  was  appointed  chief  justice,  and 
in  I'ebruary,  Ihl-i,  he  abandoned  the 
latter  office'  for  that  of  chancellor,  and 
on  July  ol,  1323,  after  hearing  and  de- 
ciding every  case  that  had  been  brought 
betbro  him,  he  retired  from  office,  agree- 
ably to  the  provisions  of  the  constitution 
of  1S21,  which  disqualified  for  judicial 
office  all  above  sixty  years  of  age.  This 
event  was  universally  regarded  witli  re- 
gret. The  bar  of  New  Y  ork,  the  bar  of 
Albany,  and  such  gentlemen  as  were 
then  attending  the  supreme  court  at 
Utica,  vied  with  each  other  in  expres- 
sions of  respect.  The  letters  which  are 
preserved  in  the  seventh  volume  of 
'•Johnson's  Chancery  Keports,"  are 
signed  by  the  most  distinguislied  law- 
yers in  the  state,  and  prove  that,  great 
as  had  been  his  merits  as  a  judge,  the 
warmth  and  generosity  of  his  feelings 
had  left  an  impression  not  less  decided. 
The  next  year  he  was  reappointed  law 
professor  in  Columbia  college,  and  the 
lectures  which  he  there  delivered  formed 
the  basis  of  his  celebrated  "  Comment- 
aries."    D.  1847. 

KENYON,  Lloyd,  Lord,  a  celebrated 
judtfc,  was  b.  at  Gredington,  Flintshire, 
1783.  He  became  a  member  of  the  so- 
ciety of  Lincoln's  Inn,  and  was  called  to 
the  bar  in  1761,  but  he  does  not  appear 
to  have  made  a  conspicuous  figure  till 
17?50,  when  he  led  the  defence,  with  Mr. 
Erskinc,  for  Lord  George  Gordon.  In 
1782  he  was  made  attorney -general  and 
chief  justice  of  Chester,  lie  was  also 
returned  to  parliament  for  Iliadon,  in 
Wiltshire.  In  1784  he  was  appointed 
master  of  the  rolls,  and,  on  the  resigna- 
tion of  the  carl  of  Mansfield,  in  1788,  he 
Wivs  raised  to  tlie  office  of  chief  justice 
of  the  King's  Bench,  and  created  Baron 
Kenyon.     1).  1802. 

KEl^LEK,  JouN,  a  distinguished  as- 
tronomer and  mathematician,  was  b.  in 


1571,  at  Wiel,  in  the  duchy  of  Wirtem- 
burg.  He  was  educated  at  Tubingen, 
under  Mrestlins,  and,  in  1591,  was  ap- 
pointed professor  of  astronomy  at  Gratz, 
soon  afti;r  which  he  published  his 
"  Mystcrium  Cosmographicum."  In 
159S  he  was  banished  the  university  for 
professing  the  reformed  religion,'  but 
was  afterwards  recalled,  and  restored  to 
his  office.  In  1600  he  was  invited  by 
Tyclio  Braho  to  join  him  in  Bohemia ; 
and  when  Tycho  died,  he  became  math- 
ematician to  the  Emperor  Kodolph,  who 
employed  him  in  compleling  the  Kodol- 
phine  tables.  To  Kepler  we  are  indebt- 
ed for  the  discovery  of  the  laws  which 
regulate  the  movements  of  the  planetary 
bodies,  their  elliptieity,  &c. ;  and  he 
accordingly  ranks  among  the  first  class 
of  astronomers.  Among  his  scientific 
productions  are  "The  Kodolphine  Ta- 
bles," "Optical  Astronomy,"  "Har- 
mony of  the  World,"  "  Copernican 
Astronomy,"  &c.     D.  1630. 

KEPPEL,  Augustus,  Viscount,  ac- 
companied Commodore  Anson  in  his 
voyage  round  the  Avorld,  and  afterwards 
passed  through  all  the  gradations  of  tho 
service,  till  he  attained  the  rank  of  ad- 
miral. In  1778  he  commanded  th^ 
Channel  fieet,  which,  on  the  12th  of 
July,  in  that  year,  fell  in  with  the 
French,  under  count  d'Orvilliers,  off 
Ushant.  A  partial  action  ensued,  which 
the  English  admiral  thoufjht  to  have 
renewed  in  the  morning,  but  the  enemy 
had  retired.  This  atfair  gave  great  dis- 
satisfaction to  the  nation,  which  was 
aggravated  by  Sir  Hugh  Palliser,  second 
in  command,'  preferring  a  charge  against 
Admiral  Keppel ;  but  he  was  honorably 
acquitted  by  a  court-martial  at  Ports- 
mouth. Sir  HuLrh  was  then  tried  and 
censured.  In  1782  he  was  raised  to  the 
peerage  ;  he  was  also  at  two  separate  pe- 
riods first  lord  of  the  admiralty.  D.  1786. 

KEEGUELEN  TKEMAEEC,  Yve.< 
Joseph  de,  a  French  navigator,  was  b. 
at  Brest,  in  174.5.  After  having  been 
employed  on  the  coast  of  Iceland,  to 
protect  the  whale  fishery,  he  was  sent, 
in  1771,  on  an  cxplo"atory  voyage  to  the 
South  Sea ;  and  hav  .ng  returned  with  a 
flattering  account  of  a  supposed  conti- 
nent towards  the  south  pole,  was  again 
sent  on  a  similar  expedition  in  1773. 
On  his  return  he  was  charged  with  hav- 
ing abandoned  a  Ijoat's  crew  on  a  desert 
shore,  for  which  he  was  cashiered  and 
imprisoned,  but  he  was  at  length  lib- 
erated. He  published  accounts  of  his 
voyages  to  the  North  and  South  Seas, 
and  d.  in  1797. 


kin] 


CYCLOl'-KDIA    OF    HIOGRAl'IIY. 


549 


KERR,  Robert,  a  surfjcon  at  Edin- 
burfrli,  wlio  devoted  himself  principally 
to  tlie  physical  seioiccs,  and  distiii- 
puislied  himself  as  an  industrious  au- 
tlior  ami  translator.  Ainonir  liis  works 
lire,  "A  History  of  Scotland  durinjr  the 
reign  of  Robert  Bruce,"  "  Cuvier's  The- 
ory of  the  Earth,"  a  "General  Collec- 
tion of  Voyages  aud  Travels,"  &c.,  &c. 
D.  ISU.        ^    , 

KERRICK,  Thomas,  principal  libra- 
rian of  the  university  of  Canibridire, 
author  of  "Observations  on  the  Gothic 
Buildings  abroad,  particularly  those  in 
Italy,  and  on  Gothic  Architecture  in 
general."     D.  1828. 

KESSEL,  John  van,  an  artist,  was  b. 
at  Antwerp,  in  1626,  and  d.  about  1600. 
He  painted  portraits  in  the  manner  of 
Vandyke,  but  excelled  in  the  represent- 
ation of  flowers,  fruits,  and  insects. 

KETEL,  Coiinklius,  a  Dutch  artist. 
He  went  to  England  in  the  reign  of  Eliz- 
abeth, whose  portrait  he  painted,  as 
■well  as  the  portraits  of  many  of  the  no- 
bility. On  liis  return  to  Holland  he  laid 
aside  the  use  of  pencils,  and  painted 
with  the  tops  of  his  fingers,  and  even 
with  his  toes.     D.  1602. 

KETT,  Henkv,  a  divine  and  au  ac- 
complishetl  scholar,  was  b.  in  1761,  at 
Norwich,  was  educated  at  Trinity  col- 
lege, O.xibrd,  was  appointed  Bamptou 
lecturer  in  1790,  and  rector  of  Charlton, 
&e.  He  was  the  author  of  "History, 
the  Interpreter  of  Prophecy,"  "Ele- 
ments of  General  Knowledge,"  "A 
Tour  to  the  Lakes,"  "  Emily,"  a  moral 
tale,  &e.  Drowned  while  bathing,  in 
1825. — AViLLiAM,  a  tanner  of  Norfolk, 
who  in  the  reign  of  Edward  VI.  excited 
a  revolt  against  the  government.  After 
deteating  the  marquis  of  Northampton, 
he  was  routed  by  the  earl  of  Warwick, 
and  Kctt  withscvcnd  others  was  hanged, 
in  IM'O. 

KEULEX,  LuDOLPH  van,  a  Dutch 
geometrician,  who  acquired  great  celeb- 
rity by  his  calculation  of  the  approx- 
imate correspondence  between  the  di- 
ameter of  a  circle  and  its  circumference. 
He  taught  mathematics  at  Breda  and 
Amsterdam.  D.  1610. — Jansskn  van,  a 
portrait  painter,  was  b.  in  London,  of 
Dutch  parents,  and  before  Vandyke 
came  to  England,  was  in  great  favor 
with  Charles  I.     D.  1665. 

KIDDER,  Ricuakd,  a  learned  En- 
glish prelate,  was  a  native  of  Sussex,  or, 
as  some  say,  of  Sutlblk,  and  was  edu- 
cated at  Emanuel  college,  Cambridge, 
where  he  was  elected  to  a  fellowship. 
In  1681  he  was  made  prebend  of  Nor- 


wich, and,  in  1689,  cU  in  of  Peter- 
borough, on  which  occasion  he  took 
his  doctor's  degree.  On  the  depriva- 
tion of  Dr.  Ken,  he  was  consecrated 
bishop  of  Bath  and  Wells,  and  pre:iched 
the  Boyle's  lecture  in  1690.  He  and  his 
wife  were  killed  in  their  bed  at  Wells, 
during  the  night  of  the  great  storm, 
Nov.  2G,  1703.  Besides  several  sermons 
and  religious  tracts,  he  published  a 
work,  entitled  "The  Demonstration  of 
the  Messiah,"  a  "Commentary  on  the 
Pentateuch,"  &c. 

KILBYE,  Richard,  an  English  di- 
vine, who  studied  at  Lincoln  college, 
Oxford,  of  which  lie  became  rector  in 
1590.  He  was  one  of  the  translatora 
of  the  present  version  of  the  Bible,  and 
d.  in  1620. 

KILLIGREW,  William,  Thomas,  and 
IIknry,  three  brothers,  distinguished 
for  their  talents,  wit,  and  loyalty,  in  the 
reigns  of  Charles  I.  and  iL,  were  the 
sons  of  Sir  Robert  Killigrew,  of  Han- 
worth,  in  Middlesex.  Thomas,  by  his 
liveliness  and  wit,  became  a  great  fa- 
vorite with  Charles  II. ,  and  obtained 
the  name  of  kiiiir's  jester. — Anne,  b.  in 
1660,  had  a  decided  genius  for  painting 
and  poetry,  and  was  distinguished  for 
her  exemplary  piety  and  unblemished 
virtue,  amidst  the  seductions  of  a  licen- 
tious court.  She  was  one  of  the  maid.^ 
of  honor  to  the  duchess  of  York,  of 
whom,  as  well  as  her  husband,  she  ex- 
ecuted portraits.     D.  1685. 

KIMBER,  Isaac,  a  dissenting  minis- 
ter, b.  at  Wantage,  Berks,  in  1692,  au- 
thor of  a  "History  of  England,"  a 
"  Life  of  Oliver  Cromwell,"  .^ome  essays, 
discourses,  &e.  D.  1758. — Edward,  his 
son,  followed  the  same  pursuits.  Hii 
publications  were  the  "  Peerages  of 
.Scotland  and  Ireland,"  the  '•  B;ironetage 
of  England,"  a  "  History  of  England," 
and  "The  Adventures  of  Joe  Thomp- 
son," a  novel. 

KING,  Peter,  lord  chancellor,  an  able 
and  upright  judge,  nephew  of  John 
Locke,  was  b.  1669.  AVhile  serving  his 
aiiprenticeship  to  his  father,  a  grocer  at 
Lxeter,  he  secretly  acc^uired  the  learned 
languages  by  self-tuition,  and  so  great 
was  the  proficiency  he  attaiited,  that  it 
induced  his  undo  to  send  hiin  to  Ley- 
den  university.  After  leaving  Leyden 
he  entered  the  Middle  Temple,  and  at- 
tained hiirh  forensic  eminence.  In  17o5 
he  bccann-  a  member  of  parliament,  was 
made  lord  chief  justice  of  the  common 
tileas  in  1715,  and  raised  to  the  chancel- 
lorship in  1725,  Lord  King  offers  a 
remarkable  instance  of  the  attainment 


550 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[kir 


of  the  hisrhest  judicial  rank,  simply  by 
his  own  leual  knowledjje  and  hiffh  moral 
cnaracter,  without  any  adventitious  aid. 
But  he  was  no  less  remarkable  for  his 
legal  attainments  than  for  his  ecclesias- 
tical learning ;  for,  besides  a  variety  of 
controverrtiaf  works  of  tjreat  ability,  he 
Mrrotea  "  History  of  the  Apostles'  Creed," 
and  "An  Inquiry  into  tlie  Constitution, 
&c.,  of  tlie  rriinitive  Church,"  which 
excited  frrcat  interest  at  the  time  of 
their  publication.  J).  1734. — Rufus,  a 
statesman  and  diplomatist,  b.  1755,  at 
Scarboroujli,  Maine,  entered  Harvard 
collejfe  in  1773,  studied  the  law,  and  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1778,  and  was 
elected  a  member  of  congress  in  1784. 
In  1796  he  was  appointed"  by  President 
"Washington,  minister  plenipotentiary 
to  the  court  of  St.  James's,  the  func- 
tions of  which  office  he  continued  to 
discharge  till  1803,  when  he  returned 
home.  In  1813  he  was  a  third  time  sent 
to  tlie  senate  by  the  legislature  of  New 
York,  and  his  speech  on  tlic  burning 
of  Washington  by  the  English  was  a 
most  eloquent  display  of  orato^\^  In 
1816  he  lost  his  election,  but  in  1820  he 
was  once  more  re-elected,  and  continued 
until  the  expiration  of  the  term  in  1825. 
He  then  accepted  the  appointment  of 
minister  plenipotentiary  at  the  court  of 
London,  but  was  taken  ill,  returned 
home,  and  soon  after  d.  1827. — Thomas, 
a  celebrated  actor  and  dramatic  writer, 
was  b.  in  London,  in  1730.  Having  ob- 
tained great  celebrity  as  a  comic  actor 
in  provincial  companies,  he  was  engaged 
at  Drury-lane  theatre  in  175',t,  where  lie 
Boon  became  a  favorite  with  the  public, 
and  in  1766  arrived  at  the  height  of  his 
professional  reputation  by  the  perform- 
ance of  Lord  Ogleby.  His  dramatic 
pieces  are,  "  Lo\'^  at  First  Sight," 
"  Neck  or  Nothing,  ■  a  farce,  "  A  Peep 
behind  the  Curtain,  or  the  New  Ke- 
hearsal,"  a  comedy,  "  Wit's  Last  Stake," 
a  comedy,  and  "Lovers'  Quarrels."  D. 
1805.  —  \ViLLiAM,  a  poet  and  miscella- 
neous writer,  was  b.  in  London,  in  1663, 
was  educated  at  Christ- church,  Oxford, 
admitted  an  advocate  in  doctors'  com- 
mons, and  obtained  various  preferments 
in  Ireland.  His  poetical  and  political 
works  arc  numerous,  and  some  of  them 
are  replete  witli  pleasantry  and  wit: 
but  his  moat  useful  book  is,  "An  His- 
torical Account  of  the  Heathen  Gods 
and  Heroes."  D.  1712. — William,  prin- 
cipal of  St.  Mary's  hall,  Oxtbrd,  and  an 
ingenious  theological  and  political  wri- 
ter. He  was  the  author  of  various  Latin 
tracts,  but  the  work  by  which  he  will 


be  remembered  is  "Political  and  Lit- 
erary Anecdotes  of  his  own  Times."  B. 
at  Stepney,  1685;  d.  1763. —  William, 
archbishop  of  Dublin,  was  b.  in  1650, 
and  educated  at  Trinity  college.  He 
was  the  author  of  a  celebrated  treatise, 
"  I)e  Origine  Mali,"  or  the  Origin  of 
Evil,  wherein  he  undertook  to  show 
how  all  the  several  kinds  of  evil  with 
which  the  world  abound  are  consistent 
with  the  goodness  of  God,  and  may  be 
accounted  for  without  the  supposition 
of  an  evil  principle.     D.  1729. 

KINGSBOROUGH,  Edwaed,  Vis- 
count, eldest  son  of  the  third  earl  of 
Kingston,  was  greatly  distinguished  for 
his  literary  acquirements  and  his  at- 
tachment to  literary  pursuits.  He  was 
a  fellow  of  the  Antiquarian  Society,  and 
author  of  a  splendid  work  on  "  The  An- 
tiquities of  Mexico."     B.  1795  ;  d.  1837. 

KlNXAlRDj  Douglas,  was  b.  in 
17Si),  and  received  his  early  education 
at  Eton.  Ho  afterwards  passed  some 
time  at  Gottingen,  where  he  made  him- 
self master  of  the  French  and  German 
languages.  In  1813  he  accompanied 
Mr.  Hobhouse  through  Sweden,  and  to 
Vienna,  and  ■(wis  present  at  the  battle 
of  Culm.  He  became  an  active  partner 
in  the  banking-house  of  Ransom  and 
Morland ;  and  after  the  old  partnership 
was  dissolved,  took  the  principal  man- 
agement of  the  business.  He  possessed 
great  energy  of  mind,  was  a  lover  of 
literature,  a  liberal  patron  of  the  arts, 
and  an  intimate  friend  of  Lord  Byron. 
D.  1830. 

KIPPIS,  Andrew,  a  dissenting  di- 
vine, biographer,  and  miscellaneous 
writer,  was  b.  at  Nottingham,  in  1725. 
He  was  pastor  of  congregations  succes- 
sively at  Boston,  Dorking,  and  West- 
minster, and  latterly  one  of  the  tutors 
at  the  dissenters'  college,  Hackney.  Dr. 
Kippis  laid  the  foundation  of  "The 
New  Annual  Register,"  and  devoted 
his  principal  attention,  during  the  lat- 
ter years  of  his  life,  to  an  improved 
edition  of  the  "Biograpliia  Britannicn," 
of  which  five  volumes  were  printed; 
but  it  was  conducted  on  a  plan  so  elab- 
orate as  to  afford  no  prospect  of  its  ter- 
mination. He  also  published  the  lives 
of  Captain  Cook,  Pringle,  Doddridge, 
and  Lardner,  "  A  Vindication  of  the 
Dissenters,"  a  volume  of  sermons,  and 
"  Observations  on  the  late  Contests  in 
the  Royal  Society."     D.  1795. 

KIRBY,  Jon.\  Joshi-a,  an  artist,  was 
b.  at  Parliam,  in  Suffolk,  in  1716. 
Though  originally  a  house-painter,  he 
had  a  good  knowledge  of  the  art ;  and 


KI.AJ 


CyCLOP^:DIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


551 


on  ssttlinfj  in  London,  he  wna  intro- 
duced by  Lord  Bute  to  George  IlL,  by 
whicli  he  became  clerk  of  tlie  works  at 
Kew.  He  published  the  "Ferspective 
of  Architecture,"  and  d.  in  1774.— Wil- 
liam, lioiiorary  member  of  the  Entomo- 
loirical  society  of  Loudon,  and  fellow  of 
the  Koval,  Liniuean,  Zoological,  and  (ie- 
olojrical  societies,  <fcc.,  lias  left  behind 
hiui  an  imperisluilile  name  as  one  of 
the  first  entomologists  of  any  age.  His 
"  Monographia  Apum  Anglia;,"  pub- 
lisiied  in  1801,  excited  the  warmest 
admiration  of  British  and  foreign  ento- 
mologists. His  numerous  and  valuable 
]iapcrs  in  the  "Transactions  of  the  Lin- 
niean  Society;"  the  "Introduction  to 
Entomology,"  written  in  conjunction 
with  Mr.  "Spencc ;  the  entomological 
portion  of  Ids  Bridgcwater  treatise, 
"  (3n  the  History,  HatDits,  and  Instincts 
of  Aninuils;"  and  his  description  of  the 
insects  of  the  "Eauna  Boreali-America- 
na"'  of  Sir  John  Eiehardson,  are  among 
his  other  works.     D.  1850. 

KIKCIIER,  Athanasius,  a  Jesuit,  was 
b.  in  1601,  at  Geysen,  near  Enlda,  in 
Germany,  and  studied  at  Wurtzburg 
and  Avignon ;  after  which  he  was  a 
teacher  of  mathematics  in  the  college 
belonging  to  his  order  at  Home.  His 
works  evince  great  depth  of  learning; 
the  principal  are,  "  CEdipus  Egyptia- 
cus,"  "Ars  Magnesia,"  "  Lingua  ^Egyp- 
tiaea  Eesitituta, "  "  Mundus  Subter- 
raneus,"  "Organon  Mathematicum," 
"  Musurgia  Universalis,"  <fec.     D.  16S0. 

KIKK,  Colonel,  an  English  officer, 
who,  in  16S5,  committed  the  most  inhn- 
inan  barbarities  in  the  west  of  England, 
in  the  time  of  James  II. 

KIRKLAND,  John  Thornton,  a  dis- 
tinirnished  presiilent  of  Harvard  colleire, 
was  b.  1770,  at  Little  Falls,  on  the  Mo- 
hawk, and  was  educated  at  Harvard. 
He  was  a  preacher  at  Boston  for  sixteen 
years  ;  in  1800  was  made  president  of 
Harvard,  and  in  1828  resigned.    D.  1841. 

KIKKPATKICK,  Jamks,  a  skilful  ori- 
entalist, was  a  major-general  in  the 
liritish  service,  and  passed  a  great  part 
of  his  life  in  India.  He  published  a 
"  Description  of  the  Kinirctom  of  Ne- 
paul,"  a  "Biography  of  Persian  Poets," 
and  the  "Letters  oi"  Tippoo  Saib."  D. 
1812. 

KIRWAN,  Waltf.u  Blake,  nn  Irish 
divine,  eminent  for  his  popularity  as  a 
preacher.  He  was  b.  at  Galway,  in  1754 ; 
was  educated  at  St.  Omer's  and  Louvain; 
took  orders  as  a  Catholic  priest ;  and,  in 
1778,  was  appointed  chaplain  to  the 
Neapolitan    etnl:assy  in    Loudon.      In 


1787  he  conformed  to  the  established 
ehurch,  and  obtained  successively  the 
prebendary  of  Howth,  the  living  of  St. 
Tsicholas,  in  Dublin,  and  the  deanery  of 
Killala.  As  a  pulpit  orator  he  excelled 
all  his  cotemporaries  ;  so  great,  indeed, 
were  his  attractions,  that  we  are  told 
that  it  was  often  necessary  to  keej)  olf 
the  crowds,  by  guards  and  pallisades, 
from  the  churclies  in  which  he  was 
preaching.  D.  1805. — Eichard,  a  dis- 
tinguished writer  on  chemistry,  geology, 
iSzc,  was  a  native  of  Galway  county,  in 
Ireland.  He  was  educated  at  the  uni- 
versity of  Dublin;  devoted  himself  with 
great  ardor  to  chemical  and  niincralogi- 
cal  researches ;  and  became  a  member 
of  the  Eoyal  Irish  Academy,  and  also  a 
fellow  of' the  Koyal  Society.  In  1784 
appeared  his  "  Elements  of  Mineral- 
ogy." He  also  published  "Geological 
Essays,"  a  treatise  on  the  "Analysis  of 
Jtlineral  Waters,"  an  "  Essay  on  Phlo- 
giston and  the  Constitution  of  Acids," 
&c.     D.  1812. 

KITCHENEE,  Willi.wi,  a  physician 
and  miscellaneous  writer,  was  b.  about 
1775,  and  was  the  son  of  a  respectable 
coal  merchant  in  London,  who  left  him 
a  large  fortune.  He  wns  educated  at 
i;ton,  and  settled  in  London  as  a  physi- 
cian ;  but  he  distinguished  himself  far 
more  by  his  precepts  on  the  art  of  gas- 
tronomy than  by  tlie  practice  of  medi- 
cine. He  was  a  kind-hearted,  social 
being,  with  more  foibles  than  faults. 
He  wrote  a  book  under  the  title  of 
"The  (\>ok'3  Oracle,"  in  which  the 
laws  of  the  culinary  art.  professedly 
founded  on  his  own  practice,  were  pro- 
mulfftited  :  and,  by  appointing  a  "com- 
mittee of  taste"  among  his  friends,  who 
had  regular  invitations  to  his  dinner- 
table,  the  fame  of  this  epicure  spread 
far  and  wide,  while  his  evening  conver- 
saziones were  the  resort  of  privileged 
wits,  and  literary  ban  viranfs.  Optica 
and  music  were  also  particular  objects 
of  his  study.  Besides  "The  Cook's 
Oracle,"  wdiich  was  liis  most  popular 
work,  he  published  "  The  Art  ot  Invig- 
orating and  Prolonging  Life,"  "The 
Economy  of  the  Eyes,"  "The  Travel- 
ler's Oracle,"  "Observations  on  Vocal 
Music,"  and  "The  Loval  and  National 
Son?s  of  Eni  l-.nd."     D.  1827. 

KLAPEOTiI,  Maktin  IIenrv,  nn 
eminent  chemist  and  mineraloirist,  wns 
b.  at  Berlin,  in  1743 ;  became  chemical 
professor  there;  and  d.  1817.  He  was 
the  discoverer  of  uranium,  the  zirconin, 
and  inellitic  acid  :  he  also  made  interest- 
ing experiments  on  copal,  and  completed 


552 


CYCLOP.Ji:DlA    OF    BIOGRAPHY, 


[klo 


the  discovery  of  tellurium  and  titanium. 
Anion?  his  works  are,  "  A  Mineralogical 
System,"  "Chemical  Essays,"  and,  in 
conjunction  with  Wolf,  a  "Dictionary 
of  Chemistry." — IIexbi  Jvles,  sou  of 
the  preccdintr,  was  intended  by  his 
father  to  pursue  the  study  of  the  physi- 
cal sciences,  but  abandoned  them  in 
favor  of  the  oriental  lang'uacjes,  in  which 
he  became  one  of  the  alalest  modern 
scholars.  In  ISO")  he  was  selected  to 
accompany  the  Russian  ambassador  into 
China,  anci  in  1807  the  academy  of  St. 
Petersbursr  commissioned  him  to  visit 
the  Caucasian  provmces.  Subsequently 
he  settled  at  Paris,  where  he  founded 
and  orfranized  the  Asiatic  society.  Ho 
has  left  several  valuable  works  :  "Asia 
Polyglotta,"  "Tableau  du  Caucase," 
«fcc."    B.  1783;  d,  1835. 

KLEBER,  Jeax  Baptistk,  a  celebra- 
ted French  treneral,  was  b,  at  Strasburcr, 
in  1754.  He  was  orisjinally  an  architect, 
but  preferred  the  military  profession, 
and  entered  into  the  Austrian  service, 
where  he  remained  from  1776  to  17So. 
When  the  French  revolutionary  ■nar 
broke  out,  he  entered  as  a  grenadier 
into  a  volunteer  regiment  of  his  native 
department,  and  rose  rapidly  into  com- 
mand. He  displayed  great  skill  and 
bravery  at  the  battle  of  Mayenee,  after 
which  lie  was  emjiloycd  in  La  Vendee, 
but  the  sanguinary  scenes  there  so  dis- 
gusted him  that  he  obtained  his  recall, 
and  was  engaged  in  the  north,  where  he 
defeated  the  Austrians,  took  Mons,  and 
drove  the  enemy  from  Louvain.  He 
.ilso  captured  Maestrieht,  and  contribu- 
ted to  the  splendid  successes  wliich  dis- 
tinguished the  campaigns  of  1795  and 
1796  on  the  Rhine.  The  directory  gave 
him  the  command  of  the  army  of  the 
Sambre  and  Meuse,  which  he  resigned 
to  Hoclie,  and  for  a  time  retired  from 
the  service.  Bonaparte,  however,  who 
well  knew  the  value  of  his  talents,  pre- 
vailed upon  him  to  join  the  expedition 
to  Egypt.  He  was  wounded  at  the  bat- 
tle of  Al'-xandria,  but  he  marched  into 
Syria,  wjierc  he  commanded  the  corps 
of  observation  during  the  siege  of  Acre, 
and  defeated  the  Turks  in  several  ac- 
tions. When  Bonaparte  left  Egypt,  he 
appointed  Kleber  commander-in-chief 
of  the  army;  and  he  was  assassinated 
by  an  Arab',  June  14,  1800. 

KLEIST,  Christian  Ewalo  von,  a 
German  poet,  was  b.  at  Zeblin,  in  Pom- 
erania,  in  1715.  After  studving  the 
mathematics,  philoso))hy,  and  law,  at 
Konigsberg,  he  entered  into  the  Danish 
service,  and  ne.xt  into  tliat  of  Prussia, 


where  he  rose  to  the  rank  of  major; 
and  was  killed,  after  displaying  almost 
romantic  bravery,  at  the  oattle  of  Kun- 
nersdortf,  in  1759.  His  principal  poem, 
entitled  "  Spring,"  is  beautifully  de- 
scriptive, and  has  been  compared  to  the 
"Seasons"  of  Thomson.  Kleist  also 
wrote  idylls,  moral  treatises,  and  a  mili- 
tary romance,  called  "Cissides." 

KLINGEMANN,  AuorsTcs,  a  dra- 
matic writer,  and  director  of  the  national 
theatre  at  Brunswick,  was  b.  in  that 
city,  1777.  In  1813  he  received  the 
direction  of  the  theatre  of  his  native 
place,  and  under  his  superintendence  it 
became  one  of  the  first  in  Germany. 
His  dramatic  works  form  12  volumes, 
and  amon^  them  are,  "Heinrich  der 
Lowe,"  "  Luther,"  "  Moses,"  "  Faust," 
&c.     D.  181-2. 

KLINGER,  Fkedertc  Maximilian 
vox,  an  officer  in  the  Russian  service, 
and  a  literary  character,  was  b.  at  Frank- 
fort-on-the-Maine,  in  1753.  He  com- 
menced as  a  dramatic  writer;  but,  in 
the  war  of  the  Bavarian  succession,  he 
entered  the  military  service,  and  w:x3 
made  a  lieutenant  in  the  Austrian  army. 
In  1780  he  went  to  St.  Petersburg,  aiid 
was  appointed  an  officer  and  reader  to 
the  Grand-prince  Paul,  with  whom  he 
afterwards  travelled  through  Poland, 
Austria,  Italy,  France,  &o.,  and,  in  the 
reign  of  Catharine,  he  rose  to  the  rank 
of  colonel.  By  the  Emperor  Paul  he 
was  made  major-general,  and  director 
of  the  corps  of  cadets ;  and,  when 
Alexander  ascended  the  throne,  ho  re- 
ceived other  offices  and  further  promo- 
tion.    D.  1831. 

KLOPSTOCK,  Frederic  Theophilus, 
one  of  the  most  celebrated  of  the  Ger- 
man poets,  was  b.  at  Quedlinbiirg,  in 
1724.  After  receiving  a  liberal  educa- 
tion at  his  native  place,  he  was  sent  to 
study  theology  at  Jena,  where  he  wrote 
a  great  part  of  his"  Messiah,"  which  he 
published  in  1757,  at  J^eipsic.  Though 
this  poem  underwent  the  ordeal  of 
severe  criticism  by  some,  it  was  ad- 
mired by  more ;  and  Bodmer,  with  the 
Swiss  in  general,  were  loud  in  its  praises. 
Klopstock  was  invited  into  that  country, 
and  while  there  the  people  reg.arded  him 
with  a  kind  of  veneration.  From  thence 
he  was  called  to  Copenhagen,  by  the 
most  flattering  promises,  which  were 
amply  fulfilled.  In  1771  he  went  to  re- 
side at  Hamburgh,  as  Danish  legate,  and 
counsellor  from  the  court  of  Baden.  He 
was  twice  married.  Margaret,  his  first 
wife,  whom  he  married  in  1754,  and  who 
d.  in  1758,  was   a  woman  of  kindred 


KNi] 


CYCLOP.-EDIA    OF    BIOGRAI'UV. 


553 


genius  and  literary  accomplishments. 
Among  her  productions  are,  "  The 
Death  of  Abel,"  a  tragedy;  and  "Let- 
ters from  the  l)ead  to  the  Living."  D. 
1803. 

KLUIT,  Adrian,  a  Dutch  historian, 
was  b.  at  Dort  in  1735;  studied  at 
L'trecht,  and  became  professor  of  urchas- 
oldi^y  and  diiiloniaties  at  Leyden.  His 
political  opinions  occasioned  liis  removal 
irom  the  chair  in  17y5 ;  but  in  1806, 
luuler  the  regal  government,  he  was 
jirofessor  of  sianstics.  His  chief  work 
is  a  history  of  the  politiciil  atl'airs  of 
Holland  to  i78:i.     D.  1807. 

KNAIT,  Samt'el  LoniiNzo,  an  Amer- 
ican author,  who  wrote  extensively  on 
various  subjects,  graduated  at  Dart- 
mouth college,  N.  11.,  in  the  year  1804 ; 
and  M'as  by  profT>ssion  a  lawyer.  As 
such  he  acquired  in  the  early  part  of  his 
life  a  desirable  eminence.  At  dilferent 
periods,  he  was  an  inhabitant  of  New- 
uuryport,  Boston,  and  iS'ew  York.  His 
labors  with  his  pen  were  frequently  for 
means  on  which,  to  subsist,  and  hence 
many  of  his  productions  carry  with 
them  marks  oi  haste.  As  a  man  of 
kind  and  benevolent  feelings  he  will 
long  be  remembered  by  his  personal 
friends.  D.  at  Hopkinton,  Massachu- 
setts, 1838. 

KNELLEK,  Sir  Godfret,  an  eminent 
portrait  painter,  b.  at  Lubeck  about 
1G48,  was  designed  for  a  military  life, 
and  scut  to  Leyden  to  study  liiathc- 
matics  and  fortification,  but  sliowing  a 
decided  bent  for  paiiijing,  was  placed 
under  Bol  and  Kcmbrandt  at  Amster- 
dam. Having  visited  Italy,  where  he 
!*tudied  with  Carlo  Maratti  and  Bernini, 
he  went  to  P>ngland  in  1C74,  and  was 
much  patronized  by  Charles  IT.,  James 
II.,  and  William  III.,  for  tlie  latter  of 
whom  he  painted  the  beauties  at  Hamp- 
ton Court,  and  several  of  the  portraits 
in  the  cillery  of  admirals.  His  coloring 
is  lively,  true,  and  harmonious ;  his 
drawing  correct,  and  his  disposition 
judicious;  he  displays,  however,  a  sin- 
gular want  of  imagination  in  his  pic- 
tures, the  attitudes,  the  action,  and 
drapery  being  tasteless,  unvarying,  and 
ungraceful.  He  was  in  habits  of  inti- 
macy with  Pope  and  most  of  his 
eminent  cotemnoraries ;  and,  as  he 
possessed  a  fund  of  humor,  and  was  of 
a  gay  and  convivial  turn,  his  acquaint- 
ance was  eagerly  sou^dit  al'lor.  He  con- 
tinued to  jjractise  bis  art  till  after  he 
was  seventy  years  of  age,  amassed  a 
large  fortune,  and  d.  in  1723. 

KNIBB,  William,  a  celebrated  Bap- 
47 


list  missionary,  was  b.  it  Kettering,  in 
Northamptonshire,  at  tue  be<rinning  of 
the  present  century.  Originally  ap- 
prenticed to  a  printer  at  Br;«tol.  he 
ottered,  on  tiic  death  of  liis  brother,  to 
supply  his  ])lixce  as  a  teacher  of  a  Baptist 
school  in  Jamaica,  and  having  repaired 
thither  in  18'i4,  he  was  in  l'!29  appointed 
pastor  of  the  mission  church  at  Fal- 
mouth, where  liis  efforts  to  ameliorate 
the  condition  of  the  negroes  were  amply 
rewarded  by  their  gratitude  towards 
him.  But  these  very  ettbrts  excited 
such  hostility  among  the  planters,  over- 
seers, and  others  in  the  .'^lave-holding 
interest,  that  when  in  1832  a  formidable 
slave  insurrection  was  threatened,  Mr. 
Knibb  was  not  only  compelled,  despite 
his  sacred  calling,  to  serve  in  the  militia, 
but  was  treated  with  marked  indignity, 
and  shortly  afterwards  arrested  for  be- 
ing implicated  in  tlie  threatened  rebel- 
lion. In  the  absence  of  all  evidence  to 
support  a  criminal  prosecution  he  was 
released,  but  his  chapel  and  mission 
premises  having  been  burnt  down  du- 
ring the  disturbances,  he  resolved  to 
l>roceed  to  England  to  explain  all  the 
circumstances  connected  with  his  mis 
sion.  Feeling  that  the  time  for  neu- 
trality was  passed,  he  now  boldly 
advocated  the  entire  and  immediate 
abolition  of  slavery ;  and  it  is  not  going 
too  far  to  say,  that  his  stirring  harangues 
throughout  the  country  had  no  unim- 
portant share  in  bringing  about  the 
emancipation  act  of  1833.  D.  in  Jamaica, 
1845. 

KNIGHT,  Edward,  a  celebrated 
comedian,  b.  at  Birmingham,  1774.  He 
performed  at  Drury-lanc  and  at  the 
Lyceum,  till  illness  compelled  him  to 
quit  the  staec.  D.  1826. — Gowix,  aa 
English  philosopher,  w-as  educated  at 
Magdalen  college,  Oxford,  where  he 
took  his  degree  of  bachelor  of  physio 
in  1742.  He  practised  in  London,  and 
was  chosen  a  fellow  of  the  Royal  Society. 
He  published  "  An  Attempt  to  demon- 
strate that  all  the  Phenomena  in  Nature 
may  be  explained  by  Attraction  and 
Eepulsion." — Henry  Gally,  a  distin- 
guished traveller  and  antiquary,  was  b. 
1786.  In  1814  he  published  a  poem, 
entitled  "Europa  Rediviva,"  and  this 
was  followed  at  difierent  intervals  by 
"Phrosyne,  a  Grecian  Tide,"  ".Mash- 
tor,  an  Arabian  Tale,"  and  "  Hannibal 
in  Bithynia."  But  Mr.  Knight's  chief 
title  to  fame  consists  in  the  zeal  with 
which  he  devoted  himself  to  the  inves- 
tigation of  architectural  history  both  nt 
home  and   abroad ;    and   the   fruits  of 


554 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[koc 


whicli  he  gave  to  the  world  in  an 
"  Architectural  Tour  in  Norniandy," 
"The  Normans  in  Sicily,"  and  his  last 
nud  srrcatest  work,  the  "Ecclesiastical 
Architecture  of  Italy,  &c.  In  1824  he 
was  for  a  short  period  M.  P.  for  Aid- 
borough  ;  in  1830  he  sat  for  Malton  ;  and 
from  1835  down  to  his  demise  he  was 
one  of  the  members  for  North  Notts. 
D.  1840. — Richard  1'ayxe,  a  man  of 
fortune,  and  a  patron  of  learninij  and 
the  line  arts,  was  b.  in  1743.  lie  devoted 
a  great  portion  of  his  time  to  the  culti- 
vation of  classical  literature,  and  the 
elucidation  of  the  domestic  manners  of 
tlie  ancients  ;  while  his  splendid  eollee- 
tion  of  ancient  bronzes,  medals,  pic- 
tures, and  drawings,  in  his  museum  at 
his  house  in  Soho-square,  gave  suffici- 
ent proofs  of  his  taste  for  every  thing 
connected  with  virtu.  The  whole  of 
this  valuable  collection,  worth  £50,000, 
lie  bequeatlied  to  the  British  Museum, 
Among  his  works  are,  "An  Account 
of  the  Kemains  of  the  Worship  of  Fria- 
pus,"'  an  "  Analytical  Inquiry  into  the 
rrineiples  of  Taste,"  "  Prolegomena  in 
Homerum,"  "The  Landscape,"  a  di- 
dactic poem,  and  "  The  Progress  of 
Civil  Society."  D.  1824.— Thom.vs,  an 
actor  and  dramatic  writer,  was  a  native 
of  Dorsetshire.  He  wrote  "  The  Honest 
Thieves,"  "  The  Turnpike  Gate,"  and 
several  other  dramatic  pieces.     D.  1820. 

KNIGHTON,  Henry,  an  English  his- 
torian, was  a  canon  regular  of  Leicciter 
abbey,  in  the  reign  of  Kichard  II.,  of 
whose  deposition  he  wrote  an  account ; 
also  a  chronicle  from  the  Conquest  to 
1695. 

KNOX,  HE^•RY,  an  American  general, 
was  b.  in  Boston,  1750,  and,  after  re- 
ceiving a  common  school  education, 
commcnee<l  business  as  a  bookseller  in 
his  native  town.  He  early  took  a  part 
in  the  affairs  of  the  revolution,  and  was 

J  ■•resent  as  a  volunteer  at  the  b  ittle  of 
banker  liill.  For  liis  services  in  pro- 
curing POtne  pieces  of  ordnance  from  the 
Canadian  frontiers,  he  was  intrusted  by 
congress  with  tiie  command  of  tiie  artil- 
lery department,  with  the  rank  of  brig- 
adier-general. He  was  present,  and 
displayed  great  skill  and  courage  at  the 
battles  of  Trenton,  Princeton,  German- 
town,  and  Moumoiitli,  and  contributed 
greatly  to  the  capture  of  Cornwallis. 
Immediately  after  this  event  he  received 
from  congress  the  commi-ision  of  major- 
gener.ll.  In  178')  he  succeeded  (Jeneral 
Lincoln  in  the  office  of  secretary  of  war, 
and  having  filled  this  department  for 
eleven   years,   he  obtained   a  reluctant 


permission  to  retire  into  private  life  In 
1798,  when  our  relations  with  France 
were  assuming  a  cloudy  aspect,  he  was 
called  upon  to  take  a  command  in  the 
army,  but  the  peaceful  arrangement  of 
atfairs  soon  permitted  him  to  return  into 
his  retirement.  D.  at  Thomaston,  Me., 
1806. — John,  the  great  champion  of  the 
Scottish  reformation,  was  b.  1505,  at 
Gilford,  in  East  Lothian,  and  was  edu- 
cated at  Haddington  and  St.  Andrew's. 
He  was  converted  from  the  Catholic 
faith  by  Wishart,  and  became  a  zealous 
preacher  of  the  new  doctrines.  Having 
been  compelled  to  take  shelter  in  the 
castle  of  St.  Andrew's,  he  fell  into  the 
hands  of  the  French,  in  duly,  1547,  and 
was  carried  with  the  garrison  to  France, 
where  he  remained  a  captive  on  board 
of  the  galleys  till  1549.  Subsequent  to 
his  liberation  he  was,  for  a  short  time, 
chaplain  to  Edward  VI.,  after  which  he 
visited  Geneva  and  Frankfort,  and,  in 
1555,  returned  to  his  native  country. 
After  having  for  twelve  months  labored 
actively  and  successfuhy  to  strengthen 
the  Protestant  cause  in  Scotland  he  re- 
visited Geneva,  where  he  remained  till 
155y.  During  Ids  residence  in  Geneva, 
he  published  his  "First  Blast  of  the 
Trumpet  against  the  monstrous  Regi- 
ment of  Women  ;"  a  treatise  which  was 
levelled  against  Mary  of  England,  but 
which  gave  serious  offence  toElizabeth. 
From  April,  1559,  when  ho  once  more 
and  finally  set  foot  on  Scottish  earth,  till 
his  decease,  which  took  place  November 
24,  1572,  the  reformed  church  was  tri- 
umpliant,  and  he  was  one  of  its  most 
prominent,  admired,  and  honored  lead- 
ers. Of  his  works  the  principal  is  "  A 
History  of  the  Reformation  in  Scot- 
land :  tiie  fourth  edition  of  it  includes 
all  his  other  writings. — Vicesimus,  a  di- 
vine aiul  miscellaneous  writer,  was  b. 
1752  ;  was  educated  at  Merchant  Tailors' 
school,  and  at  St.  John's  college,  O.x- 
ford ;  sticceeded  his  father  as  head 
master  of  Tunbridge  school ;  held  that 
situation  for  thirty-three  years  ;  obtain- 
ed the  livings  of  Runwcll  and  Rams- 
den  Grays,  in  Essex,  and  the  chapelry 
of  SJiipbournc,  in  Kent.  Among  his 
original  works  are,  "  Essays,  Moral 
and  Literary;"  "Liberal  E.lucation;" 
"  Winter  Evenings  ;"  "  Pers(uial  No- 
bility ;"  "Ciiristian  Philosoiihy ;"  and 
"  The  Spirit  of  Despotism."  He  was  the 
compiler  of  the  "Elegant  Extracts  and 
Epistles.     I),  1821. 

KOCH,  CuRisTorHER  William,  a  pub- 
licist and  historian,  was  b.  at  Bouxweil- 
Icr,  in   Alsace,  1737 ;   was  educated  at 


KOSJ 


CYCLOPyEDIA    OF    I5TOliRAPH V. 


Strnsburf^,  under  Schoepflin ;  sucoeed- 
cd  him  iis  professor  of  public  law ;  and 
d.  1S13,  rector  of  the  university  of 
Strasburg,  Among  his  numerous  and 
learned  works  are,  "A  View  of  the 
Kevolntions  of  PZurope ;"  "An  Abridged 
History  of  Treaties  o'*  Peace ;"  and 
"  Genealogical  Tables  of  the  Sovereign 
Families  of  Europe." 

KOENIG,  (ii;oROE  Matthias,  b.  at 
Altorf,  I'llt),  was  tiio  author  of  a  Latin 
"  IViographical  Dictionary,"  of  consider- 
able merit.  D.  IG'J'J. — Johann  Gekaud, 
a  physician  of  Courland,  in  Lithuania, 
b.  1728,  was  a  celebrated  botanist,  and 
travelled  to  the  East  Indies  and  other 
countries,  in  pursuit  of  his  favorite  sci- 
ence, keeping  up  a  correspondence  at 
the  time  with  Linnaeus,  his  old  pre- 
ceptor. D.  17So. — Daniel,  a  native  of 
Switzerland,  was  killed,  in  his  22d  year, 
at  Eraneker,  by  the  mob,  who  in  a  pop- 
ular commotion,  fell  upon  him  under  the 
supposition  tliat  he  was  a  French  spy, 
as  he  had  been  heard  to  converse  in  ttiat 
language.  He  translated  into  Latin 
"Arbuthnot  on  Ancient  Coins." — Sam- 
uel, his  brother,  was  a  good  mathemat- 
ical scholar,  and  filled  the  professors 
chair  at  Franeker,  in  philosophy  and 
ethics;  but  afterwards  settled  at  the 
Hague,  having  been  invited  thither  by 
the  prince  of  Orange,  who  made  him  his 
librarian.     D.  1757. 

KOLLOCH,  SriEPiiERD,  a  lieutenant 
in  the  revolutionary  war,  who  was  at  the 
battles  of  Trenton,  Short  Hills,  Fort 
Lee,  «&c.,  established  the  "New  Jersej' 
Journal"  in  1779,  and  the  "  New  York 
Gazetteer"  in  178:3,  aiul  was  judge  of  the 
common  pleas  in  Philadelphia,  for  35 
years.     D.  1839. 

KORNEK,  Theodore,  an  eminent 
poet,  often  called  the  German  Tyrtreus, 
was  b.  at  Dresden,  1791 ;  and,  after 
studying  at  Leipsie,  became  a  dramatist 
and  secretary  to  the  management  of  the 
court  theatre  of  Vienna.  Being  an  en- 
thusiast for  the  liberty  of  Germany,  he 
entered  as  a  volunteer  in  the  Prussian 
army,  in  1812;  signalized  himself  equal- 
ly by  his  bravery  and  his  martial  songs ; 
was  promoted  for  his  conduct  at  the 
battle  of  Lutzen ;  was  afterwards  twice 
wounded;  made  a  lieutenant;  and  fell 
in  a  skirmish  with  the  French,  in  Meck- 
lenburg, August  -Jt),  1813.  His  Ivrical 
poems  were  published  after  his  ileath, 
under  the  title  of  the  ''  Lyre  and  Sword ;" 
but  innumerable  editions  of  his  works, 
consisting  of  his  dramas,  poems,  and 
otiier  literary  remains,  have  since  been 
published  in  Germany;  and  many  of 


his  writings  have  been  repeatedly  trans- 
lated into  En^'lish. 

KONINGSMARK,  Maria  Aurora, 
countess  of,  was  b.  about  1678.  She  was 
equally  celebrated  on  account  of  her 
personal  charms  and  extraordinary  tal- 
ents, and  of  the  part  which  she  per- 
formed in  politics.  While  a  girl,  she 
wrote  and  spoke  Swedish,  German, 
French,  Italian,  and  English ;  read  the 
classics  in  the  original ;  had  an  exten- 
sive knowledge  of  history  and  geog- 
raphy ;  and  even  composed  poems  in 
French  and  Italian.  She  played  on  sev- 
eral instruments,  composed  music,  sang 
and  painted  with  great  skill ;  all  which 
accomplishments  were  aided  by  a  relined 
wit  and  superior  conversational  powers. 
Thus  gifted  and  accomplished,  she  ar- 
rived, in  1()94:,  in  Dresden,  with  her  two 
sisters.  The  elector  fell  in  love  with  her 
at  first  sight ;  she  yielded,  appeared  at 
court  as  his  mistress,  and  boi'c  him  a 
son,  the  famous  Marshal  Saxe,  to  whose 
improvement  she  consecrated  the  re- 
mamder  of  her  life.  Though  the  passion 
of  the  fickle  king  cooled,  and  another 
favorite  supplanted  the  countess,  he  al- 
ways remamed  in  terms  of  friendship 
with  her ;  and  by  his  influence  she  was 
appointed,  by  the  court  of  Vienna,  su- 
]icrintendent  of  Qucdlinburg,  where  she 
chicllv  rcsidL-d  until  her  death,  in  1708. 

KOSCIUSZKO,  Thaddeus,  a  Polish 
general  and  patriot,  was  b.  174G,  in  Li- 
thuania, and  was  partly  educated  at  the 
Warsaw  military  school,  where  he  ex- 
celled in  mathematics  and  drawing.  lie 
completed  his  studies  in  Franco.  When 
the  American  colonies  threw  off  the 
yoke  of  the  mother  country,  Kosciuszko 
entered  into  their  service,  and  was  made 
a  colonel  of  engineers  and  aid-de-camp 
to  Washington.  Keturning  to  his  own 
country,  he  lived  in  retirement  till  1789, 
when  the  diet  appointed  him  a  major- 
general.  In  the  brief  struggle  of  1792 
he  behaved  with  distinguished  valor; 
but  as  soon  as  the  fate  of  Poland  was 
sealed,  he  retired  into  voluntary  exile. 
He  kept  up,  however,  a  correspondence 
with  the  friends  of  liberty  in  his  native 
land ;  and  when,  in  1794,  the  Poles  re- 
solved to  make  one  more  effort  to  break 
their  chains,  they  placed  Kosciuszko  at 
their  head.  He  began  his  career  by  de- 
feating the  Russian  general,  Denisolf,  at 
Raslavice.  But  the  enemy  poured  in 
on  all  sides,  and  at  length,  after  having 
for  six  months  delayctl  the  fall  of  Poland, 
he  was  wounded  and  taken  prisoner,  ou 
the  4tli  of  October,  at  the  battle  of  Ma- 
ceiowice.    lie  was  sent  to  St.  Peter*- 


556 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY, 


[kvd 


bursr,  and  incarcerated  till  the  acccs- 
61011  of  tlie  Emperor  Paul,  who  liberated 
him.  The  reniaiuina:  part  of  his  exi^st- 
ence  was  spent  in  America,  France,  and 
Switzerland,  but  chielly  in  France.  D. 
at  Soleure,  October  17,  1817. 

KOTZEBUE,  AcGusTus  Frederic Fer- 
DiNAXD  Vox,  a  German  writer,  was  b. 
17i31,  at  AVeimar,  and  was  educated  at 
Jena  and  Duisboari;.  In  his  twentieth 
vear  he  was  invited  to  St.  Petersburg, 
W  tlie  Prussian  ambassador,  and  was 
patronized  by  Catharine,  wlio  raised  him 
from  post  to  post,  till  he  became  presi- 
dent of  the  civil  government  at  Kevel ; 
a  station  which  he  held  for  ten  years. 
From  1794  till  1800  he  resided,  variously 
occupied,  in  Germany.  In  tlie  latter 
year  he  returned  to  Russia,  but  had  no 
sooner  set  foot  on  its  territory,  than  he 
was  seized  and  banished  to  Siberia.  The 
capricious  tyrant  Paul,  soon,  however, 
recalled  him,  and  took  him  into  favor. 
In  1801  he  again  quitted  the  land  of  the 
knout  and  of  autocracy.  Some  subse- 
quent years  were  spent  in  travelling, 
and  the  remainder  of  his  life  in  pouring 
forth  his  innumerable  literary  produc- 
tions, and  taking  a  part  in  polities.  lie 
is  said  to  have  written  many  of  the 
Russian  state  papers  and  proclamations. 
The  Emperor,  Alexander,  subsequently 
employed  him  in  various  posts,  and  in 
1817  a'ppointed  him  his  literary  corre- 
Bpondent  in  Germany.  This  invidious 
office  Kotzebue  is  said  to  have  filled  in  a 
manner  hostile  to  the  freedom  of  his 
native  country;  and  for  this  supposed 
crime  he  was  assassinated,  on  the  23d 
of  March,  1819,  by  a  youthful  fanatic, 
named  Sand.  Kotzebue  undoubtedly 
displayed  genius  in  his  writings ;  but 
they  are  vitiated  by  much  frivolity,  much 
bad  taste,  and,  in  many  instances,  a  more 
than  doubtful  morality.  His  dramas 
number  nearly  three  hundred.  Among 
his  other  works,  are  "A  History  of  the 
German  Empire,"  "A  History  of  An- 
cient Prussia,"  and  various  Narratives 
and  Kecolleetioas  of  liis  travels. 

KRANACH,  Lcc.vs,  (whose  proper 
name  was  Sunder,)  a  distinguished 
painter,  was  b.  at  Kranach,  in  Bamberg, 
1472.  He  was  greatly  patronized  by 
Frederic,  elector  of  Coburg,  whom  he 
accompanied  on  a  journey  through  Pal- 
estine in  1493,  and  soon  afterwards 
commenced  his  career  as  an  historical 
painter,  which,  whether  we  consider  the 
number  or  the  excellence  of  liis  works, 
has  not  Vjeen  surpassed  by  any  of  his 
countrymen.  He  was  intimately  asso- 
ciated "with  the  great  reformers,  Luther 


and  Melanohthon,  wh:se  portraits,  a3 
taken  by  him,  are  amongst  the  most  in- 
teresting memorials  of  their  age.  D. 
1553. — LuoAS,  his  son,  with  whom  he  is 
sometimes  confounded,  gained  great 
distinction  in  the  same  career,  and  d.  in 
1586. 

KRANTZ,  Albert,  a  German  histo- 
rian and  philosopher  of  the  loth  cen- 
tury; author  of  a  Latin  "Chronicle  of 
the  Kingdoms  of  Denmark,  Sweden, 
and  Norway,"  a  "  History  of  the  An- 
cient Vandals,"  &c.  His  reputation  as 
an  able  and  upright  diplomatist  also 
was  so  well  established,  that  in  a  dis- 
pute of  a  territorial  nature,  which  oc- 
curred between  the  courts  of  Holstein 
and  Denm;irk,  the  contending  poten- 
tates agreed  to  abide  by  his  arbitration. 

KR.\SICKI,  iGNAxrus,  count  of  Siet- 
zen,  prince-bishop  of  Warmia,  &c.,  one 
of  the  most  illustrious  of  the  Polish 
literati,  was  b.  at  Dubiecko,  in  1733. 
When  the  first  partition  of  Poland,  in 
1772,  deprived  him  of  his  senatorial 
dignities,  he  turned  his  attention  to  lit- 
erature, and  produced  numerous  poems, 
epic,  mock-heroic,  and  satirical.  He 
was  much  esteemed  by  Frederic  tlio 
Great,  who  took  great  pleasure  in  his 
lively  and  most  agreeable  conversation. 
Among  his  writings  are,  "The  War  of 
Clioczim,"  "  La  Monomachic,  or  the 
War  of  the  Monks,"  "La  Souriade," 
fables,  odes,  &c.     D.  1801. 

KRAUSS,  JoHX  Baptist,  a  learned 
German  ecclesiastic,  and  a  most  inde- 
fatigable writer.  lie  was  b.  at  Ratisbon, 
in  1700  ;  took  the  monastic  habit  at  an 
early  a<xe  ;  became  prince-abbot  of  the 
Benedictine  monastery  of  St.  Emmeran 
in  1742 ;  and  presided  there  till  his 
death,  in  1762.  Ilis  works  on  theology, 
history,  and  criticism  are  very  numer- 
ous. 

KREUTZER,  Rodolph,  a  celebrated 
violinist  and  musical  composer,  was  b. 
at  Versailles,  in  1767.  He  travelled  in 
Germany,  Holland,  and  Italy ;  and  hav- 
ing established  himself  as  one  of  the 
first  performers  in  Europe,  he  was 
placed  at  the  head  of  the  orchestra  at 
the  grand  opera  of  Paris.  He  composed 
the  music  for  the  operas  of  "  Lodoiska," 
".Joan  of  Arc,"  "Paul  and  Virginia," 
"Charlotte  and  Werter,"  and  some 
others.     D.  1831. 

KRUDENER,  Juliaxa,  Baroness  Va- 
lerie DE,  a  religious  enthusiast,  was  the 
daugliter  of  the  Russian  baron  Vieting- 
hoff,  governor  of  Riga,  wliere  she  was 
b.  in  1766.  At  the  age  of  14  she  mar- 
ried Baron   Krudenor,  appointed  a"^- 


Kur] 


CVCLOP.KDIA    OF    CIOGUAI'llV. 


557 


bassador  by  Catharine  II.  to  Berlin,  and 
subsequently  to  Venice.  Here  the  secre- 
tary of  leLTution  fell  in  love  with  her, 
anil  committed  suieide  ;  on  whioh  event 
she  wrote  a  romance,  entitled  "Vale- 
ric." For  years  she  resided  in  France, 
and  was  the  g'ayest  of  the  gny  m  the 
I'arisian  circles.  At  lonarth  slic  became 
a  fanatical  devotee,  and  wandered  from 
state  to  state,  preaching?  and  prophcsy- 
intj.  In  1S14  she  became  acquainted 
with  Alexander,  emperor  of  Russia, 
who  had  already  for  some  time  shown  a 
disposition  to  relinfious  contemplations, 
and  on  whom  her  conversations  had  a 
great  intluonee.  In  Paris,  she  had 
praycr-meetinsTs,  attended  by  distin- 
triiished  personatres,  where  she  was  seen 
in  the  baek.^roiuid  of  a  suite  of  rooms, 
in  the  dress  of  a  priestess,  kneelins;  in 
prayer.  Her  predictions  excited  much 
attention ;  and  when  the  allied  sover- 
eigns quitted  Paris,  she  retreated  into 
Switzerland,  where  she  preached  the 
ap]iroacli  of  the  millennium,  and  drew 
around  her  multitudes  of  the  credulous 
mountaineers,  who  listened  to,  and  be- 
lieved in,  her  mission.  At  length  the 
states  interfered,  and  she  removed  to 
Germany;  but  wherever  she  arrived, 
she  was  under  the  surveillance  of  the 
police,  who  ultimately  transported  her 
to  the  Russian  I'rontier.  She  was,  how- 
ever, ordered  not  to  go  to  Petersburg 
or  Moscow  ;  she  accordingly  visited  the 
Crimea,  where  she  d.  1824. 

KRUMMACIIER,  Fkederic  Adol- 
Pfius,  a  (xerman  religious  writer,  whose 
"Parables"  and  many  other  works  are 
well  known  in  England,  was  b.  at  Teck- 
Icuburg  in  176S  ;  and  became  successive- 
ly minister  of  Orefcld,  Kellwick,  and 
IJcrnberg,  and  ended  a  long  and  useful 
career  as  an  efficient  ))reacher  and  wri- 
ter at  Bremen,  1845,  where  he  had  la- 
bored for  21  years. 

KRUNITZ,  John  George,  a  German 
physician  and  natural  philosopher,  was 
b.  at  Berlin,  in  1728;  studied  at  Gottin- 
geii,  Halle,  and  Frankfort-on-the-Oder ; 
devoted  his  whole  life  to  literary  pur- 
suits on  his  return  to  his  native  city, 
and  d.  in  17'JG.  lie  produced  an  extra- 
ordinary number  of  works,  the  most 
considerable  of  which  is  an  ''  Economico- 
technological  Eticyclopicdia,"  whicii  he 
commenced  in  1773.  He  had  completed 
73  volumes,  and  had  just  reached  tiio 
article  "Leiche,"  a  corpse,  when  his 
progress  was  arrested  by  death. 

KUIILMAN,  QuiKtNus,  a  fanatic,  and 
probably  a  madman,  of  the  17th  centu- 
ry, b.  at  Breslau,  in  1(551.  He  pretended 
47* 


to  have  acquired  the  faculty  of  fore- 
knowledge, and  of  holding  communion 
with  invisible  spirits;  but  while  travel- 
ling through  Russia,  where  some  of  his 
prophecies  were  distasteful  to  the  gov- 
ermnent,  he  was  brought  to  the  stake, 
and  suffered  with  all  the  fortitude  of  a 
martyr,  in  1  Osg. 

KUNCKELL,  John,  an  eminent 
chemist,  b.  at  lluysum,  in  Sleswick,  in 
1030,  distinguished  himself  by  several 
important  discoveries,  especially  by  the 
extraction  of  phosphorus  from  urine, 
lie  was  ennobled  by  the  king  of  Sweden, 
and  made  counsellor  of  mines.     I).  1703. 

KUSTER,  LuDOLPir,  a  learned  Ger- 
man writer,  and  one  of  the  first  Greek 
and  Latin  scholars  of  the  age,  b.  at 
Blomberg,  in  1670.  He  visited  the  prin- 
cipal libraries  in  Europe,  chiefly  with 
the  view  of  collating  the  manuscripts  of 
Suidas,  and  was  successful  in  restoring 
many  portions  before  unpublished.  D. 
1716. 

KUTTNER,  Charles  Gotlob,  a  Ger- 
man traveller,  b.  in  Saxony,  in  1775; 
studied  at  Leipsic  and  Basle  ;  and  trav- 
elled, as  tutor  to  young  Englishmen, 
through  most  of  the  countries  of  Eu- 
rope. His  works  comprise  "  Letters  on 
Ireland,"  "  Letters  of  a  Saxon  in  Swit- 
zerland," "Travels  in  Germany,  Den- 
mark," &c.,  and  "Observations  on 
England."     D.  1S05. 

KUTUSOFF  SMOLENSKOI,  or  KD- 
TUSOW,  JLicHAEL,  prince  of,  a  cele- 
brated Russian  field-marshal,  was  b.  in 
1745,  and  educated  at  Strasburg.  He 
entered  the  army  in  1759  ;  served  in 
Poland  from  1764  till  1769.  an'l  after- 
wards against  the  Turks  under  Knman- 
7.0^.  He  behaved  with  great  gallantry 
at  the  siege  of  Oczacoff,  where  he  was 
dangerously  wounded,  and  on  his  recov- 
ery he  joined  Suwarrow  at  the  storm- 
ing and  capture  of  Ismailoff.  when  he 
was  advanced  to  the  rank  of  lieutenant- 
general.  In  the  subsequent  Polish  war, 
he  was  particularly  conspicuous  during 
the  memorable  day  of  rraga.  In  1805 
the  emperor  Alexander  gave  him  the 
chief  command  of  the  first  Russian 
corps  against  the  French,  and  he  headed 
the  allied  army  at  Austerlitz,  where  he 
was  wounded.  In  1810  and  1811  ha 
obtained  several  advantages  over  the 
Turks;  and,  in  1812,  when  70  years  of 
age,  the  chief  command  of  the  Russian 
armv.  destined  to  oppose  Napoleon,  was 
bestowed  upon  him.  To  commemorate 
his  victories,  he  reccivc'I  the  surname 
of  Smolenskoi.     He  d.  in  1813. 

KUYP,   or  CUYP,  Aldert,   a  cele- 


558 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGKAPIIY, 


[lab 


brated  painter,  whose  father  was  an  able 
landsciipo  painter,  wao  b.  at  Dort  in 
lOOiJ.  lie  particulai'ly  excelled  in  the 
purity  and  briUianey  of  lijrht ;  and  was 
not  surpassed,  even  by  Claude,  in  an 
accurate  representation  of  the  atnio- 
spliere,  and  of  the  various  etfeets  of  sun- 
shine or  shade  upon  the  objects  de- 
lineated. His  paintings  arc  all  highly 
tinished,  and  many  of  them  grace  the 
principal  collections  in   Great  Britain. 

KYNASTON,  Sir  Francis,  an  English 
poet,  b.  at  Otley,  in  Shropshire,  in  1587. 
lie  was  knighted  by  Charles  I.,  became 
i-egent  of  a  literary  institution,    called 


the  "  Musojum  Minervse ;"  was  the 
translator  of  Chaucer's  "Troilus  and 
Cressida''  into  Latin,  and  author  of 
"  Leoline  and  Sydanis,"  &c.  D.  1642. 
KYRLE,  Joiix,  celebrated  by  Pope 
as  the  Man  of  Eoss,  was  b.  at  White- 
house,  in  Gloucestershire,  and  possessed 
an  estate  of  £500  a  year  at  Eoss,  in 
Ileretbrdshire,  where  he  d.  in  1754,  aged 
90.  The  good  deeds  of  this  estimable 
man  so  highly  eulogized  by  Pope  in  his 
"  Moral  Essays,"  do  not  appear  to  be 
overrated.  Warton  says,  Kyrle  was  the 
Howard  of  his  age,  and  that  he  deserved 
to  be  celebrated"  beyond  any  of  the  he- 
roes of  Pindar. 


LABADIE,  John,  a  French  enthu- 
siast, was  b.  in  1610,  at  Bourg,  in 
Guienne.  He  was  originally  a  Jesuit; 
but  from  his  licentiousness  and  scan- 
dalous practices,  he  was  compelled  to 
quit  that  society,  and  seek  an  asylum 
among  the  Protestants.  From  these  he 
was  also  driven  out,  and  forced  to  retire 
to  Middleburg,  where  he  propounded  a 
new  doctrine  of  belief,  and  by  Ids  im- 
posing eloquence  obtained  many  fol- 
lowers. The  looseness  of  his  private 
life,  however,  lost  him  many  of  his 
sect,  and  he  was  at  length  obliged  to 
retire  to  Altona,  in  Holstein,  where  he 
d.  1674. 

LABAT,  JeanBaptiste,  a  Dominican 
missionary,  was  b.  in  Paris,  in  1663.  He 
possessed  great  mathematical  knowl- 
edge ;  and  while  in  America,  where  he 
remained  twelve  years,  he  acted  as  an 
engineer  in  defence  of  Guadaloupc 
when  attacked  by  the  English  in  1703. 
On  his  return  to  Europe  in  1708,  he 
accurately  surveyed  the  environs  and 
coast  of  Andalusia;  soon  after  travelled 
into  Italy  and  other  parts,  and  finally 
returned  to  Paris,  where  he  d.  in  1738. 
lie  wrote  many  works,  the  chief  of 
which  are  his  "  Voyage  aux  lies  de 
I'Amerique,"  "Travels  in  Spain  and 
Italy,"  a  "  Description  of  the  Countries 
of  Western  Africa,"  &c. 

LABE,  Louisa,  called  "  La  belle  Cor- 
dierc,"  was  b.  at  Lyons  about  1526. 
Her  early  education  having  been  directed 
to  riding  and  military  exercises,  as  well 
us  to  languages  and  music,  she  acquired 
a  taste  for  niilitary  glory,  and  entered 
the  army  in  1543.  She  soon  displayed 
her  strength  and  courage  at  the  siego  of 


Perpignan,  but  the  French  being  obliged 
to  abandon  it,  she  renounced  the  mili- 
tary service,  and  devoted  herself  to 
literature  and  poetry.  A  rich  rope- 
maker,  named  Ennemond  Perrin,  be- 
came enamored  of  her,  and  married 
her,  and  from  that  time  her  house  was 
the  resort  of  the  literati,  and  men  of 
rank  and  fashion.  She  was  much  ad- 
mired for  her  talents,  accomplishments, 
and  beautv. 

LA  BEDOYERE,  Ch.yrles  Ange- 
HQUE  Francois  IIuchkt,  count  de,  a 
noted  general,  b.  at  Paris  1786.  He 
served  as  an  officer  in  the  imperial 
guards  at  the  battle  of  Eylau,  and  in 
1808  and  1809,  was  aid-de-camp  to 
Eugene  Beauharnois.  He  was  in  the 
retreat  from  Moscow,  and  in  1813  dis- 
tinguished himself  at  the  battles  of 
Lutzen  and  Bautzen.  On  the  abdication 
of  Napoleon,  he  was,  in  1815,  appointed 
to  a  regiment  stationed  at  Grenoble  ;  but 
immediately  on  the  return  of  the  French 
emperor  from  Elba,  La  Bedoyere,  was 
the  first  to  bring  him  a  regiment.  He 
was  rapidly  promoted,  and  eventually 
raised  to  the  peerage;  but  being  found 
in  Paris  after  its  occupation  by  the  allied 
army,  he  was  tried  by  a  court-martial, 
and  suffered  death,  August,  1815. 

LABEEIUS,  Decuius  Junius,  a  Eo- 
nian  knight,  who  wrote  "  Mimes,  or 
Short  Pieces  for  the  Stage ;"  one  of 
which  Julius  Cffisar  compelled  him  to 
perform,  much  against  his  inclination, 
and  for  which  reason  he  delivered  at 
the  same  time  a  prologue,  full  of  satire, 
against  that  great  man.  Tliis  piece  is 
extant  in  Auliis  Gellius.     D.  46  b.  c. 

LABEOUSE.    Susanne,  b.  in  1743, 


laf] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGUAPHy. 


559 


one  of  the  extraordinary  charactera  pro- 
dnccil  by  tlie  Freiich  revolution.  She 
profliiiiiicd  lier.-jclt'  a  proplietess  at  tiiat 
period,  fancied  herself  inspired,  and 
persuaded  many  of  tiie  Jaculjin  party  to 
credit  lier  ravings,  after  tlic  enthusiast, 
Don  Scrle,  liatl  dechired  lier  y)ropliecies 
true  in  the  couslitnent  ixssenibly.  She 
published  them  in  1799. 

LAt'AKRY,  Giles,  a  learned  French 
Jesuit,  was  b.  in  lfi05.  He  was  well 
skilled  in  history,  and  taufflit  philosophy 
and  theology.  Among  his  numerous 
works  are,  "  Ilistoria  Galliarum  sub 
I'rffifectis  Prajtorii  Galliarum,"  "Ilis- 
toria Romana,"  "De  Kecibus  Francias 
ct  Lege  Salica,"  <fec.     D.  1684. 

LACOMBE,  James,  a  French  miscel- 
laneous writer,  was  b.  at  Paris  in  1724. 
He  published  several  useful  abridgments 
of  histories.  His  best  work,  however, 
is  "  Ilistoire  do  Christine  Keine  de 
Suede." — De  Prezel  Hoxore,  brother 
of  the  above,  was  b.  at  Paris,  in  1725. 
lie  published  a  "  Dictionnairo  dc  Cito- 
yen,"  "  Dietionnaire  de  Jurisprudence," 
and  other  works. 

LACKETELLE,  Pierre  Louis,  a 
French  writer,  was  b.  at  Metz,  in  1751. 
He  was  a  counsellor  of  parliament,  one 
of  the  editors  of  tlie  "  Grand  Repertory 
of  Jurisprudence,"  and  of  the  "  Jiler- 
curc  do  France  ;"  and  in  1787  lie  was 
appointed  member  of  a  committee 
ctiarged  with  the  reformation  of  the 
penal  code.  When  the  revolution  took 
place,  Lacretelle  embraced  its  principles 
with  moderation,  and  sat  in  the  legisla- 
tive assembly  ;  but  during  the  reign  of 
Robespierre  lie  fouml  it  necessary  to 
retire  from  public  duty.  lie  afterwards 
appeared  for  a  short  time,  but  held  no 
othcial  situation,  and  during  the  impe- 
rial and  regal  governments  he  devoted 
himself  wholly  to  literary  pursuits. 
Among  his  writings  are,  "  Eloquence 
Judieiaire  et  Philosophie  Lt-giulative," 
"Roman  Theatral,"  "Portraits  et  Ta- 
bleaux," etc.-    D.  1824. 

LACRUX  Y  CANO,  Don  Ramonde, 
a  famous  Spanish  dramatic  poet,  b.  in 
172S,  and  d.  in  1795.  Among  liis  best 
pieces  are,  "  El  Siieno,"  "  El  dia  de 
Noche  Kuena,"  "El  Temo,"  &c. 

LACTANTIUS,  Lucius  CffiLitis,  or 
CcEciLiANus  FiKMiANUs,  ftn  cmincnt 
father  of  the  cliurcli,  was  by  some  es- 
teemed an  African,  and  by  others  a 
native  of  Fermo,  in  Ancona.  lie  stud- 
ied rlietoric  under  Arnobius,  and  by 
liis  protluction,  entitled  "Symposium," 
or  the  "  Bouquet,"  he  obtained  such  re- 
nown,  that  Diocletian    appointed  bim 


j^rofessor  of  rhetoric  in  Kicomcdia. 
Subsequently  he  was  appointed  tutor  to 
Crispus,  the  son  of  Constantine,  who 
dying  not  long  after,  Lactantius  was 
neglected.  lie  wrote  many  works  in 
vindication  of  Christianity,  from  the 
beautiful  style  of  which  he  has  been 
honored  with  the  name  of  the  Christian 
Cicero.  His  principal  works  are,  "In- 
stitutiones  Divince,"  and  a  treatise,  "De 
Persecutione." 

LACY,  Joiix,  a  dramatic  writer,  was 
b.  at  Doncaster,  and  bred  a  dancing- 
master;  this  employment  he  quitted  for 
tlie  army,  but  subsequently  he  took  to 
the  stage ;  in  which  line  he  acquired  such 
celebrity  as  a  comedian,  that  Charles 
II.  had  his  portrait  jiainted  in  three 
different  eliaracters.  He  wrote  the  com- 
edies of  "The  Dumb  Lady,"  "Sir 
Hercules  Buffoon,"  "  Old  Troop,"  and 
"  Sawney  the  Scot."     D.  1681. 

LAER,  Peter  de,  a  celebrated  painter, 
nsually  called  Bamboecio.  lie  was  b. 
in  1613,  at  Laaren,  in  Holland.  After 
studying  the  art  at  Rome,  and  increasing 
his  knowledge  of  it  by  an  acquaintance 
with  Poussin  and  Claude,  he  returned 
to  Holland,  in  1639,  where  he  enjoyed 
unrivalled  celebrity,  till  he  was  com- 
pelled to  share  it  with  Wouvermans. 
In  energy  of  touch,  in  the  management 
of  the  cliiaro-oscuro,  and  in  fertility  of 
invention,  he  excelled  his  rival,  but  not 
in  neatness  and  delicacy  of  pencil ;  yet 
the  competition  so  much  affected  "his 
prosperity,  that  in  a  fit  of  despondency 
he  drowned  himself  in  a  well,  in  1763, 
when  60  years  of  age. 

L.AFAYETTE,  Gilbert  ilorrrEK,  mar- 
quis de,  was  b.  1757,  at  Chavagnac,  in 
Auvcrgne.  At  the  age  of  17  he  ninrried 
the  grand-daughter  of  the  duke  of  Noa- 
illes  ;  and,  although  he  inherited  a  largo 
fortune,  was  of  high  rank,  and  liad  pow- 
erful connections  at  court,  he  came,  in 
1777,  to  join  the  war  of  independence  in 
America.  He  raised  and  equipped  a 
body  of  men  at  his  own  expense  ;  tought 
as  a  volunteer  at  the  battle  of  Brandy- 
wine,  in  1778  ;  at  that  of  Monmouth  "in 
1778 ;  and  received  the  thanks  of  con- 
gress. He  then  proceeded  to  France,  in 
order  to  obtain  reinforcements ;  returned 
with  the  armaments  under  General  Ko- 
ehambeau ;  and  commanded  Washing- 
ton's vansruard  at  the  time  of  the  sur- 
render of  Lord  Cornwallis,  in  1782.  The 
capitulation  of  Yorktown  followed,  and, 
on  the  peace  with  the  moUier  country, 
the  general  returned  to  France.  He 
was  elected  a  member  of  the  notables  in 
1787,  and,  on  the  breaking  out  of  tlia 


5(30 


CYCLOP.KOIA    OF    BlOGRAPIir. 


\hA.V 


revolution,  he  took  part  with  the  friends 
ot'liburiy,  thouj^h  with  wise  inoJenitiou. 
Ill  Octobi^r,  IV^^i),  he  was  made  com- 
m:ui(.ler-iu-c'liiet"  ot'  the  uatiouiil  guard, 
and  ordered  and  assisted  in  tlie  demoli- 
tion of  the  Bastille.  On  the  Gth  he 
UKirclied  to  Versailles,  saved  the  royal 
I'aniily  troni  the  outrafres  of  the  mob, 
and  placed  them  under  the  protection 
of  the  national  asseulbl}^  In  1790  he 
proclaimed  tiie  '' sacredness  of  the  right 
of  insurrection,"  and  established,  in 
conjunction  with  Bailly,  the  club  of 
Feuillans.  On  the  attempted  escape  of 
Louis  X\^I.,  Lafayette  lost  some  of  his 
populai'ity,  tiirougli  being  accused  of 
conniving  at  it ;  but,  dissipating  these 
calumnies,  he  fought  against  the  emi- 
grants and  allies  in  Flanders ;  and  mu- 
tual accusations  of  counter-revolution 
passed  between  him  and  Dumouriez 
and  C'ollot  d'ilerbois.  He  returned  to 
Paris  to  denounce  tiiem,  and  to  protest 
against  the  violence  offered  to  the  king, 
lint  the  Mountain  was  too  strong  for 
him  ;  he  was  burnt  in  effigy  on  tlie  SOth 
of  June,  1792;  and,  being  obliged  to 
escape  from  Fnmce,  fell  into  the  hands 
of  the  Austrians,  who  imprisoned  him 
a*:  Olmutz.  Tliere  lie  remained  five 
years,  till  after  Bonaparte's  first  tri- 
umphant campaign  of  Italy,  when,  on 
the  special  demand  of  the  latter,  he  was 
8ct  at  liberty.  Lafavette,  however,  was 
consistent :  when  Napoleon  became  an 
apostate  from  liberty,  he  voted  against 
the  consulate  for  life,  and  witiidrew 
from  public  affairs.  But,  after  the  battle 
of  Waterloo,  he  reappeared  to  protest 
against  a  dictatorsliip;  and,  having  sub- 
sequently protested  against  the  dissolu- 
tion of  tlie  legislative  body  by  Prussian 
bayonets,  again  withdrew  to  his  estates, 
till"  he  was  returned,  in  1818,  deputy  for 
the  department  De  la  Sartlic.  In  1821 
he  made  a  visit  to  America,  and  was 
received  with  distinction  and  enthu- 
siasm, as  joint  founder  of  American 
liberty  with  Washington  and  Franklin. 
The  unconstitutional  violence  and  ordi- 
nances of  Cliarlea  X.,  in  June,  I8o0, 
brought  Lafayette  on  the  stage  again,  in 
the  cliaracter  with  which  he  commenced 
his  career — that  of  commander-in-chief 
of  the  national  guard  and  the  advocate 
and  supporter  of  a  citizen  king.  He 
Boon  afier  resigned  tlie  command  ;  and 
having  seen  Louis  Philippe  recognized 
as  king  of  the  Frencli,  he  once  more 
retircfl  to  domestic  life.     1).  1834. 

LA  FEliTE  IMBAULT,  Mahia  The- 
HKSA  Gkoffi'.in,  marchioness  de,  dauorh- 
ter  of  the  celebrated  Madame  GeotTrin, 


was  b.  at  Paris,  in  1715.  She  i./stin- 
guished  herself  by  her  opposition  to  the 
French  philosophers  of  the  last  century, 
with  whom  her  motlier  had  been  con- 
nected, and  by  her  literary  talents  gen- 
erally. In  1771  she  was  appointed 
grand-mistress  of  the  burlesque  order 
of  the  Lauturelus,  while  its  founder, 
her  friend,  the  marouis  de  Croismare, 
was  grand-master.  VTliis  whimsical  in- 
stitution obtained  so  much  eclat,  that  it 
was  esteemed  an  honor  by  several  sov- 
ereign princes  to  become  Lauturelus. 
She  d.  in  1791,  and  left  many  posthu- 
mous writincjs. 

LAFITAU,  Joseph  Francis,  a  French 
Jesuit,  was  b.  at  Bordeaux,  and  sent 
as  a  missionary  among  the  North  Amer- 
ican Indians.  On  his  return  to  Europe 
he  wrote  a  work,  entitled  ''  Moeurs  des 
Sauvages  Amerieains  comparOes  aux 
Mceurs  des  premiers  Temps,"  and 
another  on  the  possessions  and  discov- 
eries of  the  Portuguese  in  the  New 
World.  D.  1740. — Peter  Francis,  bro- 
ther of  the  above,  and  a  Jesuit,  was 
also  b.  at  Bordeaux.  He  was  sent  on 
a  mission  to  Eoine  to  arrange  the  dis- 
putes of  France,  respecting  tiic  bull 
Unigenitus,  and  while  there  he  obtained 
favor  with  the  pope,  Clement  IX.,  who 
made  him  bishop  of  Sisteron,  in  Pro- 
vence. He  left  the  society  of  Jesus  to 
preside  over  his  diocese,  and  d.  in  1764. 
lie  wrote  many  religious  works,  among 
which  were  the  "  History  of  the  Con- 
stitution Unigenitus,"  and  the  "  Life  of 
Pope  Clement  IX.  In  the  latter  he 
speaks  much  against  Jansenism. 

LAFITTE,  Jacques,  a  celebrated 
French  banker  and  financier,  was  b.  in 
1793.  Having  obtained  employment  in 
a  banking  house,  he  rose  from  a  clerk 
to  be  cashier,  partner,  and,  at  length, 
head  of  the  most  eminent  bank  in 
France.  Possessed  of  this  conspicuous 
position,  and  of  great  wealth,  he  speed- 
ily became  a  meml)cr  of  the  chamber 
of  deputies.  His  advocacy  of  extremely 
liberal  principles  rendered  him  so  pop- 
ular, that  when  Charles  X.  was  driven 
from  the  throne,  and  the  great  majority 
of  tlie  public  men  of  the  day  were  for 
establishing  a  republic,  M.  Lafitte,  by 
his  word  alone,  made  the  citizen  king. 
But  the  commercial  calamities  which 
followed  tlie  revolution  fell  so  heavily 
upon  fft'cat  houses  which  were  indebted 
to  Lafitte,  that  his  house,  too,  became 
insolvent.  Nearly  a  million  and  a  half 
of  francs  were  raised  for  him  by  a  public 
subscription  ;  but  when  his  atfairs  were 
finally  wttled,   he  was  found  to  have 


LAl] 


CYCLOP.«DIA    OF    UIOGnAPIIY, 


5G1 


nearly  seven   millions  after  paying  all 
deiiuuuls.     D.  1S44;  Oixcd  7G. 

LAFONTAINE,  Augustus  IIenuy 
Julius,  a  celebrated  GeniKiu  romance 
writer,  was  b.  at  Brunswick,  in  175(i. 
Anion;;  his  numerous  works  of  fiction 
are,  "Blanche  and  Minna,  or  the  Man- 
ners of  the  Burghers,"  "  Moral  Sys- 
tems," "  Tiie  Country  Clergyman,  or 
now  Family  Pictures,"  and  '"'  Clara  du 
riessis  and  Clairaut,  or  the  History  of 
two  Lovers."     D.  1831. 

LAGERBRING,  Suen,  a  Swedish  his- 
torian, was  b.  in  1707.  He  was  prot'essor 
of  history  in  the  university  of  Lund,  in 
Scania.  His  chief  works  are  a  history 
of  Sweden,  in  14')7,  and  an  abridgment 
down  to  modern  times.     D.  1788. 

LAGERLOEF,  Petek,  historiographer 
of  Sweden,  in  the  17th  century,  and 
professor  of  riietoric  at  Upsal,  was  an 
eminent  classic  scholar.  He  wrote  an 
historical  description  to  accompany  a 
collection  of  national  monuments,  called 
"Suecia  Antiqua  et  Hodernia,"  at  the 
desire  of  Charles  XL,  and  published  nu- 
merous historical  dissertations,  among 
wliich  was  "  Historia  Linguic  Grajcee," 
'•  De  Magno  Sinaruni  luiperio,"  <fcc. 
D.  1G91I. 

LAGERSTKOEM,  Magxfs  ton,  a 
philosopher  of  Sweden,  and  director  of 
the  Swedish  East  India  Company,  was 
b.  at  Stockholm,  in  ItJ'JG.  His  youtii 
was  spent  in  Germany  and  Denmark, 
and  on  his  return  home  he  applied  him- 
self to  trade,  which,  however,  he  soon 
relinquished.  He  wrote  a  dissertation 
on  political  economy,  and  translated 
many  Frencii,  Geriiian,  and  Danish 
works.  Appointed  director  to  the  East 
India  Company  of  Gottenburg,  he  con- 
siderably promoted  scientific  researches, 
especially  in  natural  history,  many  novel 
sfiecimeiis  of  which,  at  his  instance, 
were  (M-ociired  from  abroad.     D.  1759. 

LAGNY,  Thomas  Fautet  de,  an  emi- 
nent Frencli  mathematician,  was  b.  at 
Lyons,  in  1000.  He  wrote  many  works 
on  mathematics,  and  made  many  im- 
portant improvements  and  discoveries. 
Among  his  works  may  be  mentioned, 
"  New  and  Concise  Methods  lor  tiie  Ex- 
traction and  Approximation  of  Roots," 
"  The  Cubature  of  the  Sphere,"  "  A 
general  Analysis,  or  Method  of  Resol- 
ving Problenis,"  ttc.     D.  1734. 

LAGOMARSINl,  Jerome,  a  learned 
Jesuit  and  philologist,  was  b.  at  Genoa, 
in  1093.  He  was  professor  of  rhetoric 
at  Florence  20  years,  and  in  1750  he  was 
appointed  professor  of  Greek  in  the  col- 
lego  at  Rome,  where  he  d.  in  1773.    Ho 


published  many  classical  works,  and 
left  in  MS.  a  collection  in  80  vols.,  hav- 
ing for  its  object  the  justification  of  his 
order  from  all  the  odious  imputations 
that  had  been  cast  upon  it. 

LA(tRAXGE,  Joseph  Loris,  a  cele- 
brated mathematician,  was  b.  at  Turin, 
in  17oG.  At  the  age  of  16  he  became  a 
professor  in  the  royal  school  of  artillery, 
where  he  formed  an  association,  which 
afterwards  rose  to  the  rank  of  an  acad- 
emy of  sciences.  Here  he  made  many 
important  discoveries,  particularly  in 
calculating  the  motion  of  fluids  and  in 
vibrations,  introducing  also  the  theory 
of  recurring  consequences  and  the  doc- 
trine of  chances  to  the  dift'erential  cal- 
culus, &c.  He  communicated  to  the 
society  a  number  of  papers,  and  some 
to  the  Academy  of  Paris,  of  which  he 
was  chosen  a  foreign  member.  "While 
on  a  visit  at  Paris  lie  wrote  his  celebra- 
ted work,  "Mechanique  Analytique." 
In  1760  he  removed  to  Berlin,  where  he 
was  appointed  director  of  tiie  academy; 
and  in  17S7  he  settled  at  Paris,  and  lao- 
eame  successively  professor  of  the  Kor- 
mal  school  and  Polytechnic  school.  He 
there  announced  his  "  Fonctions  Ana- 
lytique," and  pursued  other  literary 
labors  till  his  health  giving  way  under 
this  fatigue,  he  d.  1813. 

LAHAKPE,  Jeax  Fk^vxcois  de,  a 
French  dramatic  poet,  was  b.  in  1793. 
His  father  was  an  otlicer  in  the  army, 
and  dying  in  indigence,  the  son  was 
taken  into  the  college  of  Harcourt  by 
the  president,  JI.  Asselin  ;  but  lost  the 
favor  of  his  patron  by  a  satire,  of  which 
he  was  suspected  to  be  the  author. 
After  a  confinement  for  some  time  he 
was  set  at  liberty  ;  but  it  disgusted  him 
with  his  situation,  and  he  resolved  to 
trust  to  his  talents  as  an  author  for  sup- 
port. In  1703  he  wrote  his  tragedy  of 
"  Warwick,"  which  met  with  trreat  suc- 
cess. This  was  followed  by  "  Timoleon," 
"  Pharamond,"  and  some  others  not 
equally  successful.  But  when  his  series 
of  Elogies  appeared,  they  gained  him 
great  cretlit,  particularly  one  on  Henri 
Quatre.  During  the  fury  of  the  revolu- 
tion, though  he  embraced  the  principles 
of  republicanism,  the  moderation  of  his 
views  rendered  him  an  object  of  suspi- 
cion, and  he  was  thrown  into  prison  in 
1793.  Though  sentenced  to  deportation, 
he  regained  his  liberty,  and  lived  in  re- 
tirement till  the  time  of  his  death,  in 
1S03.  His  principal  work  is  '•Lyceum, 
or  a  Complete  Course  of  Literature." 

LAINEZ,  ALEs.\XDEn,  a  native  of 
France,  remarkable  for  his  poetical  jewt 


562 


CYCLOP. EDI  A    OF    KTO«<RAPHY, 


[lal 


d'esprlt,  was  b.  at  Chimay,  in  1650. 
Alter  receivinp:  his  ednciitiou  at  Khcims, 
he  visited  Paris,  and  then  journeyed 
throuijh  Europe  and  Asia.  On  liis  re- 
turn, he  took  up  his  abode  in  the  French 
capital,  till  his  death,  in  1710. — Jamks, 
a  Spanish  ecclesiastic,  and  associate  of 
the  famous  Itrnatius  Loyola,  was  b.  1512. 
At  the  death  of  Loyola  he  became  gen- 
eral of  the  Jesuits,  and  induced  the  pope 
to  grant  him  many  privileges.  He  ob- 
tained the  papal  decree  for  rendering  the 
generalsiiip  perpetual  in  the  person  cho- 
sen to  till  it,  and  giving  him  the  power 
of  making  any  and  every  compact  with- 
out consulting  the  brethren ;  also,  for 
giving  authenticity  to  all  his  comments 
and  explanations  of  their  constitutions  ; 
and,  likewise,  for  having  prisons  inde- 
pendent of  the  secular  autliority,  where 
lie  mif,'ht  punish  the  refractorv  brethren. 
D.  150.5. 

LAING,  Alexander,  an  antiquarian 
and  miscellaneous  writer,  was  b.  in 
Aberdeen,  in  1778.  He  latterly  followed 
the  calling  of  an  itinerant  vendor  of  old 
books  ;  and  being  a  mail  of  much  humor 
and  eccentricit_y,  he  gained  admission, 
in  the  course  of  his  peregrinations,  to 
the  archives  of  several  houses,  which 
have  since  been  found  shut  against  more 
pretending  investigators.  The  inform- 
ation thus  acquired  he  turned  to  good 
account,  in  the  "Doneau  Tourist,"  in 
verse,  with  copious  notes,  giving  an 
account  of  the  battles,  castles,  families, 
gentlemen's  seats,  &c.,  on  the  banks  of 
tiie  river  Don ;  and  "  The  Caledonian 
Itinerary,  or  a  Tour  on  the  Banks  of 
the  Dee,"  a  jioem,  with  historical  notes. 
He  was  also  the  compiler  of  the  "  Ec- 
ceiljric  Magazine,"  which  contains  many 
curious  and  whimsical  epitaphs  gleaned 
from  various  cliurchyards  in  Aberdeen- 
shire, 1822,  D.  1838. — Alkxander  Gor- 
don, a  traveller,  was  b.  in  Edinburgh, 
in  1704.  He  .served  in  the  army  many 
years,  both  in  the  West  Indies  and  on 
the  western  coast  of  Africa ;  while  at  the 
latter  place  he  made  many  fruitless  jour- 
neys into  the  interior  to  establish  a  com- 
mercial intercourse  with  tiie  natives, 
and  to  learn  the  geography  of  the  coun- 
trj'.  He  was  conipollcd,  however,  to 
leave  Timbuctoo,  and  tiie  guard  ho  hired 
to  protect  him  on  his  route  by  Sego  to 
the  coast,  treacherously  murdered  him, 
1826. — Malcolm,  a  Scottish  historian, 
was  b.  at  Strvorcy,  In  Orkney,  in  1762. 
He  finished  liis  education  at  the  Eilin- 
burgh  university,  and  was  subsequently 
called  to  the  bar.  On  the  death  of  Dr. 
Henry    he    completed    the    unfinished 


volume  of  that  author's  History  of  En- 
gland. His  chief  work,  however,  was 
a  "  History  of  Scotland."  He  also  edited 
a  new  edition  of  the  poems  of  Ossian, 
and  d.  in  1819. 

LAIIIESSE,  Gerard,  an  eminent  his- 
torical painter,  was  b.  at  Liege,  in  16-iO, 
He  surpassed  his  father  under  whom  he 
studied,  and  obtained  such  renown,  as 
to  be  considered  the  Raphael  of  the  Dutch 
school.  He  also  well  understood  music 
and  engravins;.  He  lost  his  sight  some 
time  before  his  death,  and  d.  at  Amster- 
dam, in  1711.  His  chef-iVceuvre  is  a  large 
picture  of  the  child  Moses  trampling  on 
the  Egyptian  diadem. — Ernest,  John, 
and  James,  the  three  brothers  of  tl)£ 
above,  also  obtained  some  eminence  in 
the  art;  the  two  former  excelled  in  ani- 
mal painting,  and  the  latter  in  flowers. 
— Two  sons  of  Gerard  also  practised  the 
art,  but  with  very  inferior  pretensions 
to  eminence. 

LAIS,  a  celebrated  courtesan,  was  b. 
at  Hyccara,  in  Sicily.  She  possessed 
great  personal  charms,  and  at  Corinth 
sold  her  favors  at  a  most  extravagant 
price.     She  vi'as  assassinated  350  b.  c. 

LALANDE,  Joseph  Jerome  le  Fran- 
CAis  DE,  a  celebrated  astronomer,  was  b. 
at  Bourg,  in  France,  in  1732.  He  showed 
an  early  preference  for  mathematical 
studies,  but  was  educated  for  the  law. 
His  intimacy,  however,  with  astrono- 
mers and  other  men  of  science  led  him 
to  pursue  the  early  bias  of  his  disposi- 
tion, and  it  was  not  long  before  the 
Academy  of  Sciences  deputed  liim  to  go 
to  Berlin,  to  make  observations  for  de- 
termining the  parallax  of  the  moon,  and 
its  distance  from  the  earth.  On  his  re- 
turn home,  he  was  nominated  astrono- 
mer, extended  his  researches  in  the 
science  of  the  heavenly  bodies,  and 
turned  his  attention  to  gnomonics.  In 
1760,  on  the  resignation  of  Marakli,  La- 
lande  undertook  the  editorship  and 
publication  of  the  "Connaissunce  dcs 
Temps."  Shortly  after,  lie  succeeded 
Delisle  as  professor  of  astronomy  at  the 
college  de  France ;  when  successive 
treatises,  talented  and  voluminous,  pro- 
ceeded from  his  pen,  much  to  the 
advancement  of  astronomical  science. 
Among  these  mention  must  be  made  of 
the  very  valuable  "Traite  de  1' Astro- 
nomic." D.  1807. — Michael  Kichard 
DE,  a  celebrated  French  musician,  b.  at 
Paris,  in  1657.  He  attained  to  great 
perfection  on  various  instruments,  par- 
ticularly on  the  violin,  and  was  appointed 
master  of  music  in  the  chapel  royal,  by 
Louis  XIV.     D.  1726. 


lam] 


CYCLOP.'FniA   or    mOORAI'IIY 


563 


LALLY,  Thomas  ARxnuB,  Count,  nn 
Irisli  oiricer,  attached  to  the  house  of 
Stuart,  and  in  the  service  of  France. 
His  bravcrv  at  the  battle  of  Foiitcnoy 
wa8  rewarded  by  tlie  appointment  of 
brifjadicr-crcncral ;  and  in  1756  he  wa^ 
made  governor  of  Pondicherry.  Tliis 
town  was  soon  after  besieged  by  tlie 
British;  and  unable  to  withstand  their 
assaults,  he  surrendered,  and  with  the 
garrison  M'as  made  prisoner.  lie  was 
conveyed  to  England,  but  was  soon 
liberated  and  permitted  to  return  to 
France.  On  arriving  in  that  country, 
public  clamor  ran  so  high  against  him, 
that  he  was  beheaded,  in  17G6. — Tollen- 
DAL,  marquis  de,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  b.  at  I'aris  in  1751,  and  was  educa- 
ted at  the  college  of  Ilarcourt.  Tlie  ex- 
penses of  iiis  education  were  defrayed 
by  Ids  cousin  the  Countess  Dillon  and 
by  Louis  XV.,  who  thus  endeavored  to 
make  some  atonement  for  the  misfor- 
tune which  he  incurred  through  the 
fate  of  his  father.  Prompted  by  filial 
feeling,  he  wrote,  when  only  15,  a  Latin 
poem  on  the  story  of  John  Calas,  wlio 
nad  been  sacriticed  to  the  fury  of  a  mob ; 
and  when  he  had  attained  a  more  mature 
age,  he  warmly  exerted  himself  to  re- 
trieve from  obloquy  tlie  memory  of  his 
fatlier;  and  in  1780  he  regained  posses- 
sion of  his  paternal  estates.  Previously 
to  the  revolution,  he  was  captain  in  the 
regiment  of  cuirassiers ;  and  in  17S9  he 
was  nominated  deputy  from  the  nobility 
of  Paris  to  the  states-general.  He  soon 
bccanie  one  of  the  most  popular  mem- 
bers of  the  constituent  assembly,  gave 
Ills  support  to  the  declaration  of  the 
Rights  of  Man  proposed  by  Lafayette, 
and  subsequently  suggested  as  an 
amendment,  that  all  citizens  sliould  be 
eligible  to  public  employments,  which 
was  adopted  by  acclamation.  Jle  pub- 
lished a  work,  entitled  "  Quintus  Capi- 
tolinus,"  in  which  he  retraccil  the  oper- 
ations of  tlie  national  assembly,  pointed 
out  the  faults  of  the  constitution,  and 
condemned  the  suppression  of  the  higher 
orders  of  the  state.  Having  returned  to 
France  in  17'Jti  he  was  arrested,  and 
sent  to  the  Abbayc,  but  having  fortu- 
nately escaped  amidst  the  massacres 
which  took  place  in  the  prisons  in  Sep- 
tember, he  effected  his  retreat  to  En- 
gland, where  he  obtained  a  pension  from 
tlie  government.  When  Bonaparte  be- 
came consul,  he  returned  to  France, 
where  he  resided  till  the  restoration  of 
the  Bourbons,  hi  ISI-i.  He  wrote  a 
work,  entitled  '"The  Defence  of  the 
Emigrants,"  published  in  1796 ;  also  an 


"Essay  on  the  Life  of  the  Earl  of  Straf- 
ford, tiic  Minister  of  Charles  I. ;''  and  a 
tragedy  on  tlie  fall  of  that  uobieman. 
D.  1830. 

LALUZEKNE,  C^sak  "William  de, 
Cardinal,  was  b.  at  Paris,  in  1708.  Hav- 
ing obtained  orders  in  17G2,  he  was 
soon  after  elected  agent-general  of  the 
French  clergy.  In"  1770,  Louis  XV. 
nominated  him  to  the  see  »f  Langres; 
and,  in  1773,  lie  pronounced  his  majes- 
ty's funeral  sermon.  On  the  breaking 
out  of  the  revolution  he  advocated  many 
jiatriotic  measures  for  the  relief  of  his 
country,  but  was  soon  compelled  to  quit 
it.  Under  the  government  of  Napoleon 
he  returned  home ;  and,  in  1814,  he 
was  invited  by  the  king  to  reassume 
his  rank  of  duke  and  peer.  Shortly 
after  he  was  made  a  cardinal,  and  in 
1822  he  d.  His  works,  theological  and 
political,  are  numerous  and  able. 

LAM13,  Jjady  Caroline,  daughter  of 
the  earl  of  Besborough,  and  wife  of  the 
Hon.  William  Lamb,  afterwards  Lord 
McUiournc,  was  distinguished  for  her 
literary  talents  and  the  decided  part  she 
took  in  political  affairs,  particularly  at 
the  time  her  brother-in-law,  the  Hon. 
Geo.  Lamb,  was  a  candidate  for  West- 
minster, when  she  personally  canvassed 
the  electors,  and  made  herself  the  sub- 
ject of  great  notoriety.  She  possessed 
a  masculine  mind,  and  was  on  terms  of 
friendship  with  several  literary  charac- 
ters, but  more  especially  with  Lord 
Byron,  for  whom  she  entertained  an 
attachment  fatal  to  her  domestic  felicity. 
Several  of  her  poetical  pieces  appeared 
in  the  newspapers  and  periodical  jour- 
nals ;  and  she  wrote  the  novels  of  '•  Gle- 
narvon,"  "Graham  Hamilton,"  and 
"Ada  Reis."  D.  1828.— Charles,  an 
essayist,  poet,  and  miscellaneous  writer, 
was  b.  in  London,  in  1775.  and  edu- 
cated at  Christ's  hospital.  In  17'.>2  he 
obtained  a  situation  in  the  accountant's 
office  of  the  East  India  Company,  where 
he  remained  35  years,  till  his  salary  had 
gradually  risen  to  £700;  when  he  was 
allowed  a  retiring  pension  of  £450, 
which  he  continued  to  enjoy  till  his 
death.  He  began  his  literary  career  in 
17',i7  as  a  poet,  in  conjunction  with  his 
friends  Coleridge  and  Lloyd,  their  three 
names  appearing  to  one  volume;  and 
subsequently  the  attention  of  the  pub- 
lic was  for  several  years  called  to  his 
occasional  Essays,  signed  "  Elia,"  which 
were  publisheil  in  various  periodicals, 
and  afterwards  collected  and  printed. 
In  180S  he  published  "Specimens  of 
English  Dramatic  Poets  who  lived  nboQt 


564 


CVCLOP-EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[la.vI 


tlie  time  of  Shakspo.ire;  ■with  Notes," 
&e.  Eesiles  these,  he  wrote  "Kosa- 
mand  Gray,"  a  tale;  "John  Wood  vill," 
a  tragedy;  "Album  Verses,"  "Tales 
from  Shakspeare,"  "The  Adventures 
of  Ulysses,"  &o.,  in  some  of  which  he 
was  assisted  by  Mary  Lamb,  his  sister, 
with  whom  he  lived,  llis  writings 
were  select  rather  than  numerous  ;  and 
his  manuei'  of  treating  the  subjects 
which  his  fiiney  sugyrcsted  was  at  once 
piquant,  terse,  and  playful.     D.  1S34. 

LAMBALLE,  M.uue  Therese  Louise 
DE  Savoie  Carignan,  princess  de,  was 
b.  at  Turin,  in  1749,  and  was  married  to 
the  duke  of  Bourbon  Fenthievre,  whom 
she  soon  lost  by  death.  She  was  super- 
intendent of  the  household  of  Marie 
Antoinette,  queen  of  France,  to  wliom 
sho  was  remarkaljlv  attached.  After 
the  tlight  of  the  royal  family  to  Vareunes 
she  departed  for  England;  but  hearing 
of  the  imprisonment  of  her  royal  mis- 
tress, she  hastily  returned,  and  shared 
with  the  queen  her  confinement  and 
misfortunes.  She  was,  however,  sum- 
moned before  an  iniquitous  tribunal, 
and  cruelly  murdered  in  I7t)2. 

LAMBERT,  Anne  Therese,  marquise 
de,  a  liierary  lady  of  Paris,  was  b.  in 
16-47.  Upon  the  death  of  her  husband, 
Henri  Lambert,  marquis  de  St.  Bris,  in 
16S6,  she  employed  her  large  fortune  in 
patronizing  literature,  and  learned  men. 
At  her  disease,  in  1733,  her  own  wri- 
tinors  were  collected,  and  published. — 
Atlmer  Bourke,  a  gentleman  distin- 
guished for  his  attainments  in  botanical 
science,  was  b.  in  1701.  On  the  founda- 
tion of  the  Linnjean  society,  in  1788, 
Mr.  Lambert  became  one  of  the  origi- 
nal members,  and  for  many  years  filled 
the  otiicc  of  vice-president;  while  he 
contributed  many  excellent  articles  to 
tiie  "  Linntean  Transactions."  llis  own 
Herbarium  was  considered  one  of  the 
finest  in  Europe.  D.  184-2. — John,  a 
distinguished  general  in  the  time  of 
Charles  L,  was  a  student-at-law  on  the 
breaking  out  of  the  civil  wars.  He, 
however,  espoused  the  cause  of  the 
parliament,  and  distinguished  himself 
as  colonel  at  the  battle  of  Marston- 
moor ;  and  also  acted  a  conspicuous 
part  in  many  other  engagements.  He 
viiroronsly  opposed  the  advancement  of 
Cromwell  to  the  title  of  king,  upon 
which  he  lost  his  commission;  yet  a 
pension  was  granted  him  of  £iOOO  a 
year.  Upon  the  deatli  of  Oliver  Crom- 
well, Lambert  compelled  his  son  liieh- 
ard  to  relinquish  his  authority,  and 
restored  the  members  of  tlio  long  par- 


liament to  their  seats.  Subsequently, 
however,  acting  in  opposition  to  the 
parliament,  General  Monii  marched  from 
Scotland  to  meet  him.  His  troops  de- 
serting, he  was  compelled  to  submit, 
and  was  confined  a  prisoner  in  the 
Tower.  Escaping  thence,  he  again 
quickly  appeared  in  arms,  but  was  de- 
feated, and  retaken.  At  the  restoration, 
he  was  brought  to  trial ;  but  his  sub- 
missive demeanor  gained  him  a  reprieve, 
and  he  was  banished  for  life  to  the  isle 
of  Guernsey.  He  here  lived  upwards  of 
thirty  years,  amusing  his  leisure  with 
horticulture  and  flower-painting,  and  is 
said  to  have  d.  a  Catholic. — John  Henry, 
an  eminent  mathematician  and  astrono- 
mer, was  b.  at  Mulhausen,  in  1728. 
Compelled  to  follow  his  father's  employ- 
ment as  tailor,  for  his  support,  night 
was  the  only  time  his  poverty  afforded, 
him  for  study,  till  1748,  when  he  became 
tutor  to  the  children  of  Baron  Sails, 
president  of  the  Swiss  convention.  In 
175G  be  visited  Gottingen,  whore  he  pub- 
lished his  first  work  ;  and  next  went  to 
Paris.  Soon  after  he  published  his  cele- 
brated work  "  On  Perspective,"  and  in 
the  following  year  appeared  his  "  Pho- 
tometry." Other  important  and  valua- 
ble scientific  works  succeeded,  and  in 
1764  he  visited  Berlin,  where  he  was 
introduced  to  Frederic  the  Great,  who 
admitted  him  a  member  of  the  academy 
of  that  capital.     D.  1777. 

LAMI,  Bernard,  an  ecclesiastic,  was 
b.  at  Mans,  in  1640.  He  d.  in  1715,  at 
Kouen,  and  left  numerous  writings,  of 
which  his  "Apparatus  Biblicus"  is  very 
valuable. — Francis,  a  Benedictine,  was 
b.  in  1636,  at  Montereau,  in  the  diocese 
of  Chartres.  After  serving  in  the  army 
he  embraced  the  religious  life,  and  be- 
came a  Benedictine  monk,  and  one  of 
the  ablest  theologians  of  Ids  time.  He 
distinguished  himself  by  his  writings 
against  Spinosa,  and  d.  in  1711.  llis 
works  arc  numerous,  and  written  with 
much  purity  and  elegance  of  style. — 
Giovanni  Battista,  an  ecclesiastic,  was 
b.  at  Santa  Croce,  near  Florence,  in 
16!t7.  He  studied  at  Pisa,  of  which 
university  he  became  vice-rector.  He 
afterwards  went  to  Florence,  where  he 
was  appointed  chaplain  to  the  grand- 
duke  of  Tuscany,  professor  of  ecclesias- 
tical history  in  the  university,  and 
public  librarian.  He  published  a  valu- 
able edition  of  the  worlcs  of  Mcursius. 
Hisown  writings  are  inimerous.  1).  1770. 

LAMIA,  a  celebrated  Athenian  cour- 
tesan, noted  for  the  charms  of  her  per- 
son, the  brilliancy  of  her  wit.  and  her 


lam] 


CYCLOP-l^DIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


565 


proficiency  on  tlio  flulc.  She  visited 
EfTVpt,  wiicro  slie  became  the  mistress 
of  I'tolemy  Soter.  On  the  defeat  of  that 
prince  by  Demetrius  rolioreetes,  licr 
charms  gained  a  complete  ascendency 
over  the  conqueror,  from  whom  she 
procured  great  concessions  in  favor  of 
her  countrymen,  the  Atlieniaus.  The 
time  of  her  death  is  uncertain. 

LA  MOTIIE  LK  VAYER,  Francis 
DE,  a  Frencli  philosoplier  and  ingenious 
writer,  was  b.  at  Paris,  in  15SS  ;  relin- 
quished the  law  for  literary  pursuits,  and, 
in  1G31>,  was  admitted  a  member  of  tlic 
French  Academy.  In  1(347  he  was  ap- 
pointed preceptor  to  the  duke  of  Anjou, 
and  he  also  obtained  the  titles  of  liis- 
toriocfrapher  of  France  and  counsellor 
of  state.     D.  1G72. 

LA  MOTTE,  AxTHONY  IIoudakt  dk, 
a  Frencli  poet,  was  b.  at  Paris,  in  1672. 
He  was  bred  to  the  law,  but  deserted  it 
for  dramatic  composition.  In  1710  he 
obtained  admission  into  the  Academy, 
at  which  time  he  was  nearly  blind  ;  and 
many  years  before  his  death  he  lost  his 
sight  entirely.  He  produced  several 
tragedies  and  comedies,  some  of  which 
were  very  successful,  particularly  that 
entitled  '"'luezde  Castro."  In  1714  ho 
published  a  translation  of  the  "Iliad," 
although  entirely  ignorant  of  the  origi- 
nal language.  lie  also  published  a  vol- 
mnc  of  "  Fables,"  besides  some  pastoral 
eclogues,  hymns,  &e. ;  but  his  prose 
was  much  superior  to  his  verse.  D. 
1731. 

LA  MOTTE  FOUQUE,  Fredekic, 
baron  de,  celebrated  as  a  poet,  historian, 
and  novelist,  was  b.  at  Brandenburg, 
1777.  Entering  the  army,  he  served  in 
the  campaign  of  the  Rhine,  and  had  a 
share  in  the  numerous  engagements 
that  were  fought  for  the  liherty'of  Ger- 
many in  the  beginning  of  this  century. 
His  iirst  works  appeared  under  the  name 
of  "  Pellegrin,"  and  the  numerous  pro- 
ductions of  his  pen  contributed,  not  a 
little,  to  fan  the  flame  of  patriotic  ardor 
which  led  his  countrymen  to  final  victo- 
ry. On  quitting  the  army  he  retired  to 
Nchnhausen,  the  property  of  his  second 
wife,  Caroline,  (see  below;)  and  on  her 
death,  in  1831,  he  removed  to  Halle, 
where  he  delivered  lectures,  upon  poetry 
and  history.  His  beautiful  fairy  tale, 
"  Undine,"  has  gained  him  a  European 
reinitation.  D.  at  Berlin,  1S4-2. — Cako- 
i,iNK,  baroness  de,  a  ]>opular  German 
novelist,  was  the  wife  of  the  author  of 
"  Uniline,"  itc.  Amonjr  this  lady's 
works  are,  "  Lodoiska,"  "  Frauenliebe," 
"  Feodore,"  <tc.  D.  1831. 
4S 


LAMOTTE,  Valois,  comtcssc  de, 
who  became  generally  known  ir  conse- 
quence of  her  intrigues  at  the  French 
court,  which  led  to  a  disgraceful  trial. 
was  tlie  olTspring  of  poor  parents,  and 
b.  in  1757.  Her  occupation  of  carrying 
fagots  (her  father  being  a  woodman) 
attracted  the  notice  of  the  lady  of  the 
manor,  who  took  the  girl  to  live  with 
her.  Hearing  her  speak  of  valuable 
papers  which  were  in  her  father's  pos- 
session, the  lady,  on  further  inquiry; 
found  they  related  to  the  royal  family 
of  Valois ;  and,  on  investifration,  it  was 
proved  that  she  was  a  descendant  of 
that  noble  family.  The  girl  married  a 
private  in  the  g'uards;  and,  obtaining 
an  introduction  to  the  cardinal  de  Eo- 
han,  great  almoner  of  France,  he  advised 
her  to  make  herself  known,  by  letter,  t« 
Marie  Antoinette,  the  reig-ning  queen, 
at  the  same  time  expressing  his  bitter 
regret  that  an  offence  he  had  lieen 
(though  innocently)  guilty  of  towards 
that  illustrious  lady,  prevented  him 
requesting  an  interview.  The  queen 
granted  her  prayer,  and  employed  her 
about  her  person  ;  but  Lamotte  reward- 
ed her  royal  benefactress  by  the  grossest 
treachery.  By  means  of  a  person  named 
Villette,  the  countess  kept  up  a  fraudu- 
lent correspondence  between  the  queen 
and  the  cardinal.  Villette  forged  the 
cjuecn's  handwriting,  while  the  cardinal 
fancied  himself  restored  to  the  royal 
favor,  and  even  honored  by  the  queen's 
confidence  ;  for,  through  Villettc's  vil- 
lany,  he  was  led  to  suppose  he  had 
furnished  the  queen  with  120,000  francs, 
but  which  were  kept  by  the  countess. 
Not  being  detected  in  this,  she  carried 
on  the  fraud  to  an  excess  that  merited 
her  subsequent  disgrace.  Bcehmer  and 
Bassange,  the  queen's  jewellers,  had 
collected,  at  an  enormous  expense,  dia- 
monds, which,  set  as  a  necklace,  they 
intended  to  sell  for  1,800,000  francs. 
Lamotte  j^^^rsuaded  the  cardinal  that 
the  queen  passionately  desired  to  pos- 
sess this  necklace,  and  confided  to  liim 
the  commission  to  purchase  it ;  and  that 
she  would  give  a  note  in  her  own  wri- 
ting for  the  sum,  which  she  would  rejiay 
from  her  private  purse,  by  instalments, 
unknown  to  the  king.  The  cardinal 
fell  into  the  snare — he  bought  the  de- 
sired necklace,  which  he  committed  to 
the  care  of  the  countess,  who,  the  bet- 
ter to  prevent  suspicion,  told  the  cardi- 
nal the  queen  would  meet  him  in  the 
garden,  as  she  wished  to  thank  him. 
A  courtesan  of  the  Palais  Royal,  Made- 
moiselle Olivia,  personated  the  queen; 


SOC) 


CVCLOf'.iaHA   OF   DIOdKAiniV. 


[lan 


in  a  short  speech  she  thanked  the  car- 
dina],  nnd  promised  liiin  her  future 
protection.  Ambition  silenced  every 
other  idea,  and  lie  ieft  the  parden  elated 
to  excess.  Meantime  the  countess  sent 
her  husband  lo  Loudon  with  tlie  neck- 
lace ;  but  the  period  of  the  first  payment 
being  allowed  to  puss  without  any  notice 
being  taken  of  jt,  Baehnier  made  his 
complaint  to  the  queen,  and  the  whole 
plot  was  discovered.  The  queen,  in- 
censed at  the  affair,  required  public 
satisfaction  to  be  made.  The  minister, 
Breteuil,  was  a  sworn  enemy  to  the  car- 
dinal, and,  by  his  advice,  the  king  or- 
dered tiie  cardinal  to  be  arrested.  He 
was  taken  in  his  sacerdotal  habit  to  the 
Bastille,  and  proceedings  were  entered 
into  against  JIademoisellc  Olivia,  who 
proved  to  be  a  deirraded  female  ;  Cagli- 
ostro,  a  mountebank ;  the  forger  Villette ; 
and  the  contriver  of  all,  the  countess. 
She  alone  was  punished  ;  tlie  cardinal 
•was  acquitted,  because  he  was  a  duped 
agent  in  the  business;  and  the  others 
etfoeted  their  escape  from  prison  ;  but 
madame  la  Comtesse  was  whipped,  and 
burnt  on  each  shoulder  with  the  letter 
V,  and  then  taken  to  the  hospital,  where 
it  was  intended  she  should  remain  for 
life  ;  but  she  made  her  escape  at  the  end 
of  ten  months,  and  proceeded  to  En- 
gland, where  she  published  her  justifi- 
cation, which  was  read  with  curiosity, 
but  excited  little  interest  in  her  favor. 
D.  in  London,  1791. 

LAM  PR  I  Dl  US,  Benedictus,  a  Latin 
poet  and  scholar  of  the  16th  century, 
v/'as  1).  at  Cremona.  He  taught  the 
classical  languatres  at  Rome  with  great 
reputation,  and  in  1.521  removed  to 
Padua.  At  tiie  invitation  of  Frederic 
Gonzuga,  duke  of  Mantua,  he  settled  in 
the  latter  city,  and  superintended  the 
education  of  the  duke's  son.     T).  ir)40. 

LANA,  FuANCLs  DE,  an  Italian  math- 
ematician, was  b.  at  Breseia,  n;:;7.  He 
was  a. Jesuit,  and  a  celebrated  teacher  of 
philosophy  and  mathematics.  He  first 
gave  the  liint  of  the  principles  of  aero- 
static machines,  to  be  conducted  by  gas, 
in  his  work  entitled  "  Magisterium  Na- 
turae et  Artis,"  printed  at  Brescia,  16S4. 
D.  1700. 

LANCASTER,  J  AMES,  an  English  nav- 
igator, sailed  to  the  coast  of  America  in 
1591,  and  afterwards  doubled  the  Cape 
of  Good  Hope  on  a  voyage  to  the  East 
Indies.  He  snbsoquentlv  trave  such  in- 
foriiiMtion  relative  to  ti  X.\\'.  passairo  to 
tlie  Eist  Indies  as  led  to  the  attem]it  of 
Baffin  and  others  to  discover  it.  D.  1620. 
—Joseph,  a  member  of  the  Society  of 


Friends  ;  the  author  and  suocer.sful  pro- 
mulgator of  the  system  of  mutual  in- 
struction, known  under  the  title  of  "  the 
Lancasterian."  He  was,  for  many  years, 
actively  engaged  in  delivering  lectures 
and  forming  schools  in  various  parts  of 
England ;  and  rank,  wealth,  and  beauty 
flocked  to  hear  the  earnest  though  sim- 
ple eloquence  of  the  enthusiastic  and 
benevolent  Quaker.  But  enthusiastic 
as  were  the  applauses  bestowed  upon 
him,  patronage  and  support  were  not 
bestowed  in  like  proportion ;  he  became 
so  much  embarrassed  in  consequence  of 
his  benevolent  exertions,  that  he  was 
obliged  to  seek  an  asylum  in  America. 
Here  also  he  suffered  many  embarrass- 
ments, and  a  subscription  was  just  pro- 
posed for  his  relief,  when  he  was  run 
over  in  this  city,  and  so  severely  injured, 
that  he  died  on  the  day  following  the 
accident.     B.  1771 ;  d.  1839. 

LANCISI,  GiAMARiA,  an  eminent  phy- 
sician, was  b.  at  Rou:e,  1654;  d.  1720. 

LANCRE,  Petek  de,  a  native  of  Bor- 
deaux, was  a  counsellor  of  parliament, 
and  presided  over  the  trials  of  sorcerers 
and  witches  in  the  provinces  of  Labourd 
and  Gascony.  His  services  in  this  ca- 
pacity were  rewarded  by  the  appoint- 
ment of  counsellor  of  state.  He  wrote 
two  curious  works  on  demonography. 
D.  1630. 

LANCRINCK,  Pkospek  Henry,  an 
able  painter,  was  b.  at  Antwerp,  in  1628. 
lie  imitated  Titian  and  Salvator,  and 
was  much  encouraged  in  England,  where 
he  met  with  employment  under  Sir  Peter 
Lely.     D.  1692. 

LANDEN,  John,  an  eminent  math- 
ematician, was  b.  at  Peakirk,  Northamp- 
tonshire, 1719.  In  1755  he  published  a 
volume  of  "  Mathematical  Lucubra- 
tions," in  1764  his  "Residual  Analysis," 
subsequently  a  "  New  Theory  of  the  Ro- 
tatory Motion  of  Bodies  affected  by 
Forces  disturbing  eaeli  Motion,"  and  his 
volume  of  "  ^Memoirs."     D.  1790. 

LANDER,  RicuAKD  and  John,  two 
brothers,  whose  )iames  are  indissolubly 
associated  with  African  discovery,  were 
natives  of  Cornwall,  and  b.,  the  former 
in  1804,  the  latter  in  1S06.  They  were 
both  apprenticed  to  a  printer ;  but  the 
elder  abandoned  his  occupation  to  ac- 
company Clapperton  in  his  expedition 
to  the  Niger  in  1825  ;  and  after  his  death, 
in  1827,  lie  returned  to  England,  where 
he  submitted  to  government  a  plan  for 
ex])lorinj^  the  termination  of  the  Niofcr, 
which  was  adojjted.  Aci.'ompauied  by 
his  younger  brother,  he  set  out  fir  Ba- 
daguay  in  1880,  where,  after  encounter- 


lan] 


CYCLOP.EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPIiy. 


r)G7 


in?  many  danj^ers,  they  readier!  KiiTco, 
hut  were  taken  prisoners  at  Eboe,  and 
only,  after  tiie  promise  of  a  liigii  ran- 
som, siK-eeedcd  in  getting  arrangements 
made  for  conveying  them  to  the  sea. 
This  they  rcnciied  by  the  channel  called 
by  the  I'ortiigiiese,  Nun,  and  by  the  En- 
glish, Brass  river;  and  thus  was  solved 
by  tlieir  agency,  one  of  the  grandest 
problems  in  African  geography.  This 
nnportant  discovery,  opening  a  water 
communication  into  tlie  very  heart  of 
the  African  continent,  made  a  great  im- 
pression on  the  mercantile  world ;  and 
soon  after  the  Virothers'  arrival  in  En- 
gland, an  association  of  which  Mr.  Mac- 
gregor  Laird  was  the  liead,  was  entered 
into  for  forming  a  settlement  on  the 
Ujiper  Niger;  but  the  expedition  that 
was  fitted  out  for  this  purpose  at  Liver- 
pool proved  a  failure  ;  and  the  Landers, 
tosetlier  with  nearly  all  that  joined  it, 
fell  victims  either  to  the  unhealthiness 
of  the  climate,  or  in  contests  with  the 
natives,  in  1S;W. 

LANFR.VNC,  a  learned  jirelate,  was 
b.  at  Paira,  in  1005,  but  went  over  to 
England  with  William  the  Conqueror. 
Tlirouu'h  the  interest  of  that  prince,  lie 
obtained  the  archbishopric  of  Canter- 
bury, vacant  by  the  deposition  of  Sti- 
gand.  He  was  an  able  politician,  as 
well  as  a  munificent  prelate,  fouiKling 
two  hospitals  near  Canterbury,  which 
lie  liberally  endowed.  D.  10S9. — (Gio- 
vanni, an  artist,  b.  at  Parma,  in  loSL 
lie  was  originally  a  domestic  in  the  ser- 
vice of  Count  Horatio  Scliotte.  who, 
findinir  him  to  have  a  taste  for  design, 
placed  him  under  Caracci.  Under  this 
great  master  he  improved  so  rapidly  that 
his  talent  was  soon  in  requisition,  and 
tlie  Farncse  palace  and  churches  of  St. 
James  and  St.  Peter  at  Kome,  bear  am- 
ple testimony  of  his  capability.  The 
great  excellence  of  this  artist  consisted 
in  his  composition  and  foreshortening, 
and  in  fresco  paintintr.  ]).  1647. — A 
physician  of  Milan,  where  he  practised 
with  much  success,  but  attemptinsr  some 
innovations  in  liis  profession,  he  was 
compelled  to  take  rcfuije  in  France.  D. 
1300,  and  left  a  valuable  treatise  on  sur- 
zery,  entitled  "  Chirurgia  Magna  et 
Parva." 

LANCtBATNE,  Oekaud,  an  Entrlish 
divine,  b.  at  Bartoiikirke,  in  Westmore- 
land,  about  1(508;  was  keeper  of  the 
archives,  suid  provost  of  Queen's  col- 
IcL''*-, ;  was  well  acquainted  with  the  laws 
and  antiquities  of  his  country  ;  corre- 
pponded  with  Selden,  Usher,  "and  other 
learned  men ;  endowed  a  free  school  at 


his  native  place;  publislied  an  edition 
of  Longinus,  and  several  works  on  his- 
tory, theology,  and  criticisms.     D.  165S. 

LANGDON,  John,  a  distinguished 
American  patriot,  was  b.  at  Portsmouth, 
N.  H.,  1730.  He  engaged  in  commerce, 
and  took  an  early  and  efficient  interest 
in  the  cause  of  the  colonies.  He  was 
successively  a  delegate  to  the  general 
eoiifrrcss,  navy  agent,  speaker  of  the  as- 
sembly of  his  native  state,  president  of 
his  native  state,  a  delegate  to  the  con- 
vention that  framed  the  federal  consti- 
tution. an<l  a  member  of  the  senate  of 
the  United  States.  In  1805  he  was 
chosen  governor  of  his  state,  and  again 
in  1810.     D.  1819. 

LANGTLVM,  SnroN  de,  abbot  of  St. 
Peter's,  Westminster,  was  b.  at  Lang- 
ham,  in  Rutlandshire,  in  the  early  part 
of  the  14th  century.  In  1300  he  was 
made  lord  high  treasurer;  in  the  follow- 
ing year  he  accepted  the  bishopric  of 
Ely;  in  1364  he  became  chancellor,  and 
was  promoted  to  the  see  of  Canterbury, 
in  1366.  He  there  distinguished  him- 
self by  the  violence  of  liis  ojiposition  to 
Wiekiiff,  and  wa.s  made  a  cardinal ;  but 
this  so  otfended  Edward  HI.  that  he 
seized  the  temporalities  of  liis  see.  He 
accordingly  repaired  to  the  papal  court, 
and  was  amply  compensated  for  its  loss. 
D.  1376. 

LANGHOPNE,  John,  an  Engli-sh  di- 
vine, poet,  and  historian,  was  b.  at 
Kirkby  Stephen,  in  Westmoreland,  in 
173.5.  He  published  several  popular 
pieces,  particularly  a  poem,  entitled 
"  Genius  and  Valor,"  and  having  there- 
in defended  Scotland  from  the  scurrility 
thrown  out  by  Churchill  in  his  "Proph- 
ecy of  Famine,"  he  was  complimented 
with  the  deerree  of  D.D.  by  the  univer- 
sity of  Edinburirh.  In  1770  in  conjunc- 
tion with  his  brother,  he  published  a 
translation  of  Pliitareh,  which  is  still  a 
very  popular  work  ;  in  1777  he  was  pre- 
sented to  a  prebendal  stall  in  the.  cathe- 
dral of  Wells,  anil  d.  in  1779. — William, 
his  brother,  h.  172 1,  was  presented  to 
the  rectory  of  Hakinge,  and  the  per- 
petual curacy  of  Folkestone,  where  he 
u.  1772.  He  wrote  one  or  two  poems, 
and  had  a  share  in  the  translation  of 
Plutarch. 

LANGL.\NDE,  Eobert,  a  secular 
priest  of  the  14th  century,  and  fellow 
of  Oriel  colleare,  Oxford,  known  as  the 
author  of  some  satirical  poems  against 
the  vices  of  the  Catholic  clc'Ty. 

L.\NGLFS,  Louis  Mattiii;w.  a  cele- 
brated oriental  scholar,  b.  at  Peronne, 
in  France,  17G3,  published  a  "Diction- 


568 


CYCLOl'/EUIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[lap 


nairc  Mautchon-Framjnis,"  and  various 
works  translated  tVoiu  the  ora-utul 
touffues,  particularly  a  work  ou  Hindoo 
literature.    1).  lS-24. 

1  AN G LEY,  Batty,  an  English  build- 
er, knovi'u  by  his  attempt  to  remodel 
the  Gothic  style  of  architecture,  by  in- 
venting dillerent  orders  of  the  Gothic, 
IfoMi  an  iutennixture  of  the  various 
Grecian  orders.     1).  1751. 

LANGTOFTj  Peter,  an  historian 
and  Augustin  friar,  was  b.  in  Yorkshire, 
in  the  loth  century,  and  is  known  as 
the  translator  of  "Eoscam's  Life  of  St. 
Thomas  of  Canterbury." 

LANGTON,  Stephen-,  archbishop  of 
Canterbury  in  the  time  of  King  John, 
was  b.  in  Lincolnshire,  but  educated  in 
France.  lie  rose  through  the  various 
honors  of  the  university  of  I'aris  till  he 
became  its  chancellor,  and  then  to  the 
Bee  of  Canterbury  by  the  pope.  .John, 
the  king  of  England,  liowevcr,  refused 
to  confirm  the  nomination,  and  the  king- 
dom was  accordingly  under  excommu- 
uication.  The  monarch  at  length  yielded, 
and  Langton  entered  into  quiet  posses- 
eiou  of  his  diocese  in  1213.     D.  1228. 

LANIER,  Nicholas,  an  Italian  artist, 
b.  about  15(58,  employed  by  Charles  L 
of  England. 

LANJUINAIS,  Jean  Denis,  count 
de,  was  b.  at  licnnes,  in  1753.  He  was 
a  member  of  the  third  estate  at  the 
breaking  out  of  the  revolution,  and, 
when  the  republic  was  proclaimed,  he 
was  as  zealous  in  defence  of  the  rights 
of  his  prince  a.s  of  the  rights  of  the  na- 
tion. He  opposed  the  usurpations  of 
Bonaparte,  and  after  the  second  restora- 
tion, ho  strenuously  resisted  the  ex- 
travagant pretensions  of  the  French 
clergy,  defended  the  liberty  of  the  press 
and  individual  freedom,  tiie  law  of  elec- 
tion, and  the  charter.  L).  1S27. — Joseph 
de,  an  ecclesiastic,  b.  in  Britany.  After 
entering  the  order  of  St.  Bencilict,  and 
becoming  professor  of  theology,  his 
connection  with  iJ'Alembert  and  JJide- 
rot  compelled  him  to  retire  to  Lausanne, 
wljero  lie  embraced  the  reformed  reli- 
gion, and  became  principal  of  the  college 
of  Moudon.  lie  published  many  works, 
which  excited  huine  attention,  and  d. 
in  ISUS. 

LANNES,  JoH.v,  duke  of  Montebello 
and  a  marshal  of  France,  w.is  b.  in  1709, 
at  Letttoure.  Jlc  was  apprenticed  to  a 
dyer,  but  entering  the  unny,  his  zeal 
and  energy  gained  iiim  ])romotion,  and 
in  170  J  he  wa.s  made  a  chief  of  lirigude. 
After  various  successes  in  Italy,  and 
tmdei   Bonaparte,  in  Egypt  and  other 


places,  particularly  at  Marengo,  lie  was 
made  a  marshal  of  the  empire,  and  af- 
terwards duke  of  Montebello.  He  con- 
tributed much  to  the  victory  of  Auster- 
litz,  and  was  very  prominent  in  the 
battles  of  Jena,  Eylau,  Friedland,  Tu- 
dela,  and  Saragossa.  At  the  battle  of 
Essling  he  received  a  mortal  wound,  of 
which  he  d.  1809. 

LANZI,  Louis,  an  Italian  antiquary, 
b.  at  Monte  del  Celmo,  in  1732,  became 
a  Jesuit,  taught  rhetoric  with  great  suc- 
cess, and,  on  the  suppression  of  his 
order,  was  sub-director  of  the  Florence 
gallery.  He  wrote  several  works,  par- 
ticularly one  on  "  The  Tuscan  Lan- 
guage," and  "  A  History  of  Painting," 
&c.     D.  1810.     . 

LAO-TSEE,  a  celebrated  Chinese 
philosopher,  was  b.  about  600  b.  c.  iu 
the  service  of  Hou-Konang.  He  was 
cotemporary  with  Pythagoras,  and 
taught  the  doctrine  of  metempsychosis. 
He  followed  the  sect  of  Tao-Tsee,  and 
must  have  lived  to  a  great  age,  having 
been  visited  by  Confucius  iu  517  b.  c. 

LAPLACE,  Petek  de,  a  French  ma- 
gistrate and  writer,  b.  at  Angouleme, 
in  1526.  He  became  a  pleader  in  the 
parliament  of  Paris,  till  he  was  appoint- 
ed, by  the  prince  of  Conde,  superin- 
tendent of  his  household.  Unfortunately 
he  returned  to  Paris,  and  while  dis- 
ciiarging  his  duty  as  president  at  the 
court  of  aids,  was  murdered  in  the 
massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew  in  1572. 
His  works  are,  "  Commentaries  on  the 
State  of  Keligion  and  the  Common- 
wealth," "A^Treatise  on  the  Use  of 
Moral  Philosophy,"  and  "A  Treatise 
on  tlie  Excellence  of  the  Christian  Reli- 
gion."—  Pierre  Simon,  marquis  de,  a 
celebrated  mathematician  and  astrono- 
mer, was  b.  at  Beaumont-en-Auge,  in 
174'J,  where  he  became  professor  of 
mathematics  in  the  military  school. 
From  tills  place  he  soon  removed  to 
Paris,  where  he  distinguished  himself 
by  his  knowlodge  of  analysis  and  the 
highest  branches  of  geometry,  and  was 
chosen  a  member  of  the  Academy  of 
Sciences,  one  of  the  forty  of  the  French 
Academy,  and  member  of  tiie  bureau 
des  longitudes.  In  1796  appeared  his 
famous  work,  "  Exposition  du  Systcme 
du  Monde."  After  the  revolution,  ou 
the  18th  of  Brumaire,  in  1799,  he  was 
made  minister  of  the  interior  by  the 
first  consul.  But  from  this  he  was  re- 
moved, to  malce  room  for  Lucicn  liona- 
pai'te,  and  was  then  admitted  into  tlia 
t-enatc,  of  which,  in  1803,  he  became 
president.     Having,  in  1S14,  voted  for 


las] 


CVCLOI'.KDIA    OF    1!1()(;KA1'HV. 


509 


the  deposition  of  Napoleon,  on  the  re- 
orL':iui/;ition  of  the  pucis,  he  was  made 
a  iiiariiuii;.     1).  18'J7. 

LAl'O,  James,  or  Jacopo,  an  Italian 
architect  livino:  at  Florence,  who  built 
tlie  church  of  tlie  Virtriu  Mary  at  Assisi, 
founded  by  Ilclias,  wliich  obtained  him 
frruat  reputation.  D.  12(32. — Aknolpho, 
his  son,  became  a  most  celebrated  arelu- 
Icctand  sculptor,  displaying  great  trenius 
and  skill  in  his  profession.     1).  l:;uO. 

l^AUC^IIEK,  I'ktkr  IIenky,  an  emi- 
nent i'"rcneli  scholar,  was  b.  at  Dijon,  in 
1720.  Ilis  first  translation  was  tlie 
'■  Eleetra"  of  Euripides,  after  which  he 
translated  "■  Martinus  Scriblcrus,"  from 
I'ope's  Miscellanies,  and  furnished  notes 
to  the  French  version  of  lludibras.  In 
ITfiT,  a  dilfcrence  took  place  between 
him  and  N'oltaire,  on  whose  "I'liiloso- 
jiliy  of  History"  he  published  remarks, 
under  the  title  of  a  "Supplement,"  to 
which  the  latter  replied  in  his  well- 
known  ''  Defense  cle  nion  Onele." 
Lurcher  rejoined  in  a  "licponse,"  witli 
which  the  controversy  ceased  on  his 
part,  but  not  so  the  merciless  wit  of  his 
opponent.  lie  afterwards  published  his 
'■  Memoire  sur  Venus,"  and  translated 
llerotlotus  and  Xeno])lion.     D.  1S12. 

LAKDNEK,  Nathaniel,  a  learned 
dissenting  divine,  was  b.  at  llawkhurst, 
Kent,  in  1684,  auii  received  liis  educa- 
tion at  Utrecht  and  Leyden.  He  was 
the  author  of  several  important  theolo- 
gical works,  viz.,  '■  Tiie  Credibility  of  the 
Gospel  History,"  ''The  Testimonies  of 
the  Ancient  Jews  and  Pagans  in  favor 
of  Christianity,"  ''The  History  of  Her- 
etics," sermons,  &c.     D.  ITOS. 

LAKIVE,  M.,  a  celebrated  French 
tragedian,  was  b.  at  Kochelle,  in  1749, 
appeared  at  the  Theatre  Fram^ais,  Paris, 
in  1771,  where,  by  his  fine  person,  and 
his  powers  of  declamation,  he  rose  to 
eminence.  He  quitteil  the  stage  rather 
earlier  in  life  than  most  actors,  and  d. 
at  Montignon,  in  1827,  atjed  78.  He 
wrote  a  drama,  entitled  '•  Pyramus  and 
Thisbe,"  "  Kefiections  on  the  Histrionic 
Art,"  and  other  works. 

LAKIVEY,  Peteu  de,  an  old  French 
dramatic  writer,  and  one  of  the  first 
wiio  considered  comedy  as  the  repre- 
sentation of  real  life,  was  a  native  of 
Troyes,  and  is  supposed  to  liavc  d. 
about  1(512. 

LA  KCXniEFOUCAULD,  orKOCHE- 
Ft)UCAULT,  Fkancis,  duke  de,  ]iriiice 
of  Marsillac,  a  distinguished  coin-tier 
and  man  of  letters  in  the  reign  of  Loiiia 
XIV.,  was  b.  lOlo.  He  acted  a  con- 
spicuous part  in   the  civil  war  of  the 

45* 


Fronde,  but  he  is  chiefly  remembered 
as  the  writer  of  "Keliexions  et  Max- 
imes,"  a  work  which  has  been  extolled 
and  criticised  in  no  ordinary  degree. 
He  also  wrote  "  Memoire-s  de  la  Kegno 
d'Anne  d'Autrichc,"  and,  during  the 
hitter  jiart  of  his  life,  his  house  was  the 
resort  of  the  first-rate  wits  and  literati 
of  France.     D.  liiSO. 

LA  KCCHEJAQUELEIN,  Hejhji  de, 
one  of  the  most  distinguished  of  the 
Ven<lean  royiilists,  was  b.  at  Cbatillon, 
in  Poitou,  in  1772.  and  was  a  son  of  the 
marquis  de  la  Kochejaquelein.  The 
peasants  of  the  neighborhood  having 
risen  in  the  royal  cause  in  1702,  he 
placed  himself  at  their  head.  After 
gaining  sixteen  victories  in  ten  months, 
he  fell,  at  the  age  of  22  years,  March  4, 
17'.>4,  in  a  single  combat  with  one  of  the 
republican  soldiers,  while  defending  the 
village  of  Nouaille. 

LAKKEY,  IsA.\c  de,  an  historian,  was 
h.  in  1688,  at  Montviiliers.  He  went  to 
Holland,  where  he  was  made  histori- 
ographer to  the  states-general.  His 
works  are,  "  The  History  of  Augustus," 
"  The  Histoiy  of  Eleanor,  Wife  of  lleniy 
II.,"  "  History  of  England,"  "  History 
of  the  Seven  Sages  of  Greece,"  and 
"The  History  of  France  under  Louis 
XIV."     D.  1710. 

LA  SALLE,  count  de,  a  brave  soldier, 
was  b.  at  Mctz,  in  1775,  and  entered  the 
army,  w'ith  the  rank  of  an  otticer,  at  11 
years  of  age,  under  Prince  ilaximilian, 
afterwards  king  of  Bavaria.  The  pri\i- 
lege  of  birth  opened  to  him  a  line  of 
promotion ;  but  he  resolved  that  merit 
alone  should  distinguish  him.  He  ac- 
cordingly resigned  his  commission,  be- 
came a  private  soldier,  and  at  length 
rose,  through  long  ^nd  dangerous  ser- 
vices, which  occupied  ei^ht  years,  to 
tlie  post  which  he  had  before  resigned. 
By  his  decisive  conduct  at  the  battle  of 
Pivoli  he  i>osscssed  himself  of  the  colors, 
upon  which  the  conunander-in-ehief 
addressed  him  iir these  words:  "Rest 
yourself  upon  these  fiags,  you  have  de- 
served them."  He  was  equally  victori- 
ous in  Egypt ;  conquered  the  Prussians 
on  the  wails  of  Koniirsberg,  and  finished 
his  career  on  the  field  of  Wagram. 

LASCAKIS,  Co.nstantine  and  John, 
two  noble  Greeks  of  the  K>th  century, 
who,  on  the  taking  of  Constantinople  by 
the  Turks  in  1453,  took  refuge  in  Italy. 
Constantine  went  to  Jlilan,  where  he 
instructed  the  daui,'htcr  of  the  grand- 
duke  in  the  Greek  laniruagc.  From 
thence  he  removed  to  Kome,  and  next 
to  Naples,  in  which  city  he  opened  a 


570 


cvllop.edia  of  biographv. 


[lat 


school  for  Greek  and  rhetoiic.  Lastly, 
he  settled  at  Messina,  where  he  d.  about 
lo"U.  His  Greek  tiraiiiiiiar  was  printed 
at  Milan  in  l-iTG,  and  -.i^'aiii  by  Aldus  iu 
1-iy"^.— Jonx,  surnauied  Khyndacexus, 
took  up  his  residence  at  Padua,  and  was 
patronized  by  Lorenzo  de  Medici,  who 
Kent  him  to  Greece  to  purchase  certain 
valuable  manuscripts,  a  mission  which 
he  accomplished  much  to  the  satisfac- 
tion of  his  employer.  In  1404  he  entered 
the  service  of  Louis  XU.  of  France,  who 
made  him  an  envoy  to  the  Venetian 
senate;  in  1.313  he  went  to  Kome,  and 
persuaded  Leo  X.  to  found  the  Greek 
college,  of  which  Lasearis  became  the 
principal,  and  also  the  superintendent 
of  tile  Greek  press ;  and  iu  1 J18  he  re- 
turned to  France,  and  was  employed  by 
Francis  I.  in  forming  the  royal  library. 
D.  lo;35. 

LAS  CASAS,  count  de,  celebrated  for 
his  fidelity  to  Bonaparte,  was  b.  iu  the 
chateau  of  Las  Gasas,  in  the  department 
of  the  Haute-Garoune,  17615.  At  the 
outbreak  of  the  French  revolution,  ITS'J, 
he  was  a  lieutenant  iu  the  navy.  lie 
tiien  emi2;ratcd,  joined  the  army  of 
Conde,  and  took  part  in  the  Quibcron 
expedition,  but  returned  to  France  after 
the  IStli  Erumaire.  Having  been  long 
devoted  to  literary  pursuits,  he  now 
published,  under  the  name  of  Le  Sage, 
an  "  Atlas  Ilistorique,  Clironologique, 
ot  Geograpiiiqne,"  which  went  through 
several  editions.  In  1809  he  enrolled 
liimself  as  a  volunteer  to  ward  otf  tiie 
English  attack  upon  Flushing,  and  from 
this  time  attracted  the  attention  of  Bo- 
naparte, who  soon  afterwards  made  him 
bis  chamberlain,  admitted  him  to  the 
council  of  state,  and  intrusted  him  with 
various  confidential^  missions.  In  1814 
he  refused  to  vote  with  the  council  of 
state  for  the  dethronement  of  the  em- 
peror, took  up  arms  for  liin\  after  his 
return  from  FIba  iu  1815,  and  was  one 
of  the  four  attendants  that  accompanied 
him  to  St.  Helena.  There  he  remained 
eighteen  months  with  the  illustrious 
prisoner,  enjoying  his  intimacy,  and 
noting  down  all  that  he  said  in  a  jour- 
nal, which  he  subsequently  published, 
under  the  title  of  '•  Memorial  de  Salute 
Ilelene."  But  havinir  become  an  object 
of  suspicion  to  Sir  Hudson  Lowe,  the 
governor,  he  was  seized,  and  conveyed 
first  to  the  Cape,  and  thence  to  England 
as  a  prisoner,  and  was  not  allowed  to 
return  to  France  till  after  tiie  emperor's 
decease.  In  18;5il  he  was  elected  to  the 
chamber  of  deputies,  and  took  his  seat 
with  the  opposition.    D.  1842. 


LASSALA,  Manuel,  a  Spanish  Jes- 
uit, autlior  of  au  "  Account  of  the  Poets 
of  Castile,"  an  "  Essay  on  General  Hia- 
tory,"  &c.     B.  1729  ;  d.  1798. 

LASSO,  Oklando  di,  an  eminent  mu- 
sician, was  b.  at  Mons,  in  llainault,  in 
lo30.  De  Thou  relates  that  he  was 
forcibly  taken  from  his  parents  in  child- 
hood by  Ferdinand  Gouzaga,  on  account 
of  his  fine  voice,  and  carried  by  him  to 
Milan,  Naples,  and  Sicily.  He  subse- 
quently taught  music  at  Eome,  Ant- 
werp, (fee,  and  finally  settled  at  Munich, 
as  chapel-master  to  Albert,  duke  of 
Bavaria.  His  productions  are  numerous, 
but  now  rarely  to  be  met  with.  D.  1593. 
—  liuDOLPH  aud  Fekdinand,  his  two 
sons,  were  also  good  musicians,  and  be- 
sides producing  many  compositions  of 
their  own,  published  their  father's 
works,  under  the  title  of  "Magnus 
Opus  JIusicum  Orlandi  de  Lasso." 

LATHAM,  John,  M.D.,  F.R.S.,  &c., 
an  eminent  ornithologist  and  antiquary, 
was  b.  at  Eltham,  iu  Kent,  iu  1740, 
where  his  father  practised  as  a  surgeon 
and  apothecary.  Among  his  produc- 
tions are,  "A  General  Synopsis  of 
Birds,"  "Index  Ornithologicus,"  also, 
"  Hcald's  Pharmacopoeia  Improved," 
and  others;  but  his  great  work,  which 
he  commenced  in  his  S2d  year,  was  "A 
General  History  of  Birds."  So  inde- 
fatigable was  he,  and  withal  so  capable 
of  this  undertaking,  at  such  an  advanced 
period  of  life,  that,  with  singular  fidelity 
to  nature,  he  designed,  etched,  and 
colored  the  whole  of  the  plates  himself. 
D.  1837. 

LATLMER,  IIcou,  bisliop  of  Wor- 
cester, one  of  the  first  reformers  of  the 
church  of  England,  was  b.  at  Tluircas- 
tou,  in  Leicestershire,  in  1470.  He  first 
became  obnoxious  to  the  enemies  of  in- 
novation by  a  series  of  discourses,  in 
wliicli  he  dwelt  upon  the  uncertainty  of 
tradition,  the  vanity  of  works  of  su- 
pererogation, aud  the  pride  and  usurpa- 
tion of  the  Roman  hierarchy.  Latimer 
had  the  courage  to  write  a  letter  of  re- 
monstrance to  Henry  VIII.,  on  the  evil 
of  prohibiting  the  use  of  the  Bible  ii, 
English.  Although  this  e]iistle  pro- 
duced no  effect,  llenrv  presented  the 
writer  to  the  living  of  \Vest  Kenton,  in 
Wiltshire.  The  ascendency  of  Anne 
Boleyn  and  rise  of  Thomas  Cromwell 
proved  favorable  to  Latimer,  and  he  was 
in  1535  appointed  bishop  of  Worcester. 
But  the  tall  of  his  patrons  jireparcd  tlio 
way  for  reverses,  and  the  six  articles 
being  carried  into  parliament,  Latimer 
resigned  his  bishopric  rather  than  hold 


LAU] 


CYCLOP.KDIA    OF    IIIOGRAPHV. 


571 


any  office  in  a  church  which  enforced 
such  terms  of  eoiniminion,  and  retired 
into  the  country.  Durinir  llic  short 
rci^ai  of  Edward  V'l.  lie  :ig;un  prc;ichcd, 
and  was  liij,rhly  ponular  at  court,  but 
could  not  1)0  induced  to  resume  his  epis- 
copal functions.  Soon  after  Alary  as- 
cended the  throne,  Latimer  was  cited 
to  appear  before  the  council,  in  doinij 
which  an  opportunity  was  atforded  him 
to  quit  the  hini,'dom.  lie,  however, 
prepared  with  alacrity  to  obey  the  cita- 
tion, and  as  he  passed  throut,di  Smith- 
ticld  exclaimed,  '"  This  place  ha.s  long: 
groaned  for  me."  In  lo55  new  and 
more  sanfruinary  laws  liavintf  been 
enacted,  in  su[)port  of  the  Catholic  veli- 
gion,  a  commission  was  issued  bv  Cardi- 
nal Pole,  the  pope's  Icf^ato,  to  try  Latimer 
and  Ridley  for  heresy,  who  were  in  con- 
sequence delivered  over  to  the  secular 
arm,  and  condemned  to  the  flames. 
This  sentence  was  put  in  execution  at 
Oxford,  Oct.  Irt,  155.5.  At  the  place  of 
execution,  having  thrown  otf  the  old 
gown  which  was  wrapped  about  him, 
Latimer  appeared  in  a  sliroud  prepared 
for  the  purpose,  and  with  his  fellow- 
suticrer  was  fastened  to  the  sttikc  with 
an  iron  chain.  A  faffot  ready  kindled 
was  then  placed  at  Ridley's  feet,  to 
whom  Latimer  exclaimed,  ''  Be  of  good 
comfort,  master  Ridley,  and  play  the 
man.  We  shall  this  day  light  such  a 
caudle,  by  God's  grace,  in  England,  as,  1 
trust,  shall  never  be  put  out.''  He  then 
recommended  his  soul  to  God,  and,  with 
firm  composure,  expired  amid  the 
flames. — Wilt.iam,  n  celebrated  scholar 
ofthe  ItSth  century,  who  taught  Erasmus 
Greek,  and  was  tutor  t^  Reginald,  after- 
wards Cardinal  Role.  He  was  a  prebend- 
ary at  Sidisbury,  and  held  two  livings 
in  (Jloucestershire.     P.  1515. 

LATOUR  D' AUVERGNE  CORRET, 
TiiKopiiiLra  M.vLO  dk,  a  distinguished 
(fi'ldicr,  citizen,  and  scholar  of  the 
French  republic,  was  b.  in  IT-to,  at  Car- 
haix,  in  Lower  Britany.  lie  first 
served  in  the  army  during  the  American 
war;  and  when  the  French  revolution 
broke  out,  he  was  intrusted  with  the 
eoiinnand  of  SOOO  grenadiers,  and  dis- 
tinguished himself  in  various  successful 
enterprises  on  the  Spanish  frontier.  In 
17115  he  returned  to  his  studies;  but  in 
17'jO  he  once  more  took  the  field,  srener- 
ously  servin^r  in  lieu  of  a  friend's  only 
son,  who  had  been  drawn  as  aconscri[it. 
Bonai>artc  rewarded  his  bravery  by  be- 
stowing; on  him  the  honorable  title  of 
First  Grenadier  of  France;  but  he  did 
not  long  retain  it,  bein?  killed  nt  Iho 


battle  of  Neuburg,  in  1800.  i4*  was  well 
versed  in  history,  and  an  eminent  lin- 
guist ;  author  of  a  Franco-Celtic  Dic- 
tionary, and  various  other  philological 
works  of  merit. 

LATUDE,  IIkxky  Mazers  de,  whc 
was  a  prisoner  in  tiie  Bastille  tor  35 
years,  was  b.  in  1724,  at  Montaguac,  in 
"Languedoe.  In  order  to  gain  the  favor 
of  madame  de  Pompadour,  he  persua- 
ded her  that  an  attempt  was  to  be  made 
on  her  life,  by  a  box  containing  the  most 
subtle  poison  ;  and  when  the  box  ar- 
rived, it  was  discovered  that  it  had  been 
sent  by  Latudo  himself,  and  contained 
nothing  but  ashes.  Thisottcnce,  aggra- 
vated byi| repeated  endeavors  to  escape, 
was  the  cause  of  his  long  and  rigorous 
incarceration  ;  but  when  liis  sutterings 
became  known,  by  the  publication  of 
his  memoirs,  which  he  wrote  soon  after 
his  liberation,  they  became  a  formidable 
weapon  in  the  hands  of  the  revolution- 
ists, and  the  national  assembly  decreed 
him  a  pension.     D.  1804. 

LALD,  WlLUA:^^,  archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury in  the  reign  of  (Jharles  I.,  was 
b.  in  1573,  at  Reading,  in  Berkshire, 
accompanied  James  I.  to  Scotland,  03 
one  ot  his  chaplains,  in  1617  ;  was  in- 
stalled a  prebend  of  Westjninster  in 
Ifii't) ;  and  obtained  the  sec  of  St  David's 
in  the  following  year.  On  the  accession 
of  Charles  I.  his  influence  became  very 
great ;  and  he  was  translated  to  the  see 
of  Bath  and  AVells,  and  in  1628  to  that 
of  London.  In  16:30  he  was  elected 
chancellor  of  the  university  of  Oxford, 
to  which  he  was  a  great  benefiietor,  and 
whicii  he  enriched  with  an  invaluable 
collection  of  manuscripts,  in  a  great 
nundjer  of  languages,  ancient,  modern, 
and  oriental.  "  Iii  1633  he  attended 
Charles,  into  Scotland,  wlio  went  there 
to  be  crowned ;  on  his  return  he  was 
promoted  to  the  see  of  Canterbury,  and 
during  the  same  year  he  was  chosen 
chancellor  of  the  university  of  Dublin. 
The  zeal  which  he  displayed  for  conform- 
ity to  tlie  church,  and  his  endeavors 
to  introduce  the  liturgy  into  Scotland, 
created  him  nmnerous  enemies.  At  the. 
connnenccmcnt  of  the  long  parliament, 
therefore,  he  was  impeached  by  the 
commons  and  sent  to  the  Tower.  ".After 
lyiuff  there  three  years,  he  was  brought 
to  his  trial  before  the  lords,  by  whom 
ho  was  acouittccL  which  so  provoked 
the  faction  in  the  lower  house,  that  they 
jiassed  a  b',11  of  attainder,  declarinir  him 
guilty  of  treason,  which  they  eonii>elled 
the  peers  to  pass ;  and  the  archbishop 
was  accordingly   beheaded   on    Tower- 


572 


CVCLOPvKOIA    OF    BIOGUAPUY. 


LAU 


hill,  Jan.  10,  1G4-4-5.  IIo  was  iu  the 
72d  yortr  of  his  age,  ami  met  his  fate 
with  great  fortitmle.  Among  his  works 
arc,  "Annotations  on  the  Life  and 
Death  of  King  James,"  lils  "Diary," 
edited  by  Wliarton,  and  publislied  with 
his  ''Kemains,"  "  Oilicium  Quotidia- 
num,"  &o. 

LAUDEK,  Sir  Thomas  Dick,  whose 
versatile  pen  has  acquii-ed  for  him  a 
liigli  place  in  Scottish  literature,  was  b. 
near  Edinburgh,  1784.  lie  was  one  of 
the  first  contributors  to  "  Blackwood's 
Magazine."  His  two  novels,  "  Lochin- 
dher"  and  "  The  Wolf  of  Badenocli," 
published  in  early  life,  are  remarkable 
for  freedom  and  felicity  of  sfyle ;  and 
these  were  followed  at  intervals  by  va- 
rious other  works,  amoa^'  which  are 
"  Tlie  Floods  of  Moray  iu  1S29,"  "  High- 
land Eambles,"  "  Tour  round  the  Coasts 
of  Scotland,"  "  The  Queen's  Visit  to 
Scotland  in  13-42,"  &c.  Ills  last  contri- 
bution to  literature  was  a  series  of  pa- 
pers on  the  rivers  of  Scotland,  whicli 
appeared  in  "  Tait's  Magazine."  D. 
IS-IS. — William,  a  literary  impostor, 
Avho  acquired  notoriety  bj-  endeavoring 
to  hold  up  Milton  as  a  plagiarist,  was  a 
native  of  Scothmd.  In  1747  he  began 
an  attack  upon  Milton  in  the  "  Gentle- 
man's Magazine,"  which  he  followed  uji 
by  a  pamphlet,  entitled  "An  Essay  on 
Milton's  Use  and  Imitation  of  the  Mod- 
erns iu  his  Paradise  Lost."  Ilis  alleged 
quotations  from  Grotius,  Masseuius, 
and  others,  passed  as  genuine  for  a  time, 
until  they. were  exposed  by  Dr.  Douglas, 
bishop  of  Salisbury,  which  drew  from 
the  fabricator  an  ackuowlcdgment  of  his 
guilt.  Yet  after  this  he  returned  to  the 
charge  in  a  tract,  with  this  title,  "The 
Grand  Impostor  detected,  or  Milton 
convicted  of  Forgery  against  Charles  I." 
D.  1771. 

LAUDERDALE,  James  Maitland, 
call  of,  a  very  active  and  energetic  states- 
man, whose  opinions  were  at  one  time 
deemed  to  be  of  great  weight,  both  by 
his  own  party  and  by  his  opponents, 
was  b.  in  1759.  In  1780  he  was  returned 
to  parliament  for  Newport,  in  Cornwall, 
and  subsequently  for  Malmesbury.  As 
a  member  of  the  lower  house  he  joined 
the  party  of  liis  friend  Mr.  Fox,  and 
took  an  active  part  in  opposing  the 
North  administration,  supported  Mr. 
Fox's  India  bill,  and  was  one  of  the 
nianaifcrs  of  the  impeachment  of  War- 
ren Ihistings.  In  178'J  he  succeeded  to 
the  title,  and  wa^5  in  the  following  year 
sent  to  the  house  of  lords  a.s  one  of  the 
sixteen    Scottish  representative  peers. 


In  1S06,  on  the  dissolution  of  the  Fitt 
administration,  he  was  created  a  peer 
of  the  United  Kingdom,  sworn  a  privy 
councillor,  and  received  the  great  seal 
of  Scotland.  In  August  of  the  same 
year  lie  was  sent  as  minister  plenipoten- 
tiary to  France,  with  full  powers  to  con- 
clude a  peace.    D.  1840. 

LAUNEY,  Bernard  Eene  Jottrdan 
DE,  the  last  governor  of  the  Bastille  iu 
Paris,  which  was  erected  iu  1383,  and 
destroyed  July  14,  1789. 

LAUNOI,  JoHX  DE,  a  French  divine, 
b.  in  1603,  who  defended  the  liberties 
of  the  Galilean  cliurch,  and  reformed 
the  calendar  by  purging  it  of  fictitious 
saints  and  legendary  tales.    D.  1678. 

LAURENT,  Petee  Joseph,  a  me- 
chanic, was  b.  in  Flanders,  in  1715.  lie 
is  said  to  have  constructed  some  hy- 
draulic machines,  when  he  was  not 
more  than  10  years  of  age ;  and  at  21  he 
was  made  superintendent  of  several 
public  works  ;  among  which  was  the 
direction  of  the  canals  in  the  Nether- 
lands. He  also  projected  the  junction 
of  the  Somme  and  the  Scheldt ;  for 
which  he  was  honored  with  the  order 
of  St.  Michael.     D.  1773. 

LAURENS,  Hexkv,  an  American  pa- 
triot and  statesman,  was  b.  at  Charleston, 
S.  C,  in  1724.  After  receiving  a  good 
school  education,  he  engaged  in  com- 
merce, and  soon  amassed  an  ample 
fortune.  At  the  breaking  out  of  the 
revolution  he  was  in  London,  but  he 
immediately  returned  to  his  native  coun- 
try, and  in  1776  was  elected  a  delegate 
to  the  general  congress.  lie  was  soon 
chosen  president  of  this  body,  and  re- 
mained so  till  the  close  of  the  year  1778. 
In  1779  he  received  the  appointment  of 
minister  plenipotentiary  to  Holland,  but 
on  his  way  thither  was  captured  by  the 
British,  and  committed  to  the  Tower, 
where  he  was  in  confinement  fourteen 
months.  lie  was  one  of  the  commis- 
sioners for  negotiating  a  peace  with 
Great  Britain,  and  in  1782  he  signed  with 
Jay  and  Franklin  the  preliminaries  of  the 
treaty.  Ilis  health,  however,  was  much 
impaired,  and  lie  soon  returned  home 
and  passed  the  remainder  of  his  .life  in 
agricultural  pursuits.  D.  1792. — John, 
lieutenant-colonel,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  liberally  educated  in  England,  and 
having  returned  to  his  native  countiy 
joined  the  American  army  in  1777.  He 
<.lisi)layed  prodigies  of  valor  at  Brandy- 
wine,  (Jcrmantown,  Monrnouth,  Savan- 
nah, and  Charleston,  and  was  kOlud  at 
the  very  close  of  the  war  by  carelessly 
exposing  himself  in  a  trifling  skirmish. 


LAVj 


CYCLOiM':i)lA    OF    lilOGUAIMIY. 


573 


In  1780  lio  wna  pciit  as  a  special  minister 
to  France,  to  iiofrotiate  a  loan,  and  after 
buinfir  suhjected  to  a  vexatious  delay,  he 
determined  to  present  a  memorial  to 
the  king  in  person  at  the  levee.  This 
pur])osc  he  carried  into  effect,  the  me- 
morial was  ffraeiously  received,  and  the 
object  of  negotiation  satisfactorily  ar- 
ranged. 

LAURT,  FiLippo,  a  painter,  was  the 
.son  of  a  Flemish  artist,  but  b.  at  Koine, 
ill  If)-';!.  His  altar-pieces  and  oilier 
scriptural  paintings  arc  held  iu  inueh 
esteem.     D.  l('>9i. 

LAV  ALETTE,  Marie  Chamans,  count 
de,  was  b.  at  Paris,  in  1769.  In  1796 
Bonaparte  appointed  him  his  aid-de- 
camp, and  he  was  frequently  charged 
by  him  with  difficult  missions.  After 
Napoleon  became  emperor,  in  1803,  he 
was  appointed  a  count  of  the  empire. 
In  1814  he  was  removed  from  the  post- 
oliicc;  but  on  the  20th  of  March,  1815, 
by  virtue  of  orders  from  Napoleon,  who 
entered  Paris  in  the  evening,  he  re- 
sumed his  former  duties,  and  gave  no- 
tice to  stop  the  departure  of  the  journals, 
dispatches,  and  travelling  post-horses 
witliout  signed  orders.  At  the  same 
time,  he  dispatched  a  courier  to  Napo- 
leon, to  describe  the  actual  condition  of 
the  capital.  On  the  2d  of  .June  he  was 
nominated  a  peer.  On  the  second  res- 
toration in  July,  1815,  ho  was  deprived 
of  his  functions,  arrested  by  the  sub- 
prefect  of  police,  Decazes,  and  con- 
demned to  death  as  sin  accomplice  in 
Bonaparte's  treason  against  the  royal 
authority.  An  appeal  having  been  re- 
jected, and  Madame  Lavalette's  appli- 
cation for  pardon  being  declined,  his 
execution  was  fixed  for  the  21st  Decem- 
ber. On  tl'.o  evening  of  the  20th,  his 
wife,  her  daughter,  twelve  years  old, 
and  her  governess,  presented  them- 
selves at  the  prison  door  and  were  ad- 
mitted by  the  jailers  as  usual.  A  short 
time  after  the  daughter  and  governess 
reappeared,  supporting  Madame  Lava- 
lette,  apparently  in  great  affliction.  They 
were  scarcely  gone  when  the  turnkey 
appeared  in  his  cell,  and  Lavalettc  was 
not  to  be  found — his  wife,  Madame  La- 
valette,  had  taken  his  place.  On  the 
escape  being  known,  his  wife  was  ar- 
rested, and  tried,  with  her  governess, 
Sir  Robert  Wilson,  and  Messrs.  Hutch- 
inson and  Bruce,  by  the  Cour  Koyale. 
The  latter  were  condemned  to  a  short 
imprisonment,  and  she  and  the  gover- 
ness acquitted;  l)Ut  she  never  recovered 
,  the  shock  caused  to  her  nerves  and  con- 
stitution by  the  risks  to  which  her  noble 


fidelity  had  exposed  her.  A  fixed  men- 
tal alienation  succeeded. 

LAVATER,  Jon.v  Gaspar,  the  cele- 
brated physiognomist,  was  b.  at  Zurich, 
in  1741.  He  became  pastor  of  the  prin- 
cipal church  of  St.  Peter  at  his  native 
place,  and  was  distinguished  by  his 
unwearied  zeal  in  behalf  of  practical 
Christianity.  He  d.  in  1801,  in  conse- 
quence of  a  wound  which  he  received 
in  1799,  when  the  French  troops  under 
Masscna  took  Zurich  by  storm.  He  was 
the  author  of  a  "  Treatise  on  Physiog- 
nomy," the  "  Journal  of  a  Self-Ob- 
server," "Jesus  the  Messiah,"  "Spir- 
itual Ilymns,"  "  Swiss  Lays,"  &c. ;  hut 
tlie  work  by  which  he  is  universallj 
known,  and  which  once  was  highly 
popular,  is  that  on  physiognomy.  La- 
vater  was  pious,  but  credulous ;  enthu- 
siastic, but  sincere. 

LAVICOMTEKIE  de  St.  Sampson, 
Louis,  a  violent  partisan  of  the  French, 
revolution,  who  wrote  "  Crimes  des 
Rois  de  France,"  "Les  Crimes  des  Em- 
percurs,"  and  "Les  Crimes  des  Papes." 
lie  became  a  member  of  the  convention 
in  1792  ;  voted  for  the  death  of  the 
king;  and,  in  1794,  was  ordered  by  the 
Jacobin  club  to  draw  up  the  "  Ac'  of 
Accusation  airainst  Kings."     D.  1809. 

LAVOISIER,  Antiioxt  Lauri;>-ce,  a 
celebrated  French  chemist,  was  b.  at 
Paris,  in  174;j  ;  was  educated  at  Mazarin 
college  ;  and,  on  quitting  it,  devoted 
himself  wholly  to  the  sciences,  but  more 
particularly  to  chemistry.  The  discov- 
eries of  Black,  Cavendish,  and  Priestley, 
relative  to  the  nature  of  elastic  fluids  or 
gases,  having  attracted  his  notice,  he 
entered  on  the  same  field  of  inquiry, 
with  all  his  characteristic  ardor,  in  tlie 
cause  of  science  ;  and,  possessing  tlie 
advantage  of  a  consideraole  fortune,  he 
conducted  his  experiments  on  a  large 
scale,  and  obtained  highly  interesting 
results.  His  new  theory  of  chemistry 
was  received  with  applause  in  Germany 
and  France,  though  strenuously  opjwsed 
by  Dr.  Priestley,  whose  phlogistic  hy- 
pothesis it  tended  to  overthrow.  In 
1789  he  published  his  "  Elements  of 
Chemistry,"  a  work  of  merit  and  im- 
portance, lie  succeeded  Button  and 
Tilct  as  treasurer  of  the  Academy,  and 
became  also  farmer-general ;  but  not- 
withstanding his  talents  and  virtues,  ho 
was  condemned  to  death  by  the  revolu- 
tionary tribunal  of  Paris,  on  the  frivo- 
lous cluirgc  of  having  adulterated  the 
tobacco  with  ingredients  obnoxious  to 
the  health  of  the  citizens,  and  was  guil- 
lotined in  1794.     Besides  his  Elements, 


574 


CYCLOP.FDIA    OF    BIOGRAPilT. 


[law 


he  wrote  "  Cliemical  aud  Philosophical 
Miscellanies,"  "  Keport  of  the  Coumiis- 
sioiiers  charged  to  examine  Animal 
Miisrnetism,"  "  Instructions  for  making 
Nitre,"  etc. 

LAW,  Edmund,  a  learned  prolate,  was 
b.  at  Cartmcl.  in  Lancashire,  in  1703  ; 
and,  after  obtaining  various  church  pre- 
ferments, was  raised  to  the  see  of  Car- 
lisle in  170'J.  He  was  the  autlior  of 
many  able  theological  works,  among 
which  are,  "Considerations  on  the  Tlie- 
ory  of  Keligion,"  "  Ketlections  on  the 
Life  and  Character  of  Christ,"  an  "In- 
(juiry  into  the  Ideas  of  Space,  Time," 
<xe.  D.  17S7. — John,  a  celebrated  finan- 
cial projector,  was  b.  in  IGSl,  at  Edin- 
burgh, where  his  father,  a  goldsmith, 
resided.  He  was  bred  to  no  profession, 
but  studied  the  mathematics,  and  par- 
ticularly excelled  as  an  accountant.  For 
the  purpose  of  remedying  the  delicieney 
of  a  circulating  medium,  he  projected 
the  establishment  of  a  bank,  witli  paper 
issues,  to  tlie  amount  of  the  value  of  all 
the  lands  in  the  kingdom  ;  but  this 
scheme  was  rejected.  Having  seduced 
a  young  lady  in  England,  he  killed  her 
brother  in  a  duel,  and  was  obliged  to 
leave  the  country.  lie  went  lirst  to 
Holland,  and  afterwards  to  Venice  and 
Genoa,  from  which  cities  he  was  ban- 
ished as  a  de-iigning  adventurer ;  but, 
at  length,  he  secured  the  patronage  of 
the  rcirent  duke  of  Orleans,  and  estab- 
lished his  bank  at  Paris,  1716,  by  royal 
authority.  To  this  was  joined  the  com- 
pany of  the  ^lississippi,  a  pretended 
scheme  for  paying  oti'the  national  debt, 
aud  for  enriciiing  subscribers.  Tlie 
project  became  extravagantly  popular, 
ami  every  one  converted  his  gold  and 
silver  into  paper.  In  1720  Lavv  was 
made  coinptroller  of  the  iinances.  Tlic 
bubble,  however,  burst;  and  the  people, 
enraged,  besieged  the  palace  of  tiie  re- 
gent, crying  out,  as  they  held  up  their 
hands  lull  of  bills,  "  See  the  fruits  of 
your  system."  Law  was  exiled  to  Pon- 
toisc,  from  whence  he  escaped  to  Italy, 
and  d.  at  Venice  in  1729. — William,  a 
pious  luiglish  divine,  was  b.  at  Kinij's 
Clitfe,  Northamptonshire,  in  1GS6;  was 
educated  at  Emanuel  college,  Cam- 
bridge ;  and  lived  for  the  most  part  a 
retired  life  at  the  house  of  Mrs.  Hester 
Gibbon,  aunt  of  the  celebrated  historian, 
to  whom  he  had  been  tutor.  He  wrote 
against  Bishop  Iloadly,  and  was  also 
the  author  of  some  valuable  practical 
books,  as,  "  A  Serious  Call  to  a  Devout 
and  Holy  Life,"  "A  Treatise  on  Chris- 
tian Perfection,"  &c.    In  liis  latter  days 


he  fell  into  the  mystic  reveries  of  Jacob 
Behmen,  whose  works  lie  published. 
I).  1761. 

LAWLESS,  John,  the  once  celebrated 
Irish  agitator,  was  a  native  of  Dublin, 
and  originally  designed  for  the  legal 
profession.  For  many  years  he  was  dis- 
tinguished as  a  leading  political  charac- 
ter with  the  liberals  of  Ireland ;  and 
from  his  straightforward  and  fearless 
conduct,  he  acquired  from  all  parties 
the  title  of  "honest  Jack  Lawless." 
When  the  English  government  first 
proposed  to  grant  emancipation  to  the 
Irish  Catholics,  provided  their  clergy 
were  paid  by  the  state,  and  the  forty- 
shilling  freeholders  were  disfranchised, 
"  honest  Jack"  vehemently  opposed  the 
measure  in  the  Catholic  association,  and 
thereby  acquired  a  degree  of  popularity, 
which  aroused  the  jealousy  of  his  great 
rival  co-agitator.  His  eloquence  was 
energetic,  Ibrcible,  and  convincing;  and 
it  is  generally  understood,  that  whatever 
might  have  been  the  faults  of  the  head, 
his  heart  was  sound  at  the  core.  D. 
1837. 

LAWKENCE,  Sir  Thomas,  the  most 
celebrated  portrait  painter  of  the  age, 
was  b.  in  176'J,  at  Bristol,  where  his 
father  kcj)!  an  inn.  He  early  exhibited 
proofs  of  liis  talent  for  the  art,  having, 
it  is  said,  sketched  portraits  in  his  fifth 
year.  At  the  age  of  0  he  was  sent  to 
school,  where  he  remained  two  years  ; 
and  this,  with  the  exception  of  a  few 
lessons  subsequently  in  Latin  and 
French,  constituted  his  whole  eduea- 
t'.Dn.  Young  Lawrence,  however,  had 
access  to  the  galleries  of  some  of  the 
neighboring  gentry,  in  which  he  em- 
ployed himself  in  copying  historical  and 
other  pieces.  In  17s2  his  father,  who 
had  been  unsuccessful  in  business,  re- 
moved to  Bath,  where  his  son  was  much 
employed  in  taking  portraits  in  crayon  ; 
and  having  inatlc  a  copy  of  the  Trans- 
figuration by  Kaphael,  the  society  for 
the  encouragement  of  arts  bestowed  on 
him  their  prize  of  five  guineas  and  a 
silver  palette.  In  1787  the  family  re- 
moved to  London,  and  Lawrence  was 
admitted  a  student  at  the  Koyal  Acad- 
emy. His  subsequent  career  was  suc- 
cessful and  brilliant.  He  was  elected 
royal  associate  in  17'J1,  and  on  the  death 
of  Sir  J.  Reynolds,  the  next  year,  was 
made  painter  to  the  king.  After  the 
peace  of  1814  ho  painted  tije  portraits  of 
the  allied  sovereigns,  and  the  generals 
Blnclier,  Platoff,  and  Wellincfton;  also 
Louis  Win.  and  Charles  X.  of  France;  . 
besides  numerous  others,  consisting  of 


CYCLOP.EDIA    OF    BlOURAFUy. 


575 


tlio  principal  nobility  of  Enprland,  the 
pope,  Cardinal  Gonsalvi,  and  many 
other  di:*tinL'iiishe(l  per;»oiia^'es  on  tlic 
Continent.  On  the  death  of  Mr.  "West, 
in  1820,  Sir  T.  Lawrence  was  elected 
)ircsident  of  tlic  Koval  Academy.  D. 
18:50. 

l.EBKUN,  Charlks,  a  celebrated  pain- 
ter, was  b.  at  Pari.s,  in  1618.  lie  studied 
under  Vouet  and  Poussin ;  and,  after 
his  return  from  Rome,  was  made  presi- 
dent of  the  new  royal  academy  of  paint- 
inor  and  sculpture.  From  IfiiU  he  was 
principally  employed  in  embcllishinij 
tiie  residences  of  Louis  XIV.  and  his 
nobles  with  works  of  art,  and  in  super- 
intendine:  the  brilliant  spectacles  of  the 
court.  Lebrun  possessed  a  comprehen- 
sive jrenius,  which  was  cnltivutea  by  the 
incessant  sttidy  of  history  and  national 
customs.     He  wrote   a  treatise  on  the 

Fassions,  and  another  on  physiog-nomy. 
>.  ICyo. — Cn.\p.i.Es  Francis,  duke  of 
riaccntia,  was  b.  in  1739,  at  Coutances, 
in  Normandy;  came  at  an  early  acje  to 
Paris ;  and  beintr  nominated  deputy  to 
the  states-peneral  in  1789,  he  occupied 
himself,  durin?  the  session,  with  affairs 
of  police,  finance,  and  domestic  adminis- 
tration. In  1795  lie  was  elected  to  the 
council  of  eldei's,  and  became  president 
in  1796.  He  was  appointed  third  consul 
in  December,  1799;  nominated  arch- 
treasurer  of  the  empire  in  IS'H;  and,  in 
180.),  povernor-sencral  of  LiiTuria  iiiid 
duke  of  Placrntia.  Ilavintr  sijrned  the 
constitution  that  recalled  the  house  of 
15ourbon  to  the  throne,  he  was  created 
a  peer  of  France  by  the  kintr,  and,  in 
the  bcsrinning  of  July,  was  appointed 
presiilent  of  the  first  bureau  of  the 
cliainber  of  peers.  After  the  return  of 
Napoleon,  he  accepted  the  peerage  from 
liim,  and  likewise  the  place  of  grand- 
master of  the  university,  a  proceedini^ 
which  rendered  him  incapable  of  sitting 
in  the  now  chamber  of  peers,  formed  in 
August,  181.').  In  the  early  part  of  his 
life  he  translated  the  Iliad  and  Odvssey, 
and  Tasso's  "Jerusalem."  D.  1824.— 
PoNXK  Dknis  FIcouniARD,  a  French  poet, 
who  for  a  time  obtained  the  appellation 
of  the  French  Pindar,  was  b.  in  1729  ; 
became  secretary  to  the  prince  of  Conti, 
and  early  distingnishea  himself  as  a 
writer  of  elegant  lyrics.  At  the  com- 
mencement of  the  revolution,  he  cele- 
brated the  birth  of  freedom  in  odes, 
epigrams,  and  songs ;  hnt  afterward 
ciianged  his  opinions.  AVhen  the  acad- 
emical establishments- were  reoivanized, 
Lebrun  became  a  member  of  the  insti- 
tute ;  ni  rt  he  received  from  Bonaparte, 
42 


when  first  consul,  a  pension  of  6000 
francs.     P.  1807. 

LF2CLERC,  Daniel,  an  eminent  medi- 
cal writer,  was  a  native  of  Geneva.  His 
chief  writinirs  arc,  "  Bibliotheca  Ana- 
tomica,"  "  llistoiredelaMctlecine,"  and 
"  Ilistoria  lalorum  Lnmbricorum.  D. 
1728. — John,  an  eminent  critic,  b.  at 
Geneva,  in  16.')7.  lie  wa.s  the  author  of 
numerous  works;  among  which  are, 
"  Ars  CriticT,"  "  Harmonia  Evangelica," 
and  three  voluminous  '•Bibliothcques." 
He  was  professor  of  philosophy,  ticlles 
lettres,  and  Helirew,  at  Amsterdam, 
where  he  d.  in  1736.  So  prone  was  he 
to  dogmatize,  and  so  impatient  of  con- 
tradiction, that  he  has  been  styled  the 
self-con^tituted  inquisitor  of  the  repub- 
lic of  literature. 

LECOMTE,  Felix,  a  celebrated  French 
sculptor.  Having  obtained  a  prize  for  a 
bas-relief  of  the  Massacre  ot  the  Inno- 
cents, while  he  was  a  pupil  of  Vassc,  he 
w'as  sent  to  Rome  as  a  pensionary  of  the 
French  school  of  arts.  His  statue  of 
Phorbas  preserving  Q5dipus  procured 
him  admission  into  the  Academy ;  but 
the  statue  of  Fenelon,  which  ornaments 
tlie  hall  of  the  national  institute,  is  con- 
sidered his  chef-d'cpuvre.  During  the 
revolution  he  lived  in  retirement ;  but, 
at  the  restoration  of  the  Bourbon.s,  he 
was  nominated  proiessor  in  the  academy 
of  sculpture.     D.  1817. 

LEDYARD,  John,  an  adventurous 
traveller,  was  b.  at  Groton,  Conn.,  1~'A. 
For  a  sliort  time  he  resided  among  the 
Six  Nations,  with  whose  language  and 
manners  he  became  acquainted.  He 
then  went  to  England,  enlisted  as  a  ma- 
rine, and  sailed  with  Captain  Cook  on 
his  second  voyage,  of  whicii  he  published 
an  account.  He  next  determined  to 
make  the  tour  of  the  globe  from  London 
east,  on  foot,  and  proceeded  to  St.  Pe- 
tersburg in  the  prosecution  of  this  de- 
sign, through  the  most  unfrequented 
parts  of  Finland.  After  waiting  there 
nearly  three  months,  lie  obtained  his 
passport  lor  the  prosecution  of  his  jour- 
ney to  Siberia.  On  his  arrival  at  Ya- 
kutsk, he  was  prevented  by  the  Russian 
commandant  of  the  place  from  proceed- 
ing any  further;  and  was  conducted  to 
the  frontiers  of  Poland,  with  a  threat  of 
being  consigned  to  the  hands  of  the  ex- 
ecutioner, should  he  again  be  found  in 
the  Russian  territories.  He  was  next 
employed  by  the  African  Association  to 
explore  the'  interior  of  Africa;  but  ho 
had  proceeded  no  further  than  Grand 
Cairo,  -when  he  was  attacked  with  ft  fatal 
disease,  and  d.  in  1788. 


i6 


CYCLOP.EDIA    OF    BIOGllAPHY. 


[I 


LEE,  Artiiuk,  an  eminent  patriot, 
was  b.  in  Virginia,  in  1740,  and  received 
his  education  in  England,  taking  his 
degree  of  M.D.  at  the  university  of  Ed- 
inburgli.  lie  then  returned  to  liis  native 
state,  and  for  some  years  practised  physic 
at  Williamsburg,  'but  political  atfairs 
were  then  assuming  so  interesting  an 
iispect,  that  he  again  went  to  England, 
and  entered  on  tlie  study  of  law  in  the 
Temple.  In  1770  he  visited  London, 
luid  became  a  member  of  the  famous 
society  of  the  supporters  of  the  bill  of 
rights.  His  political  publications  at  this 
period,  under  the  signature  of  "Junius 
Americanus,"  were  numerous,  and  pro- 
cured for  him  the  acquaintance  of  the 
leaders  of  the  popular  party.  In  1776 
he  was  appointed  minister  to  France,  in 
conjunction  with  Dr.  Franklin  and  Mr. 
Deanc,  and  assisted  in  negotiating  the 
treaty  with  that  nation.  In  177'J,  in  con- 
sequence of  the  false  accusations  of  Mr. 
Deane,  complaints  of  his  political  con- 
duct were  freely  circulated  at  home,  and 
in  the  following  year  he  resigned  his 
appointments  and  returned.  In  17S1 
he  was  elected  to  the  assembly  of  Vir- 
ginia, and  by  this  body  returned  to  con- 
gress, where  he  continued  to  represent 
the  state  till  1785.  In  1784  he  was  em- 
ployed to  arrange  a  treaty  with  the  six 
Indian  nations.  He  was  next  called  to 
the  board  of  treasury,  where  he  con- 
tinned  till  1789,  when  he  went  into  re- 
tirement. T>.  1792. — Chakles,  a  major- 
general  in  the  army  of  the  American 
revolution,  was  b.  in  North  Wales,  and 
became  an  officer  at  the  age  of  11  years. 
He  served  at  an  early  age  in  America, 
and  afterwards  distinguished  himself 
under  Gen.  Burgoyne  in  Portugal.  He 
subsequently  entered  the  Polish  service, 
wandered  all  over  Europe,  killed  an 
Italian  officer  in  a  duel,  and,  in  1773, 
sailed  for  New  York.  Espousing  the 
cause  of  the  colonies,  he  received  a 
commission  from  congress  in  177'>,  with 
tl»e  rank  of  major-general.  In  177»J  he 
was  invested  with  the  conmiand  at  New 
York,  and  afterwards  with  the  chief  com- 
mand in  the  southern  department.  In 
IJecembcr,  1776,  he  was  made  prisoner  by 
tlic  English,  as  he  lay  carelessly  guarded 
at  a  consiilerable  distiince  from  the  main 
body  of  the  army  in  New  Jersey.  He 
w;ts"  kept  prisoner  till  the  suiTcnder  of 
Burgoyne,  in  1777,  and  treated  in  a  man- 
ner unworthy  of  a  generous  enemy.  In 
1778  he  was  arraigned  before  a  court- 
martial,  in  consequence  of  his  miscon- 
duct at  the  battle  of  Monmouth,  and 
waij  BUHpended  from  any  commission  in 


the  army  of  the  United  States  for  one 
year.  He  retired  to  a  hovel  in  Virginia, 
living  in  entire  seclusion,  surrounded 
by  his  books  and  his  dogs.  In  1782  he 
went  to  reside  at  Philadelphia,  where 
he  d.  in  obscurity,  in  October  of  the 
same  year.  He  was  a  man  of  much 
energy  and  courage,  with  considerable 
literary  attainments,  but  morose  and 
avaricious.  He  published  essays  on 
military,  literary,  and  political  subjects, 
which  with  his  extensive  correspond- 
ence were  collected  in  a  volume  in  1792. 
The  authorship  of  the  Letters  of  Junius 
has  been  ascribed  to  him. — Henky,  a 
distinguished  officer  in  the  revolutionary 
army,  was  b.  in  Virginia,  1756,  and  was 
graduated  at  the  college  in  Princeton. 
In  1776  he  was  a  captain  of  one  of  the 
six  companies  of  cavaliy,  raised  by  Vir- 
ginia, and  afterwards  incorporated  into 
one  regiment,  and  in  1777  added  to  the 
main  body  of  the  provincials.  At  the 
battle  of  Germantown,  Lee  was  selected 
with  his  company,  to  attend  Washing- 
ton as  his  body-guard.  In  1780,  being 
raised  to  the  rank  of  lieutenant-colonel, 
he  was  sent  with  his  legion  to  the  army 
of  the  South,  under  Gen.  Greene,  and 
continued  with  it  till  the  end  of  the  war. 
He  distinguished  himself  at  the  battle 
of  Eutaw"  springs,  and  in  the  ensuing 
October  was  sent  on  a  special  commis- 
sion to  the  comrnander-ift-chief,  then 
employed  in  the  siege  of  Yorktown ;  in 
1786  he  was  appointed  a  delegate  to 
congress,  from  the  state  of  Virginia,  and 
remained  in  that  body  till  the  adoption 
of  the  present  constitution.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  state  convention  which 
ratified  that  instrument,  and  in  1792  ho 
was  raised  to  the  chair  of  governor  of 
Virginia.  In  1799  he  was  again  a  mem- 
ber of  congress,  and,  while  there,  se- 
lected to  pronounce  a  funeral  oration  on 
the  death  of  W^ashington.  The  latter 
years  of  his  life  were  embarrassed  by 
want,  and  it  was  while  confined  for  debt 
in  the  limits  of  Spottsylvania  county, 
that  he  prepared  Ibr  publication  his  ex- 
cellent "Memoirs  of  the  Southern  Cam- 
paign." He  was  severely  wounded 
during  the  riot  in  Baltimore,  in  1814, 
and  his  health  rapidly  declined.  He  d. 
1818. — Fkancls  Liohtfoot,  a  signer  of 
the  declaration  of  independence,  was  b. 
in  Virginia,  1734.  He  inherited  a  large 
fortune,  and  in  1765  became  a  member 
of  the  house  of  burgesses  of  his  native 
state,  and  continued  in  that  body  till 
1775,  when  he  was  chosen  a  member  of 
the  continental  contcrcss.  He  remained 
in  this  assembly  till  1779,  when  he  en- 


LEG 


.G] 


CVCLOIMlUIA    OV    DIOGKAI'HY. 


577 


Icrcd  tlic  lofrlslature  of  his  native  state. 
1).  17^7. — Kkhaiu)  IIknry,  an  eminent 
American  patriot,  and  signer  of  tlie 
cktrluration  of  independence,  was  b.  in 
Virginia,  1732,  and  received  his  ediioa- 
tion  in  Enshmd.  He  returned  to  his 
native  country  when  in  his  nineteenth 
year,  and  devoted  himself  to  the  general 
study  of  liistory,  jiolitics,  hiw,  and  polite 
literature,  without  engaging  in  any  par- 
ticular j)rofession.  In  his  twenty-lifth 
year  he  was  chosen  a  delegate  to  the 
house  of  burgesses,  where  lie  soon  dis- 
tinguished himself  by  his  powers  in 
debate.  In  17(j4  he  was  appointed  to 
draught  an  address  to  the  King,  and  a 
memorial  to  the  house  of  lords,  which 
are  among  the  best  state  payiers  of  the 
jicriod.  His  etlbrts  in  resistinnr  the  va- 
rious encroachments  of  the  British  gov- 
ernment were  indefatigable,  and  in  1774 
lie  attended  the  iirst  general  congress  at 
Philtulelphia,  as  a  delegate  from  Virginia. 
He  was  a  member  of  most  of  the  im- 
portant committees  of  this  body,  and 
tailored  \\ith  increasing  vigilance  and 
energy.  The  memorial  of  congress  to 
tiie  people  of  British  America,  and  the 
second  address  of  congress  to  the  peo- 
ple of  Great  Britain,  were  both  from  his 
pen.  In  June,  1776,  he  introduced  the 
measure  that  declared  the  colonics  free 
and  independent  states,  and  supported 
it  by  a  speech  of  the  most  brilliant  elo- 
quence, lie  continned  to  hold  a  scat 
in  congress  till  June,  1777,  when  he 
solicited  leave  of  absence,  on  account  of 
the  delicate  state  of  his  health.  In  Au- 
gust of  the  next  year  he  was  again  elect- 
ed to  congress,  and  continued  in  that 
body  till  1780,  when  he  declined  a  re- 
election till  1784.  In  that  year  he  was 
chosen  president  of  congress,  but  re- 
tired at  the  close  of  it,  and  in  1786  was 
again  chosen  a  member  of  the  Virginia 
assembly.  He  was  a  member  of  the  con- 
vention which  'adopted  the  present  con- 
stitution of  the  United  States,  and  one  of 
the  first  senators  under  it.  In  17li2  be 
again  retired  from  public  life.  D.  1704. 
— Nathaniel,  a  dramatist,  was  b.  at  Hat- 
field, in  Hertfordshire  ;  was  educated  at 
^Westminster  school,  and  at  Trinity  col- 
lege, Cambridge  ;  tried  his  fortune  as 
an  actor  and  a  writer  for  the  stage ;  be- 
came insane,  and  was  confined  in  Bed- 
lam for  two  years,  and  d.,  in  poverty, 
in  1602,  of  injuries  received  during  a 
drunken  frolic.  He  wrote  eleven  trage- 
dies, of  which  "  The  Kival  Queens,"' 
and  "  Theodosius,"  are  the  best ;  and  he 
assisted  Dryden  in  writing  "  fp^dipus," 
ond  "  The  Duke  of  Guise."  Lee  pos- 
4'J 


sessed  genius,  but  was  deficient  in  judg- 
ment ;  and  his  style  is  often  bombastic. 
— SorniA,  the  daughter  of  an  able  actor, 
was  b.  in  London,  in  1750.  Her  first 
literary  attempt,  which,  however,  was 
not  published  till  many  years  after  i^ 
was  written,  was  "  The  Life  of  a  Lover." 
In  1780  her  comedy  of  the  "Chapter  of 
Accidents"  was  so  successful  that  tliQ 
profits  of  it  enabled  her  to  establish,  at 
I5ath,  an  academy  for  young  ladies, 
whicli  was  conducted  by  herself  and 
her  sisters.  Her  novel  of  "  Tiie  Eeecss" 
established  her  fame.  In  1803  she  retired 
from  her  toils  of  tuition  ;  and  slie  d. 
March  13,  1824.  She  wrote,  besides  the 
above  works,  "  Almeyda,"  a  tragedy : 
"  The  Assassination,"  a  comedy  ;  "  A 
Hermit's  Tale,"  a  poem ;  and  two  of 
the  stories  in  her  sister's  "Canterbury 
Tales." 

LEGAEE,  IIi-Gii  SwiNTON,  was  b.  at 
Charleston,  S.  C,  in  1797;  was  grad- 
uated at  the  college  of  Columbia;  stud- 
ied law  in  his  native  place,  ami  after- 
wards at  Paris  and  Edinburgh  ;  was 
elected  to  the  state  legislature  in  1820, 
and  made  attorney-general  of  the  state 
in  1830.  On  the  establishment  of  the 
"Southern  Eeview"  in  1837,  he  was 
chosen,  jointly  with  'Mr.  Elliott,  to  be 
the  editor.  He  enriched  its  pages  with 
some  of  his  best  writings.  In  1832  he 
was  made  charge  d'atlhires  to  Belgium. 
!Mr.  Tvler  apjiointcd  him  altorney-gen- 
eral  of  the  United  States  in  1841.  D. 
1843.  In  addition  to  his  articles  in  the 
Southern  Beview,  lie  wrote  for  the 
"  New  York  Keview"  several  able  and 
learned  papers,  such  as  "Demosthenes," 
"  Origin,  liistory,  and  influence  of  the 
Roman  Law,"  and  "Democracy  at 
Athens." 

LEGENDKE,  Adrien  Marie,  one  of 
the  first  mathematicians  of  tlie  age, 
filled  the  professor's  chair  at  the  military 
school  at  Paris,  was  a  member  of  tlio 
French  Academy  of  Sciences,  and  a 
knight  of  the  IcL'ion  of  honor.  In  1787 
he  was  employed  by  the  French  govern- 
ment to  assist  Cassini  and  others,  in 
obtaining  accurate  estimates  of  the  rela- 
tive meridional  situations  of  Paris  and 
Greenwich.  He  also  distinguished  him- 
self by  very  profound  researches  con- 
cerning the  attraction  of  elliptic  sphe- 
roids, and  was  the  first  who  demon- 
strated that  the  ellipse  is  the  only  figure 
in  which  the  equilibrium  of  a  homoge- 
neous fluid  mass  can  be  preserved  under 
the  influence  of  rotatory  motion,  and 
that  all  its  component  molecules  would 
be  mutually  attracted  in  the    inveree 


678 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIUGRA1l-HY. 


[lei 


ratio  of  the  squares  of  their  distances. 
Oi  the  Ibriniitioii  of  the  Institute  lie 
beoame  a. member  of  tiiat  body;  and 
under  the  iuiperial  government  he  was 
nominated  a  counsellor  for  life  of  the 
university  of  Paris.  In  1S15  he  was 
made  an  iionorary  member  of  the  coun- 
cil of  i)ul)lie  instruction ;  and  in  1816, 
conjointly  with  M.  Toisson,  examiner 
of  candidates  for  the  Folytechnic  sehor.' 
Among  his  works  are,  ''  Elemens  de 
Geonu'trie,"  "  Memoires  sur  les  Trans- 
cendantes  EUiptiques,"  "NouvelleThe- 
orie  des  Paralleles,"  &c.  D.  1832.— 
Louis,  a  French  historian,  b.  at  Rouen, 
in  16J9 ;  he  was  canon  of  Notre  Dame, 
and  abbot  of  Claire  Fontaine,  in  the 
diocese  of  Chartres.  His  principal  work 
(for  lie  was  the  author  of  several)  is  a 
"  History  of  France."     D.  1783. 

LEGER,  Fkanok  Bahky  Boylk,  St., 
barrister-at-law;  author  of  "Gilbert 
Earle,"  the  "Blount  Manuscripts,"  and 
"  Tales  of  Passion."  He  was  also  editor 
of  the  "  Album,"  and  a  contributor  to 
several  periodical  publications.    D.  1829. 

LEGGETT,  Willi.^m,  was  b.  in  the 
city  of  New  York  about  1802,  was  edu- 
cated at  the  college  of  Georgetown,  D. 
C,  but  did  not  take  a  decree,  accompa- 
nied his  parents  to  Illinois  in  1819, 
where  thev  were  among  tJie  earliest  set- 
tlers, and  obtained  a  midshipman's 
warrant  in  1826,  but  retired  from  the 
navy  on  account  of  the  arbitrary  con- 
duct of  one  of  his  superior  officers. 
Shortly  after  he  left  the  service  lie  pub- 
lished a  volume  of  occasional  verses, 
called  "  Leisure  Hours  at  Sea,"  and 
wrote  the  tale  of  the  "  Rifle,"  which 
attracted  great  attention.  In  1822  he 
established  in  this  city  a  periodical 
named  the  "Critic,"  which  was  con- 
ducted with  marked  ability.  His  "  Tales 
of  a  Country  Schoolmaster,"  and 
"Sketches  of  the  Sea,"  were  collected 
from  its  pages.  In  1829  he  became  joint 
editor  with  Mr.  Bryant  in  the  "  New  York 
Evening  Post,"  wiiere  he  displayed  the 
noblest  editorial  energy  and  talent.  In 
1836  he  published  the  "Plaindealer," 
a  weekly  paper  of  high  character.  In 
1840  Mr.  Van  Buren  appointed  him 
charge  to  Guatemala,  but  he  d.  while 
he  was  preparing  to  set  out. 

LEGOUVK,  Gabriel  Marik  Jean 
Baptiste,  a  French  dramatist  and  poet, 
was  b.  in  1704,  at  Paris;  and  was  ad- 
mitted as  a  member  of  the  Institute  in 
1798.  He  wrote  six  tragedies  and  sev- 
eral poeiint.     D.  1813. 

LEIBNITZ,       GOTTKUIKD         AVlI.IIKI.M, 

Baron,  a  man  of  splendid  abilities,  was 


b.  in  1646,  at  Leipsie,  in  which  city  his 
father  was  a  professor  of  jurisprudeuco 
and  moral  philosophy.  After  studying 
at  Jena  and  Nuremberg,  he  removed  to 
the  court  of  Mentz,  and  was  appointed 
a  counsellor.  In  1672  he  went  to  Paris, 
where  lie  applied  himself  to  mathe- 
matics, and  enjoyed  the  acquaintance  of 
the  celebrated  Huygens,  whose  expecta- 
tions he  answered  by  the  invention  of 
an  arithmetical  machine.  The  elector 
of  Brandenburg  (afterwards  Frederic  I. 
king  of  Prussia)  requested  his  advice  in 
the  establislunent  of  the  royal  academy 
of  sciences  at  Berlin,  and,  when  com- 
pleted, made  hiin  president  of  the  insti- 
tution. In  1711  he  was  made  Aulic 
councillor  to  the  emperor  of  Germany: 
and  the  emperor  of  Russia  appointed 
him  privy  councillor  of  justice,  with  a 
pension.  He  was,  after  this,  engaged 
in  a  controversy  with  Dr.  Clarke,  on  the 
subject  of  free  will,  as  he  had  been  be 
fore  with  Newton  on  the  invention  of 
fluxions.  His  philosophical  writings 
are  very  numerous,  and  he  crowned  hia 
literary  fame  by  an  "  Essai  sur  TEnten- 
dement  Huniain."  According  to  the 
Leibnitzian  system  of  optimism,  an  infi- 
nite number  of  worlds  are  possible  in 
the  divine  understanding;  but,  of  all 
possible  ones,  God  has  chosen  and 
formed  the  best.  Each  being  is  intended 
to  attain  the  highest  degree  of  happi- 
ness of  which  it  is  capable,  and  is  to 
contribute,  as  a  part,  to  the  perfection 
of  the  whole.     D.  1716. 

LEICESTER,  Thomas  "William,  earl 
of,  and  Viscount  Coke,  was  distin- 
guished throughout  a  long  and  active 
life  as  one  of  tlie  most  princely  and  effi- 
cient of  all  the  improvers  of  English 
agriculture.  When  upwards  of  85  years 
of  age  ho  was  raised  to  the  peerage.  He 
was  twice  married.  By  his  tirst  mar- 
riage he  had  three  daughters;  and  by 
the  second,  contracted  when  he  was  70 
years  of  age  and  the  bride  not  19,  Ave 
sons  and  one  daughter.  He  sat  in  par- 
liament for  many  years  previous  to  his 
elevation  to  the  peerage,  and  always 
spoke  and  voted  ou  the  Whig  side. 
D.  1842,  aged  90. 

LEIGHTON,  Ai-exandur,  a  Scotch 
divine  and  physician,  was  h.  at  Edin- 
burgh, in  1568.  He  became  professor 
of  moral  philosophy  in  that  university, 
but  afterwards  went  to  Leyden,  and 
took  his  doctor's  degree.  He  thoa 
visited  London,  where  he  had  a  rector- 
ship, till  ho  was  prosecuted  in  the  star 
chamber  for  publishing  two  libels,  one 
entitled  "Ziou's  Plea,"  and  the  othei 


LEN'I 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    niOGKAPHY, 


579 


''The  Looking-glass  of  the  Holy  War."' 
lie  was  seiitcuecd  to  stand  in  llie  pillory, 
to  have  liis  ears  cut  olt",  his  nose  slit, 
hranded  oii  the  cheek,  piibliely  wliipped, 
and  imprisoned  in  the  Fleet,  where  he 
remained  11  years,  and  d.  insane,  in 
164:4. — Robert,  son  of  the  preeedin?, 
was  b.  in  London,  in  1013;  lie  received 
his  education  at  Edinburgh ;  ami  in 
]til3  settled  as  minister  of  Newbottle, 
near  that  city.  lie  tiion  quitted  the 
I'resbyterian  church  for  the  Kpiseopal ; 
was  successively  principal  of  Edinburgh 
university,  bishop  of  Duniblane,  and 
archbishop  of  Glasgow;  and  d.  in  1084. 
lie  was  a  good  theologian,  an  eloquent 
preacher,  and  a  pious  and  disinterested 
man. 

LELAND,  John,  an  English  anti- 
quary, was  b.  in  London,  about  the  end 
of  Henry  VI I. 's  reign  ;  was  educated  at 
St.  Paul's  school,  Christ's  college,  (Jam- 
bridge,  and  All  Soul's,  Oxford ;  and 
was  made  chaplain  and  librarian  to 
Henry  VIII.,  who  also  appointed  him 
his  antiquary,  with  a  coniniission  to 
examine  all  "the  libraries  of  the  cathe- 
drals, abbeys,  and  colleges  in  the  king- 
dom. He  spent  six  years  in  travelling 
to  collect  materials  for  the  history  and 
antiquities  of  England  and  Wales ;  and 
retired  to  his  house  in  London,  to  ar- 
range and  methodize  the  stores  of  intel- 
liL'cnce  which  he  had  collected ;  but, 
after  about  two  years,  he  d.  insane  in 
15'i2,  without  having  completed  liis 
undertaking.  The  great  bulk  of  his 
collections,  after  passing  through  various 
hands,  was  placed  in  the  Bodleian  li- 
brary, in  an  unfinished  state.  Hearne 
published  his  "  Itinerary"  and  "  Col- 
lectanea," and  Hall  edited  his  "  Com- 
mentarii  dcScriptoribus  Britannieis." — 
Jonx,  a  dissenting  minister;  author  of 
''  .\  View  of  the  Prfncipal  Deistical 
Writers  in  England,"  "The  Advantage 
and  Necessity  of  the  Christian  Revela- 
tion," and  "Sermons."  He  also  wrote 
against  Tindal,  Dodwell,  and  Boling- 
broke.  B.  lOiH  ;  d.  1700.— Tiiom.vs,  a 
divine  and  miscellaneous  writer,  was  b. 
in  ]"2'2,  at  Dublin,  and  was  e<lucated  at 
Trinity  colle'jre.  In  170S  tiie  lord  lieu- 
tenant appointed  him  his  chaplain,  and 
subsequently  gave  him  the  vicarage  of 
Bray,  and  a  prebeiul  in  St.  Patrick's 
cathedral.  He  was  the  autlior  of  a  "His- 
tory of  Ireland,"  "The  Lite  of  Philip 
of  Maccdon,"  "  A  Dissertation  on  the 
Principles  of  Human  Eloquence,"  &c. 
D.  17s.>. 

LELV,  Sir  Peter,  a  celebrated  paint- 
er, whose  family  name  was  Vander  Vaes, 


was  b.  at  Soest,  in  Westphalia,  in  1617, 
and  Was  a  pupil  of  (irebber,  of  Ilaerletn. 
In  1641  he  went  to  England,  and  from 
that  period  he  gradually  rose  in  reouta- 
tion.  He  finished  portraits  botn  of 
Charles  1.  and  Cromwell,  but  it  was  not 
till  the  restoration  that  he  reached  the 
height  of  fame  and  prosperity.  He  fell 
in  with  the  voluptuous  taste  of  the  new 
court,  in  his  representation  of  the  beau- 
ties who  adorned  it ;  and  by  the  delicacy 
and  grace  of  his  pencil,  became  the 
favorite  painter,  ana  was  knighted  by 
Charles  II.,  who  highly  esteemed  him. 
D.  16S0. 

LEMONNIER,  Peter  Charles,  an 
eminent  French  astronomer,  was  b.  at 
Paris  in  1715,  and  accompanied  Mau- 
pertuis  in  his  tour  towards  the  north 
pole  for  measuring  a  degree  of  the  me- 
ridian. He  wrote  several  works  on  the 
science,  and  had  the  honor  of  number- 
ing among  his  pupils  the  celebrated 
Lalandc.  D.  1790. — Louis  Wii-liam, 
brother  of  the  preceding,  was  first  phy- 
sician to  the  King,  and  professor  of 
botany  at  the  Jardin  du  Roi.  After 
narrowly  escaping  destruction  during 
the  French  revolution,  he  retired  to 
Montreuil,  where  he  d.  in  1779.  He  was 
the  author  of  "  Observations  d'llistoire 
Naturelle,"  &c.,  and  a  contributor  to  the 
Encyclopedie  and  other  scientific  works. 

LEMPRIERE,  John,  an  eminent  cla.s- 
sical  scholar,  was  a  native  of  Jersey ; 
received  his  education  at  Reading,  Win- 
chester, and  Pembroke  college,  Oxford, 
graduated  at  that  university  ;  was  head- 
master of  Abiiurdon  grammar-school, 
and  afterwards  of  the  school  at  Exeter ; 
and  on  resigning  the  latter,  was  pre- 
sented to  the  livings  of  Meoth  and 
Newton  Petrock,  in  Devonshire,  which 
he  held  till  his  decease,  in  IS'24.  Ills 
principal  works  are,  the  "Bibliotheea 
Classica,  or  Classical  Dictionary,"  and  a 
"  Universal  Biography." 

L'ENCLOS,  Anne!  or  Nisov  de,  a 
celebrated  female,  distinguished  alike 
by  beauty,  wit,  and  accomplishments, 
w'as  b.  at  Paris  in  1616.  She  was  left  at 
an  early  aire  the  mistress  of  a  good  f(^r- 
tuue  ;  and  being  possessed  of  the  high- 
est personal  as  well  as  intellectual 
charms,  and  giving  free  scope  to  the  in- 
dulgence of  her  passions,  it  is  no  won- 
der tliat  she  drew  around  her  a  circle 
of  lovers  and  suitors,  distimruished 
either  for  their  rank  or  gallantry ;  but 
her  love  of  independence,  or  a  more  un- 
worthy cause,  prevented  her  from  form- 
ing a  serious  connection.  Without  ma- 
king a  traffic  of  her  ehumis,  she  attached 


580 


CYCLOl'.EUIA    OF     BIOGRAPHY. 


[leo 


herself  to  those  who  pleased  her;  and 
having  extended  her  favors,  in  succes- 
sion, to  the  most  celebrated  men  of  her 
time,  she  proved  to  all  she  was  quite  as 
regardless  of  constancy  in  her  attaeh- 
inents.  This  modern  Lais  was  coun- 
tenanced, complimented,  and  consulted 
by  some  of  the  most  eminent  writers  of 
the  day.  Scan-on,  we  arc  told,  consulted 
her  on  his  romances,  St.  Evremont  on 
his  poems,  Moliere  on  his  comedies, 
Fontenelle  on  his  dialogues,  and  Koche- 
foucauld  on  his  maxims.  Her  friendship 
was  sought  by  some  of  the  most  respect- 
able other  own  sex.  "The  power  of 
her  natural  beauty,"  says  one  of  her 
biographers,  "was  indeed  tragically 
illustrated  by  the  often-told  adventure 
of  one  of  her  own  sous,  who  being 
brought  up  in  ignorance  of  his  birth, 
fell  desperately  in  love  with  his  mother, 
and  when  she  discovered  to  him  the 
fatal  secret,  he,  in  a  tit  of  despair  and 
desperation,    stabbed    himself   in    her 

Eresence !"  This  terrible  event  has 
cen  introduced  by  Le  Sage  into  his  Gil 
Bias.  D.  1705,  in  the  odth  year  of  her 
age. 

LEXFANT,  James,  a  French  Prot- 
estant divine,  was  b.  1691,  and  d.  1728. 
He  published  histories  of  the  cwincils 
of  Constance,  Basle,  and  Pisa,  very 
faithfully  written.  He  likewise  trans- 
lated tlie  New  Testament  into  French, 
with  notes,  in  conjunction  with  Beau- 
Bobre.  His  other  works  are,  a  "  History 
of  Pope  Joan,"  "  Sermons,"  a  "  Pre- 
servative against  Uniting  with  the 
Church  of  Komo,"  &c. 

LEXGLET  DU  FRESNOY,  Nich- 
olas, a  French  writer,  was  b.  at  Beau- 
vais,  in  1074.  He  was  an  ecclesiastic, 
but  so  much  given  to  satire  and  political 
intriirues,  that  he  was  frequently  sent 
to  the  Bastille.  His  death  was  occa- 
sioned by  falling  into  the  fire  in  1755. 
Among  his  voluminous  works,  the  best 
are,  his  "  Method  for  Studying  History" 
and  "  Chronolosrical  Tablets  of  Univer- 
sal History,"  which  have  been  translated 
into  English. 

LENNOX,  CnAnix)TTE,  a  female  of 
considerable  literary  abilities,  was  b.  in 
1720.  Her  father.  Colonel  liamsay,  was 
lieutenant-governor  of  New  York,  by 
whom  she  was  sent  to  Enirland,  where 
she  married  early,  and  was  left  a  widow 
with  one' child.  In  l(i47  she  published 
a  volume  of  poems,  and  1751  h6r  novel 
of  "  Harriet  Stuart,"  wliich  was  followed 
the  iH^xt  year,  by  "  The  Female  (Quixote" 
and  "Sliaksjieare  Illustratcl."  After 
this  appeared,  in  quick  succession,  sev- 


eral works  translated  fn  m  the  French, 
and  the  novels  of  "  Henrietta"  and 
"  Euphcmia."  Slie  was  also  the  author 
of  some  dramatic  pieces.  Her  character 
was  unimpeachable,  and  she  was  liighly 
respected  by  Dr.  Johnson  t\nd  Samuel 
Richardson;  but  in  her  declining  years 
she  was  doomed  to  penury  and  sickness, 
and  had  it  not  been  for  the  relief  af- 
forded her  by  the  Literary  Fund  So- 
ciety, her  latter  days  must  have  been 
truly  miserable.     D.  1804. 

LENOTRE,  Andrew,  a  French  ar- 
chitect and  ornamental  gardener,  was  b. 
in  1618,  and  studied  painting  under 
Vouet.  He  was  a  great  favorite  of 
Louis  XLV.,  and  his  plans  for  the 
decoration  of  the  park  of  Versailles 
contributed  principally  to  establish  his 
reputation.  Delillo  has  celebrated  the 
talents  of  Lenotre,  whose  style  of  orna- 
mental planting  was  fashionable,  not 
only  in  France  but  in  England,  till 
it  was  superseded  by  the  more  natural 
stvle  introduced  by  Kent,  Brown,  &c. 
D'.  1700. 

LENTILVLL,  William,  an  EInglish 
statesman  of  the  17th  century,  was  b.  at 
Henley,  in  Oxfordshire,  in  1591.  In 
1()39  he  was  elected  into  parliament  for 
Woodstock,  and  in  1640  he  was  chosen 
speaker,  but  was  turned  out  by  Crom- 
well in  1G53.  The  year  following  lie 
became  speaker  of  the  parliament  called 
by  the  Protector,  as  he  did  also  of  the 
Rurnn.     D.  1682. 

LEO  I.,  surnamed  the  Great,  and 
canonized  as  a  saint,  was  a  native  of 
Tuscany,  and  succeeded  Sixtus  III.  in 
the  papal  chair  in  440.  He  took  a  very 
decided  part  against  the  Manichican 
heresy  and  other  schismatics,  persuaded 
Attila  to  withdraw  his  forces  from  the 
very  gates  of  Rome,  and  afterwards 
saved  the  city  from  being  burned  by 
Genseric.  D.  461.  —  X.,  Giovanni  de 
Medici,  pope,  son  of  the  celebrated  Lo- 
renzo dc  Medici,  was  b.  at  Florence,  in 
1475.  At  the  age  of  11  he  was  made  an 
archbishop  by  Louis  XL,  king  of  France; 
at  14  Julius  II.  invested  him  with  the 
dignity  of  legate,  and  he  served  as  such 
in  the  army  which  was  defeated  by  the 
French,  near  Ravenna,  in  1512.  He 
was  taken  prisoner  after  that  battle,  but 
the  soldiers  showed  the  most  super- 
stitious veneration  for  his  person,  as  the 
representative  of  the  pope.  He  was 
elected  to  the  papacy  in  1513,  and  his 
coronation  was  celebrated  with  unusual 
jiomp.  He  terminated  the  disputes 
wiiicii  had  subsisted  between  his  pre- 
decessor and    Louis  XII.  of  France, 


LES] 


CYCLOP.'EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


581 


concluded  the  council  of  Lateran,  and 
formed  a  splendid  library,  which  he  cn- 
riclicd  with  iucstiiniiblc  manuscripts. 
This  pontiff  formed  two  great  projects, 
the  one  to  etfect  agcncral  association  of 
the  Christian  powers  against  the  Turks, 
and  tlie  other  to  complete  the  church 
of  St.  Peter.  To  aid  t'hese  schemes  he 
issued  plenary  indulijcnces,  which  beimr 
carried  into  Germany,  aroused  the  zeal 
of  Luther,  and  ultimately  produced  the 
reformation.  D.  lo-Jl.  Leo  X.  was  a 
nnuiiticcnt  patron  of  learning  and  the 
arts,  and  his  short  pontificate  forms  one 
of  the  niost  interesting  periods  in  papiil 
history. — XII.,  ANNin.\LE  della  Genoa, 
was  b.  at  Genoa,  in  17G0,  and  succeeded 
I'ias  VII.  in  the  papal  chair,  in  1823. 
By  the  remission  of  many  ta.Kcs,  as  well 
as'  by  his  benevolence  and  personal  at- 
tention to  the  hospitals,  prisons,  and 
public  institutions  for  the  poor,  he  ob- 
tained the  love  of  the  people;  he  also 
endeavored  to  free  the  states  of_  the 
church  from  robbers  and  banditti,  as 
well  as  to  suppress  the  remains  of  Car- 
bonarism.  Leo  d.  in  Feb.,  1820,  and 
was  succeeded  by  Cardinal  Castiglione, 
who  took  the  name  of  Pius  VIII.  Pius 
died  Dec.,  1830,  and  was  succeeded  by 
Cardinal  Capellari,  (Gregory  XVL)  — 
VI.,  emperor  of  the  East,  called  the 
Piiilosopher,  succeeded  his  father,  Basil, 
tlie  Macedonian,  in  bSd.  lie  expelled 
the  patriarch  Photius,  and  defeated  the 
Ilungarians  ;  but  just  before  his  death, 
whicli  happened  "in  911,  his  fleet  sus- 
tained a  total  defeat  by  tlie  Saracens. 

LEON,  Fray  Luis  de,  a  Spanish  poet 
•and  ecclesiastic,  was  b.  in  1527,  and  d. 
in  1591.  Ilis  ode,  entitled  "  La  Profecia 
del  Tago,"  has  been  translated  into  En- 
glish by  Mr.  Wiifcn,  and  published  at 
the  end  of  his  translation  of  the  poems 
of  Garcilaso  de  la  Vega. 

LEONIDAS,  the  Spartan  king  and 
hero,  was  the  son  of  King  Anaxandrides, 
and  succeeded  his  half  brother  Cleo- 
inencs,  491  b.  c.  When  Xerxes,  king  of 
Persia,  invaded  Greece,  with  an  immense 
army,  Lconidas  marched  to  Thcrmo- 
pyhc,  and,  on  arriving  there,  posted  his 
army,  which,  including  the  whole  of  the 
allies,  amounted  only  to  7000  men,  so 
skilfully,  that  the  enemy,  on  coming  to 
the  narrow  pass,  became  aware  of  the 
dittieulty  of  carrying  it  by  force.  Xerxes, 
therefore,  attempted  to  bribe  Leonidas, 
ottering  him  the  dominion  of  all  Greece. 
Tills  proposal  being  rejected  with  scorn, 
the  (lespot  sent  adierald  to  order  the 
Greeks  to  surrender  their  arms:  "Let 
him  come  and  take  them,"  was  the 
49* 


hero's  reply.  Thrice  did  the  Persians 
advance  in  great  force,  and  thriee  were 
they  rei)elled,  with  enormous  loss. 
Meanwhile,  a  traitorous  Greek,  named 
Ephialles,  led  10,000  of  the  enemy,  by  a 
secret  path,  over  the  mountains,  who 
thus  gained  the  rear  of  Lconidas.  He 
now  saw  that  all  was  lost,  but  resolved 
to  show,  by  a  memorable  example,  what 
the  Greeks  could  perform  in  the  cause 
of  their  country.  After  a  long  contest, 
the  hero  fell,  surrounded  by  countless 
assailants.  The  gratitude  of  (Jreeco 
raised  a  splendid  monument  to  the 
memory  of  Leonidas  and  his  brave  as- 
sociates, and  annually  celebrated  the 
great  event  by  warlike  games  and  ora- 
tions. 

LEP AUTRE,  Anthoxt,  first  architect 
to  the  king  of  France,  erected  the  palace 
of  St.  Cloud.  His  chief  talent  lay  in  the 
decoration  of  edifices,  but  his  fondness 
for  excessive  ornament  in  a  measure 
destroyed  the  simple  beauty  of  his  de- 
signs. D.  1G91. — Peter,  his  son,  was 
an  eminent  sculptor,  and  became  royal 
statuary  and  director  of  the  academy  of 
St.  Luke.    D.  1744. 

LE  SAGE,  Alain  Eene,  a  distin- 
guished French  novelist  and  dramatist, 
was  b.  in  1668,  at  Sarzeau,  in  Britany, 
and  studied  at  the  Jesuits'  college,  at 
Vannes.  In  1692  he  went  to  Paris, 
where  his  talents  and  manners  procured 
him  admission  into  the  best  society,  and 
he  soon  adopted  the  profession  of  an 
author.  He  studied  the  Spanish  lan- 
guage, and  produced  a  multitude  of 
translations,  or  imitations,  of  Castilian 
dramas  and  romances.  His  comedy  of 
"Crispin  the  Kival  of  his  blaster"  first 
attracted  the  public  notice;  but  his  suc- 
cess as  a  novelist  has  most  contributed 
to  make  him  known  to  foreigners.  "  Lo 
Diable  Boiteux,"  known  in  England  by 
the  title  of  "  The  Devil  upon  Two 
Sticks,"  became  extremely  popular;  the 
comedy  of  "Turcaret,"  added  to  his 
fame,  and  that  fame  was  soon  rendered 
imperishable  by  his  admirable  "  Gil 
Bias."  Lo  Sage  was  endowed  with 
great  literary  fertility ;  he  composed  24 
dramatic  pieces,  and  had  a  share  in  the 
composition  of  76  others.  Among  his 
novels  are,  "  The  Adventures  of  Guz- 
man d'Alfarache,"  "The  Bachelor  of 
Salamanca."  "Tlie  History  of  Estova- 
nilic  Gonzales,"  &.c.  D.  1747.— George 
Loris,  a  philosophical  writer,  was  b.  at 
Geneva,  in  1724,  and  d.  in  1803.  He 
wrote  "Fragments  on  Final  Causes,'' 
and  a  treatise  on  "  Mechanical  Physics." 

LESLIE,  Charles,  was  b.  in  Irelimd, 


583 


CTCLOP.EDIA    OF    BIOGKAPHY. 


[LEa 


Bludicd  at  Trinity  collesro,  Dublin,  and 
the  Temple:  quitied  thel.iw  for  divinity, 
and  obtamftd  pret'erment  in  Ireiiiud.  lie 
was  a  zcLiloiis  Protestant,  but  refused  to 
triiii-iliir  liis  allegiance  to  the  uew  gov- 
ernment bv  taking  the  oaths  to  King 
AVilliain.  ite  wrote  many  political  tracts, 
against  tiic  doctrine  of  resistance  and  iu 
defence  of  hereditary  right,  the  most 
important  of  wliich  were  in  a  weekly 
paper,   called    '•  The   Rehearsal."      lie 
also  wrote  some  treatises  against  deists 
and  Socinians,  among  which  are,  ''The 
Snake  in  the  Grass,"  and  "A  Short  and 
Easy  Method  with  the  Deists."  D.  173:2. 
— Sir  John,  a  celebrated  mathematician 
and  natiinJ  philosopher,  was  b.  at  Largo, 
in  Fifcshire,  in  1766.     His  fath.er,  wno 
was   a   joiner  and    cabinet-maker,    in- 
tended to  bring  him  up  to  some  useful 
trade,  but  his  fondness  for  calculation 
and  geometrical  exercises  brought  him 
at  an  early  period  under  the  uotice  of 
professors  Kobinson,  Playfoir,  and  Du- 
gald  Stewart,  and,  when  he  was  thirteen, 
his  parents  were  induced  to  let  liim  enter 
as  a  student  at  the  university  of  St.  An- 
drew's.    In  1700  he  proceeded  to  Lon- 
don, with  an  intention  of  delivering  lec- 
tures on  natural  pliilosopby;  but  being 
disappoiutcil  in  his  views,  he  found  it 
expedient  to  commence  writing  for  the 
press  as  the  reailicst  means  of  obtaining 
a  subsistence,     llis  first  undertaking  of 
any  importance  was  a  translation  of  Buf- 
fon'rt  '•  Natural  History  of  Birds,"  which 
appeared  in  1703,  and  the  sum  he  re- 
ceived for  tliis  laid  the  foundation  of 
that  pecuniary  independence,  which  his 
prudent  habits  fortunately  enabled  hiin 
to  attain.     In  18O0  he  invented  that  ad- 
mirable   and    delicate    instrument    the 
ditferential  thermometer;   and  in  1S04 
appeared  his  celebrated  "  Essay  ou  tlie 
Mature  and  Propagation  of  Heat."     For 
this  performance  lie  was  honored  by  the 
council  of  the  Eoyal  Society  with  the 
Komford  medals,  and  in  1805  he  wa.s 
elected  to  tiie  mathematical  chair  in  the 
jnivcrsity  of  Edinburgh,  which,  in  ISI'.i, 
lie  exchanged  for  that  of  philosopiiy  on 
the  death  of  Professor  Playfair.     By  the 
invention   of  his   liygrometer  he   suc- 
ceeded in  making  the  discovery  of  that 
singularly  beautiful  process  of  artificial 
freezing,    or    consolidation     of    fluids, 
wliicii  enabled  him  to  congeal  mercury, 
and  convert  water  into  ice  by  evapora- 
tion. His  chief  works  are,  "  An  Account 
of  Experiments    and    Instruments    de- 
j'euding  on  the  liclation  of  Air  to  Heat 
and    Moisture,"    the    "  Philosophy   of 
Aiitlunetic,"  "  Elements  of  Geometry," 


'•  Elements  of  Natural  Philosophy," 
besides  many  admirable  treatises  in 
''  Nicholson's  Philosopliical  Journal," 
the  "  Encyclopaedia  Britanuica,"  &c. 
D.  1832. 

LESSING,  GoTTiioLD  Ephraiit,  an 
eminent  German  author,  remarkable  for 
the  versatility  of  his  genius,  was  b.  in 
1729,  at  Kamentz,  in  Pomerania,  and 
was  educated  at  Meissen  and  Leipsic. 
In  the  early  part  of  his  career  he  con- 
nected himself  with  theatricals,  and  led 
an  erratic  life,  but  he  afterwards  com- 
pensated for  it  by  the  closest  mental 
application.  At  Berlin,  where  he  some- 
times resided,  he  became  acquainted 
with  Voltaire,  the  Jewish  philosopher 
Mendelssohn,  Nicolai,  Eamler,  Sulzer, 
and  other  literary  characters.  In  1770 
the  hereditary  prince  of  Brunswick  ap- 
pointed him'librarian  at  Wolfcnbuttel, 
and  one  of  the 'fruits  of  this  appoint- 
ment was  a  periodical  publication,  en- 
titled "  Contributions  to  Literary  His- 
tory." Amonsr  his  dramatic  works  are, 
"  Nathan  the  Wise,"  "  Emilia  Galotti," 
"Minna  von  Barnhelm,"  "The  Miso- 
gynist," and  "  The  Freethinker."  His 
other  principal  works  are,  "  Laocoon," 
"Fables,"  "Fragments  of  an  Un- 
known," "The  Hamburgh  Drama- 
turgy," and  a  "Dissertation  on  the 
Education  of  the  Human  Eace."  D. 
1781. 

L'ESTEANGE,  Sir  Roger,  a  political 
partisan  and  controversial  writer,  was 
b.  in  K316.  His  father,  Sir  Ilamond 
TEstrange,  was  a  zealous  royalist;  and 
the  son,  following  his  example,  was 
concerned  in  raising  forces,  and  in  some 
unsuccessful  enterprises  in  favor  of 
Charles  I.  during  the  civil  wars,  for 
which  he  was  obliged  tojeave  the  king- 
dom. Upon  the  restoration  he  returned, 
and  established  an  Enirlish  newspaper, 
under  the  title  of  "The  Public  Intel- 
ligencer," in  1663,  which  he  discon- 
tinued upon  the  publication  of  the  first 
"  London  Gazette."  He  was  author  of 
many  violent  political  tracts ;  translated 
Josephus,  Cicero's  "Offices,"  Seneca's 
"Morals,"  the  "Colloquies"  of  Eras- 
mus," and  ^Esop's  "  Fables."     D.  170-1. 

LESUEUR,  EusTACHE,  a  distinguished 
French  painter,  was  b.  at  I'aris,  1617, 
and  obtained  from  his  countrymen  the 
name  of  "The  French  Eaphael."  His 
conceptions  are  noble  and  elevated,  his 
composition  is  simple,  careful,  and  well 
arranged,  the  drawing  is  correct,  in 
good  taste,  and  proves  his  diligent  stu<ly 
of  the  antique  and  of  the  great  Italian 
masters;  but  his  coloring  is  deficient  in 


!.EW] 


CVCLOV.KDl.V    OF    BIOGKAPHV. 


583 


truth  and  vigor,  which  often  renders  his 
pictures  loo  uniform.  D.  lG'i>;. — Tean 
JJaitiste,  u  nuisieal  eomuoser,  b.  1703. 
Atler  conii>letini;  his  stuJies  at  Amiens, 
lie  obtained  various  appointments,  as 
director  of  muiic  in  cathedrals ;  but 
haviiiij  an  inciinaliou  for  tlieatrieal  com- 
positions, he  resigned  his  place  at  Notre 
Dame  in  1788,  and  produced  several 
operas.  "Telemachus"  was  his  first, 
lie  al'ierwards  composed  "LaCaverne," 
which  met  with  the  most  brilliant  ap- 
plause, and  in  171i3  he  produced  "Paul 
et  Virgiiiie,"  tlie  "Death  of  Adam," 
and  "The  Bards."  —  Tno.\iAS,  a  muti;- 
emalician  and  ecclesiastic,  was  b.  at 
Ketliei,  in  Champagne,  17o3.  He  en- 
tered into  the  order  of  Minims,  and 
became  a  celebrated  professor  of  math- 
ematics, philosophy,  and  theolosry,  in 
the  college  of  Sapienza,  at  Kome,  wliere 
he  d.  in  1770.  He  joined  with  Fatiier 
Jaequicr  in  a  "Commentary"  upon 
Newton's  Prineipia,  and  also  in  a  pro- 
found work  on  tiie  "  Integral  Calculus." 
He  also  jniblished  "The  Principles  of 
Natural  Pliilosophy,"  and  "lustituti- 
ones  Philosophicie." 

LKTI,  GuKooiiY,  an  Italian  historian, 
was  b.  in  1G30,  at  Milan,  and,  after 
studying  at  Rome,  went  to  Geneva, 
wliere  he  abjured  the  Catholic  religion, 
and  afterwards  resided  in  England. 
Among  his  works  are.  Lives  of  "  Sixtus 
v.,"  "Charles  v.,"  "  Queen  Elizabeth," 
"(Oliver  Cromwell,"  the  "History  of 
Geneva,"  and  a  "  History  of  tlie  Car- 
dinals." But  the  whole  are  so  inter- 
spersed with  error  and  fiction,  that  they 
may  be  regarded  rather  as  romances  than 
authentic  liistorles.    D.  17ol. 

LEUCIPPUS,  a  philosopher  of  Elea, 
who  lived  in  the  .5ih  century  before  the 
Cliristian  era.  lie  was  the  disciple  of 
Zeno,  and  the  master  of  Democritus. 
Tiie  atomic  system  originated  with  him, 
and  thus,  by  ascribing  a  sensible  power 
to  the  particles  of  matter,  and  setting 
them  in  motion,  Leucippus  and  his  fol- 
lowers accounted  at  once  for  the  origin 
of  the  universe,  without  the  interposi- 
tion of  divine  agency.  From  him  Des- 
cartes borrowed  his  hypothesis  of  the 
"  Vortices,"  and  Kepler  was  also  much 
indebted  to  the  theory  of  Leucippus. 

LEUSDEN,  John,  aeelebrated  biblical 
critic  and  theologian,  was  a  native  of 
Utreelit,  where  he  distiniruished  himself 
as  one  of  the  most  erudite  scholars  and 
able  divines  of  tlie  age.  His  theological 
works  are  numerous  and  valuable.  B. 
1(524. 

LliUWENlIOEK,  AxTHONV,  a  cele- 


brated natural  philosopher,  was  h.  at 
Delft,  in  10;)'_',  anil  was  celebrated  for 
his  microscopical  improvemenls  and  dis- 
coveries, chiefly  anatomical,  the  partic- 
ulars of  which  were  published  in  the 
"  Philosophical  Transactions,"  and  the 
memoirs  of  the  academy  of  sciences.  A 
selection  from  his  works  was  jiublished 
in  Enizlisli.     D.  1723. 

LEVAILLANT,  Fraxcis,  a  traveller 
ami  naturalist,  was  b.  at  Paramaribo,  in 
Guiana,  and  from  childhood  showed  a 
strong  predilection  for  the  study  of 
natural  history,  particularly  of  ornithol- 
ogy. In  furtherance  of  tliis  desire,  he 
undertook  to  penetrate  the  interior  of 
Africa,  which  he  twice  accomplished, 
though  under  circumstances  of  great 
difficulty.  He  published  two  narratives 
of  his  "Travels  into  the  Interior  of 
Southern  Africa,"  and  a  "  Natural  His- 
tory of  African  Birds."  of  "  I'arrots," 
and  of  the  rare  "Birds  of  the  Indies." 
Insurmountable  obstacles  prevented  bin? 
from  pursuing  his  researches  so  for  as 
he  wished,  but  his  travels  are  very 
amusing,  and  also  aflbrd  much  inform- 
ation of  a  philosophical  nature.  l3. 
1824.  ^ 

LEVIZ  AC,  John  Pons  Victor  Lacoxtz 
DK,  a  French  grammarian,  was  h.  at 
Alby,  in  Lauguedoc,  emigrated  to  Hol- 
land at  the  beginninsr  of  the  revolution, 
and  settled  in  England  as  a  French 
teacher.  He  commenced  his  literary 
career  as  a  poet,  but  he  is  best  known 
by  his  grammars,  dictionaries,  and  other 

£  radical  works  on  the  French  lanffuace. 
1.  1813. 

LEWIS,  JoHx,  a  learned  divine  and 
antiquar}',  was  b.  at  Bristol,  167'),  and 
d.  at  Margate  in  1746.  He  published 
"The  Life  of  Wickliff,"  "WicklitF's 
Translation  of  the  New  Testament," 
"The  History  and  Antiquities  of  the 
Isle  of  Thanet,"  "The  History  of  the 
Abbev  and  Church  of  Feversham," 
"  The"  Life  of  William  Caxton,"  Ac- 
Matthew  Gregory,  familiarly  styled 
"Monk"  Lewis,  a  popular  "romance 
writer  and  dramatist,  was  b.  in  Lon- 
don, in  1773,  and  was  the  son  of  the 
under  secretary  of  war.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Westminster  school,  after  which 
he  travelled  on  the  Continent,  and  im- 
bibed while  in  Germany  that  taste  for 
the  marvellous  and  romantic  which 
characterizes  most  of  his  writings.  His 
first  production  was  "  The  Monk,"  a 
romance  admired  for  its  talent,  but 
justly  censured  for  its  licentiousness; 
he  also  wrote  "  Feudal  Tvrants."  "IJo- 
mantic  Tales,"  "Tales  of  Terror,"  "The 


584 


CVCLOP.'EDIA    OF    BIOGKAPIIY. 


[lig 


Castle  Spectre,"  a  drama,  and  many 
others.  lie  was  a  member  of  parlia- 
ment, but  undistinsjfuished  by  any  ora- 
torical powers,  and  lie  d.  in  ISIS.^ — 
ilEKKiWKTiiKii,  b.  1774,  and  employed  by 
the  <fovernnient  of  the  United  States, 
with  Clark,  to  make  discoveries  in  the 
northern  parts  of  the  American  con- 
tinent, with  a  view  to  the  extension  of 
connnorco  to  the  Pacific  ocean.  In  1805 
they  undertook  a  journey  for  the  pur- 
pose of  discovering  the  sources  of  the 
Missouri,  and  they  passed  the  winter  in 
an  icy  rcijion,  500  leagues  beyond  its 
confluence.  Lewis  was  soon  after  made 
governor  of  Louisiana,  and  Clark  a 
general  of  its  militia,  and  agent  of  the 
United  States  lor  Indian  affairs.  D. 
1809. 

LEYDEN,  John,  a  physician,  but 
more  distinguished  as  a  poet  and  orien- 
tal scholar,  was  b.  1775,  at  Denholm, 
Koxburghshire,  and  was  the  son  of  a 
small  farmer.  Displaying  in  early  youth 
an  eager  desire  for  acquh'ing  knowledge, 
his  parents  contrived  to  send  him  to  a 
college  at  Edinburgh,  where  he  first 
studied  theology,  but  relinquished  it  for 
medicine  ;  and,  in  addition  to  the  learn- 
ed languages,  ho  acquired  French, 
Spanish,  Italian,  German,  Arabic,  and 
Persian.  In  1801  he  assisted  Sir  Walter 
Scott  in  procuring  materials  and  illus- 
trations lor  his  "  Minstrelsy  of  the  Scot- 
tish Border,"  and  republished  "The 
Complaynt  of  Scotland,"  with  a  learned 
preliminary  dissertation,  notes,  and  a 
glossary.  Having  obtained  a  doctor's 
degree,  he  was  appointed  assistant  sur- 
geon on  the  Madras  establishment;  after 
which  he  was  made  professor  of  the  na- 
tive dialects  in  the  Bengal  college,  from 
which  situation,  howeter,  he  was  re- 
moved, to  be  judge  of  the  24  Pergun- 
nahs  of  Calcutta.  His  power  of  acquiring 
langua^'es  was  truly  wonderful,  and  du- 
ring his  residence  in  India  he  devoted 
himself  to  the  study  of  oriental  litera- 
ture; but  he  did  not  long  survive  the 
influence  of  the  climate.  His  "Poetical 
Kemains"  were  published  in  1821. 

LIIUYD,  KnwARD,  an  eminent  anti- 
quary and  naturalist,  b.  about  1670,  was 
a  native  of  Wales  ;  studied  at  Jesus  col- 
lege, Oxford,  in  which  university  he 
succeeded  Dr.  Plot  as  keeper  of  the 
Ashmolean  Museum  ;  and  was  the  au- 
thor of  a  learned  and  valuable  work, 
entitled  "  Arcliteolngia  I'ritannica."  He 
also  published  "  Litliophylacii  Hritan- 
nici  Iconotrraphia,"  and  left  in  niiinu- 
Bcript  an  "  Irish-EnL'lish  Dictionary," 
and  other  curious  papers  on  antiquarian 


subjects.  D.  1709. — ^Huitphret,  an  an- 
tiquarian, b.  at  Denbiixh,  Wales  ;  author 
of  •'  Coniuientarioli  Brittanuicai  Deserip- 
tionis  Fragmentum,"  "  De  Mona  ruid- 
um  Insula,"  "De  Armamentario  Ma- 
no,"  and  "The  History  of  Cambria." 
D.  1570. 

LIBANIUS,  a  celebrated  Greek  rhet- 
orician, b.  at  Antioch,  in  314.  He 
studied  at  Athens,  and  afterwards  be- 
came tamous  as  a  teacher  of  eloquence 
at  Constantinople,  till  the  jealousy  of 
the  other  professors  being  excited  by 
his  success,  he  was  accused  of  magical 
practices,  and  banished.  He  afterwards 
became  preceptor  to  Basil  and  John 
Chrysostom,  so  celebrated  in  the  Chris- 
tian church ;  and  on  the  accession  of 
Julian,  he  was  honored  with  his  friend- 
ship, and  is  supposed  to  have  assisted 
the  emperor  in  some  of  his  composi- 
tions. Many  of  his  orations  and  de- 
clamations are  extant,  but  they  are 
verbose  and  pedantic. 

L1CHTENBER6,  George  Ciirtsto- 
PHER,  an  eminent  natural  philosopher, 
was  b.  near  Darmstadt,  in  1742  ;  studied 
at  Gottingen,  where  he  was  appointed 
professor  extraordinary  of  the  physical 
sciences ;  and  succeeded  Erleben,  in 
1777,  as  pr(ifcssor  of  experimental  phi- 
losophy. His  astronomical  observations 
were  originid  and  important.  He  also 
indulged  much  in  satire ;  and  among 
others,  possessing  much  wit  and  humor, 
was  an  eft'usion,  entitled  "  The  Physiog- 
nomy of  Tails,"  in  which  Lavater  and 
his  system  were  held  up  to  ridicule.  D. 
1799. 

LIDDEL,  Duncan,  a  mathematician 
and  physician,  was  b.  in  1651,  at  Aber- 
deen, where  he  received  his  education. 
He  afterwards  went  to  Frankfort,  and 
then  removed  to  Rostock,  and,  in  1591, 
was  elected  professor  of  mathematics  at 
Hchnstadt,  where  he  took  his  doctor's 
degree  in  physic.  In  1607  he  returned 
to  Scotland,  and  founded  a  mathemati- 
cal professorship  and  six  scholarships  at 
Aberdeen.  He  wrote  several  works  on 
rne  Ileal  subjects,  and  d.  1613. 

LIGHTFOOT,  John,  a  learned  En- 
glish divine,  was  b.  at  Stoke-upon- 
Trent,  in  Staffordshire,  in  1602,  and 
educated  at  Christ's  college,  Cambridge. 
He  made  extraordinary  advances  in  the 
Greek  and  Latin  languages,  and  applied 
himself  to  Hebrew  with  singular  assi- 
duity and  success.  In  1629  he  printed 
his  first  work,  entitled  "Erubhim  or 
Miscellanies,  Christian  and  Judaical." 
lie  distinguished  himself  as  a  zealous 
promoter  of  the  Polyglot  Bible,  and,  at 


lim] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRArilY. 


585 


tlic  leslorntion,  was  appointed  one  of 
Iho  asbistuuls  at  the  Suvoy  coufcrcucc. 
lie  became  vice-ehauccllor  of  Cam- 
bridge,  and  d.  in  1075.  Tlic  works  of 
Llixhlfoot,  who,  for  biblical  learning-,  ha.s 
liad  few  equals,  were  printed  in  lOi-i, 
and  his  "  la  mains"  were  publislied  by 
Strypo,  in  ITOo. — Johx,  a  botanist,  b.  at 
Kewent,  in  Gloucestershire,  in  1735, 
was  educated  at  Pembroke  college,  Ox- 
ford, and  became  successisxly  rector  of 
Shelden,  in  Hampshire,  and  of  Gotham 
and  Suiton,  in  Is'ottinirhamsliire.  lie 
Was  patronized  by  the  iluchess  of  Port- 
lantl,  and  drew  up  the  catalogue  of  her 
museum.  He  was  a  fellow  of  the  Koyal 
and  l.innajau  societies,  and  published 
the  "  Flora  Scotica."     D.  1788. 

LIGNE,  CnARLEs  Joseph,  prince  do, 
was  b.  at  Brussels,  in  1738  ;  entered  the 
Austrian  army  at  the  age  of  17  ;  distin- 
guished himself  in  the  seven  years' 
War;  was  invited  to  the  French  court 
by  the  count  d'Artois,  and  admitted 
into  the  privacy  of  the  royal  family; 
was  sent  on  a  mission  to  Russia,  where 
his  talents  and  personal  accomplish- 
ments rendered  him  a  great  favorite 
with  Catliarine,  who  made  him  a  field- 
marshal,  and  gave  him  an  estate  in  the 
Crimea.  His  knowledge,  experience, 
activity,  and  acute  observation  appear 
by  the  numerous  writings  whicli  he 
published  at  ditferent  ])eriods;  and  the 
Hiformation  he  gives  of  the  leading  per- 
sons and  events  of  his  time,  is  detailed 
in  an  amusing  and  instructive  manner. 
1).  181-i. 

LILBURNE,  John,  an  enthusiastic 
republican  in  the  reign  of  Charles  I., 
Was  b.  in  ItUS,  in  the  county  of  Dur- 
ham. Having  gone  to  Holland  to 
suiierintend  the  printing  of  some  libels 
on  the  goverinnent,  he  was  sentenced 
by  the  stiU"  chamber  council  to  receive 
500  lashes  and  to  stand  in  tiie  pillory; 
for  which  the  long  parliament  voted 
him  re]iaration.  He  fought  at  the  bat- 
tle of  IvliTc-hill  as  a  captain  of  foot ; 
but  at  Brentford  he  was  made  pris- 
oner, and  carried  to  Oxford,  where  lie 
would  have  been  hanged,  had  not  the 
parliament  threatened  retaliation.  He 
then  obtained  his  liberty,  and  was  made 
first  a  major,  and  afterwards  a  colonel 
of  dragoons,  in  which  capacity  he  served 
at  the  battle  of  Marston-uioor,  where 
he  behaved  with  great  gallantry.  Being 
committed  to  Newgate  for  contempf, 
when  brought  before  the  house  of  lords 
for  a  libel  on  the  earl  of  Manchester,  he 
contrived,  while  thus  immured,  to  pub- 
lish pamphlets  in  rapid  succession,  in 


which  he  virulently  as.sailed  his  ene- 
mies, and  even  charged  Cromwell  and 
IretOQ  with  high  treason.  For  this 
piece  of  daring,  he  was  a<rain  tried,  but 
no  defended  liimself  with  so  much 
buldui'ss  and  ability,  that  he  was  ac- 
(luiUed.  He  possessed  an  unconquera- 
ble spirit,  and  was  of  so  quarrelsome  a 
disposition,  that  it  has  been  appositely 
said  of  him,  "that  if  there  were  none 
living  but  him,  John  would  be  against 
Lilburne,  and  Lilburne  against  John." 
D.  1657. 

LILLO,  Georgk,  a  tragic  writer  of 
the  last  century,  was  b.  in  London  1693. 
He  carried  on  the  business  of  a  jeweller 
many  years,  in  a  style  of  great  respect- 
ability, and  contrived  to  devote  no  small 
portion  of  his  time  to  dramatic  produc- 
tions. He  well  knew  how  to  touch  the 
heart,  and  his  pieces,  which  are  sub- 
servient to  the  cause  of  virtue,  are, 
"George  Barnwell,"  "Fatal  Curiosity," 
and  "  Arden  of  Feversham."     1).  1739. 

LILLY,  John,  an  English  writer,  was 
b.  in  Kent,  about  1553,  and  d.  about 
1000.  He  wrote  "  Euphues,"  a  descrip- 
tion of  different  characters ;  also  some 
plays,  as  "Endymion,"  "Campaspe," 
"  Jilidas,"  acted  before  Queen  Eliza- 
beth; "The  Maid's  Metamorphosis," 
"  The  Woman  in  the  Moon,"  &c. — 
William,  an  English  astrologer,  wa,s 
b.  in  Leicestershire,  in  1602.  After 
receiving  a  common  education,  he 
went  to  London,  and  became  book- 
keeper to  a  tradesman,  at  whose  death 
he  married  his  widow.  In  1632  he  be- 
came the  pupil  of  Evans  the  astrologer, 
and  soon  excelled  his  master.  He  was 
employed  by  both  parties  during  the 
civil  wars,  and  even  Charles  L  is  said 
to  have  made  use  of  him.  Lillv  was 
certainly  consulted  respecting  the  lying's 
projected  escape  from  Carisbrook  castle. 
He,  however,  gained  more  trom  the  par- 
liament party ;  and  the  predictions  con- 
tained in  his  almanacs  had  a  wonderful 
eftcet  upon  the  soldiers  and  connnon 
people.  His  principal  works  arc,  "Chris- 
tian Astrology,"  "  A  Collection  of  Na- 
tivities," and  "  Observations  on  the  Life 
and  Death  of  Charles,  late  king  of  En- 
gland."    D.  IfiSl. 

LIMONADE,  count  de,  an  emanci- 
pated negro  slave  of  Hayti,  b.  about 
1770;  distinguisiied  in  the  war  of  inde- 
pendence waged  by  Toussaint;  and  was 
secretary  of  foreign  affairs  to  Christophe, 
when  he  superseded  Dess.nlines  as  em- 
peror of  Hayti.  He  survived  the  suicidal 
death  of  Christophe,  and  the  destruction 
of  the  imperial  government.    His  saga- 


580 


CVCLOP.KDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


city  and  statesman-like  talents  were  ex- 
liibited  in  frequent  diplomatic  corre- 
spondence with  Napoleon's  ministers. 

LINDSAY,  Sir  David,  sm  ancient 
Scottish  poet,  descended  t'rom  a  noble 
family,  was  b.  at  Garmylton,  in  Had- 
■  din;,'tonshire,  in  14'.»<\  and  became  paire 
of  honor  to  James  V.,  then  an  infant. 
Ills  first  poetical  effort  was  the  "  Dreme," 
afier  which  he  wrote  the  "  Complaynt," 
and  presented  it  to  the  king.  In  1530 
lie  was  inauiTurated  Lyon  king-at-arms, 
kniglited,  and  sent  on  a  mission  to 
Charles  V. ;  on  his  retnrn  from  which 
he  occupied  himself  on  a  drama  of  a 
singular  Kind,  entitled  u  "Satyre  of  the 
Tliree  Kstatis,"'  wliich  was  followed  by 
'•Tlic  History  and  Testament  of  Squire 
Meldrum,"  and  other  poems.  During 
the  regency,  he  espoused  the  cause  ot 
the  retbrmers,  ancl  entered  with  great 
zeal  into  religious  disputes.     D.  15o7. 

LINDSEY,  TnEOPniLus,  an  eminent 
divine  of  the  Unitarian  persuasion,  was 
b.  in  1723,  at  Middlewich,  in  Cheshire, 
and  was  educated  at  St.  John's  college, 
Cambriilge.  He  entered  into  orders, 
and  held  the  vicarage  of  Catterick,  in 
Yorkshire,  which,  from  conscientious 
scruples,  he  resitrned,  and  embraced 
the  principles  of  Uuitarianism.  From 
177-i  till  1793  he  was  minister  of  a  con- 
gregation in  Essex-street,  in  the  Strand, 
and  <1.  in  1S03.  He  wrote  several  works 
on  the  subject  of  his  faith,  among  which 
are,  his  "Apology,"  and  a  "Sequel  to 
the  Apology,"  "  Considerations  on  the 
Divine  Government,"  an  "  Historical 
View  of  the  Unitarian  Doctrine  and 
"Worship,"  &c. 

LINN,  John  Blaih,  an  American  poet, 
b.  in  1777,  at  I'liippenburgh,  Pennsyl- 
vania. In  1799  he  became  a  preaclier 
among  the  Presbyterians  of  Philadel- 
phia ;  but  continued  to  cultivate  his 
poetical  talents.  He  replied  with  zeal 
and  indignation  to  Dr.  Priestley,  le- 
specting  the  comparison  drawn  by  the 
latter  between  the  merits  of  Jesus 
Christ  and  Socrates  ;  was  the  author  of 
•'The  Powers  of  Genius,",  and  other 
poems  ;  and  d.  1804. 

LINN^US,  or  LINNE,  Charles  von, 
the  most  celebrated  of  modern  natural- 
ists, and  the  founiler  of  the  present 
botunic  system,  was  b.  in  1707,  at 
Koeshult,  in  Sweden.  From  Ids  in- 
fancy he  discovered  a  propensity  and 
talent  for  the  study  of  plants  ;  and 
though  destined  for  the  church,  his 
predilection  for  natural  history  witli- 
clrawing  his  attention  from  theological 
studies,    his    destination   was   changed 


for  the  medical  profession.  While  at 
the  universities  of  Lund  and  Upsal,  he 
labored  under  great  disadvantages,  from 
the  narrowness  of  his  fathers  eireuni- 
stauces ;  but  the  patronage  of  Celsius, 
the  theological  professor,  who  was  also 
a  naturalist,  improved  his  condition, 
and  ho  obtained  some  private  pupils. 
It  was  at  tills  period  that, he  formed  the 
idea  of  that  botanical  system  which  has 
immortalized  his  name.  In  1732  he 
made  a  tour  through  Lapland,  and,  vis- 
iting the  mining  district  round  Fahlun, 
formed  a  system  of  that  science,  which 
he  afterwards  published  in  his  "Sys- 
tema  Naturie."  He  ne.xt  resided  for 
three  years  in  Holland,  where  he  took 
his  doctor's  decree,  and  was  superin- 
tendent of  Clitford's  celebrated  garden 
at  Harte-camp,  near  Haerlem.  After 
visitini,'  England,  in  1738,  he  made  an 
excursion  to  Paris,  and,  towards  the 
end  of  that  year,  returned  to  his  native 
country,  and  settled  as  a  physician  at 
Stockholm,  wliere  the  establishment  of  a 
royal  academy,  of  which  he  was  one  of 
the'  first  members,  contributed  to  the 
advancement  of  his  reputation,  by  the 
opportunities  which  it  afforded  for  the 
display  of  his  abilities.  In  1741  he  suc- 
ceeded to  the  professorship  of  medicine 
at  Upsal,  to  which  was  added  tiic  super- 
intendence of  the  botanic  garden.  His 
fame  now  spread  through  the  civilized 
world,  and  scientifie  bodies  eagerly  en- 
rolled him  among  their  members  ;  in 
1747  he  was  nominated  royal  arehiater; 
in  1753  he  was  created  a  knight  of  the 
polar  star — an  honor  never  before  be- 
stowed on  a  literary  man  ;  in  1761  he 
was  elevated  to  the  rank  of  nobility, 
and  acquired  a  moderate  degree  of  opu- 
lence, sullicient  to  enable  him  to  i)Ur- 
cliase  an  estate  and  mansion  at  Ham- 
niarby,  near  Upsal,  where* he  chiefly 
resided  during  the  last  years  of  his  lite. 
Besides  his  works  on  natural  history, 
he  published  a  classified  "  Materia  Med- 
iea,"  &c. ;  but  it  is  as  the  founder  of  a 
sj'stem  of  botanical  science  tiiat  he  ranks 
as  an  original  genius,  and  will  continue 
to  be  reinembercd.     D.  1778. 

LINSCHOTEN,  John  Hugh  van,  a 
Dutch  voyager,  of  the  16th  century,  who 
wrote  narratives  of  his  voyages  to  the 
East  Indies,  and  a  description  of  the 
coasts  of  Guinea,  Congo,  and  Angola. 
B.  1553  ;  d.  1633. 

LINT,  PKTiip.  VAN,  an  historical  and 
portrait  painter  of  Antwerp,  was  b.  in 
IGo'j.  He  painted  in  Italy  several  years, 
and  returned  to  his  own  country  in- 
creased in  wealth  and  reputation. — A 


CYt'LOP.i:i>IA     OK     llIDCiKAl'HV, 


581 


rolnlioii  of  liis,  IIendiuo  van  Lint,  was 
ail  cmir.eiit  landsciipe  painter,  and  exe- 
cuted some  fine  views  about  Komc. 

LIPPI,  Lorenzo,  a  painter  and  poet, 
was  b.  at  Florence  lti06,  and  d.  It;ti4. 
Ho  executed  many  fine  pieces  for  the 
chapels  and  convents  of  his  native  city. 
As  a' poet  he  is  known  by  a  burlesque 
piece  entitled  "  Malniantile  Kaciiui.-'ta- 
ro,"  printed  at  Florence  in  IGSs^  under 
the  name  of  Perloni  Zipoli. — There 
were  also  two  other  Florentine  ar- 
tists of  the  name  of  Lnri :  one,  Fran- 
cisco FiLir>i>o,  wlio  d.  in  14SS ;  and  his 
son  FiLippo,  who  died  in  loO') ;  the  latter 
was  a  painter  of  considerable  talent  and 
reputation. 

LIPSIUS,  Justus,  an  eminent  critic 
and  scholar,  b.  at  Overj-sche,  a  village 
of  Brabant,  in  lo47.  He  studied  at 
Aeth,  Cologne,  and  Louvain  ;  then  went 
to  Kome,  and  became  secretary  to  Car- 
dinal Granvella.  On  his  return  to  the 
Netherlands,  after  a  short  time  spent  at 
Louvain,  he  visited  the  capital  of  the 
German  empire,  and  then  accepted  a 
professorship  in  the  university  of  Jena. 
Many  tempting  and  honorable  otters 
were  made  him  by  various  potentates, 
to  engage  him  in  tlieir  service;  but  he 
refused  them  all ;  and  at  length  d.  at 
Louvain,  in  IGOG.  Lipsius  changed  his 
religion  several  times ;  and  whether  as 
a  Catholic,  a  Lutheran,  or  a  Calvinist,  lie 
was  equally  zealous  for  the  time,  and 
equally  bigoted.  lie  wrote  many  learned 
treatises,  but  his  principal  work  is  the 
"  Variffi  Lectiones.^' 

LIST,  Frederic,  a  distinguished  po- 
litical economist,  was  long  a  member  of 
the  Wirtemberg  parliament,  whence  lie 
was  expelled  for  the  boldness  of  his 
opinions.  In  1S19  he  conceived  the  idea 
of  the  "  Zollvcrein,"  (the  Customs  Union 
of  the  German  states;  an  institution 
which,  after  encountering  many  obsta- 
cles, was  finally  adopted  by  nearly  the 
whole  of  Germany.)  established  a  jour- 
nal to  sujiport  his  views,  and  published 
several  valuable  works  on  political  econ- 
omy. But  a  scries  of  disappointments 
preyed  upon  his  mind,  and  in  a  fit  of 
insanity  he  committed  suicide,  1840,  in 
the  57tli  year  of  his  age. 

LISTER,  Thomas  IIen-rt,  a  novel 
writer  and  historian  was  b.  in  1801,  and 
may  be  said  to  have  inherited  literary 
tastes  and  capabilities,  the  poetical  tal- 
ents both  of  his  father  and  grandfather 
having  been  favorably  mentioned  by 
Miss  Sewanl.  Besides  '•  Granby"'  and 
"  Herbert  Lacy" — two  novels  which  are 
among  the  best  r>f  that  not  very  admi- 


rable species  "  the  fashionable" — h« 
published,  "  Epicharis,"  a  tragedy  ;  and 
the  '■  Life  and  Administration  of  Lord 
Clarendon."     D.  1842. 

LISTON,  John,  a  very  popular  actor 
of  low  comedy,  whoso  natural  humor 
and  j)eculiar  drolleries  afforded  many  a 
rich  treat  to  the  playgoers  of  London, 
was  b.  in  St.  Anne"s  parish,  Solio,  and 
in  the  early  period  of  liis  life  was  enga- 
ged in  the  uninviting  employment  of  a 
teacher  in  a  dav-school.  lie  appeared 
in  1805  before  a  London  audience  at  tlio 
Ilaymarket.  lie  also  obtained  an  en- 
gagement at  Covent-garden,  where  he 
remained,  increasing  in  public  favor, 
till  1823,  when  he  transferred  his  ser- 
vices to  Urury-lane,  and  continued  there 
till  1831 ;  but  the  enormous  salary  of 
£100  a  week  tempted  him  to  enlist  un- 
der the  banners  of  Madame  Vestris  at 
the  Olympic  theatre,  where  he  peru.rm- 
ed  six  seasons,  and  may  be  said  to  have 
closed  his  theatrical  career.     D.  1846. 

LITIIGOW,  William,  a  native  of 
Scotland,  who  in  the  reign  of  Queen 
Elizabeth  travelled  on  foot'through  nu- 
merous countries  in  Europe,  Asia,  and 
America,  over  a  distance  of  more  than 
30,000  miles  ;  during  which  he  encoun- 
tered many  hardships,  and  was  at  length 
thrown  into  the  prisons  of  the  Inquisi- 
tion in  Sixain,  and  so  cruelly  torturcil  as 
to  be  deprived  of  the  use  of  liis  limbs. 
On  regaining  his  libertv,  and  coming  to 
England,  he  published  an  account  of 
his  adventures,  which  he  presented  to 
James  I.  lie  also  wrote  a  narrative  of 
the  siege  of  Breda.     D.  1G40. 

LITTLE,  William,  an  ancient  En- 
glish historian,  known  also  by  the  name 
of  Gulielnius  Naubrigensis,  was  b.  at 
Bidlington,  in  Yorkshire,  in  1136,  and 
educated  at  the  abbey  of  Newborough, 
in  the  same  county.  In  his  advanced 
years  he  composed  a  History  of  En- 
gland, from  the  Norman  Conquest  to 
1197,  which  for  veracit}',  regularity  of 
disposition,  and  purity  of  language  is 
one  of  the  most  valuab"le  productions  of 
that  period. 

LITTLETON,  Thomas,  a  celebrated 
English  judire,  and  law  authority,  was 
b.  at  Franklcy,  in  Worcestershire.  Ho 
studied  at  the  Temple,  was  appointed 
one  of  the  judges  of  the  common  pleas, 
and  continued  to  enjoy  the  esteem  of  his 
sovereign,  Edward  IV.,  and  the  nation, 
until  his  death,  at  an  advanced  age,  in 
14S1.  The  memory  of  .hulge  Littleton 
is  preserved  by  his  celebrated  treatise 
on  "Tenures,"  which  is  esteemed  tho 
principal  authority  for  the  law  of  real 


588 


CYCLOPAEDIA   OF    BIOGRAPHY, 


[uv 


property  in  England.  This  work  lia^ 
been  oomniented  on  by  Coke,  Sir  JI. 
Hale,  and  Lord  Chancellor  Nottingham. 

LIVEKPOOL,  Chakles  Jexkinsox, 
earl  of,  eldest  son  of  Colonel  Jenkinson, 
w:us  b.  in  1727,  and  was  cdiieated  at  the 
Charter-liouse,  and  at  University  col- 
lesre,  Oxford.  He  entered  parliament  in 
1761,  and  soon  took  ofRee  as  uuder- 
seeretary  of  state ;  in  1766  he  was  made 
a  lord  of  the  admiralty;  in  1772,  vice- 
treasurer  of  Ireland ;  in  1778,  secretary 
at  war  ;  and,  in  178-1,  president  of  the 
l)oard  of  trade.  In  1736  he  was  created 
Baron  Ilawkesbury  ;  and  in  1796,  earl 
of  Liverpool.  D.  1808. — Eobert  Banks 
Jenkin'sox,  earl  of,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  b.  in  1770,  and  received  liis  educa- 
tion at  the  same  seminaries  of  learning 
as  his  father.  At  the  general  election  in 
17t»0,  Mr.  Jenkinson  was  returned 
member  for  Eye.  In  1796,  his  father 
being  created  earl  of  Liverpool,  he  be- 
came Lord  Ilawkesbury,  and  was  made 
a  commissioner  of  Indian  affairs.  In 
ISOl  he  was  appointed  secretary  of  state 
for  foreign  atlairs  ;  which  office,  four 
years  after,  he  exchanged  for  that  of  the 
Lome  department.  This  he  resigned  on 
the  dissolution  of  tiie  Addingtou  ad- 
ministration; and,  at  the  death  of  Mr. 
Pitt,  succeeded  him  as  lord  warden  of 
the  Cinque  Ports.  In  1817  he  was  again 
minister  for  the  home  department;  and 
on  the  death  of  his  father,  in  the  year 
following,  succeeded  to  the  title  of  earl 
of  Liverpool.  In  1812,  he  was  raised 
to  the  premiership,  and  he  held  that 
elevated  station  till  1827.     D.  1828. 

LIVINGSTON,  JoH.x  II.,  president 
of  Queen's  college,  N.  J.,  graduated  at 
Yalo  college.  1762.  lu  May,  1766,  he 
went  to  Holland,  to  prosecute  his  the- 
ological studies  in  the  university  of 
Utrecht,  where  he  resided  four  years, 
obtaining  the  degree  of  doctor  in  theol- 
ogy in  1770,  in  which  year  lie  returned 
to  America,  and  became  the  pastor  of 
the  Dutch  reformed  church  in  this  city. 
At  this  period  the  Dutch  churches  in 
America  were  divided  in  the  Conferen- 
tic  and  the  C'octus  parties ;  by  the  ef- 
forts of  Dr.  Livlnijston,  a  happy  union 
was  effected  in  1772,  and  the  Dutch 
church  became  independent  of  the  clas- 
sis  in  Amsterdam.  In  1784  he  was  ap- 
pointed theological  professor  in  tlie 
Dutch  church.  The  duties  of  minister 
and  professor  he  performed  till  1810, 
when  he  was  appointed  president  of 
Queen's  college,  in  wliicli  lie  remained 
till  his  death,  in  1825,  ageil  73  years.— 
EoBEET,  first  possessor  of  the  inniior  of 


Livingston  in  the  state  of  New  York, 
and  founder  of  one  of  the  most  distin- 
guished families  in  this  country,  was  the 
son  of  John  Livingston,  who  received 
the  degree  of  A.M.  at  Glasgow,  in  1621, 
and  was  the  minister  of  Anerum,  but 
refusing  to  take  the  oath  of  allegiance  in 
1663,  was  banished,  and  removed  to 
Rotterdam,  where  he  was  a  minister  of 
the  Scot's  chapel,  and  d.  Aug.  9,  1672, 
aged  69.  Eobert  L.  was  b.  at  Anerum, 
in  1654,  and  came  to  America  with  liis 
nephew  about  1672.  He  was  a  member 
of  tlie  council  in  1698.  His  wife  was  of 
the  family  of  Schuyler,  and  the  widow 
of  Mr.  Van  Eensselaer.  He  left  three 
sons,  Philip,  Eobert,  and  Gilbert.  A 
Mr.  Livingston,  perhaps  Mr.  E.  L.,  who 
was  many  years  speaker  of  the  assembly 
of  New  'York,  d.  at  Boston,  1723. — ■ 
PniLip,  a  patriot  of  the  American  revo- 
lution, and  a  signer  of  the  declaration 
of  independence,  graduated  at  Yale  col- 
lege, 1737.  He  became  a  merchant  in 
New  York,  and  as  there  were  but  few 
well-educated  merchants  in  Wall-street 
at  that  time,  he  was  soon  at  their  head. 
In  1754  he  was  an  alderman  of  the  city 
of  New  York,  and  after  serving  in  this 
capacity  four  years,  was  sent  to  Albany 
as  a  representative  of  the  city.  In  this 
body  he  soon  became  a  leader,  and 
directed  its  attention  to  the  great  inter- 
ests of  commerce ;  New  York  being 
then  behind  Boston  and  Philadelphia 
in  her  exports  and  imports.  He  was 
one  of  the  connnittee  of  correspondence 
witli  the  agent  for  the  colony  in  En- 
gland, the  celebrated  Edmund  Burke  ; 
and  his  letters  abound  in  information 
and  critical  remarks,  ilr.  Livingston 
was  in  congress  in  1776,  and  not  only 
signed,  but  was  a  strenuous  advocate  for 
the  declaration  of  independence.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  senate  of  New 
York  on  the  adoption  of  the  state  con- 
stitution ;  after  which,  under  the  pro- 
visions of  that  constitution,  he  was 
elected  a  member  of  congress.  He  was 
not  long  permitted  to  devote  himself  to 
the  service  of  his  country,  for  he  d. 
June  12,  1778. — William,  governor  of 
New  Jersey,  a  descendant  of  the  family, 
which  emigrated  from  Scotland,  was  b. 
about  tlie  year  1741.  He  was  a  lawyer, 
and  early  embraced  the  cause  of  civil 
and  religious  liberty.  When  Great 
Britain  advanced  her  arbitrary  claims, 
he  employed  his  pen  in  opposing  them, 
and  in  vindicating  the  riglits  of  his 
countrymen.  After  sustaining  some 
important  offices  in  New  York,  he  re- 
moved to  New  Jersey,  and,  as  a  repre- 


LIV] 


CYCLOPEDIA   OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


589 


sentative  of  this  state,  was  one  of  the 
principal  iiiciiibers  of  the  first  coivorcss 
in  1774.  After  tlie  inhabitants  of  New 
.fersey  had  sent  their  governor,  William 
Franklin,  under  a  strong  guard  to  Con- 
neeticut,  and  had  formed  a  new  consti- 
tution in  July,  1776,  Mr.  Livingston  was 
elected  the  first  chief  magistrate ;  and 
puch  was  his  integrity,  and  republican 
virtue,  that  he  was  annually  re-elected 
till  his  death.  During  the  war  he  bent 
his  exertions  to  support  tlie  independ- 
ence of  his  country.  By  tlie  keenness 
and  severity  of  his  political  writlnsrs,  he 
exasperated  the  British,  who  distin- 
guislied  him  as  an  object  of  their 
peculiar  hatred.  His  pen  had  no  in- 
considerable influence  in  exciting  that 
indignation  and  zeal,  which  rendered 
the  militia  of  New  Jersey  so  remark.i- 
blc  for  the  alacrity  with  which,  on  any 
alarm,  they  arrayed  themselves  against 
the  common  enemy.  He  was  in  1787  a 
delegate  to  the  grand  convention  which 
formed  the  constitution  of  the  United 
States.  After  having  sustained  the 
oflRce  of  governor  for  fourteen  years, 
with  great  honor  to  himself  and  useful- 
ness to  the  state,  lie  d.  July  25,  1790, 
aged  67. — Robeut  R.,  chancellor  of  the 
state  of  New  York,  graduated  at  King's 
colleee,  New  York,  176").  Having 
studied  law  witli  William  Smith,  he  was 
appointed  by  Governor  Tryon  recorder 
01  the  city  ;  an  office  which  he  resigned 
at  the  beginning  of  the  revolution.  In 
April,  1775,  he  was  elected  from  Duchess 
county  to  the  assembly.  In  177G  he  was 
a  member  of  congress,  and  was  placed 
on  the  connnittee  with  Jetferson,  Adams, 
Franklin,  and  Sherman,  for  drawing 
up  the  declaration  of  independence, 
and  on  other  important  committees. 
In  August,  1781,  he  was  appointed 
secretary  of  state.  On  his  resigna- 
tion, in  1783,  he  received  the  thanks 
of  congress.  Under  the  new  constitu- 
tion of  New  York,  which  he  assisted  in 
forming,  as  chairman  of  the  committee, 
he  was  appointed  chancellor,  and  con- 
tinued in  tliat  place  till  1801.  In  1788 
he  was  chairman  of  the  state  convention, 
whicli  adopted  the  federal  constitution, 
uniting  his  efforts,  at  that  time,  with 
tliosc  of  Jay  and  Hamilton.  In  1801  he 
accepted  the  oflTico  of  minister  plenipo- 
tentiary to  France,  and  proceeded  to 
Paris.  By  the  first  consul  he  was  re- 
ceived with  respect,  and  after  his  mis- 
sion had  closed.  Napoleon  presented 
liim  a  snlendid  snuff-box,  with  a  minia- 
ture of  himself  by  Isabey.  Assisted  by 
Mr.  Munroe  he  made  the  very  important 


purchase  of  Louisiana  for  1.5  milliona 
of  dollars.  In  Paris  he  formed  an  inti- 
macy with  Robert  Fulton,  whom  he  as- 
sisted by  his  counsels  and  money.  After 
his  resignation  and  the  arrival  of  Gen- 
eral Armstrong,  his  successor,  he  trav- 
elled in  Italy,  Switzerland,  and  Germany, 
and  returned  to  America  in  June,  1805. 
1).  1813.  He  caused  the  introduction 
of  Bteam-navigation  into  the  United 
States.  He  introduced  the  merino  sheep, 
and  the  use  of  gypsum  in  New  York, 
lie  was  president  of  an  agricultural  so- 
ciety, and  of  tlie  academy  of  the  fine 
arts.  He  published  an  oration  before 
the  Cincinnati,  1787  ;  an  address  to  the 
society  for  promoting  the  arts,  1808  ; 
essa_)-3  on  agriculture  ;  a  work  on  the 
merino  sheep. — Brockholst,  son  of  the 
preceding,  was  b.  at  New  York,  in  1757 ; 
entered  the  army  in  1776  ;  and  being 
afterwards  attached  to  the  suite  of  Gen- 
eral Arnold,  with  the  rank  of  major,  he 
shared  in  the  honor  of  the  conquest  of 
Burgoyne.  In  1779  he  accompanied  Mr. 
Jay  to  the  court  of  Spain  as  nis  private 
secretary ;  studied  the  law  on  his  return  ; 
and  ultimately  became  judge  of  the  su- 
preme court  of  the  state  of  New  York, 
in  1802.  He  enjoyed  the  reputation  of 
being  an  upright  judge,  an  able  pleader, 
and  an  accomplished  scholar.  D.  1823. 
— Edw.vrd,  was  b.  at  Claremont,  Co- 
lumbia county,  N.  Y.,  in  1764,  educated 
at  Princeton  college,  and  admitted  to 
the  bar  in  New  York  city.  In  1794  he 
was  chosen  to  congress,  and  afterwards 
mayor  of  New  York.  Shortly  after  the 
purchase  of  Louisiana  he  removed  to 
that  state,  where  he  was  intrusted  by 
the  legislature  with  the  preparation  of  a 
code  of  judicial  procedure,  to  revise  the 
system  of  municipal  law,  and  to  reform 
the  penal  statutes  ;  in  short,  to  digest 
and  rearrange  the  whole  legal  system 
of  the  state.  This  he  did  with  consum- 
mate ability;  and  his  "  Reports"  to  the 
legislature  on  the  several  subjects  are 
brilliant,  learned,  and  judicious  essays. 
In  1823  he  was  again  sent  to  congress; 
in  1S31  General  Jackson  made  him  sec- 
retary of  state  ;  and  in  1833  he  was  ap- 
pointed minister  to  France.    D.  1836. 

LIVIUS,  or  LIVY,  Titus,  a  celebrated 
Roman  historian,  was  b.  in  tlie  territory 
of  Patavium,  now  Padua,  In  the  reign 
of  Augustus  he  went  to  Rome,  and  was 
held  in  great  esteem  by  the  emperor  and 
many  other  distinguished  characters. 
His  reputation  is  principally  built  upon 
his  "  Ilistory  of  Rome,"  from  the  foun- 
dation of  the  city  to  the  death  of  Drusus, 
in  143  books,  of  which   only  35  have 


590 


GYCI.Or.EDIA  OF  BIOGRAPHV. 


|loc 


been  preserved.  This  history  is  hitrhly 
pniised  hy  Seneca,  Pliuy  the  EKlcr, 
Qiiiiitiliiin",  &K'.,  aiul  may  be  regarded 
as  oue  of  tlie  most  valuable  literary  relics 
of  aiitiiinitv. 

LLOREXTK,  Don  Juan  Axtoxio,  a 
modern  Spanish  historian  and  ecclesi- 
astic, b.  in  175(5.  He  was  secretary- 
general  to  the  Inquisition,  of  which 
court  he  published  a  "Complete  His- 
tory." He  was  also  the  author  of  "  Me- 
moirs relative  to  the  History  of  the 
Spanish  Itevolution,"  "Political  Por- 
traits of  the  Popes,"  and  other  works. 
Having  accepted  a  situation  under  Jo- 
seph Bonaparte,  and  written  in  his  favor, 
he  was  compelled  to  quit  Spain  on  the 
return  of  Ferdinand.     D.  1823. 

LLOYD,  David,  a  biographical  writer 
of  the  17th  century,  was  b.  in  Merioneth- 
siiire,  in  IC'Jo.  His  principal  works  are, 
'*  Memoirs  of  the  Statesmen  and  Favor- 
ites of  England,"  "Memoirs  of  Persons 
who  sutfered  tor  their  Loj'alty,"  a  "  Life 
of  General  Monk,"  and  a  "History  of 
Plots  and  Conspiracies."  D.  1691. — 
HuMPHur,  an  eminent  military  otficer 
and  writer  on  tactics,  was  b.  in  Wales, 
in  1729.  He  served  with  great  reputa- 
tion in  tlie  Austrian,  Prussian,  and 
Russian  armies,  and  rose  to  the  rank  of 
general.  On  his  return  to  England  he 
surveyed  the  coast,  wrote  a  memoir  on 
the  "Invasion  and  Defence  of  Great 
Britain,"  "The  History  of  the  Seven 
Years'  War,"  and  other  military  treati- 
ses. D.  1783. — Robert,  an  English  poet, 
was  b.  in  1733,  and  was  the  son  of  the 
Rev.  Dr.  Lloyd,  second  master  of  West- 
minster school;  His  first  production, 
"The  Actor,"  gave  rise,  it  is  said,  to 
the  famous  Rosciad  of  liis  friend  Church- 
ill. His  otiier  poems  possess  mucli 
merit;  but  his  genius  could  not  shield 
him  from  the  assaults  of  poverty,  and 
he  d.  a  prisoner  in  the  Fleet,  in  it'H. 

LOBAU,  Count,  an  eminent  soldier, 
whose  name  was  Monton,  was,  at  the 
breaking  out  of  the  revolution,  employed 
as  a  journeyman  baker  in  his  native 
town,  Plialsburg,  in  the  Meurthe.  But 
on  entering  tiic  army  he  speedily  signal- 
ized himself  by  acts  of  bravery,  which 
were  rewarded  by  various  steps  of  pro- 
motion, until,  in  1804,  at  the  camp  of 
Boulogne,  Napoleon,  amid  the  applause 
of  the  whole  army,  made  iiim  his  aid- 
de-camp,  and  gave  him  tlie  command 
of  the  third  regiment  of  the  line.  In 
the  campaign  of  ISO.)  his  eIRcient  gal- 
lantry :)btaiiied  him  the  rank  of  general 
of  brijrade,  and  in  18u7  that  of  general 
of  division.    In  the  campaign  of  1800 


he  defended  the  little  island  of  Lobau 
(from  which  he  took  his  subsequent 
title)  against  the  Austrians,  completely 
beat  them  otf,  and  took  his  troops,  com- 
paratively unhurt,  across  the  Danube. 
In  1812  he  was  made  aid-major  of  the 
imperial  guard;  in  1813,  commander  of 
the  first  corps  of  the  grand  army ;  and, 
in  1814,  a  chevalier  of  St.  Louis.  Du- 
ring the  memorable  "  hundred  days" 
he  gave  his  support  to  Napoleon,  and 
was  made  commandant  of  the  first  mili- 
tary division,  and  a  member  of  the 
chamber  of  peers.  In  the  brief  but  easy 
campaign  of  1815,  he  commanded  the 
sixth  corps  of  the  army  of  the  north. 
He  gave  the  Prussians  a  severe  defeat 
on  the  8th  of  June  in  that  year,  but  was 
wounded  and  sent  prisoner  to  England 
from  that  burial-place  of  his  aspiring 
master's  hopes — Waterloo.  From  that 
time  until  1818  he  remained  in  England ; 
he  was  then  permitted  to  return  home, 
and  in  1828  was  sent  as  a  deputy  for  the 
Meurthe,  and  took  his  seat  on  the  oppo- 
sition benches.  In  the  rex-olution  of 
1830  he  took  an  active  part;  and  when 
Lafayette  resi^rned  the  command  of  the 
national  guard,  Count  Lobau  was  ap- 
pointed his  successor.  Shortly  after- 
wards he  received  his  marshal's  baton 
from  Louis  Philippe.    B.  1770 ;  d.  1839. 

LOBEIRA,  Vasco,  author  of  the  cele- 
brated romance  of  "  Amadis  de  Gaul," 
was  a  native  of  Porta,  in  Portugal,  in 
the  14th  century.  In  1386  he  was 
knighted  by  Joam  I.  on  the  field  of 
battle  at  Aljubarotta ;  and  he  d.  at  Elvas, 
in  1403.  Dr.  Southey  has  translated 
Lobeira's  work,  and  has  satisfactorily 
proved  it  to  be  an  original,  and  not  a 
translation  from  the  French,  as  many 
had  before  imagined. 

LOBO,  .Jerome,  a  Portuguese  Jesuit, 
was  b.  at  Lisbon,  in  1593.  He  went  as 
a  missionary  to  Abyssinia,  and,  on  his 
return  to  Europe,  became  rector  of  the 
college  of  Coimbra,  where  he  d.  in  lfi7S. 
He  wrote  "  An  Account  of  Abyssinia," 
of  which  Dr.  Johnson  published  an 
abridged  translation. 

LOCK,  Matthew,  an  eminent  English 
musician,  was  b.  at  E.\eter,  where  he 
became  a  chorister,  in  the  cathedral. 
He  published  some  musical  pieces  in 
1657,  and,  after  tlie  restoration,  he  was 
employed  as  a  composer  of  operas.  Ho 
was  also  appointed  composer  to  the 
chapel  royal,  and  has  acquired  consider- 
able reputation  by  the  beautiful  music 
to  Rluiksiieare's  Macbeth. 

IjO(;KK,  Jomx,  one  of  the  most  emi- 
nent philosophers  and  writers  of  modern 


iom] 


CYCI.OP-EDI/V   OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


591 


times,  was  b.  at  Wrincfton,  in  Somersct- 
phirp,  in  1632.  lie  was  eiluttitcd  at 
"Westminster  seliool,  and  riirist-clmreli 
collc'/c,  Oxtbnl,  where  he  (listinfiiislied 
liiniself  niiieh  l)y  liis  general  protieiency ; 
and  finally  applied  to  the  study  of  pliysic. 
In  the  year  1660  he  was  introduced  to 
liOrd  Ashley,  afterwards  the  celebrated 
earl  of  Shaftesbury,  to  whom  he  became 
essentially  serviceable  in  his  medical  ca- 
pacity, and  who  formed  a  hiirh  opinion 
•  of  his  ijeneral  iiowcrs,  and  introduced 
liiin  to  the  duke  of  Buckintrham,  the 
earl  of  Halifax,  and  other  distintruished 
cliaracters.  He  also  confided  to  him  the 
superintendence  of  liis  son's  education  ; 
and  wlicn,  in  1672,  Lord  Shaftesbury 
was  appointed  chancellor,  he  made  Mr. 
Locke  secretary  of  presentations,  and, 
at  a  later  period,  secretary  to  the  board 
of  trade.  On  his  patron  retirintr  to 
Holland,  to  avoid  a  state  prosecution, 
Locke  accompanied  him,  and  remained 
there  several  years.  So  obnoxious  was 
he  to  James's  fcovcrnmcnt,  tliat  the  En- 
glish envoy  demanded  Mr.  Locke  of  the 
States,  on  suspicion  of  his  being  con- 
cerned in  Monmouth's  rebellion,  wbieh 
occasioned  him  to  keep  private,  and  em- 
ploy himself  in  finisbinir  his  "Essay  on 
the  Human  Understandinsr."  At  the 
close  of  the  revolution  he  returned  to 
Ensrliind,  and  was  made  a  commissioner 
of  appeals,  and  in  16'.i5  a  conunissioner 
of  trade  and  plantations.  Ho  d.  at  Oates, 
in  Essex,  in  1704.  His  principal  works 
are,  an  "Essay  on  Human  Understand- 
intr,"  "Letters  on  Toleration,"  "A 
Treatise  on  Civil  Oovernment,"  and 
"Thouirbts  coneernincr  Education." 

T/)FFT,  Capel,  a  barrister,  and  the 
autlior  of  several  works  in  polite  litera- 
ture, was  b.  in  London,  1751.  He  was 
educated  at  Eton  and  Cambridire,  and 
was  called  to  the  bar  in  1775.  On  suo- 
ceedinir  to  the  Capel  estates,  in  17S1, 
lie  removed  to  Troston,  in  Sutfolk,  and 
became  an  active  matristrate  of  the  county 
till  1800;  when,  for  liavintr  too  zealously 
exerted  himself  as  under-sheriff  to  delay 
the  execution  of  a  younsr  woman  who 
bad  received  sentence  of  death,  he  was 
removed  from  tlie  commission.  Mr. 
Lofft  was  a  very  consiilerable  contribu- 
toi*  to  most  of  the  maLrazines  of  the  day; 
and  it  was  to  his  active  patronafrc  of 
Robert  Rloomfield  that  the  public  was 
indebted  for  the  "  Farmer's  IW,"  and 
other  poems  by  that  author.     D.  lS'2-t. 

LOl'TUS,  DuDLKY,  an  oriental  scholar, 
was  b.  in  1618,  at  Rathfarnham,  near 
Dublin ;  studied  at  Trinity  collcj^e  and 
lit  Oxford;    became  vicar-goueral  and 


.iudje  of  tbe  prerogrative  court  in  Ire- 
land;  and  d.  in  169-').  Amont;  bis  wri- 
tinnrs  arc,  "  A  Ilistorvof  the  Eastern  and 
AVestcrn  Churches,''  "The  History  of 
Our  Saviour,  taken  from  the  Greek, 
Syriac,  and  other  Oriental  Authors,'' 
"  A  Translation  of  tlie  Ethiopic  New- 
Testament  into  Latin,"  &c. 

L()(JAN,  John,  a  Scottish  poet  and 
prose  writer  of  some  eminence,  was  b. 
m  174S.  Havinir  studied  for  the  church, 
his  eloquence  and  ability  procured  for 
him  the  living'  of  South  Leith,  in  1773. 
But  his  conduct  having  rendered  liim 
unpopular  with  his  parishioners,  he  was 
induced  to  resiern  his  charge;  and  he 
then  ]>roceedcd  to  London,  where  he 
became  connected  with  the  press ;  and, 
among  other  productions,  wrote  a  pam- 
phlet, entitled  "  A  Review  of  the  prin- 
cipal Chartres  against  Mr.  Warren  Has- 
tings," which  led  to  tbe  prosecution  of 
the  publisher,  Mr.  Stockdale,  wlio,  how- 
ever, was  acquitted.  His  poems,  usually 
printed  with  those  of  I\Iichael  Bruce, 
whose  merits  he  was  the  first  to  make 
known,  are  chiefly  lyrical ;  but  he  also 
wrote  "Runnymede,"  a  tratredy;  and 
published  the  "Elements  of  the  Phi- 
losophy ot*  History;"  besides  being  the 
author  of  a  volume  of  sermons,  pub- 
lished posthumously,  which  have  en- 
joved  ffreat  popularitv.     D.  1788. 

LOLLARD.  WAi.T'En,  the  founder  of 
a  religious  sect  in  Germany,  about  131.5. 
He  was  burnt,  at  Cologne,"  in  1322. 

LOLLI,  or  LOLLY,  Antoxio,  a  cele- 
brated performer  on  tbe  violin,  was  a 
native  of  Bergamo,  in  Italy,  and  b.  in 
1728.  In  Germany,  Russia,  England, 
Spain,  France,  and  Naples  he  excited 
the  admiration  of  the  musical  world ; 
but  thousrh  for  many  years  he  possessed 
a  wonderful  command  over  the  instru- 
ment, yet  during  the  latter  part  of  liis 
life  not  a  trace  was  left  of  that  extraordi- 
narv  skill  which  had  e:5tablishcd  his 
faiiie.     D.  1802. 

LOMONOZOF,  Michael  WAsiLowrrz, 
a  Russian  poet  and  historian  of  the  last 
century,  was  b.  1711.  He  was  the  son 
of  a  flshmonffer,  and  havinsr  fled  from 
his  fatlier,  he  took  refuge  in  a  monas- 
tery, where  he  received  his  e<lucation, 
which  he  afterwards  improved  at  a  Ger- 
man university.  In  1741  he  returned 
to  his  native  country,  and  became  a 
member  of  the  academy  of  Petersbursr, 
and  professor  of  chemistry.  In  176t  ho 
was  made  a  counsellor  of  state,  and  d. 
in  the  course  of  the  same  year.  His 
odes  iiartakcmueh  of  the  fire  of  I'indar, 
and  he  has  boon  justly  called  tho  father 


592 


CVCLOP-EDIA    OF    DIOGRAPIIY, 


[lon 


of  Russian  poetry.  Ho  also  wrote  sev- 
eral works  in  prose,  particularly  ;i  "His- 
tory of  the  Envpirc  of  Kussia." 

toNDUXDEKRY,  Kohert  Stewart, 
marquis  of,  who  for  many  years  was 
known  as  Lord  Castlerea^h,  was  a  na- 
tive of  Ireland,  and  b.  in  176'J,  lie  was 
educated  at  Armagh  and  St.  John's  col- 
lege, Cambridge,  and  having  made  the 
tour  of  Europe,  was  on  his  return  cho- 
sen a  member  of  the  Irish  parliament. 
He  joined  the  opposition  in  the  first 
place,  and  declared  himself  an  advocate 
tor  parliamentary  reform ;  but  on  ob- 
taining a  seat  in  the  British  parliament, 
he  took  his  station  on  the  ministerial 
benches.  In  17^7,  having  then  become 
Lord  Castlereagh,  he  was  made  keeper 
of  the  privy  seal  for  Ireland,  and  soon 
after  aiijuiinted  one  of  the  lords  of 
the  treasury.  The  next  year  he  was 
nominated  secretary  to  tlie  lord-lieu- 
tenant, and  by  his  strenuous  exertions 
and  abilities,  in  the  art  of  removing 
opposition,  tlie  union  with  Ireland  was 
greatly  facilitated.  In  1805  he  was  ap- 
pointed secretary  of  war  and  the  colo- 
nies ;  but  on  the  death  of  Mr.  Pitt,  he 
retired  until  the  dissolution  of  the  brief 
administration  of  1806  restored  him  to 
the  same  situation  in  1807,  and  lie  held 
his  office  until  the  ill-ti;ted  expedition 
to  Walchcren,  and  his  duel  with  his 
colleague,  Mr.  Canni»ig,  produced  his 
resignation.  In  1812  he  succeeded  the 
Maniuis  Wellesley  as  foreign  secretary, 
and  the  following  year  proceeded  to  the 
Continent,  to  assist  the  coalesced  powers 
in  negotiating  a  general  peace.  In  1814 
he  was  pleni)x)tentiarv  extraordinary  to 
tlie  allied  powers,  and  towards  the  close 
of  the  same  year,  to  tlie  congress  of 
Vienna.  For  these  services  he  received 
the  thanks  of  parliament,  and  was  lion- 
ored  with  the  order  of  the  garter.  On 
the  death  of  his  fatlier,  in  iS'il,  he  suc- 
ceeded to  tlie  title  of  marquis  of  Lon- 
donderry ;  but  he  did  not  long  enjoy  it, 
for  in  a  fit  of  insanity,  broutrht  on  by 
excessive  mental  and  bodily  exertion  in 
attending  to  liis  ])ublie  duties,  he  jiut 
an  end  to  his  existence  by  severing  the 
carotid  artery  with  a  penknife.  This 
event  took  place  on  the  12th  of  August, 
1822. 

LONG,  Edward,  was  b.  in  1724,  at 
St.  Blaize,  Cornwall.  He  was  brought 
up  to  the  law,  and  became  jiuIkc  of  the 
Vice-admiralty  court  in  Jamaica,  where 
his  father  possessed  estates,  and  of 
which  island  his  brotlier-iii-hiw.  Sir 
Henry  Moore,  wa.s  lieutenant-governor. 
Being  obliged  to  retura  to  England  lor 


the  restoration  of  his  health  m  17G9,  he 
devoted  his  time  to  literary  pursuits, 
and  wrote  an  admirable  "History  of 
Jamaica,"  a  collection  of  essays,  enti- 
tled "The  Prater,"  "The  Autigallcan," 
a  novel;  "  Letters  ^,n  the  Colonies,"  &c. 
D.  1813. — Koc;ek,  an  English  divine, 
eminent  as  an  astronomer  and  a  mathe- 
matician, was  b.  in  1679,  in  Norfolk; 
was  educated  at  Pembroke  hall,  Cam- 
bridge, of  which  college  he  became 
master  in  1733  ;  was  chosen  Lowdnes'  • 
professor  of  astronomy,  held  livings  iu 
Huntingdonshire  and  Essex,  was  the 
author  of  a  valuable  "  Treatise  on  As- 
tronomy," and  constructed  at  Pem- 
broke hall,  a  hollow  sphere,  18  feet  in 
diameter,  on  the  inurior  surface  of 
which  were  represented  tlie  stars,  con- 
stellations, &e.,  the  whole  being  moved 
by  means  of  machinery.  D.  1770. — 
Thomas,  an  English  nonjuring  divine, 
was  b.  at  Exeter,  in  1621,  was  educated 
at  Exeter  college,  Oxford,  and  after  the 
restoration,  was  made  prebendary  of 
Exeter,  but  lost  that  preferment  at  the 
revolution  for  refusing  the  oaths.  His 
principal  works  are,  "Calvinus  Iledivi- 
vus,"  "  History  of  the  Donatists," 
"  Vindication  of  the  Primitive  Chris- 
tians in  point  of  Obedience,"  "History 
of  Popish  and  Fanatical  Plots,"  and 
"  A  Vindication  of  King  Charles's  Claim 
to  tlie  Eikon  Basilike.''     D.  1700. 

LONGEPIEERE,  Hilaet  Berxard 
DE,  a  French  critic,  b.  at  Dijon,  in  165!) ; 
author  of  several  tragedies  in  imitation 
of  the  Greek  poets ;  but  only  two  of 
them,  the  "  Medea"  and  "Eleetra," 
were  ever  performed.     D.  1721. 

LONGINUS,  DioNYsius,  a  celebrated 
Greek  critic  and  philosopher  of  the 
third  century ;  but  whether  born  at 
Athens,  or  in  Syria,  is  uncertain.  Iu 
his  youth  he  travelled  for  improvement 
to  Koine,  Athens,  and  Alexandria,  and 
attended  to  all  tlie  eminent  masters  in 
eloquence  and  philosophy.  At  length 
he  settled  at  Athens,  where  he  tauu'ht 
philosophy,  and  where  he  also  published 
iiis  iniiiiil'able  "Treatise  on  the  Sub- 
lime." His  knowledge  was  so  exten- 
sive, that  he  was  called  "the  living 
library;"  and  his  fame  having  reached 
the  ears  of  the  celebrated  Zenobia, 
queen  of  Palmyra,  she  invited  him  to 
the  court,  intrusted  to  him  tlie  educa- 
tion of  her  two  sons,  and  took  his 
advice  on  political  affairs.  But  this 
distinction  proved  fatal  to  him,  for  after 
the  surrender  of  Palmyra,  Aarelian 
basely j<at  him  to  death,  for  having  ad- 
vised Zenobia  to  resist  the  R  pmans,  and 


lor] 


CVCLOI'.KDIA   OF    IHOUKAIMIV, 


59i. 


for  ht'inc:  the  real  nnthor  of  the  spirited 
letter  wliieh  the  queen  addressed  to  the 
Komaii  monarch.  His  death  took  phiee 
in  2~;'i.  He  ntct  liis  late  with  cahnness 
and  Ibrtitiule,  exoiainiing  witli  his  ex- 
pirinj^  breath,  "Tlie  world  is  but  a, 
prison ;  happy  therefore  is  he  who 
Kets  soonest  out  of  it,  and  gains  his 
liberty." 

LO'NGLAND,^  or  LANGELANDE, 
RoBKKT,  an  old  En<rlish  poet,  was  b.  in 
yiiropshire.  lie  was  fellow  of  Oriel 
coUei^e,  Oxford,  and  a  secular  priest, 
but  espoused  the  doctrines  of  Wieklilf. 
He  is  believed  to  have  been  the  author 
of  the  "  Vision  of  ]'ierce  I'lowinan  " 
and  "  Pierce  Plowman's  Crede,"  two 
curious  poems,  containing  severe  reflec- 
tions on  the  Catholic  clergy,  and  exhib- 
itinsr  a  e\irious  jiicturc  of  the  times. 

LONGMAN,  TiioM.vs  Norton,  known 
for  nearly  half  a  century  as  the  liead  of 
the  eminent  and  long-established  pub- 
lishing firm  of  Messrs.  Longman  and 
Co.,  of  Paternoster-row,  was"  b.  1770; 
d.  1S42. 

Lt)NGOMONTANUS,  Christian,  a 
celebrated  astronomer,  was  b.  in  1562, 
at  Langsberg,  in  Jutland,  and  was 
obliged  to  earn  his  bread  by  hard  labor, 
having  been  left  an  orphan  in  liis  eighth 
year;  notwithstanding  which  he  studied 
iinrd,  and  witli  the  assistance  of  the 
niinister  of  the  parish,  acquired  a  good 
knowledge  of  the  mathematics.  At  last 
he  became  a  servitor  in  the  college  of 
W'ibourg;  the  professors  of  which  uni- 
versity recommended  him  to  Tycho 
Brahc,  whom  he  assisted  in  his  astro- 
nomical researches,  and  with  whom  he 
lived  11  years.  In  1605  he  was  made 
professor  of  mathematics  at  Copen- 
hagen, where  he  d.  in  1647.  lie  was 
the  author  of  several  works,  of  which 
the  _  principal  is  his  "  Astronomia 
Danica." 

LONGUS,  a  Greek  pastoral  writer, 
whose  work,  entitled  "  Polmenica,"  or 
"The  Loves  of  Daphnis  and  Chloe,"  is 
exceedingly  curious,  for  the  picture  it 
affords  of  rural  manners  in  ancient 
Greece,  but  is  at  the  same  time  taintetl 
with  licentiousness.  It  is  supposed  to 
be  the  earliest  specimen  there  is  of  a 
prose  romance  ;  but  no  account  has 
necn  transmitted  either  of  the  age  in 
which  Longus  lived,  or  the  place  of  his 
birth. 

LOOS.TES,  AoRiAN,  a  Dutch  novelist, 
poet,  and  librarian,  b.  at  llaerlem,  in 
1761.  Always  an  ardent  frieml  ot'  lib- 
erty, ho  opposed  Napoleon's  design  of 
converting  Holland  uito  a  uiouarchy, 
50* 


with  honest  but  abortive  zeal.  He  was 
the  author  of  "Gewarts  and  Gvzeslar," 
a  drama  ;  "  Lucius  Junius  Ih-utus," 
"Marcus  Junius  Brutus,"  and  several 
romances  ;  "  Life  of  a  Dutch  Family  in 
the  17th  Century,"  "Jean  do  Wi'tt," 
"Conrad  and  Jacquelin,"  6:c. 

LOPES,  Feunam,  a  Portuguese  his- 
torian, wliose  "  Chronicle  of  Joam," 
describing  the  great  struggle  between 
Portugal  and  Castile,  towards  the  closs 
of  the  14th  century,  exhibits,  according 
to  the  opinion  of  Dr.  Southey,  all  the 
manners,  painting,  and  dramatic  reality 
of  Froissart.  Lopes  is  the  oldest  of  tho 
Portuguese  chroniclers. 

LOPEZ  DE  KUEDA,  a  Spanish  dram- 
atist and  actor,  who  in  the  16th  century 
composed  humorous  pieces,  and  with 
his  itinerant  hand  of  performers  exhib- 
ited them  to  his  countrymen.     D.  1564. 

LOKENZ,  John  Michael,  was  pro- 
fessor of  history  and  rhetoric  in  the 
university  of  Strasburg  ;  where  he  was 
b.  in  1723,  and  d.  in  1801.  Among  his 
writings  are,  "  Elementa  Historic  Uni- 
verse," "  Elementa  Historiffi  Gorman- 
ica?,"  and  "  Siimma  Ilistorioe  Gallo- 
Francicse,  civilis  et  sacra;." 

LOKENZINI,  Francesco  Maria,  was 
a  native  of  Rome,  and  patronized  by 
Cardinal  Borghcse,  who  gave  him  apart- 
ments in  his  palace  and  a  pension.  He 
was  the  author  of  a  number  of  sacred 
dramas,  written  in  Latin  ;  and  at  tho 
time  of  his  death  filled  the  situation  of 
president  of  the  academy  of  the  Arcadi. 
P.  IGSO  ;  d.  1743. — -Lorenzo,  an  inge- 
nious mathematician,  who  for  some  of- 
fence, while  in  the  service  of  Ferdinand, 
son  of  Cosmo  III.,  was  confined  in  thr 
tower  of  Volterra,  where  he  solaced  tlio 
hours  of  a  wearisome  imprisonment, 
which  lasted  nearly  twenty  years,  by 
writing  a  work  on  conic  sections.  D- 
1721. 

LORIOT,  Anthony  Joseph,  an  excel- 
lent French  mechanician,  wlio,  in  1753, 
presented  to  the  Academy  of  Sciences  a 
machine,  by  means  of  which  a  child 
might  raise  a  weight  of  several  thousand 
pounds.  He  afterwards  constructed  ma- 
chines for  the  naval  service,  and  for 
working  the  mines  of  Pompeau  ;  claimed 
the  merit  of  inventing  a  kind  of  cement 
used  in  building,  called  "  mortier  Lo- 
riot,"  and  an  hydraulic  machine  for 
raisincr  water.     B.'l716;  d.  17S2. 

LoKEAlNE,  KoREiiT  le,  an  eminent 
French  sculptor,  was  b.  at  Paris,  in 
1665;  studied  under  Ginirdon,  and  af 
terwards  in  Italy;  and  on  his  return,  in 
1701,  produced  tho  most  beautiful  of 


594 


CYCLOP.EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[lod 


his  works,  the  "  Galatea,"  which  at  once 
procured  liis  admission  into  the  society, 
of  whieli  he  eventually  became  the  pres- 
ident.    1).  174o. 

LOUDON,  John-  Cl.\udius,  known 
as  a  distinguished  writer  on  horticul- 
tural subjects,  was  b.  at  Cambuslanir,  in 
Lanarkshire,  in  1763,  and  brought  up 
as  a  landscape  gardener,  llis  works 
were  both  important  and  numerous ; 
among  the  principal  were  the  "Arbore- 
tum JSritanuieum,"  the  "  Encyelopffidia 
of  Airriculture,"  the  "  Encyclopajclia  of 
Gardening,"  "  Hints  on  the  Formation 
of  Gardens,"  the  "Encyclopaedia  of  Cot- 
tage, Farm,  and  Villa  Architecture,"  the 
"  Suburban  Horticulturist,"  and  the 
"  Encyclopsedia  of  Trees  and  Shrubs," 
besides  wliich  he  latterly  edited  the 
"Gardener's  and  Agricultural  Maga- 
zines," and  contributed  to  other  publi- 
cations.    D.  1848. 

LOUIS  IX.,  king  of  France,  canonized 
in  the  Koinau  calendar  as  St.  Louis,  was 
b.  1214,  and  succeeded  his  father,  Louis 
Vlll.,  in  1220.— XL,  king  of  France, 
was  tlie  son  of  Charles  VIL,  and  b.  at 
Bourges,  in  1423.  Active,  bold,  and 
cumiing,  he  was  the  reverse  of  his  well- 
disposed  but  imbecile  father,  of  whose 
minister  antl  mistress,  Agnes  Sorel,  he 
soon  showed  himself  a  decided  enemy. 
Li  1440  he  left  the  court,  and  put  him- 
self at  the  head  of  an  insurrection. 
Charles  defeated  the  rebels,  and  ex- 
ecuted some,  but  pardoned  his  son, 
whom  he  even  trusted  with  a  command 
against  the  English  and  Swiss.  Louis 
conducted  himself  with  valor  and  pru- 
dence, and  his  father  became  entirely 
reconciled  to  him  ;  but  having  soon  en- 
tered into  new  conspiracies,  he  was 
obliged  to  take  refuge  ni  Burgundy,  and 
Jived  there  five  years  in  a  dependent 
condition.  On  the  death  of  his  J'ather, 
in  14<il,  he  dismisscd'tlie  former  minis- 
ters, and  filled  their  places  with  men 
taken  from  the  lower  orders,  without 
character  or  talents  to  reconnnend  them. 
Insurrections  broke  out  in  various  parts 
of  ills  dominions  ;  but  they  were  soon 
quelled,  and  followed  l>y  many  execu- 
tions. In  every  thing  ho  did,  his  crooked 
policy  and  sinister  views  were  evident. 
1).  1483. — XII.,  king  of  France,  was  the 
son  of  Charles,  duke  of  Orleans,  and  b. 
in  1462.  His  reign  was  a  continued 
Bcene  of  warfare. — XIII.,  king  of  France, 
Wius  tiic  s'jn  of  Henry  1\'.,  and  b.  in  Kiol. 
Being  only  nine  years  old  at  the  death 
of  ills  father,  the  care  of  him  and  of  the 
kingdom  was  intrusted  to  his  mother, 
Mary  de  Medicis.    D.  1642.— XIV.,  sou 


of  the  preceding,  was  only  five  years  old 
on  the  death  of  his  father,  the  regency 
being  in  the  hands  of  the  queen-mother, 
Anne  of  Austria,  under  whom  Mazarin 
acted  as  prime  minister.  In  1G51  the 
king  assumed  the  government.  D.  1715. 
—XV.,  king  of  France,  great-grandson 
and  successor  of  the  preceding,  was  b. 
in  1710 ;  and  Louis  XIV.  dying  when  he 
was  only  five  years  of  age,  the  kingdom 
was  placed  under  the  regency  of  Philip, 
duke  of  Orleans.  He  was  crowned  in 
1722,  and  declared  of  age  the  following 
year.  D.  1774. — XVI.,  the  son  of  Louis 
the  dauphin,  and  of  Maria  Josephine, 
daughter  of  Frederic  Augustus,  king  of 
Poland,  was  b.  in  1754,  and  innnediately 
created  duke  of  Berri.  On  the  death  of 
his  father,  in  17G5,  he  became  the  heir 
to  the  throne ;  and  in  1770  he  married 
Maria  Antoinette,  an  Austrian  princess, 
of  great  beauty  and  accomplishments. 
In  1774  he  succeeded  to  the  crown ;  and 
was  e.xecuted  for  his  tyranny  and  weak- 
ness in  1793. — XVIII.,  Stanislaus  Xa- 
viER,  surnamed  "  le  Desire,"  second 
son  of  the  dauphin,  (the  son  of  Louis 
XV.,)  was  b.  in  1755,  and  was  originally 
known  as  the  count  of  Provence.  At 
the  accession  of  his  brother,  Louis  XVI., 
in  1774,  he  received  the  title  of  Monsieur; 
and  after  the  death  of  his  nephew,  in 
1795,  from  which  time  he  reckoned  his 
reign,  he  took  the  name  and  title  of 
Louis  XVIIL,  king  of  France  and  Na- 
varre.    D.  1824. 

LOUIS  PHILIPPE,  ex-king  of  the 
French,  the  eldest  son  of  the  duke  of 
Orleans,  better  known  in  the  revolu- 
tionary times  as  Philippe  Egalitc,  and 
of  Marie,  only  daughter  of  tlie  duke  of 
Penthievre,  was  b.  in  Paris,  October  6, 
1773.  At  the  age  of  17  his  father  intro- 
duced him  to  the  Jacobin  Club ;  in 
17'J1,  having  received  the  command  of 
a  regiment  of  dragoons,  he  set  out  to 
join  it  at  Valenciennes ;  and  war  being 
declared  against  Austria,  he  made  his 
first  campaign  in  1792,  fighting  at  Vahny 
at  the  head  of  the  troops  confided  to  him 
by  Kellermann,  and  afterwards  gaining 
great  distinction  at  .lemappes,  under 
Dumourier.  Meanwhile  the  revolution 
was  hastening  to  its  crisis.  In  1793 
Louis  XVI.  was  carried  to  the  scaffold ; 
and  a  few  mouths  afterwards,  when  the 
duke  of  Orleans,  notwithstanding  his 
connection  with  tlie  revolutionary  cause, 
shared  the  same  fate,  Louis  l'liiri[)pe  fled 
to  the  French  frontier,  escaped  into  the 
Austrian  territories,  and  refusing  an  in- 
vitation to  enter  into  that  service,  trav- 
elled in  Switzerland,  Hungary, Denmark, 


low] 


CVCLOP.EDIA    OF    BIOOllAPIIY. 


595 


Norwdv,  Sweden,  and  America.  The 
abdic;ition  of  Napoleon,  in  1«14,  intro- 
duced a  new  cliantre  in  lii.s  fortunes,  and 
lie  returned  to  Faris*  after  an  absence  of 
21  years.  The  return  of  Napoleon  from 
Elba  seattoreil  the  Bourbons  once  more, 
and  Louis  I'hilippe  returned  to  Enicland, 
till  the  expiry  of  the  hundred  days,  when 
lie  repaired  to  France,  and  entered  into 
all  the  honors  due  to  his  rank.  A  cold- 
ness which  arose  between  him  and  the 
administration,  led  to  his  temporary  re- 
tirement to  England  ;  but  in  1S17  he 
took  up  his  permanent  abode  in  France, 
and,  wliile  abstaining  from  politics,  de- 
voted himself  to  the  education  of  his 
family  and  the  patronage  of  literature 
aiul  the  arts,  until  the  revolution  of  1S30 
placed  him  on  the  throne,  from  which 
he  was  driven  in  1848.  Hastily  quittin<j 
I'aris  with  the  queen,  who  had  shared 
with  him  so  many  dangers,  he  made  his 
way  to  the  sea-shore,  whence  he  es- 
caped, in  disguise,  for  England,  and 
landed  atNewhaven,  in  Sussex.  D.  1850. 

LOUISA,        AuOUST.\        "WlLUELillNA 

Ajiklia,  queen  of  Prussia,  daughter  of 
Charles,  duke  of  Mecklenburg'Strelitz, 
was  b.  at  Hanover,  in  1776,  and  was 
married  to  the  crown-prince  of  Prussia, 
afterwards  king,  Dec.  24, 1793.  In  1797 
the  king  of  Prussia  ascended  the  throne, 
and  his  consort  became  the  model  of  a 
wife,  a  mother,  and  a  queen,  alleviating 
niiserv  wherever  she  could,  and  reward- 
inir  merit.     I).  1810. 

LOUTIIERBOUKG,  Pni;.ip  James,  an 
eminent  landscape  painter,  was  b.  at 
Strasburg,  1740 ;  studied  under  Tisch- 
bein  and  Casanova;  and  displayed  great 
talents  in  his  delineation  ot^  battles, 
hunting  pieces,  etc.  lie  came  to  Lon- 
don in  1771,  and  while  there  contrived 
nn  exhibition,  called  the  Eidophusikon, 
somewhat  on  the  plan  of  the  Diorama. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  academy  of 
painting  at  Paris,  and  a  royal  academi- 
cian of  England.     D.  1S12. 

1>0UVEL,  Peter  Louis,'  the  assassin 
of  the  due  de  Berri,  was  b.  at  Versailles, 
in  1783.  He  was  by  trade  a  saddler,  and 
worked  in  the  stables  of  the  Emperor 
Napoleon  and  the  French  king.  His 
disposition  was  gloomy,  and  his  mind 
seemed  devoid  of  interest,  excej^  on 
political  subjects.  He  appeared  to  dwell 
intently  on  what  he  had  heard  rcspeet- 
inir  the  causes  of  the  French  revolution, 
until  he  felt  a  rooted  hatred  towards  the 
Bourbons.  During  six  years  he  rumina- 
ted in  silence  on  their  destruction,  and 
began  with  the  voungest,  as  he  after- 
wards acknowledged,  from  a  wish  to 


exterminate  their  race ;  having  resolved 
to  omit  no  opportunity  of  killing  tho 
others.  Louvcl  perpetrated  the  fatal 
deed  on  the  13th  or  February,  1820. 
He  conducted  himself  with  firmness 
during  his  long  examination,  and  ap- 
iieared  calm  throughout,  even  in  his 
last  moments,  positively  declaring  that 
he  had  no  accomplice. 

LOVE,  Christopher,  an  eminent 
Presbyterian  divine,  was  b.  at  Cardiff, 
in  16is.  He  studied  at  Oxford,  and 
entered  into  orders;  but  refusing  to 
subscribe  to  the  canons  enjoined  by 
Archbishop  Laud,  he  was  expelled  the 
congregation  of  masters,  and  repaired 
to  London.  He  was  one  of  the  com- 
missioners for  the  parliament  at  the 
treaty  of  Uxbridtrc  ;  he  was  also  one  of 
the  assembly  of  divines,  and  chosen 
minister  of  St.  Lawrence,  Jewry ;  yet 
he  signed  the  declaration  against  the 
murder  of  the  king.  After  this  he  was 
concerned  in  a  plot  against  Cromwell 
and  the  Independents,  for  which  he 
was  tried  and  beheaded,  Aug.  22,  1651. 
Ashe,  Calainy,  and  Manton,  three  emi- 
nent nonconformist  divines,  accompa- 
nied him  to  the  scalfold,  and  he  was 
deemed  a  martyr  by  the  whole  of  the 
Presbyterian  party. — J.^mes,  a  dramatic 
writer  and  performer,  whose  real  name 
was  Dance,  was,  for  a  time,  a  partisan 
to  Sir  Robert  Walpole,  and  an  expect- 
ant of  political  preferment;  but  being 
disa)iiKMntcd  in  his  hopes,  and  involved 
in  ditfieulties,  he  went  on  the  stage,  and 
excelled  in  the  part  of  Falstaff.  "  Pa- 
mela," a  comedy;  "  The  Village  Wed- 
dintr,"  a  pastoral  entertainment ;  and 
"  The  Lady's  Frolic,"  a  comic  opera, 
were  the  productions  of  his  pen.  D. 
1774. 

LOVELACE,  Pacn.vKD,  an  English 
poet  of  the  17th  century,  was  a  son  of 
Sir  Richard  Lovelace,  of  Woolwich, 
and  b.  in  1618.  He  was  educated  at  the 
Charter  house,  and  at  Gloucester  hall, 
Oxford ;  became  a  colonel  in  the  army 
of  Charles  1.,  and  spent  the  whole  of 
his  fortune  in  support  of  the  royal 
cause ;  was  imprisoned  by  the  parlia- 
ment, and  d.  in  indigence  in  1658.  His 
]iocms,  luililished  under  the  title  of 
"  Lucasta,"  are  light  and  clesrant.  He 
also  wrote  two  plays,  "The  Scholar,"  a 
comedy,  and  "The  Soldier,"  a  tracredy. 
For  spirit  and  gallantry.  Colonel  Love- 
lace has  sometimes  been  conip.ared  to 
Sir  Philip  Sidney. 

LOWE,  Sir  Hudson-,  entered  the  army 
at  a  very  early  age,  and  served  with 
much   credit   in  various   parts    of   tho 


596 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[lot 


•world;  but  he  will  bo  priuci pally  re- 
membered in  history  as  having  been 
governor  of  St.  Helena,  while  that  island 
was  the  place  of  detention  of  the  Em- 
peror Napoleon.     D.  IS-l-t. 

LOWELL,  Joiix,  first,  judge  of  Mas- 
sachusetts, a  gentleman  distinguished 
for  his  generosity  and  public  spirit,  who 
was  among  the  projectors  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts hospital,  the  Boston  Athense- 
ura,  savings'  bank,  &c.,  &c.  B.  1770 ; 
d.  1S40. 

LOWNDES,  AViLLiAM,  was  b.  at 
Charleston  about  1781,  was  educated  at 
the  college  there,  studied  law,  was 
chosen  a  member  of  the  legislature,  and 
was  a  distinguished  member  of  congress 
for  a  period  of  ten  years,  from  about 
1810  to  18-22,  when  irom  ill  health  he 
resigned.  In  ISIS  he  was  the  chairman 
of  the  committee  of  ways  and  means. 
He  was  tall,  slender,  emaciated,  of  a 
rueful  countenance ;  a  man  of  wealth 
and  probity,  modest,  retiring,  and  un- 
ambitious ;  with  a  mind  of  the  first 
order,  vigorous,  comprehensive,  and 
logicid,  and  a  memory  of  uncommon 
power,  and  standing  in  the  first  ranks 
of  American  statesmen.  There  must 
have  been  some  most  extraordinary  ex- 
cellences in  his  character,  for  he  was 
respected  and  beloved  even  by  his  po- 
litical adversaries.  Few  men  have  ap- 
peared at  Washington  who  gave  more 
promise  of  future  eminence,  but  he  d. 
at  sea,  on  his  way  to  Europe,  1S22,  too 
early  alike  for  the  wishes  of  his  friends 
and  the  hope  of  the  nation. 

LOWRY,   Wilson,  an  eminent  En- 

flish  engraver,  was  b.  in  1762,  at  White- 
aven,  where  his  father,  Mr.  Strick- 
land Lowrj',  was  a  portrait  painter.  He 
was  the  inventor  of  a  ruling-machine, 
possessing  the  property  of  ruling  suc- 
cessive lines,  either  equidistant  or  in 
just  {jradations,  from  the  greatest  re- 
quired width  to  the  nearest  possible 
approximation ;  also  of  one  capable  of 
drawing  lines  to  a  point,  and  ot  forming 
concentric  circles :  he  likewise  intro- 
duced the  use  of  diamond  points  for 
etching,  and  many  other  useful  im- 
provements in  the  art,  and  was  the  first 
who  succeeded  in  what  is  technically 
termed  "biting  in"  well  upon  steel. 
J'or  thirty  vears  before  his  death  he 
was  engaged  by  eminent  publishers  on 
their  most  extensively  illustrated  works; 
and  having  attaineil  to  the  liighest  rank 
in  hi.'*  peculiar  branch  of  the  art,  his 
Bervices  were  thoroughly  appreciated. 
D.  1820. 
LOWTII,   William,  an  eminent  di- 


vine, was  b.  in  London,  in  1661,  and 
was  educated  at  Oxford.  Being  recom- 
mended by  his  wortli  and  learning,  he 
became  chaplain  to  Dr.  Mew,  bishop  of 
Winchester,  and  was  provided  with  a 
prebendal  stall  in  his  cathedral  and  the 
living  of  Buriton.  He  was  an  excellent 
classical  scholar  and  critic,  and  the  au- 
thor of  several  theological  works  of 
merit. — Robert,  son  of  the  preceding, 
and  a  distinguished  English  prelate, 
was  b.  at  Buriton,  in  1710,  received  his 
education  at  Winchester,  and  at  New 
college,  Oxford,  in  which  university  he 
was  elected  professor  of  poetry  in  1741. 
He  accompanied  Mr.  Legge  on  an  em- 
bassy to  Berlin,  and  was  subsequently 
travelling  tutor  to  the  sons  of  the  duke 
of  Devonshire.  In  1753  he  puijlished 
his  "  De  Sacra  Poesi  Hebrseorum  Prae- 
lectioues  AcadcinicEe ;"  in  1758,  the 
"Life  of  William  of  Wykeliam;"  in 
1762,  a  "Shoi't  Introduction  to  English 
Grammar;"  and,  in  1765,  he  replied,  in 
a  masterly  and  unanswerable  style  to 
some  acrimonious  remarks  of  Warbur- 
ton,  who  thought  Dr.  Lowth  had  aimed 
at  his  Divine  Legation  of  Moses  in  the 
"  Praslectiones."  After  having  enjoyed 
some  valuable  preferments,  he  was 
raised  to  the  see  of  St.  David's  in  1766, 
was  translated  to  Oxford  in  the  same 
year,  and,  in  1777,  succeeded  to  the 
diocese  of  London.  In  1778  he  pub- 
lished his  "  Translation  of  Isaiah."  The 
archbishopric  of  Canterbury  was  offered 
him,  on  the  death  of  Dr.  Cornwallis, 
but  he  declined  the  primacy.    D.  1787. 

LOYOLA,  Ignatius,  founder  of  the 
society  of  Jesuits,  was  b.  in  1491,  of  a 
noble  fiimily,  in  the  Spanish  province 
of  Guipuscoa.  He  was  at  first  in  the 
army,  and  served  with  distinguished 
bravery,  but  having  i)cen  severely 
wounded  at  the  siege  of  Pampeluna,  ho 
beguiled  his  time  with  books,  and  on 
reading  the  "Lives  of  the  Saints,"  liis 
imagination  became  highly  excited,  and 
he  determined  to  devote  himself  from 
that  time  to  works  of  piety.  He  began 
Iw  making  a  pilgrimage  to  Jerusalem, 
not  from  a  mere  wish  to  see  those  places, 
which  had  b(;en  hallowed  by  the  pres- 
ence of  our  Lord,  but  in  the  hope  of 
con\%rting  some  of  the  infidels,  who 
were  masters  of  the  Holy  Land,  or  of 
gaining  the  palm  of  martyrdom  in  the 
attempt.  Having  accomplished  this 
painful  and  perilous  journey,  he  re- 
turned to  Spain,  more  unprovided  even 
than  he  had  left  it.  In  1526  he  went  to 
the  nniversity  of  Alcala,  where  he  found 
some  adherents  ;  but  the  Inquisition  im- 


LUC] 


CYCLOl'.KDIA    OF    blOGUAI'IlV, 


597 


prisoned  him  for  his  conduct,  wliich 
appeared  stran<je,  and  rendered  liini 
Piispeeted  of  witohcruft.  lie  was  not 
delivered  from  tlio  prison  of  tlie  holy 
ofliec  until  ITi-.'S,  when  he  went  to  Paris 
to  continue  his  studies,  the  subjects  of 
which,  indeed,  were  only  works  of  an 
ascetic  character.  Here  he  became  ac- 
((^uuiuted  with  several  Spaniards  and 
Innclimen,  wlio  were  afterwards  noted 
as  his  followers.  They  conceived  the 
plan  of  an  onler  for  the  conversion  of 
lieathcns  antl  sinners,  and,  on  Ascension 
day.  in  1534,  they  united  for  this  fjreat 
work  in  the  subterranean  chapel  of  the 
abbey  of  Montinurtre.  They  then  met 
ai.'ain  in  ir)36,  at  Venice,  wiience  they 
jjrocccdcd  to  Kome,  and  received  the 
contirniation  of  their  fraternitv  from 
Pope  Paul  III.,  as  "The  Sod'ety  of 
Jesus."  In  1541.  Isnatius  was  chosen 
general  of  the  society,  continued  his 
abstinence  and  penances  diirinsj  life,  and 
d.  in  1561).  Loyola  was  in  person  of  a 
middle  stature,  of  an  olive  complexion, 
with  a  bald  head,  eyes  full  of  fire,  and 
an  aquiline  nose.  His  fanaticism  and 
enthusiasm  were  certainly  dijrnified  by 
sincerity,  anil  he  doubtless  believctl  as 
he  taught,  that  the  Society  of  Jesus  was 
the  result  of  an  innncdiato  inspiration 
from  heaven.  He  was  canonized  in 
162_',  by  Gretrory  XV. 

LUBIN,  AuocsTiN,  an  Aupustin  friar, 
was  b.  at  Paris,  in  1624.  He  became 
provincial-ifcneral  of  his  order  in  P>ance, 
and  afterwards  assistant-tjcneral  of  the 
French  monks  at  Rome,  but  lie  returned 
to  Paris,  and  d.  there  in  16i»5.  He  was 
made  fjcoirrapher  royal,  and  wrote  "  The 
(;c()<,frapliical  Mercury,"  "Notes  on  the 
Koiuan  Martyrology,"  "  History  of  the 
French  Al)beys,"  and  the  "  Geography 
of  the  Bible,"  &c. 

LUt'AN,  Marcus  Ann.eus,  a  cele- 
brated Roman  poet,  was  b.  at  Corduba, 
in  Sjiain,  a.  d.  -37.  He  was  a  nephew  of 
Seneca,  and  beinsr  taken  early  to  Rome, 
he  studied  there  under  the  best  nuisters. 
Before  he  was  of  the  legal  age  lie  was 
made  a  quiestor,  and  he  was  also  ad- 
mitted into  the  college  of  augurs.  He 
excited  the  anger  of  Nero  for  having 
luid  the  elfroutery  to  recite  one  of  his 
compositions,  in  a  public  assembly,  in 
competition  with  the  emperor,  and  was 
ordered  never  more  to  recite  in  public. 
This  induced  Lucan  to  join  Piso  and 
others  in  a  conspiracy  against  the  tyrant, 
for  which  he  suflered  death,  65.'  His 
"Pharsalia"  contains  passages  of  great 
beauty. 

LUCIAN,  a  celebrated  Greek  author, 


distinguished  for  his  ingenuity  and  wit, 
was  b.  at  Samosata,  the  capital  of  Co- 
magenc,  daring  the  reign  of  Trajan.  He 
was  of  liumble  origin,  and  was  placed, 
while  young,  with  an  uncle,  to  study 
statuary,  but  being  unsuccessful  in  his 
first  attempts,  he  went  to  Antioch,  and 
devoted  liimselfto  literature  and  forensic 
rhetoric.  In  the  reign  of  Marcus  Aure- 
lius,  he  was  made  procurator  of  the 
province  of  Euypt,  and  d.  when  80  or  HO 
years  old.  The  works  of  Lucian,  of 
which  many  have  come  down  to  us,  arc 
mostly  in  the  form  of  dialogues,  but 
none  are  so  popular  as  those  in  which 
he  ridicules  the  pagan  mythology  and 
philosophical  seels.  I\Iany  of  them, 
however,  though  written  in  an  elegant 
style,  and  abounding  with  witticisms, 
are  tainted  with  profanity  and  indecency. 

LUCILIUS,  Caius,  a  Roman  satirist, 
who  served  under  Scipio  in  his  exjiedi- 
tion  against  the  Numantians.  Only  a 
few  of  his  verses  remain,  which  are  in 
the  "Corpus  Poetarum"  of  Maittaire. 
D.  at  Na^ilcs,  108  b.  c. 

LUCRhTI  A,  a  Roman  matron,  was  the 
wite  of  Collatinus,  and  the  cause  of  the 
revolution  of  Rome  from  a  monarchy  to 
a  republic.  Sextus  Tarquinius,  who 
contrived  to  become  a  guest  in  the  ab- 
sence of  her  hus1)and,  whose  kinsman 
he  was,  found  means  to  reach  her 
chamber  in  the  middle  of  the  night,  and 
finding  himself  repulsed,  he  threatened 
to  stab  her,  kill  a  slave,  and  place  liim 
by  her  side,  and  then  swear  he  had  slain 
them  both  in  tlie  act  of  adultery.  The 
dread  of  infamy  succeeded,  and  he 
triumphed  over  her  fears ;  but  she 
acqunuitcd  lier  husband,  lather,  and 
kindred  of  the  transaction,  and,  in  spite 
of  their  soothing  remonstrances,  drew  a 
dagger,  and  stabbed  herself  to  the  heart. 
The  bloody  poniard,  with  her  dead 
body  exposed  to  the  senate,  was  the 
signal  of  Roman  libertj-.  Tl;e  expulsion 
of  the  Tarquins,  and  the  abolition  of 
the  regal  dignity,  was  instantly  resolved 
on,  and  carried  into  execution. 

LUCRETIUS,  Titus  Carus,  an  ancient 
Roman  philosopher  and  poet,  much 
esteemed  for  liis  learning  and  elocucnce. 
His  celebrated  work,  "  De  Rerum  Na- 
tura,"  has  been  translated  into  English 
by  Mr.  Creech.    B.  98  b.  c.  ;  d.  55  b.  o. 

LUCULLUS,  Lucius  Licimus,  a  Ro- 
man consul  and  commander,  celebra- 
ted for  his  military  talents  and  mag- 
nificence, was  b.  115  B.  c.  He  first 
distinguished  himself  in  the  social  war, 
and  afterwards  defeated  Ilainilear  in 
two  naval  battles.    He  also  conquered 


598 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BlOGilAPHY, 


[lut 


various  cities  of  Pontus,  and,  althouffli 
overcome  by  Mithridates  in  a  battle, 
soon  acquired  such  advantages  that  he 
linally  broke  up  the  hostile  army,  and 
Mithridatcs  himself  sought  protection  in 
Armenia,  where  Tigraues  refusing  to 
Burrcndcr  him  to  the  Romans,  Lucullu.* 
attacked  that  monarch,  and  completely 
subdued  him.  By  a  mutiny  of  his 
soldiers,  who  accused  him  of  avarice 
and  covetousucss,  he  was  deprived  of 
the  chief  command,  and  recalled.  From 
this  time,  LucuUus  remained  a  private 
individual,  spending  in  luxurious  ease 
the  immense  riches  wliicli  he  had 
brought  with  him  from  Asia,  without 
however,  abandoning  the  more  noble 
and  serious  occupations  of  a  cultivated 
iniud.     D.  4y  B.  0. 

LUDLOW,  Edmund,  an  eminent  re- 
publican leader,  was  b.  at  Maiden  Brad- 
ley, Wilts,  in  1620,  studied  at  Trinity 
college,  0.\ford,  and  at  the  Temple,  was 
an  otticer  in  the  parliamentary  army, 
and  fought  at  Edgehill,  Newbury,  and 
other  places,  but  when  the  "self-deny- 
ing ordinance"  took  place,  he  remained 
out  of  any  ostensible  situation,  until 
chosen  member  for  Wiltshire  in  the 
.place  of  his  father.  At  this  time  the 
machinations  of  Cromwell  becoming 
visible,  he  was  opposed  by  Ludlow  with 
lirmness  and  openness.  To  establish  a 
republic,  he  joined  the  army  against 
the  parliament,  and  sat  also  as  one  of 
Charles's  judges.  Nominated  general 
of  horse  in  Ireland,  he  joined  the  army 
under  Ireton,  and  acted  with  great  vigor 
and  ability.  When  Cromwell  was  de- 
clared protector,  Ludlow  used  all  his 
iuUuence  with  the  army  against  him, 
on  which  account  he  was  recalled,  and 
put  under  arrest;  but  he  avowed  his 
republican  principles,  and,  refusing  all 
Bccurity  or  engagement  for  submission, 
retired  .into  Essex,  where  he  remained 
until  the  death  of  the  protector.  When 
Richard  Cromwell  succeeded,  he  joined 
the  army  party  at  Wallingford  House, 
and  was  instrumental  in  the  restoration 
of  the  long  parliament,  in  which  he  took 
his  seat.  The  restoration  was  now 
rapidW  approaching,  and  finding  the 
republicans  unable  to  resist  it,  he  quitted 
the  country,  and  proceeded  to  Geneva, 
whence  he  afterwards,  with  many  more 
fugitive.s  of  the  party,  took  refuge  at 
Lausanne.  After  the  revolution  he 
ventured  to  appear  in  London,  which 
gave  such  offence,  that  an  address  was 
presented  to  King  William,  by  the  liouse 
of  commons,  praying  his  majesty  to  issue 
a  proclamation  for  apprehending  him. 


On  this,  Ludlow  went  back  to  Vevay, 
in  Switzerland,  where  he  d.  in  1693. 
He  was  one  of  the  purest  and  most 
honorable  characters  on  the  republican 
side,  free  from  fanaticism  or  hypocrisy. 
His  "  Memoirs "  are  interesting,  and 
written  in  a  manly  and  unatfected  style. 
LULLY,  Eatsiond,  a  distinguished 
philosopher  <ind  scholar  of  the  10th 
century,  b.  at  Palma,  in  Majcroa.  In 
his  youth  he  had  been  a  soldier,  but  he 
became  a  religious  ascetic,  and  travelled 
into  Africa  and  the  East,  for  the  purpose 
of  converting  the  Mahometans  to  Chris- 
tianity. He  suffered  tortures  and  im- 
Erisonment  at  Tunis,  but  was  released 
y  some  Genoese  merchants,  and  d.  on 
his  voyage  home,  in  1315.  He  wrote  on 
divinity,  medicine,  chemistry,  metaphy- 
sics, &c. ;  was  styled  "  Doctor  lUumi- 
natus,"  and  his  method,  which  prevailed 
in  Europe  during  the  14th,  l.'th,  and 
Ifith  centuries,  was  dignified  by  the  title 
of  "  Ars  LuUiana." 

LUSSAN,  Maroaeet  de,  a  French 
authoress  of  considerable  talents,  b.  in 
1(582,  was  the  daughter  of  one  of  Cardi- 
nal Fleury's  coachmen.  Among  her 
most  esteemed  productions  are,  "La 
Comtesse  de  Goudez,"  "Anecdotes  de 
Philippe  Auguste,"  "Anecdotes  of 
Francis  I.,"  "La  Vie  de  M.  Crillon," 
and  "  Histoire  de  Charles  VL" 

LUTHEK,  Martin,  the  great  reformer 
of  the  church,  was  b.  in  1483,  at  Eisle- 
ben,  in  Lower  Saxony.  At  the  age  of 
14  he  was  sent  to  the  school  of  Magde- 
burg, from  which  he  removed  to  Eise- 
nach, and  thence  to  the  university  of 
Erfurt,  where,  in  1503,  he  received  a 
master's  degree,  and  delivered  lectures 
en  the  physics  and  ethics  of  Aristotle. 
He  was  destined  by  his  lather  for  the 
legal  profession,  but  the  impression  pro- 
duccfl  on  him  by  the  fate  of  his  friend 
Alexis,  who  was  struck  dead  by  light- 
niuj^  while  walking  by  his  side  on  their 
road  from  Mansfield  to  Erfurt,  uniting 
with  the  effect  of  his  early  religious 
education,  induced  liim  to  devote  him- 
self to  the  monastic  life,  and  he  entered 
the  monastery  of  Augustins,  in  1505, 
submitting  patiently  to  all  the  penances 
and  humiliations  which  the  superior  of 
the  order  imposes  upon   novices.      In 

1507  he.was  constituted  a  priest,  and  in 

1508  he  was  made  professor  of  philos- 
opliy  in  the  new  university  of  Witlfiiir 
berg.  In  this  sphere  of  action  hia 
powerful  mind  soon  showed  itself;  he 
tlirew  off  the  fetters  of  the  scholastic 
philosophy,  asserted  the  rights  of  reason, 
and  soon  collected  a  large  number  of 


vc] 


CVCLOP.KDIA    Of    BIOGHAI'HV. 


599 


disciplc3.  In  1510  he  visited  the  court 
of  Tope  Leo  X.,  at  Eome,  a  journey 
which  rcveuhid  to  liiiii  the  irrcligiou  and 
corruption  of  the  clergy,  and  destroyed 
liis  reverence  for  tlie  sanetitj-  of  the 
pope.  After  his  return,  lie  became  a 
jircaclier,  and  was  made  doctor  of  the- 
ology. His  profound  learning,  together 
with  the  fame  of  his  eloquence,  soon 
made  Luther  known  to  tno  princijjal 
scholars,  and  esteemed  as  a  poweri"ul 
advocate  of  the  new  light  which  was 
breaking  upon  the  world.  Grc:tt,  there- 
fore, was  the  attention  e.xcited  by  his 
ninety-five  propositions,  given  to  the 
workf,  Oct.  31,  1517,  and  intended  to 
put  an  end  to  the  sale  of  inilulgences  by 
the  Dominican  Tetzel.  They  were  con- 
demned as  heretical,  but  neither  men- 
aces nor  persuasions  could  induce  him 
to  recant,  and  he  still  maintained  tliQ 
invaliditj'  of  indulgences,  and  of  the 
papal  supremacy.  Li  1520,  Luther  and 
liis  friends  were  excommunicated,  and 
his  writings  burnt  at  Ivome,  Cologne, 
and  Louvain.  Indignant  at  this  open 
act  of  hostility,  Luther  burned  the  bull 
of  excommunication  and  the  decretals 
of  the  papal  canon.  Being  called  upon 
by  many  of  the  German  nobility  to  de- 
fend the  new  doctrine,  he  presented 
himself  at  the  diet  of  Worms,  April, 
1521,  before  the  emperor,  and  a  vast 
assemblage  of  the  prmces  and  prelates 
of  Germany.  He  tliere  made  an  elabo- 
rate defence,  and  concluded  it  with  these 
words :  "  Let  me  then  be  refuted  and 
convinced  by  the  testimony  of  the  Scrip- 
tures, or  by  the  clearest  arguments, 
otherwise  I  cannot  and  will  not  recant ; 
for  it  is  neither  safe  nor  expedient  to 
act  against  conscience.  Here  I  take  my 
stand ;  I  can  do  no  otherwise,  so  help 
me  God  !  Amen."  He  left  "Worms,  iu 
fact,  a  conqueror ;  but  it  was  so  manifest 
that  his  enemies  were  determined  upon 
his  destruction,  that  the  elector  of  Sax- 
ony conveyed  him  to  the  castle  of  Wart- 
burg,  to  save  his  hfe.  In  this  Patmos, 
as  he  called  it,  Luther  remained  ten 
months,  and  tlien  returned  to  Witten- 
berg, where  he  published  a  sharp  reply 
to  Henry  VIIL,  who  had  written  a  book 
against  him,  on  the  seven  sacraments. 
Luther  also  printed  a  translation  of  the 
New  Testament,  which  greatly  alarmed 
the  Catholics,  and  severe  edicts  were 
issued  against  the  reading  of  it  by  the 
princes  of  that  communion.  In  1524  he 
married  Catherine  de  Bora,  who  had 
been  a  nun,  by  whom  he  had  three  sons. 
In  1529  the  emperor  assembled  another 
diet  at  Spires,  to  check  the  progress  of 


the  new  opinions ;  and  here  it  was  that 
the  name  of  Protestants  first  arose,  oc- 
casioned by  the  protest  made,  on  the 
part  of  the  electoral  princes,  who  were 
for  the  reformation,  against  the  rigorous 
impositions  brought  forward  in  this  as- 
sembly. After  this,  the  protesting 
princes  determined  to  have  a  common 
confession  of  faith  drawn  up;  which 
was  accordingly  performed  by  Melanch- 
thon,  and  being  presented  at  the  diet 
of  Augsburg,  in  15;'0,  was  called  "The 
Confession  of  Augsburg."  In  1534 
Luther's  translation  of  the  whole  Bible 
was  published,  and  the  same  year  he 
printed  a  book  against  the  service  of  the 
mass.  At  length,  worn  out,  more  by 
Ifibor  than  age,  this  illustrious  man  d. 
at  his  native  place,  Feb.  18, 1546,  having 
lived  to  see  that  his  doctrines  had  taken 
such  deep  root,  that  uo  earthly  power 
could  eradicate  them. 

LUTTI,  Benedict,  an  eminent  Italian 
painter,  on  whom  the  emperor  of  Ger- 
many conferred  the  honor  of  knight- 
hood, was  b.  at  Florence,  in  1666.  He 
resided  at  Eome,  where  he  was  presi- 
dent of  the  academy  of  St.  Luke.  His 
paintings  are  rare  and  vahiable.  D. 
1721. 

LUXEMBOURG,  Francis  Henry  de 
MoNTMoiiENcr,  duke  of,  a  tamous  general 
and  marshal  of  France,  b.  in  1628,  was 
the  posthumous  son  of  the  count  de 
Boutevillo,  who  was  belieaded  in  the 
reign  of  Louis  XIII.  for  fighting  a  duel. 
He  served  when  young  under  the  prince 
of  Conde,  was  made  a  duke  and  peer  of 
France,  in  1662,  was  a  lieutenant-gen- 
eral at  the  taking  of  Franche-Compte, 
in  1668,  commanded  during  the  invasion 
of  Holland,  in  1672,  and  having  gained 
the  battle  of  Seref,  in  1674,  was  created 
a  marshal.  He  subsequently  distin- 
guished himself  at  the  battles  of  Fleu- 
rus,  Leuze,  Steinkirk,  &c.,  and  d.  in 
1695. 

LYCOPHEON,  a  Greek  poet  was  b. 
at  Chalcis,  in  Euba'a.  He  flourislied  in 
tlie  age  of  Ptolemy  Philadelplius,  and 
was  one  of  the  seven  poets  termed  the 
Pleiades.  He  wrote  numerous  trage- 
dies, a  satirical  drama,  and  other  works; 
but  the  only  extant  production  of  this 
writer  is  a  poem  relating  to  the  predic- 
tions of  Cassandra,  the  daughter  of 
Priam,  king  of  Troy. 

LYCUEGUS,  the  celebrated  Spartan 
legislator,  son  of  Eunonius,  king  of 
Sparta,  is  supposed  to  have  been  b. 
about  808  B.  c.  His  elder  l)rotlier, 
Polydeetcs,  who  succeeded  to  the  throne 
on  the  death  of  liis  father,  soon  after 


600 


OYCI.OP.EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[lto 


died,  aud  left  the  kingdom  to  him  ;  but 
Lycargus  finding  tliat  tlie  widow  was 
pregnant,  forbore  to  assume  the  sceptre  ; 
aud  the  issue  proving  to  be  a  boy,  be 
faithfully  fulfilled  the  office  of  guardian 
to  it.  lie  made  the  study  of  legislation 
bis  principal  object;  and  huvinsf  trav- 
elled for  the  purpose  of  investigating 
the  institutions  of  other  lands,  he  re- 
turned to  his  own  country,  and  estab- 
lished those  laws  by  which  Sparta  was 
so  long  governed.  Having  bound  the 
king,  senate,  and  people,  by  a  solemn 
oatG,  not  to  alter  any  of  the  laws  he  had 
made  until  his  return,  he  left  Sparta 
with  the  avowed  intention  of  visiting 
the  oracle  of  Delphi,  but  ho  secretly 
determined  never  to  see  it  again.  PIu- 
tiireh  affirms,  that  he  put  himself  vol- 
untarily to  death  by  starvation,  while 
Lucian  assert  that  he  died  naturall)',  at 
the  age  of  85.  The  rigid  character  of 
the  laws  of  Lyenrgus  was  intended  to 
make  public  principles  predominate 
over  private  interests  and  affections. 
Children  were  not  allowed  to  be  the 
property  of  their  parents,  but  of  tlie 
state ;  which  directed  their  education, 
and  even  determined  on  their  life  or 
death.  The  severest  penalties  against 
debauchery  and  intemperance  were 
affixed ;  and  it  was  enjoined  that  the 
people  should  all  take  their  meals  in 
public.  They  were  allowed  to  possess 
neither  gold  nor  silver ;  iron  was  used 
for  money ;  the  theatres  were  abolished, 
aud  nothing  but  the  most  indispensable 
knowledge  was  allowed  to  be  acquired : 
■  in  short,  all  that  tended  to  soften  and 
humanize  mankind  was  prohibited, 
■while  every  thing  that  could  promote  a 
hardy  life  and  personal  bravery  was  en- 
couraged. The  Spartans,  under  tlie 
laws  of  Lycurgup,  consequently  became 
a  nation  of  warriors,  who,  for  ages, 
proved  the  bulwark  of  their  friends, 
the  dread  of  their  foes,  and  an  example 
for  future  ages — more,  however,  to  be 
shunned  than  imitated. 

LYDGATE,  Jofin,  one  of  the  oldest 
English  poets,  was  a  Benedictine  monk 
of  Bury  St.  Edmund's.  lie  was  edu- 
cated at  Oxford,  travelled  in  France  and 
Italy,  opened  a  school  on  his  return  for 
the  tuition  of  the  young  nobility,  and 
d.  about  1460.  Ills  "  Siege  of  Troy"  is 
very  scarce. 

LYEIjL,  Charles,  well  known  in  the 
scientific  and  literary  world,  was  b.  in 
Fifeshire,  1767.  Educated  partly  at  St. 
Andrew's,  and  partly  at  Cambridge,  he 
returned  to  his  paternal  estate  of  Kin- 
nordy,  where  he  passed  his  whole  time 


in  those  pursuits  which  have  gained 
him  a  distinguished  place  among  men 
of  science.  He  was  the  discoverer  of 
raanj^  British  plants  previously  un- 
known ;  and  his  translation  of  the 
lyrical  poems  of  Dante,  with  his  illus- 
trative notes,  shows  a  profound  knowl- 
edge of  medieval  Italian  history  and 
literature.  Sir  Charles  Lyell,  the  dis- 
tinguished geologist,  is  his  son.  D. 
1849. 

LYMAN,  Phineas,  major-general, 
was  b.  at  Durham,  in  1718,  and  after 
receiving  his  education  at  Y'ale  college, 
commenced  his  study  of  the  law,  and 
became  eminent  in  its  practice.  In  1755 
he  was  appointed  cominander-in-chief 
of  the  Connecticut  forces,  and  held  this 
post  with  much  distinction  till  the  con- 
clusion of  the  Canadian  war.  In  1702 
he  commanded  the  American  forces  in 
tlie  expedition  to  Havana,  and  afterwards 
went  to  England  as  agent  to  obtain  from 
government  a  tract  of  land  on  the  Mis- 
sissippi and  Yazoo,  where  he  proposed 
to  establish  a  colony.  Failing  in  tliis 
enterprise,  he  was  ashamed  to  return  to 
his  native  country,  and  passed  eleven 
years  in  England  almost  in  a  state  of 
imbecility.  He  was  tlien  induced  to 
return,  and  embarked  with  his  family 
for  the  Mississippi,  and  d.  1788.  At 
one  period  of  his  life  he  enjoyed  a  very 
high  and  extensive  reputation. 

LYNCH,  Thomas,  a  signer  of  the 
declaration  of  independence,  was  b.  in 
South  Carolina  in  1749,  was  educated  in 
England,  and  commenced  the  study  of 
law  at  the  Temple.  In  1772  he  returned 
to  liis  native  state,  and  when  but  27 
years  of  age  took  his  seat  in  the  conti- 
nental con;^ress  of  1776.  The  decline 
of  his  health  soon  rendered  a  change  of 
climate  necessary,  and  he  embarked 
about  the  close  of  the  year  1779  for  St. 
Eustatia.  The  ship  in  which  he  sailed 
was  never  afterwards  heard  from. 

LYNDWODE,  or  LINDWOOD, 
William,  an  eminent  ecclesiastical  law- 
yer of  the  15th  century,  was  keeper  of 
the  privy  seal  in  the  rei^n  of  Henry  VI., 
and  was  sent  repeatedly  on  embassies 
to  Spain  and  Portugal.  D.  bishop  of 
St.  David's,  in  1446. 

LYON,  George  Francls,  an  enter- 
prising traveller,  and  a  captain  in  the 
British  navy,  was  b.  at  Chichester  in 
1795,  and  entered  the  service  on  board 
the  Milford,  of  74  guns,  in  1809  ;  from 
wliich  period  up  to  the  battle  of  Algiers, 
where  he  was  present,  he  was  continu- 
ally engaged  in  the  active  duties  of  his 
profession.    In  1818  he  was  employed 


lyt] 


CYCLOH-KUIA    OF    DIOGRAPIIY. 


601 


under  Mr.  Ritchie,  on  a  mission  to  the 
interior  of  Africa.  (,)f  tliis  expedition 
Mr.  Lyon  published  his  journal,  under 
the  title  ot  "  A  Narrative  of  Travels  in 
Northern  Africa,  acconipunicd  by  Crco- 
graphical  Notices  of  Soudan,  and  of  the 
Course  of  the  Niger."  A  more  disas- 
trous undertaking  has  been  seldom 
known ;  the  travellers  suffered  every 
kind  of  privation,  were  attacked  with 
the  most  alarming  disorders,  and  Mr. 
Kitehie  fell  a  martyr  to  extreme  suffer- 
ing and  disappointment  while  at  Mour- 
zouk,  the  capital  (if  Fezzan,  from  which 
place  Mr.  Lyon  returned.  A  very  dif- 
ferent scene  of  operations  next  awaited 
him.  In  1821  he  was  appointed  to  the 
connnand  of  the  Ilecla,  one  of  the  ships 
belonging  to  Captain  Parry's  expedition 
to  the  polar  seas ;  of  which  he  also 
published  "A  Private  Journal."  In 
1823  lie  was  raised  to  the  rank  of  post- 
captain,  and  appointed  to  the  command 
of  the  Griper  gun-brig,  then  fitting 
out  for  anotner  voyage  of  discovery  in 
the  icy  regions.  Here  he  and  his  gal- 
lant crew  encountered  the  most  frightful 
perils,  but  providentially  returned  to 
England,  though  without  effecting  any 
part  of  their  object.  lie  afterwards 
went  to  Mexico  as  one  of  the  commis- 
sioners of  the  Ileal  del  Monte  Mining 
Company,  and  was  wrecked  on  his  re- 
■  turn,  near  Holyhead,  in  1827,  losing 
every  thing  belonging  to  him.  He 
again  visited  South  America,  but  J.  on 
his  passage  liome,  1832,  aged  37. 

LYONNET,  Peter,  an  eminent  nat- 
uralist, was  b.  at  Maestrieht  in  1707. 
Being  bred  to  the  law,  he  became  one 
of  the  secretaries  to  the  states  of  Hol- 
land, and  their  law  translator  from  the 
Latin  and  French.  In  his  latter  years 
he  applied  to  the  study  of  natural  his- 
tory, particularly  insects  ;  on  which  sub- 
ject he  wrote  several  esteemed  books, 
the  most  important  of  which  is,  "  Trait(5 
Anatomique  de  la  Chenille  qui  rouge  le 
Bois  de  Saule."     D.  17S'J. 

LYONS,  Israel,  an  astronomer,  bot- 
anist, and  mathematician,  b.  in  1739, 
was  the  son  of  a  Polish  Jew,  who  was 
a  Hebrew  teacher  at  Cambridge.  He 
was  Sir  Joseph  Banks'  instructor  in  bot- 
any, and  accompanied  Captain  Phipps, 
ailerwards  Lord  Mulgrave,  as  astrono- 
mer, in  his  voyage  towards  the  north 
pol^.  He  was  one  of  the  calculators 
of  the  "  Nautical  Almanac,"  wrote  a 
"  Treatise  on  F'luxions,"  and  other 
works,  and  lectured  on  botany.  D.  1775. 

LYSANDEK,  a  famous  Lacedemonian 
general,  who  was  employed  in  and  put 
61 


an  end  to  the  Peloponnesian  war.  By 
defeating  the  Athenians,  too,  in  the 
naval  action  of  .lEgospotamos,  405  b.  c, 
he  destroyed  the  Athenian  ascendency 
in  Greece.  His  ambition  was  to  obtain 
the  sovereijrn  power  of  Sparta,  )mt  he  did 
not  succeed.  He  was  slain  in  the  war 
against  Thebes,  375  b.  c. 

LYSIAS,  a  Greek  orator,  b.  at  Athens, 
as  some  say,  and  at  Syracuse,  as  others 
maintain,  450  b.  c.  He  obtained  great 
fame  as  a  rhetorical  teacher,  and  is  cited 
by  Ciuintillian  as  an  example  of  pure  and 
beautiful  eloquence.  He  lived  to  the 
age  of  81.  Of  his  300  or  400  orations 
only  34  have  come  down  to  us. 

LYSIPPUS,  a  celebrated  Grecian 
sculptor,  who  worked  with  such  extra- 
ordinary diliirence,  that  he  is  said  to 
have  left  behind  him  fifteen  oundred 
pieces,  every  one  of  which  evinced 
marks  of  superior  genius.  Ik  received 
from  Alexander  the  Great  the  singular 
privilege  of  exclusively  making'  his 
effigy  in  cast  metal ;  and  he  accordingly 
executed  a  series  of  figures  of  tlia't 
prince,  from  childhood  to  maturity.  He 
greatly  improved  the  art  of  statuary, 
and  gave  to  the  human  figure  a  degree 
of  symmetry  and  beauty  unpractised  by 
his  predecessors. 

LYTTLETON,  George,  Lord,  an  ele- 
gant poet  and  historian,  was  b.  at  Hagley, 
in  '\\'orcestershire,  in  1709.  On  the' res- 
ignation of  Walpole,  he  was  made  one 
of  the  lords  of  the  treasury  ;  was  subse- 
quently chancellor  of  the  exchequer,  but 
resigned  in  1757,  and  was  raised  to  the 
peerage,  after  which  he  withdrew  from 
public  affairs.  He  was  the  author  of  a 
"  Dissertation  on  the  Conversion  of  St. 
Paul,"  "  Dialogues  of  the  Dead,"  a 
"History  of  Henry  II.,"  and  "Poems." 
The  latter  are  correct  in  versification, 
and  replete  with  delicate  sentiments ; 
nor  arc  his  miscellanies  in  prose  devoid 
of  good  taste.  D.  1773. — Thom/Vs,  Lord, 
son  of  the  preceding,  was  a  young  no- 
bleman of  promising  talents,  but  of  dis- 
sipated manners  ;  and  whose  death  is 
said  to  have  been  preceded  by  a  veiy 
extraordinary  circumstance.  He  dreamt 
that  a  young  female,  dressed  in  white, 
solemnly  warned  him  of  his  dissolution 
in  three  days  from  that  time.  On  tho 
third  day,  his  lordsliip  had  a  party  to 
spend  the  evening  with  him,  and  about 
the  time  predicted  ho  observed  to  the 
company  present,  that  "  he  believed  he 
should  jockey  the  ghost ;"  but  in  a  few 
minutes  afterwards  he  was  seized  witlx 
a  sudden  faintness,  carried  to  bed,  and 
rose  no  more.    D.  1779. 


G02 


CYCLOPEDIA.    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


I  MAC 


M. 


MABILLON,  a  learned  Freneli  Bene- 
dictine, famous  as  a  writer  on  ecclesias- 
tical antiquities  and  diplomatics,  was  b. 
in  lt532,  at  I'ierre  Mont,  in  Champa|rne, 
and  studied  at  the  colleare  of  Rheims. 
lie  assisted  D' Aclieri  in  his  Spieilegium, 
and  published  several  laborious  works, 
amouL!;  which  are,  "  Dc  Diploraatica," 
the  '•  Musffium  Italicura,"  and  "The 
Annals  of  the  Order  of  St.  Benedict." 
D.  1707. 

MABLY,  Gabriel  Bonnet  de,  a 
French  abbe,  eminent  as  a  political  and 
historical  writer,  was  the  brother  of 
(Jondillac,  and  b.  at  Grenoble,  in  1709. 
He  was  educated  by  the  Jesuits  at 
Lyons,  but  soon  abandoned  theological 
studies  for  Thucydides,  PUitarch,"and 
Livv.  His  works  include  "  Parallele  des 
Komains  et  des  Francois,"  "  Le  Droit 
public  de  I'Europe,"  "  Observations  sur 
les  Grecs,"  "  Observations  sur  les  Eo- 
mains,"  "Observations  sur  I'llistoire 
de  la  France,"  "  Sur  les  Constitutions 
des  Etats  Unis  de  I'Amerique,"  &c.  D. 
17S5. 

MACADAM,  JoHX  Locdon',  known 
as  the  introducer  of  an  improved  system 
of  road-makinir,  which  bears  his  name, 
was  deseendeii  from  an  ancient  and 
respectable  family  in  Kirkcudbright, 
Scotland,  where  he  was  b.  in  175G.  He 
was  a  man  of  science  generally,  and  in 
tiie  course  of  his  active  services  as  a 
magistrate  and  trustee  of  roads,  his  at- 
tention was  first  attracted  to  the  want 
of  scientific  principles  in  the  construc- 
tion of  roads.  At  that  time  he  was  in 
his  60th  year,  and  the  subject  continued 
to  occupy  his  leisure  till  he  finally  ef- 
fected what  may  fairly  be  termed  a  na- 
tional good.  Government  appreciating 
the  vast  utility  of  his  plans,  rewarded 
him  by  two  grants,  amounting  together 
to  £111,000,  and  he  wan  offered  the  honor 
of  knightliood,  which,  however,  he  de- 
clined, in  consequence  of  his  advanced 
aire,  and  it  was  confeiTed  on  his  son, 
now  Sir  .James  Nicoll  M' Adam.  D.  1836. 
MACARTNEY,  Geouoe,  earl  of,  was 
b.  at  Lismore,  near  Belfast,  in  1737.  He 
was  employed  as  ambassador  from  Great 
Britain  to  the  emperor  of  Ciiina  in  1792. 
He  conducted  hnnself  with  great  ad- 
dress on  that  occasion  ;  and  an  account 
of  the  mission  was  published  by  Sir 
George  Staunton,  who  acted  as  his  sec- 
retary.   The  embassy  returned  in  1704, 


and  the  earl  was  next  sent  to  Louis 
XVIIL,  then  Monsieur,  at  Verona ; 
after  that,  he  was  appointed  governor 
of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  which  he 
was  compelled,  from  ill  health,  to  resign. 
During  his  retirement  in  Surrey,  he 
wrote  "  The  State  of  \lussia  in  1767," 
and  "  The  State  of  Irel.nd  in  1773." 

MACAULAY,  Catharine,  a  female 
historian,  was  b.  in  1730.  In  1760  she 
married  Jlr.  George  Macau!  ay,  a  physi- 
cian in  London  ;  and  after  his  death  she 
married,  in  1778,  Dr.  Graham,  a  clergy- 
man, and  brother  to  the  noted  empiric 
of  that  name.  In  1785  she  came  to 
America,  for  the  purpose  of  visiting 
General  Washington,  with  whom  she 
maintained  a  coiTespondence  during  her 
life.  Among  her  works  are,  "  The  His- 
tory of  England  from  James  I.  to  the 
Accession  of  the  House  of  Hanover," 
"  The  History  of  England  from  the  Eev- 
olution  to  the  prc-^r^ut  Time,"  "  Remarks 
on  Ilobbes's  Rudiments  of  Government 
and  Society,"  "  A  Treatise  on  Moral 
Truth,"  "Letters  on  Education,"  &c. 
D.  1791. — Zachaet,  a  zealous  co-op- 
erator with  Mr.  AVilberforce  and  other 
distinguished  philanthropists  in  the 
abolition  of  slavery  in  the  British  colo- 
nies ;  to  which  end  he  had  devoted  his 
eminent  talents  and  best  energies  for 
upwards  of  forty  years.  He  was  the 
father  of  the  distinguished  historian,  T. 
Babington  Macaulay,  esq.     D.  1838. 

MACAULEY,  Elizabeth  Wright,  a 
lady,  who,  in  the  varied  characters  of 
an  actress,  a  lecturer,  and  a  preacher  of 
the  gospel,  was  well  known,  was  b.  iu 
1785.  She  left  the  stage  on  tlie  plea  of 
ill  health,  and  became  the  occupant  and 
preacher  of  a  chapel  in  London  ;  she 
also  occasionally  entertained  audiences 
witli  dramatic  recitations;  and,  for  the 
twelvemonth  preceding  her  death,  she 
was  occupied  in  delivering  lectures  on 
"  Domestic  Philosophy"  in  various  parts 
ofEnirland.     D.  1837. 

M  ACCALL,  IIuoii,  major  in  the  army 
of  the  U.  S.,  d.  at  Savannah,  Georgia, 
1824,  aged  57.  He  published  a  "  History 
of  Georgia,"  1816. 

MACCALLA,  Daniel,  minister  at 
Wappetaw,  S.  C,  was  a  native  of  Penn- 
sylvania, and  gradiuated  at  Princeton 
college,  1766.  In  1774  he  was  ordained 
pastor  of  the  churches  of  New  Provi- 
dence and  Charleston,  Penn.    In  the 


mac] 


CVCLOP.EDIA    OF    J3I0GR Al'll V. 


603 


war  he  went  as  chaplain  to  Canada,  and 
was  made  a  prisoner.  For  some  inontlm 
he  was  confined  in  a  prison-ship.  lie 
returned  on  parole  at  tne  close  of  1776. 
D.  1800. 

MACCULLOCII,  John,  was  b.  in  1773, 
at  Guernsey;  entered  into  the  artillery 
as  assistant  surnjcon,  and  became  chem- 
ist to  the  ordnance  in  1803.  lie  was 
afterwards  entraf^ed  by  government  in 
the  surveys  of  Scotland  ;  and  his  mincr- 
aloifical  and  freological  survey  of  that  por- 
tion of  the  kingtlom  is  deemed  his  most 
important  public  work.  In  1832  his  able 
map  of  it  was  completed,  and  he  received 
from  government  the  suna  of  £7000.  He 
also  wrntc  inanv  scientific  works.  D.  1835. 

MACDONALD,  Etienne  J.\ccjues  Jo- 
seph Alexandre,  duke  of  Tareutum,  and 
a  distinguished  marshal  of  France,  was 
b.  at  Sedan,  in  France,  176.").  Descended 
from  a  Scotch  family,  which  had  taken 
refuge  in  France  after  the  suppression 
of  tlie  rebellion  in  Scotland  in  1745,  he 
entered  the  French  army  in  17S-4,  and 
embracing  the  revolutionary  cause, 
served  on  the  statf  of  Dumourier,  at 
Jemappes,  and  greatly  distinguished 
himself  in  the  canipaitrn  in  the  Low 
Countries  under  General  Pichegru.  In 
17yti,  as  general  of  division,  he  took  the 
command  of  the  army  of  the  Rhine  ;  he 
then  joined  the  army  of  Italy,  where  he 
became  governor  of  Rome  ;  and  having 
soon  afterwards  been  sent  against  Na- 
ples, his  skilful  retreat  saved  the  Frencli 
army  from  the  utter  ruin  with  which  it 
was  menaced  by  Suwarrow.  During  the 
ISth  Brumaire,  lie  commanded  at  Ver- 
sailles. In  1800  he  was  appointed  to 
the  connnand  of  the  army  in  Switzer- 
land, and  immortalized  bis  name  in 
military  annals  by  his  celebrated  passage 
of  the  Sptugen.  In  1802  he  was  ap- 
pointed French  ambassador  at  the  court 
of  Copenhagen ;  and,  on  his  return  to 
Paris,  Napoleon  marked  his  displeasure 
at  some  expressions  he  had  macte  use  of 
in  reference  to  his  treatment  of  Morcau, 
by  withdrawing  him  from  active  service. 
But  in  1809  he  once  more  took  j)art  in 
the  Italian  campaign,  shared  the  glories 
of  the  victories  .at  Laybach,  Eaab,  and 
Wagram,  his  gallant  conduct  in  the  last 
earning  for  him  a  marshal's  baton  at  the 
emperor's  hands,  and  was  appointed 
governor  of  Griit/,  where  his  humanity 
gained  him  "golden  opinions  from  all 
ranks  of  people."  In  1810  he  was  cre- 
ated duke  of  Tarentum,  and  appointed 
to  command  in  Catalonia,  where,  con- 
trary to  his  wont,  he  displayed  great 
inhumanity.     He  subsequently  shared 


in  the  Russian  campaign,  and  distin- 
guished himself  in  the  battles  of  Bautzen 
and  Lutzen;  but  met  with  a  severe  re- 
verse at  Katzbach,  where  he  had  impru- 
dently engaged  Marshal  Blueher  with  a 
greatly  inferior  force.  After  the  fall  of 
Napoleon,  he  was  called  to  the  chamber 
of  peers,  and  made  chancellor  of  the 
legion  of  honor.     D.  1840. 

MACDONOUGII,  Tuomas,  commo- 
dore, was  a  native  of  Delaware.  lie 
served  as  a  n)idsliipman  in  the  American 
fleet  sent  to  the  Mediterranean.  In  the 
war  of  1812,  at  the  age  of  28,  he  com- 
manded the  American  forces  on  lake 
Champiain.  In  the  battle  of  Sept.  11, 
1814,  after  an  action  of  two  hours  and 
twenty  minutes,  he  obtained  a  complete 
victory.  The  state  of  New  York  gave 
him  1000  acres  of  land  on  the  bay,  in 
which  the  battle  was  fought.  D.  i825, 
aged  39. 

"MACDOUGAL,  Alexander,  major- 
general,  was  the  son  of  a  Scotchman, 
who  sold  milk  in  the  city  of  New  York, 
nor  was  he  ashamed  to  acknowledge, 
that  when  a  boy  he  assisted  his  father. 
He  proved  himself  a  zealous  whig  before 
the  beginning  of  the  American  revolu- 
tionary war;  in  1770  he  was  appointed 
brigadier,  and  major-general  in  1777. 
He  commanded  in  the  action  at  'Wljito 
Plains,  and  was  engaged  in  the  battle 
of  Gcrmantown.  In  1781  he  was  elected 
a  delegate  to  congress ;  he  was  after- 
wards in  the  senate  of  New  York.  D. 
1786. 

ISIACDUFFIE,  George,  an  eminent 
politician  of  South  Carolina.  He  studied 
law  with  J.  C.  Calhoun  and  commenced 
the  practice  in  connection  with  Edward 
Ford,  now  the  rector  of  an  Episcopal 
church  at  Augusta.  Shortly  after  their 
separation  he  was  involved  in  difficulties 
with  Colonel  Cumming  of  Augusta, 
which  resulted  in  several  hostile  ineet- 
ings,  in  one  of  which  he  received  a 
wound  in  one  of  his  shoulders  from 
which  he. never  recovered.  He  entered 
congress  in  1821,  and  represented  his 
state  fourteen  years,  during  which  he 
distinguished  himself  as  an  orator,  and 
often  contended  in  debate  with  tlie  late 
John  Randolph.  He  was  afterwards 
elected  governor  of  his  state,  and  in 
1843  was  chosen  to  the  United  States 
senate  as  colleague  with  Mr.  Calhoun. 
He  was  once  a  champion  of  the  United 
States  bank,  internal  improvements,  and 
a  protective  tariff,  and  soon  after  became 
an  equally  enthusiastic  opponent  of  them 
all.  He  was  an  earnest  and  eloquent  de- 
bater.   D.  1851. 


GO-1 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGKAPHV. 


[mao 


MACE,  Thomas,  an  English  musician, 
who  was  an  excellent  performer  on  the 
lute.  He  published  a  worlc,  entitled 
"  Music's  Monument,  or  a  Kcniom- 
brance  of  the  best  Practical  Music,"  ifcc. 
D.  ltJ7*!. 

MACFARLANE,  Henry,  an  histori- 
cal writer,  was  b.  in  Scotland,  in  1734 ; 
was  for  some  years  a  reporter  of  speeches 
in  parliament;  and  afterwards  kept  a 
respectable  seminary  at  Walthamstow. 
He  was  the  author  of  a  "History  of 
Geori,'e  III.,"  an  "  Essay  on  the  Authen- 
ticity of  Ossiun,"  "An  Address  to  the 
People  of  Britain,"  &c.     D.  1804. 

MACHIAVEL,  or  MACOIIIAVELLT, 
KiciioL.vs,  a  celebrated  political  writer 
and  historian,  was  b.  at  Florence,  in 
1469,  of  a  noble  family,  whose  metnljers 
had  enjoyed  the  higliest  dig^nities  in  tiie 
republic.  On  account  of  his  distin- 
guished talents,  he  was  very  parly  ap- 
pointed chancellor  of  his  native  state, 
and  not  long  afterwards  advanced  to  the 
post  of  secretary.  When  Florence  had 
recovered  her  liberty,  by  the  expulsion 
of  the  Medici,  he  was  several  times 
charged  with  important  embassies, 
which  were  of  great  use  to  the  com- 
nionwealtli.  On  the  return  of  the 
iledici  to  Florence,  he  was  deprived  of 
his  post ;  and  being  afterwards  accused 
of  participating  in  a  conspiracy,  he  was 
imprisoned,  put  to  the  torture,  and 
banished;  all  which  he  endured  with  a 
firmness  approaching  to  indifference. 
Having  returned  to  his  native  country, 
the  favor  and  confidence  shown  him  by 
the  Medici  alienated  hira  from  tlie  af- 
fections of  tlie  Florentines ;  and  he  d. 
in  indigent  circumstances,  in  1527.  His 
chief  works  are,  "The  History  of  Flor- 
ence," "The  Life  of  Castruccio  Castra- 
cani,"  "  A  Treatise  on  the  Military  Art," 
and  "The  Prince."  This  last  work,  if 
taken  literally,  contains  the  most  per- 
nicious maxims  of  government,  founded 
on  the  vilest  principles  ;  hence  the  word 
Macliiavellism  is  used  to  denote  that 
system  of  policy  which  disregards  every 
law,  human  or  divine,  to  effect  its  pur- 
poses. There  are  many,  however,  who 
regard  it  rather  as  a  covert  satire  upon 
tyranny,  than  as  a  manual  for  a  tyrant. 
MACINTOSH,  Lacmlan,  General,  an 
officer  of  the  American  revolutionary 
war,  wa.s  one  of  the  early  settlers  of 
Georgia,  and  the  principal  military  of 
the  province.  In  1776  he  was  a[)pointed 
brigadier-general.  Having  served  to  the 
end  of  the  war,  he  was  a  member  of 
congres.s  in  1784.  In  1785  he  wa.s  one 
of  the  commissioners  to  treat  with  the 


southern  Indians.  D.  1806.— John, 
General,  was  an  officer  of  the  Georgia 
line  in  1775,  and  served  during  the  war 
with  unblemished  honor.  In  1814  he 
commanded  the  Georgia  division  which 
went  to  Pensacola.     D.  1826. 

MACKAY,  Andrew,  an  eminent 
mathematician;  author  of  a  "Treatise 
on  the  Longitude,"  and  a  contributor  to 
Rces's  "CyclopiBdia."     D.  1800. 

MACKEAN,  Thomas,  an  eminent 
judge,  and  a  signer  of  the  declaration 
of  independence,  was  b.  in  Pennsyl- 
vania, in  1734,  and  after  a  course  of 
academic  and  professional  studies  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  at  the  age  of  21 
years.  His  political  career  commenced 
in  1762,  when  he  was  returned  a  mem- 
ber of  the  assembly  from  the  county  of 
Newcastle.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
congress  which  assembled  in  New  York, 
in  1765,  to  obtain  relief  of  the  British 
government  for  the  grievances  under 
which  the  colonies  were  suffering.  In 
this  body  he  behaved  with  much  decis- 
ion and  energy.  In  1774  he  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  general  congress,  a  dele- 
gate from  the  lower  counties  in  Delaware, 
and  was  the  only  man  who,  without 
intermission,  was  a  member  dui-ing  the 
whole  period.  Of  this  body  he  was 
president  in  1781.  In  1777  he  was  ap- 
pointed chief  ju>stice  of  Pennsylvania, 
and  discharged  the  duties  of  this  office 
with  impartiality  and  dignity  for  22 
years.  In  17U9  he  was  elected  a  gov- 
ernor of  the  state  of  Pennsylvania.  D. 
1817. 

MACKENZIE,  Sir  Georoe,  an  inge- 
nious lawyer  and  writer,  was  b.  at  Dun- 
dee, 1636  ;  became  an  eminent  advocate ; 
and  gained  from  the  covenanters  the 
severe  appellation  of  "bloodtliirsty." 
When  James  II.  abrogated  the  Catholic 
laws  he  resigned,  but  was  afterwards 
restored  by  tliat  prince.  Not  approving 
the  measures  of  the  prince  of  Orange, 
he  again  retired  and  went  to  London, 
where  he  d.  1691.  He  wrote  several 
works  of  merit  on  the  laws  of  Scotland; 
"A  Defence  of  the  Antiquity  of  the 
Royal  Line  of  Scotland,"  "  Essays  on 
Moral  Subjects,"  and  some  poetical 
pieces. — Henry,  an  essayist  and  elegant 
writer  of  works  of  fiction,  was  the  son 
of  an  eminent  physician  at  Edinburgh, 
and  b.  in  1745.  He  received  a  liberal 
education ;  and,  in  1746,  became  an  at- 
torney in  the  Scottish  court  of  exche- 
quer. His  first  production  was  "The 
Man  of  Feeling,"  which  soon  acquired 
unbounded  popularity:  this  was  fol- 
lowed by   "The  Man  of  the  World," 


mac] 


CYCLOP/EDIA    OF    DIOGRAPIIV. 


605 


and  he  subsequently  produced  a  third, 
"  Julia  do  Koubifrni'!"  lie  next,  in  con- 
junction with  other  literary  chariictcrs, 
publislied  a  series  of  Essays,  under  the 
title  of  "The  Mirror,"  and  afterwards 
"The  Lounj^er."  He  also  contributed 
many  excellent  papers  to  the  "Transac- 
tions of  the  Royal  Society  of  Edinburtifh 
and  of  the  Ilifrhland  Society,"  of  both  of 
wliioli  ho  was  a  member.  His  dramatic 
works  were  by  no  means  so  successful : 
they  consist  of  two  trac;edies,  "The 
I'rince  of  Tunis"  and  "The  Shipwreck," 
and  of  two  comedies,  "The  Force  of 
Fashion"  and  "The  White  Hypocrite." 
He  was  the  author  of  a  political  tract 
entitled  "An  Account  of  the  Proceed- 
ings of  the  Parliament  of  1784  ;"  and  at 
the  commencement  of  the  French  revo- 
lution he  published  several  others,  with 
the  view  of  counteractini?  the  prevalence 
of  democratic  principles  at  home,  which 
introduced  him  to  the  notice  of  Mr.  Pitt, 
and  some  years  after  he  was  appointed 
comptroller  of  the  taxes  for  Scotland,  an 
ollice  which  he  held  till  his  death.  1). 
18ol. — DoxALD,  was  b.  in  Scotland,  iu 
1783,  and  at  the  aj^e  of  17  he  came  over 
to  Canada  and  joined  the  Northwest 
company  and  continued  eii^ht  years 
with  them.  In  1809  he  became  one  of 
the  partners  with  the  late  Jolm  Jacob 
Astor,  of  New  York,  in  establishing  the 
fur  trade  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains, 
and  iu  company  with  Mr.  Hunt,  of  St. 
Louis,  he  made  the  overland  route  to  the 
mouth  of  the  Columbia  river,  a  feat  then 
rarely  attempted  and  full  of  perils,  and 
remained  at  Astoria  until  it  was  surren- 
dered by  MaeDougall  to  the  British.  He 
converted  every  thing  he  could  into 
available  funds  and  carried  them  safely 
through  a  mighty  wilderness  to  Mr. 
Astor.  After  the  restoration  of  peace, 
he  exerted  himself  to  secure  for  the 
United  States  the  exclusive  trade  of 
Oregon,  but  after  a  long  negotiation  with 
Mr.  Astor,  and  through  him  with  Messrs. 
Madison,  Gallatin,  and  other  leading  in- 
dividuals in  and  out  of  oflfice,  the  matter 
was  abandoned,  and  Mr.  Mackenzie,  in 
March,  1821,  joinei.1  the  Hudson  Bay 
Company,  and  was  immediately  ap- 
pointed one  of  the  council  and  chief 
factor.  In  August,  1825,  he  was  married 
to  Adelegonde  Humbert,  (who  survives 
him,)  and  was  shortly  afterwards  ap- 
pointed governor.  At  this  time  lie 
resided  at  Fort  Garry,  Red  River  settle- 
ment, where  he  continued  to  reside 
until  1832  in  active  and  prosperous 
business,  in  which  he  amassed  a  largo 
fortune.    D.  1851. 

51* 


MACKINTOSH,  Sir  James,  eminent 
as  a  jurist,  a  statesman,  and  a  writer— 
equally  distinguished  for  his  extensive 
learning,  his  large  views,  and  his  lib- 
eral i)rinciples  in  law,  politics,  and  phi- 
losophy— was  descended  of  an  ancient 
but  reduced  Scottish  family,  and  b.  in 
the  county  of  Inverness,  during  1765. 
After  studying  at  King's  college,  Aber- 
deen, he  spent  three  years  at  Edinburgh, 
chiefly  in  medical  studies,  and  received 
a  degree ;  but  inclination  soon  led  him 
to  abandon  that  pursuit.  In  1789  we 
find  him  in  London,  where  he  publish- 
ed a  pamphlet  on  the  regency  question, 
which,  on  account  of  the  smlden  recov- 
ery of  the  king,  attracted  little  notice. 
A  visit  to  the  Continent,  at  that  inter- 
esting period,  contributed  to  excite  his 
sympatliies  for  the  French,  and  he  pub- 
lished a  reply  to  the  celebrated  "  Reflec- 
tions" of  Burke,  under  the  title  of 
"  Vindicire  Galliea;,"  or  Defence  of  the 
French  Revolution,  1792,  a  work  which 
laid  the  foundation  of  his  fl^mc,  and  ac- 
quired for  him  the  friendship  both  of 
Fox  and  his  great  antagonist.  About 
this  time  he  entered  himself  as  a  ftu- 
dent  of  Lincoln's  Inn,  was  soon  cJled 
to  the  bar  by  that  society,  and  com- 
menced the  practice  of  the  law.  Having 
obtained  permission,  thouirh  not  with- 
out some  difheulty,  to  deliver  a  course 
of  lectures  in  the  hall  of  Lincoln's  Inn, 
on  the  law  of  nations,  he  published  his 
introductory  lecture,  under  the  title  of  a 
"  Discourse' on  the  Law  of  Nature  and 
Nations."  The  ability  w'hich  it  dis- 
played, obtained  him  a  large  audience, 
including  some  of  the  most  distincruish- 
ed  men  of  the  country.  On  the  trial  of 
Peltier  for  a  libel  against  Bonaparte, 
(then  first  consul  of"  France,)  the  de- 
lence  was  conducted  by  Mr.  Mackin- 
tosh, as  sole  counsel,  in  a  most  brilliant 
speech,  which  at  once  established  his 
reputation  as  an  advocate  and  an  orator. 
The  recordership  of  Bombay,  with  the 
dignity  of  knighthood,  was  soon  after 
conferred  on  him,  and,  besides  the  dis- 
charge of  the  duties  of  his  office,  the 
nine  years  which  he  spent  iu  India  were 
marked  by  his  exertions  in  the  amelio- 
ration of  the  criminal  law,  the  tounda- 
tion  of  the  Literary  Society  in  Bombay, 
and  his  valuable  communications  to  tho 
"  Asiatic  Resrister."  Soon  after  his  re- 
turn to  England,  Sir  James  was  return- 
ed a  member  of  the  house  of  commons 
for  the  county  of  Nairn,  in  Scotland, 
1813,  and  sat  subsequently  for  the  bor- 
ough of  Knaresborough,  in  Yorkshire, 
under  the  influence  of  the  late  Earl 


606 


CYCLOl'.EUIA    OF    JJIOGRAPIIY. 


[mao 


Fitzwilliara.  He  soon  took  his  stand 
among  the  first  parliamentary  speakers, 
and  there  are  tow  instauees  in  which 
liner  reasoninir,  or  deeper  learning'  in 
the  history  of  nations,  and  tlie  influ- 
ence of  human  laws  upon  the  feelings, 
passions,  and  interests  of  the  human 
race,  have  been  sustained,  developed, 
and  enforced  by  a  more  manly  and  vig- 
orous eloquence.  His  greatest  efforts 
were  directed  to  the  amendment  of  the 
criminal  code,  which  had  been  under- 
taken by  Sir  Samuel  Komilly,  and  was 
taken  up  as  a  solenni  bequest  by  his 
friend  and  representative.  His  "Histo- 
ry of  P^ngland"  is  not  a  detailed  narra- 
tive of  events,  but  a  rapid,  yet  clear, 
profound,  and  philosophic  view  of  the 
state  of  the  progress  of  society,  law, 
government,  and  civilization,  in  which 
the  lessons  of  experience,  the  character 
of  men  and  events,  the  circumstances 
which  have  promoted,  retarded,  modi- 
fied the  social  and  political  improve- 
ment of  the  English  nation,  are  unfold- 
ed and  judged  with  the  acuteness  of  a 
philosopher,  and  the  wisdom  of  a  prac- 
tical statesman.  His  style  is  simple, 
clear,  graceful,  and  elegant,  and  often 
rises  to  eloquence,  when  the  historian 
traces  out  the  growth  of  liberty,  and  the 
influence  of  generous  institutions.  This 
admirable  man  died,  to  the  deep  regret 
of  his  country.  May  30th,  1832,  having 
closed  his  public  labors,  the  year  before, 
by  a  brilliant  speech  in  favor  of  reform. 
MACKLIN,  CiiAKLEs,  a  celebrated 
veteran  actor  and  dramatist,  whose  real 
name  was  Mac  Laughlin,  was  b.  in  the 
county  of  Westmeath,  Ireland,  in  1690. 
He  appeared  as  a  performer  at  the  thea- 
tre in  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields,  in  1725 ; 
but  it  was  not  till  1741  that  he  estab- 
lished his  reputation  as  an  actor,  by  his 
admirable  and  still  unrivalled  perform- 
ance of  Sliylock.  He  continued  on  the 
stage  nntil  1789 ;  but,  during  the  last 
years  of  his  life,  his  understanding  be- 
came impaired,  and  he  d.  1797,  at  the 
patriarchal  age  of  107.  His  "  Man  of 
the  World,"  a  comedy,  exposes  mean- 
ness, sycophancy,  and  political  servility, 
with  considerable  skill;  and  his  "Love 
a  la  Mode,"  a  very  popular  farce,  also 
attests  the  talents  of  its  author. 

MACKNIGHT,  Jamks,  a  learned 
Scottish  divine,  was  b.  in  1721,  at  Ir- 
vine, in  Argyicshirc,  and  was  ordained 
minister  of  Maybole,  where  he  com- 
posed his  "  Harmony  of  the  (Jospels," 
and  liis  "  New  Translation  of  the  Hpis- 
tles."  la  17G3  he  became  one  of  tlic 
ministers  of  Edinburgh,  and  was  em- 


ployed nearly  30  years  in  the  execution 
of  his  last  and  greatest  work,  viz. : 
"New  Translation  from  the  Greek  of 
all  the  Apostolical  Epistles,"  with  com- 
mentaries and  notes.     D.  1800. 

MACLAINE,  Archibald,  a  learned 
divine,  b.  at  Monaghan,  in  Ireland, 
where  his  father  was  a  dissenting  min- 
ister, is  advantageously  known  by  his 
"  Letters  to  Soame  Jenyns,  on  his  View 
of  the  Internal  Evidence  of  Christiani- 
ty," a  translation  of  Moshcim's  "Eccle- 
siastical History,"  and  a  volume  of 
miscellaneous  sermons.     D.  1804. 

MACLAUEIN,  Colix,  an  eminent 
mathematician,  who  was  b.  at  Kilmod- 
dan,  in  Scotland,  in  1698.  In  1717  he 
obtained  the  mathematical  professor- 
ship in  the  Marischal  college  of  Aber- 
deen, and  in  1725  was  elected  professor 
of  mathematics  at  Edinburgh.  In  1734 
he  entered  the  lists  against  Berkeley, 
which  produced  his  excellent  "  Treatise 
on  Fluxions."  He  also  wrote  several 
papers  in  the  "Philosophical  Transac- 
tions," a  treatise  entitled  "  Geometria 
Organica,"  another  on  "  Algebra,"  and 
"An  Account  of  Sir  Isaac  Newton's 
Philosophical  Discoveries."  In  the  re- 
bellion of  1745  he  took  so  active  a  part 
in  fortifying  Edinburgh,  that  when  the 
Pretender  approached  with  his  forces, 
Mr.  Maelaurin  deemed  it  prudent  to  re- 
tire to  York,  where  he  was  entertained 
by  Archbishop  Herring,  in  whose  pal- 
ace he  d.  1746. — John,  Lord  Dreghorn, 
son  of  the  preceding,  was  b.  at  Edin- 
burgh, in  1734  ;  was  admitted  a  member 
of  the  faculty  of  advocates:  and  in 
1787  was  raised  to  the  bench  by  the  title 
of  Lord  Dreghorn.  His  works  are,  "An 
Essay  on  Literary  Property,"  "A  Col- 
lection of  Criminal  Cases,"  and  an  "Es- 
say on  Patronage."     D.  1796. 

MACLEAN,  Letitia  Elizabeth,  bet- 
ter known  as  Miss  Landox,  or  L.  E.  L., 
a  celebrated  English  poetess,  was  b.  in 
Hans-place,  Chelsea,  1802.  At  a  very 
early  age,  she  attracted  the  notice  of  the 
reading  public  by  her  spirited  short 
poems,  publislied  in  the  "  Literary  Ga- 
zette." Her  short(!r  compositions,  in 
the  shape  of  contributions  to  the  peri- 
odicals, are  almost  innumerable.  In 
addition  to  those,  she  published  "  The 
Imiirovisatrice,"  "The  Troubadour," 
"The  Golden  Violet,"  "The  Golden 
Bracelet,"  and  the  "  Vow  of  the  Pea- 
cock," all  in  verse ;  and  three  prose 
novels,  "Romance  and  Reality,"  "Fran- 
ccsca  Carrara,"  and  "  Ethel  Chnrchill." 
In  June,  1838,  she  was  married  to 
George  Maclean,  esq.,  governor  of  Cape 


mac] 


CYCLOlMiUIA    OK    lilOUKAlMIV. 


007 


Coast  castle,  and  proceeded  thither  with 
him.  Kciii!;  niiich  afllietcd  witli  spasms, 
she  was  in  tl>e  lialiit  ot'  taking'  a  power- 
ful medioiue,  and  lier  cU^atli  is  attributed 
to  her  havin?  incauiiously  taken  an  over- 
dose. U.  1838. — John,  was  the  son  of 
an  eminent  surtreon  of  tlie  same  name, 
in  the  city  of  Glasirow,  Scoth;nd,  where 
lie  was  b.  1771.  After  pursuinsr  his  lit- 
erary, philosophical,  and  medical  studies 
successively  at  Glasgow,  Edinburgh, 
London,  and  Paris,  he  commenced  the 
practice  of  surg^ery  at  Glasgow,  in  17'.U. 
in  17'J5  he  came  to  America,  and  in  the 
same  year  was  appointed  professor  of 
chemistry  and  natural  history  in  the 
college  of  New  Jersey,  at  I'rinceton. 
Two  years  afterwards  he  was  cho.sen 
l)rofessor  of  natural  philosophy  and 
mathematics  in  the  same  institution, 
the  duties  of  which  oflico  he  continued 
to  discharge  with  great  reputation  to 
himself,  and  advantage  to  tlie  college, 
nntil  tlie  year  1812,  when  he  resigned 
his  ofliec  at  Princeton,  in  consequence 
of  lieing  appointed  professor  of  natural 
philosophy  and  chemistry  in  the  college 
of  William  and  Mary,  in  Virginia.  D. 
18U. 

MACNALLY,  Leonard,  a  lawyer  and 
dramatist,  was  b.  in  Dul)lin,  in  1752,  and 
afier  studying  at  the  Middle  Temple, 
was  called  to  the  Irish  bar  in  177G.  He 
was  the  autlior  of  "The  Kules  of  Evi- 
dence," and  "The  Irish  Justice  of  the 
Peace."  His  theatrical  productions  are, 
"  Fashionable  Levities,"  a  comedy ; 
"  Richard  Cceur  do  Lion,"  an  opera ; 
"Robin  Hood,  or  Sherwood  Forest," 
a  comic  opera;  and  "Retaliation,"  a 
taree.     D.  1820. 

MACNEVIN,  William  James,  was  b. 
at  Ballynahowne,  Ireland,  in  1763,  edu- 
cated in  Germany,  and  practised  medi- 
cine in  Dublin.  lie  early  took  part  in 
the  Irish  affitations  of  17'JI,  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  secret  society  of  United  Irish- 
nien,  and  in  17'JS  was  arrested  for  plot- 
ting against  the  British  government, 
lie  was  imprisoned  for  four  years,  and 
on  his  release  travelled  in  Switzerland, 
of  which  ho  wrote  an  account,  and  final- 
ly entered  the  French  army,  as  a  captain 
in  tiie  Irish  brijade.  But  disappointed 
in  not  having  been  sent  to  Irelaml,  ho 
came  to  this  country  in  1805,  when  ho 
was  appointed  professor  of  midwifery  in 
tlic  college  of  physicians  and  surgeons, 
and  afterwards  resident  physician  by 
Governor  Clinton.  He  puljlished  sev- 
eral professional  works,  and  was  greatly 
esteemed.     D.  IStl. 

MACNISH,  Robert,  known  as  "  the 


modern  Pythagorean,"  (the  name  af- 
fixed to  most  of  his  contributions  to 
diifcrent  magazines,)  was  b.  in  Glas- 
gow, 1802.  Though  enjoying  consid- 
erable practice  as  a  physician,  lie  found 
leisure  to  engage  in  literary  pursuits: 
and  lii.s  "  Anatomy  of  Drunkenness," 
"Philosophy  of  Sleep,"  "Metempsy- 
chosis," fid  "  Book  of  Aphorisms," 
have  gaincvi  for  him  a  high  place  among 
the  most  thoughtful  writers  of  his  age. 
D.  18:^.7. 

MACOMB,  Alexander,  a  major-gen- 
eral of  the  United  States  army,  was  b. 
at  Detroit  in  1782,  entered  the  army  in 
1709,  and  became  a  major  in  1803.  Ho 
was  a  colonel  during  the  war  of  1812, 
and  distinguished  himself  at  Niagara 
and  Fort  George.  In  1814  he  was  pro- 
moted to  the  rank  of  brigadier-general, 
and  commanded  at  the  battle  of  Platts- 
burg,  where  he  obtained  a  signal  vic- 
tory, in  connection  with  Macdonough 
on  lake  Champlain.  In  1835  he  suc- 
ceeded to  the  office  of  commander-in- 
chief  of  the  army.    D.  1841. 

MACON,  Nat'uaniei,,  long  a  distin- 
guished member  of  congress  from  North 
Carolina.  He  was  elected  a  member  of 
the  2d  congress  in  1791,  and  continued 
a  member  of  the  house  till  1815,  when 
he  was  transferred  to  the  senate,  of 
which  he  continued  a  member  till  1828, 
when  he  resigned  and  retired  to  private 
life ;  having  been  37  years  a  member  of 
the  house  or  senate,  a  longer  period 
than  any  other  man ;  and  for  several 
years  what  is  called  the  father  of  the 
liouse.  He  was  speaker  of  the  liouse 
of  representatives  in  the  7th,  8th,  and 
9th  congress.  "  During  the  long,  and 
through  all  the  exciting  periods  of  his 
public  life,"  says  the  W  arrcnton  Re- 
porter, "  though  always  a  conspicuous 
party  man,  no  one  of  any  party  ever 
questioned  his  integrity,  or  the  purity 
of  his  motives ;  and  he  has  descended 
to  the  grave  full  of  years  and  with  uni- 
versal respect."  He  was  the  bosom 
friend  of  Jetferson  and  Madison,  and 
other  illustrious  patriots. 

MACPHERSON,  James,  a  writer  dis- 
tinguished for  his  translations  or  imita- 
tions of  ancient  Gaelic  poems,  was  b.  at 
Kingeusie,  in  Inverness,  in  1738.  Hav- 
ing, in  171)0,  produced  "  Fragments  of 
Ancient  Poetry,  translated  from  the 
Gaelic  or  Erse  Language,"  they  were  so 
well  received,  that  a  subscription  wa.s 
formed  to  enable  the  author  to  collect 
additional  specimens  of  national  poetry 
Tlie  result  of  his  researches  was  "  Fin 
gal,  an  Ancient    Epic    Poem,  in    six 


608 


CVCLOP-KDI.V    OF    BIOGRAPIIV. 


[mad 


boobs,"  together  with  several  other 
poems  (professedly  translated  from  ori- 
ginals), by  Ossian,  the  son  of  Fingal,  a 
Gaelic  prince  of  tlie  3d  century,  and  his 
cotemporaries.  l)r.  Johnson  treated 
him  as  an  impostor,  and  a  violent  con- 
troversy ensued  concerning  their  au- 
thenticity. From  tlie  evidence  of  tlie 
contending  parties,  it  may  be  concluded 
tliat  Macphcrson's  prose  epics  were 
founded  on  traditional  narratives  cur- 
rent among  the  Highlanders;  but  the 
date  of  the  oldest  of  their  lays  is  coni- 
parati\oly  modern ;  and  it  is  now  im- 
possible to  ascertain  the  precise  extent 
of  his  obligations  to  the  Gaelic  bards  of 
former  ages.  In  1764  he  accompanied 
Governor  Johnstone  to  Florida,  as  secre- 
tary. Alter  his  return  he  translated 
tile  Iliad  into  Ossianic  prose ;  wrote  a 
"  History  of  Great  Britain,  from  the 
Restoration  to  tlie  Accession  of  the 
House  of  Hanover ;"  and  also  employed 
his  pen  in  vindicating  the  measures  of 

fovernmeut  during  tlie  American  war. 
le  was  afterwards  appointed  agent  to 
tlie  nabob  of  Arcot,  became  a  member 
of  parliament,  and  d.  1796. 

MAUQUEli,  Peter  Joseph,  an  emi- 
nent chemist,  b.  at  Paris,  in  1718.  He 
wrote  in  the  "Journal  des  Savans," 
from  176S  to  1776,  the  articles  relating 
to  natural  philosophy,  medicine,  chem- 
istry, anatomy,  &c. ;  and  published 
"  Elemens  de  Chimie,"  &c.  I).  1784. — 
Philip,  his  brother,  was  the  author  of 
an  "  Ecclesiastical  History,"  and  sev- 
eral other  historical  works.     D.  1770. 

MACKOBIUS,  AuRELius  Ambrosius 
Theodosius,  a  Latin  autlior,  in  the  reign 
of  the  emperor  Theodosius.  He  held 
the  consular  dignity ;  and  was  the  au- 
thor of  a  miscellaneous  work,  entitled 
"Saturnalia,"  curious  for  its  criticisms, 
and  valuable  for  the  light  it  throws 
upon  the  manners  and  customs  of  anti- 
quity. He  wrote  otlier  works,  and  d. 
about  the  year  420. 

MADDE.V,  Samuel,  an  Irish  clergy- 
man, b.  1687,  and  educated  at  Trinity 
college,  Dublin,  where  he  introduced 
tlic  scheme  for  promoting  learning  by 
premiums  at  the  quarterly  examinations. 
In  1732  he  published  the  first  volume  of 
"Memoirs  of  the  Twentieth  Century, 
or  Original  Letters  of  State  under 
George  V'l."  He  founded  a  society  at 
Dublin  for  the  improvement  of  the  arts, 
in  1740,  similar  to  that  which  was  after- 
wards established  in  London.  In  1744 
he  published  "Boulter's  Monument," 
a  poem  ;  an<l  a  play,  entitled  "Themis- 
toclcs."    D.  1765. 


MADDOX,  Isaac,  an  English  prelate, 
was  b.  in  London,  in  16'.»7.  Being  left 
an  orphan,  he  was  talked  under  the 
care  of  a  relation,  who  placed  him  with 
a  pastrycook ;  but  he  soon  left  that 
situation,  and  went  to  Scotland  with  a 
view  of  obtaining  at  St.  Andrew's  a 
cheap  but  solid  education,  and  event- 
ually becoming  a  minister  of  the  kirk. 
The  tenets  and  discipline  of  Presbyte- 
rianism,  however,  not  being  congenial 
with  his  sentiments,  he  returned  to 
England,  entered  at  Queen's  college 
Cambridge,  was  episcopally  ordained, 
and  rose  so  rapidly,  that  in  1733  he  was 
made  dean  of  Wells.'  In  1736  he  was 
consecrated  bishop  of  St.  Asaph  ; 
whence,  in  1743,  he  was  translated  to 
Worcester,  where  he  d.  in  175'J.  Bishop 
Maddox  published  "A  Vindication  of 
the  Church  of  England,"  in  answer  to 
Neal's  History  of  the  Puritans;  and  H 
occasional  sermons. 

MADEENO,  Carlo,  an  Italian  archi- 
tect of  the  16th  century,  appointed  by 
I'ope  Paul  V.  to  complete  St.  Peter's, 
at  Rome  ;  in  the  execution  of  which  he 
has  been  charged  with  committing  some 
important  errors.  He  was,  however,  in 
high  repute,  and  built  the  Maffei  palace, 
and  many  other  public  edifices  at  Rome, 
B.  1556  ;  d.  1629. — Stephen,  was  an  emi- 
nent sculptor;  b.  in  Lombardy,  1576. 
D.  1636. 

MADISON,  James,  president  of  the 
United  States,  was  b.  March  16th,  1751, 
at  the  seat  of  his  maternal  grandmother 
in  Prince  George  county,  Va.,  was  edu- 
cated at  Princeton  eol'lege,  under  Dr. 
Witherspoon,  and  studied  law  in  his 
native  state.  In  1776  he  was  chosen  a 
member  of  the  convention  which  formed 
the  constitution  of  Virginia,  and  of  the 
state  legislature,  by  which  he  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  executive  council.  He 
was  a  delegate  to  the  continental  con- 
gress of  1780,  and  afterwards  to  the 
convention  which  formed  the  constitu- 
tion of  the  United  States,  where  he  took 
a  leading  and  important  part,  and  was 
regarded  as  one  of  the  wisest  of  its 
members.  After  it  was  formed,  he 
united  with  Jay  and  Hamilton  in  urging 
its  adoption,  in  various  essays  in  the 
newspapers,  under  the  title  of  the  "  Fed- 
eralist." From  1789  to  17U7  he  occu- 
pied a  seat  in  congress,  where  he  resist- 
ed the  financial  measures  of  Hamilton, 
and  the  policy  generally  of  Washing- 
ton's adniiiiistration.  In  1798  he  pre- 
pared the  famous  resolutions  for  the 
N'irginia  leL'islaturo,  denouncing  the 
alien  and  sedition  laws,  and  prescribing 


mag] 


CVCLOP.EDIA    OF    BIOfiRAPIIY. 


009 


the  nature  of  the  federal  relations.  Jef- 
ferson in  1801  appointed  hiin  seeretary 
of  state,  iu  which  otlice  he  remained  till 
ISO'J,  when  he  was  elected  to  the  presi- 
deney.  The  declaration  of  war  against 
Great  Britain  in  1812,  was  the  most  im- 
portant measure  of  his  able  administra- 
tion. After  serving  two  presidential 
terms,  lie  retired  to  his  seat  at  Montpel- 
lier  in  1817,  where  he  continued  to  en- 
joy the  undivided  respect  and  admira- 
tion of  liis  fcUow-citizcns,  till  the  close 
of  his  life  on  the  2Sth  June,  1836. — 
Jamks,  hisliop  of  N'irginia,  was  educated 
at  N\'iHiam  and  !Mary  college,  studied 
law,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar;  but 
ho  soon  resolved  to  devote  himself  to 
tiieology.  In  1773  he  was  chosen  pro- 
lessor  of  mathematics  in  William  and 
Mary  college,  and  in  1777  was  appointed 
the  president,  and  visited  England  for 
his  improvement  in  science.  Until  1784 
ho  was  not  only  president,  but  profes- 
sor of  mathematics,  and  afterwards  pro- 
fessor of  natural,  moral,  and  political 
philosophy,  until  his  death,  tie  first 
mtroduccd  lectures  on  political  economj'. 
In  1788  he  was  chosen  bishop.  D.  1812. 
— Geokge,  governor  of  Kentucky,  son 
of  the  preceding,  at  the  age  of  17  went 
out  as  a  soldier  in  defence  of  the  west- 
ern frontier,  antl  was  engaged  in  sev- 
eral battles  with  the  Indians.  In  St. 
Clair's  defeat  he  was  wounded.  In  the 
war  of  1812  he  was  an  otfieer  at  the  bat- 
tic  of  the  Kaisin.  After  having  been 
twenty  years  auditor  of  the  public  ac- 
counts, he  was  chosen  governor  for  the 
term  of  four  years  in  1816,  but  in  a  few 
weeks  after  his  election  d.  at  Paris. 

MADOX,  Thomas,  a  legal  antiquary 
and  historiographer,  who  publislied,  in 
1702,  "A  Collection  of  Charters  taken 
from  the  Originals,"  with  the  title  of 
"  Formulare  Anglicanum."  In  1711 
appeared  "The  llistory  and  Antiqui- 
ties of  the  Exchequer,"  which  was  fol- 
lowed by  his  "Firma  Burgi,  or  Histori- 
cal Essay  concernihg  the  Cities,  Towns, 
and  Borouglis  of  England." 

M/KCKNAS,  Cau-sCii.nius,  the  friend 
and  minister  of  Augustus,  and  the 
[)atron  of  Virgil  and  Horace,  was  a  Ro- 
man knight,  who  traced  his  genealogy 
from  tiie  ancient  Etrurian  kings.  He 
has  been  described  as  a  pattern  of  every 
pulitical  virtue,  and  a  most  generous 
patron  of  the  sciences.  Though  luxuri- 
ous and  elfeminate  in  his  hours  of  re- 
laxation, he  was  vigilant  and  active  in 
business,  and  well  understood  how  to 
employ  tiie  favors  of  tbrtune.  Many 
r.lcasantand  useful  qualities  gained  him 


the  confidence  of  Au"'ustus,  which  he 
enjoved  undiminished  until  his  death, 
in  tlie  year  of  Kome  74.5,  and  8  b.  o. 
So  signal  were  his  good  offices  towards 
literary  genius,  that  the  name  of  Miecc- 
nas  has  since  become  synonymous  with 
that  of  a  liberal  patron. 

M^ESTLINUS,  Michael,  a  celebrated 
German  astronomer,  was  b.  in  the  duchy 
of  Wirtemberg,  about  1542.  He  went 
to  Italy,  where  he  became  intimate  with 
Galijeo ;  and  on  his  return  to  Germany 
lie  was  chosen  prot'essor  of  mathematics, 
at  Tubingen,  where  he  had  Kepler  for 
a  pupil.  He  published  many  mathe- 
matical and  astronomical  works,  and  d. 
1590, 

MAFFEI,  Francis  Scipio,  Marquis, 
an  eminent  Italian  writer,  was  b.  1G75, 
at  Verona ;  entered  the  army,  and  dis- 
tinguished himself  as  a  volunteer  at  the 
battle  of  Donawert,  in  1704;  but,  at  the 
end  of  the  campaign,  quitted  the  ser- 
vice, and  devoted  himself  to  literature. 
Among  his  works  are,  the  tragedy  of 
"Merope,"  a  "Treatise  against  Duel- 
ling," a  "  History  of  Diplomacy," 
"  Musasum  Veronense,"  and  "  Verona 
Illustrata."  D.  1755. — Vegio,  a  native 
of  Lodi ;  author  of  "Epigrams,"  "  Es- 
says," and  a  "Supplement  to  Virgil," 
which  he  called  tne  13th  book  of  the 
jEneid.  Julius  Scaliger  and  Gerard 
Vossius  liave  declared  him  a  great  jioet, 
B.  1407  ;  d.  1450.— Eernakdin,  a  learned 
cardinal,  who  d.  at  Kome  in  1553,  aged 
40.  He  wrote  a  "  Commentary  on  Cice- 
ro's Epistles,"  and  a  "  Treatise  on  Med- 
als and  Inscriptions." — Johk  Peter,  a 
Jesuit,  was  b.  at  Bergamo  in  1536,  and 
d.  at  Tivoli  in  1003.  He  wrote  the 
"  Life  of  Ignatius  Loyola,"  a  "  History 
of  the  Indies,"  and  other  works,  in  the 
purest  Latin. 

MAGALOTTI,  Lorenzo,  Count,  an 
elegant  poet  and  learned  naturalist,  was 
b.  at  Florence,  in  1037.  He  wrote  many 
philosophical  and  poetical  works,  of 
which  latter  the  most  valued  is  his 
"Canzonette  Anacreontiche,"  published 
under  his  Arcadian  name  Lindoro  Ela- 
teo.     D.  1712. 

MAGEE,  "William,  an  Irish  prelate 
and  theological  writer,  was  b.  in  hum- 
ble lite,  and  admitted  as  sizar  at  Dublin 
university.  He  was  soon  distinguished 
for  his  scholastic  attainments ;  and  in 
1806  became  a  senior  fellow  of  Trinity 
college,  and  professor  of  mathematics 
In    1801    he    published   his    celebrated 


Discourses  on  the  Scriptural  I>octrines 
of  the  Atonement  and  Sacrilice,"  a 
work  directed  against  the  tenets  of  the 


610 


CYCLOP.EDTA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[maii 


Unitarians,  and  written  witl)  peculiar 
force.  In  181S  he  was  advanceil  to  the 
deanery  of  Cork;  in  ISl'J  lie  was  conse- 
crated bishop  of  Raphoe ;  and,  in  1S2'2, 
translated  to  the  see  of  Dublin.  D. 
18:il,  asod  60. 

MAGELLAN,  or  MAGALHAENS, 
Ferdinand,  a  celebrated  Portusruese 
navigator,  who,  in  1519,  discovered  and 

Easscd  the  straits  which  have  since 
een  called  by  liis  name.  His  services 
not  boinj,'  valued  by  his  own  country, 
he  ottered  them  to  tJharles  V.  of  Spain, 
who  intrusted  him  with  a  fleet  destined 
to  attempt  a  westward  passage  to  the 
Moluccas ;  hence  his  discovery.  He 
was  slaiu  in  1521  in  a  skirmish  with  the 
natives  of  one  of  the  Philippine  islands. 

MAGEOGliEGAN,  James,  an  Irish 
priest ;  author  of  an  "  Ancient  and 
Modern  History  of  Ireland."  B.  1702 ; 
d.  1764. 

MAGGI,  Carlo  Maria,  an  Italian 
poet,  b.  at  Milan  in  1630,  was  secretary 
to  the  senate  of  his  native  city,  and  d. 
there  in  1690.  His  sonnets  are  much 
admired,  and  some  of  them  have  been 
translated  into  English. 

MAGINN,  William,  one  of  most 
fertile  and  versatile  writers  of  inodern 
times,  was  b.  at  Cork  in  1793.  He  vis- 
ited London  for  the  first  time  in  1823, 
and  settling  there,  wrote  much,  and  for 
a  variety  of  works.  Besides  the  harass- 
ing demands  upon  him  as  a  periodical 
contributor,  he  at  this  time  wrote  the 
singular  and  striking  romance  entitled 
"  Whitehall."  About  the  year  1823,  he 
became  sub-editor  of  tlie  "Standard." 
He  also  contributed  immensely  to  the 
well  known  Eraser's  Magazine  and  to 
Blackwood.  He  wrote  a  caustic  and 
powerful  review  of  a  "  fashionable" 
novel,  entitled  "  Be rkely  Castle."  The 
author  took  offence,  and  in  company 
•with  a  friend,  committed  a  most  merci- 
less assault  upon  Mr.  Eraser.  Aroused 
by  this  ill-treatment  of  his  friend  and 
publisher.  Dr.  Maginn  instantly  offered 
the  offended  author  satisfaction,  and  a 
hostile  meeting  accordingly  took  place 


:  place. 
,  but  it 


The  duel  proved  a  bloodless  one 
Wius  very  near  having  a  different  result, 
the  doctor  Ijeing  hit  on  the  heel  of  his 
boot,  and  his  opponent  on  the  collar  of 
his  coat.  To  vast  learninjr,  eloquence, 
fancy,  and  wit,  the  doctor  added  a  boy- 
ish good-)iutnor  and  joviality.  D.  1842. 
MAGLIABECin,  Antonio,  a  learned 
critic,  whose  eccentric  habits  were  al- 
most as  extraordinary  as  his  varied 
erudition,  was  b.  at  Elorence  in  1633. 
Ue  was  placed,  when  a  boy,  as  servant 


to  a  dealer  in  fruit,  or,  as  others  say, 
with  a  goldsmith,  in  which  situation  ho 
discovered  sucli  a  propensity  to  letters, 
that  a  bookseller  took  him  into  his  em- 
ployment, where  his  talents  and  mem- 
ory made  him  so  much  talked  of,  that 
the  grand-duke,  Cosmo  111.,  appointed 
him  his  librarian.  His  attention  was 
wholly  absorbed  by  his  books ;  among 
them  he  took  his  rest  and  meals,  nor 
could  he  be  persuaded  to  leave  his  old 
apartment  for  one  more  commodious 
which  the  duke  had  provided  for  him. 
A  threadbare  cloak  served  him  for  a 
garment  by  day,  and  a  covering  by 
night ;  he  had  one  straw  chair  for  his 
table,  another  to  sleep  on,  and  the  only 
luxury  in  which  he  indulged  was  smo- 
king. He  left  no  literary  work  deserv- 
ing of  particular  notice ;  but  he  freely 
aftorded  information  to  those  authors 
who  sought  his  advice  or  assistance.  D. 
1714. 

MAGNENTIUS,  a  German,  who  rose, 
from  being  a  private  soldier,  to  the  first 
employments  in  the  empire.  The  em- 
peror Constans  had  a  great  esteem  for 
him,  and  in  a  mutiny  among  the  troops 
delivered  him  from  the  fury  of  the 
soldiers  by  covering  him  with  his  robe. 
Magnentius  murdered  his  benefactor  in 
3.50,  and  assumed  the  title  of  emperor ; 
but  Constantius  II.  avenged  the  death 
of  his  brother,  and  after  a  bloody  battle 
took  M:if,'nentius  prisoner,  and  put  him 
to  death  at  I-vous  in  353. 

MAHOMET,  or  MOHAMMED,  the 
founder  of  a  religion  which  has  spread 
over  a  considerable  portion  of  the  globe, 
was  b.  in  570  at  Mecca,  a  city  of  Arabia, 
of  the  noble  family  of  Koreish.  Losing 
his  father  in  his  infancy,  the  guardian- 
ship of  him  devolved  on  his  uncle  Abu 
Tiileb,  who  employed  him  to  go  with 
his  caravans  from  Mecca  to  Damascus. 
In  this  employment  ho  continued  till  he 
was  28  years  of  age,  when  he  married 
Khadijali,  a  rich  widow.  Ilccontiiined 
to  act  for  some  time  as  a  merchant ;  but 
a  disposition  to  religious  contemiilation 
seems  to  have  attended  him  from  liis 
early  youth ;  and  having  remarked  on 
his  "travels  the  infinite  variety  of  sects 
which  prevailed,  he  formed  the  design 
of  founding  a  new  one.  He  accordingly 
spent  much  of  his  time  in  a  cave  near 
Mecca,  seemingly  alone  and  employed 
in  meditation  and  prayer.  While  there 
he  framed  the  celebrated  "Koran,"  or 
"Book,"  which  he  pretended  to  have 
received  at  different  times  from  heaven 
by  the  hands  of  the  angel  Gabriel.  At 
the  nfe  of  40  he  publicly  assumed  the 


MAl] 


CVCI.OP.EDIA    OF    niOGKAPIIY. 


611 


])rop'hcticnl  cliaracter,  e;i]liiipr  himself 
the  apostle  of  God.  At  first  he  had 
only  his  wife  and  eight  other  followers  ; 
but  ill  three  years  the  nmubcr  of  his 
disciples  was  very  considerably  awa;- 
niented.  In  the  tenth  year  of  his  mis- 
sion lie  lost  both  Abu  Taleb  and  his 
faithful  wife  Khadijah,  whieli  so  exposed 
him  to  the  emnity  of  the  Koreisliitcs, 
that  he  found  it  necessary  to  make  a 
temporary  retreat  to  the  city  of  Tayef. 
Tlie  fundamental  doctrine  inculcated  in 
the  Koran  was,  "  There  is  but  one  God, 
and  Mahomet  is  liis  prophet."  His 
])roselytes  rapidly  increased  ;  and  as 
tliey  swore  fidelity  to  him,  and  proll'cred 
him  their  assistance,  he  adopted  the 
resolution  of  encountering  his  enemies 
witli  force.  Being  the  more  exasperated 
at  this,  they  formed  a  conspiracy  to 
murder  him  ;  warned  of  the  imminent 
danger,  lie  left  Mecca,  accompanied 
only  by  Abubeker,  and  concealed  him- 
self in  a  neifrhborinor  cave.  Here  he 
spent  three  days  undiscovered,  after 
which  he  arrivecl  at  Medina.  It  is  from 
this  event,  called  the  Ilesrira,  or  Flitrht, 
that  the  Mussulmans  compute  their 
time  ;  it  corresponds  with  the  IGtli  of 
June,  622.  Mahomet  now  assumed  the 
sacerdotal  and  repral  di<rnity,  married 
Ayesha,  dauj^htcr  of  Abubeker,  and 
declared  his  resolution  to  propasrate  his 
doctrines  by  the  sword.  The  hopes  of 
booty  were  thus  added  to  the  relis^ious 
zeal  of  his  partisans ;  and  after  many 
minor  exploits  with  various  hostile 
tribes  of  the  Jewish  persuasion,  he  sent 
a  summons  to  the  principal  neighboring 
princes,  particularly  Chosrou  Parviz, 
King  of  Persia,  lleraclius,  emperor  of 
Constantinople,  Mokawkas,  ruler  of 
Egypt,  the  King  of  Ethiopia,  and  the 
princes  of  various  districts  of  Arabia, 
to  embrace  his  new  revelation  of  the 
divine  law.  The  more  remote  and 
powerful  parties  gave  no  heed  to  him  ; 
others,  however,  "submitted  ;  and,  hav- 
ing made  himself  master  of  Mecca,  the 
Arabs,  who  regarded  it  as  a  holy  city, 
embraced  the  nrolfered  creed.  In  the 
tenth  year  of  the  Hegira,  Mahomet  un- 
dertook his  farewell  pilgrimage  to  Mecca. 
On  this  oe<?asion  he  w;is  surroun  led 
with  the  utmost  splendor,  and  attended 
by  90,000.  or,  as  some  say,  150,000 
friends.  This  was  the  last '  important 
event  of  his  life.  He  d.  soon  after  his 
return  to  Medina,  in  his  63d  year. 

M.MLL.Mi,  Oi.ivEK,  was  an  eccentric 
French  ecclesiastic,  of  the  l-Hh  century. 
His  sermons  were  distinguished  by  their 
gro-ss  and  ridiculous  denunciation  against 


those  who  mighf  happen  to  offend  him. 
Having  glanced  in  one  of  them  at  some 
traits  in  the  cliaracter  of  Tyouis  XI.,  that 
kinir,  wiio  had  just  esta>)lished  tiie  post 
in  France,  sent  him  word  that  he  would 
have  him  thrown  into  the  Seine.  "  The 
king  is  master,"  he  replied;  "but  tell 
him  that  I  shall  get  to  neaven  by  water 
sooner  than  be  will  by  his  post  horses." 
D.  1502. 

MAILLE,  duchess  of,  lady  of  the  bed- 
chamber to  Marie  Antoinette,  who  twice 
escaped  the  guillotine  by  singular  con- 
tingencies. On  the  7th  "of  July,  1794,  a 
lady  named  Maillet,  detained  in  St.  La- 
zare,  was  executed  by  Kobespierre's 
revolutionary  tribunal,  "by  mistake,  in 
her  place ;  on  the  8th  she  was  sum- 
moned ;  but  having  remarked  to  the 
huissicr  that  there  was  a  mistake  in  the 
register  of  her  baptismal  name,  a  delay 
occurred,  in  order  to  sec  her  sisff'-in- 
law  on  the  subject;  but  the  latter  i  cing 
seized  with  convulsions,  the  examina- 
tion was  delayed  till  the  10th,  durinir 
which  interval  Kobespierre  was  himself 
guillotined,  and  the  duchess  escaped. 

M.VILLET,  Bknkdict  de,  a  whimsical 
but  ingenious  French  writer,  b.  at  Lor- 
raine, in  1659.  He  successively  became 
consul  at  Egypt  and  Leghorn,  "and  d.  in 
1738.  His  principal  work,  "  Telliamed," 
(his  name  reversed,)  contains  a  singular 
system  of  cosmogony,  in  which  he  main- 
tains that  all  the  la"nd  of  the  globe  was 
originally  covered  with  water,  and  that 
every  species  of  animal,  man  included, 
owes  its  origin  to  the  sea. 

MAILLY,  JoHx  Baptist,  a  French 
historical  writer,  b.  in  1744,  at  Dijon; 
of  the  academy  of  which  place  he  became 
a  member,  and  where  he  d.  in  1794. 
His  princinal  works  are,  "L'Esprit  do 
la  Fronde,"  "  L'Esprit  des  Croisades," 
and  "  Fastes  Juifs,  llomaines,  et  Fran- 
cais." — Antoine.  b.  in  1775,  was  an  en- 
thusiastic French  revolutionist,  though 
a  noble;  and  editor  of  the  famous 
"  Bouelie  de  Fer."  He  and  his  brother, 
Mincrve,  were  treacherously  seized  and 
beheaded,  and  their  bodies  thrown  into 
the  sea,  at  the  siege  of  Acre,  by  Ujezzar 
Pacha. 

MAIMONIDES,  or  BEN  MAIMON, 
Moses,  one  of  the  most  celebrated  of  the 
Jewish  rabbis,  called  by  the  Jews  the 
"eagle  of  the  doctors,"  "and  the  "lamp 
of  Israel,"  was  b.  1131,  at  Cordova:  was 
profoundly  versed  in  all  the  learning  of 
the  age,  became  chief  physician  to  the 
sultan  of  Ei^ypt,  and  d.  1204.  His 
works  are,  the  "Mischna  Tcrah,"  the 
"More    Nevochim,"    and    the   "Poni' 


612 


CYCLOP-EDIA    OF    DIOGRAPHV. 


[mal 


schim."  The  first  is  a^ode  of  the  Jew- 
isli  law;  the  second,  which  was  orii^i- 
nally  written  iii  Arabic,  is  an  explana- 
tion of  obscure  places  in  Scripture;  and 
the  last  consists  of  commentaries  on  the 
llishna. 

:MAIXTEN0N,  Frances  d'Aubigne, 
marchioness  of,  who  rose  to  share  the 
tlirone  of  France,  was  b.  in  the  prison 
of  Niort,  where  her  father,  Constans 
d'Aubigne,  was  confined  in  lfi35.  On 
his  release  he  went  with  his  fiiuiily  to 
Martinico,  and  d.  there  in  1G46,  leaving 
his  widow  so  poor,  that  she  returned  to 
Europe  without  this  child,  who  was  sent 
after  her  to  France,  and  there  taken 
under  the  protection  of  her  aunt,  Ma- 
dame Villette,  who  brought  her  up  in 
the  Protestant  persuasion;  from  which, 
owing  to  the  interference  of  her  mother, 
a  strict  Catholic,  she  was  afterwards 
converted.  Subsequently  being  left  in 
very  reduced  circumstances,  she  married 
the  celebrated  poet  and  novelist,  Scarron. 
On  his  death,  in  1660,  she  obtained  the 
continuance  of  his  pension,  through  the 
interest  of  madame  de  Montespan,  who 
also  appointed  her  governess  of  the  chil- 
dren which  she  liad  by  Louis  XIV. 
This  connection  brought  her  merits 
under  the  observation  of  the  monarch, 
■who  increased  her  pension ;  and,  in 
1679,  changed  her  name  to  Maintenon, 
by  giving  her  an  estate  with  that  title. 
Becoming  fond  of  her  society,  he  grad- 
ually p;issed  from  intimacy  to  love ; 
Montespan  was  supplanted;  and  La 
Chaise,  his  confessor,  having  advised 
him  to  sanction  his  wishes  by  a  secret 
but  formal  marriage,  it  was  solemnized 
in  168.').  After  her  elevation  she  lived 
in  a  sort  of  retirement  from  the  world. 
Having  founded  the  school  at  St.  Cyr, 
fur  the  education  of  poor  tjirls  of  good 
family,  she  retired  to  it,  after  the  death 
of  tlie  king,  and  there  passed  the  re- 
mainder of  her  life.     D.  1719. 

MAISTKE,  JosKPn,  count  de,  a  dis- 
tinguished supporter  of  absolutism  and 
the  [)apacy,  was  b.  at  Cliambcry,  in  Sa- 
voy, 175.3.  Driven  by  the  invasion  of 
the  French  from  liis  native  country,  he 
took  up  his  residence  at  St.  Petersburg, 
where  he  remained  till  the  final  fall  of 
Napoleon  permitted  him  to  return  to 
France,  ana  thence  to  Piedmont,  where 
he  became  minister  of  state,  in  1818. 
His  literary  career  be^an  in  1796,  with 
his  work  entitled  "  Coiisidi'rations  .sur 
la  France,"  in  which  he  combated  the 
revolutionary  doctrines  then  in  voirue. 
la  1810  appeared  his  "  Essai  sur  le  Prin- 
cipe G^udrateur  dcs  Institutiona   Poli- 


tiques ;"  and  ten  years  later  he  published 
his  most  celebrated  work,  "Du  Pape," 
which  may  be  regarded  as  tlie  oest  de- 
fence of  papal  infallibility  that  has  ap- 
peared in  modern  times.  Besides  these 
lie  wrote  "  Soirees  de  Saint  Petersburg," 
and  "  Examen  Critique  de  la  Philosophie 
do  Bacon,"  both  posthumous  publica- 
tions. D.  1821. — Xavier,  his  younger 
brother,  who  repaired  also  to  St.  Peters- 
burg during  the  revolutionary  period, 
gained  great  celebrity  by  his  "Voyage 
autour  de  ma  Chambre,  "  Le  Leprcux 
de  la  Cite  d'Aoste,"  "Le  Prisonnior  du 
Cauease,"  and  "Prascovie,"  the  last 
being  an  interesting  narrative  of  filial 
devotion  on  the  part  of  aSibei-ian  girl. 

MAITLAND,  Sir  Kichard,  an  early 
Scottish  poet,  distinguished  also  as  a 
lawyer  and  statesman,  was  b.  in  1496. 
He  held  the  office  of  a  lord  of  session, 
and  in  that  capacity  he  took  the  title  of 
Lord  Lcthington,  from  his  estate.  He 
was  appointed  keeper  of  the  privy  seal, 
in  the  reign  of  Queen  Mary ;  which 
office,  as  well  as  his  judicial  seat  he  re- 
signed a  few  years  after,  and  d.  1586. — • 
William,  of  Lcthington,  the  eldest  son 
of  Sir  Eichard,  was  secretary  of  state  to 
Mary  queen  of  Scots. — John,  second  son 
of  Sir  Kichard,  succeeded  his  fiither  in 
the  office  of  lord  privy  seal,  and  lost  it 
through  his  attachment  to  the  interests 
of  the  cjueen.  He  was  afterwards  secre- 
tary to  James  VL,  and  at  length  chan- 
cellor of  Scotland.  In  159i.i  he  was 
created  Lord  Maitland,  of  Thirlstane. 
Besides  his  Scottish  poetry  in  the  Mait- 
land collection,  he  wrote  several  Latin 
epigrams,  &c. — William,  an  historian 
and  topographer,  was  b.  about  1693,  at 
Brechin,  in  Forfarshire.  He  was,  origi- 
nally, a  travelling  hair-merchant,  but 
turned  his  talents  to  literature,  gained  a 
competent  fortune,  and  became  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Koyal  and  Antiquarian  socie- 
ties. He  wrote  a  "History  of  London," 
a  "History  of  Edinburgh,"  and  "The 
Historv  and  Antiquities  of  Scotland." 
D.  1757. 

MALACKOWSKI,  a  noble  Pole,  b. 
in  1768.  He  was  a  friend  of  Kosciusko, 
and  one  of  the  victims  of  the  partition- 
crs  of  Poland.  He  was  president  of  the 
diet  from  1788  to  1792,  and  chief  author 
of  the  constitution  of  1791. 

MALAPERT,  Charles,  a  poet  and 
mathematician,  was  b.  at  Mons,  in  1581, 
became  a  Jesuit ;  and  d.  in  Spain,  1630. 

MALBONE,  EuwARD  G.,  a  distin- 
guished American  painter,  b.  at  New- 
port, R.  L,  who  early  displayed  a  re- 
markable taste   for  art,  and  obtained 


mal] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY, 


01  a 


grtat  reputation  at  Boston,  Philadel- 
pliia,  ('liarleston,  New  York,  and  Lon- 
don.    D.  Iw7. 

MALCOLM,  J  MIES  Peller,  an  artist 
and  antiquary,  was  a  native  of  America, 
studied  painting:  in  England,  and  event- 
nally  became  an  engraver.  He  was  the 
author  of  "  Londinium  Eedivivum," 
"  Anecdotes  of  the  Manners  and  Cus- 
toms of  London,"  "  First  Impressions," 
&c.  D.  1815. — Sir  John,  a  distiuguisiied 
military  officer  and  diiilomatist,'  was  b. 
near  Langhohn,  Scotland,  in  17(59.  At 
the  age  of  14  he  went  out  as  a  cadet  to 
India.  The  first  service  of  any  import- 
ance in  wliicli  he  was  engaged,  was  the 
siege  of  Seringapatam,  in  179-2,  where 
he  attracted  the  notice  of  Lord  Corn- 
wallis.  In  1S04  he  concluded  a  treaty 
of  alliance  with  Dowlah  Eao  Scindia ; 
and  continued  to  display  great  judgment 
as  the  diplomatic  agent  of  the  British 
government  in  India  for  several  subse- 
quent j-ears.  In  1827  he  accepted  the 
situation  of  governor  of  Bombay,  which 
post  he  continued  to  fill  till  isil,  when 
he  returned  to  England,  and  sat  in  par- 
liament for  the  borough  of  Launccstou. 
As  an  author.  Sir  John  Malcolm  also 
attained  considerable  celebrity,  as  may 
be  seen  in  his  "  History  of  Persia,'' 
"  Sketches  of  Persia,"  "  Memoirs  of 
Central  India,"  "  The  Administration 
of  British  India,"  &c.    D.  1833. 

M  ALEBK  ANCIIE,  Nicholas,  aFrench 
priest  and  celebrated  philosopher,  was 
D.  at  Paris,  in  1G38 ;  and  at  the  age  of 
22,  being  determined  to  embrace  the 
monastic  life,  was  admitted  into  the 
congregation  of  the  Oratory.  His  atten- 
tion was  first  directed  to  metaphysics 
by  perusing  Descartes'  "  Treatise  on 
Man,"  and  he  immediately  became  a 
devoted  partisan  of  the  Cartesian  phi- 
losophy. His  tinnous  treatise  "  On  the 
Search  after  Truth,"  was  first  printed 
in  1673,  and  is  principally  distinguished 
by  the  maintenance  of  a  mysterious 
union  between  God  and  the  soul  of 
man,  and  the  doctrine  that  the  human 
mind  immediately  perceives  God,  and 
sees  all  things  in  him.  Malebranehe 
also  wrote  several  other  works,  among 
which  are,  a  "  Treatise  on  Nature  and 
Grace,"  "Christian  Conversations,"  and 
"Dialog'ues  on  Metaphysics  and  Eeli- 
gion."  lie  was  highly  venerated  for  liis 
elevated  genius,  and  iiothing  could  bo 
more  amiable  and  simple  than  his  con- 
versation and  manners.     ]).  1715. 

MALKSIIEKBES,  Cniiisri.vN  William 
DE  Lamoiqnon  de    all  eminent  French 
statesman,  was  b.  at  Paris,  in  1721.    He 
59 


succeeded  his  father  as  nrcsident  of  tho 
court  of  aids;  besides  which  he  liafl  tho 
superintendence  of  the  press,  in  which 
othce  he  acted  with  great  lenity.  In 
1771,  on  the  abolition  of  the  legal  con- 
stitution, Malesherbes  was  banished  to 
his  country  seat ;  but  he  was  recalled 
three  years  afterwards,  and  made  min- 
ister of  state,  which  post  he  soon  re- 
signed, and  then  went  to  Switzerland. 
In  1786  he  was  again  called  to  the  coun- 
cils of  his  sovereign,  Louis  XVI.,  when 
ho  drew  up  two  memoirs,  "  On  the  Ca- 
lamities of  France,  and  the  Means  of 
repairing  them ;"  but  his  advice  was 
rejected,  and  he  retired  to  his  country 
house,  where  he  employed  himself  in 
agricultural  pursuits.  He  however  has- 
tened, of  his  own  accord,  to  plead  the 
cause  of  liis  sovereign  in  17'J2;  and  he 
was  one  of  the  last  who  took  leave  of 
him  before  his  execution.  This  attach- 
ment to  a  fallen  master  excited  the  jeal- 
ousy of  the  French  rulers,  and  caused 
his  destruction.  Shortly  after  his  return 
home,  his  daughter,  madame  de  Eo- 
sambo,  and  her  husband  were  arrested, 
and  conducted  to  Paris ;  and  his  own 
arrest,  with  that  of  his  grandchildren, 
soon  followed.  Almost  his  whole  family 
were  extirpated  by  the  merciless  pro- 
scription of  his  persecutors.  Males- 
herbes was  beheaded,  April  22,  1794. 

MALIIEEBE,  Fkancis  de,  a  French 
poet,  was  b.  at  Caen,  about  1555 ;  bore 
arms  in  the  troops  of  the  League,  was 
pensioned  by  Henry  IV.,  and  d.  in  1628. 
His  works  consist  of  paraphrases  on  the 
psalms,  sonnets,  odes,  and  epigrams. 
He  also  translated  some  of  Seneca's  let- 
ters ;  and  may  be  considered  as  one  of 
the  tirst  who  gave  to  French  poetry  its 
polish  and  retjularitv. 

MALIBEAN  DE  BEEIOT,  ^Iaiua 
Felicit.vs,  a  celebrated  vocal  performer, 
was  the  eldest  daughter  of  Manuel  Gar- 
cia, a  well-known  tenor  singer  of  the 
Italian  opera,  and  was  b.  in  Paris,  in 
1808.  At  the  early  age  of  16,  she  made 
her  debut  as  prima  donna  at  the  opera. 
This  was  in  1825.  During  the  Ibllowing 
year  she  accompanied  her  father  to  this 
country,  where  lier  union  with  M.  Mali- 
bran,  an  elderly  French  merchant,  took 
place.  Shortly  after  their  marriage,  lier 
husband  failed,  and  was  throwH  into 
prison ;  and  Madame  Malibran,  believing 
she  had  been  deceived,  separated  from 
him,  and  voluntarily  giving  into  the 
hands  of  his  creditors  her  marriage  set- 
tlement, returned  to  Europe.  Intense 
study,  tho  love  of  her  art,  and  the  mo- 
tives she  had  for  exertion,  had  already 


(514 


(Yt'l.OP.lSDIA    OF    RIOGRAPHY, 


[mal 


made  her  a  performer  of  niiri vailed  ex- 
cellence. In  March,  Ifi-^ij,  Ma  lame  Mal- 
libran  tlien  in  Paris,  liavinir  been  freed, 
by  the  French  courts,  from  the  bondajre 
of  her  union  witii  Monsieur  Malibran, 
was  married  to  Monsieur  de  Beriot,  a 
BelgiaOj  whose  extraordinary  ability  as 
a  violinist  had  placed  him  in  the  hitrfiest 
rank  of  his  profession.  In  May  follow- 
ing, she  resumed  her  English  perform- 
ances at  Drury-lane  theatre ;  and,  at  the 
close  of  the  season,  she  accompanied 
her  husband  to  Brussels,  and  other 
cities  on  the  Continent.  But  the  end 
of  lier  career  was  fast  approaching. 
Having  been  engaged  for  the  Manches- 
ter grand  musical  festival,  she  arrived 
in  that  town  on  the  11th  of  September, 
and,  though  evidently  indisposed,  com- 
mence 1  her  arduous'task  the  next  day. 
Her  illness  rapidly  increased  ;  and, 
though  she  endeavored  to  conceal  it,  by 
sustaining  her  part  with  tiie  apparent 
vigor  of  health  and  unusual  energy,  she 
sank  under  the  effort.  On  Wednesday, 
the  14th,  her  last  notes  in  public  were 
heard,  in  the  duet,  "  Vanne  se  alberghi 
in  petto,"  from  "  Andronieo,"  with 
Madame  Caradori  Allan.  D.  Sept.  23d. 
MALLET,  David,  wliose  real  name 
was  Malloch,  a  poet  and  miscellaneous 
writer,  was  b.  about  1700,  at  Grief,  in 
Perthsliire.  His  first  publication  was 
the  ballad  of  "  William  and  .Margaret," 
which  wa.s  followed  by  "The  Excur- 
sion," a  poem,  and,  in  1731,  he  pro- 
duced the  tragedy  of  "  Eurydice." 
Soon  after  this,  he  formed  an  acquaint- 
ance with  Pope,  who  introduced  him  to 
Bolingbroke,  and  about  the  same  time 
he  was  appointed  under-secretary  to 
the  prince  of  Wales.  In  1739  his  play 
of  '"Mnstapha"  was  performed  with 
success,  ana  the  next  year  he  wrote,  in 
conjunction  with  Thomson,  the  mascjue 
of  "  Alfred."  lie  also  published  a 
"  Life  of  Lord  Bacon,"  and  the  works 
of  Bolingbroke,  who  left  them  to  him  as 
a  legacy,  and  in  whose  skepticism  he 
participated.  D.  176o.  —  Paul  Henry, 
an  historian  and  antiquary,  was  b.  at 
Geneva,  in  1730;  was  successively  pro- 
fessor of  belles  lettres  at  Copenhagen 
and  at  Geneva.  Being  deprived  of  his 
fortune  during  the  first  revolutionary 
war,  he  for  some  time  received  pensions 
from  the  landgrave  of  Ilesse  and  the 
duke  of  Brunswick,  of  which  he  was 
deprived  by  the  late  war.  His  merit  as 
an  antiquary  was  very  great.  Among 
hia  works  are.  Histories  of  "Denmark," 
"Hesse,"  "the  Swiss,"  "the  Ilanseatic 
League,"  and   "the  House  of  Bruns- 


wick," and  an  "Introduction  to  the 
History  of  Denmark,"  which  Dr.  Percy 
translated,  under  tlie  title  of  "  Northern 
Antiquities."     D.  1807. 

MALMESBUKY,  William  of,  an 
English  historian,  who  flourished  in  the 
12th  century,  was  b.  in  Somersetshire, 
educated  at  Oxford,  became  a  monk  of 
Malmesbury,  and  was  elected  librarian 
of  the  monastery.  Ilis  "De  Kegibus 
Anglorum"  is  a  general  history  of  En- 
gland, from  the  arrival  of  the  Saxons,  in 
449,  to  the  26th  Henry  I.,  in  1126.  He 
also  wrote  a  "History  of  his  Own 
Times,"  from  that  year  to  the  escape 
of  the  Empress  Maud  from  Oxford,  in 
1143  ;  an  "  Ecclesiastical  History  of 
England,"  "The  Antiquities  of  "Glas- 
tonbury," and  a  "  Life  of  St.  Aldhelm." 
D.  1143. —.James  Harris,  earl  of,  a  dis- 
tinguished diplomatist,  the  only  son  of 
the  author  of  "  Hermes,"  was  b.  at 
Salisbury,  1746.  He  commenced  his 
diplomatic  career  as  secretary  of  em- 
bassy ^t  Madrid,  in  1767.  Here  he  dis- 
played such  talent  aud  firmness  in 
conducting  the  management  of  the- 
transfer  of  the  Falkland  Islands  to 
Great  Britain,  that  he  was  appointed 
minister  at  the  court  of  Berlin;  and 
from  this  period,  with  few  interrup- 
tions, down  to  the  close  of  the  century, 
he  bore  a  large  share  in  all  the  great 
diplomatic  transactions  of  the  time.  D. 
1820. 

MALONE,  Edmund,  a  dramatic  critic 
and  miscellaneous  writer,  was  the  son 
of  an  Irisii  judge,  and  b.  at  Dublin,  in 
1741.  He  studied  at  Trinity  college  and 
the  Inner  Temple,  and  in  1767  was 
called  to  the  bar,  but  being  possessed 
of  an  independent  fortune,  he  retired 
from  the  profession,  and  devoted  him- 
self to  literature.  In  1780  he  published 
two  supplementary  volumes  to  Stee- 
vens's  Shakspeare,  and  a  detection  of 
Chattcrton's  forgeries.  In  1790  ap- 
peared his  editionof  Shakspeare,  and  in 
179.5  he  exposed  the  imposture  of  the 
Irelands.  He  also  published  a  "Life 
of  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds,"  prefi.xed  to  his 
writings;  a  "Life  of  Dryden,"  and  a 
"  Biographical  Sketch  of  the  Right  Hon. 
AVilliam  Wyndham."     D.  1812. 

MALPIGHI,  Marcellus,  an  eminent 
Italian  physician  and  anatomist.  His 
discoveries  in  anatomy  were  consider- 
able, particularly  respecting  the  liver 
and  kidneys,  but  liis  merit  is  still  higher 
as  a  veyetable  anatomist  and  physiol- 
ogist.    B.  1628:  d.  1694. 

MALTE-BRUN,  Conrad,  a  poet,  ge- 
ographer, and  political  writer,  was  b.  in 


man] 


CYCLOP^KDIA    OF    lilOGRAPIlV. 


615 


1775,  at  Thyo,  in  the  islo  of  Jutland. 
Ilaviiiif  j,'ivi;ii  offence  by  liis  writin;^s  in 
tUvor  of  the  liberty  of  the  press,  ;uid  the 
cnfruuehisenieiit  of  the  peawants,  he  was 
banished  to  Sweden  in  17',)0.  After 
having  resided  for  a  time  at  Stockhohn, 
he  went  to  Paris,  wliere  he  acquired 
great  reputation,  particularly  as  a  geog- 
rapher. Jle  edited  the  ibreign political 
department  of  tiie  "Journal  des  De- 
bats,"  was  a  contributor  to  tiie  "Bi- 
ographic Uiiiverselle,"  and  produced 
various  works;  among  these  are  his 
"  Precis  do  la  Geographic  Universelle," 
"Tableau  de  la  Pologne  Ancienne  et 
Modcrue,"  "  Poems,"  &e.  lie  also  pub- 
lished, in  coujunction  with  Meulelle, 
"  Gcograpliie  Mathematique,  Pliysique, 
et  Politique."     D.  182G. 

MALTHUS,  Thomas  Robert,  author 
of  a  famous,  or  perhaps  some  would 
liave  us  say,  an  infamous  "  Essay  on 
Population,"  full  of  learning  and  ability, 
was  b.  in  Albury,  Surrey,  in  17(56,  and 
educated  at  Cambridtre.  lie  was  ap- 
pointed professor  of  history  and  political 
economy  in  tlie  college  of  the  East  India 
Company  at  Ilaileybury,  and  continued 
to  hold  that  situation  till  his  deatl;.  Ills 
system  is  founded  on  the  hypotliesis, 
that  population  increases  in  a  geomet- 
rical, wliile  provisions  only  increase  in 
an  aritlimetical,  ratio.    I).  iS4G. 

MALUS,  Stkphen  Louis,  a  French 
mathematician  and  experimental  philos- 
opher, was  b.  at  Paris,  in  1775,  became  a 
professor  in  the  Polytechnic  school,  and 
subsequently  served  as  an  officer  of 
engineers,  on  the  Rhine,  in  171)7,  and 
under  Bonaparte  in  Egypt,  where  he 
much  distinguished  himself.  After  this 
he  entered  on  a  course  of  experiments 
on  the  phenomena  of  optics,  and  ulti- 
mately discovered  the  polarization  of 
light.  This  discovery,  the  greatest  since 
that  of  the  achromatic  telescope,  gained 
liim  admission  into  the  institute,  he  also 
received  the  gold  medal  of  the  Royal 
Society,  and  honors  flowed  in  upon  him 
from  all  quarters.     U.  1S12. 

MALN  ASIA,  Charles  Cesar,  au 
Italian  ecclesiastic,  autlior  of  "  A  His- 
tory of  the  Painters  of  Bologna,"  and 
a  work  entitled  "  Marmora  Fulsinea." 

MAMBRUX,  Peter,  a  French  Jesuit, 
was  b.  in  the  diocese  of  Clermont,  1581, 
and  d.  16(51.  He  is  celebrated  for  his 
Latin  "  Eclogues,"  and  "  Georgies." 

MAN,  CoRNELifs  DE,  a  Dutch  liis- 
torical  and  portrait  painter.  B.  1021 ; 
d.   1706. 

MANCO  CAPAC,  the  founder  of  the 
Peruvian  empire,  and  the  first  of  its 


incas,  reigned,  as  is  supposed,  about 
4i)<)  years  before  the  Spanish  invasion 
in  1532.  According  to  the  tradition  of 
the  natives,  he  first  appeared  with  Mama 
Oella  his  wife,  and  sister,  in  an  island 
of  the  lake  Titicana,  and  declared  them- 
selves to  be  children  of  tlie  sun,  sent 
down  to  civilize  them.  He  is  said  to 
have  instructed  the  natives  in  religion, 
agriculture,  and  the  useful  arts ;  to  have 
founded  Cuzco,  and  to  have  ruleil  long 
and  prosperously  over  a  grateful  people. 
It  is  probable  he  was  a  stranger  from 
some  civilized  land,  who  suddenly  ap- 
peared in  Peru,  and  e;  ijjloycd  religion 
111  order  to  procure  an  ascendency, 
whicli  enabled  him  to  form  a  regular 
government. 

MANDEVILLE,  Sir  John,  an  English 
traveller,  was  b.  at  St.  Alban's,  about 
the  beginning  of  the  14th  century ;  left 
his  native  country  in  1332,  to  proceed 
on  his  peregrinations  ;  spent  34  years  in 
visiting  various  countries;  and  on  his 
return,  published  an  account  of  his 
travels ;  but  the  wonders  he  describes 
have  thrown  such  an  air  of  improbabil- 
ity over  his  narrative,  as  to  stagger  the 
belief  of  the  most  ci'cdulous.  D.  1372. — 
Bernard,  a  Dutch  pliysician,  was  b.  at 
Dort,  about  1670.  He  settled  in  London 
at  the  beginning  of  tlie  ISth  centuiy, 
and  publislied,  in  1709,  a  licentious  book, 
entitled  "The  Virgin  Unmasked."  In 
1711  appeared  liis  treatise  on  "  Hypo- 
chondria and  Hysteric  Passions ;"  but 
the  work  by  which  he  is  most  known  is 
his  "Fable  of  the  Bees,  or  Private  Vices 
made  Public  Benefits."  He  was  also  the 
author  of  "  An  Inquiry  into  the  Origin 
of  Honor,"  "Free  Thoughts  on  RelL 
gion,"  &c.     D.  1733. 

MANES,  or  MANICH.EUS,  the 
founder  of  a  Christian  sect,  called,  after 
liim,  Manichffians,  was  a  native  of  Per- 
sia, and  b.  about  the  year  239.  He  ob- 
tained the  tenets,  which  made  his  name 
famous,  from  the  books  of  Scythianus, 
an  Arabian,  who  maintained  two  co- 
eteriiul  principles,  one  good  and  the 
other  evil.  Upon  this  stock.  Manes  set 
up  as  an  hercsiarch,  blending  with  the 
pnilosophy  of  Scythianus,  or  rather  of 
Empedocles,  some  notions,  partlv  Ciiris- 
tian,  and  partly  heathen.  He  rejected  the 
Old  Testament,  and  tausht  tliat  Christ 
liad  come  to  save  niankiml,  and  that 
he  liiinself  was  the  Paraclete  announced 
in  the  New  Testament.  He  also  pre- 
tended to  thcirift  of  healing;  but  failing 
to  cure  the  son  of  the  king  of  Persi.i,  ho 
was  flayed  alive,  and  his  body  given  to 
the  dogs,  A.  D.  278. 


616 


CYCLOP/EDIA    OF    RIOCJRAPHV. 


[man 


MANETHO,  ftu  ancient  Egyptian  his- 
torian, who  was  hiirli  priest  oflleliopoHs, 
m  the  reign  of  Ptolemy  rhihidelphus, 
about  804  b.  c.  He  wrote  tlie  history  of 
his  country  in  Oreelv,  and  pretended  to 
have  talvcn  it  from  the  sacred  inscrip- 
vions  ou  tlie  pilhirs  of  Hermes  Trisme- 
gistiis. 

MANFREDI,  Eustachio,  an  eminent 
mathematician  and  astronomer,  b.  at  Bo- 
logna, in  1674.  He  was  appointed  pro- 
fessor of  mathematics  in  169S;  pUiced 
at  tlie  licad  of  the  college  of  Montalto,  in 
1704;  and  afterwards  nominated  astron- 
omer to  tlie  Institute  of  Bologna.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  French  Academy 
of  Sciences,  and  of  the  Royal  Society  of 
London.     D.  1739. 

MANILIUS,  Marcus,  a  Eoman  poet, 
who  tkiurished  in  the  Augustan  age. 
He  undertook  a  didactic  poem,  of  which 
we  have  but  live  books,  entitled  "As- 
tronoiniea." 

MANLEY,  De  la  Eevtere,  was  the 
daughter  of  Sir  Roger  Manley,  governor 
of  (rucrnsey,  a  gentleman  who  suft'ered 
mucli  for  his  adherence  to  Charles  I., 
and  also  distinguished  himself  as  a 
writer.  She  was  left  to  the  care  of  a 
cousin,  who  seduced  her  under  the 
mask  of  a  pretended  marriage,  and  then 
abandoned  lier.  Being  thus  dependent 
ou  her  own  exertions  for  support,  she 
became  a  dramatic  and  political  writer. 
Her  first  effort  was  "The  Royal  Mis- 
tress," a  tragedy,  which  was  successful. 
She  then  composed  "The  New  Atalan- 
tes,"'  in  which,  under  feigned  names, 
and  with  much  warmth  and  freedom, 
she  relates  the  amours  and  adventures, 
real  and  supposed,  of  many  distinguish- 
ed persons  of  the  day.  For  the  libels 
contained  in  this  work  she  was  commit- 
ted to  the  custody  of  a  messenger,  but 
afterward-s  admitted  to  bail ;  and  a  tory 
administration  succeeding,  she  lived  in 
high  reputation  and  gayety.  She  was 
also  euiploycd  in  writing  for  tiueen 
Anne's  ministry;  and  when  Swift  rc- 
lin((uislied  the  "  Examiner,"  slie  contin- 
ued it  for  a  considerable  time  with  great 
spirit.  Besides  the  works  before  men- 
tioned, she  wrote  "  Lucius,"  a  tragedy; 
"The  Lost  Lover,"  a  comedy;  "Me- 
moirs of  Europe  towards  the  close  of 
the  Eighteenth  t-V-ntury,"  "Court  In- 
trigues," "Adventures  of  Rivelle,"  &c. 
1).  1721. 

M.VXLY,  JoriN,  a  captain  in  <^\\(i  navy 
of  the  United  Slates,  received  a  navnl 
connni.-sion  from  Washington,  in  177.'3. 
Invested  with  the  command  of  the 
schooner   Lee,  he   kept  the   hazardous 


station  of  Massachusetts  bay,  during  a 
most  tempestuous  season,  and  the  cap- 
tures which  he  made  were  of  immense 
vakie  at  the  moment.  An  ordnance 
brig,  which  fell  into  his  hands,  supplied 
the  continental  army  with  heavy  pieces, 
mortars,  and  working  tools,  of  which  it 
was  very  destitute,  and  in  the  event  led 
to  the  evacuation  of  Boston.  Being 
raised  to  the  command  of  the  frigate 
Hancock,  of  32  guns,  his  capture  of  the 
Fox  increased  his  high  reputation  for 
bravery  and  skill.  But  he  was  taken 
prisoner  by  the  Rainbow,  .July  8,  1777, 
and  suifered  a  long  and  rigorous  con- 
finement on  board  that  ship  at  Halifax, 
and  in  Mill  prison,  precluded  from  fur- 
ther actual  ser>  ice  till  near  the  close  of 
the  war.  In  September,  1782,  the  Hague 
frigate  was  intrusted  to  his  care.  A 
few  days  after  leaving  Martinique,  he 
was  driven  by  a  British  seventy-four  on 
a  sand  bank  at  the  back  of  Guadaloupe. 
Three  ships  of  the  line,  having  joined 
this  ship,  came  to  within  point  blank 
shot,  and  with  springs  on  tlieir  cables, 
opened  a  most  tremendous  fire.  Hav- 
ing supported  the  heavy  cannonade  for 
three  days,  on  the  fourth  day  the  frigate 
was  got  oft',  and  hoisting  the  continental 
standard  on  the  main-top  gallant  mast, 
13  guns  were  fired  in  farewell  defiance. 
On  his  return  to  Boston  a  few  months 
afterwards,  he  was  arrested  to  answer  a 
variety  of  charges  exhibited  against  him 
by  one  of  his  officers.  The  proceedings 
of  the  court  were  not  altogether  in  ap- 
proval of  liis  conduct.  t>.  in  Boston, 
1793,  ao-ed  .'vj. 

MANNING,  Owen,  an  English  anti- 
quary and  topographer,  was  a  native  of 
Northamptonshire ;  was  educated  at 
Queen's  college,  Cambridge ;  entered 
into  orders,  and  became  a  prebendary 
of  Lincoln,  and  vicar  of  Godalming. 
His  principal  literary  labors  are,  "  Dic- 
tionarium  Saxonico  et  Gothico-Latinum, 
auctore  Edvnrdo  Lye,  edidit  ct  auxit 
O.  M.,"  and  tlic  "  History  and  Antiqui- 
ties ofSurrev;"  published  posthumous- 
ly, by  Mr.  Bray.     D.  ISOl. 

MANSART,  Francis,  a  French  arch- 
itect; b.  1598;  d.  lG6t5.  He  built  sev- 
eral churches,  and  other  publicstruetures 
at  Paris. — Iules-Hurdouin,  his  nephew, 
was  also  an  excellent  architect,  and  the 
superintendent  of  the  royal  edifices. 
He  built  the  palaces  of  Versailles,  Marly, 
and  the  Great  Trianon  ;  the  Hospital  of 
the  Invalides,  itc. 

MANSFIELD,  William  Murray,  earl 
of,  the  fourth  son  of  David,  Lord  Stor- 
mont,  was  b.  at  Perth,  ;u  Scotland,  ia 


CYCLOl'/EUIA    OF    BIOGIi  AI'll  Y. 


en 


1705.  He  became  a  student  at  Lincoln's 
Ian,  and,  at'tcv  the  usual  term  of  [irohu- 
tiou,  was  called  to  the  bar,  gi'aihially 
niakiiiij  his  way  to  eminence.  In  171'2  he 
was  made  solicilor-seneral ;  two  years 
afterwards  he  was  created  chief  justice 
of  the  King's  Bench;  and,  in  177(5,  he 
a:is  advanced  to  the  di<:fnity  of  an  earl 
)f  (ii'eat  Dritain.  Duriiiif  the  riots  in 
London.  .June,  17S0,  his  house  was  at- 
taciccd  by  the  anti-Catholic  mob,  and 
his  valuable  collection  of  books  and 
manuscripts  full  a  sacrifice  to  the  fury 
of  the  multitude,  by  whom  the  mansion 
was  burnt  to  the  ground.  He  continued 
Ibr  some  years  longer  to  exercise  his  ju- 
dicial functions,  but  resigned  in  17SS, 
and  passed  the  renuiinder  of  his  life  in 
retirement.  At  the  connnoncemcnt  of 
the  reign  of  George  III.,  he  was  assailed 
with  the  utmost  virulence  by  jjatriots 
of  tlie  day,  particularly  in  the  affair  of 
Wilkes;  while  Junius  poured  upon  him 
a  torrent  of  inaliirnant  slander,  which  he 
bore  witli  dignified  silence.  As  a  poli- 
tician, Lord  Mansficli.l  inclined  to  the 
absurd  maxims  of  toryism,  but  as  a 
jiulire  he  was  acute,  liberal,  and  disin- 
terested.    D.  in  178:3. 

MANS  I,  .John  Domimc,  a  learned 
Italian  prelate,  and  an  indefatigable  an- 
ti(juary.  was  b.  at  Lucca,  in  100-2.  He 
was  several  years  professor  of  divinity 
at  Naples,  and  in  1765  was  made  arch- 
bishop of  Lucca,  where  he  d.  in  1769. 
His  principal  works  arc,  a  Latin  trans- 
lation of  "(Jalmet's  History  of  the  Bible," 
with  additions;  " De  V'eteri  et  Nova 
Ecclesiaj  Disciplina,"  "Commentaries 
on  the  Bible,"  an  edition  of  "  Baronius"s 
Annals,"  another  of  the  "Councils,"  an 
edition  of  "  Jilneas  Sylvius's  Orations," 
and  one  of  Fabricius's  "Bibliotheea  La- 
tina  media;  et  intimaj  ^'Etatis." 

MANT,  Eicii.\K[),  bishop  of  Down, 
Connor,  and  Dromorc,  was  b.  at  South- 
ampton, where  his  father  was  rector  of 
the  church  of  All-Saints,  1776.  In  1815 
he  became  rector  of  St.  Hotolph's,  Bish- 
opsgatc-strect,  and,  tliree  years  later, 
vicar  of  East  Horsley,  Surrey.  In  1820 
he  was  consecrated  bishop  of  Killaloe. 
and  translated  to  the  see  of  Down  and 
Connor  in  1823;  the  care  of  the  diocese 
of  Dromorc  devolving  upon  him  in  1S42, 
on  the  death  of  the  last  bishop.  Dr. 
Laurie.  During  his  long  life.  Dr.  Mant 
was  constantly  engaged  in  authorship, 
chiclly  on  subjects  eonnected  with  his 
professional  du'tics.     1).  18-iS. 

iMANTK(!N.\,  Anuiika,  an  eminent 
painter,  was  b.  at  I'adua,  in  1431  ;  and 
Btudied   under  Squarcioue.    His   cliief 


residence  was  at  Mantua,  where  lie  was 
much  employed  in  oil  and  fresco ;  but 
he  worked  a  great  deal  at  Kome,  and 
produced  some  admired  paintings  there, 
lie  had  great  inlluence  on  the  style 
of  his  age,  and  distinguished  himself 
highly  ill  the  art  of  perspective.  D. 
1505. 

MANUEL,  Jacques  Antoine,  one  of 
the  most  eloquent  and  intrepid  defend- 
ers of  French  liberty,  was  d.  in  1775, 
at  Barcelonctte,  in  the  department  of  the 
Lower  Alps.  He  entered  as  a  volunteer 
in  one  of  the  battalions  of  the  requisi- 
tion, in  17!i3,  and  rose  to  the  raiilc  of 
captain.  After  the  peace  of  (^ampo 
Formio,  he  (juittci  the  army,  studied 
law,  was  adnutlod  to  the  bar  at  Aix,  and 
soon  acquired  a  high  reputation  for  tal- 
ent. In  1S15  he  was  elected  to  the 
chamber  of  deputies,  which  was  con- 
voked by  Napoleon,  and  after  the  abdi- 
cation of  thnt  monarch,  strenuously 
contended  for  the  ri'j:hts  of  bis  son.  In 
1818  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
chandler  of  deputies  by  three  depart- 
ments, and  became  one  of  the  most 
formidable  opponents  of  the  ministers. 
He  was  fervid  and  ardent  in  the  cause 
of  the  party  to  which  he  had  attached 
himself;  but  having  used  some  violent 
expressions  in  his  first  speech,  in  the 
session  of  1823,  on  the  subject  of  the 
Spanish  war,  his  expulsion  was  loudly 
demanded  ;  the  result  of  which  was  that 
a  body  of  the  gendarmerie  was  intro- 
duced to  arrest  him.  Manuel  was  again 
chosen  to  the  cliamber  of  depnties,  in 
1S24,  and  d.  1827. 

MANUTIUS,  Aldus,  a  celebrated 
Italian  printer  and  author,  was  b.  at 
Bassano,  in  1447  ;  became  tutor  to  Al- 
berto I'io,  prince  of  Carpi  ;  and  in  1483 
established  a  printing  office  at  Venice. 
He  printed  numerous  valuable  editions 
of  Greek  and  Latin  classics  ;  compiled  a 
Greek  and  Latin  Dictionary  and  Gram- 
mar ;  and  was  the  inventor  of  the  Italic 
character,  hence  called  Aldine,  for  the 
exclusive  use  of  which,  for  a  term  of 
years,  he  obtained  a  patent.  D.  1515. — 
P.\oi.o,  son  of  the  preceding,  distin- 
guished as  a  classical  scholar,  no  less 
than  a  printer,  was  b.  at  \'enice,  in  1512, 
and  d.  1574. — Aldo,  the  younger,  was  a 
son  of  Paolo,  and  equally  celebrated  as 
his  father  and  grandfather.  He  was  b. 
in  1547,  and  d.  in  1507  ;  and  with  him 
expired  the  glory  of  the  Aldine  press. 

MANVEL,  Francis,  a  celebrated 
Portuguese  lyric  poet,  b.  at  Lisbon,  in 
173  L  He  was  the  author  of  man  v  odes, 
and  other  poems ;  was  compelled  to  fly 


018 


CYCLOP.«DIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[mar 


from  his  country  to  avoid  the  Inquisi- 
tion, and  d.  at  Versailles,  in  1S21. 

.MAIT.ET'JFT,  Dr.  John,  a  very 
learned  Euirlish  medical  and  theological 
writer.    E.  iOol ;  d.  1721. 

MAKA,  Elizabeth,  a  celebrated  pub- 
lic sinirer,  whose  maiden  name  was 
Solnnelling,  was  b.  in  1750,  at  Cassel,  in 
Germany.  She  commenced  her  musical 
education  by  playing  on  the  violin  ;  but 
as  she  grew  up,  she  cultivated  her  vocal 
t:ilents,  and  attained  an  almost  unri- 
valle  1  deffree  of  excellence.  On  Jier 
arrival  at  lierlin  she  sang  before  Fred- 
eric the  Great,  and  though  he  had  pre- 
viously declared  that  he  should  as  soon 
expect  pleasure  from  the  neighing  of  a 
horse  as  from  a  German  singer,  yet  he 
was  soon  convinced  of  the  e.KCcllcnce  of 
the  fair  vocalist,  whom  he  put  to  the 
test,  by  selecting  the  most  diflieult  airs 
in  his  tolleclion,  which  she  executed  at 
siirht,  with  the  utmost  facility.  She 
afterwards  visited  Italy,  Switzerland, 
Eiiirlan<l,  France,  and  liussia.  Madame 
Mara  left  England  in  1802,  and  went  to 
reside  in  Kussia;  and  when  that  coun- 
try was  invaded  by  Napoleon  in  1812, 
she  beeame  a  sufferer,  in  consequence 
of  the  destruction  of  her  property  at  the 
conflagration  of  IMoscow.  About  the 
beginning  of  1820  she  revisited  En- 
gland, and  gave  a  concert  at  the  opera 
house;  but  age  had  weakened  her  jiow- 
ers,  and  this  once  matchless  singer  ex- 
liibited  only  the  relies  of  her  former 
greatness.   "D.  1838. 

MARAT,  Jonx  Paul,  was  b.  in  1744, 
at  Baudry,  in  the  province  of  Neuf- 
chatel,  in  Switzcrlana.  In  his  youth  he 
applied  himself  to  the  study  of  medi- 
cnieand  anatomy;  and  settling  in  Paris, 
attracted  notice  as  an  etnpirie  and  ven- 
der of  medicines.  But  his  ambition  led 
him  to  desire  u  more  extensive  popu- 
larity, and  he  wrote  a  work,  whicli  had 
for  its  title  "  Man,  or  Principles  and 
Laws,  showin!?  the  Influence  of  the 
Soul  ami  the  Body  in  their  Kelations  to 
each  other."  lie  also  published  a  daily 
paper,  called,  "L'Ami  du  Pcuple."  lie 
then  became  president  of  the  assembly 
of  de))uties  in  Paris,  and  in  that  capaci- 
ty indulged  liis  thirst  for  Inunan  blood. 
He  denounced  the  ^'enerals  of  the  French 
army  as  traitors  to  their  country,  and  put 
the  "members  of  the  convention  under 
arrest.  It  was  at  this  time  that  Char- 
lotte Corday  resolved  to  rid  the  world 
of  it«  createst  monster,  and  he  was 
fttabbed  by  this  enthusiastic  young 
woman,  July,  1793. 

MARATTI,  Carlo,  an  eminent  paint- 


er, was  b.  in  1625,  at  Cameiino,  in  the 
papal  territory.  He  became  an  early 
pupil  of  Andrea  Sacchi ;  and  on  account 
of  his  habit  of  painting  female  saints, 
was  nicknamed,  by  Salvator  Kosa,  Car- 
luccio  della  Madonn.^.  He  was  also  a 
good  architect  and  an  engraver;  was 
Knighted  by  Clement  XI.,  who  gave 
him  a  pension.  1).  1713. — Maria,  his 
daughter,  who  niarried  J.  B.  Zappi,  was 
also  a  srood  artist  and  poetess. 

MAliBECK,  John,  a  musician  of  the 
16th  century,  supposed  to  have  been  the 
first  composer  of  the  cathedral  service 
of  the  church  of  England.  He  was  or- 
ganist at  St.  George's  chapel,  Windsor; 
and  author  of  a  "  Concordance  of  the 
Bible,"  "The  Lives  of  the  Saints, 
Prophets,  and  Patriarchs,"  &e. 

MARCELLUS,  Claudius,  the  first 
Eoman  general  who  successfully  en- 
countered Hannibal  in  the  second  Pu- 
nic war.  Soon  after  the  fatal  battle  of 
Canna;,  lie  was  sent  against  that  distin- 
guished commander,  and  forced  the 
Carthaginians  to  retreat,  with  a  loss. 
He  afterwards  went  to  Sicily,  where  the 
siege  of  Syracuse  was  his  most  remark- 
able achievement.  Marcellus  fell  in  a 
sanguinary  battle  with  his  ibrmer  oppo- 
nent, 209  B.  c,  when  Hannibal  caused 
the  body  to  be  burnt  with  distinguished 
honors,  and  sent  the  ashes  to  his  son  in 
a  costly  urn. 

MARCET,  Alexander,  an  eminent 
physician  and  natural  philosopher,  was 
b.  at  Geneva,  in  1770  :  studied  at  Edin- 
burgh, and  settled  in  London,  where  he 
obtained  great  reputation  as  a  medical 
practitioner  and  public  lecturer,  lie 
was  naturalized  in  England  in  1802,  but 
returned  to  his  own  country  in  1814. 
He  was  the  author  of  "An  Essay  on 
the  Chemical  History  of  Calculi,"  and 
of  many  valuable  papers  in  the  "Philo- 
sophical Transactions,"  &c.     D.  1822. 

MARCION,  a  heretic  of  the  2d  cen 
tury,  was  a  native  of  Synope,  on  the 
Eux'.nc.  He  espoused  the  notions  of 
('ei  Jo,  to  which  he  added  the  doctrine 
of  iManes,  and  some  peculiarities  of  his 
own. 

MxA.RETS,  Sajiuel  de,  was  a  native 
of  I'icardy,  and  surnnmcd  "  The  Little 
Preacher,"  from  his  diminutive  stature. 
He  was  an  eminent  controversialist  of 
the  reformed  church  in  the  17th  century, 
and  from  his  erudition  and  ability  made 
a  distinguished  figure  among  the  po- 
lemics of  the  day.  He  wrote  a  variety 
of  theological  works,  particularly  an 
excellent  "System  of  Divinity."  J). 
1663. 


MAu] 


CVCLOFvKDIA    OK    HIOGKAl'MY. 


619 


MAEGARET  OF  ANJOU,  daughter 
of  Kt'no  d'Anjoii,  king  of  Naples,  and 
wife  of  Henry  VI.,  king  of  England,  was 
an  ambitions,  enterprising,  courageous 
woman.  Intrepid  in  the  field,  she  sig- 
nalized lierself  by  lieading  her  troops 
in  several  battles  again'^t  the  house  of 
York  ;  and  if  she  had  not  been  the  in- 
strument of  lier  husband's  misfortunes, 
by  putting  to  death  the  duke  of  Glou- 
cester, his  uncle,  her  name  would  have 
been  immortalized  for  the  fortitude, 
activity,  and  policy  with  which  she  sup- 
ported the  rights  of  her  husband  and 
son.  Tlie  fatal  defeat  at  Tewkesbury, 
however,  pr.t  an  end  to  all  her  enter- 
prises; tiic  king  being  taken  prisoner, 
and  Prince  Edward,  their  only  son,  base- 
ly murdered  by  Richard,  duke  of  Glou- 
cester. Margaret  was  ransomed  by  her 
father  for  50,000  crowns,  and  d.  1482.— 
Of  France,  queen  of  Navarre,  daughter 
of  Henry  II.,  was  b.  in  l.'ioS,  and  ranked 
as  one  of  the  greatest  beauties  of  her 
age,  with  talents  and  accomplishments 
corresponding  to  the  charms  of  her  per- 
son. She  married  Ilenr}',  then  prince 
of  Beam,  but  afterwards  king  of  France. 
I).  1615. — Of  V.\lois,  queen  of  Naples, 
and  sister  to  Francis  I.,  king  of  France, 
was  the  daughter  of  Charles  of  Orleans, 
duke  of  Angoulcmc.  and  b.  in  l-i!'2. 
In  1509  she  married  Charles,  duke  of 
Alonf;on.  Her  next  linsband  was  Henry 
d'Albret,  king  of  Navarre,  by  whom 
she  had  Joan  d'Albret,  mother  of  Henry 
I\'.  She  was  the  authoress  of  some 
poetical  pieces,  and  of  a  tract,  entitled 
"  The  Mirror  of  the  Sinful  Soul,"  which 
was  condemned  as  heretical  by  the  Sor- 
bonno.  A  volume  of  tales,  entitled 
"  Ileptameron,  ou  Sept  Journdcs  de  la 
Reyne  de  Navarre,"  which  were  written 
by  her  during  the  gayety  of  youth,  are 
as  free  in  their  tendency  as  those  of 
Boccaccio;  and  it  certainly,  at  the  pres- 
ent day,  appears  somewhat  extraordi- 
nary, that  a  princess  so  pious  and  con- 
templative, sliould  be  their  author.  D. 
15-1  It. 

MARIA  LOUISA,  ex-empress  of  the 
French,  wife  of  Napoleon,  was  the  eld- 
est daughter  of  Francis  I.,  emperor  of 
Austria,  and  of  his  second  wife,  Maria 
Tlieresa  of  Naples,  and  was  b.  1701.  In 
ISIO  she  was  married  to  the  emperor, 
then  in  tlie  zenith  of  his  power;  in  1811 
she  presented  her  husband  witlt  a  son — 
afterwards  called  kiu^  of  Rome — to  the 
great  joy  of  the  French  nation  ;  and  in 
181:5,  on  his  departure  to  the  army,  she 
was  nominatecl  regent.  In  1814  she 
refused  to  accompany  Napoleon  to  Elbn 


on  the  plea  of  ill-health ;  and  havin)? 
obtained  by  treaty  with  the  allied 
powers,  the  duchies  of  Parma  and  Pla- 
centia,  &c.,  she  repaired  thither  with 
her  chamberlain.  Count  Neipperg,  for 
whom  she  had  conceived  an  attachment, 
and  whom  she  subsequently  married. 
1).  1847. 

1\IARIA  THERESA,  queen  of  Hun- 
gary and  Bohemia,  archduchess  of  Aus- 
tria, and  empress  of  Germany,  daughter 
of  the  emperor  Charles  VI.,  was  b.  at 
Vienna,  1717,  and  in  1739,  married  Duke 
Francis  Stephen  of  Lorraine,  who  iu 
1737,  became  grand-duke  of  Tuscany. 
The  day  after  her  Cither's  death,  she 
ascended  the  throne  of  Hungary,  Bo- 
hemia, and  Austria,  and  declared  her 
husband  joint  ruler.     D.  1780. 

MARINI,  Jonx  Baptist,  an  Italian 
poet,  M-as  b.  at  Naples  in  1560.  He  was 
bred  to  the  law,  which  he  abandoned 
for  literature.  His  principal  poem  is  an 
heroic,  entitled  "  Adone,"  but  he  wrote 
inany  others.     D.  1625. 

MARION,  FuAXCis,  a  distinguished 
officer  in  the  revolutionary  war,  was  a 
native  of  South  Carolina.  '  He  was  en- 
gaged in  agricultural  pursuits  until  the 
year  1759,  when  he  became  a  soldier, 
and  served  with  crcilit  against  the  Cher- 
okee Indians.  As  soon  as  the  war 
between  the  mother  country  and  the 
colonies  broke  out,  he  was  called  to  the 
command  of  a  company  in  his  native 
state.  In  1776  lie  co-operated  bravely 
in  the  defence  of  Fort  Moultrie,  ami  soon 
reached  the  rank  of  lieutenant-colonel 
commandant  of  a  regiment,  in  which 
capacity  he  acted  during  the  siege  of 
(Charleston.  He  became,  subsequently, 
brigadier-general  in  the  militia  of  South 
Carolina,  and  as  such  was  an  indefati- 
gable and  most  useful  partisan.  The 
country  froni  Camden  to  the  sea-coast, 
between  the  Pedee  and  Santee  rivers, 
was  the  scene  of  his  operations.  Many 
very  striking  and  characteristic  anec- 
dotes of  his  prowess  and  habits  are  re- 
lated of  him  ;  and  in  addition  to  his 
distinction  in  partisan  warfare,  he  ac- 
Qiiired  much  reputation  in  conducting 
the  sicires  of  the  captured  posts  ]\o\<\  by 
the  enemy.  At  Gcoriretown.  Fort  "Wat- 
son, Fort  Moste,  GranWy,  Parker's  ferry, 
and  Eutaw,  he  highly  distintrnished 
himself.     I).  1795. 

M.-VRIUS,  Caiis,  a  celebniteft  Roman 
general  and  demnirofrue,  who  was  seven 
times  consul.  He  first  distiiiiruished 
himself  at  the  siesre  of  Numantia;  after- 
wards went  to  Africa  as  lieutenant  to 
the  consul  Jletellus ;   superseded    his 


Q'20 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[mar 


commnnder,  find  obtained  the  consul- 
ship himself,  when  he  subdued  Jugur- 
tha,  king  of  Xuiiiidia,  wliom  he  con- 
dacted  in  triumph  to  Kome.  After  this 
he  served  against  the  Cimbri  and  other 
barbarous  nations,  who  had  poured 
their  myriads  into  Italy.  In  his  sixth 
consulate  he  had  Sylla  for  his  rival,  who 
marched  to  Rome  with  his  army,  and  a 
civil  war  commenced  to  decide  their 
superiority.  Defeated  by  his  rival, 
Marius  wandered  about  on  the  coasts  of 
Italy,  and,  after  escaping  several  times, 
was  found  by  some  horsemen  in  a 
marsh,  lie  was  conducted  naked  to 
Miiiturna},  where  the  magistrate,  after 
some  deliberation,  resolved  to  obey  the 
orders  of  the  senate  and  of  Sylla.  But 
the  Cimbrian  slave,  to  whom  the  execu- 
tion was  intrusted,  awed  by  the  look 
and  words  of  Marius,  dropped  his 
sword,  and  the  people  of  Alinturnre, 
moved  with  compassion,  conducted  liim 
to  the  coast,  whence  a  vessel  conveyed 
him  to  Africa.  Here  he  remained  till 
his  party  had  once  more  triumphed  in 
Italy,  wlien  he  was  recalled  by  Cinna 
and  Scrtorius,  who  making  themselves 
masters  of  Kome,  a  terrible  proscription 
took  place.  Marius  enjoyed  the  dignity 
of  consul  for  the  seventh  time,  86  b.  c, 
?nd  d.  shortly  after,  aged  80. — The 
YoDN'GER,  had  all  the  determined  char- 
acter of  liis  father.  He  usurped  the 
consular  dignity,  82  b.  c,  but  was  de- 
feated by  Sylla,  and  slew  himself  at 
Prasncstft. 

MARIVAUX,  Peteb  Carlet  de 
Chamblain  ue,  a  celebrated  dramatist 
and  novelist,  was  b.  at  Paris,  in  1688. 
His  father,  who  was  director  of  the  mint 
at  Riom,  gave  him  an  excellent  educa- 
tion, and  his  own  talents  and  social 
merits  gained  him  many  friends.  The 
drama  tirst  attracted  his  attention,  and 
he  was  the  author  of  about  30  pieces ; 
but  it  is  as  a  novelist  that  he  is  chiefly 
known  to  the  world  of  letters.  Of  those, 
"  Lc  Paysan  Parvenu,"  "  Marianne," 
and  "  Le  Philosophe  Indigente,"  are 
accounted  the  principal.  He  also  wrote 
"  Le  Spectatcur  Francois,"  &c.  D. 
1763. 

M.VRLBOROUGH,  John  Churchill, 
dnkc  of,  was  thei  son  of  Sir  Winston 
(Miurchill,  of  Ashe,  in  Devonshire, 
where  lie  was  b.  IG.'jO.  At  the  age  of  12 
years  he  wa.s  taken  from  school,  to  be  a 
page  to  the  duke  of  York,  who,  in  1606, 
jrave  him  a  pair  of  colors  in  t!ie  guards. 
His  lirst  service  was  at  tlie  siege  of  Tan- 
gier ;  and  at  liis  return  to  England,  he 
became  the  favorite  of  the  duchess  of 


Cleveland,  who  gave  him  £5000,  with 
wliich  he  purchased  an  annuity  for  life. 
He  served  afterwards  under  the  great 
Turenne,  and  distinguished  himself  so 
gallantly  at  the  siege  of  Macstricht,  that 
the  king  of  Prance   publicly  thanked 
him  at  the  head  of  the  regiment.     On 
his   return   to   England    he  was   made 
lieutenaut-colone',     gentleman    of  the 
bed-chamber,  and  master  of  the  robes  to 
the  duke  of  York,  whom  he  attended  to 
Holland  and  Scotland ;  and  about  this 
time  he  married  Miss  Jennings,  maid 
of  honor    to   the   princess,   afterwards 
Queen   Anne.     In   1682  he  was   ship- 
wrecked with  the  duke  of  York,  in  their 
passage  to  Scotland.     The  same  year  he 
was  made  a  peer,  by  the  title  ot  Baron 
Eyemouth ;  and  when  James  came  to 
tlie  crown,  he  was   sent  to  France  to 
notify  the  event.     In  1683  he  was  crea- 
ted Lord  Churchill,  of  Sandridge.    The 
sanie  year  he  suppressed  Monmouth's 
rebellion,  and  took  him  prisoner.     He 
continued  to   serve   King  James  with 
great  fidelity,    till    the    arrival   of  the 
prince  of  Orange,  who  created  him  earl 
of  Marlborough  in  1689,  and  appointed 
him  commander-in-chief  of  the  English 
army  in  the  Low  Couiitries.     He  next 
served  in  Ireland,  and  reduced  Cork, 
Kinsale,  and  other  strong  places.    But 
in  1692  he  was  suddenly  dismissed  from 
his  employments,  and  committed  to  the 
Tower,  on  suspicion,  not  wholly  ground- 
less, of  plotting  to  restore  the   exiled 
monarch.     Aftc'r  the   death   of  Queen 
Mary  he  was  restored  to  favor ;  and  at 
the  close  of  that  reign  he  had  the  com- 
mand of  the  English  forces  in  Holland, 
and  was  appointed  ambassador  extraor- 
dinary to  the   States,  who  chose   him 
captain-general  of  their  forces.     On  the 
commencement  of  Queen  Anne's  reign, 
he  recommended  a  war  with  France  and 
Spain,  which  advice  was  adopted.    In 
the  campaign  of  1702,  he  tooR  a  num- 
ber of  strong  towns,  particularly  Liege, 
and  returning  to  England  the  following 
winter,   received    the    thanks   of  both 
houses,  and  a  dukedom.     In   1704:  he 
joined  Prince  Eugene,  with  whom  ho 
"encountered  the  French  and  Bavarians 
at  Hochstedt,  and  obtained  a  complete 
victory.     On  the  15th  of  May,  1706,  ho 
fought  the  famous  battle  of  Ramillies, 
which  accelerated  the  fall  of  Louvain, 
Brussels,  and  otlier  important  places ; 
and  arriving  in  England  in  November, 
received  fresh  honors  and  grants  from 
the  queen  and  parliament.     In  1709  he 
defeated  Marshal  Vlllars,  at  Malplaquet, 
for  which  victory  a  general  thanksgiving 


^] 


CYCI.OP.EDIA    OF    lilOCKAIMlV. 


631 


■was  solemnized.  In  the  winter  of  1711 
he  returned  to  England,  and  soon  after, 
throuj::!!  party  intrigues,  was  dismissed 
from  all  his  emplovmcnts.     1).  171^2. 

MAKLOE,  or  MARLOWE,  Cmtis- 
TOPiiEU,  an  eminent  poet  and  dramatist 
of  the  Elizabethan  age,  was  educated 
at  Cambridge,  afterwards  settled  in  Lon- 
don, and  became  an  aetor  as  well  as  ii 
writer  for  the  stage.  Besides  six  traijc- 
dies  of  his  own  composition,  and  one 
written  jointly  with  Nashe,  ho  left 
translations  from  Ovid,  Lucan,  and 
others.  His  powers  as  a  tragic  writer 
were  of  a  high  order,  and  some  passages 
in  his  plays  are  fraught  with  exquisite 
beautv.     D.  irim. 

MARiMONTEL,  John  Francis,  a  dis- 
tinguished French  writer,  b.  in  1723,  at 
Kort,  in  the  Limousin,  was  the  eldest 
son  of  a  large  family  in  humble  life  ; 
and  was  educated  at  the  Jesuits'  college 
at  Mauriae.  lie  tirst  settled  at  Toulouse, 
but  bcinsj  persuaded  by  Voltaire  to  try 
his  fortune  at  I'aris,  he  went  there  in 
1745.  By  his  trairodies  of  "  Dionysiiis" 
and  "  Aristonienes,"  and  other  popular 
works,  he  soon  gained  reputation  ;  and 
being  patronized  by  madaine  de  Pom- 
padour, he  received  the  appointment 
of  secretary  to  the  royal  buildinL's. 
Soon  after,  be  became  connected  with 
»  P'Aleinbert  and  Diderot  in  the  P2ncy- 
clopedie.  lie  also  had  a  share  in  tlic 
Mercurc  Franqois,  in  which  his  "  Tales" 
fii'st  appeared ;  but  having  written  a 
satire  on  the  duke  d'Aumont,  he  was 
sent  to  the  Bastille  ;  from  which,  how- 
ever, he  was  liberated  in  a  few  days, 
and  in  17(33  lie  obtained  a  place  in  the 
Academy,  of  which  he  afterwards  be- 
came perpetual  secretary.  In  17',t7  he 
was  chosen  a  representative  to  the  na- 
tional assembly  for  the  department  of 
the  p]ure  ;  but  his  election  being  sub- 
sequently deelareil  null,  he  ajrain  retired 
to  his  cottasje,  where  he  d.  of  apoplexv, 
in  1799,  aged  70.  His  '•  Moral  Talesj" 
"  Belisarius,"  "  The  Ineas,"  his  own 
"  Memoirs,"  and  "Elements  of  Litera- 
ture," are  his  most  esteemed  works. 
^  MAROT,  Clement,  an  eminent 
French  poet,  was  b.  at  Cahors  in  1495. 
Having  accompanied  the  duke  of  Alen- 
(jon  to  Italy,  lie  was  wounded  and  taken 
prisoner  at  the  battle  of  Pavia ;  was 
afterwards  persceuted  for  his  attach- 
ment to  the  Protestant  religion,  and  d. 
in  1544.  As  a  poet  he  was  superior  to 
any  of  his  countrymen  wiio  had  troue 
before  him,  and  greatly  excelled  all  his 
cotemporaries. — Fraxcis,  a  painter, 
was  the  pupil  of  La  Fosse,  and  an  asso- 


ciate and  ]irofessor  of  the  French  acai- 
emy  of  i)aintiiig.     D.  1719. 

MAKKYAT,' Captain  Fkedkkic,  tho 
most  popular  of  England's  naval  novel- 
ists, was  1).  17S().  His  tirst  work  was 
the  "Naval  Otticer,"  published  in  1829. 
This  was  followed  in  1800  by  the 
"King's  Own;"  and  in  1832  appeared 
"  Newton  Foster,"  a  great  improvement 
on  the  two  former  works,  and  "Petet 
Simple."  Then  eaine  "  Jacob  Faithful," 
"  Mr.  Midshi])man  Easy,"  "  Masterniac 
Ready,"  "  Tlie  Pacha  of  many  Tales,' 
"  Japhct  in  seauli  of  a  Father,"  "  Pool 
Jack,"  "  The  Pirate  and  Three  Cutters," 
"  Snarleyow,"  "  Pereival  Keene,"  &c. ; 
besides  the  "  Phantom  Ship"  and  "Jo 
sepli  llushbrook."  In  1837  he  paid  a 
visit  to  the  United  States,  and  on  his  re- 
turn he  published  his  "  Uiary  in  Amer- 
ica," which  reflected  severely  on  our 
national  character  This  was  followed 
by  three  additional  volumes,  and  by  his 
"Travelsof  Monsieur  Violet."  1).  1848. 

MARS,  Mademoiselle,  a  great  French 
comedian,  was  b.  1779.  She  made  her 
debut  at  the  early  age  of  13,  and  enjoyed 
the  rare  ])rivilego  of  retaining  the  public 
favor  till  an  advanced  age,  having 
kept  the  boards  of  the  Theatre  Fran- 
(;ais  at  Paris,  where  she  had  gained  in- 
numerable triumphs,  till  1841,  when 
she  retired  in  her  (J3d  year.     D.  1847. 

MARSH,  James,  president  of  the 
university  of  Vermont,  and  professor 
of  philosophy  there,  was  b.  at  Hartford, 
Ct.,  1794.  He  was  educated  to  theolosry 
at  Andovcr,  afterwards  a  professor  of 
languages  at  Hampden  Sydney  eolleire, 
and  distinguished  himself  through  life 
for  his  line  scholarship  and  prolouiid 
thought.  His  preliminary  essay  to  Cole- 
ridge's "  Aid  to  Reflection,"  is  a  mas- 
terly piece  of  philosophical  discussion. 
D.  1847. 

MARSHALL,  John,  chief  justice  of 
the  United  States,  was  b.  iu  Fauquier 
county,  Virginia,  on  tho  24th  Septem- 
ber, 1755.  He  had  some  classical 
instruction  in  his  youth,  yet  his  o])por- 
tunities  for  learning  were  very  limited  ; 
and  he  never  had  the  benelit  of  a  re^'u- 
lar  education  at  any  college.  At  the 
commencement  of  the  revolutionary 
war,  he  engaged  with  ardor  in  the 
American  cause;  iu  1776,  he  received 
an  appointment  of  first  lieutenant ;  and 
in  1777  he  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of 
captain.  lie  fought  against  Lord  Dun- 
more  in  the  battle  of  Great-bridge,  and 
was  afterwards  in  the  battles  of  Bran- 
dywine,  Germantown,  aiul  Monmouth, 
lie  was  a  member  of  the  convention 


G-22 


CrULOP.EDIA  OF  BIOGRAPHY. 


[mar 


called  tosrether  in  Virffinia  for  the  ratifi- 
cation of  the  constitution  of  the  United 
States,  and  on  this  occasion  he  grreutly 
distinguished  himself  by  his  powerful 
reasonins  and  eloquence;  as  he  did 
also,  subsequently,  as  a  member  of  tlie 
legislature  of  Virsrinia,  in  the  discus- 
sions relatiui;  to  tlie  treaty  negotiated 
by  Mr.  Jay.  He  was  envoy  to  France, 
in  connection  with  General  Piiickney 
and  Mr.  Uerry.  The  envoys,  however, 
were  not  accredited  ;  and  in  the  summer 
of  17'.I8,  ^Ir.  Marshall  returned  to  the 
United  States.  lie  became  a  member 
of  congress  in  179S1 ;  in  1800  he  was 
appointed  to  the  office  of  secretary  of 
war ;  Sv-on  afterwards  he  succeeded 
Col.  Pickering  as  secretary  of  state ; 
and  on  the  resignation  of  Chief  Justice 
Ellsworth,  he  became,  by  nomination 
of  Mr.  Adams,  and  the  confirmation  of 
the  senate,  on  the  31st  January,  1801, 
chief  justice  of  the  United  States,  and 
from  that  time  till  his  death,  he  con- 
tinued to  fill  the  office  with  distinguish- 
ed reputation.     D.  Julv  Gth,  1836. 

MAKSTON,  John,  an  English  dram- 
atist, who  lived  in  the  reigns  of  Eliza- 
beth and  James  I.,  and  was  upon  terms 
of  intimacy  with  Ben  Jonson.  He  was 
educated  at  Oxford,  became  lecturer  at 
the  Middle  Temple,  and  d.  subsequently 
to  1633.  He  wrote  eight  plays,  and  three 
books  of  satires,  called  the  "Scourge  of 
Villany." 

MARSY,  Francis  Maria  de,  a  French 
writer,  was  expelled  the  society  of  Jes- 
uits on  account  of  his  opinions;  and  he 
was  also  sent  to  tlic  Bxstille  for  publish- 
ing an  "  Analysis  of  Bayle,"  in  which 
he  selected  the  worst  part  of  that  au- 
thor's dictionary.  His  other  works  are, 
a  "  History  of  Mary  Stuart,"  "Diction- 
ary of  Painting  and  Architecture,"  "  Le 
Rabelais  Moderne,"  and  "The  Modern 
Historv,"  intended  as  a  continuation  to 
Rollin's  "  Ancient  History."     D.  1763. 

MARTELLI,  Peter  James,  an  emi- 
nent Italian  poet,  was  b.  at  Boloijna,  in 
1665;  was  at  first  a  professor  of  belles 
lettres  in  the  university  there,  and  after- 
wards secretary  to  Cardinal  Aldrovandi. 
His  works  consist  of  several  discourses 
on  the  art  of  poetry,  "  Dialogues  on 
Ancient  and  Modern  Tragedy,"  and 
"  Traeedies."     D.  1727. 

MARTIAL  or  MARCUS  VALERIUS 
MAlitlALIS,  aLatin  poet,  and  the  most 
celebrated  of  all  epigrammatists,  was  a 
native  of  Spain,  but  went  to  RoiT\e  in 
l)is  20th  year,  and  obtained  the  favor  of 
Domitian,  who  conferred  on  him  many 
favors,  and  raised  him  to  the  office  of 


tribune.  On  the  death  of  that  emperor 
he  returned  to  his  native  country,  where 
he  d.  A.  r>.  lO-i. 

MARTIN,  AiME,  a  distinguished 
French  writer  and  critic,  was  b.  at  Ly- 
ons, 1786.  At  an  early  age  he  repaired 
to  Paris,  where  he  soon  gained  a  liveli- 
hood by  his  pen,  at  one  time  writing  in 
the  columns  of  the  Journal  dcs  Debats  ; 
at  another,  editing  the  works  of  La 
Rochefoucauld,  Racine,  and  Fenelon: 
and  lie  at  last  became  professor  of  belles 
lettres  at  the  Polytechnic  school,  and 
librarian  at  Sainte  Genevidve.  At  once 
the  pupil  and  friend  of  Bernard  St. 
Pierre,  he  collected  and  published  his 
works,  defended  his  memory  from  hos- 
tile attacks,  married  his  widow,  and 
adopted  his  daughter  Virginia.  His 
"Lettres  a  Sophie  sur  la  Physique,  la 
Cliimie,  et  I'Histoire  Naturell'e,''  were 
hiirhly  popular;  and  his  work  on  the 
"  Education  des  Meres  de  Famille"  was 
crowned  by  the  institute.     D.  1847. 

MARTINE,  George,  a  physician,  was 
b.  in  Scotland,  in  1702 ;  took  his  doctor's 
degree  at  Leyden,  after  which  he  com- 
menced practice  at  St.  Andrew's;  but, 
in  1740,  he  accompanied  Lord  Cathcart 
to  America,  where  he  d.  1743.  He  was 
the  autlior  of  "Tractatus  de  Similibus 
Animalibus,  et  Animalium  Colore,"  and 
"Essavs,  Medical  and  Pliilosophical." 

MARTINI,  JoHX  Baptist,  a  skilful 
musical  composer,  was  b.  at  Bologna,  in 
1706,  and  d.  1784.  He  wrote  a  "  History 
of  Music;"  also,  an  "Essay  on  Counter- 
point," &c.  He  was  chapel-master  to  a 
convent  of  Friars  Minim ;  and  from  the 
school  of  Martini  issued  some  of  the  finest 
composers  in  Italy. — Martin,  a  Jesuit 
and  missionary  of  the  I7th  century,  was 
a  native  of  Trent.  He  went  as  a  mis- 
sionary to  China,  where  lie  remained 
many  years,  and  returned  to  Europe  in 
1651.  The  result  of  his  observations  are 
contained  in  his  "  Siniciu  Historian  Decas 
prima  a  Gcntis  Origine  ad  Christum  na- 
tum,"  "China  Ulustrata,"  and  "De 
Bello  inter  Tartaros  et  Sinenses." 

MARTOS,  Ivan  Petrovitch,  an  emi- 
nent Russian  sculptor,  who  was  for  many 
years  director  of  the  Academy  of  Fine 
Arts,  St.  I'etersburg,  d.  1835,  aged  82. 
He  had  attained  the  highest  excellence 
in  his  art,  rivalling  Canova  in  his  draper- 
ies, and  in  subjects  of  bas-relief  being 
superior  to  any  of  his  cotemporaries. 
Among  his  best  works  may  be  reckoned 
the  colossal  group  in  bronze  of  Minin 
and  Pozharsky,  at  Moscow ;  the  Emper- 
or Alexander,  at  Taganrog;  the  duke 
of  Richelieu,  at  Odessa,  &c. 


CVCLOP/KUIA    UF    DIOGRAlMiy. 


^ 


Mar] 

MARTYN,  Henry,  nu  able  missionary, 
•was  b.  in  Cornwall,  in  1781 ;  was  educated 
nt  St.  John's  eollPire,  Canibnd|.'fi  ;  and  in 
ISO.")  went  to  India  us  a  oliaplain  to  the 
East  India  Company.  "SVhen  arrived  in 
the  East  he  distinrfuislied  himself  by  his 
rapid  acqnireineut  of  the  native  lan- 
piia<;es,  being  soon  able  to  translate  the 
Common  Prayer  into  Ilindoostanee,  and 
perform  divine  service  in  that  lan<juaire. 
From  India  lie  proceeded  to  Persia,  and 
there  translated  the  New  Testament  into 
the  Persian  tonjrne,  held  several  confer- 
ences with  the  learned  Mahometans, 
and  converted  some  to  Christianity.  D. 
1812. 

MARTYR,  Peter,  a  celebrated  re- 
former, whose  family  name  was  Ver- 
mifrli,  was  b.  at  Florence,  in  1500.  He 
was  originally  an  Angnstiu  monk,  and 
became  an  eminent  preacher,  and  prior 
of  St.  Fridiau's,  at  Lucca;  but  having 
read  the  writings  of  Luther,  Zuinglius, 
and  other  reformers,  he  renounced  the 
Catholic  faith,  and  found  it  necessary  to 
ciuit  his  native  country.  He  then,  on 
the  invitation  of  Edward  VL,  came  to 
England,  and  was  made  professor  of 
divinity  at  0.\ford,  and  canon  of  Christ- 
church".  But  in  the  succeeding  reign  he 
was  obliged  to  leave  the  kingdom ;  on 
wliich  he  went  to  Switzerland,  and  d.  at 
Zurich,  in  1562.  Peter  Martyr  was  the 
author  of  many  works  on  divinity,  in- 
cluding commentaries  on  some  parts  of 
the  Old  and  New  Testament. 

MARVELL,  Andukw,  distinguislied 
by  his  integrity  as  a  senator,  and  by  his 
wit  as  a  political  writer,  was  b.  at  Kings- 
ton-upon-Hull,  in  1620.  On  the  death 
of  his  father  lie  spent  several  years  in 
foreign  travel ;  was  appointed  secretary 
to  the  British  legation  at  Constantinople ; 
and  on  his  return,  in  1657,  he  became 
assistant  to  Milton,  as  Latin  secretary. 
At  the  restoration  he  was  elected  into 
parliament  for  his  native  place,  with  a 
salary  from  his  constituents ;  and  he 
obtained  a  high  character  for  diligence, 
ability,  and  integrity.  He  had  the  char- 
acter" of  being  tlie  wittiest  man  of  his 
tine,  and  wrote  a  number  of  poetical 
etfiisions,  both  humorous  and  satirical, 
which  were  highly  etfective  as  party 
pieces.     J).  167S. 

MARY,  queen  of  England,  daughter 
)f  Henry  VITT.  bv  Catharine  of  Arairon, 
was  b.  in  1517.  "During  the  life  of  her 
father  she  experienced  many  marks  of 
ills  brutal  temper,  and  her  inflexible 
opposition  to  his  will  made  him  some- 
times form  a  resolution  of  putting  hor 
to  death,  from  which  he  was  diverted 


623 


by  Archbishop  Cranmer.  During  the 
reign  of  E'lward  she  could  not  be  pre- 
vailed with  to  join  in  communion  with 
the  Protestant  divines.  On  this  account 
that  amiable  prince  declared  Lady  Jane 
Grey  liis  heir.  At  his  death  in  155.3 
that  lady  was  proclaimed  queen  ;  but 
her  reign  lasted  only  a  few  days.  The 
partisans  of  Mary  became  numerous, 
and  she  entered  London  witliout  oppo- 
sition. In  155'!  she  married  Philip  of 
Spain,  eldest  son  of  Charles  V. ;  but 
her  union  with  him  was  equally  unpro- 
pitious  to  herself  and  the  nation.  The 
sanguinary  laws  against  heretics  were 
revived,  and  those  shocking  scenes  of 
cruelty  followed,  which  have  fixed  upon 
this  princess  the  epithet  of  "  bloodv." 
D.  1558. 

MARY  STUART,  queen  of  Scots. 
famous  for  her  beauty,  her  wit,  her 
learning,  and  her  misfortunes,  was 
daughter  of  James  V.,  king  of  Scotland, 
and  succeeded  her  father  in  1542,  eight 
days  after  her  birth.  In  1558  she  mar- 
ried Francois,  dauphin,  and  afterwards 
king  of  France,  by  whicli  means  she 
became  queen  of  France.  This  monarch 
dying  in  1560,  she  returned  into  Scot- 
hind,  and  married  her  cousin,  Henry 
Stuart,  Lord  Darnley,  in  1565.  Being 
excluded  from  any  share  of  the  govern- 
ment (as  he  suspected)  by  the  advice  of 
Rizzio,  an  Italian  musician,  her  favorite 
and  secretary,  the  king,  by  the  counsel 
an<l  assistance  of  some  of  the  principal 
nobility,  suddenly  surprised  them  to- 
getlicrj  and  Rizzio  was  slain,  in  the 
queen's  presence,  in  1566.  An  apparent 
reconciliation  afterwards  took  place, 
when  Darnley,  who  had  continued  to 
reside  separately  from  the  queen,  was 
assassinated,  and  the  house  he  had  in- 
habited was  blown  up  with  gunpowder, 
in  February,  1567.  In  the  month  of 
May  following,  she  wedded  the  earl  of 
Bothwell,  who  was  openly  accused  as 
the  murderer  of  the  late  king.  Scotland 
soon  became  a  scene  of  confusion  and 
civil  discord.  Bothwell,  a  fugitive  and 
an  outlaw,  took  ret'utre  in  Denmark  ;  and 
Mary,  made  a  captive,  was  treated  with 
insult  and  contempt,  and  committed  to 
custody  in  the  castle  of  Loch  Leven. 
After  some  months'  confinement  she 
etfectcd  her  escape,  and,  assisted  by  the 
few  friends  wlio  still  remained  attached 
to  her,  made  an  etfort  for  the  recovery 
of  her  power.  She  was  onposed  by  the 
earl  of  Murray,  the  natural  son  of  James 
v.,  who  had  obtained  the  rcLrency  in 
the  minority  of  her  son.  The  battle  of 
Langside  insured  the  triumph  of  her 


624 


CYCI.Or.EDIA    OK    WOGRAIMIV. 


[mas 


enemies ;  and,  to  avoid  falling  again 
into  their  power,  she  fled  to  England, 
and  sought  the  protection  of  Queen 
Elizabeth  ;  but  that  princess  treated  her 
a3  a  personal  and  jiolitieal  rival,  and 
kept  her  iu  safe  custody  for  a  period  of 
18  years.  At  the  end  of  that  time  she 
was  tried  for  a  conspiracy  against  the 
life  of  the  queen  of  England,  condemned, 
and  sutfercd  decapitation,  Feb.  8,  1587, 
in  the  castle  of  Fotheringay,  where  she 
had  been  confined. 

MASCEEF,  Fraxcl",  a  French  theo- 
logian and  orientalist,  who  was  a  canon 
of  Amiens,  and  d.  1728.  His  works  are, 
"A  Hebrew  Grammar,"  "Ecclesiastical 
Conferences  of  the  Diocese  of  Amicus," 
and  "The  Catechism  of  Amiens." 

MASCO\',  or  MASCOU,  John  James, 
a  German  publicist,  was  a  native  of 
Dantzie,  studied  at  Lcipsie,  became  pro- 
fessor of  jurisprudence  at  Halle,  and 
wrote  the  "  Principles  of  the  Tablic 
Law  of  the  German  Empire,"  and  "  A 
Hi.storv  of  the  Germans."  B.  1689  ;  d. 
1762. 

MASCRTER,  John  Baptist  de,  a 
French  abbe,  was  b.  in  1697,  at  Caen ; 
and  d.  at  Paris,  in  1760.  Among  his 
works  arc,  "  A  Description  of  Egypt," 
"  A  Translation  of  Cajsar's  Commenta- 
ries," "  Reflections  on  the  Truths  of 
Faith,"  and  a  "  History  of  the  Revolu- 
tion iu  the  East  Indies." 

MASON,  Jon.v,  a  dissenting  minister, 
was  b.  at  Dunmow,  Essex,  in  1706.  He 
wa.s  the  author  of  an  excellent  little  vol- 
ume of  ethics,  entitled  "  Self-knowl- 
edge," of  wliieh  there  have  been  numer- 
ous editions ;  ho  also  wrote  "  Practical 
Discourses  for  the  tise  of  Families," 
"  An  Essay  on  Elocution,"  two  "  Essays 
on  the  Power  of  Poetical  and  Prosaic 
Numbers,"  "  Christian  Morals,"  &c. 
D.  1763. — William,  an  eminent  English 
poet,  was  the  son  of  a  clergyman  in 
Yorksliire,  wliere  he  was  b.  in  1725. 
He  studied  at  Cambridge,  and  obtained 
a  fellowship  in  Pembroke  hall.  His 
first  appearance  as  a  poet  was  by  the 
publication  of  "  Isis,"  in  which  he  satir- 
ized the  Jacobitisin  and  high-church 
principles  j)revalent  at  Oxford.  This 
was  replied  to  bv  Thomas  Warton  in 
his  "Triiiin|ih  oflsis."  In  17o2  Mason 
produced  his  "  Elfrida,"  a  dramatic 
poem,  with  choral  odes  on  the  ancient 
Greek  model,  which  was  well  received, 
though  tlie  attempt  to  establish  it  on 
the  stage  proved  abortive.  On  entering 
into  orders  he  was  presented  to  the  liv- 
ing of  Aston,  and  appointed  one  of  the 
king's  chaplains ;   and  in  1762  lie  ob- 


tained the  preeentorship  of  York,  with 
a  canonry  annexed.  On  the  commence- 
ment of  the  American  war,  he  became 
so  active  an  advocate  for  freedom  as  to 
give  offence  at  court,  and  was  conse- 
quently dismissed  from  the  chaplainship. 
Besides  the  tragedies  of  "  Elfrida"  and 
"  Caractacus,"  he  wrote  "  The  English 
Garden,"  a  poem ;  "  Ode  to  the  Naval 
Officers  of  Great  Britain,"  "  Memoirs 
of  Gray,"  the  poet,  &c.  D.  1797.— 
John,  was  a  native  of  Scotland,  b.  1734, 
connected  with  that  branch  of  the  se- 
cession from  the  established  church  of 
North  Britain,  known  by  the  name  of 
Antiburghers.  By  a  presbytery  in  that 
connection  he  was  licensed,  and  not  long 
afterwards  oi-dained,  with  a  view  to  his 
taking  the  pastoral  charge  of  a  congre- 
gation in  the  city  of  New  York,  where 
he  arrived  in  1761,  and  resided  greatly 
respected  and  eminentlj^  useful  until  his 
death  in  1792. — George,  of  Virginia,  a 
statesman  of  distinction,  was  a  member 
of  the  general  convention  which  formed 
the  constitution  of  the  United  States, 
and  refused  his  signature  to  that  instru- 
ment. The  next  year,  in  union  with 
Henry,  he  opposed  its  adoption  by  the 
Virginia  convention,  on  the  ground  that 
the  government  of  the  states  would  be 
consolidated,  instead  of  federal,  and  be 
liable  to  conversion  into  a  monarchy. 
He  also  opposed  with  great  zeal  the  sec- 
tion allowing  a  continuance  of  the  slave 
trade.  He  liekl  a  high  rank  among  the 
great  men  of  that  state  witii  whom  he 
was  cotemporary,  in  intellectual  energy, 
delicacy  of  wit,  extent  ofnolitical  knowl- 
edge, and  eloquence.  D.  1792. — John 
Mitchell,  a  divine  and  pulpit  orator, 
was  b.  in  the  city  of  New  York,  in  1770, 
and  after  graduating  at  Columbia  col- 
lege, his  theological  studies  were  com- 
pleted in  Europe.  In  1792  he  returned 
to  New  York,  and  was  established  in 
the  ministry  at  that  place  till  1811,  when 
he  accepted  the  appointment  of  provost 
in  Columbia  college.  This  situation  his 
ill  health  obliged  him  to  resign,  and  he 
visited  Europe  to  repair  his  constitution. 
On  his  return  in  1817  he  again  resumed 
his  labors  in  preaching,  and  in  1821  un- 
dertook the  enargc  of  Dickinson  college 
in  Pennsylvania.  In  1824  he  returned 
to  New  York,  and  d.  in  1829.  He  was 
tlie  author  of  "  Letters  on  Frequent 
Communion,"  "  A  Plea  for  Sacramental 
Communion  on  Catholic  Principles," 
and  a  number  of  essays,  reviews,  ora- 
tions, and  sermons  published  at  dif- 
ferent times. — EiwKiNE,  the  youngest 
son  of  the  above,  was  b.  1805,  pursued 


MAT  J 


CYCI-Ol'.KUIA    OF    mOGKAHIlY. 


625 


his  theological  studies  in  the  seminary 
at  Princeton,  and  in  1827,  at  the  age  of 
22,  was  installed  pastor  of  the  Presby- 
terian church  in  Schenectady,  from 
wliicli  lie  was  called  in  1S30  to  the 
Bleeckcr-strect  church  in  this  city, 
where  he  labored  with  distinguished 
ability,  until  his  death  in  1850. — John 
T.,  a  native  of  Virginia,  who  removed 
in  early  life  to  Kentucky,  where  he  oc- 
cupied from  1811  to  1835  many  distin- 
guished stations,  after  which  he  became 
governor  of  Michitran.     I).  1S50. 

MASCiUK  I)E  FEK,  or  IKON  MASK, 
a  person  confined  in  the  castle  of  Pigne- 
rol,  and  afterwards  in  the  isles  of  St. 
Maruraret,  and  always  disguised  in  a 
mask  with  steel  springs,  which  con- 
cealed his  features,  witliout  incommo- 
ding him  in  receiving  his  nourishment. 
Pie  d.  in  the  Bastille,  1703,  and  was  pri- 
vately buried  under  the  name  of  March- 
iali.  Though  no  person  ever  could  dis- 
cover who  he  was,  it  is  certain  that  he 
was  a  man  of  high  birth,  as  ho  was 
treated  with  singular  respect  by  his 
keepers,  and  as  infinite  pains  were 
taken  to  prevent  his  holding  communi- 
cation with  any  other  person. 

MASSENA,  Andre,  a  victorious  gen- 
eral, created  prince  of  Essling,  duke  of 
Kivoli,  and  marshal  of  France,  was  b.  at 
Nice,  in  1758.  lie  went  through  the 
regular  gradations  in  an  Italian  regi- 
ment, commencing  his  military  career 
at  the  ago  of  17.  After  l-l  years'  ser- 
vice he  obtained  his  discharge ;  but,  in 
17y2,  the  revolution  presented  a  field  for 
the  display  of  military  talents  ;  and  his 
natural  sentiments  in  favor  of  liberty 
caused  him  to  enter  the  service  of  the 
French  republic,  where  he  obtained 
rapid  promotion.  Napoleon,  who  was 
quick  to  discover  genius,  formed  an  in- 
timate friendship  with  Massena;  and, 
after  the  successful  battle  of  Loveredo, 
in  1796,  against  Bcaulicu,  called  liim 
"  the  favored  child  of  victory."  He 
had  the  chief  command  in  Switzerland 
in  1709,  when  he  finished  the  campaitjn, 
by  completely  routing  the  Austro-Rus- 
sian  army  under  the  Archduke  Charles 
and  General  Korsakotf.  In  1800  he 
commanded  in  Italy,  but  with  less  suc- 
cess than  in  liis  former  campaiirns.  He 
was,  however,  again  successful  in  the 
campaigns  of  1805  and  180(5,  taking  pos- 
session of  Naples,  and  siirnalizing  him- 
self in  the  campaign  of  Poland,  which 
terminated  by  tlie  treaty  of  Tilsit.  He 
was  afterwards  employed  in  (Tcrmany, 
and  eminently  distinguished  himself  in 
the  memorable  enEragcinents  of  Essling 
^^53 


and  Wagram.  His  subsequent  conduct 
in  Spain,  when  ad\ancing  against  Wel- 
lington, was  cqual.y  skilful.  At  tho 
landing  of  Napoleon,  in  1815,  lie  sworo 
allegiance  to  him,  was  made  peer,  and 
commander  of  the  national  guard  at 
Paris,  and  contributed  much  to  tho 
preservation  of  tranquillity  in  that  city 
during  the  turbulent  period  which  pre- 
ceded the  return  of  the  king.     D.  1817. 

MASSILLON,  John  Baptist,  an  emi- 
nent French  preacher,  was  b.  1G63,  at 
llieres,  in  Provence.  He  entered  into 
the  congregation  of  the  Oratory,  and 
became  so  celebrated  for  his  eloquence, 
that  the  general  of  his  order  called  liim 
to  Paris,  where  he  drew  crowds  of  hear- 
ers. In  1717  he  was  made  bishop  of 
Clermont,  and  d.  1742.  His  discourses 
were  published,  and  are  distinguished 
for  an  artlessflowof  eloquence,  a  knowl- 
edge of  the  human  heart,  and  a  richness 
of  ideas. 

MASSINGER, Philip,  adistinguished 
English  dramatist,  was  b.  at  Salisbury, 
in  15S5.  IIo  studied  at  Oxford,  biu 
quitted  the  university  without  taking  a 
degree,  in  consequence,  it  is  supposed, 
of  having  become  a  Roman  Catholic. 
Little  is  known  of  his  personal  history, 
yet  he  appears  to  have  been  intimately 
connectcct  with  the  wits  and  poets  of  his 
time,  and  d.  1639.  Some  critics  rank 
him  next  to  Shakspeare.  In  trasjedy, 
however,  he  is  rather  eloquent  and  for- 
cible than  pathetic ;  ana,  in  richness 
and  variety  of  humor,  his  comedy  can 
by  no  means  vie  with  that  of  his  great 
master. 

MATHER,  Increase,  one  of  the  early 
presidents  of  Harvard  college,  was  b.  at 
Dorchester,  Mass.,  in  1639.  His  learn- 
ing, zeal,  and  general  abilities  were  of 
great  service  to  the  institution  over 
which  he  presided,  and  he  was  a  skilful 
and  efilcient  servant  of  the  common- 
wealth. In  16S8  he  was  deputed  to  En- 
gland as  agent  of  the  province,  to  pro- 
cure redress  of  grievances.  Wheri 
.Tames  IT.  published  his  declaration  foi 
liberty  of  conscience.  Dr.  Mather  wan 
again  sent  to  England  with  an  address 
of  thanks  to  the  king  ;  but,  before  his 
return,  the  revolution  occurred,  and  he 
obtained  from  "William  a  new  charter  for 
tho  colony  of  ^Massachusetts.  lie  ^'."jS 
the  author  of  "  A  History  of  tho  War 
with  the  Indians,"  "An 'Essay  on  re- 
markable Providences,"  and  some  other 
works.  D.  1723. — Cotton,  son  of  the 
preceding,  was  b.  at  Boston,  in  1653, 
and  d.  in  1728.  His  principal  works 
are,  "An  Ecclesiastical  History  of  New 


626 


CYCLOPEDIA    OK    BIOUKAPIIY, 


[mau 


England,"  "  Tlio  Christian  Philoso- 
pher," ''Psalterium  Americanum,"  and 
"  The  Wonders  of  the  Invisible  World, 
or  the  Tritd.s  of  "Witches." 

MATHEWS,  Cn.vKLEs,  a  comedian  of 
transceudunt  ability,  and  one  who  was 
long  regarded  as  the  master-mind  of  the 
mimic  art,  was  b.  in  177t!.  He  was  the 
son  of  a  bookseller  in  the  Strand,  at- 
tached to  the  Wesleyan  connection. 
For  many  years  he  was  accustomed  to 
entertain  whole  audiences  by  his  single 
efforts,  in  a  species  of  entertainment 
entitled  "Mathews  at  Home;"  and 
never  were  admiring  crowds  more  highly 
delighted  than  in  witnessing  the  vivid 
portraits  wliich  ho  so  accurately  drew. 
The  "  At  Homes"  of  Mathews  were 
not  only  well  received  throughout  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland,  but  also  in  this 
country,  where  some  of  his  most  felicit- 
ous portraitures  were  sketched.  He  was 
twice  married,  and  liad  one  child  only, 
the  present  Charles  Mathews.     D.  1835. 

MATSYS,  QoiNTiN,  an  eminent  paint- 
er, was  b.  at  Antwerp,  1460.  lie  was, 
originally,  a  blacksmith,  but  quitted  that 
business,  and,  by  diligent  application, 
became  such  an  excellent  artist,  that, 
according  to  the  opinion  of  Sir  Joshua 
Keynolds,  some  of  his  heads  are  not  in- 
ferior to  tliose  of  Eajohael.  One  of  his 
best  pictures  is  that  of  the  "Two  Mi- 
sers," at  Windsor.  D.  1529. — John,  his 
son,  was  also  a  painter  of  very  consid- 
erable merit. 

MATTHESON,  John,  an  eminent  mu- 
sical composer  and  jierformer,  was  b.  at 
Hamburgh,  in  I'^Sl ;  and  gave  sucli  early 
indications  of  talent,  that  at  nine  years 
of  age  he  was  able  to  perform  composi- 
tions of  his  own  at  the  organ.  He  com- 
posed music  for  the  church  and  for  the 
theatre,  and  was  always  present  at  the 
performance  of  it.     D.  1764. 

MATTHISSON,  Frederic  von,  a  cel- 
ebrated lyric  and  elegiac  poet,  was  b. 
near  Magdcburfr,  in  1761 ;  accompanied 
the  princess  of  Dessau  in  various  tours 
thnnii'h  the  south  of  Europe ;  and  in 
]81ii  was  appointed  librarian  at  Stutt- 
gard.  Among  his  poems  is  to  be  found 
the  celebrated  "  Adelaide,"  wliich,  as 
set  to  music  by  Beethoven,  is  still  lis- 
tened to  with  delight.     D.  1831. 

MATTHIEU,  Peter,  a  French  histo- 
rian, was  b.  at  Basle,  in  1583,  and  d.  in 
1621.  He  became  an  advocate  at  Lyons, 
and  was  made  historiographer  of  France. 
He  wrote  "Histories  of  Henry  I\^," 
"Louis  XL,"  and  "St.  Louis";"  also 
the  "History  of  France,"  and  "La 
Guisiade,"  a  tragedy. 


MATTOCKS,  Isabella,  an  eminent 
actress,  b.  1746,  was  the  daughter  of  Mr. 
Hallam,  manager  of  the  theatres  of  New 
York,  Charleston,  and  Philadelphia.  Her 
forte  lay  in  such  characters  as  abigails, 
citizens'  wives,  &e.,  and  she  was  an  ex- 
cellent comic  singer.     D.  1826. 

M  ATUKIN,  Robert  Charles,  an  Irish 
clergyman  of  the  established  church, 
was  b.  at  Dublin,  and  educated  in  Trin- 
ity college,  of  that  city ;  and,  on  entering 
into  orders,  obtained  the  curacy  of  St. 
Peter's  church.  "Bertram,"  a  wild  but 
powerful  tragedy,  was  the  first  produc- 
tion which,  by  its  singular  success, 
brought  him  into  notice  as  an  author. 
Having  anticipated  his  resources,  with- 
out contemi:)lating  the  possibility  of  a 
failure,  he  contracted  embarrassments, 
from  which  he  was  seldom  entirely  free. 
He  was  the  author  of  several  popular 
novels,  the  first  three  of  which,  "The 
Fatal  Revenge,"  ''The  Wild  Irish  Boy," 
and  "  Tlie  Milesian  Chief,"  were  pub- 
lished under  the  assumed  name  of  Den- 
nis Jasper  IMurphy.  He  also  wrote  the 
novels  of  "  ilefmoth"  and  "  Woman  ;" 
"The  Universe,"  n  poem;  and  the  tra- 
gedies of  "Manuel"  and  " Fredolplio." 
He  published,  in  1824,  six  "Controver- 
sial Sermons,"  which  exhibit  him  as  a 
well-read  scholar  and  an  acute  reasoner. 
D.  1825. 

MAUPERTUIS,  Peter  Louls  Moread 
DEs,  an  eminent  mathematician  and  as- 
tronomer, was  b.  at  St.  Malo,  in  1693. 
He  studied  at  the  college  of  La  Marche, 
at  Paris ;  and  in  1723  was  admitted  a 
member  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences,  the 
memoirs  of  which  institution  abound 
with  his  communications.  In  1736  he 
was  sent  on  an  expedition  to  the  polar 
circle,  to  ascertain  the  figure  of  the 
earth.  In  1740  he  was  invited  to  Berlin 
by  the  king  of  Prussia,  whom  he  fol- 
lowed to  the  field,  and  was  present  at 
the  battle  of  Molwitz,  where  he  was 
made  prisoner,  and  carried  to  Vienna. 
On  regaining  his  liberty,  he  married 
and  settled  at  Berlin,  and  was  appointed 
president  of  the  Royal  Academy  of  Sci- 
ences. In  this  situation,  however,  he 
became  involved  in  a  quarrel  witli  Vol- 
taire, which  imbiltered  his  latter  days, 
from  the  sarcasm  with  wliich  the' latter 
continued  to  assail  him. 

MAUREPAS,  John  Frederic  Phili- 
PEAux,  count  de,  a  French  statesman,  b. 
in  1701.  He  was  made  minister  of  ma- 
rine at  the  age  of  24,  and  was  afterwards 
at  the  liead  of  the  foreign  department. 
He  was  hasty  in  his  decisions,  amiable 
in  manners,  quick  in  conception,  artful, 


may] 


CVCLOP.EDIA    OF    HIOGRAI'llV. 


627 


and  penetrating;  but  being  accused  of 
writing  an  epigram  on  madaine  de  Pom- 
padour, it  led  to  his  banishment  from 
court.     After  a  lapse  of  00  years  he  was 

£  laced  at  the  head  of  the  ministry  by 
louis  XVI.,  but  he  was  found  incapa- 
IJe  of  performing  its  duties,  and  quite 
destitute  of  the  vigor  necessary  to  avert 
the  troubles  which  then  threatened  the 
kingdom.     D.  1781. 

MAURICE  OF  NASSAU,  prince  of 
Orange,  youngest  sou,  by  a  second  mar- 
riage, of  William  I.,  prince  of  Orange, 
b.  at  Diilenburg,  1567,  was  studying  at 
Lcyden,  in  lo^i4,  when  his  father  was 
assassinated.  The  provinces  of  Holland 
and  Zealand,  and,  soou  after,  Utrecht, 
immediately  elected  the  young  prince 
stadtholder ;  and  his  talents,  as  a  gen- 
eral, surpassed  all  expectations.   D.  1625. 

MAUkY,  Jkax  SiFFREiN,  a  French 
cardinal,  was  b.  in  1746,  at  Valeras ; 
studied  at  Lyons;  and,  on  entering 
into  orders,  became  a  celebrated  preach- 
er at  Paris,  where  he  obtained  a  place 
in  the  Academy,  and  obtained  an  ab- 
bey. When  the  revolution  broke  out, 
he  was  chosen  one  of  the  representatives 
of  the  clergy  in  the  states-general,  where 
he  distinguished  himself  by  his  elo- 
quence in  behalf  of  his  order,  and  also 
in  defence  of  royalty.  On  the  dissolu- 
tion of  the  constituent  assembly,  he 
went  to  Italy,  was  nominated  bishop  of 
Nitwa,  and  made  a  cardinal ;  and,  in 
1808,  Napoleon  gave  him  the  archbish- 
opric of  Paris,  but  in  1814  he  was  obliged 
to  quit  the  archiepiscopal  palace,  and 
retire  to  Home.  lie  was  a  great  orator, 
and  a  man  of  ready  wit.    D.  1817. 

MAYOR,  William,  was  a  native  of 
Aberdeenshire,  and  b.  in  1758.  He 
went  to  England  early  in  life,  and  after 
due  probationary  exercise,  as  an  assist- 
ant in  a  school  at  Burford,  established 
himself  as  the  master  of  an  academy  at 
AVoodstock,  where  he  gained  the  favor 
and  patronage  of  the  duke  of  Mai'l- 
borough,  entered  into  holy  orders,  and 
was  presented  to  the  vicarage  of  Hurley 
in  Berkshire.  Among  his  literary  labors 
are  a  "Universal  History,"  a  collection 
of  "  Vovaces  and  Travels,"  "The  Brit- 
ish Tourist,"  "  The  Modern  Traveller," 
histories  of  Greece,  Rome,  and  England ; 
spelling  and  class  books  ;  miscellanies  in 
prose  and  verse ;  and  many  others,  whose 
merits  are  in  general  commensurate  with 
their  ro)nite.     I).  1837. 

MAWE,  JosKPiF,  an  eminent  mineral- 
ogist and  conciiologist,  was  h.  about 
1755,  travelled  in  various  parts  of  South 
America,  and  published  numerous  works 


on  the  subject  of  his  researches.  Among 
them  are,  "  Travels  in  the  Interior  of 
Brazil,"  a  "  Treatise  on  Diamonds  and 
Precious  Stones,"  "  Familiar  Lessons 
on  Mineralogy  and  Geology,"  "  The 
Linnican  System  of  Conchology,"  and 
"  Tlie  Mineralogy  of  Derbyshire."  D. 
IS'Jlt. 

MAXWELL,  William  II.,  a  distin- 
guished Irish  novelist.  Early  in  life  he 
was  a  captain  in  the  British  army,  and 
noted  for  his  social  qualities.  He  sub- 
sequently entered  the  church,  and  ob- 
tained the  benefice  of  prebendary  of 
Balla,  a  wild  district  in  Connaught,  with 
an  income,  but  no  congregation  or  of- 
ficial duties.  Among  his  works  are 
"  Hector  O'Halloran,"  "  Story  of  Mv 
Life,"  "Wild  Sports  of  the  West,"  and 
many  humorous  sketches  in  the  period- 
ical literature  of  the  day.     D.  1850. 

MAY,  Thomas,  a  poet  and  historian, 
was  b.  in  Sussex,  in  1594,  and  educated 
at  Cambridge  ;  after  which  he  entered 
of  Gray's  Inn,  where  he  wrote  some 
plays  and  translated  several  authors, 
particularly  Lucan.  Charles  I.  employed 
iiira  in  writing  two  historical  poems — 
one  on  the  life  of  Henry  II.,  and  the 
other  on  tiie  reign  of  Edward  III.  But 
in  the  civil  war  May  joined  the  parlia- 
ment, and  was  appointed  their  secretary 
and  historiographer.  He  published  the 
"History  of  the  Parliament,  which  be- 
gan in  1640,"  and  a  "Breviary  of  the 
History  of  the  Parliament  of  England," 
a  work  which  was  extremely  obnoxious 
to  the  royal  party.     D.  1650. 

MAYER,  Tobias,  a  celebrated  astron- 
omer, was  b.  at  Marbach,  in  the  duchy 
of  Wirtembcrg,  in  1723.  He  tauglit 
himself  mathematics,  and  at  the  age  of 
14  designed  machines  and  instruments 
with  the  greatest  dexterity  and  accuracy. 
His  various  merits  procured  him  an  in- 
vitation to  Gottingen,  as  professor  of 
mathematics,  in  1750,  and  the  royal 
society  of  sciences  in  that  place  chose 
him  a  member.  About  this  time  as- 
tronomers were  employed  in  endeavors 
to  find  the  lontritude  at  sea.  Mayer 
overcame  all  difScultics,  and  his  theory 
of  the  moon,  and  astronomical  tables 
and  precepts,  were  rewarded  by  the 
Enfrlish  board  of  longitude  with  £3000, 
which  sum  was  paid  to  his  widow;  for, 
exhausted  by  his  incessant  labors,  this 
astronomer  d.  1762.  Among  his  works 
are  "  A  Treatise  on  Curves,"  and  a 
"  Mathematical  Atlas." — .Joiiax.v  Tobi- 
as, his  son,  b.  1752,  was  also  professor 
at  Gottingen,  and  gained  distinction  by 
his  astronomical  writings.     D.  1830. 


628 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[med 


MAYNARD,  John,  a  judge  of  the 
Bupreine  court  of  New  York,  and  of  the 
court  of  appeals,  lie  was  elected  to 
congress  in  1826,  and  again  in  1841.  D. 
1850. 

MAZAKIN,  Julius,  a  cardinal  and 
fii-st  minister  of  Louis  XIV.,  was  b.  of  a 
noble  family,  at  Piscini,  in  Italy,  in  1602. 
lie  studied  at  Aleala,  in  Spain,  after 
which  he  went  to  Eome,  and  became 
attached  to  the  service  of  Cardinal 
Sachetti,  whom  he  aecoinpanied  on  his 
mission  into  Lombardy.  While  in  that 
country,  Mazarin  etlected  a  peace  be- 
tween the  French  and  Spaniards,  which 
procured  him  tlie  esteem  of  the  cardi- 
nals Kichelieu  and  Barbarini,  by  the 
latter  of  whom  he  was  recommended  to 
the  pope,  who  sent  him  as  nuncio-extra- 
ordinary to  the  court  of  France.  In 
1641  lie  was  made  a  cardinal,  and  on 
the  death  of  Richelieu  succeeded  him 
as  prime  minister.  At  tirst  he  was 
rather  popular,  but  in  a  short  time  ca- 
bals were  formed  against  him  with  such 
etfect  that  he  was  dismissed  from  the 
royal  presence,  and  compelled  to  leave 
the  kingdom.  But  though  a  price  was 
set  upon  his  head,  Mazarin  contrived  to 
dispel  the  storm  ;  and  he  even  returned 
to  court  with  increased  eclat,  and  held 
the  reins  of  power  till  his  decease,  in 
1651. 

MAZEPPA,  John,  hettman  of  the 
Cossacks,  whom  Lord  Byron  has  made 
the  hero  of  a  poem,  was  b.  about  the 
middle  of  the  17th  century,  in  Podolia, 
of  a  poor  but  noble  Polish  family,  and 
became  page  to  John  Casimir,  king  of 
Poland.  In  this  situation,  Mazeppa 
had  an  opportunity  of  acquiring  various 
ustjful  accomplishments  ;  iDut  an  intrigue 
was  the  foundation  of  his  I'uture  eleva- 
tion. A  Polish  nobleman  having  sur- 
prised Mazeppa  with  his  wife,  ordered 
him  to  be  tied  naked  upon  a  wild  horse, 
and  committed  to  his  fite.  The  animal 
had  been  bred  in  the  Ukraine,  and  di- 
rected his  course  thither,  where  some 
poor  peasants  found  him  half  dead,  and 
took  care  of  him.  Their  warlike,  roving 
life  suited  his  disposition  ;  he  made  hiin- 
Bclf  conspicuous  and  beloved  by  his 
dexterity,  Dodily  strength,  and  courage: 
liis  knowledge  and  sagacity  procured 
him  tho  yiost  of  secretary  and  adjutant 
to  the  hettman  Samoilowitz;  and,  in 
1687,  lie  wa.s  elected  in  his  place.  He 
pained  the  confidence  of  Peter  tlie 
Groat,  wlio  loaded  him  with  honors, 
and  he  was  finally  made  prince  of  the 
Ukraine.  But  though  a  prince  he  was 
still  a  vassal,  and  his  restless  spirit  made 


liim  resolve  to  throw  otf  the  yoke  of 
subordination.  He  joined  with  Charles 
XII.,  who  had  just  given  a  king  to  Po- 
land, and  aimed,  by  his  assistance,  )o 
throw  otf  the  yoke  of  subordination.  For 
a  long  time  the  intrigues  of  Mazeppa 
against  Peter  were  disbelieved  by  th« 
latter ;  but  at  length  he  openly  joined 
the  Swedish  monarch,  who,  by  his  ad- 
vice, fought  the  fatal  battle  of  Piiltowa. 
He  then  sought  refuge  at  Bender,  where 
ho  d.  1709. 

MAZZA,  Angelo,  an  eminent  Italian 
poet,  b.  at  Parma,  in  1740,  in  the  uni- 
versity of  which  city  he  was  afterwards 
professor  of  Greek  literature.  He  trans- 
lated the  odes  of  Pindar,  and  Akenside's 
"Pleasures  of  Imagination;"  and  hav- 
ing attained  a  high  degree  of  literary 
reputation,  was  admitted  into  the  Arca- 
dian academv  at  Rome.     D.  1817. 

MAZZIIIXGI,  Joseph,  Count,  a  dis- 
tinguished composer,  was  the  descend- 
ant of  an  eminent  Tuscan  family,  but 
was  b.  in  Enorland,  aiul  of  an  Encrlish 
mother.  "The  Blind  Girl,"  "The 
Turnpike  Gate,"  "Paul  and  Virginia," 
and  a  long  list  of  other  once  popular 
pieces,  were  from  his  fertile  pen,  and 
Sir  Walter  Scott  warmly  thanked  him 
for  the  manner  in  winch  he  adapted 
some  of  that  great  author's  poetrv.  D. 
1844. 

MAZZUCHELLI,  Giammakia,  Count, 
a  Venetian  nobleman,  was  b.  1707,  and 
d.  1765.  He  was  the  author  of  "  La 
Vita  di  Pietro  Aretino"  and  "  Gli  Scrit- 
tori  d'ltalia;"  but  the  work  on  which 
his  fame  cliiefly  rests  is,  "Nolizie  His- 
toriche  e  Critiche." 

JIAZZUOLI,  Francis,  a  celebrated 
painter,  known  by  the  name  of  Parme- 
GiANo,  was  b.  at  Parma,  1503.  He  be- 
came acquainted  with  Correggio,  but 
owed  his  eminence  to  his  studying  the 
works  of  Raphael.  His  reputation  as  a 
painter  was  very  gre.at,  but  he  wasted 
his  energies  in  the  delusive  labors  of 
alchemy.     D.  1540. 

MEDE,  Joseph,  a  learned  divine,  b. 
in  1586,  at  Berden,  in  Essex  ;  author  of 
the  "Clavis  Apoc.alyptica,"  which  is 
considered  by  biblical  critics  as  tho 
ablest  exposition  of  the  obscure  prophe- 
cies to  which  it  refers.     D.  1638. 

MEDICI,  Cosmo  de,  an  illustrious 
Florentine,  b.  in  13811,  was  the  son  of 
.John  de  Medici,  a  rich  and  inilueutial 
merchant,  who  d.  in  1428.  Tlie  vast 
wealth  which  Cosmo  thus  inherited, 
afforded  hirn  the  means  of  lispLaying 
his  liberiility,  and  of  acquiring  great 
influence    in    the    republic.      But    the 


MEl] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    CIOGKAI'IIY. 


629 


splendor  and  magnificence  iu  which  ho 
lived,  excited  tlie  jealousy  and  enmity 
of  many  ot"  tlie  nobles.  The  Strozzi, 
tiie  Albizzi,  and  many  of  the  first  Tus- 
can families  combinea  against  him  ;  but, 
by  the  most  consummate  art  and  pru- 
dent manai,'emcnt,  he  extricated  him- 
self from  the  toils  of  his  enemies,  and 
cventuaUy  reigned  without  a  rival.  His 
superrtuous  wealth  he  expended  upon 
public  buildings,  and  in  the  encourage- 
ment of  literature.  He  was  a  friend 
to  science,  an  active  mercliant,  and  a 
sagacious  statesman ;  and,  when  he  d. 
in  14(;4,  such  was  the  general  estima- 
tion in  which  he  was  held,  that  the  Flo- 
rentines inscribed  on  his  tomb  the  title 
of  "Father  of  his  country." — Lohenzo 
i)E,  surnamed  the  Magnificent,  was  b. 
144S,  and  was  the  grandson  of  the  pre- 
ceding. Ho  surpassed  in  wisdom  and 
moderation,  in  magnanimity  and  splen- 
dor, all  of  his  family  who  had  gone  be- 
fore him,  while  in  active  zeal  for  the 
arts  and  sciences  he  also  greatly  excelled 
them.  He  revived  the  academy  of  I'isa, 
established  another  at  Florence,  collected 
a  vast  treasure  of  literature,  and  Ibunded 
a  gallery  of  art,  wliere  Michael  Angclo, 
nnder  his  patronage,  pursued  his  youtli- 
ful  studies,  and  improved  his  taste  and 
skill.  Nothing,  in  fact,  could  exceed 
the  exertions  he  made  for  the  improve- 
ment of  literature ;  and  he  d.  in  the 
zenith  of  las  renown,  in  1492. 

JSIEHEMET  ALT,  pacha  of  Egypt, 
and  it  may  be  safely  said,  one  of  tne 
most  remarkable  men  of  the  age,  was 
b.  at  Cavalla  in  Roumelia,  in  1769.  He 
commenced  life  i!i  the  humble  career  of 
a  tobacconist;  but  afterwards  volun- 
teered into  the  army,  to  which  his  taste 
was  more  congenial.  In  his  new  career 
he  soon  obtained  high  favor  with  the 
governor  of  Cavalla.  In  1799,  the 
period  of  the  French  invasion  of  Egypt, 
tic  was  enabled  to  seize  the  pachalic  of 
Egypt,  and  was  then  prepared  to  set  the 
sultan  at  defiance,  had  the  latter  at- 
tempted to  overthrow  him.  But  the 
sultan  saw  that  his  vassal  was  too  firmly 
seated  to  be  easily  displaced,  and  re- 
solved to  compromise  by  exacting  an 
annual  tribute  from  Mehemet  AH  as  an 
acknowledgment  of  his  subjection.  In 
this  arrantrcment,  which  virtually  con- 
stituted jSIehemet  AH  the  independent 
ruler  of  Egypt,  he  had  tlie  prudence 
to  acquiesce,  and  he  directed  himself 
steadily  to  the  consolidation  of  his  newly 
aeqnired  power.  In  1831,  he  entered 
mto  a  contest  with  the  sultan  for  tlie 
possession  of  Svria,  when  the  superiority 
53* 


of  his  army  thus  disciplined  became 
so  manifest,  that,  in  autumn,  18-32,  he 
had  carried  his  victorious  arms  within  a 
few  days'  march  of  Constantinople. 
For  seven  years  subsequent!}',  Mehemet 
Ali  remained  undisturbed  by  war,  du- 
ring which  his  active  mind  was  steadily 
directed  to  the  internal  improvement  of 
his  kingdom.     D.  1849. 

MEHUL,  Stephex  Henry,  an  emi- 
nent musical  composer,  was  b.  at  Givet, 
in  France,  in  1703.  and  was  an  excellent 
organist  when  only  ten  years  old.  Ho 
settled  at  Paris  in  1779,  where  he  studied 
with  great  advantage  under  Gluck,  be- 
came inspector  at  the  conservatory  of 
music,  professor  of  composition  at  the 
rnyal  scliool,  a  member  of  ihe  academy 
and  institute,  and  a  knight  of  the  legion 
of  honor.  He  produced  the  operas  of 
" Stratonice,"  "  Irato,"  ". Joseph, "  and 
"  Cora  ct  Alonzo,"  besides  the  ballets 
of  "The  Judgment  of  Paris,"  "Perseus 
and  Andromeda,"  &c.     D.  1817. 

MEIGS,  Return  Jonathan,  an  officer 
in  the  revolutionary  war.  Living  in 
Connecticut  in  1775,  immediately  after 
the  battle  of  Lexington  he  marched  a 
company  of  Hglit  infantry  to  the  neigh- 
borhood of  Boston.  With  the  rank  of 
major  he  accompanied  Arnold  in  his 
march  through  the  wilderness  of  Maine, 
in  order  to  attack  Quebec,  where  he  was 
made  a  prisoner  with  captains  Morgan 
and  Dearborn.  In  177(5  he  was  ex- 
changed and  returned  home,  and  the 
next  year  was  appointed  colonel.  His 
expedition  to  Long  Island,  in  !May, 
1777,  was  one  of  the  most  brilliant  en- 
terprises of  the  war,  for  which  he  re- 
ceived the  thanks  of  congress  and  a 
sword.  After  the  war,  about  1788  or 
1789,  he  was  one  of  the  first  settlers  of 
the  wilderness  of  Ohio.  For  the  first 
emigrants,  he  drew  np  a  system  of 
regulations,  which  were  posted  on  a 
large  oak  near  the  confluence  of  the 
Ohio  and  Muskingum  rivers,  the  bark 
of  the  tree  beinfr  cut  away  for  the  space 
of  the  sheet.  Often  was  the  venerable 
oak  consulted.  He  was  the  agent  for 
Indian  affairs  as  early  as  1816.  D.  at 
the  Cherokee  agency,  1823,  at  an  ad- 
vanced age.  —  Return  Jonathan,  gov- 
ernor of  Ohio  from  1810  to  1814,  when 
he  was  appointed  postmaster-general  of 
the  United  States.  Ho  resigned  the 
olfiee  in  1823  and  d.  in  1S25. 

JIEINEKS,  Christopher,  a  German 
historian  and  miscellaneous  writer,  was 
b.  in  1747,  at  AVarstade,  Hanover, 
studied  at  Gottincren,  where  he  became 
professor  of  philosophy,  and   d.   13'0, 


630 


CVCLOP.KOIA    OF    HIOGUAPIIY. 


[mkl 


pro-rector  of  that  iuil\'ersity.  Among 
Iiis  muncrous  works  are,  ''A  History 
of  the  (.)rigui  aiul  rrof,'ress  of  Philosophy 
aiuoiiu  the  Grocks,"  "  Oii  the  Origin 
and  JJediuo  of  the  Sciences  among  the 
Greeks  and  liomaus,"  and  others  on 
kindred  subjects. 

MElSSNJiK,  Augustus  Theopiiilus, 
a  German  romance  writer  and  dram- 
atist, was  b.  at  Bautzen,  in  Lusalia,  in 
1757,  studied  at  Leipsic  and  Wittem- 
berg,  and  was  successively  keeper  of 
the  archives  at  Dresden,  professor  of 
belles  lettres  at  Prague,  and  director  of 
the  superior  schools  at  Fulda.  Besides 
writing  a  number  of  historical  romances 
and  other  works,  he  translated  Hume's 
"History  of  England"  into  German. 
D.  1807. 

MELA,  PoMPONius,  a  Latin  geog- 
rapher, who  lived  in  the  1st  century  of 
the  Christian  era.  His  treatise,  "De 
Situ  Orbis,"  contains  a  concise  state  of 
the  world  as  far  as  it  was  known  to  the 
Eomans.  By  some  authors  he  is  sup- 
posed to  have  been  related  to  Seneca 
and  Lucan. 

MELANCHTHON,  Philip,  a  cele- 
brated German  divine,  coadjutor  with 
Luther  in  the  reformation,  and  one  of 
the  wisest  and  greatest  men  of  his  age, 
was  b.  at  Brettcn,  in  the  palatinate  of 
the  Khine,  in  1407.  He  studied  at  Hei- 
delberg and  Tubingen,  and,  in  1518, 
was  appointed  Greek  professor  at  Wit- 
temberg,  where  he  became  the  friend 
of  Luther,  and  a  convert  to  his  doc- 
trines. The  Augsburg  Confession  was 
his  work,  and,  under  the  sanction  of 
the  elector  of  Saxony,  he  aided  in 
framing  a  code  of  ecclesiastical  con- 
stitutions. Even  his  theological  op- 
ponents respected  the  virtues,  the 
talents,  the  learning,  and  the  mild 
temper  of  Melanclitlion,  though  some 
zealots  naturally  branded  him  with  op- 
probrious terms  for  his  tolerant  spirit. 
lie  wrote  numerous  theological  trea- 
tises, Latin  iioems,  works  on  history, 
pliilosophy,  &c.,  and  d.  at  Wittemberg, 
in  1500. 

MELBOURNE,  Wiixiam  Lamb,  Vis- 
count, was  the  second  son  of  the  first 
Lord  Melbourne,  and  b.  1779.  In  1805 
he  was  brought  into  the  house  of  com- 
mons, where  he, joined  the  Whig  party, 
and  gradually  rose  to  great  distinction  for 
his  lil>eralitv,  talent,  and  independence. 
In  1827  lie  became  secretary  for  Ireland, 
but  in  1828  lie  resigned  olfice,  and  the 
same  yjar  he  was  called  iij  to  the  house 
of  lords  by  the  death  of  his  father.  On 
the  formation  of  Lord  Grey's  adminis- 


tration in  1830,  he  was  appointed  sec- 
retary of  the  home  department,  and  in 
1834,  on  the  retirement  of  Lord  Grey, 
succeeded  to  the  premiership.    D.  1848. 

MELCHTHAL,  Arnold  of,  (so  called 
from  the  place  of  his  residence  in  the 
canton  of  Underwalden,)  was  the  son  of 
a  rich  farmer,  who  having  been  cruelly 
treated  by  the  governor  of  the  district, 
under  Albert  of  Austria,  Arnold  con- 
spired with  two  friends,  Furst  and 
Slauffarcher,  to  effect  the  deliverance  of 
their  country,  and  to  the  plan  which 
they  formed,  in  1307,  was  Switzerland 
indebted  for  the  restoration  of  its  an- 
cient freedom. 

MELEADEZ,  Don  Juan,  an  eminent 
Spanish  poet,  was  b.  in  1754,  at  Riberia. 
He  wrote  three  volumes  of  poems,  which 
are  distinguished  for  their  graceful  har- 
mony, elegant  diction,  and  rich  imagery. 
He  filled  some  public  situations  during 
the  rule  of  Joseph  Bonaparte,  and  left 
Spain  on  the  retreat  of  the  French.  D. 
1817. 

MELEAGER,  a  Greek_  poet,  in  the 
1st  century  before  the  Christian  era,  was 
the  author  of  epigrams  and  other  short 
pieces,  which  are  among  the  most  beau- 
tiful relics  preserved  in  the  Grecian 
Anthologv. 

MELLON,  Harriet,  duchess  of  St. 
Alban's,  was  b.  about  the  year  1775,  and 
was  the  posthumous  daughter  of  a  Mr. 
Matthew  Mellon,  who  held  a  commission 
in  the  East  India  Company's  service,  and 
whose  widow  married  a  Mr.  Entwistle, 
a  musician.  Mrs.  Entwistle,  who  was 
an  accomplished  woman,  went  on  the 
stage :  her  husband  became  leader  of 
the  band  in  various  provincial  theatres  ; 
and  the  services  of  the  child,  who  was 
destined  at  a  future  day  to  become  the 
duchess  of  St.  Alban's,  were  put  in 
requisition  at  a  very  tender  age,  in  order 
to  augment  a  scanty  and  precarious  in- 
come. She  passed  her  childhood  in 
performing  such  characters  as  Prince 
Arthur  in  King  John,  the  duke  of  York 
in  Richard  the  Third,  &c.  She  made 
her  debut  at  Drury-lane,  in  January, 
1795,  as  Lydia  Languish,  in  the  Rivals. 
For  several  years  after,  Thomas  Coutts, 
a  wealthy  banker,  evinced  for  her  a 
strong  degree  of  friendship ;  and  made 
her  his  wife  almost  immediately  after 
the  death  of  his  former  one,  which  hap- 
pened in  1814.  In  1822  the  venerable 
banker  die<l,  appointing  his  widow  uni- 
versal legatee,  and  bcqueath-cd  to  her 
his  share'  in  the  banking  house  and 
business  in  the  Strand,  and  all  benefit, 
and  interests  to  arise  therefrom.     In 


menJ 


CYVLOI'.KDIA    OF    UlUGKAl'llY, 


631 


June,  1827,  she  was  married  to  William, 
duke  of  St.  Albrtii's.     D.  1837. 

MELMUTII,  William,  an  eminent 
advocate  ami  an  excellent  writer,  was  1). 
in  1GG<).  lie  was  a  bencher  ot'Lincdln's 
Inn,  and  in  conjunction  witli  Peere  Wil- 
liams, edited  ^'ernon's  Keports  ;  but  lie 
is  chiefly  remembered  now  as  the  author 
of  "  The  Great  Importance  of  a  Relif^ious 
Life  ;"  a  vahiablc  little  book,  which  has 
pone  throiii,di  numerous  editions.  D. 
1743.— William,  son  of  tlie  precedinj;, 
was  b.  in  1710.  lie  published  excellent 
translations  of  Pliny's  and  Cicero's  Epis- 
tles. He  was  also  the  author  of  the 
"  Letters,"  which  bear  the  name  of  Sir 
Thomas  Fitzosborne ;  some  poems  in 
Dodsley's  collection,  and  memoirs  of  his 
father.  lie  was  brought  up  to  the  law, 
became  a  commissioner  of  bankrupts, 
and  d.  17flO. 

MELVILLE,  Henry  Dttsvas,  Vis- 
count, the  son  of  Lord  Arnistone,  a 
Scotch  judge,  was  b.  in  1740;  received 
liis  education  at  the  nniversity  of  Edin- 
burgh ;  in  1773  became  solicitor-general ; 
and  soon  after  was  appointed  to  the 
offices  of  lord  advocate,  and  joint  keeper 
of  the  signet  for  Scotland.  In  17S2  he 
was  made  privy  councillor  and  treasurer 
of  the  navy  ;  and  from  that  time  lie  took 
a  leading  part  in  all  the  measures  of  the 
Pitt  administration.  He  was  appointed 
president  of  the  board  of  control,  at  its 
formation;  in  17'Jl,  made  secretary  for 
the  home  department;  and,  in  17ii4, 
secretary  of  war,  which  latter  post  be 
held  till  ilr.  Pitt's  retirement  from  office, 
lie  was  then  created  a  viscount ;  and 
when  Mr.  Pitt  again  became  premier, 
he  was  made  first  lord  of  the  acliniralty. 
D.  1811.  ^ 

MENANDER,  the  most  celebrated  of 
the  Greek  writers  of  comedy,  was  b.  at 
Athens,  342  b.  c,  and  is  said  to  have 
drowned  himself,  on  account  of  the  suc- 
cess of  his  rival  Philemon,  tliough  some 
accounts  attribute  bis  death  to  accident, 
2i)9  B.  c,  in  the  harbor  of  the  Piraeus. 
He  composed  108  comedies;  but  there 
are  only  a  few  fragments  remaining  of 
the  numerous  dramas  of  Menander; 
from  whom,  however,  Terence  is  sup- 
posed to  have  copied  the  whole  of  his 
pieces,  except  the  "Phormio"  and 
"  Ilecyra."  Quintiliau  expresses  great 
admiration  for  this  dramatist,  eulogizing 
him  for  copiousness  of  invention,  ele- 
gance of  expression,  and  a  general  fine 
feeling  of  nature. 

MENDELSSOHN,  Moses,  a  celebrated 
Jewish  philosopher,  commonly  called  the 
"Socrates  of  the  Jews,"  was  b.  of  au 


honest  but  poor  family,  at  Dessau,  in 

1729.  He  was  bred  to  merchandise,  but 
devoted  himself  to  literature,  in  which 
he  acquired  a  distinguished  reputation. 
In  17.").5  he  published  his  first  piece, 
entitled  "Jerusalem;"  inwliieh  he  pre- 
tended that  the  principle  of  the  Jewish 
religion  is  deism.  His  next  work  was 
"  Pha-don,  or  a  Discourse  on  the  Spiritu- 
ality and  Immateriality  of  the  Soul." 
He  also  wrote  "Philosophical  Dia- 
logues," "Letter  to  Lavater,"  a  "Dis- 
sertation on  the  Sensation  of  the  Beauti- 
ful," "Morning  Hours,  or  Discourses 
on  the  Existence  of  God,"  &q.  At  one 
time  he  was  associated  with  Lessing, 
Kamler,  Abbot,  and  iS'ieolai,  in  conduct- 
ing a  periodiciU  work,  entitled  "The 
Library  of  Belles  Lettres,  *  which  ac- 
quired great  distinction  in  Gennan  lit- 
erature.— Felix  Bartiioldy,  grandson 
of  Moses,  was  b.  at  Berlin,  February  3, 
1809.  His  father  was  a  wealthy  banter, 
more  favored  with  the  gifts  of  fortune 
than  of  genius;  and  it  is  related  of  him 
that  he  was  in  the  habit  of  saying, 
"  When  I  was  a  boy  people  used  to  call 
me  the  son,  and  now  they  call  me  the 
father,  of  the  great  J[eiidelssolin."  In 
his  9th  year  he  performed  at  a  public 
concert  in  Berlin,  to  the  admiration  of 
his  audience ;  the  following  year  the 
boy-artist  accompanied  his  parents  to 
Paris ;  and  when  he  was  12  years  old, 
he  composed  his  pianoforte  ouartette  in 
C  minor,  which  is  still  found  to  be  full 
of  interest  and  originality.  His  first 
compositions  were  published  in  1824. 
These  were  soon  followed  by  many 
others,  among  which  was  an  opera, 
called  "The  Marriage  of  Gamachio;" 
his  first  symphony,  and  his  "Midsum- 
mer Night's  Dream,"  which  produced 
an  electrical  effect.  Having  now  re- 
solved to  devote  himself  exclusively  to 
the  artist  life,  he  was  appointed,  in  1833, 
to  the  directorship  of  the  concerts  and 
theatre  of  Diisscldorf,  where,  in  1835, 
he  produced  his  great  oratorio  of  "  Pau- 
lus;"  and  ten  years  afterwards  lie  ac- 
cepted of  the  same  office  at  Leipsie, 
whither  young  men  of  talent  flocked 
from  all  parts  of  Europe,  as  well  to  seek 
the  acquaintance  of  the  leading  professor 
of  the  day,  as  to  submit  their  own  pro- 
ductions "to  his  judgment.  He  after- 
wards accepted  the  musical  directorship 
at  Berlin,  at  the  earnest  entreaty  of  the 
king  of  Prussia,  but  resigned  it  after  a 
short  time,  and  returned  to  his  favorito 
Leipsie,  where  he  rcsitled  till  his  death, 
acting  as  conductor  of  the  concerts,  and, 
along  with  his  friend  Moscheles,  4ireet> 


632 


cyclop.i:dia  of  biography. 


[mer 


tor  of  the  Conservatorv  of  Music.  D. 
IS17. 

:.lKXDEZ-riNTO,  Ferdinand,  a  cel- 
ebrated traveller,  v.'as  b.  iu  Portugal,  of  • 
tt  rcspeetable  family,  lie  departed  for 
the  Indies  in  l.ijJT,  and,  on  the  voyajje, 
the  ship  was  taken  by  the  Moors,  who 
carried  her  to  Mocha,  where  he  was  sold 
for  a  slave ;  but  after  some  adventures 
he  arrived  at  Ormus,  and  afterwards 
}uirsued  his  original  object.  Iu  1558  he 
returned  to  liis  native  country,  and  pub- 
lished a  very  curious,  but  romantic  re- 
lation of  his  voyages,  which  has  been 
translated  into  French  and  English. 
From  his  excessive  credulity,  Mendez- 
Pinto  has  been  classed  with  Sir  John 
Mandeville ;  and  for  extravagant  fictions 
his  name  has  become  a  by-word. 

^MEXDOZA,  John  Gonzales,  a  Span- 
ish divine,  who  was  sent  ambassador  to 
the  emperor  of  China,  in  1584: ;  and,  on 
his  return,  became  successively  bisliop 
of  Lipari,  in  Italy ;  of  Cliiapi,  in  New 
Spain  ;  and  of  Popayan,  in  the  West  In- 
dies. He  wrote  ''A  History  of  China," 
in  Spanish. 

MENGS,  Antuont  Kaphael,  who  has 
been  called  the  Kaphael  of  Germany, 
was  b.  at  Aussig,  in  Boiiemia,  in  1726. 
He  studied  under  his  father,  who  was 
painter  to  Augustus  III.,  king  of  Po- 
land, after  which  he  went  to  Rome, 
where  he  was  patronized  by  Charles  111., 
king  of  Spain,  for  whom  he  executed  a 
number  of  pictures.  The  best  of  his 
pieces  in  England  is  an  altar-piece  at 
All  Souls'  college,  Oxford.  Mengs  wrote 
some  works  on  his  art,  which  have  been 
translated  into  English,  and  d.  at  Kome, 
in  177',). 

MENNO,  SiMONLs,  or  Simon's  son, 
was  tlie  founder  of  tlie  sect  of  Mennon- 
ites,  or  Dutch  Anabajitists.  lie  was  b. 
in  14'J6,  and  was,  originalh',  a  Catholic 
priest.  He  maintained  tlie  necessity  of 
rebaptism  in  adults ;  and  denied  that 
Jesus  <.'lirist  received  a  human  body 
from  the  Virgin.  A  price  was  set  upon 
his  head  by  Charles  v.,  but  he  was  for- 
tunate enough  to  escape.  D.  at  Oldeslo, 
near  Hamburgh,  in  1565. 

MENSCHlk(JFF,  Alexander,  a  cel- 
ebrated Russian  statesman  and  general, 
was  the  son  of  a  peasant,  and  b.  near 
Moscow,  in  1674.     1).  1729. 

MEKCATOK,  Gkiiakd,  a  mathemati- 
cian and  geographer,  b.  1512,  at  Rupel- 
monde,  in  tlie  Netherlands.  He  pub- 
li-^lied  a  great  number  of  maps  and 
charts,  wliich  he  engraved  and  colored 
liiinself;  and  is  known  as  the  inventor 
of  a  method  of  projection  called  by  his 


name,  in  which  the  meridians  and  par- 
allels of  latitude  cut  each  other  at  right 
angles,  and  are  both  represented  by 
straight  lines,  wliich  has  the  etfect  of 
enlarging  the  degrees  of  latitude  as  they 
recede  from  the  equator.  D.  1594.— 
Nicholas,  an  eminent  mathematician, 
was  b.  at  Holstein,  about  1640.  He  set- 
tled ill  England,  where  he  became  a  fel- 
low of  the  Royal  Society,  and  d.  about 
1690.  His  works  are,  "Cosmographia," 
"  Rationcs  Mathemnticse,"  "  Hypothesis 
Astronoinica,"  "  Logarithmotechnia," 
"Institutionum  Astronomicarum,"  &c. 

MERCER,  Hugh,  brigadier-general, 
was  a  native  of  Scotland,  and  educated 
for  the  profession  of  I'edicine.  On  his 
emigration  to  Americ  „  he  settled  and 
married  in  Virginia.  He  served  with 
Washington  in  the  war  against  the 
French  and  Indians,  which  terminated 
in  1763,  and  was  by  him  greatly  es- 
teemed. He  was  with  Braddock  in  the 
campaign  of  1785.  In  the  action  at  Fort 
Du  Quesne  he  was  wounded,  and  faint 
with  the  loss  of  blood  he  lay  under  a 
fallen  tree.  One  of  the  pursuing  In- 
dians jumped  upon  the  very  tree,  but 
did  not  discover  him.  Mercer  found  a 
brook  at  which  he  refreshed  himself. 
In  his  hiingor  he  fed  on  a  rattlesnake, 
which  he  had  killed.  After  pursuing 
his  solitary  way  through  a  wilderness 
of  one  hundred  miles,  he  arrived  at  Fort 
Cumberland.  At  tiie  commencement 
of  the  revolutionary  war  he  abandoned 
his  extensive  medical  practice,  and  en 
tered  the  army.  He  was  distinguisJied 
at  the  battle  of  Trenton.  In  the  action 
near  Princeton,  Jan.  8,  1777,  he  com- 
manded the  van  of  the  Americans,  com- 
posed principally  of  southern  militia. 
While  exerting  himself  to  rally  them, 
his  horse  was  killed  under  him.  He 
was  surrounded  by  some  British  sol- 
diers, who  refused  him  quarter,  and 
stabbed  him  with  their  bayonets,  and 
bruised  his  head  with  the  butt-end  of 
their  muskets,  leaving  him  on  the  field 
as  dead.  He  died  from  the  wounds  on 
his  heal,  Jan.  19,  aged  about  56. — John, 
governor  of  Maryland,  was  a  soldier  of 
the  revolution.  In  1782  he  was  elected 
a  delegate  to  congress  from  Virginia;  in 
1787  he  was  a  member  from  Maryland 
of  the  convention  which  framed  the  con- 
stitution of  tlie  United  States,  and  also 
a  member  of  con[rress  from  Maryland. 
He  was  governor  from  1801-3.     J)'.  1821. 

MERC  IKK,  Louis  Sebastian,  a  French 
writer,  was  b.  at  Paris,  1740.  He  com- 
menced liis  literary  career  as  a  poet,  but 
soon  renounced  poetry  for  criticism.    He 


^VKTJ 


CYCLOP.EDIA    OF    BIOGKAPIIV, 


633 


attacked  the  reputation  of  Corneille,  Ra- 
cine, and  Voltaire,  in  his  "  Essai  sur 
I'Art  Draiiiatique,''  and  publislied  a  vio- 
lent pliilippio  au'ainst  the  comedians  for 
payiiiti'  no  attention  to  liis  remarks.  In 
ITS  I  he  publislied,  anonymously,  the 
first  volume  of  his  ''Tableau  de  Paris;" 
at'ter  which  he  removed  to  Switzerland, 
antl  printed  at  Neufchatcl  ten  more  vol- 
umes of  that  work.  Keturning'  liome  at 
the  bcLrinnini;  of  the  revolution,  lie  de- 
clared himself  a  friend  to  liberty,  and  in 
concert  with  Carra,  lie  published  "  Les 
Aiinalcs  Politiqnes"  and  "Chronique 
du  Mois,"  two  journals,  displaying:  both 
moderation  and  spirit.  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  convention,  and  voted  for  the 
detention,  instead  of  the  death  of  the 
kintr.     D.  1814. 

MEKIAN,  M.UIIA  SnjTLLA,  an  ingeni- 
ous female  artist,  was  the  daughter  of 
jMattlicw  Merian,  an  eminent  engraver, 
and  b.  at  Frankfort,  1G47.  She  undertook 
a  voyage  to  Surinam  to  draw  the  insects 
and  reptiles  peculiar  to  that  country,  of 
whicli,  on  her  return,  she  published  a 
description  with  beautiful  colored  pUitcs. 
Her  daughter,  who  accompanied  ner  to 
Surinam,  added  a  third  volume  to  this 
work.  The  mother  published  another 
viiluable  performance  "On  the  Genera- 
tion and  Transformations  of  the  Insects 
of  Surinam."     D.  1717. 

MERLIN,  Ambkose,  a  British  writer, 
who  flourished  about  the  latter  end  of 
tli<^  r.th  century.  He  was  supposed  to 
be  an  enchanter  and  a  propliet;  but  the 
accounts  we  have  of  hiin  are  so  ini.xed 
up  with  fiction,  tluit  to  disentangle  his 
real  life  from  the  mass  would  be  impos- 
sible. He  was  the  greatest  sage  and 
mathematician  of  liis  time,  the  counsel- 
lor and  friend  of  four  English  kings, 
Vortigcrn,  Ainbrosius,  Utlier  Fendra- 
goii,  and  Arthur.  The  miracles  ascribed 
to  him  are  numerous;  and,  instead  of 
dying,  it  was  supposed  that  he  fell  into 
a  magic  sleep,  from  which,  after  a  long 
period,  he  would  awake.  In  the  British 
M\iscum  is  "  Le  Compto  de  la  Vie  de 
Merlin  et  de  ses  Faiz  et  Compte  dc  ses 
Prophecies,"  on  vellum,  without  date  or 
place. 

MERRICK,  James,  a  divine  and  poet, 
was  b.  at  Reading,  1720;  was  educated 
at  Trinity  college,  Oxford;  and  d.  17tj'.t. 
His  principal  works  are,  "Poems  on 
Sacred  Subjects,"  "  Annotations  on  the 
Psalms,"  and  on  the  "Gospel  of  St. 
John,"  "  A  Metrical  'S'crsion  of  the 
Psalms,"  and  a  translation  of  "Tryphi- 
odorus." 

MERRY,  RoBEUT,  a  dramatic  writer, 


was  the  son  of  a  merchant,  and  b.  in 
London,  in  1755.  He  received  his  edu- 
cation at  Harrow,  and  next  at  Christ's 
college,  Cambridge,  after  which  he  en- 
tered at  Lincoln's  Inn  ;  but  instead  of 
being  called  to  the  bar,  he  bought  a 
commission  in  the  guards,  which  ser- 
vice he  also  quitted,  and  went  abroad. 
While  at  Florence  he  became  a  member 
of  the  Delia  Cruscan  academy,  and  af- 
fixed that  signature  to  a  number  of 
poems,  which  being  publislied  in  the 
English  newspapers,  at  length  became 
the  object  of  the  caustic  satire  of  Gift'ord, 
in  his  well-known  "Baviad  and  Mai- 
viad."  In  1791  he  married  Miss  Brun- 
ton,  an  actress,  with  whom  he  came  to 
America,  where  he  d.  in  1798.  Hi.s 
dramatic  compositions  are,  "Lorenzo," 
a  tragedy ;  "The  Magician  no  Conjurer,'" 
"  Fenelon,"  and  "Ambitious  Venge- 
ance." 

MERSCH,  Van  dee,  leader  of  the 
Brabant  patriots  in  1789,  was  b.  at  Me- 
nim,  and  entered  the  French  service,  in 
in  which  he  acquired  the  title  of  "Tiie 
Brave  Fleming."  He  afterwards  served 
in  the  Austrian  army,  and  rose  to  the 
rank  of  lieutenant-colonel.     D.  1792. 

MESJIEK,  Fkederic  Anthony,  a  Gei 
man  physician,  author  of  the  fiimous 
doctrine  of  animal  magnetisni,  which  is 
also  called  Mesmerism,  was  b.  in  1734, 
at  Mcrsburg,  in  Suabia.  He  first  made 
his  doctrines  known  to  the  world,  in 
17G6,  by  a  thesis  on  planetary  influence, 
in  which  he  contended  that  the  heavenly 
bodies  diiVuse  through  the  universe  a 
subtle  fluid,  which  acts  on  the  nervous 
system  of  animated  beings.  He  quitted 
Vienna  for  Paris,  in  1778;  gained  a 
number  of  proselytes,  and  received  a 
subscriptio,n  of  840,000  livres.  Gove-n- 
ment  at  lengtli  appointed  a  committee 
of  {)hysicians  and  members  of  the  Acad- 
emy of  Sciences,  among  whom  was 
F'ranklin,  to  investig.ate  his  pretensions; 
and  the  result  of  their  inquiries  appear- 
ed in  a  memoir,  drawn  up  by  Bailly, 
which  was  unfavorable  to  the  pretender 
of  animal  niaijiictism.  This  theory,  how- 
ever, has  of  late  years  again  excited  con- 
siderable attention  on  the  Continent; 
it  has  advocates  evcrvwhere.     D.  1815. 

METASTASIO,  PJetro  Antonio  Do- 
MENico  Bl'onaventi'ka,  an  eminent  Ital- 
ian poet,  b.  at  Assisi,  1698,  was  the  son 
of  a  common  soldier,  named  Trapassi. 
When  he  was  only  ten  years  of  aije,  his 
talent  of  extemporizing  in  verse  attracted 
the  notice  of  the  celebrated  Gravina, 
who  took  him  under  his  protection, 
called  him  (hv  a  translation  of  his  name 


634 


CVCI.OP.EDIA    OP    RIOGRAPIIY, 


[mic 


jnto  Gr(!ek,)  "  Metastasio,"  paid  great 
attention,  to  his  education,  and  on  his 
death,  in  1717,  left  him  his  whole  estate. 
Tlie  young  poet,  being  thus  phiced  in 
an  easy  condition,  devoted  hnnself  to 
his  favorite  study,  and,  under  the  guid- 
ance of  the  celebrated  singer,  Maria  Ko- 
mauiua,  (afterwards  Bulgarelli,)  created 
the  modern  Italian  opera.  Charles  VI. 
invited  iiini  to  Vienna  in  1729,  and  ap- 
pointed him  poet  laureate,  with  a  pen- 
sion of  4000  guilders.  Thenceforward 
no  gala  took  place  at  court  which  was 
not  graced  by  liis  verses.  The  empress 
Maria  Theresa  bestowed  upon  him  mag- 
nificent presents,  as  also  did  Ferdinand 
VI.,  king  of  Spain.  He  composed  no 
less  than  tweuty-si.x  operas  and  eight 
sacred  dramas,  besides  innumerable 
minor  pieces.  The  poetical  characteris- 
tics of  Slotastasio  are  sweetness,  correct- 
ness, purity,  gentle  pathos,  and  elevated 
sentiment.'    D.  1782. 

METELLI,  At'GusTiN,  an  eminent 
painter,  was  b.  at  Bologna,  in  1009.  He 
excelled  in  painting  perspective  and 
architecture;  and,  in  conjunction  with 
Michael  Angelo,  produced  several  great 
works.     D.'1660. 

METIUS,  James,  a  native  of  Alka- 
maar,  in  Holland,  who  invented  tele- 
scopes about  1C09. — Adrian,  his  brother, 
was  professor  of  mathematics  and  med- 
icine at  Franeker,  where  lie  d.  in  1636. 
He  wrote  "  Doctrina  Sphtericoe,"  "As- 
tronomiie  Universai  Institutio,"  "  Arith- 
metics et  Geometricce  Practice,"  "  Ge- 
ometriees  pur  Usum  Oereini  nova  Prax- 
is,-' &c. 

METO,  or  METON,  an  Athenian 
jnalhematician,  who  flourished  4y2  years 
B.  0.  In  the  first  year  of  the  87th  Olym- 
piad he  observed  the  solstice  at  Athens, 
and  invented  the  cycle  of  19  years,  to 
make  the  solar  and  lunar  years  begin  at 
the  same  time.  This  is  now  called  the 
Golden  Number,  from  its  great  use  in 
the  calendar. 

METTRIE,  JuLiEN  Offrie  de  la,  a 
French  writer,  was  b.  at  St.  Maloes,  in 
1709.  He  was  a  surgeon  in  the  French 
guards,  and  in  that  situation  wrote  an 
infamous  Vjook,  called  "The  Natural 
History  of  the  Soul,"  for  which  he  nar- 
rowly escaped  prosecution.  His  next 
work  was  a  satire  against  the  faculty, 
under  the  title  of  "  Penelope ;  or,  the 
Maehiavel  in  Medicine,"  for  which  lie 
was  obliged  to  remove  to  Holland, 
where  he  created  new  enemies  by  a  still 
more  atrocious  book,  entitled  "L'Hom- 
me  Machine,"  which  being  ordered  to 
be  burnt,  he  retired  to  Berlin,  and  was 


patronized  by  Frederic  the  Great,  whoso 
opinions  were  so  congenial, to  the  au- 
thor's, that  he  composed  his  fi\ueral 
eulogy  with  his  own  pen.     D.  17ol. 

METZU,  Gabuikl,  a  celebrated  paint- 
er, b.  at  Leyden,  in  1615,  who  took  Ge 
rard  Douw,  Terbury,  and  Mieris  for  his 
models,  but  adopted  a  more  finished 
style.  A  lady  tuning  her  lute,  and 
another  washing  her  hands  in  a  silver 
basin  held  by  her  woman,  are  among 
his  best  pieces.  He  usually  resided  at 
Amsterdam,  and  d.  there  in  1658. 

MEULEN,  Antony  Fkanck  van  der, 
was  b.  at  Brussels,  1633.  By  his  talents 
as  a  painter  of  battle-pieces  he  was  rec- 
ommended to  Louis  XIV.,  who  always 
took  him  on  his  expeditions,  and  often 
pointed  out  the  subjects  which  he  de- 
sired him  to  represent.  The  painter 
had  thus  an  opportunity  of  perfecting 
himself  in  this  department  of  his  art, 
but  he  had  frequently  to  represent  scenes 
which  atlbrded  but  little  scope  for  the 
display  of  genius.     D.  1690. 

MEXIA,  Pedro,  a  chronicler  to  Charles 
v.,  was  b.  at  Seville.  He  was  the  author 
of  a  "  History  of  the  Cresars,  including 
the  German  Emperors,"  "Silvia  de  Va- 
ria  Leccion,"  &c.     D.  1552. 

MEYEICK,  Sir  Samuel  Rush,  an  emi- 
nent antiquary,  was  b.  at  London,  1783. 
After  takmg  his  degree  at  Oxford,  he 
became  an  advocate  in  the  ecclesiastical 
and  admiralty  courts,  and  soon  began 
to  vary  his  professional  avocations  with 
those  archajological  studies  which  form- 
ed the  chief  boast  and  occupation  of  his 
life.  He  contributed  innumerable  pa- 
pers to  the  "Gentleman's  Magazine;" 
on  all  questions  relating  to  arms  and 
armor  his  authority  was  unassailed ;  and 
his  "  Critical  Inquiry  into  Ancient  Ar- 
mor," «fce.,  has  procured  him  a  high 
place  among  the  most  eminent  antiqua- 
ries of  his  time.  In  1832  he  was  created 
a  knight  of  tlio  Guelnhie  order,  and 
soon  afterwards  dubbed  a  knight  bach- 
elor.    D.  1848. 

MICHAELIS,  .John-  David,  a  learned 
orientalist  and  biblical  critic,  was  b.  at 
Halle,  in  Saxony,  in  1717,  and  there 
educated.  He  visited  Entrland,  and  for 
a  time  was  preacher  at  the  German 
chapel,  St.  James's  palace ;  and  on  his 
return  to  Germany  was  made  professor 
of  theology  at  Gottingen  ;  was  honored 
with  the  order  of  the  polar  star,  con- 
ferred on  him  by  the  king  of  Sweden 
and  was  made  an  aulic  councillor  of 
Hanover.  Among  the  most  vabiable 
and  best  known  of  his  works  arc  his 
"  Introduction  to  the  New  Testament," 


mig] 


CYCLOP J:DIA    of    BIOCiRAPHY. 


635 


trnnslatodinto  Enjjlish  by  Bishop  Marsh, 
and  liis  "^Commentaries  on  the  Law  of 
Mo.'cs."  ']).  IT'.il. — Jonx  IIenky,  a 
German  divine,  was  b.  at  Kettenbiiri]:, 
in  llolicnstein,  in  IGIJ^.  He  was  edu- 
3ated  at  Loipsic,  and  next  at  Ilalle, 
where  he  tauglit  Greek  and  Ifebrcw. 
m  1099  he  succeeded  Francke  in  tlie 
Greek  professorship  ;  and,  in  1707,  was 
made  librarian  of  tlie  university.  He 
afterwards  became  professor  of  divinity 
and  the  oriental  languages.     D.  1738. 

MICIIAUX,  ANDiiE,"a  French  trav- 
eller and  botanist ;  author  of  a  "  His- 
tory of  North  American  Oaks"  and  an 
"  American  Flora."  He  was  b.  in  174(5, 
at  Satory,  near  Versailles ;  spent  many 
years  in  journeying  through  the  United 
States;  and  d.  in  1802,  at  Madagascar. 

MICKLE,  William  Julius,  a  poet, 
■was  b.  in  1734,  at  Langholm,  in  Dum- 
friesshire. In  176.")  he  was  employed  as 
corrector  of  the  press  in  the  Clarendon 
printing-office  at  Oxford,  where  he  pub- 
lished a  poem,  called  "The  Concubine," 
in  imitation  of  Spenser,  which  ho  after- 
wards republished  under  the  title  of 
"  Sir  Martyn."  His  principal  produc- 
tion, a  translation  of  "The  Lusiad"  of 
Camoens,  appeared  in  1775  ,  prefixed  to 
which  is  an  historical  and  critical  Intro- 
duction, with  a  life  of  Camoens ;  and 
the  work  is  executed  in  a  highly  credit- 
able manner.  He  was  also  the  author 
of  manv  of  the  finest  pieces  in  Evan's 
"  Old  Ballads."     D.  1788. 

MIDDLETOX,  Conyers,  a  celebrated 
divine  and  critic,  was  b.  at  York,  in 
16S3,  and  educated  at  Trinity  college, 
Cambridge,  of  which  he  became  a  fellow. 
In  1724  he  visited  Italy,  and  having  a 
near  observation  of  the  ecclesiastical 
pomp  and  ceremonies,  he  wrote  liis  fa- 
mous "  Letter  from  Kome,"  to  show 
that  tlio  religious  rites  of  popery  were 
very  similar  to  those  of  paganism.  He 
was  subsequently  Woodwardian  pro- 
fessor of  mineralogy,  and  librarian,  at 
(jambridge.  His  greatest  literary  under- 
taking was  "The  History  of  the  Life  of 
M.  T.  Cicero;"  but  his  "Free  Inquiry 
into  the  Miraculous  Powers  of  the 
('luirch,"  brought  on  the  author  the 
imputation  of  infidelity,  and  gave  rise 
to  much  vehement  censure  from  a  host 
of  opponents.  D.  17.')0. — Arthur,  a 
signer  of  the  declaration  of  American 
independence,  was  b.  in  South  Carolina, 
in  1743,  and  received  his  education  in 
Europe.  Soon  after  his  return  home, 
ho  began  to  take  an  active  part  in  the 
revolutionary  movements,  and  in  177G 
was  chosen  one  of  the  delegates  from 


his  native  state  to  the  American  con- 
gress. At  the  close  of  the  year  1777  he 
resigned  his  scat,  leaving  behind  a  char- 
acter for  the  purest  patriotism  and  un- 
wavering resolution.  In  the  year  1779 
many  of  the  southern  plantations  were 
ravaged,  and  that  of  Mr.  Middleton  did 
not  escape.  On  the  surrender  of  Charles- 
ton he  was  taken  prisoner  and  kept  in 
confinement  for  nearly  a  year.  In  1781 
he  was  appointed  a  representative  to 
congress,  and  again  in  1782.  In  the 
latter  year  he  went  into  retirement,  and 
d.  in  1787. 

MIERIS,  Francis,  a  celebrated  painter, 
b.  at  Leyden,  in  1635,  and  d.  in  1081. 
He  was  a  pupil  of  Gerard  Douw,  whose 
delicate  finish  he  rivalled,  and  whose 
coloring  he  was  thought  to  excel.  Ho 
had  two  sons,  Joiix  and  William,  both 
of  whom  possessed  considerable  talent, 
and  adopted  their  father's  style. 

MIFFLIN,  Thomas,  a  major-general 
in  the  American  army,  and  governor  of 
Pennsylvania,  was  b.  about  tlie  year 
1744.  He  was  a  member  of  the  first 
congress  in  1774.  He  took  arms,  and 
was  among  the  first  officers  commis- 
sioned on  the  organization  of  the  conti- 
nental army,  being  appointed  quarter- 
master-general in  August,  1775.  P"or 
this  ofl'ence  he  was  read  out  of  the  so- 
ciety of  Quakers.  In  1777  he  was  very 
useful  in  animating  the  militia  ;  but  he 
was  also  suspected  in  tliis  year  of  being 
unfriendly  to  the  commander-in-chief, 
and  of  wisliing  to  have  some  other  per- 
son in  his  place.  In  17S7  he  was  a 
member  of  the  convention  which  framed 
the  constitution  of  the  United  States, 
and  his  name  is  affixed  to  that  instru- 
ment. In  October,  1788,  he  succeeded 
Franklin  as  president  of  the  supreme 
executive  council  of  Pennsylvania,  in 
which  station  he  continued  till  Octobc", 
1790.  In  September  a  constitution  for 
this  state  was  formed,  by  a  convention, 
in  which  he  was  president,  and  he  was 
chosen  the  first  governor.  In  1794,  du- 
ring the  insurrection  in  Pennsylvania, 
he  employed,  to  the  advantage  of  his 
country,  the  extraordinary  powers  of 
elocution  with  which  he  was  endowed. 
D.  1800. 

^IIGNAKD,  Peter,  surnamed  the 
Roman,  an  historical  and  portrait  paint- 
er, was  b.  nt  Troyes,  in  Champagne,  in 
1610.  He  studied" at  Rome ;  and,  during 
his  residence  there  of  22  years,  enjoyed 
great  favor  from  the  p  jpes.  At  length 
Louis  XIV.  sent  for  him  to  Paris ;  ap- 
pointed him  his  principal  painter,  and 
director  of  the  manufactories  of  Sevo 


636 


CYCLOP.EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[mil 


aud  the  Gobelins;  and  ennobled  him. 
Migunrd  was  on  habits  ot'iutimacy  with 
the  principal  French  wits,  and  was  be- 
loved by  them  for  his  social  disposition. 
D.  lOy:.. 

MIGNON,  ABnAiiAii,  a  painter  of 
Frankfort,  was  b.  in  Itjii'J,  and  d.  in 
1079.  He  excelled  in  the  representation 
of  flowers,  insects,  and  still  life,  which 
he  painted  with  exquisite  delicacy. 

MILL,  James,  an  able  writer  aud 
political  economist,  was  a  native  of 
Kiueardiueshire,  and  b.  in  1774.  In 
1S18  he  published  his  admirable  ''His- 
tory of  British  India,"  a  work  of  great 
research,  and  powerful  reasoning.  He 
also  produced  other  works  connected 
with  legislation  aud  morals,  viz.,  his 
"Elements  of  Political  Economy,"  an 
"  Analysis  of  the  Human  Mind,"  and 
another,  entitled  "Prison  and  Prison 
Discipline,  Colonies,  Laws  of  Nations, 
and  Education."  He  was  also  the  con- 
tributor of  many  excellent  articles  in  the 
"  Enoycloptedia  Britannica,"  and  in  the 
Ediuburgh,  Westminster,  and  London 
reviews.  In  morals  aud  legislation  he 
was  the  powerful  auxiliary  of  Jeremy 
Beuthuni ;  iu  political  economy,  the 
ally  of  Aclum  Smith  aud  Eicardo ;  and 
iu  metaphysics  he  labored  to  extend 
the  -:lLilosophy  of  Bacon,  Locke,  &c., 
and  tne  promoters  of  inductive  science. 
He  held  the  office  of  chief  examiner  to 
the  East  India  Company.     D.  1836. 

MILLER,  Joseph,  a  witty  actor,  was 
b.  1<jS4,  and  was  a  liivorite  low  comedi- 
an about  the  time  that  Congreve's  plays 
were  I'ashiouable,  to  the  success  of 
wliich,  it  is  said,  his  humor  greatly  con- 
tributed. D.  1738.  The  compilation 
called  "Joe  ililler's  Jests"  was  the 
work  of  John  Motley.  The  name  has, 
however,  uot  only  been  used  to  pass  oil" 
the  original  stock,  but  thousands  of 
other  jokes  aud  witticisms,  manufactur- 
ed long  since  the  bones  of  Joe  were 
deposited  in  the  churchyard  of  tit. 
Clements,  in  the  Strand,  where  a  stone 
still  exists,  with  an  epitaph  written  by 
his  friend,  Stephen  Duck. — William,  a 
person  who  acquired  great  notoriety  in 
the  United  States  by  predicting  the  end 
of  the  world.  He  was  a  native  of  Pitts- 
field,  and  during  the  war  of  1S12  served 
as  a  volunteer  captain  on  the  northern 
frontier.  He  l)egan  to  sneak  on  the  ad- 
vent of  the  millennium  m  1833,  and  lor 
10  years  labored  assiduously  to  prove 
froiii  the  Bible  that  the  judgment  would 
take  place  iu  1843.  He  f,'atliercd  j'ollow- 
ers  to  the  number  of  forty  or  fifty  thou- 
sand ;  l>ut,  as  his  prophecies  failed,  the 


excitement  died  out.  D.  1849,  in  hia 
68th  year. — James  AVili.l\m,  an  Ameri- 
can poet  and  miscellaueous  writer, 
passed  his  early  life  in  a  variety  of  dif- 
ferent pursuits,  without  being  able  to 
fix  himself  permaueutly  in  any  occupa- 
tion. He  pursued  for  a  while  the  study 
of  law,  and  subsequently  engaged  in 
literary  pursuits  iu  Boston,  where  ha 
met  with  disappointment,  aud  was  worn 
by  disquietude.  He  left  his  native 
country  for  the  West  Indies,  in  1828, 
where  he  obtained  a  grant  of  land  from 
tb"  Spanish  government,  aud  d.  iu  the 
following  year,  at  the  age  of  27.  A  vol- 
ume of  liis  poems  aud  sketches  was 
published  in  Boston,  iu  1830. — Edwakd, 
an  eminent  physician,  was  b.  in  Dela- 
ware, in  1760,  and  in  179G  removed  to 
New  York,  for  the  practice  of  his  pro- 
fession. He  became  known  by  an  able 
treatise  on  the  "  Origin  of  the  Yellow 
Fever,"  aud,  in  conjunction  with  Dr. 
Mitchell  and  Dr.  Smith,  established  the 
"  Medical  Repository."  In  1807  he  was 
elected  professor  of  the  practice  of 
physic  in  the  university  of  New  Y'ork, 
and  in  1809  clinical  lecturer  in  the  New 
Y'ork  hospital.  D.  1812.  His  medical 
treatises  have  been  collected  and  pub- 
lished in  one  volume. 

MILLES,  Jeremiah,  an  eminent  En- 
glish divine  and  antiquary;  b.  1713;  d. 
1784.  He  was  ardently  engaged  in  the 
Chattertouiau  controversy,  aud  pub- 
lished the  whole  of  the  supposed  Kow- 
ley's  poems,  with  a  glossary. 

MILLS,  Charles,  an  historian,  was 
b.  at  Greenwich,  in  1788.  He  served 
his  time  as  clerk  to  a  solicitor,  but  re- 
linquished his  legal  pursuits  for  others 
more  congenial  to  his  tastes.  In  1817 
lie  published  his  "  History  of  Moham- 
medanism," which  w.as  succeeded  by 
the  "  History  of  the  Crusades,"  the 
"Travels  of  Theodore  Lucas,"  and  the 
"History  of  Chivalry." — Samuel  J., 
agent  of  the  American  Colonization  So- 
ciety, graduated  at  William's  college, 
1809.  At  the  theological  seminary  in 
Andover  he  united  with  Newell,  jud- 
sou,  Nott,  and  Hall,  iu  a  resolution  to 
undertake  a  foreign  mission.  He,  witli; 
the  three  first,  offered  themselves  as 
missionaries  to  the  general  association 
of  ministers  of  Massachusetts,  1810_.  He 
was  ordained  with  other  missionaries  at 
Newburyport,  1815.  lie  attended  the 
first  meetmg  of  the  Colonization  Socie- 
ty, Jan.  1,  1817,  which  was  established 
by  tlie  exertion  of  Dr.  Finley.  Ap- 
pointed with  E.  Burgess,  to  visit  En- 
gland, and  explore  the  coast  of  Africa 


mil] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF   BIOGKAPIIY. 


637 


for  tlie  society,  lie  sailed  in  November, 
1817.  lie  sailed  from  England  for  Afri- 
ca, Feb.  2,  1818,  and  arrived  on  the 
coast,  March  12.  After  a  laborious  in- 
spection of  more  than  two  months,  he 
embarked  on  his  return,  in  the  brit; 
Success,  May  22,  1818.  A  severe  cold 
wliich  he  took  early  in  June,  was  suc- 
ceeded by  a  fever,  of  which  he  d.,  June 
16,  1818. 

MILNE,  Joshua,  author  of  the  cele- 
brated "  Treatise  on  Annuities  and  As- 
surances," was  formerly  a  clerk  in  the 
banking-liouse  of  the  Messrs.  Currie, 
previous  to  his  becoming  connected 
with  the  Sun  Assurance  company,  to 
which  he  performed  tlie  duties  of  actu- 
arv  for  upwards  of  SO  years.     D.  1851. 

"MILNEE,  Jgh.x,  a  celebrated  Catholic 
divine  and  writer  on  ecclesiastical  anti- 
quities and  theology,  was  b.  in  London 
in  1752.  In  1777 'he  was  ordained  a 
priest,  and  commenced  his  pastoral  du- 
ties in  1779,  at  the  Catholic  chapel, 
^Vinchester,  whither  he  had  gone  to  ad- 
minister spiritual  aid  to  the  French 
prisoners  contined  there.  In  1793  he 
published  his  "  History,  Civil  and  Ec- 
elesiastienl,  and  Survey  of  the  Antiqui- 
ties of  Winchester,"  and  subsequently, 
a  "  Treatise  on  the  Ecclesiastical  Archi- 
tecture of  England,  during  the  Middle 
Ages."  In  18o3  he  was  appointed  vicar- 
apostolic  in  the  midland  district,  with 
the  title  of  bishop  of  Castabala.  In  1818 
he  published  a  treatise,  entitled  "  The 
End  of  Religious  Controversy,"  contain- 
ing a  defence  of  those  articles  of  Catho- 
lic faith  usually  regarded  as  most  objec- 
tionable by  Protestants.    D.  1S2G. 

MILO,  one  of  the  most  celebrated 
Grecian  athletes,  was  a  native  of  Cro- 
tona,  in  Italy,  and  a  scholar  of  Pythag- 
oras. Many  instances  of  his  prodigious 
strength  are  cited,  of  which  one  will  bo 
sufficient  to  notice  here,  viz.,  tliat  he 
once  carried  a  bull  to  the  sacrifice  on 
his  shoulders,  and  killed  it  with  a  blow 
of  his  fist. 

MILTIADES,  an  Athenian  general, 
who  lived  about  500  b.  c,  and  has  been 
immortalized  by  defeating  the  Persians 
at  Marathon.  This  hero,  who  had  saved 
his  country,  fiiiled  in  an  attack  on  Paros, 
was  compelled  to  refund  the  expenses 
of  the  expedition,  and  d.  of  his  wounds 
in  prison. 

MILTON,  John,  the  most  illustrious 
of  English  poets,  was  the  son  of  a  scrive- 
ner in  Loudon,  and  b.  in  Bread-street, 
in  1608.  From  St.  Paul's  school  he 
went  to  Christ's  college,  Cambridge, 
wliere  lie  took  his  degree  ivi  arts,  being 
54 


designed  for  the  church  ;  but  not  having 
an  inclination  tc  that  calling,  he  returned 
to  his  fatlicr,  who  liad  retired  from 
business  witli  a  good  fortune,  ami  set- 
tled at  Ilorton,  in  Buckinghamshire. 
Here  he  wrote  his  "  Comus,"  "L'Alle- 
gro,"  "  II  Penseroso,"  and  "  Lyeidas," 
poems  of  such  merit  as  would  have 
alone  immortalized  his  name.  In  1038 
he  travelled  into  France  and  Italy,  and 
on  his  return  to  England  settled  in  Lon- 
don. The  troubles  breaking-  out  between 
the  kinerand  parliament,  Milton  engaged 
as  a  political  wi-iter  on  the  popular  side  ; 
and  having  a  great  animosity  to  the 
hierarchy,  he  published  some  virulent 
pamphlets  against  the  bishops.  In  1643 
he  married  the  daughter  of  Rieliard 
Powell,  esq.,  a  magistrate  in  Oxford- 
shire. The  father  of  the  lady  bein?  a 
jovial  country  gentleman  and  a  royalist, 
the  residence  of  her  husband  so  dis- 
gusted the  bride,  that  in  less  than  a 
month,  under  the  pretence  of  a  visit, 
she  left  him,  and  remained  for  the  rest 
of  the  summer  with  her  parents.  Mil- 
ton became  incensed,  and  regarding  her 
conduct  as  a  desertion  of  the  marriage 
contract,  he  sought  to  punish  it  by  re- 
pudiation, and  to  this  is  to  be  attributed 
nis  treatises  on  the  subject  of  "Di- 
vorce." His  wife's  friends,  however, 
brought  about  a  reconciliation.  He  con- 
tinued an  ardent  champion  for  the 
liberty  party,  even  after  the  esecution  of 
Cliarles  I.,  which  deed  he  vindicated  in 
his  "  Tenure  of  Kings  and  Magistrates;" 
for  which  the  parliament  rewarded  him 
with  £1000,  and  soon  afterwards  nomi- 
nated him  Latin  secretary  to  the  new 
council  of  state.  He  also  wrote  against 
the  king's  book,  entitled  "IconBasi- 
like."  The  treatise  of  Milton  was  called 
"  Iconoclastes,  or  the  Image  Breaker." 
He  was  next  employed  to  answer  the 
treatise  of  Salmasius",  entitled  "  Dcfen- 
sio  Eeiria,  or  a  Defence  of  the  late  King," 
The  reply  of  Milton  had  for  its  title  "De- 
fensio  pro  Populo  Anglieano ;"  and  it  was 
observed  by  Ilobbes,  in  rearard  to  the 
two  disputants,  that  lie  did  not  know 
whose  stj-lc  was  best,  or  whose  argu- 
ments were  worst.  About  this  time  he 
was  wholly  deprived  of  his  sight,  owing 
to  a  natural  weakness,  and  intense  appli- 
cation to  his  studies.  In  1652  he  lost 
his  wife,  and  afterwards  took  another. 
He  was  the  friend  of  Cromwell,  to  whom 
he  became  Latin  secretary.  When  the 
ancient  constitution  was  re-established, 
he  was  excepted  out  of  the  act  of  iu- 
dcnmity,  on  which  he  kept  liimself  con- 
cealed for  some  time.     By  the  kindnes.ii 


638 


CVCLOP.EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[mir 


however,  of  Sir  William  Davenant  and 
others  he  obtained  his  pardon ;  soon 
after  wliich  lie  lost  his  second  wife.  In 
the  time  of  the  plasae  he  removed  with 
his  family  to  Chaltont,  in  Bnekin^Lrham- 
sliire,  where  he  completed  his  "Para- 
dise Lost,"  which  was  printed  first  in 
16tj7.  For  this  innnortal  work  lie  had 
only  £15,  and  that  by  instalments. 
After  this  he  engaged  in  another,  called 
"  Paradise  Regained."  Besides  the 
poems  mentioned  above,  Milton  wrote 
a  drama  on  the  Greek  model,  entitled 
"  Samson  Agonistes,"  which  possessed 
uncommon  beauties,  though  not  adapted 
J.0  theatrical  representation.  He  also 
wrote  a  "  History  of  England  to  the 
Conquest,"  and  several  tracts.  In  his 
youth,  Milton  was  distinguished  for 
personal  beauty,  his  habits  of  life  were 
tliose  of  a  student  and  philosopher, 
being  strictly  sober  and  temperate  ;  and 
his  chief  relaxation  consisted  of  music 
and  conversation.  Tiiough  warm  and 
acrimonious  in  controversy,  and  possess- 
ing lordly  notions  of  his  rights  as  the 
head  of  a' family,  he  is  said  to  have  been 
of  a  serene  and  cheerful  temper,  and 
particularly  urbane  in  his  intercourse 
with  society.  But  whatever  may  be 
thought  of  his  domestic  virtues,  there 
can  be  put  one  opinion  with  regard  to 
the  sublimity  of  his  genius  and  the 
extent  of  his  erudition.     D.  1674. 

MIMNERMUS,  a  Greek  amatory 
poet  of  the  6th  century  b.c,  who  is 
said  to  have  invented  the  pentameter 
measure  ;  but  only  a  few  fragments  of 
his  poems  are  in  existence. 

MIRABAUD,  Jkan  Baptiste  dk,  per- 
petual secretary  to  the  French  Academy, 
was  at  first  a  member  of  the  congrega- 
tion of  the  Oratory,  and  afterwards 
served  in  the  army.  His  works  are, 
translations  from  "Tasso's  Jerusalem," 
and  "  Ariosto's  Orlando,"  into  French; 
"  Alphabet  dc  la  Fee  Gracieuse,"  "Le 
Monde,  son  Origine,  son  Antiquite," 
"Sentimens  des  Piiilosophes  sur  la  Na- 
ture de  TAme."  In  1770  was  published 
under  iiis  name,  but  falsely,  an  atheisti- 
cal book,  entitled  the  "  System  of  Na- 
ture," the  real  author  being  D'llolbach. 

MIRABEAU,  VicTou  RiyUKm,  mar- 
quis de,  descended  from  an  ancient 
lamily  in  Provence,  but  originally  of 
Naples.  He  was  one  of  tiie  principal 
propagators  of  the  doctrines  of  the 
Frencli  political  economists,  and  wrote 
several  books  in  support  of  them.  His 
chief  work  is  entitled  "  Ami  des 
Hommes."  B.  1715;  d.  1780.— Honoue 
Gabbiel  Kiquetti,  count  de,  one  of  the 


most  celebrated  characters  of  the  French 
revolution,  was  the  son  of  the  prece- 
ding, and  b.  at  Bignon,  in  Provence,  in 
17-1'.>.  On  leaving  school,  he  entered 
the  military  service  ;  and  his  intercourse 
with  young  and  dissipated  officers 
familiarized  him  to  all  their  vices.  His 
active  mind,  however,  could  not  remain 
idle,  and  he  read  all  the  books  which  he 
could  on  the  military  art.  He  also  fell 
in  love,  and  his  passion  was  marked  by 
all  the  impetuosity  of  a  strong  and  wild 
character.  His  lather,  who  systemati- 
cally thwarted  his  inclinations,  now 
procured  his  confinement  in  a  fortress 
on  the  island  of  Eht^.  After  his  libera- 
tion, he  went  as  a  volunteer,  to  Corsica, 
distinguished  himself,  and  obtained  t, 
commission  as  captain  of  dragoons  ;  but 
his  father  refusing  to  purchase  him  a 
regiment,  he  abandoned,  though  unwill- 
ingly, the  military  profession.  In  1772 
he  espoused  a  rich  heiress  of  Aix,  but  lie 
soon  squandered  away  the  fortune  he 
received  with  her,  and  plunged  himself 
in  debt.  He  was  confined  in  ditferent 
prisons,  and  on  obtaining  his  liberty 
eloped  to  Holland  with  the  wife  of  the 
President  Mounnier.  For  this  he  was 
afterwards  imprisoned  in  the  castle  of 
Vincennes,  and  remained  there  three 
years  and  a  half.  He  then  instituted  an 
ineffectual  lawsuit  against  his  wife,  who 
obtained  a  separation  from  him.  In 
1784  he  visited  London,  and  afterwards 
Berlin  ;  and  he  was  variously  employed 
in  literary  quarrels  and  occupations  till 
the  commencement  of  the  French  revo- 
lution. This  offered  Mirabeau  an  ample 
element  for  his  activity.  He  was  elected 
deputy  to  the  third  estate  of  Aix,  and 
by  the  courtiers  he  was  termed  the  ple- 
beian count.  In  this  new  capacity,  his 
extraordinary  eloquence,  his  talent,  and 
his  boldness,  soon  gave  him  irresistible 
weight  in  the  assembly,  and  rendered 
him  the  idol  of  the  people.  Before, 
however,  he  could  carry  his  plans  into 
effect,  a  sudden  illness  terminated  liis 
existence  in  17'Jl.  His  principal  works 
are,  "  A  Comparison  between  the  Great 
Cond(5  and  Scipio  Africanus,"  "  History 
of  Prussia  under  Frederic  the  Great," 
"  Original  Letters  containing  an  Ac- 
count of  his  Life  and  Amours,"  "  Secret 
History  of  the  Court  of  Berlin,"  which 
book  was  burnt  by  the  common  execu- 
tioner; "On  Lettres  de  Cachet,"  and 
an  "  Essay  on  Despotism." 

MIRANDA,  Don  Fuancisca,  General, 
was  b.  of  a  Spanish  family,  at  Caraccas, 
of  wliich  province  his  grandfather  was 
governor.  In  1783  he  visited  the  United 


MOL 


CYCLOP-liDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


639 


States,  Jiad  travelled  on  foot  over  a  part 
of  Europe.  In  the  French  revolution 
lie  was  a  inajor-jrencral  in  the  service  of 
France.  From  the  prison  into  which  he 
was  cast,  he  escaped  to  England  in 
1707.  HaviniT  been  again  banished  from 
France  for  opposing  the  first  consul  in 
I'^OS,  he  resolved  to  emancipate  South 
America,  from  the  dominion  of  Spain. 
Having  obtained  secret  assistance  and 
encouragement,  he  sailed  from  New 
York  in  1800,  with  a  number  of  Ameri- 
can volunteers.  At  St.  Domingo,  he 
chartered  two  schooners ;  they  were 
captured  on  the  coast,  while  he  escaped 
in  his  ship.  In  1810  lie  renewed  his 
attempt,  but  was  obliged  to  capitulate  to 
General  Monteverde,  who  in  disregard 
of  his  airreement,  treated  him  as  a  pris- 
oner. He  was  sent  to  Spain,  and  d. 
after  four  years'  confinement  in  the 
dungeons  of  the  inquisition  at  Cadiz. 

MIEANDOLA,  Giovanni  Pico  della, 
count  and  prince  of  Concordia,  one  of 
the  brightest  ornaments  of  literature  in 
the  15th  century,  was  b.  in  14(3:).  In 
his  youth  lie  gave  astonishing  proofs 
of  his  genius;  and  when  little  more 
than  20  he  set  up  in  all  the  universities 
of  Italy  a  number  of  difficult  problems 
in  the  sciences,  which  he  engaged  pub- 
licly to  defend.  This  extraordinary 
young  man  d.  in  1404  at  Florence, 
where  lie  had  resided  some  time,  on 
terms  of  intimacy  with  the  most  learned 
and  distinguished  men  of  the  age,  par- 
ticularlv  Lorenzo  dc  Medici  and  Politian. 

MITCHILL,  Samikl  L.,  a  celebrated 
physician,  was  b.  1703,  and  was  for  a 
great  number  of  years  professor  of  va- 
rious branches  in  the  college  of  physi- 
cians and  surgeons  of  New  York.  He 
was  elected  to  the  assembly  of  New 
York  soon  after  the  revolution,  and  was 
afterwards  a  senator  in  congress,  and 
colleague  of  De  Witt  Clinton.  He  was  a 
man  of  immense  acipiisitions,  and  his 
labors  are  dispersed  throutrh  many  vol- 
umes. He  was  a  member  of  most  of 
the  philosophical  societies  of  any  note 
in  Europe  and  his  native  country.  D. 
1831. — Stepiie.v  Mix,  a  distinguished 
citi/.cn  of  Connecticut,  who  held  various 
judicial  offices  in  that  state.  He  was  b. 
at  Wethersfield,  1743  ;  was  graduated  at 
Yale  colletre  in  1763;  was  chosen  tutor 
in  the  college  in  1766,  in  which  station 
he  continued  three  years;  entered  upon 
the  practice  of  law  in  Wethcrsfield  in 
1772 ;  was  appointed  in  1770  to  tlie 
ofli'^e  of  an  associate  judire  of  the  Hart- 
ford county  court,  and  in  17oO  was 
placed  at  tho  head  of  that  court;   in 


1795  ho  was  appointed  .iudgo  of  the 
superior  court  ot  Connecticut,  and  in 
1H07,  chief  justice  of  that  court,  which 
office  he  hold  till  1814,  when  lie  became 
disqnalilied  by  age.  In  1783,  and  again 
in  1785,  he  was  elected  a  delegate  from 
Connecticut  to  the  congress  of  the  United 
States ;  and  in  1703  he  was  appointed  a 
senator  in  congress,  which  station  he 
held  till  he  became  judge  of  the  su- 
perior court  of  Connecticut  in  1795 
D.  1837. 

^IITFOKD,  William,  an  eminent  lii.s- 
torical  and  philological  writer,  was  b.  at 
London,  in  1734,  studied  at  Queen's 
college,  Oxford,  and  then  at  the  Middle 
Temple,  but  he  early  quitted  the  pro- 
fession of  the  law,  and  obtained  a  com- 
mission in  the  Hampslure  militia,  of 
which  he  rose  to  be  colonel.  He  was, 
successively,  M.  P.  for  Newport,  in 
Cornwall,  fieeralston,  and  New  Romney. 
He  was  professor  of  ancient  history  at 
the  Eoyal  Academy,  and,  besides  his 
principal  work,  "  The  History  of 
Greece,"  he  published  "An  Essay  on 
the  Harmony  of  Language,"  "A  Trea- 
tise on  the  Military  Force,  and  particu- 
larly the  Militia  of  this  Kingdom," 
"Observations  on  the  History  of  Chris- 
tianity," &c.     D.  1S27. 

MOESEE,  Justus,  an  eminent  Ger- 
man advocate  and  author,  was  b.  at 
Osnaburgh,  in  1720,  was  educated  at 
Jena  and  Gottingen,  acquired  great 
popularity  on  his  return  to  his  native 
place  as  an  advocate  and  counsellor  of 
justice.     D.  1794. 

MOLA,  Peter  Francis,  an  eminent 
painter,  b.  in  1609,  at  Coldra,  in  the 
Jlilancse.  He  was  a  pupil  of  Albani, 
and  is  distinguished  both  as  a  landscape 
and  historical  painter.     D.  1665. 

^lOLAI,  J.vMEs  DE,  the  last  grand 
marshal  of  the  knights  Templars,  was  a 
native  of  Burgundy.  He  was  admitted 
into  the  order  about  1265,  and  having 
signalized  himself  by  his  valor  in  Pales- 
tine, w.is  unanimously  elected  grand- 
marshal  on  the  death  of  William  de 
Beaujeu.  The  great  wealtii  and  power 
of  the  Templars,  their  pride  and  their 
dissolute  manners,  created  them  a  mul- 
titude of  enemies,  and  led  to  their  de- 
struction. At  length,  Philippe  le  Bel, 
king  of  France,  and  Pope  Clement  V. 
foruied  a  plan  for  their  extermination. 
They  were  accused  of  heresy,  impiety, 
and  various  crimes  revolting  to  human 
nature.  In  13i>7,  all  the  Templars 
throughout  France  were  arrested  at  the 
same  hour,  and  they  were  tried  and 
convicted,  some  on  their  own  confes- 


640 


CYCLOP.EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[mol 


Bions,  and  others  on  such  evidence  as 
could  be  procured.  Fifty-seven  were 
committed  to  the  flames  in  1311,  and 
afier  an  imprisonment  of  seven  years, 
De  Mohii  shared  their  fate  at  Paris,  in 
1314,  deehirini,'  Ids  innocence  to  the  last. 

MOLE,  Francis  Kene,  an  eminent 
French  comedian,  b.  at  Paris,  in  ITS-t. 
During  the  progress  of  the  revolution 
he  became  an  associate  of  the  Jacobins, 
and  impiously  officiated  in  the  church 
of  St.  Koch,  as  the  priest  of  the  goddess 
of  Keason.  1).  1802.  —  Matthew,  a 
French  magistrate  remarkable  for  his 
probity  and  courage  in  the  most  troub- 
lesome times,  was  b.  at  Paris,  in  1581, 
became  president  of  the  parliament,  and 
kee])cr  of  the  seals.     D.  1656. 

MOLESWORTH,  Robert,  Viscount, 
an  Irish  statesman,  b.  at  Dublin  in  1656, 
and  educated  in  Trinity  college.  When 
James  II.  landed  in  Ireland,  he  caused 
Lis  estate  to  be  confiscated ;  but,  on  tlie 
settlement  of  atl'airs  under  William  III., 
he  was  made  a  privy  councillor,  and 
sent  ambassador  to  Copenhagen,  where 
he  had  a  dispute  with  the  king,  which 
induced  him  to  return  home  aliruptly. 
He  then  published  "An  Account  of 
Denmark,  '  which  was  considered  as  a 
libel  on  tlie  country,  and  complained  of 
as  such  by  the  Danish  ambassador  in 
London.  In  1714  he  was  made  a  com- 
missioner of  trade  and  plantations,  and 
two  years  afterwards  raised  to  the  Irish 
peerage.     D.  1725. 

MULIEKE,  John  Baptist  Poquelin 
DE,  the  most  celebrated  among  the 
French  writers  of  comedy,  was  b.  at 
Paris,  in  1622.  His  father  was  valet- 
de-chambre  and  upholsterer  to  the  king, 
and  when  he  became  intirin,  Moliere 
was  obliged  to  olKciate  for  him  in  the 
royal  household,  in  which  capacity  he 
attended  Louis  XIII.  to  Naroonne,  in 
1641.  On  liis  return  to  Paris  his  passion 
for  the  stage  was  unconquerable ;  he 
became  a  provincial  actor,  and  began 
also  to  display  his  dramatic  powers  as 
an  author.  In  1662  he  produced  his 
♦'Etourtli;"  and  having  the  jtatronajre 
of  the  prince  de  Conti,  lie  finally  estab- 
lished himself  at  Paris.  His  reputation 
■was  carried  to  its  highest  summit  wlien 
the  "Tartutfc"  appeared;  and  the 
piece  was  played  and  applauded  after  it 
had  been  kept  back  for  years  Ijy  tlie 
clamor  of  false  devotees.  In  this, 
hypocrisy  is  fully  unveiled,  the  charac- 
ters are  equally  various  and  true,  and 
the  dialogue  is  elcL'ant  and  nutural. 
For  twenty  years  Moliere  wrote  for  the 
Btago ;  and  being  all  the  time  an  actor 


also,  and  interrupted  by  various  avoca- 
tions, his  fertility  was  most  extraordi- 
nary. His  last  piece  was  the  celebrated 
"Le  Malade  Imaginaire,"  to  the  fourth 
representation  of  which  he  fell  a  sacri- 
fice. He  himself  acted  the  imaginary 
sick  man  in  the  piece ;  but  laboring  at 
the  time  under  a  pulmonary  complaint, 
and  exerting  himself  with  unnsual  spirit, 
his  etforts  brought  on  the  rupture  of 
a  blood-vessel,  by  which  he  was  sutFo- 
cated.  Moliere  may  be  regarded  as  the 
true  father  of  French  comedy  ;  and  Vol- 
taire styles  him  "  the  best  comic  writer 
of  any  nation."  lie  chastised  the  cox- 
combry, false  wit,  and  pedantry  of  the 
day,  and  his  works  may  be  considered 
as  a  history  of  the  manners,  fashions, 
and  tastes  of  the  times.  In  private  life 
he  was  humane  and  benevolent  in  a 
high  degree,  and  no  one  had  more 
friends  of  rank  and  talent,  or  vis  more 
lamented  by  them,  but  his  matri.nonial 
connection  with  a  young  actress,  whose 
conduct  subjected  him  to  great  annoy- 
ances, imbittered  his  domestic  enjoy- 
ments.    D.  1673. 

MOLIERES,  .Joseph  Privat  de,  a 
philosophical  writer,  was  b.  at  Tarascon, 
in  1677,  became  a  member  of  the  con- 
gregation of  the  Oratory,  and  was  a  pupil 
of  Malebranche,  on  whose  death  he 
quitted  the  society,  and  devoted  himself 
wholly  to  physics  and  mathematics.  He 
was  afterwards  professor  of  philosophy 
at  the  royal  colletre,  and  d.  in  1742.  His 
works  are,  "  Philosophical  Lectures," 
"Mathematical  Lectures,"  and  "La 
Premier  Partie  des  Elemens  de  Geome- 
tric." 

MOLIN,  James,  usually  called  Dn- 
moulin,  a  celebrated  French  physician, 
was  b.  in  1666,  became  chief  physician 
to  the  army  in  Catalonia,  at  the  age  of 
26,  and  on  his  return  to  Paris,  in  1706, 
added  to  his  reputation  by  his  cure  of 
the  prince  of  Conde.  In"  his  medical 
practice  he  was  so  partial  to  venesection, 
that  it  is  supposed  Lc  Sage  intendcl  to 
satirize  liim  under  the  character  of  Dr. 
Sanirrado.     I).  1755. 

MOLINOS,  Michael,  a  Spanish  theo- 
logian, and  founder  of  the  sect  called 
Quietists,  was  b.  1627,  at  Saragossa,  but 
passed  the  greater  part  of  his  life  at 
Rome,  where,  in  1675,  he  published  his 
celebrated  "  Spiritual  Guide,"  which 
was  condemned  by  the  Iiujuisition  ten 
years  after  its  first  api)ear;mce,  and  the 
author  sentenced  to  perpetual  imprison- 
ment. He  d.  a  captive,  in  1696.  The 
followers  of  Molinos,  of  whom  Madame 
Guyon  was  tlie  principal,  wore  oaUod 


mon] 


CVCLOP.KDIA    OF    lilOGliAPIIV. 


041 


Qnictists,  because  they  maintained  that 
relitriou  consists  in  an  abstraction  of  the 
mind  from  external  and  tinitc  objects. 

MOLYNKUX,  William,  an  ingenious 
mathctnatician,  was  b.  at  Dublin,  in 
lij.'itj.  The  philosophical  society,  estab- 
lished at  Dublin  in  1CS3,  owed  its  origiqi 
to  his  endeavors,  and  he  became  the 
first  secretary.  Soon  after,  lie  was  ap- 
pointed surveyor-general  of  the  works, 
and  chief  entrincer.  Tn  1685  he  was 
chosen  a  member  of  the  Royal  Society, 
and  in  16S9  he  settled  with  his  family 
at  Chester,  where  lie  employed  himself 
in  finishinff  his  "  Treatise  on  Dioptrics." 
In  this  year  he  returned  to  Dublin,  and 
was  chosen  one  of  the  representatives 
for  that  city.  Besides  the  above,  he 
wrote  "  Sciothericum  Telescopium  ;" 
also,  "The  Case  of  Ireland  stated,  in 
relation  to  its  beinir  bound  by  Acts  of 
Parliament  in  Enirland  ;"  and  some 
papers  in  the  "  riiilosophical  Transac- 
tions."— Samuel,  his  son,  was  b.  at 
Chester,  in  1689,  became  secretary  to 
Oeorsre  II.,  when  prince  of  AVales,  and 
was  distinguished  by  his  skill  in  as- 
tronomv. 

MOXCRIF,  Fran-CIS  Ai-c;ustin-  Paha- 
Dis  Di;,  a  member  of  the  French  Acade- 
my, was  b.  at  Paris,  in  1687,  became  ttie 
favorite  of  fashionable  society  by  his 
musical,  theatrical,  and  poetical  talents, 
and  d.  in  1770.  Ilis  principal  works  are 
"  An  Essay  on  the  Art  of  Fleasinsr," 
and  a  romance,  entitled  "  Les  Ames 
Kivalcs." 

MoXK,  George,  duke  of  Albemarle, 
a  distiiiijnished  military  commander, 
and  a  {rreat  promoter  of  the  restoration 
of  Charles  II.,  was  the  son  of  Sir 
Tliomas  Monk,  of  Potheride,  near  Tor- 
rinixton  in  Devonshire,  and  b.  in  1608. 
On  the  breakin?  out  of  the  war  between 
Charles  I.  and  the  Scotch  in  1609,  he 
obtained  a  colonel's  commission,  and 
attended  his  majesty  in  both  his  expe- 
ditions to  the  north.  When  the  Irish 
rebellion  began  in  1641,  his  services 
there  were  so  important,  that  the  lords 
justices  thoujrht  proper  to  appoint  him 
governor  of  Dublin.  On  his  return  to 
England  he  was  sent  to  relieve  Nant- 
wiuli,  where  he  was  taken  prisoner  by 
the  army  belonginj  to  the  parliament, 
and  sent  to  the  Tower,  where  he  re- 
mained till  1646.  The  royal  cause  beinjr 
now  ruined,  lie  obtained  his  liberty  on 
condition  of  takimr  a  command  in  Ire- 
land, where  lie  concluded  a  peace  which 
displeased  the  parliament,  wlio  piussed  a 
vote  of  censure  upon  him  lor  it.  Crom- 
well, however,  who  thousrht  highly  of 
54* 


his  military  talents,  made  him  lieuten- 
nnt-gencral,  and  gave  him  the  command 
in  Scotland.  But  the  sagacious  protector 
had  strong  suspicions  of  Monk's  sin- 
cerity; and  not  long  before  his  death 
wrote  him  a  letter,  to  which  he  added 
this  postscript :  "There  be  that  tell  me 
that  there  is  a  certain  cunning  fellow  in 
Scotland,  called  George  Monk,  who  is 
said  to  lie  in  wait  there  to  introduco 
Charles  Stuart:  I  pray  you  use  j'our 
diligence  to  aiiprehend  him  and  send 
him  up  to  me."  On  the  decease  of  the 
protector,  the  resignation  of  power  by 
his  son,  and  the  contest  of  parties  which 
subsequently  took  place,  he  availed  him- 
self of  the  commanding  situation  which 
he  occupied,  to  crush  the  republicans, 
and  promote  the  recall  and  restoration 
of  the  Stuart  family  to  the  throne,  in 
the  person  of  Charles  II.  As  the  re- 
warcT  of  his  loyalty,  he  was  created  duke 
of  Albemarle,  with  a  pension  of  £7000 
a  year,  made  a  privy  councillor,  and 
invested  with  the  order  of  the  srarter. 
In  1664  he  was  appointed  admiral  of  tho 
licet  in  conjunction  with  Prince  Rupert, 
and  in  1666  obtained  a  great  victory 
over  the  Dutch,  in  a  tremendous  battle, 
which  lasted  three  davs.     D.  1670. 

MONMOUTH,  James,  duke  of,  a 
natural  son  of  Charles  II.,  wa.s  b.  at 
Rotterdam,  in  1619.  He  was  distin- 
guished by  his  personal  attractions,  iiis 
affable  address,  and  thoughtless  gener- 
osity ;  hence  he  became  very  popular. 
But  he  was  weak-minded  and  pliant. 
He  was  concerned  in  various  plots, 
which  had  for  their  object  the  exclusion 
of  the  duke  of  York  from  the  crown ; 
and  he  was,  in  consequence,  ordered  by 
Charles  to  quit  the  kingdom.  On  the 
accession  of  James  II.,  beinir  urired  to 
the  act  by  some  of  his  partisans,  ho 
landed  at  Lyme,  with  scarcely  a  hun- 
dred followers,  (June,  1685;)  but  his 
numbers  were  soon  increased,  and  ho 
assumed  the  title  of  kincf,  and  asserted 
the  legitimacy  of  his  birth.  His  forces 
were  defeated,  and  the  duke  himself 
was  made  prisoner,  having  been  found 
in  the  disguise  of  a  peasant,  lyinsr  at  the 
bottom  of  a  ditch,  overcome  with  hun- 
ger, fatigue,  and  anxiety.  He  rot'used 
to  betray  his  accomplices,  and  conducted 
himself  with  much  firmness  on  tho 
scafTold,  where  his  head  was  severed 
from  his  body,  after  four  unsuccessful 
blows.  The  people,  of  whom  he  was 
still  the  favorite,  believed  that  the  per- 
son executed  was  not  Monmouth  ;  and 
it  was  probalily  this  belief  which  hiw 
led  some  to  conjecture  that  the  famous 


Q^ 


CVCLOP.EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[mou 


*'Iron  Mask"    was  the  duko  of   Mon- 
mouth. 

MONKO,  Alexander,  an  eminent 
physiciuu  and  anatomist,  of  Scottish 
descent,  was  b.  in  London,  in  161(7.  He 
wrote  "  Osteolojrv,  or  a  Treatise  on  the 
Anatomy  of  the  liones ;"  and  an  "Ac- 
count of  the  Success  of  Inoculation  in 
Seothmd."  1).  1707. — Alex.\ndek,  his 
eldest  son,  published  numerous  works, 
among  wliieh  are,  "  Observations  on  the 
Nervous  System,"  "The  Structure  and 
Physiology  of  Fishes,"  "  A  Descrip- 
tion of  the  Bursic  Mucosae,"  "Three 
Treatises  on  tiie  Brain,  Eye,  and  Ear," 
"  Observations  on  the  Crural  Hernia," 
"  Outlines  of  the  Anatomy  of  the  Hu- 
man Body." — Donald,  his  second  son, 
became  a  physician  in  the  army ;  and 
wrote  "  Observations  on  tiie  Means  of 
preserving  the  Health  of  Soldiers,"  and 
a  "  Treatise  on  Medical  and  Pharmaceu- 
tical  Chemistry."     D.  lSO-2. 

MONllOE,  "James,  president  of  the 
United  Stales,  was  b.  in  Virp-inia,  in 
17511,  and  was  educated  in  William  and 
Mary  college.  He  entered  the  revolu- 
tionary war  in  1770  as  a  cadet,  was  at 
tlie  battles  of  Harlem  Heights  and 
AViiite  Plains,  and  in  the  attack  on 
Trenton,  and  rose  through  the  rank  of 
lieutenant  to  that  of  captain.  He  was 
present  at  the  battles  of  Brandywine, 
Germantown,  and  Monmouth,  as  aid  to 
Lord  Sterling.  Kesuming  the  study  of 
the  law,  he  entered  the  office  of  Mr. 
JetFerson,  and  after  being  a  member  of 
the  assembly  of  Virginia  and  the  coun- 
cil, he  was  elected  in  1783,  a  member  of 
the  old  congress.  In  1790  he  was 
elected  a  member  of  the  senate  of  the 
United  States,  in  17'J4  went  as  minister 
plenipotentiary  to  France,  and  in  1799 
was  appointed  governor  of  Virginia. 
In  18ii3  lie  was  appointed  minister  ex- 
traordinary to  France,  in  the  same  year 
minister  to  London,  and  in  the  next 
minister  to  Spain.  In  1806  he  was 
again  appointed,  in  conjunction  with 
Mr.  William  Pinkney,  minister  to  Lon- 
don. Ho  was  subsequently  governor  of 
Virginia;  in  1811  was  appointed  secre- 
tary of  state,  and  continued  to  exercise 
the  duties  of  this  department,  and  for 
some  time  tliose  of  the  department  of 
war,  till  1817.  In  that  year  ho  was 
chosen  presi<lent  of  tlu^  Union,  and  in 
1821  was  rc-clect(^d  by  a  unanimous 
vote,  with  the  single  exception  of  one 
vote  in  New  Hampsliire.  He  d.  in 
New  '^'ork.  on  the  4th  of  July,  1831. 

MONSTRELET,  Enouerrand  de,  a 
French  chronicler  of  the  lutli  century, 


b.  about  1390,  and  d.  in  1453.  He  was 
provost  of  Cambray,  and  bailiff  of  Wa- 
lincourt ;  and  wrote  a  chronicle  of  events, 
from  the  year  1400  to  1453,  the  year  in 
which  he  died. 

MONTAGU,  George,  an  eminent 
naturalist,  was  a  native  of  Wiltshire. 
He  devoted  his  particular  attention  to 
the  study  of  ornithology  and  conchology ; 
and  was  the  author  of  "  An  Ornitho- 
logical Dictionary"  and  "Testacea  Bri- 
taunica,  or  Natural  History  of  British 
Sliells."  D.  1815. — Mai^y  'Wortley,  a 
lady  distinguislied  for  her  literary  at- 
taiuinents,  was  the  eldest  daughter  of 
Evelyn,  duke  of  Kingston,  and  b.  aboub 
1G90,  at  Thoresby,  in  Nottinghamshire. 
She  made  a  great  proficiency  in  the 
Latin  and  Greek  languages,  under  the 
suiierintendence  of  Bishop  Burnet.  In 
1712  she  married  Mr.  Edward  Wortley 
Montagu,  whom  she  accompanied  in 
his  embassy  to  Constantinople,  from 
which  place  she  wrote  "  Letters,"  to 
Mr.  Pope,  Mr.  Addison,  and  other  emi- 
nent literati  of  the  time,  which  are  very 
interesting,  and  contain  many  curious 
facts  respecting  the  manners  of  the 
Turks.  She  is  also  memorable  for  hav- 
ing first  introduced  the  practice  of  in- 
oculation into  that  country,  for  which 
millions  have  had  cause  to  bless  her 
memory.  She  closed  a  life  marked  by 
a  great  variety  of  adventures,  in  1762. 
Her  collected  works  have  been  published 
in  six  volumes;  and  her  "Letters"  cer- 
tainly place  her  at  the  heail  of  female 
epistolary  writers  in  Great  Britain. 

MONTAGUE,  Elizabeth,  an  eminent 
female  writer,  was  the  daugliter  of  Mat- 
tlicw  Eobinson,  esq.,  of  Yorkshire,  b. 
1720.  She  had  an  opportunity  of  prose- 
cuting her  studies  under  the  direction 
of  Conyers  Middlcton,  to  whom  she  was 
probably  indebted  for  the  tincture  of 
learning  which  so  remarkably  influenced 
her  character  and  manners.  About 
1742  slie  married  Edward  Montague,  a 
descendant  of  the  first  earl  of  Sand- 
wich. Mrs.  Montague  published  "  An 
Essay  on  the  Writings  and  Genius  of 
Shakspeare,"  which  obtained  a  great 
and  deserved  reputation.  She  formed 
a  literary  society  known  by  the  name  of 
the  "Blue  Stockin?  Club,"  from  the 
circumstance  that  Mr.  Benjamin  Stil- 
lingfleet,  a  gentleman  belontring  to  it, 
wore  stockings  of  that  color.  Mrs. 
Montiigue  was  noticed  for  another  pecu- 
liarity, that  of  giving  an  annual  dmner 
on  May-day  to  the  chimney-sweepers  of 
the  metropolis.     D.  1800. 

MONTAIGNE,  Michael  de,  a  cele- 


N] 


CVCLOP.EDIA     OK    UlUGItAl'lIY. 


643 


bratod  Freneli  essayist,  was  b.  in  1533, 
at  tlio  castle  belonariiig  to  his  family,  in 
Perigord.  Ilis  father,  Pierre  Eyqueni, 
seigiiear  de  Montaigne,  bestowed  tlie 
greatest  care  on  the  cultivation  of  his 
son's  promising  talents ;  and  after  a 
course  of  suitable  instruction  Montaigne 
became  a  parliamentary  counsellor,  but 
his  aversion  to  the  duties  of  the  station 
led  him  to  retire  from  it.  The  study  of 
man  was  his  favorite  occupation,  and  he 
therefore  devoted  himself  entirely  to 
philosophical  subjects,  llis  quiet,  how- 
ever, was  disturbed  by  the  troubles 
which  distracted  France  in  consequence 
of  the  cruel  persecutions  of  the  Hugue- 
nots;  llis  castle  was  plundered  by  the 
leaguers,  and  he  himself  was  ill-treated 
by  their  adversaries.  To  these  causes 
of  distress  was  added  the  plague,  which 
broke  out  in  Guienne,  in  158(5,  and  com- 
pelled him  to  leave  his  estate,  with  his 
family,  and  wander  through  the  coun- 
try, which  was  then  the  theatre  of  all 
kinds  of  atrocities.  He  then  resided 
some  time  in  Paris,  but  finally  returned 
home,  and  d.  in  15U2.  His  celebrated 
"Essays"  contain  a  treasure  of  wisdom, 
and  may  still  be  deemed  one  of  the 
most  popular  books  in  the  French  lan- 
guage. Their  style,  without  being  pure 
or  correct,  is  simple,  bold,  lively,  and 
energetic.  Cardinal  du  Perron  cmphaii- 
eally  called  them  the  breviary  of  honest 
men ;  and  La  Ilarpe  observes,  "  It  is 
not  a  book  we  arc  reading,  but  a  con- 
versation to  which  we  are  listening; 
atid  he  persuades,  because  he  does  not 
teach." 

MONTALVAN,  Don  Luis  Perez  de, 
an  eminent  Spanish  dramatist  in  the 
reiirn  of  Philip  IV.,  whose  writings  are 
distinguished  by  sfood  taste  and  sound 
iiulginent.  D.  1039. 
■  M()NTALEMBERT,MARKREXE,mar- 
quis  de,  a  French  general,  was  b.  1714, 
at  Angoulcme;  entered  the  army  early 
in  life ;  and  in  the  seven  years'  war  was 
attached  to  the  staff  of  the  armies  of 
Russia  and  Sweden,  to  give  an  account 
of  military  operations  to  the  French 
ministry.  He  published  a  work  on  for- 
titications,  besides  three  volumes  of 
"iorrespondence  on  military  subjects; 
ind  papers  in  the  memoirs  of  the  Acad- 
(uiv  of  Sciences. 

MONTANUS,  the  founder  of  a  new 
feet,  in  the  2d  century,  was  a  native  of 
Phrygia.  He  alFeetect  to  be  a  prophet ; 
and,  having  deceived  two  rich  ladies, 
named  Priscilla  and  MaximiUa,  by  his 
pretended  sanctity,  and  exalted  them 
into  prophetesses,  ho  asserted  it  as  an 


article  of  faith,  that  the  fulness  "of  the 
Spirit  was  imparted  to  these  three  cho- 
sen vessels  to  complete  the  mystery  of 
eternal  redemption.  Among  otliers  wlio 
fell  into  this  delusion  were  Tertullian 
and  Theodotus.— Be.n'Edict  Arias,  a 
Spanish  Benedictine,  was  b.  at  Fre-^ce- 
ncl,  in  Estremadura,  in  1527,  and  edu- 
cated at  Alcala.  lie  was  at  the  council 
of  Trent,  and,  on  his  return  to  Spain, 
was  emjiloyed  in  editing  a  polyglot 
Bible,  lie  was  one  of' the  most  learned 
divines  of  the  16th  century,  and  d.  at 
Seville,  in  1598.— John  Baptist,  an 
Italian  physician,  was  b.  at  Verona,  in 
14SS.  He  was  sent  to  study  the  law  at 
Padua,  instead  of  wiiicli  he  applied  to 
physic,  and  became  professor  of  medi- 
cine. D.  1551.  He  translated  into  Latin 
the  works  of  ylvtius  ;  the  poem  of  Mu- 
sseus,  the  "  Argonautics"  of  Orpheus, 
and  tlie  ''Tragopodanrra  of  Lucian." 

MONTECUCULI,  Raymond  de,  a  cele- 
brated general,  was  b.  in  1608,  of  a  dis- 
tinguished family  in  the  Modenese,  and 
entered  into  the  service  of  the  emperor 
of  Germany.  In  1634,  at  the  head  of 
2000  horse,' he  surprised  10,000  Swedes, 
and  took  their  baggage  and  artillery ; 
but  he  was  soon  after  defeated,  and 
taken  prisoner.  In  1637  he  defeated 
Razolzi,  prince  of  Transylvania  :  in  1664 
he  gained  a  splendid  victory  over  the 
Turks  at  St.  Gothard  ;  and,  in  1675  and 
1676,  he  commanded  on  the  Rhine,  and 
foiled  all  the  efforts  of  Turenne  and  the 
prince  of  Conde  by  his  masterly  ma- 
noeuvres. D.  16S0.  He  wrote  some  ex- 
cellent "  ^Ic'moires"  on  the  military  art, 
and  a  treatise  on  the  "  Art  of  Reisning." 

MONTESQUIEU,  Charles  de  Secox- 
DAT,  baron  de,  was  b.  at  the  castle  of 
Brede,  near  Bordeaux,  in  163'.) ;  and  in 
1716  became  president  of  the  parliament 
of  Bordeaux.  His  first  appearance  as 
an  author  was  in  the  publication  of  the 
"Persian  Letters,"  a  work  which  gave 
proofs  of  a  fine  genius  and  a  solid  judg- 
ment. In  1728  he  was  admitted  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Academy,  on  which  occasion  ho 
delivered  an  eloquent  discourse.  Hav- 
ing given  up  his  civil  employments,  ho 
went  on  his  travels,  and  remained  in 
P^nirland  three  years.  After  his  return 
he  retired  to  his  estate,  and  there  com- 
pleted his  work  "On  the  Causes  of  tho 
Grandeur  and  Declension  of  the  Ro- 
mans," which  was  published  in  1734. 
His  irreatest  performance,  however,  is 
the  "Spirit  of  Laws,"  which  eaino  out 
in  1748,  and,  though  attacked  by  some 
writers,  secured  its  ground  in  tlie  esti- 
mation of  the  literary  world.     His  other 


644 


CyCLOP.EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[mom 


■works  are,  "  The  Temple  of  Cnidus,"  a 
piecu  called  '•  Lysiumclius,"  and  an 
"  Esi^ay  on  Tuste."'  Burke  characterizes 
him  as  "a  genius  not  born  in  every 
country,  or  every  time, — with  an  Hercu- 
lean robustness  of  mind,  and  nerves  not 
to  be  broken  with  labor."     D.  1765. 

MONTEZU^tlA,  emperor  of  Mexico 
at  the  time  of  the  Spanish  invasion. 
Having,  by  his  despotic  government, 
made  himself  many  enemies,  they  will- 
ingly joined  Cortez,  and  assisted  him 
in  his  progress.  Seized  in  the  heart  of 
his  capital,  and  kept  as  a  hostage  at  the 
Spanish  quarters,  he  was  at  lirst  treated 
with  respect,  which  was  soon  changed 
into  insult,  and  fetters  were  put  on  his 
legs.  He  was  at  length  obliged  to  ac- 
loiowledge  his  vassalage  to  the  king  of 
Spain,  but  he  could  not  be  brought  to 
change  his  religion.  He  d.  in  1520,  from 
being  struck  on  the  temple  with  a  stone, 
while  persuading  his  tuundtuotis  sub- 
jects to  receive  the  Spanish  voke. 

MONTFAUCOX,  Bersakd  de,  a  cele- 
brated French  critic  and  antiquary,  was 
b.  at  the  castle  of  Sontage,  in  Languedoe, 
m  1655;  became  a  Benedictine  monk, 
after  having  engaged  in  the  military 
service ;  and  d.  in  1741.  He  was  a  vo- 
lummous  WTiter ;  but  the  most  import- 
ant of  his  works  is  that  treasure  of  clas- 
sical archeeology,  entitled  "  L'Antiquite 
cxplique  et  representee  en  Figures." 

MONTFORT,  Simon  de,  earl  of  Lei- 
cester, son  of  the  Simon  de  Montfort 
who  distinguished  himself  by  his  zeal 
and  severity  in  the  crusade  against  the 
Albigenses,  was  b.  in  France,  and  re- 
tired to  England  in  1231,  on  account  of 
some  dispute  with  Queen  Blanche. 
Henry  HI.  received  him  very  kindly, 
bestowed  upon  him  the  earldom  of  Lei- 
cester, which  had  formerly  belonged  to 
his  ancestors,  and  gave  him  his  sister, 
the  countess  dowager  of  Tembroke,  in 
marriage.  After  this,  Henry  appointed 
him  seneschal  of  Gascony ;  but  he  ruled 
80  despotically  there,  that  he  was  recalled, 
and  a  violent  altercation  took  phice  be- 
tween them,  in  whicli  the  king  applied 
the  opprobrious  epitliet  of  "ti'aitor"  to 
his  subject,  and  the  latter  gave  his  sov- 
ereign the  lie.  A  reconciliation  was, 
however,  effected,  and  De  Montfort  was 
employed  on  several  occasions,  in  a  di- 
plomatic and  military  capacity.  In  1258 
he  appeared  in  parliament  at  the  head  of 
the  discontented  barons,  who  were  all 
armed,  and  demanded  tliat  the  adminis- 
tration sliould  be  put  in  tlie  hands  of 
twenty  four  barons,  wlio  were  empow- 
ered to  redress  grievances,  and  to  reform 


the  state.  This  was  conceded,  and  for 
a  time  submitted  to ;  till  at  length  hos- 
tilities commenced  between  the  barons 
and  the  royal  party,  which  ended  in  the 
ti'iumph  of  the  former  at  the  battle  of 
Lewes.  From  what  precise  cause  it  does 
not  appear,  but  probably  it  was  owing 
to  his  arrogance  and  rapacity,  that  a 
powerful  party  was  raised  up  against 
him  among  the  barons  ;  and,  according 
to  some,  this  was  tlie  motive  which  in- 
duced him  to  summon  knights  of  shires 
and  burgesses  to  the  parliament  in  1265. 
Whatever  may  have  been  his  motive, 
however,  he  thus  became  the  founder 
of  the  English  house  of  commons.  In 
the  same  year  was  fought  the  battle  of 
Evesham,  in  which  the  royal  forces  were 
led  by  Prince  Edward ;  and  there,  in 
attempting  to  rally  his  troops,  by  rush- 
ing into  the  midst  of  the  enemy,  he  was 
surrounded  and  slain. 

MONTGOLFIEK,  Jacques  Etienne, 
the  inventor  of  air-balloons,  was  b.  in 
1745,  at  Vidalon-les-Annouai.  In  con- 
juncticn  with  an  elder  brother  he  de- 
voted himself  to  scientific  pursuits,  and 
was  the  first  who  manufactured  the 
vellum  paper,  still  so  much  admired  for 
its  beauty.  One  day  while  boiling  water 
in  a  cofiee-pot,  the  top  of  which  waa 
covered  with  paper  folded  in  a  spherical 
form,  he  saw  the  paper  swell  and  rise — 
a  circumstance  that  furnished  him  with 
the  idea  of  a  light  machine,  made  buoy- 
ant by  inflation,  and  traversing  the  air. 
After  various  preliminary  trials,  it  being 
ascertained  that  a  balloon,  with  a  car 
attached  to  it,  could  be  kept  suspended 
by  a  supply  of  heated  air,  the  experi- 
ment was  repeated  on  a  large  scale  at 
Versailles,  when  the  marquis  cl'  Orlandes 
ascended  in  the  presence  of  the  royal 
lamily,  and  a  vast  concourse  of  spec- 
tators.    D.  1799. 

MONTI,  ViNCENZo,  one  of  the  most 
celebrated  poets  of  modern  Italy,  was  b. 
at  Fusignano,  near  Ferrara,  in  1753 ;  and 
became  as  notorious  for  the  versatility 
of  his  political  principles  as  for  his  poetic 
talents.  He  commenced  his  career  as 
secretary  to  Luigi  Braschi,  nephew  of 
Pope  Pius  VI.,  and  was  then  a  violent 
enemy  of  the  French;  he  afterwards 
became  a  republican  ;  next  a  panegyrist 
of  Napoleon ;  and  ended  by  eulogizing 
the  emperor  of  Austria.  Ills  "Basvilli- 
ana,"  written  on  the  murder  of  Hugo 
Basseville,  tlie  French  ambassador  at 
Kome,  is  a  close  imitation  of  Dante,  and 
gained  him  a  high  reputation.  His 
otlier  chief  works  were,  "Bardo  della 
Selva  nera,"  and  a  translation  of  Homer's 


moo] 


CYCIOP.EUIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


645 


Iliad ;  and  his  dramatic  writings  are  tlie 
tragedies  of  "  Guleotti  Muufredi,"  "Aris- 
todeiuo,"  and  "ChIus  Graoehus."  lie 
was  successively  appointed  professor  of 
the  belles  lettres  and  of  rhetoric  in  the 
university  of  I'adua,  and  historioffrapher 
of  the  kingdom  of  Italy  ;  and,  after  the 
destruction  of  that  state,  he  was  fortu- 
nate enough  to  preserve  his  place  and 
Seusion  under  the  new  govennnent. 
[e  was  also  a  knight  of  tlie  legion  of 
honor,  and  a  member  of  many  learned 
societies.     D.  1S2S. 

MONTMOKENCY,  Anne  de,  peer, 
marshal,  and  constable  of  France,  b.  in 
1493,  was  one  of  the  greatest  generals 
of  the  16th  century.  He  distinguished 
himself  under  Francis  1.,  in  the  wars 
against  Charles  V.,  and  was  made  pris- 
oner at  the  battle  of  Pavia,  which  was 
fought  against  his  advice.  D.  1567. — 
PIenry  if.,  duke  de,  was  b.  in  15'J5,  and 
in  his  18th  year  was  created  admiral  of 
France.  He  defeated  the  Protestants  in 
Ijanguedoc;  and,  in  1628,  he  gained  de- 
cided advantages  over  the  duke  de  Ko- 
han,  leader  of  the  Huguenots.  In  1630 
he  held  the  chief  conunand  in  Piedmont, 
and  defeated  the  Spaniards  under  Doria. 
Ilis  services  were  at  length  rewarded 
with  a  marshal's  baton  ;  and  being  jeal- 
ous of  the  inlluence  of  Cardinal  Riche- 
lieu, he,  with  Gaston,  duke  of  Orleans, 
raised  tlie  standard  of  rebellion  in  Lan- 

fuedoc,  where,  being  opposed  by  Le 
'orce  and  Schomberg,  he  was  woimdcd 
and  made  prisoner,  lie  was  condemned 
to  deatli  by  the  parliament  of  Toulouse, 
and  executed,  in  1632. 

MONTPENSIEK,  Anne  Maria  Louisa, 
of  Orleans,  b.  at  Paris,  in  1627,  was  the 
daughter  of  Gaston,  duke  of  Orleans, 
and  the  niece  of  Louis  Xlll.  In  the 
civil  contests  which  distinguished  the 
minority  of  Louis  XIV.,  she  was  a  zeal- 
ous partisan  of  Condc;  and,  in  fact,  her 
whole  life  was  a  scene  of  restless  am- 
bition and  intrigue.     D.  1693. 

MONTKOSE,"Jami;s  Guauam,  marquis 
of,  a  dislinguislied  royalist  under  Charles 
I.,  was  tlie  .*on  of  the  carl  of  Montrose, 
wiio  gave  him  an  excellent  education, 
which  was  improved  by  a  residence  in 
Fiance,  where  he  held  a  commission  in 
the  Scotch  guards.  On  his  return  home 
he  experienced  such  neglect  through 
the  jealousy  of  the  marquis  of  Hamilton, 
as  induced  him  to  join  tlic  Covenanters ; 
but  he  afterwards  took  a  very  active  part 
on  the  side  of  the  king ;  and  in  a  few 
months  gained  the  battles  of  Pertli, 
Aberdeen,  and  Inverloehy  ;  for  which 
service  he  was  created  a  marquis.    In 


1645  his  fortune  changed ;  and  after 
suffering  a  defeat  from  Lesley,  he  was 
obliged  to  leave  the  kingdom,  when  ho 
landed  in  Orkney  with  a  few  followers, 
but  was  soon  overpowered,  conveyed  to 
Edinburgli,  and  there  hung  and  quar- 
tered. 

MONTUCCl,  Antonio,  a  learned  phi- 
lologist, particularly  excelling  as  a  Chi- 
nese scholar,  was  b.  at  Sienna,  in  1762, 
and  studied  at  the  university  there,  de- 
voting himself  to  the  living  languages 
with  almost  incredible  application.  In 
1785  he  was  aptiointed  professor  of  En- 
glish in  the  Tolomei  college;  and,  in 
1789,  accompanied  Mr.  Wedgwood  to 
England  as  Italian  teacher  in  liis  family. 
Being  in  London  in  1792,  wlien  prep- 
arations were  making  for  Lord  Macart- 
ney's embassy  to  China,  Montucci  took 
the  opportunity  of  obtaining  assistance 
from  some  Chinese  youths  attached  to 
the  embassy,  in  acquiring  their  language, 
with  which  he  was  before  only  imper- 
fectly acquainted.  Tlie  result  was  he 
projected  a  Chinese  dictionary,  the  pros- 
pectus of  which  he  forwarded  to  several 
princes  and  academies  in  Europe.  In 
1806  he  went  to  Ikrlin,  on  the  invitation 
of  the  king  of  Prussia  ;  but  the  invasion 
of  the  country  by  Bonaparte  for  somo 
time  interrupted  "his  plans  ;  and,  return- 
ing to  Italy,  he  d.  at  Sienna,  in  1829. 
He  is  the  autlK)r  of  a  "Chinese  Diction- 
ary," an  "Italian  Pocket  Dictionary," 
and  several  elementary  works  in  thai 
language;  and  he  edited  the  "  Poesie 
inedite  de  Lorenzo  de'  Medici,"  pub- 
lished at  the  expense  of  Mr.  Koscoe. 

MONTUCLA,  John  Stephen,  an  emi- 
nent French  mathematician,  was  b.  at 
Lyons,  in  1725;  studied  at  the  .lesuits' 
college,  and  acquired  legal  knowledge 
at  Toulouse,  but  relinquished  the  law 
for  the  cultivation  of  mathematical  sci- 
ence; was  sent  to  Cayenne,  in  1764,  as 
astronomer;  and  d.  in  1799.  His  chief 
work  is  his  "Histoire  des  Math^mati- 
qnes." 

MOORE,  EnwARD,  an  English  poet 
and  dramatic  writer,  b.  1712.  In  1744 
lie  published  his  "Fables  for  the  Fe- 
male Sex,"  and  after  that  the  comedies 
of  the  "  Foundling,"  and  "  Gil  Bias," 
and  the  tragedy  of  "  The  Gamester." 
He  next  became  the  editor  of  a  periodi- 
cal paper,  called  "The  AVorld,"  in  which 
he  was  assisted  by  lords  LyttletoUj 
Clicsteriicld,  and  many  other  men  ot 
rank  and  talent.  I)."  1757. — John,  a 
phvsician,  and  miscellaneous  writer,  b. 
in*1780,  at  Stirling.  In  1799  he  pub- 
lished tlie  fruits  of  his  travels  in  "A 


646 


CVCLOP-.BDIA    OK    UIOGRAPHY. 


[mor 


View  of  Society  and  Manners  in  France, 
Switzerland,  and  Germany,"  and  in 
1781  two  volumes  more,  entitled  "A 
View  of  Society  and  Manners  in  Italy." 
Afcur  this,  ho  published  liis  "  Medical 
Sketches  ;"'  a  novel  entitled  "  Zeluco," 
which  abounds  with  incident,  and  af- 
fords a  striking  illustration  of  Italian 
character  and  manners.  In  17'J5  he 
published  "A  View  of  the  Causes  and 
Progress  of  the  French  Revolution." 
He  subsequently  published  a  novel,  en- 
titled "  Edward,  or  various  Views  of 
Human  Nature,"  and  "  Mordaunt,  or 
Skctclics  of  Life,  Character,  and  Man- 
ners in  various  Countries."  D.  1802. — 
Sir  John,  a  distinguished  military  com- 
mander, was  the  eldest  son  of  Dr.  John 
Moore,  and  b.  at  Glasgow,  in  1761.  In 
17'JtJ  he  went  out  as  a  brimidier-general 
to  the  West  Indies,  under  Sir  Kalph 
Abcrcromby,  who  appointed  him  to  tlie 
government  of  St.  Lucie,  in  the  capture 
of  which  he  had  a  principal  shai'c.  On 
his  return  home,  in  17'J7,  he  was  em- 
ploved  in  Ireland  during  the  rebellion, 
and  was  raised  to  the  rank  of  major- 
general.  In  1803  he  was  appointed  to 
command  an  army  in  Spain,  where, 
after  a  skilful  and  arduous  retreat  be- 
fore a  very  superior  force,  ho  fell  by  a 
cannon-ball,  under  the  walls  of  Corunna, 
January  IGtli,  ISO'J. — James,  governor 
of  South  Carolina,  succeeded  Blake  in 
17I.M),  and  continued  in  office  until  Sir 
Isatlianiel  Johnson  assumed  it  in  1703. 
The  provocations  of  the  Spaniards  in- 
duced Governor  Moore,  in  1702,  to  pro- 
pose to  the  assembly  an  expedition 
against  St.  Augustine.  The  measure  was 
adopted,  but  proved  unsuccessful,  and 
entailed  a  heavy  burden  on  the  colony. 
To  answer  the  public  exigence  on  tiiis 
occasion,  the  first  paper  money  was 
issued  in  South  Carolina,  under  the 
name  of  bills  of  credit.  In  1719,  when 
tlie  revolution  took  place,  and  Governor 
Kobert  Johnson  was  deposed.  Colonel 
Moore,  who  had  early  and  zealously  es- 
poused tlie  cause  of  the  people,  was 
chosen  governor.  lie  was  well  qualified 
by  his  prudence  and  enterprise  for  the 
crisis,  and  wlien  the  transfer  of  the  gov- 
ernment to  the  king  was  effected,  and 
General  Nicholson  was  placed  at  the 
head  of  the  government,  Colonel  Moore 
was  elected  speaker  of  the  assembly, 
and  continued  to  be  rcchosen  until  1725. 
— Sir  Henky,  governor  of  New  York, 
was  appointed  in  17G"'>,  and  arrived  in 
the  colony  in  November  following.  He 
conti  lued  governor  until  his  death,  1769. 
MOKE,  Antonio,  a  celebrated  portrait 


painter,  b.  at  Utrecht,  in  1519.  He  was 
very  successful  in  his  portraits,  of  which 
he  painted  several  in  England,  in  the 
reign  of  Queen  Mary,  on  whose  death 
he  accompanied  Philip  II.  to  Spain, 
where  he  lived  in  terms  of  great  inti- 
macy with  that  monarch.  D.  1575. — 
Hannah,  an  eminent  moral  writer,  was 
li.  at  Stapleton,  in  Gloucestershire,  in 
1744.  Siie  was  one  of  the  live  daughters 
of  a  village  schoolmaster.  The  literary 
abilities  of  Hainiah  early  attracted  no- 
tice. Her  first  literary  production,  "  The 
Search  after  Happiness,"  a  pastoral 
drama,  was  written  when  she  was  only 
18  years  of  go,  though  not  published 
till  1773.  By  the  encouragement  of 
Garrick,  she  tried  her  strength  in  tragic 
composition,  and  wrote  "The  Inflexible 
Captive,"  a  tragedy,  which  was  printed 
in  1764.  Her  tragedy  of  "Percy,"  the 
most  popular  of  her  dramatic  composi- 
tions, was  brought  out  in  1778,  and  ran 
fourteen  nights  snccessivelv ;  and  her 
last  tragedy,  "  The  Fatal  Falsehood," 
was  produced  in  1779.  Shortly  after, 
her  opinions  of  public  theatres  nndei'- 
went  a  change,  and  she  has  stated  that 
she  did  not  consider  tiie  stage,  in  its 
present  state,  as  "  becoming  the  appear- 
ance or  countenance  of  a  Christian."  Her 
first  prose  publication  was  "Thoughts 
on  the  Manners  of  the  Great ;"  this 
was  followed  by  her  "  Estimate  of  the 
Religion  of  the  Fashionable  World." 
In  1795  she  commenced  at  Bath,  in 
monthly  numbers,  "The  Cheap  Repos- 
itoi-y,"  a  series  of  tales  for  the  common 
j^eople,  one  of  which  is  the  well-known 
"Shepherd  of  Salisbury  Plain."  She 
subsequently  produced  her  "Strictures 
on  the  Modern  System  of  Female  Edu- 
cation," "  Hints  towards  Forming  the 
Character  of  a  Young  Princess,"  "  Cce- 
lebs  in  Search  of  a  Wife,"  "  Practical 
Piety,"  "Christian  Morals,"  an  "Essay 
on  the  Character  and  Writings  of  St. 
Paul,"  and  "  Moral  Sketches  of  the 
Prevailing  Opinions  and  Manners,  For- 
eign and  Domestic,  with  Reflections  on 
Prayer."  D.  1833. — Henrt,  an  eminent 
divine  of  the  church  of  England,  was  b. 
at  Grantham,  in  Lincolnshire,  in  1614; 
was  educated  at  Eton,  and  Christ's  col- 
lege, Cainbridtje;  and,  while  at  the  latter, 
profoundly  studied  the  most  celebrated 
systems  of  philosophy,  and  finally  set- 
tled into  a  decided  preference  for  that 
of  Plato.  In  1640  he  published  "Psy- 
cho-Zoia,  or  tiie  Life  of  the  Soul ;"  a 
philosophical  poem,  which  he  repub- 
lished, with  other  pieces,  in  1647.  He 
refused  tlie  highest  ecclesiastical  prefer- 


cyclop.i;dia  ok  biogkaimiy. 


647 


ments,  and  d.,  universally  beloved,  in 
1687. — Sir  TuoMAs,  chancellor  of  Eii- 
glaiKJ,  was  the  son  ot"  Sir  John  More, 
iudj^e  of  the  King's  Bench,  and  b.  in 
Loiiilon,  in  14S0.  He  was  educated  at 
(/iirist-chureli,  then  Canterbury  college, 
Oxford  ;  and,  in  14'J9,  became  a  student 
of  Lincoln's  Iiui.  At  the  age  of  21  ho 
obtained  a  seat  in  parliament,  wliere  he 
opposed  a  subsidy  demanded  by  Henry 
\  11.  with  such  force,  that  it  was  refused 
by  the  house.  At  the  accession  of  Henry 
VIII.  he  was  called  to  the  bur,  and  in 
1508  he  was  made  judge  of  tlie  sheriff's 
court,  and  a  justice  of  peace.  In  1518 
he  published  his  "  Utopia,"  a  political 
romance ;  and  about  this  time  the  friend- 
ship began  between  hitn  and  Erasmus, 
wliich  lasted  througli  life.  By  the  in- 
terest of  Wolsey  he  obtained  the  honor 
of  knighthood,  and  a  place  in  the  privy 
council.  In  lo'iO  he  was  made  treasurer 
of  tlie  exchequer  ;  and  in  1523  chosen 
speaker  of  the  house  of  commons,  whore 
lio«rcsisted  a  motion  for  an  oppressive 
subsidy,  which  gave  great  oifence  to  his 
former  friend,  the  cardinal.  In  1530  he 
succeeded  Wolsey  as  lord  chancellor; 
and  by  his  indefatigable  application  in 
that  office,  there  was  in  a  short  time 
not  a  cause  left  undetermined.  He  re- 
signed the  seals,  because  he  could  not 
conscientiously  lend  his  support  to  the 
measuresof  Henry  respecting  Ills  divorce 
of  Queen  Catharine  ;  and  he  was  event- 
ually committed  to  the  Tower  for  refu- 
sing the  oath  of  supremacy.  After  an 
imprisonment  of  twelve  months,  he  was 
brought  to  his  trial  in  the  court  of  King's 
Bench,  where,  notwithstanding  his  elo- 
quent defence,  he  was  found  guilty  of 
treason,  and  sentenced  to  be  beheaded. 
His  bciiavior,  in  the  interval,  corre- 
sponded with  the  uniform  tenor  of  his 
litb  ;  and,  on  July  6,  1535,  he  ascended 
the  scatlbld,  with  his  characteristic  pleas- 
antry, saying  to  the  lieutenant  of  the 
Tower,  "  I  pray  you,  see  me  safe  up ; 
and  as  for  my  coming  down,  let  me 
shift  for  myself" 

MOKEAU,  Jean  Michel,  an  eminent 
designer  and  engraver,  was  b.  at  Faris, 
1741.  Ho  was  a  man  of  extensive  in- 
formation on  works  of  art,  and  his  in- 
dustry was  truly  surprising.  1).  1814. — 
Jon.\  Victor,  one  of  the  most  celebrated 
of  modern  French  generals,  was  b.  in 
17t5:),  at  Mdrlaix,  and  was  brought  up  to 
the  bar.  Tlie  army,  however,  was  the 
profession  of  his  choice,  and  he  entered 
a  regiment  before  he  was  IS.  but  was 
taken  from  it  by  his  father.  The  revo- 
lutil'u  enabled  him  to  gratify  his  wishes, 


and  ho  made  his  first  campaign  under 
Dumourier,  in  1792.  He  gained  the 
rank  of  brigadier-general  in  I7'j3,  and 
that  of  general  of  division  in  171*4.  In 
the  latter  year  he  commanded  the  right 
wing  of  Pichegru's  army,  and  obtained 
great  successes  in  tlio  Ketheilands.  In 
17V6  he  was  placed  at  the  head  of  the 
army  of  tlie  Rhine.  In  that  year  lie  dis- 
tinguished himself  by  penetrating  into 
Bavaria,  and  by  his  masterly  retreat  be- 
fore a  superior  force  ;  in  1797,  by  his 
passage  of  the  Eliine;  and  in  1800,  by 
liis  campaign  in  Germany,  crowned  by 
the  decisive  victory  of  Holienlinden. 
Having  engaged  with  Picbegru,  Geor- 
ges, and  other  royalists,  in  a  jilot  against 
the  consular  government,  he  was  brought 
to  trial  in  1S04,  and  sentenced  to  two 
j'ears'  imprisonment,  but  was  allowed  to 
retire  to  North  America.  There  he  re- 
mained till  1813,  when  ho  was  prevailed 
upon  to  join  the  allied  sovereigns,  and 
appeared  in  arms  against  his  country. 
Ho  was,  however,  mortally  wounded  at 
the  battle  of  Dresden,  and  d.  1813. 

MOKETO  Y  CxVBANA,  Don  Augus- 
TiN,  an  eminent  Spanish  dramatic  poet 
of  the  17th  century,  who,  atter  writing 
200  plays,  became  an  ecclesiastic.  He 
was  coteinporary  with  Calderon,  and 
was  patronized  by  Philip  IV.  He  may 
fairly  be  called  the  Spanish  Moliere, 
many  of  his  comedies  still  keeping  pos- 
session of  the  stage,  from  tlieir  racy 
humor,  striking  incidents,  and  charac- 
teristii,-  laniruage  of  the  dramatis pers'i-ri'T, 

MOKtJAGNI,  John  Baptist,  an  emi- 
nent physician  and  anatomist,  was  b.  at 
Forli,  ill  Romagna,  in  1682  ;  studied  un- 
der Valsalva,  at  Bologna;  and,  in  1711, 
became  professor  of  medicine  at  Padua. 
In  1715  he  was  appointed  to  the  first 
anatomical  professorship,  in  which  situ- 
ation he  continued  till  his  death,  in 
1771. 

MORGAN,  Sir  Henry,  a  celebrated 
commander  of  buccaneers  in  the  17th 
century,  was  the  son  of  a  Welsh  fanner. 
He  took  Porto  Bello  and  Panama  from 
tlie  Spaniards,  and  for  several  years 
continued  to  enrich  himself  and  liis  fol- 
lowers by  the  success  of  his  marauding 
expeditions  against  that  nation.  Hav- 
ing amassed  a  largo  fortune,  he  settled 
at  Jamaica,  of  which  island  he  was  ap- 
pointed governor  by  Charles  II.,  and 
Knighted. — M'ii.li.\m,  an  eminent  Welsh 
prelate,  who  liad  a  principal  concern  ill 
the  translation  of  the  Bible  into  Welsh, 
printed  first  in  15ss.  D.  1604.— Wil- 
liam, a  distinguished  mathematician, 
was  a  native   of  Glamorganshire.     He 


648 


CYCLOP.'EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[iMOR 


was  actuary  to  the  Equitable  Assurance 
company,  London,  and  remained  coa- 
neetcd  with  tliat  institution  5()  years. 
He  was  the  author  of  "The  Doctrine  of 
Annuities  and  Assurances  of  Lives," 
"  A  Keview  of  Dr.  Crawford's  Theory 
of  Heat,"  totrether  witli  various  trea- 
tises connected  witli  tlio  financial  pros- 
perity of  Great  Britain.  D.  1838.— 
Daniel,  a  distinp^uished  officer  in  the 
army  of  the  American  revolution,  was 
b.  in  New  Jersey,  and  removed  to  Vir- 
frinia  in  17.')5.  He  enlisted  in  Brad- 
dock's  expedition  as  a  private  soldier, 
and  on  the  defeat  of  that  general  re- 
turned to  his  occupation  as  a  farmer. 
At  the  commencement  of  the  revolution 
he  was  appointed  to  the  command  of  a 
troop  of  horse,  and  joined  the  army  un- 
der Washington,  then  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  Boston.  He  distinguished 
himself  very  much  in  the  expedition 
against  Quebec,  where  he  fell  into  the 
hands  of  the  enemy.  On  the  exchange 
of  prisoners  he  rejoined  the  American 
army,  was  appointed  to  the  command 
of  a  select  rifle  corps,  and  detached  to 
assist  General  Gates  on  the  northern 
frontier,  where  he  contributed  materi- 
ally to  the  capture  of  General  Burgoyne. 
After  a  short  retirement  from  service, 
on  account  of  ill  health,  he  was  appoint- 
ed brigadier-general  by  brevet,  and  com- 
manded the  force  by  which  Colonel 
Tarleton  was  routed  at  the  battle  of 
Cowpens.  He  soon  after  resigned  hia 
commission.  In  179-1-  he  commanded 
the  militia  of  Virginia,  called  out  to 
suppress  the  insurrection  in  Pennsylva- 
nia, and  continued  in  the  service  till 
1795.  He  afterwards  was  elected  to  a 
seat  in  congress.  D.  1799. — JonN,  an 
eminent  American  physician,  was  b.  in 
Philadelphia,  in  1735,  and  was  educated 
at  the  college  in  that  city.  He  comple- 
ted his  medical  studies  in  Europe,  and 
on  his  return,  in  17G5,  was  elected  pro- 
fessor of  the  theory  and  practice  of 
medicine  in  the  medical  collcire  in  Phil- 
adelphia. In  October,  1775,  ho  was 
appointed  chief  physician  to  the  gen- 
eral hospitals  of  the  American  army; 
but,  in  1775,  was  removed  on  account 
of  certain  accusations,  which  he  after- 
wards proved  to  be  entirely  groundless. 
He  was  the  author  of  several  medical 
treatises.     D.  1789. 

MORGIIEN,  Kapiiael,  a  celebrated 
engraver,  b.  at  Naples,  in  1758.  He 
was  invited  to  Florence  in  1782,  to  en- 
grave the  masterpieces  in  the  Floren- 
tine gallery;  ami  the  reputation  he 
acquired  by  liis  labors  there,  induced 


the  grand-duke  to  employ  him  in  en- 
graving Leonardo  da  Vinci's  noble 
composition  of  the  Last  Supper,  which 
is  painted  on  the  wall  of  the  refectory 
in  the  Dominicans'  convent,  at  Milan. 
In  1803  he  was  chosen  an  associate  of 
the  French  Institute ;  and,  in  1812,  he 
was  invited  to  Paris  by  Napoleon,  who 
treated  him  with  the  most  flattering 
kindness.  His  works  are  numerous, 
and  include  some  of  the  most  remark- 
able productions  of  the  great  masters. 

MOKHOFF,  Daniel  (jEorge,  a  learn- 
ed German  author,  b.  at  Wismar,  in 
Mecklenburg,  in  1639  ;  was  educated  at 
Stettin  and  Kostoek  ;  came  to  England, 
and  resided  for  a  time  at  OxfordT  His 
principal  work  is  entitled  "  Polyhistor, 
sive  de  Notitia  Auetorum  et  Reruni 
Commentarii."     D.  1691. 

MORIER,  James,  whose  novels,  de- 
scriptive of  Eastern  life  and  manners, 
enjoyed  at  the  time  great  popularity, 
was  b.  in  1780.  When  still  very  young, 
he  made  an  extensive  tour  through  the 
East,  the  main  incidents  of  whicji  he 
described  in  his  "Travels  through  Per- 
sia, Armenia,  Asia  Minor,  to  Constan- 
tinople." In  1810  he  was  appointed 
British  envoy  to  the  court  of  Persia, 
where  he  remained  till  181G,  and  soon 
after  his  return  he  published  "  A  Second 
Journey  throutrh  Persia,"  &c.  During 
his  stay  in  the  East,  he  made  great  use 
of  his  opportunity  of  studying  the  char- 
acter of  the  people  ;  and  the  knowledge 
thus  acquired  was  turned  to  excellent 
account  in  his  "  Adventures  of  Hajji 
Baba  of  Ispahan,"  (a  species  of  "  (iil 
Bias,"  like  Hope's  "  Anastasius,") 
whose  "Adventures  in  England"  he 
described  in  a  second  series  ;  "  Zohrab, 
or  the  Hostage,"  "  Ayesha,  or  the  Maid 
of  Kars,"  "Abel  Aluutt,"  "The  Ban- 
ished," &e. ;  in  all  of  which,  but  es- 
pecially in  the  first  three,  the  manners, 
customs,  and  modes  of  thought  preva- 
lent in  the  East  are  portrayed  with  a 
liveliness,  skill,  and  truthfulness  to  na- 
ture, attained  by  few.     D.  1848. 

MORITZ,  Charles  Philip,  a  German 
writer,  was  b.  at  Hamcln,  in  1757.  He 
travelled  in  England,  Switzerland,  and 
Italy  ;  wrote  many  works,  the  chief  of 
which  are  his  "Travels,"  "The  An- 
tiquities of  Rome,"  the  novels  of  "An- 
thony Reiser  and  Andrew  Ilartknopf," 
and  various  grammatical  treatises.  D. 
1793. 

MORLAND,  Georoe,  an  eminent 
painter  of  rustic  scenery  and  low  life, 
was  b.  in  London,  in  1764.  He  was  in- 
structed by  his  father,  who  employed 


mob] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHV. 


649 


him  constantly  in  making?  drawings  for 
Hale.  r<y  this  mean.s  ho  acquired  a  won- 
derful facility  of  invention,  and  rapidity 
of  execution.  He  had  al.no  f^reat  skill  as 
a  faithful  copier  of  nature,  and  in  tlie 
early  part  of  uis  career  contincd  himself 
to  the  delineation  of  picturesque  land- 
«capes  ;  but  havinir  contracted  irreErular 
habits,  he  forsook  tlie  woods  and  liclds 
fur  the  ale-house  ;  and  stage  coachmen, 
postilions,  and  clrovers  drinking,  be- 
came the  favorite  subjects  of  his  pencil. 
Some  of  his  best  pieces  exhibit  farm- 
yards and  stables,  with  dogs,  horses, 
pigs,  and  cattle,  or  scenes  at  the  door 
of  the  village  ale-house,  designed  with 
all  the  truth  and  feeling  which  commu- 
nicate a  charm  to  the  meanest  objects, 
and  proclaim  the  genius  of  the  artist. 
Many  were  painted  in  spunging-houses 
to  clear  him  from  arrest,  or  in  public- 
houses  to  discharge  his  reckoning.  D. 
1804. — Sir  Samuel,  a  statesman  and  an 
able  mechanist,  was  a  native  of  Berk- 
shire, and  b.  1625.  lie  was  employed 
in  some  diplomatic  missions  by  Crom- 
well ;  and  afterwards  rendered  consid- 
erable service  to  Charles  II.,  for  which, 
at  the  restoration,  he  was  made  a  baron- 
et. Among  his  inventions  are  reckoned 
the  speaking-trumpet,  the  fire-engine, 
the  capstan,  and  the  steam-enijine ;  but 
some  of  these,  it  is  presumed,  he  was 
rather  the  improver  than  the  original 
discoverer.     D.  16U6. 

MORRIS,  Charles,  a  celebrated  En- 
glish bard,  whose  convivial  songs  were 
once  in  high  repute.  Though  many  of 
them  might  well  be  spared,  some  are 
chaste  in  sentiment  and  felicitous  in  ex- 
pression,  while  others  possess,  in  an 
cmtnent  degree,  those  qualities  which 
give  a  zest  to  bacchanalian  orgies.  D. 
1832. — GocrvERNEDR,  an  eminent  states- 
man and  orator,  was  b.  atMorrisania,  in 
1752,  was  graduated  in  King's  college  in 
1768,  and  licensed  to  practise  law  in 
1771.  In  1775  ho  was  a  member  of  the 
provincial  congress  of  New  York,  and 
was  one  of  the  committee  which  drafted 
a  constitution  for  the  state  of  New  York. 
In  1777  he  was  chosen  a  delegate  to  the 
continental  congress,  and  in  tlie  tbllow- 
iug  year  wrote  the  celcluatcd  "  Obser- 
vations on  the  American  Revolution." 
In  1781  he  accepted  the  post  of  assistant 
superintendent  of  finance,  as  colleague 
of  Robert  Morris ;  and  in  1787  was  a 
member  of  the  convention  which  framed 
the  constitution  of  tlie  United  States. 
In  1792  he  was  appointed  minister  plen- 
ipotentiary to  France,  and  held  this 
Btatiou  till  his  rec:ill  by  the  request  of 
55 


the  French  government  in  1794.  In 
1800  he  was  electetl  a  senator  in  con- 
gress, from  the  state  of  New  York,  and 
in  this  body  was  very  conspicuous  for 
his  political  information  and  his  bril- 
liant eloquence.  1).  1816. — Lewis,  a 
signer  of  the  declaration  of  independ- 
ence, was  b.  at  the  manor  of  Morrisania, 
near  the  city  of  New  York,  in  1726.  He 
was  educated  at  Yale  college,  and  took 
an  early  part  in  the  cause  of  the  colo- 
nies. In  1775  lie  was  elected  a  delegato 
to  the  continental  congress,  and  wnilo 
in  this  body  served  on  several  of  the 
most  important  committees.  His  rich 
estates  were  laid  waste  by  the  British 
army  in  1776.  He  left  congress  in  1777, 
d.  in  17i)8. — Robert,  a  celebrated  finan- 
cier, was  a  native  of  England,  removed 
with  his  father  to  America,  at  an  early 
age,  and  subsequently  established  him- 
self as  a  merchant  in' Philadelphia.  lu 
1775  he  was  appointed  a  delegate  to  con- 
gress, and  signed  the  declaration  of 
independence  in  the  following  year.  In 
1781  he  was  appointed  superintendent 
of  finance,  and  rendered  incalculable 
service  by  his  wealth  and  credit  during 
the  exhausted  state  of  our  public  funds. 
It  has  been  said,  and  with  much  truth, 
that  "  the  Americans  owed,  and  still 
owe,  as  much  acknowledgment  to  the 
financial  operations  of  Robert  Morris,  as 
to  the  negotiations  of  Benjamin  Frank- 
lin, or  even  to  the  arms  of  George 
Washington."  He  was  a  member  of 
the  convention  which  framed  the  con- 
stitution of  the  United  States  in  1787, 
and  afterwards  a  senator  in  congress. 
In  his  old  age  he  lost  his  ample  fortune, 
by  unfortunate  land  speculations,  and 
passed  the  last  years  of  his  life  confined 
in  prison  for  debt.     D.  1806. 

MORRISON,  Robert,  was  h.  in  1782. 
He  was  bred  to  last-making  by  his  fa- 
ther, who  was  also  an  elder  of  the  Scotch 
church.  But  Robert  had  a  propensity 
lor  high  classical  attainments.  lie  ob- 
tained the  rudiments  of  the  Latin, 
Greek,  and  Hebrew  languages  from  the 
local  preacher  he  attended ;  and  was,  at 
length,  sent  by  the  London  Missionary 
Society  to  China,  where  he  arrived  in 
1807.  In  the  course  of  a  year  or  two  ho 
had  prepared  a  grammar  and  dictionary 
oftheCliinese  language  for  the  press, 
besides  a  Chinese  version  of  the  New 
Testament.  He  afterwards  proieeted  an 
Anglo- Chinese  college  at  Malacca,  of 
which  he  was  a  liberal  patron  until  his 
death,  which  took  place  at  Macao,  in 
18S4. 

MORSE,    Jedidiau,    a   geogra7)her, 


650 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[mot 


ministei  of  Charlcstown,  Massachusetts, 
graduated  at  Yalo  college  in  1783,  and 
installed  178'.".  Ills  first  gcoi^n-aphical 
publicatioa  was  in  1784,  and  during  his 
lit'ctime  the  work  was  kept  in  perpetual 
progress,  and  passed  through  many 
editions.  He  also  publishctl  the  "  Amer- 
ican Gazetteer,"  and  the  "History  of 
Kew  Enu'land."     U.  1826. 

MORTIEK,  Marshal,  duke  of  Treviso, 
b.  in  1768,  was  the  son  of  a  merchant, 
who  represented  the  tiers  Hut  of  Cam- 
bresis  at  the  states-general  in  1789. 
Quitting  the  mercantile  profession,  for 
which  lie  had  been  designed,  he  enter- 
ed the  army  in  1791  with  the  rank  of 
captain ;  ami  having  distinguished  him- 
self on  various  occasions,  lie  was  rapid- 
ly promoted,  and  intrusted  with  the 
highest  commands.  Being  among  the 
etatf  that  accompanied  Louis  Philippe 
and  princes  to  tlio  review  at  Paris,  on 
the  28th  of  July,  1835,  it  was  the  late 
of  this  brave  officer  to  be  one  of  the 
victims  of  the  assassin,  Fieschi. 

MORTON,  Thom.vs,  an  eminent  and 
puccessful  dramatist,  was  b.  at  Durham, 
in  176-1.    He  entered  as  a  student  at  Lin- 
coln's Inn,  but  his  taste  for  theatricals 
caused  him  to  abandon  his  profession, 
and  he  soon  gave  proofs  of  his  talents 
as  a  dramatic  writer.     It  is  remarkable, 
indeed,   that  nearly  all  his  pieces  still 
keep   possession   of   the   stage.     They 
consist  of  "  The  Way  to  get  Married," 
"  Columbus,"    "  Town   and  Country," 
"  Zorinski,"    "A  Cure  for  the  Heart- 
ache," "Speed  the  Plough,"  "Secrets 
Worth  Knowing,"   "  The  Blind  Girl," 
"The  Children  in  the   Wood,"   "The 
School   of  Reform,"    "  Tlie  School  for 
Grown  Gentlemen,"    "  A  Rowland  for 
an  Oliver,"  and  "  The  Invineibles."    D. 
1838. — Nathaniel,  one  of  the  first  set- 
tlers of  Plymouth,  New  England,  and  a 
magistrate  of  the  colony,  was  the  author 
of  a  "  History  of  the  Church  at  Ply- 
mouth," and  of  a  volume  called  "  New 
England's  Memorial."     This  work  was 
originally  published  in  1669,  and  a  new 
edition  of  it  has  been  recently  issued.— 
John,   a  signer  of  the   declaration  of 
American  independence,  was  b.  in  the 
county  of  Cliester,  Pennsylvania,  was  a 
member  of  the  i)rovincial  assembly  of 
his  native  state,  and  in  1774  appointed 
a  delegate  to  the  continental  congress. 
D.  1777. — Samuel  G.,  one  of  the  most 
distinguislicd    scientific    men    of    the 
United  Suites,  was  b.  in  Philadelphia, 
where  lie  passed  tiie  greater  part  of  his 
life.    His  chief  works  were  tlie  "  Crania 
Americana,"  and  the  "  Crania  Egyptica." 


His  museum  of  crania  embr.xced  over 
nine  hundred  human  skulls,  and  six 
hundred  of  the  inferior  animals.  D. 
1851. 

MOSCHUS,  a  Greek  pastoral  poet,  a 
native  of  Syracuse,  who  flourished,  with 
liis  friend  Bion,  about  200  b.  c. 

MOSHELM,  John  Laurence,  a  learned 
German  theologian,  was  b.  at  Lubeek, 
in  1694 ;  became  a  member  of  the  faculty 
of  philosophy  at  Kiel ;  and  was  appointed 
chancellor  of  the  university  of  Gottin- 
gen,  where  he  remained  till  his  death  in 
1755,  lecturing  daily  on  ecclesiastical 
history  and  most  other  departments  of 
theology.  His  principal  woi'k  on  this 
subject  is  the  "  Institutiones  Historic 
Ecc'lesiasticjE,"  which  was  afterwards 
published  under  various  other  forms, 
and  translated  into  German,  with  addi- 
tions ;  also  into  English  by  Dr.  Maclaine. 
Among  his  other  numerous  writings 
are,  "  De  Rebus  Christianorum  ante 
Conslantinum  Magnum  Commentarii," 
a  "  Life  of  Servetus,"  "  The  Ecclesias- 
tical Ilistory  of  the  Tartars,"  "  Observa- 
tiones  Sacrse,"  and  "  Sermons,"  which 
were  much  admired  for  their  pure  and 
elcitant  style. 

MOSSOM,  RoRERT,  a  learned  Irish 
prelate,  who  sutfered  much  in  the  civil 
wars,  but  on  the  restoration  he  was 
made  dean  of  CUirist-church,  Dublin  : 
with  which  he  held  the  bishopric  of 
Londonderry,  where  he  d.  1679.  His 
works  are,  "'The  Preacher's  Tripartite," 
"  Variaj  colloquendi  Formulie,"  "  Nar- 
rative of  George  Wild,  bishop  of  Derry," 
and  "  Zion's  Prospect  in  its  first  View." 
MOSSOP,  Henry,  an  eminent  tragic 
actor,  b.  in  Ireland,  in  1729,  was  the  son 
of  a  clergyman,  and  was  educated  at 
Trinity  college,  Dublin.  He  made  his 
first  appearance  on  the  Dublin  stage  as 
"  Zan^a,"  in  the  Revenge  ;  but  soon  re- 
moved to  London,  where,  ne.xt  to  Gar- 
rick  and  Henderson,  he  was  esteemed 
tlie  first  tragedian  of  his  time.  In  1761 
he  became  manager  of  one  of  the  Dublin 
theatres  ;  but  the  speculation  proved 
his  ruin,  and  he  d.  in  absolute  penury 
at  Chelsea,  in  1778. 

MtJTllERWELL,  William,  a  poet, 
b.  at  Glasgow,  in  1798 ;  and  wiien  a 
youth  he  obtained  a  situation  in  the 
shcrilf  clerk's  office  at  Paisley,  where  he 
contiiiued  till  within  a  few  years  of  his 
death.  In  1827  he  published  a  very  in- 
teresting and  valuable  collection  of  bal- 
lads, entitled  "  Minstrelsy,  Ancient  and 
Moth-ni ;"  and  lie  was  afterwards  sne- 
cessivoly  editor  of  tiie  "  Paisley  Maga- 
zine,"  "  Paisley  Advertiser,"   and  the 


uou] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    mOGRAPllV. 


651 


"  Glasgow  Courier."  In  1833  was  pub- 
lished ii  collected  edition  of  his  own 
poems,  some  of  which  possess  a  pathos 
and  an  intensity  of  feeling  not  often 
surpassed.     D.  1835. 

^lOTTEUX,  riEURE  Antotne,  a  mis- 
cellaneous writer,  was  b.  at  Eouen,  in 
Normandy,  in  16(30;  settled  in  England 
after  the  revocation  of  the  edict  of 
Nantes  ;  and  embarking  his  property  in 
trade,  opened  an  East  India  warehouse 
in  Leatlenhall-strect,  London,  and  also 
obtained  a  situation  in  the  jtost-otKce. 
He  wrote  nearly  twenty  dramatic  jiieces, 
and  translated  "  Don  Qui.KOte '  and 
"  Rabelais."     D.  1718. 

MOTTLEY,  John,  a  dramatic  writer, 
was  b.  in  16'J2,  and  wrote  five  dramatic 
pieces  ;  also  the  "Lite  of  the  Czar  Peter 
the  Great,"  and  the  "  History  of  Cath- 
arine of  Russia  ;"  but  the  work  of  his 
which  obtained  by  far  the  greatest  pop- 
ularity, is  the  weil-known  collection  of 
facetiic,  called  ''  Joe  Miller's  Jests." 
D.  1750. 

MOULIN,  Petep.  du,  a  Protestant 
divine,  was  b.  at  Bechny,  in  the  Ve.\in. 
in  1568.  Ho  studied  first  at  Sedan,  and 
next  at  Cambridge,  from  which  univer- 
sity he  removed  to  a  professorsiiip  of 
philosopliy  at  Lcyden,  where  he  also 
taught  Greek  ;  but  in  15'J9  lie  returned 
to  France,  and  became  minister  at  Cha- 
renton.  On  the  assassination  of  Henry 
IV.,  he  charged  the  guilt  of  that  deed 
upon  the  Jesuits,  which  produced  a  vio- 
lent controversy  between  hitn  and  some 
of  that  society  ;  and,  in  1615,  ho  visited 
England  on  the  invitation  of  James  L, 
who  gave  him  a  prebend  in  Canterbury 
cathedral.  He  did  not  continue  long  in 
England ;  but  after  refusing  the  divinity 
professorship  at  Lcyden,  he  finally  set- 
tled at  Sedan,  of  which  place  he  became 
the  pastor,  filling  at  the  same  time  the 
theological  chair  there.  Among  his 
writings  are,  "  A  History  of  Mona- 
cbism,"  a  treatise  "  On  the  recent  Ori- 
gin of  Popery,"  &c.  1).  1658. — Peteu, 
nis  son,  was  b.  in  1600,  at  I'aris,  and 
graduated  at  Lcyden  ;  but  going  after- 
wards to  England,  obtained,  like  his 
father,  a  prebend  at  C'antcrbury,  and 
was  one  of  the  chaplains  to  Iviiii,'  Ciiarles 
H.  He  was  the  autiior  ot'  "The  I'eace 
of  the  Soul,"  "  Clamor  Kegii  Sanguinis," 
which,  being  anonymous,  was  attributed, 
by  Milton,  to  Alexander  More,  and  '•  A 
Defence  of  the  I'rotcstant  Church." — 
Louis,  his  brother,  became  a  violent 
Independent,  and  wrote  "  Parasnesis  ad 
jEdihcalores  Imperii,"  dedicated  to  Oli- 
ver Cromwe'l  ;    and   '  Patronus   Bonae 


Fidei,"  a  fierce  invective  against  the 
church  of  Entriand.     D.  1683. 

MOULTKIE,  William,  a  major-gen- 
eral in  the  army  of  the  American  revo- 
lution, M'as  b.  in  England,  but  emigrated 
to  South  Carolina  at  an  early  age.  He 
served  with  distinction  in  the  Cherokee 
war  in  1760,  and  in  its  last  campaign 
commanded  a  company.  At  the  com- 
mencement of  the  revolution  he  was  a 
member  of  the  provincial  congress,  and 
a  colonel  of  the  second  regiment  of 
South  Carolina.  For  his  brave  defence 
of  Sullivan's  island  in  1776,  he  received 
the  thanks  of  congress,  and  the  fort  was 
afterwards  called  by  his  name.  In  1779 
he  gained  a  victory  over  the  British  at 
Beaufort.  He  afterwards  received  the 
commission  of  major-general,  and  was 
second  in  command  to  General  Lincoln 
at  the  siege  of  Charleston.  After  the 
close  of  the  war  he  was  repeatedly  elected 
governor  of  South  Carolina.  He  pub- 
lished "Memoirs  of  the  Kevolution  in 
the  Carolinas  and  Georgia,"  consisting 
chiefly  of  otiicial  letters.  D.  in  Charles- 
ton in  1805. 

MOUNTFORT,  "William,  an  English 
actor  and  dramatic  writer,  was  b.  in 
Statfordshiro,  in  1659.  He  was  an  ex- 
cellent comic  performer;  and  bcin?  in 
the  fiower  of  his  age,  and  one  of  tlio 
handsomest  men  on  the  boards,  the 
parts  of  the  lovers  were  usually  allotted 
to  him.  In  one  of  these  he  had  capti- 
vated the  alfeetious  of  Mrs.  Bracegirdle, 
an  actress  much  admired  for  her  per- 
sonal charms.  This  lady  had  rejected 
the  addresses  of  a  Captain  Hill,  who,  in 
company  with  Lord  Mohun,  waylaid 
Mountfort  one  night,  in  the  winter  of 
1692,  as  be  was  returning  from  the 
theatre  to  his  lodginM,  in  Norfolk- 
street,  Strand  ;  and,  oeforc  he  could 
draw  his  sword,  ran  him  through  the 
body,  and  killed  him  on  the  spot.  Hill 
made  his  escape  to  the  Continent,  and 
Lord  Mohun  was  tried  by  his  peers  for 
the  murder,  but,  for  the  want  of  suffi- 
cient evidence,  was  acquitted.  This 
nobleman  was  himself  eventually  killed 
by  the  duke  of  Hamilton,  in 'a  tlucl 
fought  in  Hyde  I'lX-k.  Mountfort  \\as 
the  author  of  five  plays,  and  was  in  the 
zenith  of  his  reputation  at  the  time  of 
his  death. 

MOURAD  BEY,  a  famous  Mameluke 
chief,  was  a  native  of  Circassia.  After 
the  destruction  of  Ali  Bey,  in  1773,  he 
obtained  the  government  of  Cairo  in 
conjunction  with  Ibrahim  Bey,  which, 
notwithstanding  some  severe  contests 
i  with  Ismael  Bey  and  the  Turkish  gov- 


652 


CVCLOP.'EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[mun 


ernment,  who  tried  to  dispossess  them, 
they  contrived  to  keep.  When  Bona- 
parte invaded  Eijypt,  Mourad  opposed 
the  French  with  creat  vigor ;  but  he 
was  at  length  obUged  to  retreat  to 
Upper  Egypt.  He  subsequently  entered 
into  a  treaty  with  General  Kleber,  and 
accepted  tlie  title  of  prince  of  Assouan 
and  Jirgeh,  under  tlie  protection  of 
France.     He  d.  of  the  plague  in  1801. 

MOZAET,  John  Chkysostom  Wolf- 
OANo  Amadecs,  one  of  the  most  emi- 
nent musical  composers  that  ever  lived, 
was  the  son  of  Leopold  Mozart,  sub- 
chapel-master  of  Salzburg,  and  himself 
a  respectable  musician.  Ho  was  b.  in 
175(5 ;  and  the  precocity  of  his  musical 
talent  was  most  extraordinary.  In  his 
sixth  year  he  had  made  such  progress, 
that  his  father  was  induced  to  take  him 
and  his  sister  Maria  Anna,  who  was 
also»a  musical  genius,  to  Munich  and 
Vienna,  where  the  little  artists  were  in- 
troduced to  the  emperor's  court,  and 
the  unequalled  execution  of  the  boy 
excited  universal  surprise.  In  1770  he 
composed,  in  his  14th  year,  his  serious 
opera  of  "  Mithridate,"  which  had  a  run 
of  upwards  of  twenty  niglits  in  succes- 
sion. In  1775  he  went  to  Vienna,  and, 
enicaging  in  the  service  of  the  emperor, 
he  satisfied  the  great  expectations  which 
were  raised  hv  his  early  genius,  and 
became  the  Kaphael  of  musicians. 
Among  the  works  of  his  which  have 
remained  on  the  German  stage,  and  will 
always  be  the  delight  of  every  tasteful 
nation  are,  "Idomeneo,"  the  "  Nozze 
di  Figaro,"  the  "  Zauberflote,"  the 
"  Clemenza  di  Tito,"  and  above  all,  the 
splendid  "  Don  Giovanni."     J).  1792. 

MUDIE,  Kobeut,  author  of  numerous 
works  in  natural  history,  and  others  of 
an  entertaining  and  instructive  charac- 
ter, was  b.  in  Forfarshire  in  1777.  In 
1802  he  was  appointed  Gaelic  professor 
and  teacher  of  drawing  in  tlie  Inverness 
academy.  He  subsequently  filled  other 
situations  of  a  like  nature ;  but  at  length 
turned  his  attention  exclusively  to  au- 
thorship, and  commenced  his  career 
with  a  novel,  entitled  "  Glenfurgus." 
He  then  for  a  while  sought  employment 
as  a  reporter  for  the  London  newspa- 
pers, and  his  literary  efforts  were  hence- 
forth unceasing.  Independently  of  his 
contributions  to  periodicals,  upwards 
of  80  volumes  from  his  fertile  pen  were 
in  rapid  succession  brought  before  the 
public.     I).  1842. 

MULLKR,  Carl  Ottfrif.d,  an  emi- 
nent modern  scholar  and  histo^'an,  was 
h.  in  1797,  at  Brieg,  in  Silesia      '-le  was 


a  professor  of  archaeology  in  the  univer- 
sity of  Gottingen,  and  distinguished 
himself  by  his  researches  into  mytho- 
logic  lore,  analyzing  it  and  disentan- 
gling the  allegorical  parts  from  the 
historical.  But  his  knowledge  was  by 
no  means  confined  to  that  department 
of  literature.  His  work  on  tlie  Eumen- 
ides  of  ^Eschylus,  and  many  others, 
fully  prove  his  classic  erudition ;  and 
his  histories  of  the  Dorians  and  the 
Etruscans  have  become  naturalized  in 
England  as  standard  works.  While 
travelling  in  Greece  with  a  view  to  the 
commencement  of  an  elaborate  work  on 
the  history  of  that  country,  he  was  taken 
ill,  and  d.  1840. — Gerard  Frederic,  a 
German  traveller,  was  b.  in  1700,  at 
Herforden,  in  Westphalia  ;  was  educated 
at  Leipsic,  and  went  to  reside  at  St. 
Petersburg,  where  he  taught  Latin, 
geography,  and  history.  His  principal 
work  is,  "A  Collection  of  Russian  His- 
tories." D.  1783. — John  von,  an  emi- 
nent Swiss  historian,  was  b.  in  1752,  at 
Scliaff  hausen,  and  studied  at  Gottingen. 
In  1780  he  published  the  first  part  of 
his  "History  of  the  Swiss  Confedera- 
tion ;"  and  shortly  after  he  went  to 
Berlin,  where  he  printed  "  Historical 
Essays."  His  other  principal  work  was 
a  "Course  of  Universal  History,"  but 
he  was  also  the  author  of  several  others, 
whicli  were  published  collectively  at 
Tubingen.  Muller  was  successively 
professor  of  Greek  at  Schaff  hausen, 
and  of  history  at  Cassel,  counsellor  of 
the  imperial  chancery,  secretary  of  state 
for  the  ephemeral  kingdom  of  West- 
phalia, and  director-general  of  public 
uistruction.     D.  1809. 

MUNCEK,  Thomas,  in  the  early  part 
of  the  16th  century,  rendered  himself 
lor  awhile  extremely  formidable  in  Ger- 
many, where  he  preached  equality  and 
the  community  of  property,  and  collect- 
ed 40,000  followers.  He  was  at  length 
defeated  by  the  landgrave  of  Hesse, 
with  the  loss  of  7000  of  his  followers, 
and  being  chased  to  Franchausen,  was 
taken  prisoner,  and  executed  at  Mul- 
hausen,  in  1526. 

MUNCHIIAUSEN,  Jerome  Charles 
Fredurio  von,  was  a  German  otficer  in 
the  Kussian  service,  who  served  in  sev- 
eral campaigns  against  the  Turks.  He 
was  a  passionate  lover  of  horses  and 
hounds;  of  which,  and  of  his  adven- 
tures among  the  Turks,  he  told  the 
most  extravagant  stories,  till  his  fancy 
so  completely  got  the  better  of  hia 
memory,  that  he  really  believed  his 
most  extravagant  fictions,  and  felt  very 


muk] 


CYCLOP/EDI  A    OF    lUOGKAPIIY. 


653 


much  ofTondad  if  any  doubt  was  ex- 
pressed on  tlio  subject.  Iliivin:;  become 
nciiuiiiiiled  with  liurtrer  iit  ryniioiit, 
ana  rehited  those  Wiikhij^  dreiiins  to 
liim,  tlie  poet  published  tlicni  in  1787, 
with  his  own  improvements,  under  tlie 
title  of  "  Wnnderbare  Abentlieuer  uud 
Keiscii  des  Ilerrn  von  Munehluiusen." 
Tlie  wit  and  humor  of  the  work  gave  it 
preat  success,  and  it  was  translated  into 
Beveral  forcii^n  lanuua<i:es.     D.  1796. 

MUNDAY,  Antiionv,  a  dramatic 
poet  of  the  li5th  century.  He  was  the 
author  of  the  "  City  Faffcants,"  enlarfjcd 
Stowe's  Survey  of  London,  and  d.  1633. 

MUNDEN,  Josici'H  Shepherd,  a  cele- 
brated comic  actor,  wlio,  from  1790  to 
1S13,  delighted  the  audiences  of  Covent- 
^arden  with  his  inimitable  representa- 
tions ;  but  from  1813  to  1824,  when  he 
retired  from  the  stage,  his  services  were 
transferred  to  Drury-lane.  His  humor 
was  exuberant  and  racy ;  and  thoutrh 
often  verging  on  caricature,  he  could 
melt  the  heart  by  touclies  of  true  pathos, 
as  readily  as  he  could  stir  it  into  mirth 
by  the  exquisite  drollery  of  his  ever- 
varying  countenance.    13.1758;  d.  1832. 

MUNOZ,  John  Baptist,  a  Spanish 
liistorian,  was  b.  in  1745,  at  Museros, 
near  Valentia.  He  was  appointed  cos- 
mograplier  of  the  Indies,  and  under- 
took by  order  of  the  king,  a  history  of 
America,  of  which  he  lived  to  publish 
only  one  volume.  His  otlier  works  are, 
"  l)c  recto  Philosopliiie  recentis  in 
Theologia  Ususe,  Dissertatio,"  "Do 
Scriptoruni  Gentiliuni  Lectione,"  "  In- 
stitutiones  Philosophicaj,"  &c. 

MONSTER,  Seuastian,  a  German 
divine,  was  b.  at  Ingelheim,  in  1489, 
entered  into  the  order  of  Cordeliers,  but 
left  them  to  join  Luther.  He  then  set- 
tled at  Basic,  where  he  succeeded  Peli- 
canus  in  the  Hebrew  professorship.  He 
published  a  Latin  version  of  the  Bible, 
from  the  Hebrew,  with  notes;  "Uni- 
versal Cosmography,"  a  treatise  on  dial- 
ling, a  Latin  translation  of  .Joscphus, 
and  several  mathematical  works.  D. 
1552. 

MUR  AT,  JoAOHiir,  ox-king  of  Naples, 
one  of  the  most  intrepid  of  the  French 
marshals,  was  b.  in  1771  ;  was  tho  son 
of  an  innkeeper  at  Bastidc,  near  Caliors  ; 
and  was  intended  for  tho  church.  The 
army,  however,  was  his  choice,  and  in 
1796,  Bonaparte  made  him  his  aid-de- 
camp. In  Italy,  in  1796  and  1797,  and 
in  P^gynt  and  Syria,  in  1798  and  1799, 
ISIunit  displayed  great  valor  and  military 
talent.  lie  returned  with  Bonaparte  to 
France,  assisted  him  in  overthrowing 


tho  directory,  and  was  rewarded  -with 
the  hand  of  Caroline,  the  sister  of  the 
first  consul.  At  Marengo  and  Austerlitz 
he  was  one  of  tho  most  distinguished 
of  the  French  leaders.  In  1806  Napo- 
leon created  him  grand-duke  of  Berg; 
and  in  1808  he  raised  him  to  the  throne 
of  Naples.  Murat  took  a  conspicuous 
part  in  the  campaigns  of  1806,  1807, 
1808,  1812,  and  1813  ;  but  in  1814,  find- 
ing that  the  throne  of  his  patron  began 
to  totter,  lie  joined  the  allies.  In  the 
Ibllowing  year,  however,  he  was  expelled 
from  his  kingdom;  and  having  made  a 
desperate  attempt  to  recover  it,  he  was 
taken  prisoner,  and  shot  at  Fizzo,  1815. 

MURAToRI,  Louis  Anthony,  an 
eminent  Italian  historian  and  antiquary, 
was  b.  in  1672  at  Vignola,  in  the  Mo- 
denese  territories  ;  was  made  keeper  of 
the  Ainbrosian  library  at  Milan,  and, 
subsequently,  librarian  and  archivi.st  to 
the  duke  of  Modena.  His  great  histori- 
cal collection,  entitled  "  Kerum  Italica- 
ruin  Scriptores,  ab  anno  JRrsi  Ciiris- 
tiante,"  "  Antiquitates  Italics,  Medii 
jEvi,"  "  Anecdota  Latina,"  "  Anccdota 
Groeca,"  "  Annali  d'ltalia,"  with  many 
others,  attest  the  magnitude  of  his  liter- 
ary labors.     D.  1750. 

MURILLO,  Baktolomeo  Esteven, 
one  of  the  greatest  of  the  Spanish  paint- 
ers, w^as  b.  in  1618,  near  Seville.  Ho 
acquired  the  rudiments  of  the  art  from 
his  uncle,  Juan  del  Castillo,  and  being 
eneouniged  to  visit  Madrid,  he  acquired 
the  countenance  and  patronage  of  the 
celebrated  painter  Velasquez,  then  in 
the  height  of  his  reputation.  He  after- 
wards returned  to  Seville,  and  earned 
by  his  labors  an  imperishable  fame. 
While  painting  the  admired  picture  of 
St.  Catharine,  in  the  church  of  the 
Capuchins  at  Cadiz,  he  fell  from  the 
scatfold,  and  d.  in  consequence  of  the 
injuries  he  received,  in  1685. 

MURPHY,  AiiTHUR,  a  dramatic  and 
miscellaneous  writer,  was  b.  at  Cork,  in 
1727,  and  educated  at  St.  Otner's.  At 
the  age  of  IS  he  went  to  London,  and 
tried  liis  dramatic  powers  in  the  farce 
of  "  Tho  Apprentice,"  which  was  soon 
followed  by  that  of  "The  Upholsterer;" 
and,  having  a  great  inclination  to  tho 
stage,  he  made  an  etfort  in  the  character 
of  Othello,  but  without  success.  He 
then  produced  the  "Orphan  of  China," 
a  traged}',  which  was  well  received.  He 
also  wrote  a  weekly  paper,  called  the 
"Gray's  Inn  Journal;"  and  two  others, 
in  detcnce  of  government,  entitled  tho 
"Test"  and  the  "Auditor."  In  these, 
however,  ho  fiiiled.    Ills  plays  of  the 


654 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    UIOGKAPHY. 


[mU8 


"  Grecian  Daughter,"  "  All  in  the 
Wrong,"  "The  Way  to  Keep  Him," 
and  the  "  Citizen,"  had  greater  success, 
and  produced  the  author  wealth  and 
fame,  lie  also  acquired  considerable 
reputation  by  his  "  Essay  on  tlie  Life 
and  Genius  of  Dr.  Joliuson,"  as  well  as 
bv  his  transhition  of  Tacitus  and  Sallust, 
and  the  "  Life  of  Garrick."     D.  1805. 

MUKRAY,  Hugh,  a  most  voluminous 
and  successful  writer  on  geography  and 
kindred  subjects,  was  b.  at  the  manse 
of  North  Berwick,  1779.  In  the  early 
part  of  his  career  he  edited  the  "Scots' 
Miigazine,"  then  in  the  hands  of  Mr. 
Constable,  and  contributed  to  the  "Ed- 
inburgh Gazetteer;"  and  published 
successively,  discoveries  and  travels  in 
Africa,  Asia,  and  America,  all  of  which 
acquired  for  their  author  a  liberal  share 
of  popularity.  At  a  later  period  of  his 
life  he  contributed  no  fewer  than  fifteen 
volumes  to  the  "  Edinburgh  Cabinet  Li- 
brary," on  subjects  connected  with  his 
favorite  study ;  but  the  work  on  which 
his  fame  wiirchiefly  rest,  is  his  "Ency- 
clopedia of  Geography."  D.  1S46. — 
James,  a  Rhode  Islander,  whose  real 
name  was  Lillibridge,  was  a  partisan 
officer  in  the  service  of  the  East  India 
Company.  He  entered  the  service  of 
Ilolkar,  the  famous  Mahratta  chief, 
about  the  year  17'J0,  and  soon  became 
noted  for  his  bravery,  military  skill,  and 
the  good  offices  he  performed  to  certain 
British  officers,  who  had  been  taken 
prisoners,  and  who,  but  for  his  humane 
interference,  would  have  been  put  to  the 
sword.  Wlien  the  war  broke  out  be- 
tween the  British  government  and  Sein- 
dia,  in  which  Ilolkar  assisted  the  latter. 
Murray  joined  the  British  general,  Loru 
Lake,  with  a  body  of  7000  cavalry.  The 
marquis  of  Wellesley  at  that  period  had 
issued  a  proclamation  recalling  all  British 
suljjects  from  the  service  of  the  native 
princes,  but  this  order  could  not  extend 
to  Murray,  as  being  an  American.  lie 
was  treated  by  the  British  commander 
with  great  consideration,  and  was  cm- 
ploy'>d  in  many  dangerous  and  import- 
ant Services,  still  retaining  the  command 
of  the  cavalry  which  he  had  brought 
with  him.  At  the  siege  of  Bhurtpore, 
where  the  Britisli  army  lost  nearly 
10,000  men,  in  four  attempts  to  take  the 
fort  by  storm,  he  was  in  continual  ac- 
tion, and  attained  the  character  of  being 
tlie  best  partisan  officer  in  the  army. 
D.  1807. — John,  an  eminent  pul>lisher, 
known  wherever  the  Eriirlish  language 
is  known,  was  b.  1778.  He  was  a  man 
of  considerable  literary  acquirements ; 


and  while  his  singular  acuteness  and 
judgment  insured  his  success  as  a  man 
of  basiuess,  his  fluency,  his  store  of 
anecdote,  and  a  certain  dry  quiet  humor, 
closely  allied  to  wit,  rendered  him  an 
agreeable  companion  for  such  men  as 
Scott,  Byron,  Moore,  Southey,  Lockhart, 
and  a  number  of  other  celebrated  wri- 
ters, who  were  at  various  times  his 
guests,  and  at  all  times,  from  their  first 
acquaintance  with  him,  his  fast  friends. 
D.  1S43. — LiNDLET,  a  grammarian,  and 
moral  writer,  was  b.  in  1745,  of  Quaker 
parents,  at  Swatara,  near  Lancaster,  in 
Pennsylvania.  He  was  originally  des- 
tined for  the  mercantile  profession  ;  but 
having  been  severely  chastised  for  a 
breach  of  domestic  discipline,  he  pri- 
vately left  his  father,  who  was  then  re- 
siding at  New  York,  and,  taking  up  his 
abode  in  a  seminary  at  Burlington,  N.  J., 
he  there  contracted  a  love  of  books  and 
study.  lie  afterwards  studied  the  law, 
and  practised  as  a  barrister ;  but,  in 
course  of  time,  he  quitted  the  bar  for  the 
counting-house,  and  by  mercantile  pur- 
suits having  realized  a  competency,  he 
eventually  settled  at  Holdgate,  near 
Y'ork.  His  works  consist  of  an  "  En- 
glish Grammar,"  "Encjlish  Exercises" 
and  "  Key ;"  the  "  English  Reader," 
with  an  "  Introduction"  and  "Sequel" 
to  the  same;  two  French  selections, 
"  Le  Lecteur  Francois,"  and  "  Introduc- 
tion an  Lecteur  Fran9ois,"  "The  En- 
glish Spelliui;  Book,"  "The  Power  of 
Religion  on  the  Mind,"  and  "The  Duty 
and  Benefit  of  Reading  the  Scriptures." 
These  publications  were  all  lucrative, 
and  deservedly  so ;  and  it  is  no  small 
satisfaction  to  know,  that  his  private 
life  was  as  amiable  us  his  labors  in  the 
cause  of  education  and  morals  were  suc- 
cessful. D.  1826.  — William  Vaus,  a 
distinixuished  diplomatist,  was  b.  in  Ma- 
ryland, about  1762.  lie  studied  the  law 
in  England,  practised  it  in  his  native 
country,  and  became  a  senator  of  the 
U.  S.  As  minister  at  the  Hague  he  suc- 
ceeded in  preservin!?  harmony  between 
the  American  and  Batavian  republics ; 
and  the  reconciliation  between  the  U.  S. 
and  France  was  etfected  chiefly  through 
his  agency  as  envoy  extraordinary  to 
the  French  republic.    D.  1803. 

MUS^EUS,  a  philosopher  and  poet  of 
antiquity,  who  is  said  to  have  been  the 
son  of  Orpheus,  and  president  of  the 
Eleusinian  mysteries  at  Athens.  lie 
versified  the  oracles,  and  wrote  a  poem 
on  the  sphere.  A  hill  near  Athens  was 
called  by  his  name.  He  is  to  be  distin- 
guished from  Musa;u3  the  grammarian, 


nap] 


CYCLOPiEDIA    OF    BIOUKAPIIY. 


oiYo 


who  -wrote  a  poem,  called  "The  Loves 
of  Hero  and  Lennder." — John  Charles 
AcoLSTUs,  an  eminent  German  writer, 
b.  at  Jena,  in  1785,  was  professor  at  the 
gymnasium  of  Weimar,  and  author  of 
'' I'livsiofrnomical  Travels,"  "Popular 
Tales  of  tiic  Germans,"  &c.    D.  1787. 

Ml'SGRAVE,  Sir  Richard,  an  Irish 
historian,  was  b.  about  1758.  lie  was  a 
mcm))er  of  parliament,  and  collector  of 
the  excise  for  Dublin.  In  1801  he  pub- 
lished "  Jlemoirs  of  the  Kebcllions  in 
Ireland,"  a  work  which  e:ave  great  of- 
fence to  the  Roman  Catholics,  on  account 
of  the  jiieture  exhibited  in  it  of  the  atro- 
cities oonimittcd  by  the  insurgents  in 
17^8.  D.  1818. — William,  a  pliysician 
and  antiquary,  was  b.  at  Charlton,  in 
Somersetshire,  in  1657,  and  educated  at 
Winchester  school,  and  New  college, 
Oxford.  lie  became  a  fellow  of  the 
royal  college  of  physicians,  and  also  of 
the  Royal  Society  ;  to  which  last  learned 
body  he  acted  as  secretary.  In  1691  he 
settled  at  Exeter,  and  d.  there  in  1721. 
Besides  some  Latin  tracts  on  the  gout,  he 
published  four  volumes  of  dissertations 
on  Roman  and  British  Antiquities. — Dr. 
Samuel,  his  ■jrandson,  was  also  a  physi- 
cian at  Exeter,  where  he  d.  in  1782.  He 
rendered  liimself  notorious  in  1763,  by 
charging  tiie  ministers  with  having  been 
bribed  to  settle  a  peace  ailvantageous  to 
France.  As  a  scholar  he  is  known  by 
an  edition  of  Euripides,  and  two  disser- 
tations ^-^-a  the  Grecian  mythology  and 
the  Olympiads. 

MUTIANA,  GmoLAMo,  an  Italian 
painter,  b.  at  Brescia.  He  wa.s  a  great 
favorite  with  Pope  Gregory  XIII.,  who 
employed  him  to  paint  a  picture  of  St. 
Paul  the  hermit,  and  another  of  St.  An- 
thony, for  the  church  of  St.  Peter.  Six- 
tus  V.  also  held  him  in  esteem,  and 
intrusted  to  him  the  designs  for  the  bas- 


reliefs  of  the  column  of  Trajan.  At  tho 
instance  of  this  artist.  Pope  Gregory 
founded  tho  academy  of  St.  Lnke,  which 
Sixtus  confirmed  by  a  brief;  and  Muti- 
ano  gave  two  houses  to  the  institution. 
D.  1590. 

MUTIUS,  C^LiTTS,  first  named  Codrus, 
and  afterwards  Scievola,  an  illustrious 
Roman,  who  distinguished  himself  in 
the  war  against  Porsenna.  When  that 
prince  besieged  Rome,  Mutius  entered 
tiis  camp  to  assassinate  him,  and,  by 
mistake,  stabbed  one  of  his  attendants. 
Being  seized  and  brought  before  Por- 
senna, he  said  that  he  was  one  of  three 
hundred  who  had  engaged  by  oath  to 
slay  him,  and  added,  "Tliis  hand, 
which  has  missed  its  purpose,  ought  to 
suft'er."  On  saying  this  he  thrust  it 
into  the  coals  which  were  burning  upon 
the  altar,  and  suffered  it  to  be  consumed. 
Porsenna,  struck  with  his  intrepidity, 
made  peace  with  the  Romans.  The 
name  of  Sctevola,  or  left-handed  was 
given  him  as  a  mark  of  distinction  to 
Mutius  and  his  family. 

MYRON,  a  celebrated  Greek  sculptor, 
whose  works  are  highly  praised  by  the 
Greek  and  Latin  poets,  was  a  native  of 
Eleutheris,  and  is  supposed  to  have 
flourished  about  430  b.  c. 

MYSON,  one  of  the  seven  wise  men 
of  Greece.  Anacharsis,  the  Scythian, 
having  inquired  of  Apollo,  who  was  the 
wisest  man  in  Greece,  was  answered, 
"  lie  who  is  now  ploughing  his  fields." 
This  was  Myson. 

MYTP2NS,  AnxoLD,  a  painter,  was  b. 
at  Brussels,  in  1541.  He  painted  sev- 
eral capital  pictures  for  churches  in 
Italy;  and  d.  in  1602. — !Martin',  a  Swe- 
dish painter  was  b.  at  Stockholm,  1695. 
He  fixed  his  residence  at  Vienna,  and 
was  greatly  esteemed  by  the  Emperor 
Charles  VI.    D.  1755. 


N. 


NAHL,  JoHANN  AuousT,  an  eminent 
Prussian  sculptor,  b.  at  Berlin,  in  1710. 
He  executed  the  admirable  colossal 
statue  of  the  landgrave  Frederic,  which 
stands  in  Frederic's  square.  In  1755  he 
was  crcatcil  professor  in  the  academy 
of  arts  at  Cassel,  and  d.  there  in  1731. 

NANI,  Giovanni  Battista,  a  Venetian 
historian,  wash.  1616.— He  distinguished 
liimsclf  as  ambassador  to  the  French 
court,  where  he  obtained  succors  for 
the  republic  to  carry  on  the  war  against 


Turkey.  He  was  afterwards  employed 
in  other  missions  of  importance,  for 
which  he  was  made  proctor  of  St.  Mark, 
and  captain-general  of  the  marine.  He 
was  the  author  of  "  Istoria  della  Repiib- 
lica  ^'encta,"  and  was  historiographer 
and  keeper  of  the  archives  of  the  repub- 
lic.    I>.  1678. 

NAPIER,  Jonx,  lord  of  Mcrchiston, 
in  Scotland,  a  celebrated  matlicmatician, 
was  b.  in  1550,  and  educated  at  tho  uni- 
versity of  St.  Andrew's.    Af\cr  havimr 


656 


CYCLOP-EUIA    OF    BIOGRAPHr. 


cravelled  in  France,  Italy,  and  Germany, 
lie  returned  to  his  UiUive  country,  where 
he  wholly  devoted  liiniself  to  the  study 
of  mathematics  and  theology.  Being 
much  attached  to  astronomy  and  spher- 
ical geometry,  lie  wished  to  find  out  a 
short  method  of  cjilculating  triangles, 
sines,  tangents,  &c. ;  and  to  the  exer- 
tions arising  out  of  this  desire  is  to  be 
attrihuted  liis  admirable  invention  of 
logarithms,  first  made  public  in  1614, 
and  which  alone  lias  immortalized  liis 
name.  The  Napier  "bones,  or  rods," 
for  multiplying  and  dividing,  were  in- 
vented by  him.  He  also  made  several 
improvements  in  spherical  trigonome- 
try, and  was  resrarded  by  the  celebrated 
Kepler  as  one  of  the  greatest  men  of  the 
age.  D.  1617. — Macvey,  whose  name 
will  long  be  memorable  in  connection 
with  the  "Edinburgli  Keview"  and  the 
"EncyclopiiediaBritannica,"  was  profes- 
sor of  conveyancing  in  the  imiversity 
of  Edinburgli,  and  one  of  the  principal 
clerks  of  the  court  of  session.  He  passed 
as  a  writer  to  the  signet  in  179!) ;  but  he 
soon  discovered  a  decided  bias  for  lit- 
erary pursuits ;  and  his  various  acquire- 
ments, literary  and  legal,  his  protbund 
erudition,  and  his  sound  judnient,  found 
ample  scope  for  their  development  in 
tlie  last  edition  of  the  "  Encyclopojdia 
Britannica,"  of  which  he  became  editor. 
In  1829  he  succeeded  Mr.  (afterwards 
Lord)  Jetfrey,  in  the  editorship  of  the 
"Edinburgh  Review."     D.  1S47. 

NARES,  James,  was  b.  at  Stan  well, 
1715.  In  1755  he  became  organist  and 
composer  to  the  king,  and  was  created 
doctor  of  music  at  Cambridee.  In  1757 
he  was  appointed  master  of  the  choris- 
ters of  his  majesty's  chapel.  He  pub- 
lished, besides  his  compositions  of 
Bacred  music,  which  are  marked  by 
great  genius,  and  a  thorough  knowl- 
edge of  the  science,  several  books  of 
instructions.  D.  1783. — Robert,  a  learn- 
ed critic  and  theologian,  was  the  son  of 
the  preceding.  lie  was  a  prebendary 
of  Lmcoln,  archdeacon  of  Stafford,  can- 
on of  Lichfield,  and  rector  of  AUhallows, 
London.  He  established  and  conducted 
the  "British  Critic,"  a  high  church  lit- 
erary review;  and  among  his  separate 
works  are,  "Elements  of  Orthoepy," 
"  A  Glossary  of  Words,  Plirases,  &c., 
in  the  Works  of  English  Authors  of  the 
age  of  Queen  Elizabeth,"  "AChrono- 
loo'ical  View  of  the  Prophecies  relating 
to  the  Christian  Church,"  &c.     D.  1829. 

NASH,  Richard,  commonly  called 
Beau  Nash,  the  once  celebrated  arbiter 
of   fa.shion    at    Bath,   wa.s   b.    1074,   at 


Swansea,  in  Glamorganshire.  He  was 
originally  intended  for  the  law,  but  en- 
tered the  army,  which,  however,  he 
soon  quitted,  and  took  chambers  in  tlia 
Temple.  Here  he  devoted  himself  en- 
tirely to  pleasure  and  flishion ;  and 
when  King  William  visited  the  Inn,  lie 
was  chosen  master  of  the  pageant  with 
which  it  was  customary  to  welcome  tlie 
monarch.  In  1704  he  was  appointed 
master  of  the  ceremonies  at  Bath,  and 
immediately  instituted  a  set  of  regula- 
tions as  remarkable  for  their  strictness 
as  for  their  judicious  adaptation  to  tlie 
wants  and  society  of  the  place ;  and  as 
lie  drew  the  whole  beau-monde  to  Bath, 
he  was  justly  regarded  as  a  public  bene- 
factor there.  Wliile  in  the  plenitude 
of  his  power  and  popularity,  Nash  lived 
in  the  most  splendid  style,  supporting 
his  expenses  by  a  long  run  of  success 
at  the  gaming  table.  His  dress  was 
covered  with  expensive  lace,  and  he 
wore  a  large  white  cocked  hat.  The 
chariot  in  which  he  rode  was  drawn  by 
six  gray  horses,  and  attended  by  a  long 
retinue  of  servants,  some  on  horse,  oth- 
ers on  foot,  while  his  progress  through 
the  streets  was  made  known  by  a  band 
of  French  horns  and  other  instruments. 
His  common  title  was  the  king  of  Bath, 
and  his  reign  continued,  with  undimin- 
ished splendor  for  more  than  50  years. 
His  health  then  began  to  decline,  and  his 
resources  grew  less  plentiful.  As  the 
change  in  his  spirits  and  circumstances 
became  more  evident,  his  former  ac- 
quaintances gradually  forsook  him,  and 
lie  died  in  comparative  indigence  and 
solitude,  in  1761. 

NASMITH,  James,  a  divine,  was  b. 
at  Norwich,  in  1740.  He  published  "A 
Catalogue  of  Bennet  College  Library," 
an  edition  of  the  "  Itineraries  of  Simon 
and  William  of  Worcester,"  a  new  edi- 
tion of  Tanner's  "  Notitia  Monastica," 
&c.  D.  1802. — Peter,  an  eminent  land- 
scape painter,  was  b.  at  Edinburgh,  in 
1786.  At  the  age  of  20  he  removed  to 
London,  where  his  talents  soon  attract- 
ed notice,  and  procured  him  the  appel- 
lation of  the  English  Hobbima.  His 
works  are  deservedly  in  high  repute, 
and  there  are  few  collections  of  import- 
ance in  Enerland  but  what  contain  some 
of  them.     D.  1831. 

NAYLOR,  James,  a  Quaker,  b.  at 
Ardsley,  near  W.ikcfleld,  Yorkshire, 
1616.  He  was,  in  1641,  a  private  in  the 
parliamentary  army,  and  rose  to  the 
office  of  quarter-master  under  Lambert, 
but  quitted  the  military  life  in  1649. 
The    preaching    and    conversation    of 


nel] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOtJKAPIlV, 


057 


George  Fox  converted  him  to  Quaker- 
ism, 1651,  aud  thinking  himself  divinely 
inspired,  he  became  an  itinerant  minis- 
ter. In  165G  he  was  imprisoned  for  his 
extravagant  conduct  at  Exeter,  where 
his    followers    addressed    liim    as    the 

f)rincc  of  peace ;  and  afterwards,  when 
iberated  from  confinement,  lie  went  to 
Bristol.  lie  was  accompanied  by  an 
enthusiastic  cavalcade,  who  sang  before 
him  "  Holy,  holy,  holy,  is  the  Lord  God 
of  liosts,  Ilosaunain  the  highest."  This 
fanatic  zeal  was  noticed  by  the  parlia- 
rnent.  Naylor  was  accused  and  con- 
demned as  guilty  of  blasphemy,  and  as 
an  impostor:  he  was  exposed  in  the 
pillory,  whipped,  and  branded  on  the 
loreliead  ;  his  tongue  was  bored  through 
with  a  red-hot  iron  at  the  Old  Excliatige, 
and  he  was  then  imprisoned  in  Bride- 
well for  life.  After  two  years  imprison- 
ment he  was  set  at  liberty,  and,  in  16(50, 
he  left  London  to  return  to  Wakefield, 
to  his  wife  and  family,  but  d.  by  the 
way. 

NEAL,  Daniel,  a  dissenting  minis- 
ter, was  b.  in  1678,  in  London;  was  ed- 
ucated at  Merchant  Tailors'  school,  and 
at  Utrecht;  became  minister  to  a  con- 
gregation in  Jewin-strect ;  and  d.  in 
1743.  lie  wrote  a  "History  of  the 
Puritans,"  and  a  "  History  of  New  En- 
gland." 

NEANDER,  Johann-  August  "Wil- 
iTELM,  one  of  the  most  distinguished 
ecclesiastical  historians  of  modern  times, 
was  b.  at  Gottingen,  1789.  His  parents 
were  Jews.  They  removed  to  Ham- 
burgh when  their  son  was  very  young ; 
and  to  tlie  excellent  institutions  of  that 
city  he  was  indebted  for  great  part  of  his 
education.  In  his  16th  year  he  was  con- 
verted to  Christianity,  and  proceeded  to 
study  first  at  Halle  and  then  at  Gottin- 
gen, where  he  gained  the  reputation  of 
great  learning  and  piety,  though  strug- 
glincf  with  an  extremity  of  poverty  that 
would  have  crushed  a  less  ardent  and 
heroic  soul.  After  a  short  sojourn  at 
Hamburgh  he  removed  lo  Ileidelbenr,  in 
isll,  and  occupied  liimself  in  writing 
his  first  work,  "The  Emperor  .Julian 
and  his  Age,"  which  led  to  his  appoiiit- 
nient  to  a  ciniir  of  theology  in  tliat  uni- 
versity, in  1812.  A  few  months  after- 
wards he  was  nominated  to  the  same 
chair  in  the  then  infant  university  of 
Berlin,  where  he  had  Marheinecke  and 
Schleiennaeher  for  his  colleagues  ;  and 
here  he  labored  assiduously  for  38 
years,  producing  his  "  History  of  the 
"Christian  Church,"  and  other  ecclesias- 
tical works   of  the  liighest  value.     Ho 


was  a  person  of  simpio  but  eccentric 
manners,  and  »rcatly  beloved.     D.  1850. 

NECKEK,  James,  an  eminent  finan- 
cier and  statesman,  was  b.  in  1732,  at 
Geneva,  and  lor  many  years  carried  on 
the  business  of  a  banker  at  Paris.  His 
"Eulogy  on  Colbert,"  his  "Treatise  on 
the  Corn  Laws  and  Trade,"  and  some 
"  Essays  on  the  Kesourees  of  France," 
inspired  such  an  idea  of  his  talents  for 
finance,  that,  in  1776,  he  was  appointed 
director  of  the  treasury,  and,  shortly 
after,  comptroller-general.  Before  his 
resignation,  in  1781,  he  publislied  a 
statement  of  his  operations,  addressed 
to  the  king;  and,  while  in  retirement, 
he  produced  a  work  on  the  "  Adminis- 
tration of  the  Finances,"  and  another 
on  the  "  Importance  of  Religious  Opin- 
ions." He  was  reinstated  in  the  comp- 
trollership  in  1788,  and  advised  the 
convocation  of  the  states-general ;  was 
abruptly  dismissed,  and  ordered  to  quit 
the  kingdom,  in  July,  1789  ;  but  was 
almost  instantly  recalled,  in  consequence 
of  the  ferment  which  his  departure  ex- 
cited in  the  public  mind.  Necker,  how- 
ever, soon  became  as  much  an  object  of 
antipathy  to  tlie  people  as  he  had  been 
of  their  idolatry,  and  in  1790  he  left 
France  for  ever.  D.  at  Copet,  in  Switz- 
erland, 1804. — Susanna,  liis  wife,  whose 
maiden  name  was  Curchod,  was  a  wom- 
an of  talent,  and  wrote  "  Reflections  on 
Divorce,"  and  "  Miscellanies."  She  was 
the  object  of  Gibbon's  early  attachment. 

NEEDIIAM,  .John  Turbekville,  a 
natural  pliilospher,  was  b.  in  1713,  at 
Loudon ;  was  educated  at  Douay ;  and 
d.  in  1781,  director  of  the  imperial 
academy  at  Brussels.  Among  liis 
works  are,  "Inquiries  on  Microscopical 
Discoveries,"  "  New  Microscopical  Dis- 
coveries," "Inquiries concerning  Nature 
and  Religion,"  and  an  "Essay  on  the 
Oriirin  of  the  Chinese  Empire." 

NEELE,  Henry,  a  poet  and  miscel- 
laneous writer,  was  b.  1798  ;  followed 
the  profession  of  an  attorney ;  and  put 
an  end  to  his  existence  in  a  fit  of  insani- 
ty, Feb.  7,  1S2S.  He  is  the  author  of 
"  Poems,"  "  Dramatic  and  Miscellane- 
ous Poetry,"  "The  Romance  of  Enirlish 
History,"  and  "  Literary  Remains." 

NELSON,  IIou.\Tio,  Viscount,  was  b. 
Sept.  29,  1758,  at  Burnham  Tliorpe,  in 
Norfolk,  of  which  parish  his  fatlier  was 
the  rector.  At  the  age  of  12  he  went  to 
sea  as  a  midsliipman,  with  liis  uncle, 
Captain  Suckling.  He  reached  the  rank 
of  post-captain  in  1779,  and  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  comn\and  of  the  Hiu- 
chinbroke  frig.ite.    During  the  Amcri- 


658 


CVCLOP.f!;DIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[new 


can  war,  and  tlio  succeeding  peace,  he 
gained  the  character  of  a  good  officer ; 
the  war  of  the  revolution  gave  him  that 
of  a  great  one.  In  1793  he  was  appoint- 
ed to  the  Agamemnon,  forming  a  part 
of  Lord  IIoihI's  squadron  in  the  ]SIedi- 
terraucan.  Tlicre  lie  distinguished  him- 
self at  the  sieges  of  Bastia  and  Calvi,  at 
the  last  of  which  he  lost  an  eye  ;  har- 
issed  the  enemy  with  incessant  activi- 
ty ;  and  contributed  so  largely  to  the 
victoiy  of  Cape  St.  Vincent,  that  he  was 
made  "a  rear-admiral,  and  received  the 
order  of  the  Bath.  In  an  attack  upon 
Santa  Cruz  he  failed,  and  lost  his  right 
arm.  In  179S  he  destroyed  the  French 
fleet,  on  the  1st  of  August,  in  the  bay 
of  Aboukir;  and  ho  subsequently  took 
an  active  part  in  the  expulsion  of  the 
French  from  the  Neapolitan  and  Eoman 
territories.  For  this  lie  was  created  a 
baron.  In  ISOl  he  defeated  the  Danes 
at  the  battle  of  Copenhagen,  and  was 
made  a  viscount;  and  in  ISO"),  on  the 
21st  of  October,  he  crowned  his  acliieve- 
ments  by  the  glorious  victory  of  Trafal- 
gar, over  the  united  French  and  Spanish 
Bquadrons.  This  triumph,  however,  was 
dearly  earned  to  his  country  by  the  loss 
of  the  hero  who  gained  it.  He  was  mor- 
tally wounded  by  a  rille  shot,  and  lived 
only  just  long  enough  to  learn  that  the 
success  was  complete. — Thomas,  was  b. 
at  iS'ew  York,  in  1738.  He  received  his 
education  in  England,  and  about  the 
close  of  the  year  1761  he  returned  to  his 
native  country,  and  took  up  his  resi- 
dence at  York.  In  1774  he  was  chosen 
a  member  of  the  house  of  burgesses, 
and  in  tlie  following  year  he  was  ap- 
pointed a  delegate  to  the  continental 
congress,  lie  held  a  seat  in  this  assem- 
bly for  two  successive  years,  and  again 
in  1779.  In  1781  he 'succeeded  Mr. 
Jefferson  as  governor  of  \'irginia.  D. 
1789. — Samuel,  b.  in  1759,  was  one  of 
the  most  ardent  of  the  Irish  patriots  in 
1790,  and  edited  the  "Northern  Star," 
which  produced  great  eflJBcts.  On  the 
rebellion  being  put  down,  in  179*3,  he 
was  tiirown  into  prison,  where  he  re- 
mained till  set  at  liberty  by  French  inter- 
ference, at  the  treaty  of  Amiens,  in  18u2. 
He  tlien  retired  to  America. 

NEPOS,  CoKNELiLs,  a  Latin  historian, 
is  said  to  have  been  b.  at  Verona,  or  in 
its  vicinity.  He  flourished  under  Julius 
and  Augustus  Ctesar,  and  was  a  favorite 
of  the  latter.  He  wrote  the  "  Lives  of 
celebrated  Greek  and  Koman  Charac- 
ters." 

NEEO,  Lucius  Donmus  Claudius,  a 
Eoman  emperor,  was  b.  a.  d.  87,  and 


succeeded  Claudius,  by  whom  he  had 
been  adopted.  At  the  commencement 
of  his  reign  his  conduct  excited  great 
hopes  in  the  Komans  ;  but  he  soon  de- 
generated into  one  of  tlie  basest  of 
tyrants.  Some  crimes,  however,  among 
which  is  the  burning  of  Eome,  appear 
to  have  been  falsely  attributed  to  him. 
He  put  an  end  to  his  existence  in  G8,  in 
consequence  of  the  successful  rebellion 
of  Galba. 

NEUHOFF,  Theodore  Stephen,  Ba 
ron,  the  son  of  a  Westphalian  noble, 
was  b.  at  Metz,  about  1690.  While  a 
student  at  Cologne,  he  unfortunately 
killed  a  young  man  of  rank  in  a  duel, 
and  fled  to  tlie  Hague.  But  through  the 
mediation  of  the  Spanish  minister  he 
received  a  lieutenancy  in  the  Spanish 
regiment  of  cavalry  destined  to  march 
against  the  Moors  in  Africa,  and,  on 
account  of  his  good  behavior,  was  pro- 
moted to  a  captaincy.  When  the 
Corsicans,  after  several  unsuccessful  .it- 
tempts  to  free  themselves  from  the 
oppressions  of  Genoa,  resolved,  in  1735, 
to  form  a  government  of  their  own, 
Neuhotf  was  crowned  king,  had  silver 
and  copper  coins  struck,  and  established 
an  order  of  knighthood,  under  the 
name  of  the  order  of  deliverance.  Theo- 
dore, however,  could  not  maintain  him- 
self against  the  Genoese  and  a  Corsiean 
opposition.  He  fled  to  England.  Here 
Ins  Dutch  creditors  pursued  him,  and 
being  arrested,  he  became  a  prisoner  in 
the  king's  Bench  for  some  years.  His 
liberation  was  etfected  through  the  in- 
strumentality of  Horace  Walpole;  but 
he  d.  soon  after,  in  1755. 

NEWCOMBE,  William,  a  learned 
prelate,  was  b.  in  1729,  at  Barton  le 
Clay,  in  Bedfordshire;  was  educated  at 
Abingdon  school,  and  at  Pembroke  col- 
lege, Oxford ;  was  successively  bishop 
of  Dromore,  Ossorv,  and  W'aterford  ; 
was  raised  to  the  arclibishopric  of  Ar- 
magh by  Earl  Fitzwilliam.  Of  his 
works  the  principal  are,  "  A  Harmony 
of  the  Gospels  ;"  "  An  Historical  Vieve 
of  the  English  Biblical  Translations ;" 
and  "Attempts  towards  an  improved 
Version  of  Ezekiol  and  the  Minor 
Prophets."     D.  1800. 

NEWCOMEN,  Thomas,  a  blacksmith 
of  Dartmouth,  in  Devonshire,  lived  at 
the  latter  end  of  the  17th  century, 
and  the  beginning  of  the  18th.  To 
liim  belongs  the  merit  of  the  first  great 
improvement  in  steam-engines,  by  form- 
ing a  vacuum  undcrthe  piston,  and  thus 
bringing  into  action  the  atmospherio 
pressure. 


NIc] 


CYC'I-OP.EDIA    OF    BIOOKAPliy. 


659 


NliWTON,  Sir  Isaac,  the  greatest  of 
philosophers,  was  b.  December  25,  1642. 
at  Colster'vorth,  in  Liucohishire,  ami 
early  displayed  a  talent  Ibr  mechanics 
and  drawing,  lie  was  educated  at 
Grantliam  school,  and  at  Trinity  col- 
lege, Cambridge,  and  studied  mathe- 
matics with  the  utmost  assiduity.  In 
l(jij7  he  obtained  a  fellowship ;  in  lOGi) 
the  mathematical  professorship;  and  in 
1U71  he  became  a  member  of  the  Koyal 
Society.  It  was  during  his  abode  at 
Cambridge  that  he  made  his  three  great 
discoveries,  of  fluxions,  the  nature  of 
light  and  colors,  and  the  laws  of  gravi- 
tation. To  the  latter  of  these  his  at- 
tention was  lirst  turned  bv  his  seeing 
an  apple  fall  from  a  tree.  'The  "  Prin- 
cipia,"  which  unfolded  to  the  world  the 
theory  of  the  universe,  was  not  pub- 
lished till  1087.  In  that  year  also  New- 
ton was  chosen  one  of  the  delegates,  to 
defend  the  privileges  of  the  university 
against  James  II. ;  and  in  1688  and  1701 
he  was  elected  one  of  the  members  of 
the  university.  He  was  appointed  war- 
den of  the  Mint  in  1696 ;  was  made 
master  of  it  in  1699  ;  was  chosen  presi- 
dent of  the  Eoyal  Society  in  1703  ;  and 
was  knighted  in  1705.  Among  his 
works  arc,  "Arithmetica  Universalis," 
"A  New  MetJiod  of  Infinite  Series  and 
Fluxions,"  "  Optics,"  "  The  Chronology 
of  Ancient  Kingdoms  amended,"  and 
"Observations  on  the  Prophecies  of 
Daniel  and  the  Apocalypse."  D.  1727. — 
Thomas,  a  learned  prelate,  was  b.  in 
1704,  at  Lichfield ;  was  educated  there, 
at  Westminster,  and  at  Trinity  college, 
Cambridge ;  and,  after  having  tilled 
various  minor  preferments,  was  made 
bishop  of  Bristol,  in  1761.  He  d.  in 
1782.  His  principal  work  is,  "  Disser- 
tations on  the  Prophecies."  He  also 
published  editions,  with  notes,  of  "Pa- 
radise Lost,"  and  "  Paradise  Regained." 
— GiLBEiiT  Si'UAitT,  a  painter  of  consid- 
erable merit,  was  b.  at  Halifax,  Nova 
Scotia,  in  1794 ;  visited  Italy,  about 
1820;  and,  on  his  return  to  I'^nglaud, 
entered  himself  a  student  of  the  Koyal 
Academy.  He  confined  himself  chiefiy 
to  small  pictures,  and  illustratei.1  many 
subjects  HI  the  "  Annuals"  and  other 
elegant  publications,  in  a  highly  credit- 
able manner.  His  female  figures  are 
strikingly  expressive  of  innocence  as 
well  as  beauty.     D.  1835. 

NEY,  MicnAEL,  a  French  marshal, 
prince  of  the  Moskwa,  duke  of  Elehin- 
ijcn,  denominated  "  the  bravest  of  the 
brave"  by  his  countrymen,  was  the  son 
of  an  artisan,  and  was  b.  in  1769,  at 


Sarre  Louis.  Ho  entered  the  army  in 
1787 ;  exerted  himself  so  much  in  the 
early  campaigns  of  the  revolution  that 
he  was  called  the  Indefatigable ;  and 
rose  to  the  rank  of  brigadier-general 
in  1796.  He  bore  a  part  in  all  the 
achievements  of  the  army  of  the  Rhine, 
particularly  of  the  battle  of  Ilohenlinden. 
in  all  the  campaigns  from  1805  to  1814, 
Ney  lield  liigh  commands,  and  con- 
stantly signalized  himself  by  his  mili- 
tary skill  and  his  daring  valor.  He 
was  made  a  peer  by  Louis  XVIII. ,  and 
was  placed  at  the  head  of  an  army  to 
stop  the  progress  of  Napoleon  in  1*815. 
Ney,  however,  went  over,  with  his  army, 
to  his  former  sovereign,  and  fought  for 
him  at  Qu.itre  Bras  and  "Waterloo.  On 
the  second  restoration  of  the  Bourbons, 
he  was  condemned  to  death,  and  was 
shot  on  the  7th  of  December,  1815. 

NICHOLS,  John',  an  antiquary  and 
miscellaneous  writer,  was  b.  in  1744,  at 
Islington ;  was  apprenticed  to  Bowyer 
the  printer,  and  became  his  partner; 
conducted  "The  Gentleman's  Maga- 
zine" for  nearly  half  a  century;  and  d. 
November  26,  1826.  Among  his  works 
are,  "  The  History  and  Antiquities  of 
Leicestershire,"  "  Anecdotes  of  Bow- 
yer," "  Literary  Anecdotes  of  the  Eigh- 
teenth Century,"  and  "  Illustrations  of 
the  Literature  of  the  Eighteenth  Cen- 
tury." 

NICHOLSON,  James,  an  officer  in  the 
American  navy,  was  b.  in  Chestertown, 
Md.,  in  1737.  He  followed  the  life  of  a 
sailor  till  the  year  1773,  when  he  mar- 
ried and  settled  in  the  city  of  New 
York.  Here  he  remained  until  1771, 
when  he  returned  to  his  native  province. 
At  the  commencement  of  the  revolution, 
the  government  of  ilaryland  built  and 
equipped  a  ship  of  war,  called  the  De- 
fence, and  the  command  of  her  was  in- 
trusted to  Nicliolson.  He  performed 
various  exploits  during  the  war,  and  be- 
fore the  close  of  it  was  taken  prisoner 
and  carried  into  New  York.  He  d.  in 
1S06. — AViLi.L\M,  an  able  writer  on  natu- 
ral philosophy  and  chemistry,  was  b.  in 
1753,  in  London ;  was,  successively,  iu 
the  maritime  service,  agent  on  the  Con- 
tinent for  Mr.  ^Vedgwood,  a  mathemati- 
cal teacher,  and  engineer  to  the  Portsea 
water-works;  and  d.  in  indigence,  in 
1815.  His  chief  works  are,  "  An  Intro- 
duction to  Natural  I'hilosophy ;"  "A 
Dictionary  of  Chemistry,"  and  "  The 
Navigator's  Assistant."  In  1797  he  es- 
tablished the  scientific  journal  which 
bears  his  name,  and  which  ho  conducted 
till  his  decease. 


660 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[nol 


NICOLAI,  CnnisTorriEn  Frederic,  a 
German  author,  who  was  also  a  book- 
Bcller,  was  b.  at  Berlin,  in  1738,  and  d. 
there  in  1811.  Among  his  numerous 
works  are,  ''The  Life  and  Opinions  of 
Sebaldus  Nothaiiker,"  "  A  Tour  in  Ger- 
many and  Switzerland,"  and  "  Charac- 
teristic Anecdotes  of  Frederic  II."  He 
also  edited  "  The  Library  of  Belles 
Lettres,"  "  Letters  on  Modern  Litera- 
ture," "The  German  General  Library," 
and  "  The  New  German  General  "Li- 
brary," the  whole  forming  nearly  two 
hundred  volumes. 

NICOLAS,  Sir  Nicholas  Harris,  an 
eminent  antiquary,  was  b.  in  Cornwall, 
17yy.  At  an  early  age  he  entered  the 
navy,  and  received  his  commission  as 
lieutenant  in  1S15,  after  an  active  and 
adventurous  service  on  the  coast  of  Ca- 
hibria.  But  he  appears  to  have  been 
called  to  the  bar  in  18-25.  Shortly  after- 
wards he  was  elected  a  fellow  of  the 
Society  of  Antiquaries  ;  and  he  thence- 
forward devoted  himself  almost  entirely 
to  antiquarian  literature,  particularly  in 
the  departments  of  genealogy  and  his- 
tory. Almost  all  his  works  nave  a  sub- 
stantial liistorical  value ;  such  for  in- 
stance as  his  "  History  of  the  Battle  of 
Agincourt,"  the  memoirs  in  "  The 
Siege  of  Carlaverock,"  and  the  "Scrope 
and  Grovesnor  Koll,"  the  "Proceedings 
of  the  Privy  Council,"  bis  "Life  of 
Hatton,"  and  his  "  Dispatches  of  Lord 
Nelson  ;"  but  the  most  useful  in  aid  of 
other  literary  men  were  his  "Chro- 
nology of  History,"  his  "  Synopsis  of 
the  Peerage,"  and  his  "  Testamenta 
Vetusta."     D.  1848. 

NICOLSON,  WiLLiAiT,  a  learned  pre- 
late, was  b.  in  1655,  at  Orton,  in  Cum- 
berland ;  was  educated  at  Queen's  col- 
lege, O.Kford ;  was  successively,  in  1702, 
1718,  and  1727,  bishop  of  Carlisle,  and 
of  Berry,  and  archbishop  of  Cashel ; 
and  d.  a  few  days  after  he  was  raised  to 
the  arehiepiscopal  dignity.  "The  En- 
glish, Scotch,  and  Irish  Historical  Li- 
brary," and  the  "  Le^es  Marchiarum, 
or  Border  Laws,"  are  Lis  principal  pro- 
ductions. 

NIEBUHR,  Carsten,  a  celebrated 
traveller,  was  b.  in  17.'?3,  at  Ludings- 
worth,  in  tlie  duchy  of  Lauenberg;  was 
sent,  in  company  with  four  other  learn- 
ed men,  by  the  Danish  government,  in 
1761,  to  explore  Arabia ;  was  employed 
for  six  years  on  that  mission,  and  was 
the  only  one  who  returned ;  was  liber- 
ally rewarded  by  the  Danish  monarch  ; 
and  d.  in  1815.  Amonj;  his  works  are, 
"A  Description  of  Arabia,"  and  "Trav- 


els in  Arabia  and  the  neighboring  Coun- 
tries."— G.  B.,  a  son  of  the  foregoing, 
was,  successively,  professor  at  the  uni- 
versity of  Berlin,  counsellor  of  state, 
and  l*russian  ambassador  to  the  pope. 
While  he  was  at  Rome,  he  discovered 
some  valuable  fragments  of  two  of  Cice- 
ro's orations.  He  d.  in  1830.  His 
great  work  is  "The  History  of  Rome," 
which  is  far  superior  to  most  of  its 
rivals. 

NIEWLAND,  Peter,  a  Dutch  mathe- 
matician, was  b.  in  1764,  at  Dimmer- 
meer,  near  Amsterdam,  and  d.  in  1794; 
professor  of  natural  philosophy,  mathe- 
ma-tics,  and  astronomy,  at  Leyden. 
Niewland  was  an  instance  of  precocious 
talent.  At  seven  years  of  age  he  wrote 
a  poem  to  the  "Deity,"  and  at  eight  he 
solved  difficult  geometrical  problems 
with  uncommon  facility.  He  is  the  au- 
thor of  various  scientific  works,  and  of 
a  volume  of  poetry. 

NIVERNOIS,  LouLs  JuLirs  Bakbon 
Mancini  Mazarini,  duke  de,  was  b.  in 
1716,  at  Paris;  served  as  colonel  in 
the  army,  but  was  obliged  by  ill  health 
to  resign  his  commission ;  was,  succes- 
sively, ambassador  at  Rome,  Berlin,  and 
London,  in  which  latter  city  he  negoti- 
ated the  peace  of  1762  ;  was  imprisoned 
by  the  republicans  in  1793;  and  d.  in 
1798.  Among  his  works  are,  "Fables 
in  Verse,"  "Dialogues  of  the  Dead," 
"Dramas;"  and  translations  from  the 
Latin,  Enirlish,  and  Italian. 

NOBLE,  Patrick,  a  governor  of  South 
Carolina,  distinguished  as  a  lawyer  and 
politician.    B.  1787  ;  d.  1840. 

NOLLEKENS,  Joseph,  an  eminent 
sculptor,  the  son  of  a  painter,  was  b.  in 
1737,  in  London ;  studied  under  Schee- 
maker,  and  subsequently  at  Rome  un- 
der Cavaeeppi;  remained  nine  years  in 
Italy,  during  which  period  he  gained 
great  reputation  as  an  artist,  and  also 
improved  his  f(n-tune  by  dealing  in  an- 
tiquities; returned  to  Enijland  in  1770; 
became  a  royal  academician  in  1772 ; 
and  was  so  extensively  employed,  par- 
ticularly on  busts,  that  he  accumulated 
£200,000.  He  d.  April  23, 1823.  In  his 
character  Nollekens  had  more  than  the 
usual  share  of  that  singularity  which 
is  supposed  to  be  attendant  upon  ge- 
nius. 

NOLLET,  John  Anthony,  a  French 
natural  philosopher,  was  b.  in  1700,  at 
Pimpre,  acquired  considerable  scientific 
reputation,  and  became  a  member  of  the 
Royal  Society,  and  of  several  learned 
societies,  and  d.  in  1770.  Besides  vari- 
ous works  on  electricity,  and  other  suh- 


nor] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


GGl 


jects,  he  wrote  "Lectures  on  Experi- 
mental I'liilosophy." 

NOKDKX,  Fkkdekio  Louis,  an  emi- 
nent traveller,  a  captain  in  the  Danish 
navy,  was  b.  in  17uS,  at  Gluekstadt,  in 
llolstcin.  lie  was  sent  by  his  sovereign 
to  France  and  Holland,  to  collect  naval 
information,  and  afterwards  to  Egypt  to 
describe  and  design  the  ancient  monu- 
ments of  that  country.  lie  d.  in  174'2. 
lie  is  the  author  of  "  Travels  in  Egypt 
and  Nubia,"  and  of  a  "Memoir  on  the 
Kuins  and  Colossal  Statues  of  Thebes." 
— Jonx,  an  old  English  writer,  who  is 
conjectured  by  Wood  to  have  been  a 
native  of  Wilts.  He  received  his  edu- 
cation at  Oxford,  and  wrote  some  strange 
books  in  divinity,  witli  very  whimsical 
titles,  as  "The  Sinful  Man's  Solace," 
"  Antithesis,  or  Contrariety  between  the 
Wicked  and  Godly  set  forth  in  a  Pair  of 
Gloves  fit  for  every  Man  to  wear,"  &c. 
He  was  also  the  author  of  the  "Sur- 
veyor's Dialogue,"  "  Labyrinth  of  Man's 
Life,"  a  poenj,  "England,  or  a  Guide 
for  Travellers,"  and  "  Topographical 
Descriptions  of  Middlesex,  Herttbrd- 
sliire,  and  Cornwall."  He  was  surveyor 
of  the  kinsr's  lands,  and  d.  about  1625. 

NORRIS,  Sir  John,  a  brave  naval 
olhccr,  who  served  his  country  nearly 
sixty  years,  commencing  in  1689,  and 
terminating,  with  his  life,  in  1749.  Tlie 
frequent  accidents  and  misfortunes 
which  befell  the  ships  and  squadrons 
under  his  command,  and  which  could 
not  be  warded  olf  by  any  human  pru- 
dence or  sagacity,  procured  him  the 
appellation  of  "Foul-weather  Jack;" 
yet  in  the  duties  of  his  profession  no 
man  could  be  more  assiduous. — John, 
an  eminent  divine  and  I'latonist,  was  b. 
in  i0r)7,  at  Collingbourne  Kingston,  in 
Wiltshire,  and  became  rector  of  Bemcr- 
ton,  near  Salisbuiy,  where  he  d.  1711. 
He  ranks  as  one  of  tiie  most  eminent  of 
the  English  Platonists,  and  was  a  good 
man,  though  a  visionary.  Anion?  his 
works  are,  "The  Theory  and  Kegula- 
tion  of  Love."  "Reflections  upon  the 
Conduct  of  Human  Life,"  "Practical 
Discourses,"  "  An  Essay  towards  the 
Theory  of  the  Ideal  or  Intelligible 
World,"  and  "  Philosophical  Discourse 
concerning  the  Natural  Immortality  of 
tlie  Soul." 

NORTH,  Roger,  a  law>-er  and  mis- 
cellaneous writer,  the  yoinigcst  son  of 
Dudley  Lord  North,  was  attorney-gen- 
eral under  James  II.,  and  d.  in  1733. 
He  wrote  the  "Lives"  of  his  three  bro- 
thers, Lord  Keeper  Nortii,  Sir  Dudley 
North,  and  Dr.  John  Nort  h,  all  of  whom 
.5ii 


were  eminent  men;  "Examen,  or  In- 
quiry into  tiie  Credit  and  Veracity  of 
Kennct's  History,"  "A  History  of  Ee- 
culent  Fish,"  and  other  works. — Fked- 
ERic,  earl  of  Guildford,  better  Imown  as 
Lord  North,  was  b.  in  1782,  and  edu- 
cated at  Eton,  and  Trinity  college,  0.\- 
ford.  After  having  lield  several  less 
important  offices,  he  was,  in  1707,  ap- 
pointed chancellor  of  the  exchequer, 
and,  in  1770,  first  lord  of  the  treasury. 
His  administration  continued  through 
the  whole  of  the  American  war,  during 
which  ho  was  incessantly  assailed  by 
the  opposition,  and  was  often  threatened 
with  impeachment.  In  17S2  he  resign- 
ed, but  in  1783  lie  was  for  a  few  months 
a  member  of  the  coalition  ministry.  He 
was  blind  for  some  years  previous  to 
his  decease,  which  took  place  in  1792. 

NORTHCOTE,  J.vmes,  an  eminent 
portrait  and  historical  painter,  was  b.  in 
1746,  at  Plymouth,  where  his  father  was 
a  watchmaker.  Having  a  taste  for  the 
fine  arts,  and  being  flattered  by  praises 
l^estowed  on  his  early  productions,  he 
pursued  the  practice"  of  drawing  and 

glinting  with  so  much  assiduity,  that 
r.  Mudge,  a  physician  of  Plymouth, 
recommended  him  as  a  scholar  to  Sir 
Joshua  Reynolds,  with  whom  he  re- 
mained five  years  ;  and  on  leaving  that 
great  artist  he  connnenced  business  on 
his  own  account,  with  great  success,  as 
a  portrait  painter.  Aspiring,  however, 
to  the  loftier,  though  less  lucrative  de 
partment  of  historical  painting,  lie  vis 
ited  Italy  in  1777,  and  remaininc:  tliero 
three  years,  he  retilrned  to  London 
with  a  vastly  increased  reputation.  In 
1787  he  became  a  royal  academician,  and 
for  a  period  of  thirty  years  his  produc- 
tions formed  a  eonsjncuous  part  of  the 
exhibitions  at  Somerset  house.  Ho 
studied  deeply,  was  an  acute  observer 
of  human  nature,  .and  possessed  a  sound 
judgment,  a  quick  perception,  and  great 
conversational  powers.  lie  wrote  "  The 
Life  of  Sir  .Joshua  Reynolds,"  also, 
"Fal)les,"  "Conversations,"  and  "The 
Lite  of  Titian,"  in  all  of  which  he  was 
assisted  by  Mr.  lla/litt.  He  amassed  a 
larjre  fortune  by  his  profession,  and  his 
habits  were  too  penurious  to  dissipate 
it.     D.  1S31. 

NORTON,  John,  a  elertryman  of 
Boston,  was  b.  in  Herttbrdsiiire,  En- 
gland, in  1606.  After  ivceiviiii,'  a  the- 
ological education,  he  adoptctl  the  creed 
and  practice  of  the  Puritans,  and  in  1635 
emigrated  to  New  Ensrhmd.  Ho  was 
first  settled  in  the  ministry  at  Ipswich, 
but  was  afterwards  prevailed  ou  Jo  re- 


662 


CYCLOP. F.niA    OF    niOGRAPIIY. 


[num 


move  to  Boston.  In  1002  lie  was  ap- 
pointed one  of  the  two  agents  of  the 
colony  to  uddrcss  King  Charles  on  his 
restoration,  but  tiicy  did  not  fully  suc- 
ceed in  tRe  objects  of  their  mission.  He 
d.  in  1663.  His  theological  works  were 
nmnerons,  and  he  published  several 
political  tracts. 

NORWOOD,  EiCHAED,  an  English 
{reonietrician,  of  the  17tli  century,  was 
the  first  who  measured  a  degree  of  the 
meridian  in  England.  The  operation 
was  performed  in  1635,  and  was  caiTied 
on  between  London  and  York.  No 
particuhirs  of  his  life  are  recorded,  lie 
wrote  treatises  on  '•  Trigonometry,"  on 
"Navigation,"  and  on  "Fortification." 
NOSTREDAME,  or  NOSTRADA- 
MUS, Michael,  a  famous  astrologer 
and  empiric,  was  b.  in  l.")03,  at  St.  Remi, 
in  Provence.  After  liaving  practised 
physic  for  some  years,  he  assumed  tlie 
character  of  a  prophet,  and,  in  155,5, 
publislied  seven  centuries  of  "Predic- 
tions," each  of  whicli  was  comprised  in 
a  stanza  of  lour  lines.  They  became 
popular,  and  he  received  valuable  pres- 
ents from  Charles  IX.,  Catharine  of 
Medieis,  tlie  duke  of  Savoy,  and  other 
eminent  persons.     D.  1566. 

NOTT,  .John-,  a  physician,  poet,  and 
translator,  was  b.  in  1751,  at  Worcester, 
settled  at  the  Hot  Wells,  Bristol,  in  1793, 
as  a  physician,  and  d.  there  in  1826. 
Among  his  works  are  various  poems ; 
translations  from  Hafiz,  Propertius,  Ca- 
tullus, Horace,  Lucretius,  Johannes  Se- 
cundus,  Bonefonijis,  and  Petrarch ;  a 
"  Nosological  Companion,"  and  select 
poems  from  Herrick's  "  Ilespcrides." 

NOUE,  Francls  de  la,  a  French  Cal- 
vinist  warrior,  surnamcd  Iron-arm,  from 
the  loss  of  his  left  arm  being  supplied 
by  an  artificial  limb  of  iron,  was  b.  in 
1531,  in  Britany,  and  distinguished  him- 
self in  the  wars  in  Italy,  the  Nether- 
lauds,  and  France.  He  was  killed  in 
15U1,  at  the  siege  of  Lamballe.  La  None 
was  no  less  admired  for  his  virtues  tlum 
for  his  military  talent.  He  is  the  author 
of  "  Political  and  Military  Discourses," 
and  "Remarks  on  Guicciardini's  His- 
tory." 

NOVATIAN,  or  NOVATIANUS,  a 
Greek  philosopher,  who  eTnbraced 
Cliri^tianity,  and  was  admitted  a  mem- 
ber of  the  priesthood.  He  started  the 
doctrine,  that  it  was  sinful  to  admit 
persons  who  had  once  lapsed  to  idolatry 
to  jommunion,  a  practice  then  universal 


in  the  church.  This  produced  a  schism, 
in  which  Novatian  had  many  partisans, 
who  called  themselves  Catharites,  (puri- 
tans,) or  Novatians,  from  their  founder. 
This  sect,  after  the  council  of  Nice,  fell 
into  disrepute  in  the  Western  empire, 
though  they  continued  to  prevail  for  a 
much  longer  period  in  the  P2ast. 

NOVES,  Laur.\  de,  the  female  whom 
Petrarch  has  innnortalizcd  in  his  poems, 
was  b.  near  Avignon,  in  1807  or  1308, 
married  Hugh  de  Sade  in  1325,  and  d. 
in  1348. 

NOY,  W^iLLTAM,  a  celebrated  lawyer, 
who  may  be  considered  as  one  of  the 
main  authors  of  the  civil  war  between 
Charles  I.  and  his  people,  was  b.  in 
1577,  at  St.  Burian,  in  Cornwall,  and 
studied  at  Exeter  college,  Oxford,  and 
Lincoln's  Inn.  In  the  reign  of  .James 
I.  Nov  sat  in  parliament  for  Helston, 
and  subsequently  for  St.  Ives,  and  was 
a  stern  opponent  of  the  court.  But  in 
1631  Charles  converted  him  by  appoint- 
ing him  to  the  office  of  attorney-general, 
and  Noy  was  thenceforth  an  inveterate 
enemy  of  liberty.  Among  other  per- 
nicious measures  he  is  said  to  have  ori- 
ginated the  claim  of  ship  money.  D. 
163-1.  Among  his  works  are,  "  A  Trea- 
tise on  the  Grounds  and  Maxims  of  the 
Law  of  England,"  "The  Perfect  Con- 
veyancer," and  "The  Complete  Law- 
yer." 

NUGENT,  Thomas,  was  a  native  of 
Ireland,  but  settled  in  London,  where 
he  produced  numerous  works.  Among 
them  are,  "  A  French  and  English  Dic- 
tionary," which  has  been  often  re- 
printed, "  Travels  througii  Germany," 
"Observations  on  Italy  and  its  Inhab- 
itants," "The  Tour  of  Europe,"  "  Con- 
dillac's  Essay  on  the  Origin  of  Human 
Knowledge,"  "  Henault's  History  of 
France,"  &c.     D.  1772. 

NUMA  POMPILIUS,  the  second  king 
of  Rome,  was  b.  at  Cures,  a  Sabine  vil- 
lage, and  married  Tatia,  the  daughter 
ot^  the  king  of  the  Sabines.  He  was 
chosen  by  the  Romans  as  their  sovereign 
after  the  death  of  Romulus  ;  introduced 
many  reformations  among  them  during 
a  rci^'n  of  43  years.     D.  672  b.  c. 

NU.MERI.\N,  M.vRcus  Aurelius,  a 
Roman  etnncror,  the  son  of  Cams,  suc- 
ceeded to  tlie  throne  a.d.  282,  and,  after 
a  reign  of  eight  months,  was  murdered 
by  Arrius  Aper,  his  father-in-law.  Nu- 
mcrian  was  a  good  writer,  and  an  elo- 
quent speaker. 


occ] 


CYCLOP>^!DIA    OF    BIOGRAIIIV. 


663 


O. 


GATES,  Titus,  one  of  the  most  in- 
famous characters  tliat  ever  disgraced 
humanity,  was  b.  about  1619,  was  edu- 
cated at  Merchant  Tailors'  school,  and 
at  Cambridffe  ;  became  a  Komau  Catho- 
lic and  a  Jesuit  in  1677,  but,  shortly 
after,  declared  himself  a  Protestant,  aiul 
gave  information  of  &  pretended  popish 
plot,  by  which  means  he  excited  a  pop- 
alar  ferment,  and  broujjht  many  inno- 
cent individuals  to  the  scaffold.  In  the 
reiirn  of  James  II.  Gates  was  tried  for 
perjury,  and  a  dreadfully  severe  sen- 
tence was  passed  upon  him.  After  the 
revolution  he  was  pensioned.     D.  nO-j. 

GBERLIN,  jKKKMiAn  James,  a  Ger- 
man antiquary  and  philolocrist,  was  b. 
at  Strasbur;;,  in  1735.  He  began  his 
career  as  teacher  in  the  gymnasium  of 
liis  native  place,  and  after  he  had  ex- 
tended his  knowledge  and  reputation 
by  his  travels,  lie  was  transferred  to  the 
university;  in  17S2  he  obtained  the 
chair  of  logic  and  metaphysics,  to  which, 
in  1787,  was  added  the  office  of  director 
of  the  gymnasiuui.  Tlie  French  rev- 
olution interrupted  his  learned  labors, 
and  in  1793  he  was  imprisoned  at  Metz, 
and  treated  with  sveat  cruelty,  but  at 
the  teruruuition  of  Robespierre's  tyranny 
he  was  liberated,  and  resinned  hi.-?  lit- 
erary occupations.  He  published  valu- 
able editions  of  Tacitus,  Caesar,  Ovid, 
and  Horace,  and  produced  a  number  of 
works  on  arehaology,  statistics,  &e. 
D.  1806. 

O'CGNNELL,  Daniel,  of  Darrynanc 
abbey,  the  great  Irish  "  agitator,"  or 
"liberator,""  was  the  son  of  a  small 
landed  proprietor  in  the  county  of  Ker- 
ry, wiiere  he  was  b.  Aug.  6,  1775.  Edu- 
cated at  the  Catholic  college  of  St.  Gmer, 
and  at  the  Irish  seminary  of  Douay,  he 
at  first  intended  to  enter  the  ehiirch, 
but  after  the  repeal  of  the  act  which 
prohibited  Roman  Catliolies  from  prac- 
tising at  the  bar,  lie  became  a  student 
of  Lincoln's  Inn  in  1794,  was  admitted 
a  barrister  in  1798,  and  soon  acquired  a 
laru^e  practice,  which  yielded  him  a 
handsome  income.  In  1809  he  became 
connected  with  the  associations  which 
had  the  emancipation  of  the  Catholics 
for  their  object,  and  the  powers  of  elo- 
quence, togetiier  with  the  boundless 
zeal  wliieh  he  disphiyed  in  this  cause. 
Boon  made  him  the  idol  of  his  Catholic, 
and  the  dr.nd  of  his  Protestant,  coun- 


trymen. In  i815,  having  applied  the 
epithet  "beggarly"  to  the  Duolin  cor- 
poration, lie  was  challenged  by  x\lder- 
man  d'Esterre,  who  resented  it  as  a 
personal  insult.  The  challenge  was  ac- 
cepted, but  the  alderman  fell.  The 
same  year  Mr.  O'Connell  received  a 
hostile  message  from  Mr.  Peel,  then 
secretan,^  for  Ireland,  but  their  meeting 
was  prevented  by  the  police,  who  had 
obtained  knowledge  of  the  affair,  and 
Mr.  G'Connell  soon  afterwards  resolved 
that  he  would  thenceforward  neither 
send  nor  accept  a  challenge  for  any  in- 
jury that  he  might  inflict  or  receive — a 
resolution  to  which  he  steadfastly  ad- 
hered. In  1823,  in  conjunction  with 
Mr.  Shell,  he  founded  a  new  Catholic 
association,  wjiieh  soon  extended  over 
the  whole  of  Ireland,  and  from  that 
period  down  to  his  decease,  his  jiersonal 
liistory  is  identified  with  that  of  Ireland. 
In  1828  he  resolved,  notwithstanding 
the  existing  disabilities,  to  become  a 
candidate  for  a  seat  in  parliament,  and 
was  chosen  a  member  for  Clare.  He 
refused  to  take  the  prescribed  oaths. 
But  early  in  the  next  session  the  Roman 
Catholic  relief  bill  was  introduced  and 
carried.  He  was  therefore,  in  the  month 
of  April,  1829,  enabled  to  sit  for  Clare 
without  taking  the  objectionable  oaths. 
He  continued  a  member  for  eighteen 
years.  lu  1841  he  was  elected  lord 
mayor  of  Dublin,  and  in  1843  "monster 
meetings"  was  held  on  the  royal  hill  of 
Tara,  on  the  Curragh  of  Kildare,  the 
rath  of  Mitllaghmast,  and  otlier  renown- 
ed localities,  fur  the  repeal  of  the  Irish 
union.  A  meeting  for  Clontarf  was 
fixed  for  the  Sth  of  Oct.,  when  the  gov- 
eriiinont  interfered.  Mr.  O'Conneil  was 
sentenced  to  pay  a  fine  of  £2000,  and  to 
be  imprisoned  for  a  year.  This  judg- 
ment was  afterwards  reversed  by  the 
house  of  lords.  He  retired  soon  after 
from  the  arena  of  strife,  and  commenced 
a  ])ilgrimage  in  1847,  more  for  devotion 
than  tor  health,  towards  Rome  ;  but  he 
had  proceeded  no  farther  than  (?enoa, 
when  with  comparatively  little  suffering, 
he  expired,  in  his  72d  vear. 

OCCAM,  or  CK'KHAM,  AYii.uAjr,  a 
divine  and  philosopher,  called  the  In- 
vincible Doctor,  was  b.  at  Ockliam,  ia 
Surrey,  in  the  14th  century,  was  edu- 
cated at  Merlon  college,  Oxford,  under 
Duns  Scotus,  became  a  Franciscan  friar, 


664 


CYCLOP-fiOIA    OF    mOGHAPHY. 


[onA 


nnd  arclulcacon  of  Stow,  but  resigned 
his  prel'ennent,  wrote  boldly  ugiiinst  the 
pope,  I'or  whieli  he  was  exeomuiunieated, 
and  d.  at  Munich  in  13i7.  lie  i^^  the 
Ibuiulcr  of  the  scholastic  sect  of  the 
aouiiual!sts. 

OCKLEY,  Simon,  a  celebrated  orien- 
lalist,  was  b.  in  1078,  at  Exeter,  was 
educated  at  Queen's  college,  Cambridge, 
obtained  the  vicarage  of  Swanescy,  in 
Cambridgeshire,  and  d.  in  indigence  in 
17ilO.  lie  is  the  author  of  a  valuable 
"  History  of  the  Saracens,"  "The  Life 
of  llai  Ebu  Yokdan,"  from  the  Arabic, 
an  "  Introduction  to  the  Oriental  Lan- 
guages," and  other  works. 

OECOLAMPADIUS,  John,  an  emi- 
nent German  reformer,  was  b.  in  14S2, 
at  Weiasberg,  iu  Eranconia.  He  was 
converted  to  the  Protestant  faith  by 
reading  the  works  of  Luther,  became 
professor  of  theology  at  Basle,  embraced 
the  opinions  of  Zuinglius  respecting  the 
Baeruuient,  contributed  much  to  the  pro- 
gress of  ecclesiastical  reform,  and  d.  iu 
15;il. 

OEHLENSCHLOEGER,  Adam,  the 
most  celebrated  dramatic  poet  of  Scan- 
dinavia, was  b.  at  Copeniiageu,  1777. 
AVhen  siill  a  child  he  evinced  great  skill 
iu  writing  verses ;  and  even  iu  his  yth 
year  he  wrote  short  comedies  for  private 
theatricals,  in  wliieli  the  cliief  perfurmers 
were  himself,  his  sister,  and  a  friend. 
Tliese  and  otlier  similar  attempts  created 
the  wish  to  go  upon  the  stage,  and  when 
he  was  in  liis  17th  year  he  put  his  de- 
sign into  execution.  Hut  he  soon  found 
that  the  stage  was  not  in  unison  with 
his  inclinations,  and  he  abandoned  it 
first  for  the  study  of  the  law,  and  after- 
wards tor  general  literature.  In  1805  he 
left  Copeniiageu  willi  a  stipend  from  the 
Danish  ffoveriuneut,  on  a  lengtiiened 
tour  througli  Germany  and  Italy;  and 
on  liis  return,  in  ISIO,  he  was  appointed 
to  tlie  cliair  of  literature  in  the  miiver- 
sity  of  Copenhagen,  where  he  labored 
assiduously  till  his  death.  His  earliest 
works  were  composed  in  Danish,  but 
he  rewrote  most  of  them  in  German, 
and  Germany  lias  given  them  a  promi- 
nent place  in  her  own  literature.  His 
most  important  works  arc,  "  Ilakon 
Jarl,"  "Corregtrio,"  "Palnatoke,"  "Al- 
addin," "  Der  Hirten-knabe,"  &c.  His 
"Autobiography"  is  a  beautiful  per- 
formance, fully  displaying  tiie  qualities 
for  whicli  be  was  distintruished  through 
life — strong  feelings  and  earnestness  of 
purpose — and  wliicli  gained  liim  uni- 
versal respect  while  he  lived,  autl  more 
than  rogal  honors  at  his  death.  D.  1850. 


OELRICHS,  John  Charles  Conrad, 
a  German  historian  and  bibliographer, 
was  b.  at  Berlin,  in  1722,  became  pio- 
fessor  of  history  and  civil  law  at  the 
academy  of  Stettin,  published  luany 
valuable  works  in  Latin  and  German, 
obtained  the  post  of  counsellor  of  lega- 
tion, and  resident  of  the  duke  of  Deux 
Fonts,  at  the  court  of  Berlin,  in  1784, 
and  d.  in  1708. 

OGILBY,  John,  a  multifarious  writer, 
was  b.  iu  1600,  at  Edinburgh,  and  was 
originally  a  dancing  master.  Being 
compelled  by  an  accident  to  relinquish 
that  occupation,  he  became  an  author. 
He  was  also  appointiid  king's  cosmog- 
rapher,  and  master  of  the  revels  in  Ire- 
land, whb.e  he  built  a  theatre.  He  d. 
in  1676.  Among  his  works  are,  transla- 
tions of  the  Iliad,  Odyssey,  and  Eneid, 
and  many  geographical  productions. 

OGILVIE,  John,  a  Scotch  divine  and 
poet,  was  b.  in  1733,  and  educated  at 
the  university  of  Aberdeen,  from  which 
he  obtained  a  doctor's  degree,  was  for 
more  than  half  a  century  minister  of 
Midmar,  in  Aberdeenshire,  and  d.  in 
1814,  respected  for  his  piety  and  talents. 
His  poetical  powers  were  by  no  means 
inconsiderable.  His  chief  works  are, 
"Sermons,"  "Poems,"  "Britannia," 
an  epic  poem,  "Philosophical  and  Crit- 
ical Observations  on  Compositions," 
and  "  Examination  of  the  Evidence  of 
Propheev." 

OGLETMOEPE,  James  Edward,  an 
English  officer,  was  b.  in  London,  iu 
1698,  and  was  educated  at  Oxford.  He 
was  an  aid-de-camp  to  Prince  Eugene. 
In  1732  he  settled  the  colony  in  Georgia, 
and  laid  the  foundation  of  the  town  of 
Savannah.  In  1745  he  was  made  major- 
general,  and  was  employed  to  follow 
the  rebels  under  the  Pretender.  He  u. 
in  1785. 

O'HALLOEAN,  Sylvester,  an  Irish 
antiquary,  was  b.  1728,  brought  up  and 
practised  as  a  surgeon,  and  wrote  sev- 
eral medical  treatises.  But  it  is  as  an 
antiquary  and  historian  that  he  is  now 
iirineipally  known.  In  1772  ho  pub- 
lished an  "Introduction  to  the  Study 
of  the  History  and  Antiquities  of  Ire- 
land," which  'was  followed  by  a  "  Gen- 
eral History  of  Ireland."     D."l807. 

O'lIAKA,  Kane,  an  Irish  dramatist, 
who  had  much  musical  taste,  and  a 
happy  talent  of  adapting  verses  to  old 
airs.  His  chief  productions  are  "Midas," 
which  was  extremely  well  received,  and 
is  still  a  favorite,  "The  (iolden  Pippin," 
"The  Two  Misers,"  "April  Day,"  and 
"Tom  Thumb."    D.  1782. 


OLiJ 


CYCLOP.KDIA    OF    BIOUKAl'IIY. 


G05 


O'KEEFE,  John,  a  celebrated  dram- 
atist, was  b.  at  Dublin,  in  174S,  and  was 
oriirinally  intended  tor  tlic  profession  of 
a  painter,  but  liis  taste  for  tliuatrieal 
anuisc-inunls  inlcrl'crcd  with  his  slutlics, 
and  lie  soon  forsook  the  easel  for  the 
soek  and  buskin,  llavini^  been  intro- 
duced to  Mr.  Mossop,  he  obtained  an 
eiigarrenicnt  at  the  Dublin  theatre  ;  and 
lie  continued  to  perfonn  in  that  city, 
and  in  the  towns  to  wliich  the  company 
made  sunnner  excursions,  for  twelve 
years,  as  a  comedian,  with  considerable 
success.  His  ambition  to  figure  as  an 
author  was  coeval  with  his  theatrical 
taste  ;  lor,  at  the  age  of  15,  lie  attempted 
a  coiiietly  in  five  acts.  Among  his  early 
productions  which  attracted  notice,  was 
a  kind  of  histrionic  monologue,  called 
'•T<jiiy  Lumpkin's  lianibles  through 
Dublin,"  lie  at  length  left  Ireland, 
about  1780,  with  the  view  of  obtaining 
an  engagement  in  London,  biit,  as  he 
did  not  succeed  in  his  endeavor,  he  ap- 
jilied  himself  with  great  assiduity  to 
driuniitic  composition,  and  between  1781 
and  171)8  he  produced  nearly  fifty  com- 
edies, comic  operas,  and  farces.  Many 
of  these  acquired  a  fiattering  popularity, 
and  some  still  keep  possession  of  the 
stage,  among  which  are,  "  Wild  Oats," 
the  "Castle  of  Andalusia,"  the  "Agree- 
able Surprise,"  the  "Poor  Soldier," 
"  I'ccpiiig  Tom,"  the  "  Young  Quaker," 
<fce.  In  180i>,  O'Keefe,  who  was  then 
blind,  and  liad  been  reduced  by  mis- 
fortune to  a  stale  of  great  embarrass- 
ment, had  a  benefit  at  Covent-garden 
theatre.  lie  subsequently  published 
his  "  KecoUections,  or  Biographical  Me- 
moirs," and  d.  at  Southampton,  ISoo. 

OLAFSEN,  Egoekt,  a  learned  lee- 
Inndcr,  who  studied  at  Copenhagen, 
after  which  he  returned  to  his  native 
island,  which  he  travelled  over  repeat- 
etUy  in  company  with  his  fellow-student 
liiarne  Paulsen.  The  result  of  their  ob- 
servations was  printed  at  Copenhagen, 
177'.i.  Olafsen  was  then  appointed  a 
a  magistrate  in  Iceland,  where  he  de- 
voted much  of  his  time  to  natural  his- 
tory and  poetry,  but,  about  four  years 
liefore  his  death,  he  applied  almost 
wholly  to  the  study  of  the  Scriptures. 
He  was  drowned  with  his  wife  in  cross- 
iiiu'  the  lii'eidafiord  in  1776. 

OLDIIAM,  JouN,  a  poet,  Avns  b.  in 
IG.'ui,  at  Shipton,  in  Gloucestershire, 
was  educated  at  Tetbury  free  school, 
and  Edmund  luill,  Oxford,  became  usher 
of  Crovdon  free  school,  and  afterwards 
tutor  in  the  families  of  Sir  Edward 
Tliurland  and  Sir  William  Hickes,  was 
50* 


patronized  by  tiie  earl  of  Kingston,  and 
d.  in  1683.  Ilis  satires  are  rug^retl,  but 
full  of  energy.  Dryden,  in  a  beautiful 
tribute  to  his  memory,  calls  him 

"tlic  yourif, 
But,  all  1  too  short,  Mnroellus  of  our  loii;.'U<- !" 

OLDYS,  AViLLiAM,  an  antiquary  and 
miscellaneous  writer,  the  natural  son  of 
a  civilian,  was  b.  in  1696,  became  libra- 
rian to  l^ord  Oxford  in  1726,  wtis  ap- 
y)ointed  Norroy  king-at-arms,  and  d.  in 
1761.  Among  other  works  he  wrote 
"The  British  Librarian,"  "The  Uni- 
versal Spectator,"  a  "Life  of  Sir  Walter 
Kaleigh,^'  and  several  lives  in  the  "  Bi- 
ograpliia  Britanniea."  lie  also  assisted 
in  selcetinff  "The  Harleian  Miscellanv." 

OLEAKIUS,  or  0ELSCI1L^:gEE, 
Adam,  a  learned  German  traveller,  was 
b.  loDVt,  at  Ascherleben,  in  Anlialt;  was 
educated  at  Leipsic;  entered  into  the 
service  of  the  duke  of  Ilolstein  Gottorp, 
and  was  appointed  secretary  to  the  em- 
bassy which  that  prince  sent  to  Kiissia 
and  Persia;  was,  on  his  return,  made 
counsellor,  librarian,  and  mathematician, 
to  the  duke  ;  and  d.  1671.  He  wrote  an 
account  of  his  "  Travels,"  a  "  Chronicle 
of  Ilolstein,"  and  other  works. 

OLIVET,  Joseph  Thoclier  d',  a 
French  grammarian  and  critic,  was  b. 
in  1682,  at  Salins.  lie  was  originally  a 
Jesuit,  but  (iiiiited  the  order,  to  give 
himself  up  to  literature.  In  172:5  he 
becjune  a  member  of  the  French  Acad- 
emy, the  dictionary  of  which  body  he 
assisted  in  revising.  His  principal  works 
are,  a  valuable  edition  ot  Cicero,  tran.s- 
lations  from  Demosthenes  and  Cicero, 
a  "  History  of  the  French  Academy." 
and  a  "Treatise  on  Prosody."     D.  1762. 

OLIVER,  Andrew,  was  graduated  at 
Harvard  college,  in  1724,  and  was  early 
engaged  in  public  employments,  sue- 
eeeded  Hutchinson  as  lieutenant-gov- 
ernor of  Massachusetts,  in  1771,  and 
retained  that  otlice  till  his  death,  in  1774. 
He  rendered  himself  very  unpopular  1)y 
accepting  from  the  British  government 
the  office  of  stamp  distributor  of  tho 
province. — William  Anthony,  an  emi- 
nent French  naturalist  and  traveller,  was 
b.  17o6,  at  Frcjus;  was  sent  on  a  scien- 
tific mission  to  Persia  by  the  French 
government,  in  1792,  and  returned  with 
a  valuable  collection,  after  an  absence  of 
six  vears.  Ilis  chief  works  are,  "  Travels 
in  tlie  Ottoman  Empire,  Egypt,  and  Per- 
sia," "A  Natural  History  of  Coleopterou.s 
Insects,"  and  a  portion  of  the  "  Diction- 
ary of  the  Natural  History  of  Insci-t-s '' 
iiitlic  "  Methodical  Eucyeiopadia."  D. 
1814. 


666 


CYCLOP-EDIA  OF  BIOGRAPHY. 


[ORL 


O'ilEAR  :1,  Uaury  Edward,  the  con- 
fidential medical  attendant  of  the  Emper- 
or >\apole<'>n  in  liis  last  days,  and  author 
of  "'A  Voice  from  8t.  llek-na,'"  was  a 
native  of  Ireland,  and  b.  about  1778. 
He  Was  ori;,nnally  a  surgeon  in  the  Brit- 
ish navy,  and  was  on  board  the  Bellero- 
phou  in  that  capacity,  on  the  7th  of 
Aiiifust,  Islf.,  wlicn  Napoleon  went  on 
bo:iril.  Napoleon  having  observed  ])r. 
O'.Mcara's  skill  in  attending  to  some  of 
the  crew,  and  his  knowledge  of  Italian, 
made  overtures  to  him,  on  being  trans- 
ferred to  tlie  Northumberland,  to  ac- 
company him  to  St.  Helena  a3  his  sur- 
peon,  his  own  not  being  able  to  go  with 
liim.  Having  obtained  Admiral  Keith's 
permission,  l)r.  O'ileara  assented,  and 
remained  with  the  ex-emperor  till  July, 
1818,  when  he  was  recalled  and  deprived 
of  his  rank.  He  was  latterly  an  active 
partisan  of  O'Connell's,  at  one  of  whose 
agitation  meetings  he  is  said  to  have 
caugiit  the  illness  which  terminated 
liitaily,  June  3,  1836. 

UPIE,  John,  a  celetirated  painter,  was 
h.  17G1,  at  St.  Agnes,  near  Truro,  in 
Cornwall,  and  was  the  son  of  a  carpen- 
ter, who  destined  him  to  follow  that 
business.  At  10  years  of  age  lie  could 
solve  many  ditiicult  problems  in  Euclid, 
and  at  12  lie  taught  writing  and  arilli- 
mctic  at  an  evening  school  in  his  native 
village.  But  drawing  soon  became  his 
princijial  object,  and  he  made  several 
sketches  and  copies,  which  were  much 
talked  of  in  the  neiirhborhood.  After 
having  practised  for  a  few  years  in  the 
provincial  towns,  he  settled  in  London, 
in  1780,  where  he  acquired  both  fame 
and  fortune.  He  became  a  royal  acad- 
emician, and  professor  of  painting  to 
the  academy.  He  wrote  Lectures,  a 
"  TJfe  of  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds,"  and  a 
"  Loiter  on  the  Formation  of  a  National 
Gallery.  I).  1807.— Amki.ia,  b.  in  1771, 
at  Harwich,  was  highly  distinguished 
for  her  literary  abilities,  and  was  the 
author  of  "  A  Life  of  Opie,"  "  Adeline 
Mowbrav,"  "Simple  Tales,"  "The  Eve 
of  St.  Viilcntine,"  &c. 

OlMTZ,  Martin,  whom  the  Germans 
call  the  father  and  restorer  of  their  po- 
etry, wa.s  b.  I."iy7,  at  Bimtzlau,  in  Silesia ; 
was  educated  at  Brcslau  and  Frankfort- 
on-lhe-Odcr;  sjieiit  several  years  in 
travelliiiGr  in  various  parts  of  Europe; 
wns  ennobled,  and  sent  on  a  mission  to 
I'rris:  and  <1.  in  1030. 

Ol'I'IAN,  a  Greek  poet,  a  native  of 
Corycns,  in  Cilicia,  flourished  in  the  2d 
century,  and  was  liberally  rewarded  for 
Lis  works  by  Caracalla.    lie  wrote  two 


poems;  the  one  in  five  books,  called 
"Ilaleutics,"  on  fishing;  the  other  in 
four,  with  the  title  of  "Cynogeticon," 
on  hunting.  Some  critics  have  doubted 
whether  he  is  really  the  author  of  the 
latter. 

OEANGE,  William  of  Nassau,  prince 
of,  the  founder  of  the  Dutch  rep\iblie, 
was  b.  1583,  at  the  castle  of  Dillem- 
burgli.  He  was  brought  up  in  the  court 
of  Charles  V.,  who,  in  1554,  gave  him 
the  command  of  the  army  in  the  Nether- 
lands. Philip  II.,  however,  treated  him 
with  coldness;  and  the  conduct  of  the 
prince,  in  joining  with  the  Flemish 
nobles  to  protect'  the  liberties  of  the 
Netherlands,  converted  that  coldness 
into  hatred.  He  was  forced  to  fly,  and, 
in  his  absence,  was  condemned  to  death. 
He  then  took  up  arms,  and  after  several 
reverses,  succeeded  in  wresting  a  part 
of  the  Netherlands  from  the  dominion 
of  the  Spanish  tyrant.  But  he  did  not 
witness  tlie  consummation  of  his  labors  ; 
being  assassinated,  in  1584,  at  Delft,  by 
Balthasar  Gerard. — Frederic  Henry  of 
Nassau,  prince  of,  stadtholder  of  Hol- 
land, was  b.  1584,  at  Delft,  and  was 
brought  up  by  his  brother  Maurice, 
whom  he  succeeded  in  1625.  He  gov- 
erned with  wisdom  and  equity,  and 
secured  the  independence  of  his  country 
bv  numerous  victories  and  conquests. 
I).  1647. 

ORELLANA,  Francis,  one  of  the 
Spanish  adventurers  to  the  new  world, 
was  b.  at  Truxillo,  early  in  the  16th  cen- 
tury, and  accompanied  the  Pizarros  to 
Pern.  Passing  the  Andes,  he  embarked 
on  the  Amazons,  and  followed  its  course 
to  tlie  ocean.  He  was  the  first  European 
that  navigated  that  mighty  stream,  and 
it  still  bears  his  name.     D.  1540. 

ORIGEN,  one  of  the  fathers  of  the 
church,  was  b.  185,  at  Alexandria,  and 
studieil  philosophy  under  Animonius, 
and  theology  under  Clemens  Alexan- 
drinus.  Being  persecuted  by  his  dio- 
cesan, Demetrius,  he  went  to  Csesarea, 
and  afterwards  to  Athens.  During  the 
persecution  of  Decius,  he  was  impris- 
oned and  tortured.  His  great  works 
are,  "The  Hexapla,"  "Commentaries 
on  the  Scriptures,"  and  a  "  Treatise 
against  Celsus."     D.  253. 

"ORLEANS,  Cii.vRLEs,  duke  of,  was 
made  prisoner  at  the  battle  of  Agin- 
court,  in  1415.  He  remained  in  Enirland 
25  years;  and  on  his  return  to  France 
he  undertook  the  conquest  of  the  duchy 
of  Milan,  to  whieh  he  conceived  himself 
entitled  in  right  of  his  mother.  He  was 
not,  however,  successful  in  this  enter- 


ORI.] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


667 


prise  :  and  d.  1495. — Loris,  duke  of, 
was  the  son  of  Fliiltp  tlic  roijent  of 
France,  and  b.  at  ^'c■l■saillcs,  in  1708. 
In  study,  devotion,  and  acts  of  cliavity 
lie  spent  liis  life.  In  1733  lie  saved 
numlDcrs  from  perishing  bv  famine  in 
the  Orleannois;  as  ho  again  did  ihrough- 
out  France,  in  the  dearth  of  1740.  lie 
also  extended  his  benevolence  to  distant 
countries ;  while  in  his  own  he  founded 
schools,  professorships,  hospitals,  and 
colleges.  But  his  charitable  occupations 
did  not  draw  him  aside  from  his  studies, 
which  he  pursued  with  such  diligence 
as  to  become  master  of  the  oriental  lan- 
guages, and  most  of  the  sciences.  D. 
17;')2,  leaving  many  worl<s  in  manu- 
script, the  chief  of  which  were  "Com- 
mentaries on  the  Scriptures." — Louis 
JosiiPH  PniLip,  duke  of  (better  known 
by  his  republican  appellation  of  Egalitc,) 
was  the  cousin  of  Louis  XVI.,  and  fa- 
ther of  Louis  Philippe,  the  late  king  of 
the  French.  lie  was  h.  at  St.  Cloud,  in 
1747  ;  married  the  daughter  of  the  duke 
of  Penthievre,  grand  admiral  of  France, 
in  1769  ;  was  from  his  youth  guilty  of 
the  most  unbridled  licentiousness  ;  and 
acquired  a  base  notoriety  by  his  con- 
duct during  the  French  revolution. 
After  the  death  of  his  father,  in  1787,  he 
became  possessed  of  the  hereditary  title 
and  estates ;  and,  having  indulged  to 
satiety  in  all  sensual  pleasures,  he  found 
a  new  kind  of  excitement  for  liis  palled 
appetites  in  the  storms  of  the  revolution, 
and  a  new  source  of  pleasure  in  the 
gratifications  of  revenge.  lie  had  enter- 
ed the  navy,  and  was  entitled  by  his 
birth  to  the  place  of  grand-admiral ;  but 
having  been  accused  of  cowardice  while 
in  eomiuand  of  a  division  of  the  fleet 
against  Kcppel,  in  the  action  of  Ushant, 
in  1778,  instead  of  receiving  promotion 
in  the  navy,  the  post  of  colonel-general 
of  the  hussiu's  was  created  and  bestow- 
ed on  him.  From  this  time  may  be 
dated  his  hatred  of  Louis  X\'I. ;  and  ho 
subsequently  adopted  every  method  to 
obtain  popularity,  with  a  view  to  polit- 
ical }iower.  In  the  dispute  between  tlie 
court  and  the  parliament,  he  constantly 
opjioscd  the  royal  authority.  His  ob- 
ject evidently  was  to  reducethe  king  to 
a  state  of  tutelage,  and  procure  forhim- 
pclf  the  formidable  office  of  lieutenant- 
general  of  the  kingdom.  Ho  caused 
scandalous  libels  against  the  queen, 
wiioia  he  pursued  with  the  most  bitter 
hatred,  to  be  distributed  ;  aiul  his  bust 
was  carried  in  triumph  through  the 
Btreets  by  the  populace.  He  was  chosen 
ft  member  of  the  national   convention, 


with  Marat,  Panton,  and  Eobespicrre, 
in  September,  1792,  at  which  time  the 
commune  of  Paris  authorized  him  to 
adopt  for  himself  and  his  descendants 
the  appellation  of  EsralitcS  instead  of  the 
name  and  titles  of  his  family  :  and  he 
not  only  voted  for  the  death  of  the  king, 
but  was  present  at  his  execution,  liut 
he  was  not  qualified  to  profit  by  the 
commotions  he  had  promoted  ;  he  was 
as  weak  as  he  was  wicked,  as  indecisive 
as  he  was  ambitious.  The  Jacobins  had 
no  longer  any  occasion  for  him  :  he  was 
struck  from  their  rolls,  and  included  in 
the  general  proscription  of  the  Bour- 
bons ;  and  was  committed  to  prison  at 
Marseilles,  with  other  members  of  the 
family.  Being  brought  before  the  crim- 
inal tribunal  of  the  department,  he  was 
declared  innocent  of  the  charges  of  con- 
spiracy that  were  preferred  against  him  ; 
but  the  committee  of  public  safety  for- 
bade his  IiV)eration  ;  and,  after  si.\ 
months'  detention,  he  was  transferred 
to  Paris,  tried,  and  condemned  to  suffer 
by  the  guillotine  ;  to  which  he  submit- 
ted with  firmness  and  couraffc,  on  the 
same  day.  Nov.  6.  1793.— FEr.DixANn 
Piiir.rppE  Loris,  duke  of,  prince-royal 
of  France,  was  b.  at  Palermo  in  1810, 
and  was  the  eldest  child  of  Louis  Phi- 
lippe, then  duke  of  Orleans,  and  after- 
wards king  of  the  French,  by  Maria 
Amelia,  daughter  of  Ferdinand!  king  of 
the  Two  Sicilies.  The  prince  served 
with  great  distinction  with  the  French 
army  at  the  siege  of  Antwerp,  and  in 
the  African  war;  and  his  horse  wa.s 
wounded  at  the  time  of  the  murderous 
attempt  upon  the  life  of  his  royal  father 
in  183"i.  Young,  pojuilar,  a  patron  of 
the  arts  and  literature,  and  devotedly 
attached  to  his  profession,  every  thing 
seemed  to  promise  to  this  prince  a 
career  glorious  to  himself  and  useful  to 
his  country,  when  he  was  unfortunately 
thrown  from  his  carriage,  and  he  d.  on 
the  spot,  July  13,  1842.^[akih,  princess 
of,  dauLrhter  of  Louis  Philippe,  ex-king 
of  the  French,  was  b.  at  Palermo,  18l£ 
From  her  earliest  years  she  evinced  a 
remarkable  love  of  the  fine  arts,  and 
more  cs]iecially  of  sculpture,  which  she 
cultivated  with  a  zeal  and  assiduity  that 
soon  gave  her  a  prominent  place  among 
the  most  distinguished  artists  of  her 
time.  Her  marvellous  statue  of  Joan  of 
Arc.  in  the  museum  of  Versailles,  was 
finished  before  she  had  reached  her  20th 
year;  and  besides  this  she  produced 
numeroiis  bas  reliefs,  busts,  and  stat- 
uettes, of  rare  beauty  and  excellence. 
In  1837  she  married  Alexander,  ('hike  of 


668 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[OTI 


Wirtembercr ;  a  union  rich  in  promises 
of  earthly  liiippiness  ;  but  she  was  prem- 
aturely cat  ort'  by  consumption  in  1839, 
to  tlie'  inexpressible  ifricf  of  her  family 
and  the  friends  of  art. 

OKME,  Robert,  an  historian,  the  son 
of  a  physician  in  tlie  East  India  Compa- 
ny's service,  was  b.  in  1728,  at  Anjengo, 
in  Ilindostan  ;  was  educated  at  Harrow ; 
became  a  member  of  the  council  at  Fort 
St."  George,  commissary  and  accountant- 
general,  "and  historiographer  to  the  com- 
pany. He  is  the  author  of  a  "  History 
of  the  Military  Transactions  of  the  Brit- 
ish Nation  in  Ilindostan,"  and  "  His- 
torical Fragments  of  the  Mogul  Empire.'" 
As  an  historian  Orme  is  entitled  to  a 
place  among  the  most  eminent  writers. 
1).  1801. 

OKOSIUS,  Paul,  a  Spanish  ecclesias- 
tic of  the  oth  century,  was  b.  at  Tarra- 
gona, and  was  a  disciple  of  St.  Angustin. 
His  chief  work  is  a  "  History  of  Human 
Calamities,"  which  was  written  at  the 
request  of  St.  Augustin,  and  has  had 
the  honor  of  being  translated  by  Alfred 
the  Great.  The  time  and  place  of  his 
(iscease  are  unknown. 

ORPHEUS,  a  Greek  poet,  musician, 
and  founder  of  some  religious  ceremo- 
nies, is  supposed  by  some  to  be  an 
imaginary  person,  but  is  probably  a  real 
onei  though  his  history  is  involved  in 
fable.  He  seems  to  have  been  a  native 
of  Thrace,  son  of  one  of  the  princes  of 
that  country,  and  to  have  been  b.  about 
a  century  before  the  Trojan  war.  He  is 
said  to  have  been  one  of  the  Argonauts, 
to  have  subsequently  travelled  in  Egypt, 
and  to  have  introduced  Egyptian  science 
and  customs  into  Greece.  The  works 
attributed  to  him  are  of  a  much  later 
period. 

ORRERY,  Charles  Boyle,  earl  of, 
■was  b.  1670,  at  Chelsea,  and  was  edu- 
cated at  Christ-church,  Oxford,  under 
the  tuition  of  Dr.  Atterbury.  He  pub- 
lished, while  at  college,  an  edition  of 
"  Phalaris."  Bentley  questioned  the 
authenticity  of  the  epistles ;  Boyle  re- 
plied ;  and  this  led  to  a  warm  contro- 
versy, in  which  Bentley  was  fruitlessly 
opposed  by  a  confederacy  of  wits. 
Boyle  succeeded  to  the  earldom  on  the 
death  of  his  brother ;  was  promoted  in 
the  army,  employed  as  an  ambassador, 
and  made  an  English  peer,  by  Queen 
Anne;  but  was  in  disfavor  during  the 
rcitrn  of  George  I.,  and  was  even  im- 
prisoned for  six  months.  Ho  wrote 
"  As  You  Like  It,"  a  comedy ;  and 
Bomc  verses.  The  astronomical  instru- 
Dient  which  bears  his  name  was  so  call- 


ed in  compliment  to  him  by  Graham,  its 
inventor.     D.  1731. 

ORTELL,  Abraham,  a  learned  geog- 
rapher, who  was  called  the  Ptolemy  of 
his  age,  was  b.  1527,  at  Antwerp.  He 
travelled  on  the  Continent,  and  in  Great 
Britain,  and  formed  a  valuable  collection 
of  antiquities.  On  his  return  he  pub- 
lished an  atlas,  which  gained  for  him 
the  appointment  of  geographer  to  Philip 
II.  ot  Spain.  His  principal  works  are, 
"  Thesaurus  Geographicus,"  and  "  The- 
atri  Orbis  Tcrrarum."     D.  1508. 

OSSIAN,  an  ancient  Gaelic  bard,  is 
supposed  to  have  lived  in  the  3d  centu- 
ry, and  to  have  been  the  son  of  Fingal, 
a'Caledonian  hero,  whom  he  accompa- 
nied in  various  military  expeditions. 
His  name  has  derived  its  celebrity  from 
the  publications  of  Macpherson,  which 
comprise  a  remarkable  series  of  ballads, 
on  the  deliverance  of  Erin  from  the 
haughty  Swaran,  king  of  Lochlin,  by 
Fingal.  They  have  been  translated  into 
all  the  European  languages,  and  please 
by  their  successful  "delineation  of  the 
]iassions,  picturesque  expressions,  bold 
but  lovely  im.ages  and  comparisons,  deep 
pathos,  and  tender  melancholy  tone. 

OSTAUE,  Adrian  vax,  a  painter  of 
the  Flemish  school,  was  b.  at  Lubeck, 
in  1610,  and  studied  under  Francis  Hals. 
His  pictures  are  characterized  by  an  ex- 
act imitation  of  nature,  and  usually  con- 
sist of  alehouse  interiors,  with  Dutch 
peasants  smoking,  quarrelling,  or  drink- 
ing. His  coloring  is  rich  and  clear,  his 
touch  spirited  and  free,  and  all  his 
works  are  liighly  finished.     D.  1685. 

OTHO,  Marcus  Salvus,  a  Roman  em- 
peror, was  b.  32.  In  his  early  youth  he 
was  prodigal  and  licentious,  and  a  favor- 
ite of  Nero ;  but  during  histcn  years' 
qufpstorship  of  Lusitania,  he  distinguish- 
ed liimself  bv  his  upright  and  dignified 
conduct.  lie  espoused  the  cause  of 
Galba;  but,  disappointed  in  his  hopes 
of  being  adopted  by  him,  he  formed  a 
conspiracy  against  him,  and  was  raised 
to  the  throne.  Otho,  however,  retained 
the  imperial  authority  little  more  than 
three  months.  Having  been  defeatcKi 
by  the  forces  of  Vitellius,  he  put  an  end 
to  his  own  existence,  69. 

OTIS,  James,  a  distinguished  Amer- 
ican statesman,  was  b.  at  West  Barn- 
staple, Massachusetts,  in  1725,  and  was 
trraduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1748. 
He  pursued  the  profession  of  the  law, 
and  establishing  himself  in  Boston  socn 
rose  to  eminence.  His  public  _  career 
may  be  said  to  have  opened  with  his 
celebrated  speech  against  writs  of  as- 


owe] 


CYCLOP-liDIA   OF    niOGRAPIIV. 


660 


sistancc.  At  the  next  election  he  was 
chosen  a  representative  to  tlie  leo:isla- 
ture,  and  soon  became  tlie  leader  of  the 
popular  party.  In  1705  lie  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  contfress  which  assembled  at 
Kew  York.  lu  176!t  lie  was  severely 
wounded  in  an  assault  committed  upon 
him  by  some  British  officers  ;  from  one 
of  wiiom  he  recovered  larifc  dainag-es, 
whicli  he  remitted  on  reecivini;  a  writ- 
ten apolofiry.  Ill  1772  he  retired  from 
public  life,  and  in  May  of  tiie  following 
year  was  killed  by  a  stroke  of  liiihtninir. 
ile  was  a  good  scholar,  a  learned  and 
able  lawyer,  a  bold  and  eommiiiuling 
orator,  and  possessed  infinite  powers  of 
humor  and  wit. 

OTTLEY,  William  Young,  keeper  of 
the  prints  in  the  British  museum.  lie 
was  known  as  an  artist,  a  collector,  and 
an  author.  ^Yhcn  scarcely  20  years  of 
age  he  proceeded  to  Italy,  where  he  re- 
mained about  ten  years,  employed  in 
taking  copies  of  the  most  esteemed  and 
valuable  paintings ;  and  on  his  re- 
turn to  England  he  produced  a  series 
of  fae-similes  of  the  original  drawings 
of  the  best  masters,  under  the  title  of 
the  "  Italian  School  of  Design,"  a  mag- 
nificent work,  consisting  of  84  plates. 
His  other  principal  works  are,  "  The 
Florentine  School,"  the  "  Origin  and 
Early  History  of  Engraving,"  "  The 
Staftbrd  Gallery,"  and  "  The  Critical 
Catalogue  of  the  National  Gallery."  B. 
1772;  d.  1836. 

OTWAY,  Thomas,  a  celebrated  dra- 
matic ^vriter,  was  b.  16')1,  at  Trottin ;  was 
educated  at  "\Yinehester  school,  and 
Christ-church,  Oxford ;  and,  after  having 
made  a  vain  attempt  to  be  an  actor,  be- 
came a  writer  for  the  stage.  The  earl 
of  Plymouth  obtained  for  liim  a  cornet's 
commission,  but  at  the  end  of  one  cam- 
paign in  Flanders,  Otway  quitted  the 
military  service.  The  tragedy  of  "  Alci- 
blades,"  his  first  piece,  appeared  in  17C5. 
His  finest  tragedies,  "  The  Orphan," 
and  "  Venice  Preserved,"  were  acted  in 
IGSO  and  16S2.  Otway  lived  and  died 
poor.  It  has  been  said  that  he  was 
clicked  by  a  piece  of  roll,  which  he  ate 
too  eagerly  after  havinir  long  fasted  ; 
but  there  is  reason  to  believe  that  his 
death  proceeded  from  fever,  brought  on 
by  his  violent  exertions  in  pui"suit  of 
the  murderer  of  one  of  his  friends.     D. 

l()S.i. 

OVID,  Pdblius  Naso,  a  celebrated 
Roman  poet,  was  b.  43  b.  c,  at  Sulmo, 
and  wa-j  of  the  eciuestrian  order.  He 
studied  the  law  uuacr  Messala,  but  soon 
abandoned  the  bar  for  poetry  and  a  life 


of  pleasure.  Virgil,  Horace,  Tibullus. 
and  Propertius  were  his  friends,  ana 
Augustus  was  a  liberal  patron  to  him. 
At  length,  however,  for  some  cause 
which  lias  never  been  discovered,  the 
emperor  banished  him  to  Tomos,  in 
Scythia;  nor  could  all  the  prayers  and 
lamentations    of   the    despairing    Ovid 

K-ocure  a  remission  ci  his  sentence. 
.  17. 

O  VIEDO,  John  Gonzales,  a  Spaniard, 
who  soon  after  the  discovery  of  America 
visited  the  West  Indies,  to  examine  the 
natural  productions  of  that  part  of  the 
world,  lie  published  the  result  of  liis 
researches  ;  and,  according  to  Fallopius, 
was  the  first  who  discovered  the  virtues 
of  guaiaeum  in  tlic  cure  of  syphilis.  D. 
1540.  — GoNZALvo  Hernandkz  d',  a  Span- 
ish military  officer,  who  was  intendant 
or  inspector-general  of  commerce  in 
America,  in  the  reign  of  the  Emperor 
Charles  V.  He  wrote  a  complete  "  His- 
tory of  the  Indies ;"  from  which  suc- 
ceeding writers  have  drawn  much  of 
their  information  relative  to  the  inter- 
course of  the  Spaniards  with  America. 

OWEN,  John,  a  divine,  was  b.  about 
1765,  in  London,  and  was  educated  at 
St.  Paul's  school  and  Cambridge.  Hav- 
ing taken  orders,  he  became  a  popular 
preacher,  and  obtained  from  Bishop 
Porteus  the  living  of  Pagslesham,  in 
Essex,  and  the  curacy  of  Fulham.  On 
the  institution  of  the  British  and  Foreign 
Bible  Society,  he  became  one  of  the  sec- 
retaries, and  for  eighteen  years  was  the 
most  active  of  its  members.  Among 
his  works  are,  "  Travels  in  ditfcrent 
Parts  of  Europe,"  "  The  Christian  Mon- 
itor," "  The  Fashionable  World  dis- 
played," and  a  "  Vindication  of  the 
Bible  Society."  D.  1S22.— Hknry,  a 
learned  divine  of  the  church  of  England, 
was  b.  ill  Monmouthshire,  and  educated 
first  at  Eiitliin  school,  and  next  at  .Jesus 
collerre,  Oxford,  where  he  took  his  degree 
of  M.D.,  but  afterwards  entered  into 
orders,  and  obtained  the  vicarage  of 
Edmonton,  in  Middlesex,  and  St.  Olave, 
Hart-strcct.  He  d.  in  1795,  aged  80. 
His  chief  works  are,  "Observations  on 
the  Scri]iture  Miracles,"  "  Remarks  on 
the  Four  Gospel.s,"  "An  Inquiry  into 
the  Septuagint  Version,"  "  Sermons 
preached  at  Boyle's  Lecture."  and  "An 
Introduction  to  Hebrew  Criticism." — 
John,  an  epigrammatist,  was  b.  in  Caer- 
narvonshire;  was  educated  at  Winches- 
ter, and  New  college,  Oxt'ord  ;  atler 
which  he  became  master  of  Warwick 
school,  and  d.  in  1022.  His  Latin  epi- 
grams possess  great  point,  and  several 


670 


CYCLOP.EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY, 


[PAO 


of  them  aro  inferior  only  to  those  of 
Martial. — John,  a  learned  Independent 
divine,  was  b.  at  Stadham,  in  Oxford- 
shire, in  161G,  and  educated  at  Queen's 
college.  In  the  civil  wars  he  was  a 
zealous  advocate  for  the  parliament 
against  the  king ;  and  the  very  day  after 
tiie  execution  of  Charles  I.  he  preached 
a  sermon  before  the  house  of  commons, 
making  himself  so  acceptable  to  those 
in  power,  that  Cromwell  made  him  his 
cliaplain,  and  gave  him  the  deanery  of 
Chnst-ehureh,  Oxford,  where  he  served 
the  office  of  vice-chancellor  in  1652.  At 
the  restoration  lie  was  deprived  of  his 
deanery;  on  which  he  retired  to  his 
estate  in  Essex.  lie  died  in  1683.  Dr. 
Owen  was  a  very  voluminous  writer. 
His  principal  works  are,  "  An  Exposi- 
tion of  the  Hebrews,"  a  "  Discourse 
concerning  the  Holy  Spirit,"  a  "Trea- 
tise on  Original  Sin,"  "  VindiciiB  Evan- 
gelicK,"  "Tracts  and  Sermons,"  &e.— 
Thom.\s,  a  learned  judge,  was  b.  at  Cou- 
dover,  in  Shropsliire,  and  edncated  at 
Oxford  ;  from  whence  he  removed  to 
Lincoln's  Inn,  where  he  became  Lent 
reader  to  the  society,  in  1583.  In  1590 
he  was  made  sergeant-at-law,  and  after- 
wards a  judge  of  the  common  pleas.  D. 
15'j8. — William,  an  eminent  English 
artist,  was  a  native  of  Shropshire.  After 
studying  under  Charles  Catton,  and  re- 
ceiving considerable  attention  from  Sir 
Joshua  Reynolds,  he  made  great  pro- 
gress in  the  art,  and  in  1813  was  ap- 
pointed principal  portrait-painter  to  the 
prince  regent,  who  otfered  to  knight 
nim,  but  he  modestly  declined  the  honor. 
He  executed  some  admirable  portraits 
of  distinguished  statesmen,  &c.,  and 
also  employed  himself  occasionally  on 


historical  subjects,  s  Jme  of  which  wore 
of  a  tirst-rate  character.  B.  1709 ;  d 
1824. 

OWTRAM,  William,  a  learned  En- 
o:lish  divine.  He  was  prebendary  of 
Westminster  in  tlie  reign  of  Charles  II., 
and  wrote  an  excellent  treatise  "  De 
Sacrifieiis."     D.  1679. 

OXENSTIERNA,  Count  Axel,  a  cel- 
ebrated Svvedish  statesman,  was  b.  in 
1583,  in  the  province  of  Upland,  and 
studied  at  various  German  universities. 
Charles  IX.  employed  him  in  important 
negotiation.s ;  and  Gustavus  Adolphus 
made  him  prime  minister,  and  reposed 
in  him  an  unlimited  confidence.  After 
tlie  death  of  Gustavus,  he  for  several 
years  conducted  the  atfairs  of  tlie  king- 
dom with  vigor  and  success.     D.  1654. 

OZANAM,  James,  an  able  French 
mathematician,  was  b.  in  1640,  at  Bou- 
ligneux.  He  was  brought  up  for  the 
church,  but  relinquished  the  clerical 
profession  on  the  death  of  his  father. 
For  many  years  he  was  in  high  repute 
as  a  mathematical  teacher.  Among  his 
works  are,  "  A  Course  of  Mathematics," 
"  A  Treatise  on  Gnomonics,"  "  New 
Elements  of  Algebra,"  and  "  Mathe- 
matical and  Philosophical  Recreations." 
D.  1717. 

OZEROFF,  Vladislas  Alexandro- 
viTscH,  a  celebrated  Russian  tragic  au- 
thor, was  b.  in  1770,  near  Twer,  and 
entered  into  the  civil  service  after  hav- 
ing attained  the  rank  of  major-general 
in  the  arniv.  Ho  produced,  between 
1798  and  1809,  the  tragedies  of  "  The 
Death  of  Oleg,"  "  CEdipus  at  Athens," 
"  Fingal,"  "  Dmitri  Donskoi,"  and 
"  Polixena."  He  also  wrote  some  lyric 
poems.     D.  1816. 


PACA,  William,  a  signer  of  the  dec- 
laration of  American  independence,  was 
educated  at  tlic  college  in  Philadelphia, 
and  pursued  the  profession  of  niedieinc. 
He  was  a  delegate  to  congress  from 
Maryland,  and  afterwards  governor  of 
that  state.  In  1788  he  was  a  member 
of  the  Maryland  convention  which  rati- 
fied the  federal  constitution,  and  in  1789 
was  appointed  district  judge  for  Mary- 
land.    I).  1799. 

PACCA,  Cardinal,  was  b.  at  Benc- 
vento,  1756.  After  rising  through  the 
usual  ecclesiastical  degrees,  and  dis- 
charging the  office  of  nimcio  at  various 


courts,  he  received  from  Pope  Pius  VII, 
the  cardinal's  hat  in  1801,  drew  un  the 
famous  bull  which  excommunicated  Na- 
poleon in  1809,  and  was  in  consequence 
imprisoned  at  Fenestrella.  In  1813  ho 
rejoined  Pius  VII.  at  Fontainbleau, 
wliere  he  induced  him  to  withdraw  the 
concessions  a  short  time  previously  es- 
tablished with  Napoleon  by  a  concordat, 
returned  to  Rome  with  the  pope  in  1814, 
and  finally  retired  from  otlico  in  1816, 
after  having  re-established  the  order  of 
the  Jesuits.     D.  1844. 

PACUVIUS,  Mahous,  a  Latin  dram- 
atist, a  nephew  of  Enuius,  was  b.  218 


pag] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    DIOGRAPIIY. 


671 


B.C.,  (It  BriiiJisium,  and  d.  at  Tarentum, 
at  tlie  ajic  of  'JO.  He  possessed  the  taleut 
ol"  pairitin<r  as  well  as  of  poetry. 

I'AUII^LA,  Don  John  de,  a  Spanish 
patriot,  of  a  noble  family,  was  trie  son 
of  the  commander  of  Castile;  espoused 
tiie  cause  of  the  people  ;  and  supported 
it  bravely  during  tlic  struffijle  of  the 
Spaniards  for  liberty,  from  1420  to  1422. 
Boiuij  defeated  ancl  taken  prisoner,  at 
the  battle  of  Villalar,  he  was  put  to 
death  on  the  followino:  day,  and  met  bis 
fate  with  heroic  firmness.— Makia  Pa- 
riiKco,  his  wife,  was  worthy  of  such  a 
husband.  Durinir  his  life  she  partiei- 
jiatod  in  all  his  labors,  and  after  his 
(leatii  she  defended  Toledo  for  several 
montlis,  trained  several  advantages  at 
the  head  of  her  troops,  and  did  not  quit 
the  place  till  she  was  deserted  by  the 
citizens. 

PAGAN,  Blaise  Feancois,  count  de, 
an  eminent  French  military  engineer, 
was  b.  at  Avignon,  in  1604.  lie  entered 
into  the  army  at  an  early  age,  and  lost 
an  eye,  in  1621.  at  the  siege  of  Montau- 
ban.  After  this  he  disliniruished  him- 
self on  several  occasions,  particularly  at 
the  passage  of  the  Alps  and  the  barri- 
cade of  Suza,  where  he  was  the  first  to 
lead  the  way  over  a  dangerous  height. 
In  1642  ho  lost  his  sight  entirely  ;  not- 
withstanding which  he  pursued  his  mil- 
itary studies,  and  in  164")  published  an 
excellent  work,  entitled  "  Traite  do  For- 
tification.'"    D.  1655. 

P.A.GANACCr,  Jean,  b.  at  Lyons,  in 
1729 ;  d.  in  1797.  Ilis  great  work,  the 
"  Manuel  des  Negocians,"  a  commercial 
eneyclopsedia,  is  justly  esteemed  in 
France. 

P.\GANEL,  Peter,  a  member  of  the 
French  legislative  assembly  and  conven- 
tion, was  b.  in  1745.  lie  was  chosen  a 
deputy  in  1791 ;  and  when,  on  the  10th 
of  .'Vugust,  1792,  the  unfortunate  Louis 
XVI.  sought  an  asylum  in  the  hall  of 
tlie  representatives,  he  was  one  of  the 
first  to  join  in  a  deputation  to  the  people, 
in  order  to  restrain  their  violence ;  yet 
he  afterwards  voted  for  the  king's  death. 
He  wa.s  consequently  obliged  to  quit 
France  in  1816,  and  he  d.  at  I3russels  in 
1826.  Paganel  was  the  author  of  "  Essai 
Historique  et  Critique  sur  la  Eevolution 
Francaise,"  and  some  other  works  of 
minor  importance. 

P.\G.A.NINI,  NicoLO,  the  inimitable 
violinist,  was  b.  at  Genoa,  1784.  His 
father,  who  was  a  commission-broker 
by  trade,  but  a  great  musical  amateur, 
initiated  him  in  the  principles  of  musio 
from  his  earliest  years ;  and  the  progress 


thus  made  under  parental  care  was  still 
further  increased  by  subsequent  instruc- 
tions from  Costa,  RoUa,  and  Paer.  Ilia 
first  public  engagement  was  at  Lucca. 
Here  he  found  a  zealous  patroness  in 
the  Princess  Baechiochi.  sister  of  Napo- 
leon; but  in  1813  he  left  Lucca  for  Mi- 
lan, and  three  years  later  his  reputation 
had  so  spread  abroad,  that  the  "  Leipsio 
Musical  Gazette,''  no  mean  authority  at 
that  time,  pronounced  him  tlie  first  vio- 
linist in  the  world.  From  this  epoch 
dates  his  wondrous  performance  on  a 
siufjle  string,  which  at  a  later  period 
calletl  Ibrth  such  bursts  of  applause 
from  innumerable  audiences  in  Ger- 
many, France,  and  England.  In  1823 
he  visited  Vienna,  where  he  met  with 
an  enthusiastic  reception.  Tlience  he 
visited  the  chief  cities  of  Germany ;  and 
in  1831  he  made  a  musical  tour  through 
France  and  England,  where  he  realized 
enormous  sums,  which,  however,  the 
gambling  table  swallowed  up,  frequently 
even  with  greater  rapidity  than  he  gained 
them.  His  last  years  were  spent  at  his 
villa  Gajona  near  Parma;  and  he  d.  at 
Nice,  1810.  The  most  absurd  stories 
were  circulated  regarding  Pao:aniui  du- 
ring his  lifetime  ;  nor  did  they  cease 
even  with  his  death.  Crimes  of  the 
deepest  dye  were  imputed  to  him  with- 
out a  vestige  of  foundation  ;  though  it 
must  bo  admitted  that  the  singular  cast 
of  his  countenance,  his  reserved  char- 
acter, his  sudden  bursts  of  passion,  and 
the  mysterious  veil  which  he  was  fond 
of  throwing  around  all  his  proceedings, 
were  well  fitted  to  awaken  public  curi- 
osity, with  its  usual  adjunct,  excessive 
credulity. 

PAGES,  Francis  Xa\ier,  an  indefat- 
igable French  lomance  writer,  &c.,  was 
b.  at  Aurillac,  in  1745,  and  d.  at  Paris, 
in  18'!'2.  Among  his  numerous  works 
are,  "Histoire  Secrete  de  la  Revolution 
Francaise,"'  and  "  Nouveau  Voyage  au- 
tour  du  Monde,  en  Asie,  en  Amcrique, 
et  en  .^^riquc,  precede  d'un  Voyage  en 
Italic." — Pierre  M.\.rie  Fk.vnoois,  vis- 
count de,  a  celebrated  French  navigator, 
was  b.  at  Toulouse,  in  1748.  He  sailed 
from  Cape  Fram^ois,  in  St.  Domingo,  in 
1797,  with  a  view  to  explore  the  Indian 
seas,  and  travel  through  China  and 
Tartary  to  the  Northern  Ocean  ;  but  on 
arriving  at  the  Philippine  islands  in 
October,  1798,  and  finding  it  impossible 
to  penetrate  China,  he  went  by  sea  to 
Bassora,  and  travelling  through  the 
desert  to  Syria,  he  reached  France  in 
December,  1771.  He  afterwards  sailed 
in  Kerguelen's  expedition  to  the  south 


672 


CYCI.OP.EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[PA 


pole,  and  on  his  return  proceeded  as  far 
as  81  degrees  and  a  halt'of  north  latitude. 
He  served  in  the  American  war,  after 
wliicli  he  retired  to  his  estate  in  St.  Do- 
mingo, where  he  was  murdered  during 
a  revolt  of  the  negroes  in  1793. 

PAGI,  Anthony,  a  lamous  Cordelier, 
who  was  four  times  provincial  of  his 
order.  B.  1624;  d.  1699.  He  was  the 
author  of  a  "  Critique  on  Baronius's 
Annals,"  and  a  "  Dissertation  on  the 
Consulates." — Francis,  his  nephew,  also 
a  Cordelier,  assisted  his  nncle  in  his 
great  work  on  Baronius,  and  was  the 
author  of  "Breviarium  Historieo-chro- 
nologico-criticum."     D.  1721. 

PAINE,  TiioiiAs,  a  political  writer, 
was  b.  1736,  at  Thetford,  in  Norfolk. 
He  was  brought  up  as  a  staymaker,  but 
became  an  exciseman.  Being,  however, 
dismissed  for  misconduct,  he  came  over 
to  America,  and  espoused  the  cause  of 
the  colonies,  who  were  then  in  arms 
against  tlie  mother  country.  His  first 
literarj-  production,  a  pamphlet,  with  the 
title  of  "  Common  Sense,"  had  a  power- 
ful effect,  and  he  was  rewarded  by  a  grant 
of  land,  and  another  of  £500.  He  was 
also  emploved  by  the  conoress.  In  1790 
he  visited  England,  and,  in  the  following 
year,  he  produced  his  celebrated  "Rights 
of  Man,"  in  answer  to  Burke's  "  Keflec- 
tions;"  for  the  second  part  of,  which  a 
prosecution  was  instituted  against  him. 
He  was,  however,  beyond  the  reach  of 
the  English  law ;  he  having  taken  his 
Beat  as  a  member  of  the  national  conven- 
tion. As  a  French  legislator  he  dis- 
played a  degree  of  moderation,  which 
Drought  upon  him  the  hatred  of  the 
Jacobins.  He  was  imprisoned,  and  was 
near  becoming  a  victim  to  the  guillotine. 
He  at  length  returned  to  America,  and 
d.  in  1809.  Besides  the  works  already 
mentioned,  he  wrote  "The  Age  of  Rea- 
son," and  some  political  tracts. — Robeht 
Treat,  an  eminent  lawyer,  and  a  signer 
of  the  declaration  of  independence,  was 
b.  at  Boston,  1781,  and  was  graduated 
at  Harvard  college,  in  1749.  Alter  a 
vLsit  to  Europe  of  some  years,  he  com- 
menced the  study  of  the  law,  and  about 
1759  settled  in  its  practice  in  Taunton. 
He  took  an  early  and  active  interest  in 
public  affairs,  and  in  1774  was  appointed 
a  delegate  from  Massachusetts  to  the 
general  congress.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  committee  of  the  convention  that 
drafted  the  constitution  of  his  native 
state.  Under  the  government  that  was 
organized  he  was  appointed  attorney- 
general,  and  held  this  office  till  1790, 
when  he  was  appointed  a  judge  of  the 


supreme  court.  He  remained  on  the 
bench  till  1804.  D.  in  1814.— Robert 
Treat,  a  poet,  son  of  the  preceding,  was 
b.  at  Taunton,  1773,  and  graduated  at 
Harvard  college  in  1791.  On  leaving 
college  he  was  placed  in  a  counting- 
house,  but  soon  turned  his  attention  to 
literature  and  theatricals,  and  published 
several  orations  and  poems.  His  poem-j 
were  very  popular  and  profitable,  and 
by  the  sale  of  the  song  of  "  Adams  and 
Liberty,"  he  received  the  sum  of  $750. 
In  1800  he  began  the  practice  of  law, 
but  failed  of  success  from  the  want  of 
industry,  and  passed  the  close  of  his 
life  in  poverty.     D.  1811. 

PAI8IELL0,  John,  a  celebrated  com- 
poser, a  pupil  of  Durante,  was  b.  1741, 
at  Tarento.  He  begun  his  public  career 
in  1763,  by  two  operas,  which  raised 
him  at  once  into  popularity  throughout 
Italy.  His  subsequent  works  extcndcil 
his  reputation  over  the  whole  of  the 
Continent.  Several  sovereigns  invited 
him  into  their  service.  He  accepted  the 
offer  of  the  Empress  Catharine,  and  re- 
sided in  Russia  for  nine  years.  He  next 
settled  at  Naples.  In  1801  he  went  to 
Paris  at  the  request  of  Bonaparte  ;  but, 
after  having  lived  nearly  three  years  in 
France,  he  returned  to  Naples,  and  d. 
there  in  1816. 

PAJOU,  AuGcsTiN,  an  eminent  French 
sculptor,  was  b.  1730,  at  Paris;  gained 
the  prize  at  the  Academy  at  the  age  of 
eighteen,  and  was  sent  to  study  at  Rome, 
where  he  remained  for  twelve  years ;  be- 
came professor  of  the  academy  of  paint- 
ing and  sculpture,  and  a  member  of  the 
institute,  and  of  the  legion  of  honor. 
His  countrymen  have  called  him  the  re- 
storer of  the  art.  Among  his  numerous 
works,  some  of  the  principal  are,  "  Pinto 
holding  Cerebus  chained,"  "Psyche 
abandoned  by  Love,"  and  statues  of 
Demosthenes,  Descartes,  Bossuet,  Pas- 
cal, and  Turenne.     D.  1809. 

PALAFOX,  Don  Joseph,  immor- 
talized by  his  heroic  defence  of  Sara- 
gossa,  in  1808-9,  was  sprung  from  an 
old  Aragoncse  family,  and  liaving  en- 
tered the  military  service  of  Spain  .it  an 
early  age,  accompanied  Ferdinand  to 
Bayonne;  but  on  the  resignation  of  that 
monarch,  he  returned  to  Aragon,  and 
lived  in  retirement  at  a  short  distance 
from  Saragossa.  Proclaimed  governor 
of  Saragossa  by  the  peonle  who  saw 
themselves  menaced  on  all  sides  by  the 
armies  of  France,  he  took  instant  meas- 
ures to  sustain  a  siege ;  and  such  was 
the  effect  of  his  combined  intelligeuce 
and  determination,  that  with  a  compar- 


pal] 


CVCLOP.KDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


673 


ntive  handful  of  men,  the  city  manfully 
resisted  an  ovcrwhehninn;  force,  and  at 
length  compelled  the  French  general  to 
f~treat  after  a  siege  of  (Jl  days,  and  the 
loss  of  thousands  of  his  men.  But  the 
reduction  of  Saragossa  was  of  too  great 
itnportsmcc  to  the  French  for  them  not 
to  strain  every  nerve  to  accomplish  it ; 
and  Marshals  Mortier  and  Moncey 
marched  in  Novemloer  of  the  same  year, 
at  the  head  of  a  large  army,  to  recom- 
mence the  siege.  After  sutfering  two 
■lefeats  before  Saragossa,  Falafox  once 
more  retired  within  its  walls,  and  com- 
menced the  same  vigorous  course  of 
action  which  had  been  already  crowned 
with  success;  but  on  this  occasion  all 
his  efforts  were  in  vain  ;  the  besiegers 
Were  backed  by  a  force  more  terrible 
than  themselves,  an  epidemic  fever  was 
raging  in  the  garrison  ;  and  Palafox  wlio 
was  attacked  by  it,  was  obliged  to  resign 
the  command  on  the  20tli  February,  to 
General  St.  Marc,  who  signed  the  capit- 
ulation on  the  following  day.  Palafox 
was  now  sent  into  France,  and  remained 
a  close  prisoner  at  Vineermes,  till  the 
restoration  of  Ferdinand,  by  whom  he 
was  sent  on  a  secret  mission  to  JIadrid. 
In  June,  1814,  he  was  appointed  ean- 
tain-general  of  Aragon ;  but  for  nearly 
thirtv  vcars  before  his  death  he  took  no 
part 'in"  public  atlairs.     B.  1780;  d.  1847. 

PALESTKINA,  Giovan.m  Pietuo 
Aloisio,  tlie  most  celebrated  master  of 
tlic  old  Koman  school  of  music,  was 
b.  at  Palestrina,  the  ancient  Prajneste, 
about  the  beginning  of  tlie  16th  century. 
He  d.  in  1594.  Some  of  his  pieces  are 
still  performed  in  the  Sistine  chapel  at 
Koine. 

PALEY,  William,  an  eminent  divine, 
the  son  of  a  clergyman,  was  b.  1745,  at 
Peterborough,  and  was  educated,  as  a 
sizar,  at  Christ's  college,  Cambridge,  of 
which  he  became  a  I'ellow  in  1766.  For 
ten  subsequent  years  lie  resided  at  tiie 
university;  but  in  1776  he  obtained  the 
vicarages  of  Dalston,  in  Cumberland, 
and  Appleby,  in  Westmoreland.  With- 
in the  next  nine  years  he  became  a  pre- 
l)cndary,  archdeacon,  and  chancellor  of 
Carlisle.  In  1785,  he  at  once  attained 
high  reputation  by  his  "Elements  of 
Moral  and  Political  Philosophy."  At 
various  intervals  in  the  course  of  a  few 
years,  this  work  was  succeeded  by 
"  llorre  Paulinse,"  "A  View  of  the 
Evidences  of  Christianity,"  and  "  Nat- 
ural Theology,"  besides  some  smaller 
pieces.  His  sermons  were  a  posthu- 
mous publication.  Preferment  awaited 
bim  as  well  as  competence  and  fame. 
57 


He  was  successively  made  vicar  of  St.an- 
wix,  a  prebendary  of  St.  Pancras,  sub- 
dean  of  Lincoln,  a  doctor  of  divinity, 
and  rector  of  Bishop's  Wearmouth.  D. 
1805. 

PALISSET  DE  MONTENOY, 
Charles,  a  French  satirist  and  miscel- 
laneous writer,  was  b.  1730,  at  Nanci,  and 
was  throughout  his  life  in  a  state  of  vio- 
lent hostility  with  the  French  literary 
char.acters  of  the  philosophical  sect. 
His  works  form  six  octavo  volumes. 
Among  them  are  "TheDunciad;"  somo 
comedies,  "  Little  Letters  against  great 
Philosophers,"  "Memoirs  for  a  History 
of  French  Literature,"  and  a  "  History 
of  the  earlv  Ages  of  Kome."     D.  1814. 

PALISSOT  DE  BEAUVOIS,  Asr- 
BRoisE  I»Iarie  Francols  Joseph,  an  emi- 
nent naturalist,  was  b.  at  Arras,  in  the 
French  Netherlands,  in  1752.  After 
studying  at  the  college  of  Ilarconrt,  at 
Paris,  he  was  in  1772  admitted  a  coun- 
sel of  the  pnrliament  of  that  city ;  and 
subsequently  became  receiver-general 
of  territorial  imposts,  till  the  suppres- 
sion of  that  office  in  1777.  He  then 
devoted  himself  to  the  study  of  natural 
history,  and  be  undertook  a  voyage  to 
the  coast  of  Guinea,  with  an  intention 
to  travel  across  the  African  continent  to 
Egypt;  but  being  unable  to  execute  that 
design,  he  sailed  for  St.  Domingo,  in 
1788,  and  there  occupied  some  official 
situations.  Having  opposed  the  revo- 
lutionary attempts  of  the  negroes,  he 
with  difficulty  etFected  his  escape  to 
America,  purposing  to  return  to  France, 
when  he  learnt  that  he  had  been  pro- 
scribed as  an  emigrant.  He  occupied 
himself  while  in  America  as  a  teacher 
of  languages,  and  as  a  musician,  but  ho 
did  not  neglect  his  favorite  pursuits ; 
and  on  hearing  that  his  name  had  been 
erased  from  the  proscribed  list,  he  re- 
turned to  his  native  country,  taking 
with  him  the  rich  collection  of  natural 
curiosities  which  he  had  formed.  D. 
1820. 

PALLADIO,  Andrew,  a  celebrated 
Italian  architect,  was  b.  1518,  at  Viccnza, 
acquired  in  his  own  country  a  reputa- 
tion which  has  received  the  sanction  of 
other  nations  and  of  posterity;  and  d. 
in  1580.  His  "Treatise  on  Architec- 
ture" is  one  of  the  classics  of  the  art. 

PALLAS,  Peter  Sniox,  an  eminent 
traveller  and  naturalist,  was  h.  1741  at 
Berlin;  studied  at  Halle,  Gottingen, 
and  Loyden ;  and  acquired  so  much 
reputation  by  his  "  Elenchus  Zoopliy- 
toruni"'  and  "Miscellanea  Zoologica," 
that  Catharine  of  Russia  in%ited  him  to 


674 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHr. 


[pah 


St.  Petersburg,  made  him  a  member  of 
the  academy,  and  for  six  years  employed 
liim  as  a  naturalist,  in  exploriuu^  various 
parts  of  l:er  vast  empire.  Diirius  his 
tour  he  sutfored  such  hardsliips  that  his 
liair  turned  wliite,  and  his  constitution 
was  severely  injured.  In  1794,  the  em- 
press gave  liim  an  estate  in  the  Crimea. 
There  he  resided  for  fifteen  years  ;  but 
ftt  iensth  lie  quitted  Kussia,  and  settled 
at  Berlin.  Amonij  liis  numerous  works 
are  his  "Travels,"  which  Saussuro 
denominated  "an  inexhaustible  mine 
for  the  naturalist  and  statesman  ;"  "His- 
torical Documents  on  the  Mongols  ;" 
and  a  "Physical  and  Topographical 
Description  of  the  Taurida."     D.  ISll. 

PALLAVICINO,  Sforza,  was  b.  in 
1647,  atEome;  was  employed  by  Pope 
Innocent  X.  in  various  important  affairs, 
obtained  a  cardinal's  hat  in  1657;  and 
d.  1667.  His  chief  work  is  "  A  History 
of  the  Council  of  Trent." 

PALMELLA,  duke  of,  a  distinguish- 
ed Portuguese  statesman,  was  b.  in  1781. 
He  took  an  active  part  in  all  the  political 
troubles  of  his  country  during  the  last 
tiiirty  or  forty  years  ;  and  it  was  owing 
to  his  aid  and  counsels  that  the  queen 
of  Portugal  was  indebted,  in  a  great 
measure,  for  her  establishment  on  the 
throne  of  her  ancestors.  A  very  consid- 
erable i>art  of  his  life  was  dedicated  to 
the  diplomatic  service  of  his  country, 
which  he  represented  at  the  congress  of 
Vienna  and  in  London.  In  1820  he 
made  a  fruitless  voyage  to  Brazil,  to 
pacify  the  revolution  which  had  burst 
forth.  lie  was  also  selected  to  attend 
at  the  coronation  of  Queen  Victoria; 
and  his  great  wealth  enabled  him  to  vie 
on  that  occa.sion  with  the  representatives 
of  the  other  courts  of  Europe.  He  was 
several  times  called  on  to  offer  advice  to 
his  sovereiirn,  but  only  held  office  for  a 
limited  period.     D.  18.50. 

PALMER,  John,  an  eminent  English 
actor,  was  b.  in  London,  about  1742, 
and  made  his  first  appearance  in  the 
metropolis  at  the  Ilaymarket  theatre. 
He  was  afterwards  engaged  by  Garrick 
at  Drury-lane,  and  gradually  rose  to 
eminence  in  his  profession,  both  in 
comedy  and  tragedy.  I).  1798. — .John, 
the  first  prqiector  of  mail-coaches,  was 
a  native  of  Bath,  where  he  was  brought 
up  ns  a  brewer,  but  subsequently  soli- 
cited and  obtained  a  patent  for  a  theatre 
in  his  native  city,  which  concern  proved 
eminently  successful  under  his  m;inatre- 
ment.  BeiuLT  much  in  the  habit  of  trav- 
elling from  place  to  place,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  securing  rising  performers,  the 


idea  occurred  to  him  that !.  better  mode 
of  conveying  the  mails  was  most  desira- 
ble, and  he  accordingly  matured  the 
plan  of  transmitting  letters  by  coaches 
with  guards,  now  superseded  by  the 
railway.  He  succeeded  in  his  object, 
though  not  without  great  opposition; 
but  the  utility  of  the  plan  soon  became 
manifest,  and  he  was  made  comptroller- 
general  of  the  post-office,  with  a  salary 
of  £1500  a  year.  Some  disputes,  how- 
ever, occurring,  he  lost  his  situation  in 
1792,  and  though  he  afterwards,  through 
petitions,  was  reimbursed  by  parlia- 
ment, tlie  compensation  was  very  inad- 
equate to  the  per  ceutage  he  was  to 
have  received,  in  case  his  plan  suc- 
ceeded.    D.  1818. 

PALOMINO  DE  CASTRO  Y  VE- 
LASCO,  AcLscLEs  Anthonv,  an  emi- 
nent Spanish  painter,  was  b.  1653,  at 
Bujalance,  in  ValenJa ;  was  a  pupil  of 
Valdes;  became  king's  painter,  and 
entered  into  the  clerical  profession  in 
his  latter  days.  Amoncr  nis  most  re- 
markable works  are,  a  "  Confession  of 
St.  Peter,"  at  Valencia,  and  five  pictures 
in  the  choir  of  tlio  cathedral  at  Cordova. 
Palomino  wrote  the  "The  Pictorial  Mu- 
seum," of  which  the  third  volume  con- 
tains the  lives  of  Spanish  artists.  D. 
17l'6. 

I'AN  ARD,  Chahles  Francis,  a  French 
dramatist,  whom  Marmoutel  syrnamed 
the  Lafontaine  of  the  Vaudeville,  was 
b.  1 694,  near  Chartres.  He  wrote  eighty 
pioces,  among  whicii  are  five  comedies, 
and  thirteen  comic  operas.  The  songs 
of  Panard  are  remarkable  for  their  easy 
stvle  and  their  piquancy.     D.  1765. 

■pAXCIPvOLI,  Guy,  a  civilian,  was  b. 
1623,  at  Eeggio,  and  was  professor  of 
law  at  Padua,  and  afterwards  at  Turin. 
He  is  the  author  of  various  works;  but 
the  one  by  which  he  is  remembered  is  a 
curious  treatise  on  the  ancient  inven- 
tions which  are  lost,  and  on  those  in- 
ventions which  belong  to  the  moderns. 
D.  1599. 

PANCOUCKE,  Charles  Joseph,  one 
of  the  most  eminent  booksellers  in 
France,  and  also  a  man  of  literarv  talent, 
was  b.  at  Lisle,  1706.  He  settled  at 
Paris,  became  connected  with  most  of 
the  distinguished  authors  of  his  time, 
and  published  many  masrnificent  works. 
The  Moniteur  was  established  by  him  ; 
and  he  also  projected  the  Methodical 
Eneyclopajdia.  Among  his  own  pro- 
ductions are,  a  free  translation  of  Lu- 
cretius, "On  Man,  and  the  Keprodue- 
tion  of  different  Individuals,"  and 
"  Philosophical  Discourses  on  the  Beau- 


par] 


CYCLOP.^iDIA    OF    BIOGHAfllV, 


675 


tifiil."  D.  1698. — Andrew  Joseph,  bi3 
father,  was  a  bookseller  and  author. 

I'AOLI,  Pascal,  a  patriot  and  gen- 
eral, (the  son  of  Hyacinth  Paoli,  who 
Was  also  an  intrepid  assertor  of  his 
eountry's  liberty.)  was  b.  1726,  at  Strct- 
ta,  in  Corsica;  followed  his  father  into 
exile  ;  and  was  educated  at  the  Jesuits' 
collcirc,  at  Naples.  In  1755,  liis  coun- 
trymen havinir  elected  him  their  gener- 
alissimo, he  returned  to  Corsica,  and 
at'ted  with  such  vigor  against  the  (ic- 
uoese,  tliac  lie  confined  their  dominion 
within  the  narrow  limits  of  the  fortified 
seaports.  To  enact  wise  laws,  introduce 
reforms,  and  encourage  agriculture,  was 
his  next  care.  ]5ut  all  his  noble  labors 
were  rendered  abortive.  The  Genoese 
sold  the  island  to  France,  and,  after  a 
severe  struggle  against  the  invading 
army,  Paoli  was  once  more  compelled 
to  become  an  exile.  For  20  years  he 
resided  in  England,  subsisting  on  a 
pension  from  the  government.  In  1789 
lie  was  recalled  by  the  constituent  as- 
sembly; but,  in  1793,  he  was  proscribed 
by  the  Jacobins,  and  he  subsequently 
placed  Corsica  under  llie  protection  of 
Great  Britain.     D.  in  Lonaon,  1807. 

PAPIN,  Denys,  an  eminent  natural 
philosopher  and  physician,  was  b.  at 
lilois,  in  France.  After  taking  the  de- 
gree of  M.D.,  he  visited  England;  and, 
in  1680,  became  a  fellow  of  the  Koyal 
Society.  While  there  he  made  many 
attempts  to  bring  the  steam-engine  to 
perfection,  and  published  an  account  of 
an  invention,  which  still  bears  his  name. 
Ilis  work  is  entitled  "The  New  Digest- 
er, or  En<rine  for  the  Softenintr  of 
Bones."  l^^iin  assisted  Mr.  Boyle  in 
his  pneumatic  experiments  ;  and,  on 
leaving  England,  he  went  to  Marpurg, 
where  he  was  made  mathematical  pro- 
fessor, in  1687,  and  d.  1710. 

PAPINIAN.  .Emilus,  the  greatest 
civil  lawyer  of  antiquity,  was  b.  about 
145;  was  prtetorjan  prefect  nndcr  the 
Emperor  Scverus  ;  and  was  put  to  death 
by  Caracalla,  in  212,  for  refusing  to  jus- 
tify the  murder  of  Geta.  Most  of  his 
works  are  lost. 

PAKACELSUS,  Aureoi.hs  Pnir.rp 
Tmkophuastus  Bombast  de  IlonEMn:r.\r, 
a  celebrated  Swiss  empiric  and  alchem- 
ist, was  b.  1493,  at  Einsiedlen,  in  tlie 
canton  of  Schwitz.  lie  lived  a  wander- 
ing life  for  several  years;  but,  having 
performed  some  extraordinary  cures,  he 
was  invited,  in  15'j6,  to  fill  the  medical 
find  sur^'ical  chair  at  the  uiiiversitv  of 
Basle.  This  post,  however,  lie  held  tor 
little  more  than  a  year,  whoa  he  recom- 


menced his  peregrinations.  He  intro- 
duced mercury  and  other  medicines 
into  practice.     D.  at  S?ilzburgh,  1541. 

PAIvE,  Amckose,  who  is  called  the 
father  of  French  surgery,  was  b.  at 
Laval,  about  the  beginning  of  the  IGtli 
century;  was  successively  surgeon  to 
llenrv  H.,  Francis  II.,  Charles  IX.,  and 
Henry  111.,  and  d.  1590. 

PAKINI,  .Joseph,  an  Italian  poet,  was 
b.  1729,  at  Basizio;  was  patronized  by 
(.Vunt  Firmian,  governor  of  Lombardy, 
and  afterwards  by  Princess  Maria  Bea- 
trix, of  Este ;  and  was  professor  of  belle.s 
lettrcs,  eloquence,  and  the  fine  arts,  at 
Milan.  Parini  was  one  of  the  most 
eminent  lyric  poets  of  Italy,  and  ex- 
celled alsoin  satire.     D.  1799. 

PAEIS,  Matthew,  an  English  histo- 
rian, was  a  Benedictine  monk  at  St. 
Albans,  into  which  order  lie  entered  in 
1217.  Paris  was  an  universal  scholar, 
and  a  man  of  great  probity.  His  histo- 
ry is  a  valuable  work.  D.  1259. — Fran- 
cis, commonly  called  the  Abbe  Paris, 
was  b.  in  the  French  capital,  where  his 
father  was  counsellor  to  the  parliament; 
l)ut  the  son  embraced  the  ecclesiastical 
life,  and  devoted  himself  to  devotion 
and  charity.  He  d.  in  1727,  and  was 
buried  in  the  cemetery  of  St.  Medard, 
where  the  Jansenists  pretended  that 
miracles  were  wrought  at  his  tomb ;  in 
consequence  of  which  such  crowds  re- 
sorted to  the  place  that  the  government 
caused  the  churchyard  to  be  walled  up 
in  1732. 

PARK,  MuNGO,  a  celebrated  traveller, 
the  son  of  a  farmer,  was  b.  1771,  at 
Fowlshifts,  Scotland,  and  was  brought 
up  to  the  modie.il  profession.  After 
having  made  a  voyage  to  Bencoolen,  he 
was  engaged,  in  1795,  by  the  African 
Society,  to  penetrate  into  the  interior  of 
Africa,  and  explore  the  course  of  the 
Niger.  He  arrived  in  the  Gambia  in 
June,  and,  on  the  2d  of  December,  pro- 
ceeded from  Pisania,  on  his  adventurous 
journey.  On  the  20th  of  July  he  camo 
in  sight  of  the  long-sought  river.  After 
having  traced  it  to  a  considerable  dis- 
tance, he  was  under  the  necessity  of 
desisting  from  his  enterprise.  On  his 
return  to  Scotland,  Park  married,  and 
entered  upon  the  practice  of  his  profes- 
sion. In  1804,  however,  he  undertook 
a  second  expedition,  for  the  same  pur- 
poses as  the  first.  He  again  reached 
the  Niger,  and  embarked  upon  it  nt 
Bammakou,  but  was  attacked  by  the 
natives,  and  drowned,  in  his  voyage  to 
Iloussa. 

PARKE,  John,  a  celebrated  musician, 


676 


CYCLOP.^DIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[par 


b.  1745,  was  the  l)est  bantboy  player  of 
his  time,  and  succeeded  Fischer,  at 
VauxhuU,  in  1770.  About  the  sauie  time 
Garrick  en<raged  liim,  on  very  liberal 
terms,  to  play  at  Drury-lane  ;  and,  in 
1783,  he  was'  attached  to  the  Carlton- 
house  band,  at  a  yearly  salary  of  £100. 
lie  was  now  in  the  hiirhest  reputation ; 
he  performed  at  the  concert  of  ancient 
music,  at  the  best  private  concerts,  and 
was  also  reirularly  engaged  at  the  great 
provincial  music  meetings.     D.  1829. 

PAEKEK,  Matthew,"  a  learned  pre- 
late, was  b.  1504,  at  Norwich ;  was  edu- 
cated at  Cambridge ;  and  was  succes- 
sively chaplain  to  Anne  Boleyn,  dean  of 
Stoke  Clare,  master  of  Bennet  college, 
and  dean  of  Lincoln.  In  the  reign  of 
Mary  he  was  in  great  danger  of  being 
brought  to  the  stake.  Elizabeth  raised 
him  to  the  see  of  Canterbury,  which  he 
tilled  with  honor  to  himself.  lie  took  a 
whare  in  the  "Keformed  Liturgy,"  and 
the  "  Bishop's  Bible,"  published  edi- 
tions of  some  of  the  old  English  histori- 
ans, and  wrote  "  De  Autiquitata  Britan- 
nica;  Ecclesiae,"  and  some  works  of  less 
importance.  D.  1575. — Isaac,  an  emi- 
nent lawyer,  was  b.  in  Boston,  and 
graduated  at  Harvard  college,  in  1786. 
He  studied  law  in  the  office  of  Judge 
Tudor,  and  commenced  practice  at  Cas- 
tine,  in  Maine,  then  an  integral  part  of 
Massachusetts.  Kemoving  to  Portland, 
he  was  sent  for  one  term  to  congress,  as 
a  rcpresentativ-e  from  Cumberland  coun- 
ty. He  also  held,  for  a  short  time,  the 
office  of  United  States  marshal  for  that 
district.  In  1806  he  was  ap[)ointed  by 
Governor  Strong  associate  judge  of  the 
supreme  court  of  Massachusetts,  and 
soon  after  took  up  his  residence  at  Bos- 
ton. In  1814  he  was  appointed  chief 
justice  of  the  supreme  court,  and  held 
{hat  office  till  his  sudden  death,  in  July, 
1830,  at  the  age  of  63. 

I'AKKES,  Samuel,  a  chemist,  was  b. 
1759,  at  Stourbridge,  was  educated  at 
Market  Ilarborough.  He  was  a  great 
manufacturing  chemist,  and  a  member 
of  the  geological  and  other  societies. 
He  is  the  autiior  of  a  "Chemical  Cate- 
chism," wliich  has  passed  through  nu- 
merous editions  ;  "  Kudiments  of  (!heni- 
istry,"  "  An  Essay  on  the  Utility  of 
Chemistry,"  and  "Chemical  Es.says." 
1).  1825.  ' 

PARKHURST,  Joiix,  a  divine,  was 
b.  1723,  at  Catesby;  was  educited  at 
Rugby  school,  and  Clare  liall,  Cam- 
bridge; and  d.  171t7.  He  is  the  author 
of  "A  Hebrew  Lexicon,"  "A  Greek 
Lexicon,"    "  An  Address  to  Wesley," 


and  "  The  Divinity  and  Pre-existenee  of 
Christ  demonstrated." 

PARKINSON,  Jonx,  a  botanist,  was 
b.  1567 ;  was  appointed  apothecary  to 
Charles  I. ;  was  nominated  Botanicus 
Regius  Primarius  by  Charles  I.  He  is 
the  author  of  '•  Paradisus  Terrestris,  or 
a  Garden  of  all  Sorts  of  Pleasant  Flow- 
ers," and  of  "Thcatrum  Botunicum,  or 
Theatre  of  Plants."     D.  1640. 

PARMA,  Alexander  Faenese,  duke 
of,  one  of  the  most  celebrated  generals 
of  the  age  in  which  he  lived,  first  dis- 
tinguished himself  at  the  battle  of  Le- 
panto.  Being  appointed  to  the  govern- 
ment of  the  Netherlands  by  Philip  II. 
ho  gained  several  victories,  and  restored 
the  greatest  part  of  the  provinces  to  the 
authority  of  his  sovereign.  In  1590  ho 
compelled  Henry  IV^.  to  raise  the  siege 
of  Paris;  and,  in  1592,  the  siege  of 
Rouen.  In  the  last  of  these  expeditions 
he  received  a  wound  in  the  arm,  which 
he  neglected,  and  which  caused  his 
death,  at  Arras,  on  the  2d  December, 
in  the  fortv-seventh  year  of  his  age. 

PARMENTIEK,  Anthony  Augustix, 
an  eminent  French  asricultural  improv- 
er, was  b.  1787,  at  Montdidier,  and  was 
successively  apothecary  to  the  army  in 
Hanover,  and  to  the  Hotel  des  Invalides 
at  Paris.  To  Parnienticr,  France  is  in- 
debted for  rendering  the  cultivation  of 
the  potato  general,  and  for  improving 
and  introducing  various  other  alimentary 
articles.  His  whole  attention  was  paid 
to  these  subjects,  and  all  his  works  re- 
late to  them".     1).  1813. 

PARNELL,  Thomas,  a  divine  and 
poet,  was  b.  1679,  at  Dublin;  was  edu- 
cated at  Trinity  coll  cere,  in  that  city ;  ob- 
tained, in  1705,  1713,  and  1716,  the 
archdeaconry  of  Clogher,  a  prebend  in 
Dublin  cathedral,  and  the  vicarage  of 
Finglass.  He  was  the  friend  of  Swift 
and  Pope,  the  hitter  of  whom  gave  the 
works  of  Parncll  to  the  press.  D.  1717 
PARNY,  EvARisTE  DEsntE  Desfor- 
OEs,  viscount  de,  whom  his  countrymen 
denominate  the  French  Tibnllus,  was  b. 
1753,  at  the  Isle  of  Bourbon  ;  was  sent 
to  France,  at  the  age  of  nine  years;  was 
educated  at  the  college  of  Rcnnes  ;  and 
entered  into  the  military  service.  His 
"  Elegies,"  inspired  by  an  unfortunate 
passion,  appeared  in  1775,  and  at  once 
gave  him  a  conspicuous  place  amon!.' 
poets.  Subsequent  works  sustained  his 
reputation.  It  is,  however,  to  be  re- 
irretted  that,  in  his  latter  years,  he  sul- 
lied his  fame  by  several  impious  and 
licentious  productions.  D.  1814. 
PARR,  Samuel,  one  of  the  most  pro- 


pat] 


CYCLOP.UDIA    OF    BIOORAPIIT. 


6T7 


found  of  Greek  scholars,  was  b.  1746, 
at  H:irrow-on-thc-IIill,  and  was  educated 
at  the  grammar  sehool  of  that  place, 
iiixl  at  flmamiel  colleire,  CainbridLre. 
ilaviiiLT,  in  consequence  of  his  j-oulh, 
been  disappointed  of  becoming  head 
master  at  Harrow,  lie  established  a  sem- 
inary at  Stanmore;  which,  liowevcr, 
he  ultimately  gave  up,  and  was  succes- 
sively master  of  Colchester  and  Norwich 
grammar  schools.  His  first  church  pre- 
ferment was  the  rectory  of  Asterby, 
which  he  obtained  in  1780.  He  subse- 
quently received  the  perpetual  curacy 
of  Hatton,  the  living  of  Graffham,  iii 
Huntingdonshire,  and  a  prebend  of  St. 
J'aul's  cathedral.  Ainong  his  works 
arc,  various  "Sermons,"  the  "Preface 
to  Bclleiulenus,"  and  a  "Letter  from 
Irenonolis."  D.  1825. — Thomas,  an  ex- 
traordinary instance  of  lonsrevity,  was 
b.  in  Shropshire  in  14S3.  He  was  bred 
to  husbandry,  in  which  he  labored  after 
he  was  130  years  old.  Ten  years  before 
this  he  married  a  widow;  and  he  ex- 
hibited every  sign  of  health,  when,  in 
li"i35,  the  earl  of  Arundel  took  him  to 
the  court  of  Charles  I.,  where  he  d. 
throucfh  the  change  of  air  and  mode  of 
livinof,  at  the  age  of  152  years  and  9 
months.  His  body  was  opened  by  Dr. 
Harvey,  who  discovered  no  internal 
murk«  of  decay. — Catharine,  the  sixth 
and  last  wife  of  Henj-y  VIII.  In  1547 
she  married  Sir  Thomas  Seymour,  lord 
admiral  of  England,  who  is  said  to  have 
treated  her  so  ill  that  she  d.  of  it  the 
year  following.  She  wrote  "Prayers," 
"  Meditations,"  and  other  religious 
pieces. 

PARRHASTUS,  an  ancient  painter, 
the  eotemporary  and  rival  of  Zeuxis, 
was  b.  about  420  b.  c,  at  Ephesus.  Ilis 
vanity  was  equal  to  his  talents,  great  as 
they  were.  Among  his  most  celebrated 
works  were,  an  allegorical  picture  of  the 
Athenian  people,  Meleager,  Hercules, 
and  Perseus,  and  a  high  priest  of  Cyb- 
ele. 

PARSONS,  TnEopniT.cs,  a  distin- 
guished lawyer,  was  b.  at  Byefield,  Mas- 
sachusetts, in  1750,  and  graduated  at 
Harvard  college  in  1789.  He  studied, 
and  pursued  the  practice  of  the  law,  for 
some  years,  in  Falmouth,  now  Portland, 
but  when  that  town  was  destroyed  by 
the  British,  he  retired  to  the  house  of 
his  father  in  Newbury.  About  a  year 
afterwards  ho  opened  an  office  in  New- 
buryport.  He  soon  rose  to  the  highest 
rank  in  his  profession,  and  made  im- 
mense acquisitions  in  legal  knowledge. 
His  professional  services  were  sought 
57* 


for  in  all  directions,  and  after  thirty-five 
years  of  extensive  practice  he  was  ap- 
pointed chief  justice  of  the  supreme 
court  of  Massachusetts.  In  17bO  ho 
was  a  member  of  the  convention  which 
formed  the  constitution  of  the  state, 
and  of  the  convention  which  accepted 
the  federal  constitution.  He  was  a 
powerful  speaker,  without  a  rival  in 
Knowledge  of  law,  and  surpassed  by 
few  in  Ids  acquaintance  with  science 
and  classical  literature.  He  continued 
in  the  seat  of  chief  justice  till  his  death 
in  1813. 

PASCAL,  Blaize,  equally  eminent  as 
a  geometrician  and  a  writer,  was  b. 
1023,  at  Clermont,  in  Auvergne.  Though 
himself  a  mathematician,  his  father 
would  not  allow  him  to  be  taught  mathe- 
matics ;  but  sueli  was  his  propensity  to 
that  science,  that,  unassisted  and  by 
stealth,  he  mastered  a  part  of  Euclid  be- 
fore he  was  twelve  years  of  age.  He 
was  then  suffered  to  indulge  his  genius. 
At  sixteen  he  published  a  "Treatise  on 
Conic  Sections,"  and  at  nineteen  he  in- 
vented an  arithmetical  machine.  Un- 
like many  early  prodiffies,  he  more  than 
sustained  in  manhood  the  fame  acqi  ired 
in  youth.  But  his  incessant  ment;d  ex- 
ertions injured  his  health,  and  in  some 
degree  aifected  his  intellect,  without, 
however,  depriving  him  of  the  use  of 
his  talents.  In  1655  and  1056  he  pub- 
lished, under  the  name  of  Louis  de 
Montalte,  his  admirable  "Provincial 
Letters."  His  latter  days  were  spent  in 
the  practice  of  austere  devotion.  D. 
1602. 

PASQUIER,  Stephen,  an  eminent 
French  civilian  and  writer,  was  b.  1529, 
at  Paris;  was  a  pupil  of  Cnjas,  and  first 
rose  into  reputation  as  an  advocate  by 
pleading  against  the  Jesuits  before  the 
parliament.  In  his  writing's  he  was  also 
a  formidable  adversary  of  that  ambitious 
and  powerful  order.  One  of  his  prin- 
cipal works  is,  "Inquiries  respecting 
France."     D.  1615. 

PATERCULUS,  Caius  Velletts,  a 
Roman  historian,  of  an  equestrian  family, 
flourished  in  the  reigns  of  Aucrustusand 
Tiberius.  Ho  filled  the  offices  of  tri- 
bune of  the  soldiers,  qutestor,  tribune  of 
the  people,  and  prietor,  and  commanded 
the  cavalry  under  Tiberius.  He  is  sup- 
posed by  some  to  have  been  involved  in 
the  ruin  of  Sejanns.  Only  a  part  of 
his  valuable  "Epitome  of  Greek  and 
Roman  history"  is  extant. 

PATRICK,  Simon,  a  learned  prelate, 
was  b.  1026,  at  Gainsborough  ;  was  edu- 
cated at   CJuccirs   college,   Cambridge; 


678 


CYCLOP.ISDIA    OK    BIOGRAPHY. 


[pea 


and,  after  having  filled  with  honor  sev- 
eral secondary  preferments,  was  raised, 
in  Itjs'.',  to  tlie  see  of  Chichester,  for  his 
exertions  ajrainst  Catliolicity.  In  1691 
he  was  translated  to  Ely ;  and  he  d.  1707. 
His  chief  work  is,  "Paraphrases  and 
Commentaries  on  the  Old  Testament." — 
St.,  the  apostle  or  patron  saint  of  J'-eland, 
is  supposed  by  some  to  have  been  a  na- 
tive of  Cornwall,  whose  zeal  prompted 
him  to  cross  the  Channel  for  the  con- 
version of  the  pagan  Irish.  By  others, 
liowever,  he  is  said  to  have  been  a  na- 
tive of  Kirkpatrick,  on  the  Clyde ;  and 
that  his  name  was  Saccuthiis,  until 
changed  by  Pope  Celestine.  Others 
again  assert,  that  he  was  b.  in  Britany, 
and  carried  by  some  freebooters  to  Ire- 
land, where  he  was  at  first  employed  in 
keeping  sheep.  Be  this  as  it  may,  it  is 
allowed  by  all  that  his  endeavors  were 
crowned  witli  great  success,  and  that  he 
established  there  a  number  of  schools 
and  monasteries.  Nenniiis  states  that 
his  missions  continued  forty  years,  and 
various  miracles  are  attributed  to  him, 
particularly  the  often-repeated  assertion 
of  the  absence  of  all  venomous  creatures 
from  Ireland,  ascribed  by  the  supersti- 
tious to  his  holy  benediction.  We  can 
no  more  reconcile  the  conflicting  testi- 
monies relati\'e  to  the  place  of  his  birth, 
than  we  could  determine  the  validity  of 
his  miraculous  powers ;  and  perhaps, 
for  the  sake  of  truth,  the  least  that  is 
said  of  either  the  better.  It  would  seem 
that  the  latter  years  of  his  life  were  de- 
voted to  acts  ol^  piety  and  religious  med- 
itation ;  and  that  he  d.  at  an  advanced 
ajje,  about  the  year  493.  Ills  works,  or 
at  least  those  ascribed  to  him,  were  pub- 
lislicd,  with  remarks,  by  Sir  James 
Ware,  in  16.58. 

PAUL,  St.  Vincent  de,  an  ecclesiastic 
of  the  church  of  Rome,  was  b.  in  1576. 
In  a  vovage  which  he  made  from  Mar- 
seilles, his  ship  was  taken  by  the  Turks, 
and  he  remained  in  slavery  some  years; 
but  having  made  a  convert  of  his  master, 
he  obtained  his  liberty,  and  returned  to 
France.  Louis  XIII.  made  him  abbot  of 
St.  Leonard  de  Clialme,  and  he  also  had 
the  living  of  Clichy,  where  he  built  a 
church  at  his  own  expense.  He  was 
next  placed  at  the  head  of  the  council 
of  conscienc<i,  and  chief  of  the  house  of 
St.  Lazare,  in  whicii  situations  his  zeal 
and  charity  knew  no  bounds.  He  pro- 
jected missions  into  all  parts  of  the 
world,  and  instituted  a  number  of  be- 
nevolent establishments.  lie  d.  in  1600, 
au<l  was  afterwards  canonized. 

i'AULUS,  Jcuua,  a  celebrated  Roman 


lawyer,  of  the  3d  century,  who,  being 
made  an  imperial  counsehor  under  Seve- 
rus  and  Caracalla,  distiniruished  himself 
by  the  boldness  with  which  he  delivered 
his  opinions.  Under  Heliogabalus  he 
was  banished ;  but  the  Emperor  Alex- 
ander Severus  recalled  him,  ra  sed  him 
to  the  consular  dignity,  and  appointed 
him  prffitorian  prefect,  after  the  death 
of  Ulpian. — Peter,  grand  pensionary  of 
Holland,  was  b.  in  1754.  As  a  minister 
of  the  marine  department  he  displayed 
great  activity  and  intelligence  ;  but  hav- 
ing otfended  the  stadtholder's  govern- 
ment, he  was  removed  from  his  situation 
in  1787,  and  retired  into  France.  He 
afterwards  returned,  and  held  very  im- 
portant offices  in  the  state.  P.  1796. 
Paulus  was  the  author  of  a  "  Commen- 
tary on  the  Treaty  of  Utrecht,"  a  "Me- 
moir on  the  Equality  of  Mankind,"  and 
other  works. 

PAUSANIUS,  a  Greek  orator  and 
historian,  settled  at  Rome,  170,  and  d. 
there  at  a  very  advanced  age.  He  is 
the  author  of  a  valuable  "  Historical 
Description  of  Greece,"  in  ten  books. 

PAUW,  Cornelius  de,  a  learned  wri- 
ter, was  h.  1739,  at  Amsterdam;  was 
educated  at  Licije  by  a  relation  ;  refused 
the  most  tempting  otfcrs  from  Frederic 
the  Great,  to  settle  at  Berlin ;  and  became 
canon  of  Xanten.  He  is  the  author  of 
"Philosophical  Inquiries  respecting  the 
Americans,  the  F^gyptians  and  Chinese, 
and  the  Greeks.""  All  his  M'orks  are 
ingenious,  but  abound  with  paradoxes 
and  bold  theories.     D.  1799. 

PEACHAM,  Henky,  an  ingenious 
writer  of  the  17th  century,  w^as  b.  at 
North  Mims,  in  Hertfordshire,  and  edu- 
cated at  Trinity  college,  Cambridge.  He 
afterwards  went  to  Italy,  and  while  in 
that  country  studied  painting,  music, 
and  the  fine  arts  generally.  His  princi- 
pal work,  entitled  "The  Complete 
Gentleman,"  was  once  extremely  popu- 
lar. Besides  this,  he  published  "  Mi- 
nerva Britannica,"  "Thalia's  Banquet," 
"  The  Valley  of  Variety,"  "  The  Worth 
of  a  Penny,"  and  the  "Gentleman's 
Exercise."     I),  about  1640. 

PEALE,  Charles  Wilson,  was  b.  in 
Maryland,  in  1741,  and  was  successively 
a  saddler,  harness-maker,  silversmith, 
watchmaker,  carver,  portrait  painter, 
naturalist,  machinist,  and  dentist.  He 
founded  tlie  extensive  museum  at  Phila- 
delphia, which  bears  his  name.  D.  1827. 
— Kkmhkandt,  a  brother  of  the  above, 
was  also  a  distinguished  artist,  who  was 
well  known  in  Philadelphia  and  New 
York. 


se] 


CYC'LOP.tDIA    OF    lilOGHAl'IIV. 


670 


PEARCE,  ZACfiART,  a  learned  prelate, 
was  b.  1600,  in  London;  was  ecliicatcd 
at  'Westminster  school,  and  at  Trinity 
collefje,  Cambridge ;  was  successively 
rector  of  Stapleford  Abbots,  and  of  St. 
liartliolomew,  near  the  Bank,  vicar  of 
St.  Martin  in  the  Fields,  dean  of  Win- 
cliestcr;  and  bishop  of  Bangor  and 
Rochester.  He  wrote  sermons,  some 
papers  in  the  "Spectator"  and  "Guar- 
tlian,"  "A Commentary  on  the  Evange- 
lists  and  Acts,"  and  other  works ;  and 
jmblished  editions  of  Loncrinus,  and 
Cicero's  "  De  Ofticiis."    D.  1774. 

PEARSON,  JoHx,  an  eminent  En- 
glish prelate,  was  b.  at  Snoring,  in  Nor- 
tblk,  in  161'2,  and  d.  bishop  of  Chester, 
in  li)8<5.  He  is  principally  known  by 
Ills  valuable  "Exposition  of  the  Creed." 
He  also  wrote  "Vindicire  Tgnatii,  or  a 
Defence  of  the  Epistles  of  St.  Ignatius," 
and  other  learned  works. — Margaret 
Eglinoton,  a  lady  distinguished  for  her 
skill  in  the  art  of  enamelling,  or  painting 
on  glass,  was  the  daughter  of  Samuel 
Patcrson,  the  bibliographer,  and  married 
an  artist  named  Pearson,  with  whom  she 
established  a  mantifactory  of  stained 
glass  at  Hampstead.  Some  of  her  pro- 
ductions have  scarcely  ever  been  equal- 
led, ]iartieularly  her  copies  of  Raphael's 
cartoous.     Y).  1823 

PEEL,  Sir  Robert,  third  son  of  Mr. 
Peel,  of  Peel  Cross,  Lancashire,  was  b. 
^7r>0.  This  gentleman  evinced,  at  a  very 
early  age,  a  quickness  of  perception  and 
a  spirit  of  enterprise  which  led  to  dis- 
tinguished acts  in  the  course  of  his 
useful  life.  In  1770  be  devoted  a  great 
portion  of  his  time  to  the  improvement 
of  machinery.  In  1773  he  embarked  in 
the  cotton  trade,  accumulated  an  im- 
mense fortune,  was  created  a  baronet  in 
1801,  and  entered  parliament  the  follow- 
incr  year.  T>.  1830. — Sir  Robert,  son  of 
the  preceding,  and  the  greatest  states- 
man of  his  age,  was  b.  Feb.  5,  1788.  He 
was  educated  tirst  at  Harrow,  and  after- 
wards at  Oxford,  at  both  of  which  places 
he  distinguished  himself  by  his  patient 
diligence,  his  correct  taste,  and  his  schol- 
arly achievements.  At  ()xfbrd  lie  took 
ft  first-class  degree  both  in  classics  and 
mathematics.  No  sooner  was  this  ac- 
complished, than  his  father,  in  1S09,  had 
him  brought  into  parliament  as  member 
for  Cashel,  whilst  he  was  little  more  tiian 
21  years  of  age;  and  the  house  of  com- 
mons became  thenceforward  the  arena 
of  his  life.  He  had  not  sat  long  in  it 
until  he  proved  himself  an  able  speaker, 
and  a  laborious  and  sagacious  worker. 
In  1811  he  was  appointed  under-secre- 


tarv  of  state  for  the  colonies,  under  the 
Perceval  administration.  In  1812  he 
was  made  chief  secretary  for  Ireland, 
and  shortly  after  carried  his  measure 
for  the  relbrm  of  the  currency.  He  in 
1822  became  secretary  of  state  for  the 
home  department.  Among  many  other 
useful  ineasures  identified  with  his 
name,  during  this  period  of  his  career, 
may  be  mentioned  his  plan  for  the  re- 
form of  the  criminal  code,  which  he 
brought  forward  and  carried  in  182G. 
On  the  accession  of  Canning  to  the  pre- 
miership in  1827,  he  refused  to  take  office 
under  that  distinguished  statesman; 
but  he  returned  in  1828  to  the  office  of 
home  secretary  under  the  duke  of  Wel- 
linsrton,  and  held  that  post  durintr  the 
diflieult  times  which  preceded  the  disso- 
lution of  the  tory  government  in  1830. 
Hitherto,  his  political  career  had  borne 
the  aspect  of  devoted  adherence  to  tory- 
ism  ;  but,  on  accepting  office  under  the 
duke  of  Wellington,  he  entered  up<.n  a 
course  in  which  the  influence  of  a  clifFer- 
ent  set  of  principles  came  to  be  apparent; 
for  he  had  but  feebly  opposed  the  bill 
of  Lord  John  Russell  for  the  repeal  of 
the  test  and  corporation  acts,  and  him- 
self introduced,  and  carried  throusrli,  in 
1820,  the  bill  for  the  removal  of  the 
Catholic  disabilities,  to  which  he  had 
previously  been  opposed.  The  death 
of  Earl  Spencer,  in  1834,  having  afforded 
the  king  a  pretext  for  dismissing  his 
whig  ministers.  Sir  Robert  Peel  was 
summoned  from  Rome,  and  requested 
to  form  an  administration.  But  his 
position  in  the  house  was  not  yet  suf- 
ficiently strong  to  enable  him  to  retain 
his  place,  and  the  goverament  being 
beaten  on  more  than  one  question,  on 
the  8th  of  April,  1835,  they  resigned, 
and  the  whigs  once  more  returned  to 
office.  In  1839  lie  was  again  prime 
minister  for  a  still  shorter  perioo,  the 
famous  "  P.ed-chamber  plot,"  as  it  was 
called,  having  compelled  him  to  relin- 
quish the  reins  almost  as  soon  as  he  had 
grasped  them.  In  the  mean  time,  liow- 
cver,  circumstances  were  gradually 
ripening  to  render  his  accession  to 
power  inevitable.  Justly  or  unjustly, 
a  general  impression  had  gone  abroad 
unfavorable  to  the  whig  administration  ; 
it  was  accused  of  administrative  inca- 
pacity; and,  in  the  summer  of  1841,  Sir 
Robert  Peel  led  on  an  attack  which 
ended  in  the  resicrnation  '^*'  Lord  Mel- 
bourne, ami  placed  him  once  more  at 
the  lica<l  of  attairs.  In  1842  he  proposed 
one  of  the  most  extensive  alterations  in 
the  tarirt"  of  the  country  that  had  ever 


680 


CYCLOI'.EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


been  effected.  Hundreds  of  imposts — 
mauy  of  them  insi.<rnific:int,  but  all'  of 
them  vexatious — were  swept  away.  Tlie 
corn  laws  were  abolished  in  June,  iS-tO, 
and  I'ree  trade  proclaimed  as  the  com- 
mereial  poliey  of  the  country.  Simul- 
taneously with  the  passing  of  tliis  meas- 
ure, Sir  Eobert  Feel  resigned  office,  a 
coalition  of  whigs  and  protectionists 
having  defeated  him  on  the  Irish  coer- 
cion bill.  From  that  period  he  gave  a 
general  support  to  the  whigs,  declaring 
that  he  had  no  wish  to  resume  office. 
D.  by  a  fall  from  his  horse,  in  1850. 

PELAGIU.S,  a  British  ecclesiastic  of 
the  ath  century,  whose  real  name  was 
MoRGAX,  which  he  changed  for  the 
corresponding  Greek  term,  signifying 
"  born  of  the  sea."  He  is  said  to  have 
been  abbot  of  Bangor;  and,  about  the 
year  400,  he  went  to  Eome,  where  he 
opposed  the  doctrines  of  St.  Augustin 
respecting  original  sin,  irresistible  grace, 
ana  eternal  election,  asserting  the  possi- 
bility of  man's  being  saved  l3y  his  own 
merits.  Accompanied  by  his  country- 
man, Celestius,  he  went  to  Palestine, 
and  met  with  a  kind  reception  froin  the 
bishop  of  Jerusalem.  In  the  mean  time, 
Augustin  and  Jerome  attacked  his  tenets 
with  great  severity,  and  the  council  of 
Carthage  condemned  his  opinions  as 
heretical.  At  the  accession  of  Pope 
Zosimus  he  took  Pclagius  and  Celestius 
under  his  protection,  but  he  afterwards 
turned  agamst  them,  and  instigated  the 
emperor  to  persecute  their  followers. 

PELLICO,  Silvio,  an  eminent  Italian 

Foet  and  martyr,  b.  1794,  at  Florence, 
taly.  He  wrote  a  fine  tragedy  on  the 
story  of  Franoesea  di  Kimiui,  narrated 
so  pathetically  by  Dante,  and  other  suc- 
cessful plays,  but  in  1S20  was  seized  by 
the  inhumangovernmeut  of  Austria  and 
confined  tor  nearly  ten  years  in  the  dun- 
geons of  Spielberg.  His  "  Life,"  written 
by  himself,  gives  a  most  placid  and 
touching  account  of  the  sufferings  of 
himself,  Maroncelli,  and  other  of  his 
companions,  whose  only  crime  was  a 
desire  to  emancipate  their  country  from 
ignominious  and  cruel  thi'aldom.  '  He  d. 
a  short  time  after  Icavinsj  liis  prison. 

PELISSON-FONTANIER,  Paul,  a 
French  author,  was  b.  1024,  at  Bcziers. 
He  was  bred  to  the  law,  but  was  forced 
to  retire  from  the  bar  by  ill  health.  He 
held  an  office  under  Fouquet,  and  when 
that  minister  was  overthrown,  Pelisson 
was  involved  in  his  ruin,  and  was  com- 
mitted to  the  Bastille,  where  he  remained 
during  five  years.  He  had,  neverthe- 
less, tlio  courage  to  write  three  eloquent 


and  powerful  memoirs  in  behalf  of  his 
fallen  patron.  Louis  XIV.  at  length 
released  Pelisson,  and  loaded  him  with 
favors.  Among  his  works  are,  "  Histo- 
ries of  the  French  Academy,"  of  "  Louis 
XIV.,"  and  of  the  "  Conquest  of  Franehe 
Comte."     D.  1693. 

PELLOUTIEK,  Simox,  a  German  his- 
torian, of  a  French  family,  was  b.  1694, 
at  Leipsic ;  Ijecame  minister  of  the 
French  church  at  Berlin,  and  librarian 
of  the  Academy  ;  and  d.  1757,  a  victim 
to  intense  study.  His  principal  work  is 
a  valuable  history  of  the  Celts,  particu- 
larly of  the  Gauls  and  Germans. 

PELOPIDAS,  an  illustrious  Thebau, 
the  sou  of  Ilippoclus,  was  the  friend 
of  Epaminondas ;  in  conjunction  with 
whom  he  rescued  Thebes  from  the  com- 
bined tyranny  of  the  nobles  and  the 
Lacedemonians.  After  having  been  re- 
peatedly re-elected  to  the  government 
of  Bceotia,  and  distinguished  himself  at 
Tegyra  and  Leuctra,  he  was  slain,  3(54 
B.  c,  in  a  battle  against  Alexander  of 
Pheraea. 

PELTIEK,  JoHX  Gabriel,  a  French 
political  writer,  a  native  of  Nantes,  b. 
about  1770,  began  his  career  in  1789,  by 
the  publication  of  a  royalist  journal 
called  "The  Acts  of  the  Apostles." 
After  the  lOlh  of  August  he  took  refuge 
at  London,  and  for  many  years  publish- 
ed a  monthly  work,  with  the  title  of 
'•Paris  pendant  TAnnee."  He  after- 
wards established  the  "  Ambigu,"  for  a 
libel  in  which,  upon  the  first  consul,  he 
was  prosecuted  by  the  attorney^geueral. 
He  also  wrote  several  pamphlets.  D.  at 
Paris,  1825. 

PENN,  William,  the  founder  and 
legislator  of  Pennsylvania,  whom  Mon- 
tesquieu denominates  the  modern  Ly- 
eurgus,  was  the  son  of  Admiral  Penn  ; 
was  b.  1644,  in  Lomlon ;  and  was  edu- 
cated at  Christ-church,  Oxford.  At 
college  he  imbibed  the  principles  of 
Quakerism,  which,  a  few  years  aftci*- 
wards,  he  publicly  professed.  He  was, 
in  consequence,  twice  turned  out  of 
doors  Ijy  his  father.  In  1668  he  began 
to  preach  in  public,  an<l  to  write  ii»  de- 
fence of  the  doctrines  which  he  had 
embraced.  For  this  he  was  thrice  im- 
prisoned, and  once  brou2ht  to  trial.  It 
was  during  his  first  imprisonment  that 
he  wrote  "  No  Cross,  No  Crown."  In 
1677  he  visited  Holland  and  Germany, 
to  propagate  Quakerism.  In  Maich, 
1680-81,  he  obtained  from  Charles  II.  a 
grant  of  that  territory  which  now  bears 
the  name  of  Pennsylvania;  in  1682  he 
embarked  for  his  new  colony ;   and  in 


PER  J 


CYCLOP.'KDIA    OF    UIOGIIAPIIY, 


(581 


the  foUowincf  year  ho  founded  Philadel- 
phia. He  returned  to  Entrhiud  in  liJ.S4. 
So  niucli  was  he  in  favor  with  James  II. 
that,  afiur  the  revohition,  lie  was  more 
tliaii  onee  arre.stod  on  suspicion  of  plot- 
tint;  to  restore  the  exiled  monarch  ;  hut 
ho  at  lenjjth  succeeded  In  establishing 
his  innocence.  The  rest  of  his  life  was 
passed  in  tranquillity.  D.  July  80,  1718. 
— John,  a  sitrner  of  the  declaration  of 
American  independence,  was  b.  in  V^ir- 
ginia,  in  1719,  received  a  common  school 
education,  anil  after  studying  the  pro- 
fession, was  licensed  as  a  practitioner  of 
law.  He  removed  to  North  Carolina, 
and  was  a  delegate  to  congress  froui  that 
state.     D.  17.S8. 

TEN N ANT,  Thomas,  an  antiquary 
and  naturalist,  was  b.  17'2G,  at  the  fam- 
ily seat  of  Downing,  in  Flintshire;  was 
educated  at  Queen's  and  Oriel  colleges, 
Oxford ;  became  a  t'cllow  of  the  Eoyal 
Society,  and  of  various  other  learned 
bodies  ;  travelled  in  Great  Britain  and 
on  various  parts  of  the  Continent. 
Among  liis  numerous  works  may  be 
mentioned  his  "  Literary  Life,"  "  Brit- 
ish Zooloary,"  "  A  Tour  in  Scotland," 
"  Arctic  Zoolotry,"  "  A  View  of  Ilin- 
dostan,"  ''  Outlines  of  the  Globe," 
"  An  Account  of  London,"  and  various 
tours.     T).  1798. 

PEPPERELL,  Sir  William,  lieuten- 
ant-general in  the  British  service,  was  b. 
in  Maine,  and  engaged  iu  commercial 
pursuits.  lie  was  early  appointed  an 
officer  in  the  militia,  and  for  his  services 
in  commanding  the  successful  expedi- 
tion against  Louisburg,  was  rewarded 
by  the  king  with  the  dignit,y  of  a  bar- 
onet. His  courage  and  activity  were 
mucli  admired  by  the  colonies.  D.  1759. 

PKPVS,  Samiikl,  was  b.  at  Brampton, 
in  Huntingdonshire  ;  was  educated  at 
St.  Paul's  school,  and  at  Magdalen  col- 
lew,  ('ainbridtfe  ;  was  patronized  by  his 
relative,  Montague,  afterwards  earl  of 
Sandwich ;  and  accompanied  him,  as 
secretary,  in  the  fleet  that  was  sent  to 
brinir  back  Charles  II.  During  the 
whole  of  the  reiirns  of  Charles  II.  and 
James  II.,  with  but  one  short  interval, 
ho  was  secretary  of  the  admiralty,  in 
which  capacity  he  introduced  many  im- 
portant improvements  into  the  navy, 
lie  resignecl  after  the  revolution.  For 
ten  years  he  was  president  of  the  Royal 
Society.  He  wrote  "  Memoirs  of  the 
Navy  ;"  but  his  most  interesting  work 
is  his  own  "  Diarv,"  wliich  has  recently 
been  published.   'D.  179=3. 

PERCEVAL,  John,  first  earl  of  Eg- 
mont.  was  b.  at  Barton,  in  Yorkshire, 


in  1683.  At  the  acce.s.sion  of  Gecrgo  L 
he  was  created  Baron  Perceval,  and  in. 
173i(  was  nuidc  carl  of  Egmont.  He  was 
a,  principal  promoter  of  the  settlement 
of  Georgia,  ni  America,  and  d.  in  1743. 
— Joii.N,  his  son,  second  earl  of  Egmont, 
was  b.  at  Westminster,  in  1711 ;  tilled  a 
situation  in  the  household  of  the  prince 
of  Wales,  and  that  of  joint  postmaster- 
general  ;  was  in  1762  created  an  English 
peer  by  the  title  of  Lord  Lovel  and  Hol- 
land ;  was  made  first  lord  of  the  admi- 
ralty in  1763;  and  d.  in  1770. — Spenckk, 
second  sou  of  the  preceding,  was  b.  in 
1762,  was  educated  at  Harrow  and  Cam- 
bridge, practised  as  a  chancery  barris- 
ter, and  attached  himself  at  his  onset 
in  political  life  to  the  system  of  Mr.  Pitt, 
who  brought  him  into  parliament  for 
Northampton.  Mr.  Perceval's  knowl- 
edge of  finance  opened  to  liim  a  field 
for  promotion  ;  he  was  appointed  one  of 
the  counsellors  tor  the  crown,  and  soon 
became  solicitor-general,  and,  in  1802, 
attorney-sreneral.  He  advocated  the 
union  of  England  with  Ireland,  but  was 
against  concession  to  the  Catholics  ;  in 
short,  he  was  a  firm  supporter  of  the 
measures  of  ministers  during  the  life  of 
Pitt,  and  sat  on  the  opposition  side 
during  the  administration  of  Fox ;  at 
whose  decease,  in  1807,  he  obtained  a 
place  in  the  cabinet  as  chancellor  of  the 
exchequer,  and  also  that  of  chancellor 
of  the  duchy  of  Lancaster.  He  was 
supposed  to  have  the  lead  in  the  cab- 
inet, although  he  did  not  then  hold  the 
office  of  first  lord  of  tlie  treasury,  but  to 
this  he  succeeded  at  the  death  of  the 
duke  of  Portland  in  1809.  Mr.  Perce- 
val kept  his  exalted  station  only  a  short 
period,  for  on  the  11th  of  May,  1812,  he 
was  shot  on  entering  the  lobby  of  the 
liouse  of  commons,  by  a  person  named 
Bellingliain,  who  avowed  that  he  had 
been  waiting  with  the  view  of  destroy- 
ing Lord  Levcson  Gower,  late  ambas- 
sador to  the  court  of  St.  Petersburg. 

PERCI VAL,  Thomas,  a  phj-sieian  and 
miscellaneous  writer,  was  b.  in  1740,  at 
^\'arrington,  in  Lancashire ;  studied  at 
Edinburijh  and  Leyden;  and  settleil  at 
Manchester,  where  he  founded  a  scien- 
tific society.  Among:  his  works  are 
"  Medical  Ethics,"  "  Moral  a  id  Literary 
Dissertations,"  and  "  A  F.ither's  In- 
structions to  his  Children."     D.  1804. 

PFIRCY,  Thomas,  an  eminent  prelate, 
related  to  the  Northumberland  family, 
was  b.  1728,  at  Bridgonorth  ;  wr.s  edu- 
cated at  Christ-clnn-ch,  Oxford  ;  became 
chaplain  to  the  king  in  1769,  dean  of 
Carlisle  in  1778,  and  bishop  of  Dromora 


682 


CYCLOP.EDIA    OF    BIOCJRAPHY, 


PEH 


in  1782.  Of  his  works  the  principal  are, 
"  The  Hermit  of  Warkworth,"  a  poem  ; 
a  "  New  Traushitioii  of  Soloinou's 
Song  ;"  and  the  "EeUques  of  EngUsh 
Foetrj-."  D.  ISll. — Petek  Francis,  a 
celebrated  French  military  surgeon,  was 
b.  1754,  at  Montagney;  was  head  sur- 
geon to  several  of  the  French  armies  ; 
introduced  many  improvements  into 
•surgical  practice,  and  received  from 
Napoleon  the  title  of  baron  and  com- 
mander of  the  legion  of  honor.  Among 
his  works  are,  "  The  Army  Surgeon's 
Manual,"  and  "  Practical  Surgical  Pyro- 
teehnv."     D.  1S25. 

PEREFIXE,  Hardouw  de  Beau- 
mont DE,  a  French  historian  and  divine, 
was  b.  lGu5,  at  Paris  ;  studied  at  Poitiers 
.and  his  native  city  ;  and,  after  having 
acquired  great  popularity  as  a  preacher, 
was  appointed  preceptor  to  Louis  XIV. 
in  1644.  In  164S  he  was  raised  to  the 
see  of  Kiiodez,  and,  in  16t32,  was  made 
archbishop  of  Paris,  llis  principal 
work  is  "The  Life  of  Henry  IV.," 
which  is  the  best  history  of  that  mon- 
arch, and  has  been  translated  into  every 
foreigii  language.     D.  1070. 

PEliEIKE,  Jacob  Roduiouez,  a  na- 
tive of  EstremaJura,  in  Spain,  was  the 
tirst  who  practised  in  France  the  art  of 
teaching  tiie  deaf  and  dumb.  His 
method  of  instruction  was  quite  ditfer- 
ent  to  that  of  the  Abbe  I'Epee;  but  it 
was  considered  so  good  that  Louis  XV. 
bestowed  on  him  a  pension  of  500  francs. 
He  wrote  several  treatises  on  the  sub- 
ject, and  d.  in  1780. 

PEKGOLESE,  Johm  Baptist,  an  em- 
inent musical  composer,  was  b.  in  1704, 
at  Casoria.  He  was  a  pupil  of  Gaetano 
Greco,  and  was  afterwards  improved  by 
the  lessons  of  Vinci  and  Hasse.  For  a 
considerable  part  of  his  short  life  his 
compositions  were  not  popular ;  but  he 
at  length  acquired,  and  still  retains,  a 
high  reputation.  Among  his  princi{)al 
works  are,  the  justly  celebrated  "  Stabat 
Mater ;"  a  ALiss  and  Vespers,  written 
for  the  duke  of  Matelon  ;  "  Olimpiade," 
an  opera;  and  the  "  Salva  Kegina," 
which  was  his  last  production.    D.  1737. 

PERICLES,  an  illustrious  Athenian 
orator,  warrior,  and  statesman,  was  b. 
between  490  and  500  b.  c,  and  received 
the  lessons  of  Zeno,  Damon,  and  Anax- 
agoras.  In  opposition  to  Cimon,  ho 
espoused  the  popular  cause,  and  he  ac- 
quired a  wonderful  ascendency  over  tiie 
minds  of  his  countrymen.  For  forty 
years  he  wsis  at  the  head  of  alfairs  in 
Athens,  durinw  which  period  he  in- 
creased the  mihtary  glory  of  the  state, 


and  embellished  the  capital  with  many 
magnificent  edifices.     D.  429  n.  c. 

PERIER,  James  Constantin-e,  an  able 
French  mechanist,,  was  b.  1742,  at  Paris, 
and  became  a  member  of  tlie  Academy 
of  Sciences.  He  and  his  brother,  who 
was  a  partner  with  him,  were  the  great- 
est manufacturers  in  France  of  ma-  ^ 
chinery,  particularly  of  steam-engines, 
and  at  one  period  had  no  less  than 
ninety-three  establishments.  He  wrote  | 
an  "  Essay  on  Steam-Engines ;"  and 
some  essays  in  the  "Transactions  of  the 
Academy."  D.  1818. — Casimir,  a  cel- 
ebrated French  banker,  and  subsequent- 
ly a  statesman,  was  b.  at  Grenoble,  in 
1777.  He  at  first  entered  the  army,  and 
served  with  reputation  in  the  campaiijns 
of  Italy,  (1799  and  1800,)  but  on  tiio 
death  of  his  father,  a  respectable  mer- 
chant, abandoned  the  profession  of  arms 
for  commercial  business.  In  1802  he 
established  a  banking  house  in  company 
with  his  brother,  Seipio  Perier,  in  the 
management  of  which  he  acquired  an 
intimate  acquaintance  with  the  most 
diflieult  and  important  questions  of 
public  credit  and  finance.  At  tlio  revo- 
lution of  1830  he  took  a  decided  part  in 
favor  of  the  national  liberties,  was  sub- 
sequently chosen  president  of  the  cham- 
bers, and  finally  formed  one  of  the  tirst 
cabinet  of  the  new  king,  without  hold- 
ing the  portfolio  of  any  department. 
In  March,  1831,  he  succeeded  Lafittc  as 
president  of  the  council ;  and  d.  of  chol- 
era, in  May,  1832. 

PERON,  FiiANcra,  a  French  naturalist 
and  voyager,  was  b.  1775,  at  Cerilly ; 
entered  the  army  in  1792,  and  served 
till  1795,  during  which  period  he  was 
made  prisoner  and  lost  an  eye ;  studied 
medicine  and  natural  history  after  his 
discharge;  and  was  appointed,  in  1800, 
zoologist  to  the  expedition  wliich  was 
sent  to  the  Australian  ocean.  He  is  the 
author  of  a  Narrative  of  his  Voya'_re, 
and  of  "  Observations  on  Anthropol- 
ogy."    I).  1810. 

PEROUSE,  John  Francis  Galaup  de 
LA,  a  French  navigator,  was  b.  1741,  at 
Albi,  and  entered  into  the  naval  service 
at  an  early  age.  In  1782  he  commanded 
an  expedition  against  the  British  settle- 
ments in  Hudson's  bay.  He  was  dis- 
patched, in  1785,  with  two  vessels,  on  a 
voyage  of  discovery ;  and  in  Marcli, 
1788,  he  sent  home  an  account  of  his 
progress.  From  that  period,  however, 
nothinsr  more  was  heard  of  him,  thoutrh 
vain  attempts  were  made  to  ascertain 
his  fate.  Chance  has,  at  length,  recent- 
ly brought  to  light  that  both  his  vessel* 


pes] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BluGRAf'HY. 


683 


were  lost  on  d.fFurcnt  islands  of  the  New 
Ilebrifles. 

PEKRAULT,  Clai-dk,  a  celebrated 
French  architect,  was  b.  in  1013,  at 
Paris,  and  was  orifrinally  brou^lit  up  to 
the  medical  profession,  which,  liowever, 
lie  abandoned  for  architecture,  and  be- 
came a  member  of  the  Academy  of 
Sciences.  The  attacks  which  Boileau 
made  upon  him  disgraced  only  the  sat- 
irist. Perrault  was  a  man  of  threat 
genius,  and  liis  front  of  the  Louvre  is 
one  of  the  noblest  architectural  produc- 
tions of  modern  times.  He  translated 
"  Vitruvius  ;"  and  wrote  various  works. 
D.  Iti88. — CiiAULEs,  brother  of  the  fore- 
gfoing,  was  b.  16-2S,  at  Paris.  He  prac- 
tised tor  some  time  at  the  bar,  but 
quitted  it  for  an  otKee  under  his  brother 
Peter,  who  was  receiver-general  of  the 
finances  of  Paris.  Subsequently  he 
rose  to  be  comptroller-general  of  the 
royal  buildings.  He  contributed  to  the 
founding  of  the  academies  of  Inscrip- 
tions, of  the  Sciences,  and  of  Paintine, 
Sculpture,  and  Architecture.  His  prin- 
cipal works  are,  "  Eulogies  of  Illustrious 
Men ;"  and  a  "  Parallel  between  the 
Ancients  and  the  Moderns,"  the  last  of 
which  drew  upon  liim  the  satire  of 
Boileau.  The  well-known  "  Fairy  Tales" 
were  also  written  by  Perrault.  D. 
1703. 

PERRONET,  John  Rodolph,  a  cele- 
brated French  civil  engineer,  was  b.  in 
1708,  at  Surene,  and  became  a  member 
of  many  learned  societies.  Among  his 
works  are,  the  eanal  of  Burgundy,  and 
thirteen  bridges.  Of  his  bridges  the 
finest  are  those  of  Neuilli,  Nemours, 
Pont  Saint  Maxence,  and  Louis  XV'I. 
at  Paris.  That  of  Neuilli  was  the  first 
example  of  an  horizontal  bridge.  D.  1794. 

PERKY,  Ja.wes,  an  able  whiij  political 
writer,  b.  in  175t),  at  Aberdeen;  was 
educated  at  the  high  school  and  univer- 
sity of  his  native  place;  settled  in  Lon- 
don in  1777,  and  was  engaged  as  a  writer 
in  "The  General  Advertiser  and  Lon- 
don Evening  Post."  In  1782  he  estab- 
lished "  Tiie  European  Magazine,"  the 
management  of  which  he  quitted  at  the 
end  of  a  year,  to  become  editor  of  "  The 
Gazetteer."  He  afterwards  purchased 
''  The  Morning  Chronicle,"  of  which  he 
continued  to  be  the  sole  proprietor  till 
liis  decease ;  and  he  raised  it  to  emi- 
nence among  tlie  public  journals.  D. 
1821.  —  OLrvEK  Ha/.aui),  an  American 
naval  officer,  was  b.  in  Rhode  Island, 
178">.  Entering  the  navy  in  1793,  he 
served  in  the  Mediterranean  in  the  ex- 
peditioJ  against  Tripoli,  and  distinguish- 


ed himself  in  the  late  war  with  vrrcat 
Britain,  by  obtaining  a  splendid  victory 
over  a  superior  Ibrce  on  Lake  f>ie.  For 
this  cxi)loit  he  was  raised  to  the  rank  of 
captain.  He  commanded  the  Java  in 
the  expedition  to  the  Mediterranean 
under  Commodore  Decatur.     I).  1820. 

PERSIUS  FLACCUS,  Aulus,  a  Roman 
satirist,  was  b.  84,  at  Voltcrra ;  studied 
at  Rome,  and  imbibed  the  Stoic  philos- 
ophy from  Cornutus;  was  intimate  with 
Lucan,  Seneca,  and  other  eminent  men  ; 
and  d.  in  his  28th  year.  His  six  satires, 
animated  and  often  beautiful,  but  also 
often  obscure,  have  been  translated  into 
English  by  Dryden,  Brewster,  Drum- 
mond,  Howes,  and  Girto?d. 

PERTINAX,  PuBLius  Helvius.  a  Ro- 
man emperor,  was  b.  126,  at  Villa  Martis. 
After  having  signalized  himself  in  arms, 
jjarticularly  against  the  Germans,  and 
filled  various  important  otfices,  among 
which  were  those  of  consul  and  procon- 
sul in  Africa,  he  was  raised  to  the  throne 
on  the  death  of  Commodus.  He  began 
his  reign  by  restoring  discijiline  and 
reforming  abuses ;  but  he  was  murdered 
in  193,  by  the  pra'torian  guards,  after 
having  held  the  imperial  dignity  only 
eitfhty-seven  days. 

I'ERUGINO,  Petek,  an  eminent  paint- 
er, whose  real  name  was  \'anucci,  was 
b.  144(3,  at  Citta  della  Pieve.  He  was 
the  master  of  Raphael,  who  has  intro- 
duced him  in  his  picture  of  the  "School 
of  Athens."  Perugino  was  suspicious 
and  avaricious,  ami  Vasari  charges  him 
with  an  utter  want  of  religion.  As  a 
painter  he  has  high  merit.     U.  1524. 

PESCENNIUS  NIGER,  Caius,  a  Ro- 
man emperor,  a  native  of  Acjuino,  of  a 
considerable  iiimily,  was  appomted  gov- 
ernor of  Syria,  and  commander  of  the 
legions  in  Asia,  by  Commodus.  On  the 
death  of  Pertinax,  the  troops  of  Peseen- 
nius  proclaimed  him  emperor,  in  193, 
but  he  was  ojiposed  by  Severus.  After 
having  been  defeated  at  Issus,  in  195, 
he  was  killed  by  some  soldiers,  while  he 
was  on  his  flight  to  the  Parthian  do- 
minions. His  virtues  rendered  him 
worthv  of  a  happier  fate. 

PESTALOZZI,  Henkt,  celebrated  for 
having  introduced  a  new  method  of  ed- 
ucation, was  b.  1745,  at  Zurich.  After 
having  studied  theology  and  jurispru- 
dence, he  relinquished  liis  views  with 
respect  to  the  church  and  the  bar.  to  cul- 
tivate his  own  small  property.  AVitness- 
ing  the  wretchedness  of  the  peasantry, 
he  became  anxious  to  ameliorate  their 
situation  by  cultivating  their  mental  fac-. 
ulties.    In  the  pursuit  of  his  benevolent 


684 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPIIT. 


[pet 


puryiose  he  published  several  works,  aud 
considerably  injured  his  Ibrtuue.  It 
was  not  till  IT'Jb,  however,  that  his  plans 
were  patronized  by  the  Helvetic  govern- 
ment. Under  that  patronap;e,  lie,  lor 
several  years  conducted  an  institution, 
which  acquired  extensive  celebrity.  D. 
1827. 

I'ETER  THE  HERMIT,  memorable 
as  having  been  the  author  of  the  Cru- 
sades, was  b.  at  Amiens,  about  the  mid- 
dle of  the  11th  century.  He  quitted  the 
profession  of  arms  to  become  a  hermit, 
in  which  capacity  he  made,  about  1093, 
a  pilgrimajre  to  the  Holy  Land.  Indig- 
nant at  the  insults  to  which  the  Chris- 
tians were  subjected,  he  originated  the 
plan  of  expelling  the  Infidels  from  Pal- 
estine. History  has  recorded  the  suc- 
cess with  which  he  preached  it  after  his 
return  to  Europe.  lie  led  the  first  irreg- 
ular band  of  crusaders,  but  he  displayed 
little  talent,  and  most  of  his  followers 
were  destroyed.  1).  1115,  abbot  of  New 
Moutier,  inthe  territory  of  Liege. 

TETEK  I.  Alkxievitscii,  surnamed 
The  Gre.\t,  czar  of  liussia,  was  b.  1672. 
In  16S'2  he  succeeded  to  a  share  in  the 
crown,  and,  in  1(596,  obtained  the  sole 
authority  on  the  death  of  his  brother 
Ivan.  At  an  early  period  he  began  to 
form  projects  for  the  civilization  aud 
aggrandizement  of  his  empire.  Military 
and  naval  improvements  were  the  first 
objects  of  his  etforts,  and  he  was  ably 
seconded  by  his  confidant  aud  counsel- 
lor, Lefort,  a  native  of  Geneva.  He 
twice  travelled,  in  1607  and  1716,  to  ac- 
quire knowledge,  and,  in  the  course  of 
his  first  journey,  he  worked  as  a  ship- 
wright in  the  dockyard  at  Saardam. 
From  all  quarters  he  likewise  invited 
men  of  talent  and  mechanical  skill  to 
settle  in  Russia.  In  1700  he  entered 
upon  a  war  with  Sweden,  which  lasted 
till  172L  At  the  commencement  of  it 
he  was  repeatedly  defeated,  at  Narva 
and  otlier  places,  but  he  at  length  ac- 
quired the  ascendency,  gained  a  clecisive 
victory  at  I'ultowa,  in  17o9,  and  wrested 
several  provinces  from  the  Swedes.  On 
part  of  tlie  territory  thus  conquered  he 
founded  St.  Petersburg.  In  Idl,  how- 
ever, he  was  less  Ibrtunate  against  the 
Turks,  by  whom  he  was  surrounded  on 
the  banks  of  tlie  Prulh,  and  compelled 
to  sign  an  ignominious  ])eace.  Against 
Persia  he  was  successful,  in  1723,  and 
obliged  that  power  to  make  extensive 
cessions  to  liim.  But  amidst  all  his 
glory  his  latter  years  were  clouded  by 
domestic  infelicity;  his  wife,  (Jatharine, 
was  more  tlian  suspected  of  being  un- 


faithful to  him;  and  his  son,  Alexis, 
was  disobedient.  The  former  he  spared ; 
tlie  latter  he  brought  to  trial,  and  is  be- 
believed  to  have  put  to  death  in  prison. 
1).  1725. 

PETERBOROUGH,  Charles  Mor- 
DAUNT,  earl  of,  the  son  of  Lord  Mor- 
daunt,  was  b.  in  1658;  distinguished 
himself  against  the  Moors  at  Tangier,  in 
1080 ;  contributed  to  the  revolution,  and 
was  created  earl  of  Monmouth ;  suc- 
ceeded to  the  title  of  Peterborough  in 
1697;  was  appointed  commander-in- 
chief  of  the  English  forces  in  Spain,  in 
1705,  at  the  head  of  which  he  reduced 
Ixircelona,  and  obtained  other  splendid 
successes,  for  which  he  was  appointed 
generalissimo  of  the  imperial  forces ; 
was  made  general  of  the  marines,  and  a 
knight  of  the  garter  by  George  I. ;  and 
d.  1735. 

PETERS,  Hugh,  a  celebrated  fanatic, 
was  the  son  of  a  Cornish  merchant ; 
was  educated  at  Trinity  college,  Cam- 
bridge ;  and,  after  having  been  on  the 
stage,  in  the  church,  and  a  resident  in 
America,  took  a  very  active  part  against 
Charles  I.,  for  which  he  was  executed  in 
1660.  He  wrote  "Discourses;"  and  a 
"  Last  Legacy  to  his  Daughter." — Rich- 
ard, an  eminent  judge,  was  b.  in  1744, 
aud  received  his  education  in  the  city 
of  Philadelphia.  He  adopted  the  pro- 
fession of  the  law,  and  soon  obtained  an 
extensive  practice.  At  the  commence- 
ment of  hostilities  with  the  mother 
country,  he  joined  the  side  of  the  colo- 
nies, aud,  in  1776,  was  appointed  by 
congress  secretary  of  the  board  of  war. 
His  exertions  in  this  department  were 
highly  meritorious  and  useful,  and,  on 
resigning  the  post,  in  1781,  he  was 
elected  a  member  of  congress,  and  as- 
sisted in  closing  the  business  of  the  war. 
On  the  organization  of  the  new  govern- 
ment, ho  was  appointed  judge  of  the 
district  court  of  Pennsylvania,  and  per- 
formed the  duties  of  this  office  for  tliir- 
ty-si.v  years.  During  this  time  he  was 
engaged  in  several  objects  of  public  im- 
provement, and  issued  several  valuable 
publications  in  relation  to  agriculture. 
As  a  judge  he  possessed  powers  of  a  high 
order,  and  his  decisions  on  admiralty 
law  form  the  groundwork  of  this  branch 
of  our  jurisprudence.  Tlieir  principles 
were  not  only  sanctioned  by  our  own 
courts,  but  were  simultaneously  adopted 
by  Lord  Stowcll,  the  distinguished  mari- 
time judge  of  Great  Britain.     D.  1828. 

PETION,  Alexander,  a  mulatto, 
whose  real  name  wa'S  Sabes,  was  the 
son  of  a  St.  Domingo  planter ;  was  b.  at 


piia] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOtJilAPIIY, 


G85 


Port  au  Prince,  in  1770,  and  received  a 
liberal  education.  From  the  conimcncc- 
nient  of  the  striijrglo  between  the  blacks 
and  the  whites  in  his  native  island,  he 
bore  arms,  and  distinguished  himself 
on  various  occasions.  In  1807  he  was 
elected  president  of  the  republic  of 
llayti,  comprehendinpf  the  southern  and 
western  part  of  St.  Domingo,  and  this 
office  he  filled  so  wortliily,  that  ho  w.is 
called  The  Father  of  his  Country.  D. 
1818. 

PETIS  DE  LA  CROIX,  Francis,  a 
celebrated  orientalist,  was  b.  in  1G53,  at 
I'aris;  was  employed  in  negotiations 
with  the  Barbary  powers,  and  was  Ara- 
i)lc  professor  at  the  royal  college ;  and 
d.  1713.  Among  his  works  aVe,  "A 
llistorv  of  Tamerlane,"  "  Persian  Tales," 
and  "  Turkish  Talcs." 

PETIT,  John'  Lewis,  an  eminent  sur- 
geon, was  b.  1674^  at  Paris,  studied 
anatomy  under  Littre,  and  surgery  un- 
der Castel ;  was  for  some  years  an  army 
and  hospital  surgeon,  settled  at  Paris, 
gave  lectures,  acquired  a  well-merited 
reputation  ;  and  became  director-general 
of  the  surgical  school.  He  invented  a 
tourniquet,  and  a  method  of  extracting 
foreign  bodies  from  the  oesophagus; 
and  wrote  a  treatise  on  "  Diseases  of 
the  Bones,"  and  a  treatise  on  surgical 
diseases.     D.  1750. 

PETITOT,  John,  an  admirable  painter 
in  enamel,  who  so  much  improved  that 
branch  of  the  art,  that  he  may  almost 
be  said  to  be  the  inventor  of  it,  was  b. 
lt)07,  at  Geneva,  and  d.  at  Vcvay,  1091. 
lie  was  patronized  bv  Charles  I.  of  En- 
gland, and  afterwards,  by  Louis  XIV. 
Petitot  worked  in  conjunction  with  his 
brother-in-law  Bourdier,  and  it  is  hon- 
oraljle  to  the  character  of  both,  that 
they  lived  together  lor  half  a  century 
without  the  slij^htest  disagreement. 

PETRARCII,  Francis,  one  of  the  four 
greatest  of  the  Italian  j)oets,  was  b.  in 
1:504,  at  Arezzo.  The  dissensions  which 
distracted  his  country  induced  his  father 
to  remove  to  Avignon ;  and  the  first 
rudiments  of  ed\ication  were  received 
by  Petrarch,  at  Carpentras,  from  Con- 
vcnnolo.  Bein^  intended  for  the  law, 
lie  studied  it  at  Montpellier  and  Bologna. 
Ilis  whole  soul,  however,  was  devoted 
to  literature ;  but  it  was  not  till  he  was 
in  his  twentieth  year  that  the  death  of 
his  lather  allowed  him  to  indulge  his 
inclination.  Having  settled  at  Avignon, 
he  saw  the  beautiful  Laura  de  Noves. 
Her  charms  inspired  him  with  a  lasting 
passion,  the  etfusions  of  which  he 
poured  forth  in  those  sonnets  and  odes 
■•t9 


which  have  rendered  his  i.ame  immortal, 
but  which  failed  to  gain  the  object  of  his 
art'cctions.  After  having  vainly  trav- 
elled to  forget  or  moderate  his  love,  ho 
settled  at  Vaucluse,  a  romantic  spot, 
where  he  wrote  some  of  his  finest 
works.  His  literary  reputation  attracted 
the  regard  of  princes;  lie  was  invited  to 
Naples,  to  Paris,  and  to  Rome  ;  and  re- 
ceived the  laureate  crown  in  the  capitol 
of  the  latter  city.  Among  his  wannest 
friends  and  patrons  was  the  Colonna 
family.  In  1048  his  feelings  were  deeply 
wounded  by  the  death  of  Laura.  He 
survived  her,  however,  nearly  thirty 
years,  during  all  which  period  he  was 
admired  and  honored  by  his  own  coun- 
trymen, and  by  foreign  princes.  Of  all 
his  numerous  works,  in  prose  and 
verse,  his  Italian  poems  alone  preserve 
their  reputation  undiminished ;  ou-t  '^hey 
are  identified  with  literature  itself,  and 
till  that  is  annihilated  their  fame  is  se- 
cure.    D.  1374. 

PFEFFEL,  Christian  Frederic,  a 
jurisconsult  and  diplomatist,  was  b.  at 
Colmar,  in  1720.  Becoming  the  friend 
of  the  count  de  Bruhl,  he  was  em- 
ployed on  various  diplomatic  missions, 
and  was  made  jurisconsidt  to  the  king; 
but  during  the  revolution  his  property 
was  confiscated,  and  he  was  placed  on 
the  list  of  emigrants.  He  was  the  au- 
thor of  several  excellent  works,  among 
which  his  "  Abrcge  Chronologique  de 
I'Histoirc,  et  du  Droit  publique  d'Alle- 
magne."     D.  1807. 

PH^DEUS,  Julius,  an  elegant  Latin 
fabulist,  Avas  b.  on  the  frontier  of  Thrace 
and  Macedonia,  was  a  slave  of  Augustus, 
by  whom  ho  was  manumitted,  and  was 
persecuted  by  Sejanus,  during  the  reign 
of  Tiberius.  The  time  of  his  death  is 
not  recorded.  After  having  lain  in 
oblivion  for  many  centuries,  his  Fables 
were  discovered  by  Francis  Pithou,  and 
given  to  the  nress'by  Peter  his  brother. 

PHALARIS,  a  native  of  Crete,  whose 
cruelty,  and  the  horrid  instrument  with 
wliich  he  wreaked  his  vengeance  on 
those  who  fell  under  his  displeasure, 
have  become  proverbial.  In  571  b.  c, 
he  made  himself  master  of  Agrigcntum, 
in  Sicily,  where  he  was  guilty  of  horri- 
ble cruelties.  Among  other  instruments 
of  destruction,  he  caused  a  hollow  bra- 
zen bull  to  be  made,  so  contrived,  that 
when  a  fire  was  kindled  under  the  body, 
the  cries  of  the  unhappy  victim  within 
resembled  the  roarings  of  the  animal  it 
represented.  Phalaris,  after  commend- 
ing the  work,  ordered  Pcrilhis,  the 
artist,  to  be  the  first  to  make  trial  of  it. 


086 


CVCLOP-EDIA    OF    HIOGRAPHY. 


[piu 


After  a  sau-^ruinary  reign  of  eight  years, 
the  citizens  at  length  (seized  tlie  tyrant, 
and  with  a  .scvure  but  just  retahation 
consiuiK'd  him  by  a  slow  tiro  in  his  own 
bull,  563 -B.C. 

PHIDIAS,  one  of  the  greatest  of 
scnlptors,  an  Athenian,  is  supposed  to 
have  been  b.  about  -i'.iT  or  498  b.  c,  and 
to  have  d.  431  b.  c.  Little,  however,  is 
known  respecting  his  life.  Hippias  is 
stated  by  some  to  have  been  his  master, 
and  Eladas  by  others.  lie  executed 
several  statues  of  ilinerva,  particularly 
that  in  the  Parthenon,  (the  works  of 
which  temple  he  superintended,)  a 
statue  of  .Jupiter  Olympus,  and  various 
otiier  admirable  productions. 

PlIlLIDOli,  Fkascis  Andrew,  a  com- 
poser, was  b.  i72<),  at  Dreux  ;  composed 
a  great  number  of  operas,  and  set  Alex- 
ander's Feast,  and  the  Carmen  Seculare, 
to  music,  and  d.  in  1795,  in  London. 
Philidor  had  respectable  musical  talents, 
but  he  owes  his  t'aine  to  his  consummate 
skill  as  a  chess  player,  in  which  he  lias 
seldom  been  equalled.  He  wrote  "The 
Analysis  of  Chess,"  which  has  passe<l 
through  many  editions,  and  may  be 
called  one  of  the  classical  works  upon 
the  game. 

PHILIP  II.  king  of  Maccdon,  son  of 
Amyntas  II.  and  father  of  Alexander 
the  Great,  was  b.  3S3  b.  c.  The  art  of 
war  he  learned  under  Epaminondas.  On 
the  death  of  his  brother  Perdiccas,  he 
usurped  the  throne,  at  first  under  the 
guise  of  guardian  to  his  infant  nephew. 
After  having  repeatedly  deteated  the 
bordering  powers,  and  enlarged  his  do- 
minions by  successive  encroachments, 
he  extinguished  the  liberties  of  Greece 
by  the  victory  of  Cheronaja.  He  was 
next  api)ointed  general  of  the  Greeks 
against  the  Persians,  and  was  preparing 
to  invade  Asia,  when  he  was  assassi- 
nated by  Pausanias,  830  b.  c.^Makcus 
JuLiLS,  a  Koman  emperor,  surnamed 
the  Arab,  from  his  being  b.  at  Bosra,  in 
Arabia,  rose  from  being  a  conniion  sol- 
dier to  the  highest  rank  in  the  army. 
He  gained  the  throne,  in  2tt,  by  the 
assassination  of  Gonlian,  and  for  a 
while  his  liberality  ren<lered  him  popu- 
lar. He  was  at  length  defeated  by 
Deeius,  and  was  slain  by  his  own  troops 
in  249. 

PHILIPS,  John,  a  poet,  was  b.  1676, 
at  Banipton,  was  educateil  at  Winches- 
ter school  and  Clirist-chnrch,  Oxford, 
and  d.  1708.  While  at  college,  he  wrote 
"The  Splendid  Sliiirnur,"  the  most 
popular  of  hid  works,  and  the  poem  of 
♦'  Blenheim."  He  is  the  author,  hkewise. 


of  "  Cyder,"  a  poem,  in  imitation  of  Vii 
gil. — Ambrose,  a  poet  and  dramatist, 
b.  iia  Leicestershire,  in  the  latter  part  of 
the  seventeenth  century ;  received  his 
education,  and  obtained  a  fellowship  at 
St.  John's  college,  Cambridge,  and  be- 
came registrar  of  the  Irish  prerogative 
court,  lie  wrote  poems,  the  tragedies 
of  ''The  Briton,"  "Humphry,  Duke  of 
Gloucester,"  and  "The  Distressed 
Motiier,"  and  a  "Life  of  Archbishop 
Williams,"  and  contributed  to  the  peri- 
odical paper  called  the  "Freethinker." 
His  pastorals  involved  him  in  a  quarrel 
with  Pope,  by  whom  they  were  insidi- 
ously attacked  in  the  "  The  Guardian." 
D.  1749. 

PHILLIPS,  Thomas,  a  portrait  painter 
of  considerable  merit,  was  b.  at  Dudley, 
in  Warwickshire,  in  1770.  Having  had 
some  initiatory  practice  in  the  country, 
he  went  to  London  when  he  was  about 
20,  and  found  employment  at  Windsor, 
under  Benjamin  West,  who  was  at  that 
time  engaged  in  decorating  St.  George's 
chapel.  He  was  devotedly  attached  to 
his  profession,  but  for  many  years  he 
had  to  contend  with  the  superior  talents 
of  West,  Lawrence,  Iloppner,  &c.,  who 
were  in  their  zenith ;  but  by  unceasing 
application,  and  a  laudable  emulation 
which  never  forsook  him,  he  gained  so 
much  celebrity,  as  to  number  among 
his  sitters  some  of  most  eminent  men 
in  the  kingdom.  He  also  wrote  many 
occasional  essays  on  the  fine  arts  ;  and, 
in  co-operation  with  Turner,  Chantrey, 
Kobertson,  and  others,  he  planned  and 
successively  matured  the  Artists'  Gen- 
eral Benevolent  Institution.     D.  1845. 

PIIILO,  .JUD.EUS,  a  learned  Jewish 
writer  of  Alexandria,  who  was  one  of 
the  deputation  sent  by  the  Jews  to  lay 
their  complaints  figainst  the  Greeks  of 
Alexandria  before  the  emperor  Caligula, 
A.  D.  40.  He  wrote  several  works  in 
Greek,  the  principal  of  which  is  entitled, 
"Of  the  Contemplative  Life."— Of  By- 
zantium, an  arcliitect,  who  flourished 
300  B.C.  He  wrote  a  treatise  on  the 
machines  used  in  war  ;  and  there  is  also 
attributed  to  him  a  piece,  entitled  "Do 
Scptem  Orbis  Spectaculis." 

PHILOLAUS,  of  Crotona,  a  cele- 
brated Pythagorean  philosopher,  who 
flourished  376  b.c.  lie  belonged  to  tho 
Pythagorean  school,  and  by  some  is 
supposed  to  have  written  the  "  Golden 
Verses  of  Pythagoras."  He  is  also  said 
to  have  first  taught  the  true  system  of 
the  universe,  revived  by  Copernicus, 
but  this  supposition  is  erroneous. 

PIIILOI'GO.MKN,    a   celebrated  gen- 


pic] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOUIlAPin, 


687 


eral,  who  Ima  been  cnlled  the  last  of  the 
Greeks,  was  b.  220  n.c,  at  Megalopolis, 
in  Acadia;  became  freneralissiiuo  of 
the  ArchKnii  league  ;  reduced  tlio  Spar- 
tans to  a  tributary  state,  dismantled 
S[)arta,  and  abolished  the  laws  of  ].y- 
cur<;us  ;  but  was  at  length  taken  pris- 
oner in  a  battle  witli  the  Messenuins, 
and  was  i)ul  to  death  by  poison,  183  b.c. 
rilOClON,  an  Athenian,  illustrious 
for  his  virtues  no  less  than  for  his  tal- 
ents, was  b.  about  400  B.C.,  of  an  obscure 
family.  Thito  and  Xenocrates  were  his 
masters  in  jjliilosonhy.  Forty-five  times 
he  was  placed  at  tlic  head  of  the  Athe- 
nian armies,  and  on  all  occasions  dis- 
played bravery  and  skill.  Ho  was, 
however,  a  lover  of  peace,  and  he  dis- 
couraged hostile  proceedings  against  the 
Macedonians,  because  he  was  convinced 
that  circumstances  were  such  as  to  ren- 
der success  hopeless.  In  probity  and 
disinterestedness  ho  was  never  sur- 
passed. He  was,  nevertlieless,  con- 
demned to  die  by  poison,  818  b.c,  and 
was  even  denied  a  grave  in  his  own 
country.  When  the  madness  of  popular 
passion  had  subsided,  the  Athenians 
raised  a  statue  to  his  memory,  and  put 
his  accuser  to  death. 

PIAZZI,  JosEpn,  a  celebrated  astron- 
omer, was  b.  IT-lf),  at  Ponte,  in  the  Val- 
teline ;  entered  into  the  order  of  the 
Theatins,  and,  after  having  been  a  pro- 
fessor at  Genoa,  Malta,  and  Ravenna, 
was  invited  to  Palermo,  in  1780,  to  fill 
the  professorship  of  tlie  iiigher  branches 
of  mathematics.  At  Palernlo  lie  obtained 
the  establishment  of  an  observatory, 
and  entered  into  a  correspondence  with 
the  most  eminent  European  astrono- 
mers. He  made  a  new  catalogue  of 
stars,  containing  seven  thousand  six 
hundred  and  forty-six,  and,  on  the  1st 
of  January,  1801,  discovered  an  eighth 
planet,  to  which  he  gave  the  name  of 
Ceres  Ferdinandea.  He  is  the  author 
of  "  Astronomical  Lessons"  and  of  va- 
rious other  scientific  works.     1).  1826. 

PICAKD,  Jons',  an  able  Frencli  as- 
tronomer and  mathematician,  was  b.  in 
1G20,  at  La  Flache,  in  Anjou,  became 
astronomer  to  the  Academy  of  Sciences 
at  Paris,  and  made  a  voyage  to  Urani- 
burg  to  ascertain  the  exact  longitude 
and'  latitude  of  that  observatory.  He 
was  the  first  wlio  observed  the  phos- 
plioric  light  in  the  barometric  vacuum, 
and  applied  the  telescope  to  quadrants. 
He  edited  the  "Connoissance  dcs 
Temps,  from  1679  to  1683  ;"  and  wrote 
a  narrative  of  his  voyage,  and  other 
works.     D.   1684. — Louis    Benedict,   a 


celebrated  French  dramatist  and  ro- 
mance writer,  was  b.  176y,  at  Paris,  and 
d.  tliere  1824.  For  many  years  lie  was 
also  a  po]>ular  actor,  lie  wrote  near].y 
a  hundred  dramatic  pieces,  most  of 
which  were  crowned  with  success.  His 
romances,  among  wliich  may  be  men- 
tioned "The  History  of  Gabriel  "Deso- 
dry,"  "The  Gil  Was  of  the  Kevolution," 
and  "The  Confessions  of  Laurence 
Gilfard,"  are  inferior  to  his  comedies. 

PICAKT,  Bernard,  an  engraver,  the 
son  of  Stephen,  who  was  of  the  same 
profession,  was  b.  1663,  at  Paris;  ac- 
quired an  early  reputation  for  designing 
as  well  as  engraving,  and  settled  in 
Holland  with  liis  father.  Among  his 
best  works  are,  "  The  Massacre  of  the 
Innocents,"  "  Time  discovering  Truth," 
and  "  The  Arcadian  Shepherds."  '  He 
also  executed  the  plates  for  the  "Eeli- 
gious  Ceremonies  of  all  Nations."  D. 
1733. 

PICCINI,  Nicholas,  an  eminent  com- 
poser, was  b.  1721,  at  Bari,  and  studied 
under  Leo  and  Durante,  of  the  latter  of 
which  masters  he  was  the  favorite  pupil. 
He  began  his  career  in  1754,  and  soon 
acquired  an  extensive  reputation  by  his 
compositions,  particularly  by  his  "  I>a 
Bnona,"  "  Figluola,"  and  "  Olympia." 
After  a  residence  of  nearly  twenty  years 
at  Rome,  he  was  invited  to  Paris.  His 
subsequent  life  was  checkered  with 
much  vexation  and  ill  fortune.    D.  1800. 

PICCOLOMINI,  OcTAViis,  a  leader 
of  the  imperial  armies,  one  of  the  most 
distinguished  generals  of  the  tliirty 
years'  war,  was  b.  in  Italy,  in  15<j9,  and 
made  his  first  military  essays  in  tliat 
country,  in  the  Spanish  army.  He 
passed  into  the  service  of  the  emperor, 
and  rendered  liimself  conspicuous  for 
bravery  and  talent,  at  Lutzen,  Nordlin- 
gen,  and  many  other  battles.  Returning 
to  the  Spanisli  coloi-s,  lie  was  appointe 
commander-in-chief  in  the  Netherlands', 
but  was  soon  recalled  by  the  emperor, 
and  was  made  field-marslial.  His  sub- 
sequent exploits  gained  for  him  the  title 
ofj>rincc.     1).  16.")6. 

PICHKGRU,  Ch.vrles,  one  of  the 
most  celebrated  generals  produced  by 
the  wars  of  the  French  revolution,  was 
b.  of  poor  parents,  in  1761,  at  Arbois, 
in  Franclie  Comte  ;  was  educated  by  the 
monks  of  tliat  town ;  and  was  a  tutor 
to  the  matliematical  and  philosophieid 
classes  at  the  college  of  Brienne.  wiien 
Bonaparte  was  a  student  tliere.  He  en- 
tered into  the  artillery  as  a  private  sol- 
dier, and  rose  to  be  adjutant  before 
1789.    Subsequent  to  the  revolution  he 


688 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    ElOGRAPIIY, 


[PIQ 


rapidly  attained  the  rank  of  general  of 
division.  Al'ler  liaviiiij  comnuinded  tlio 
army  of  the  Rhine,  he  was  jilaccd,  in 
February,  1794,  at  tlic  licad  of  tlic  army 
of  the  iSorih.  He  defeated  the  allies  in 
several  actions,  and  soon  aeliieved  the 
conquest  of  the  IS'etlierlands  and  of 
Holland.  But,  in  17'J5,  while  sreneral 
of  the  army  of  tlie  Rliine,  he  sullied  his 
fame  by  enterinij  into  negotiations  witli 
the  exiled  Bourbons.  In  1797  he  was 
elected  a  member  of  the  council  of  five 
liundred,  and  was  chosen  president  of 
tliat  body,  lie  was  one  of  those  who 
were  transported  to  Cayenne  by  the  di- 
rectory, after  its  triumph  in  September; 
but  he  contrived  to  make  his  escape  to 
Entcland.  In  1804,  in  conjunction  with 
Georjijes  and  otliers,  he  visited  Paris, 
for  tlie  purpose  of  attempting  the  over- 
throw of  the  consular  government.  lie 
■was  arrested,  and  committed  to  the 
Temple  ;  and  was  found  dead  in  his 
bed,  by  stranguhition. 

riCHLEK,  Caroline,  one  of  the  most 
prolific  writers  that  Germany  has  pro- 
duced, was  b.  at  Vienna,  1769.  Iler 
maiden  name  was  Greiner.  Iler  father 
lield  a  Jiigh  position  at  the  court  of 
Vienna ;  and  his  house  was  long  cele- 
brated for  its  reunions  of  all  that  was 
most  distinguished  in  that  metropolis 
for  rank,  fashion,  and  genius.  She  re- 
ceived a  first-rate  education,  and  showed 
an  early  predilection  ibr  literary  pur- 
suits; but  it  was  not  till  after  she  had 
attained  her  30th  year  that  she  appeared 
as  an  autlioress,  lier  first  work,  called 
tlio  "  Gleiehnisse,"  beinj'  published  in 
1799.  Tliis  was  followed  from  time  to 
time  by  various  other  works  of  consid- 
erable merit:  but  these  were  all  thrown 
into  the  shade  by  her  "  Agathocles," 
which  appeared  in  ISOS,  and  was  written 
with  the  view  of  counteracting  Gibbon's 
attacks  upon  the  Christian  faith.  Her 
works  amount  to  more  than  GO  volumes, 
consisting  chiefly  of  dramas  and  histor- 
ical romances ;  of  which  may  be  men- 
tioned the  "  Grafen  von  llohenberg," 
"  Die  Belagcrung  Wien's  von-  1683," 
"  Die  Seliweden  in  Prag,"  "  Die  Wie- 
dereroberung  von  Ofen,"  "  Henriette 
von  England,"  "  Die  Frauenvvurde," 
and  the  "  Nebenbuliler,"  &c.     D.  1843. 

PICKEKING,  Timothy,  iui  American 
Btatcsman,  was  b.  at  Salem,  in  1746,  and 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in 
1763.  He  took  an  active  part  in  tlie 
popular  cause,  and,  in  organizing  the 
provisional  government  of  Massaehu- 
BCtts  in  1775,  was  appointed  a  judtfc  of 
the  court  oi  common  pleas  for  Essex, 


and  sole  judge  of  the  maritime  court  for 
the  middle  district.  During  the  war  he 
was  appointed  adjutant-general,  and 
subsequently  a  member  of  the  board  of 
war.  From  1790  to  1798,  at  ditferent 
intervals,  he  was  employed  on  varioua 
negotiations  with  the  Inclians.  He  was 
successively  postmaster-general,  secre- 
tary of  war,  and  secretary  of  state. 
From  the  last  office  he  was  removed  by 
President  Adams  in  1800.  From  18o3 
to  1811  he  was  a  senator  in  congress 
from  his  native  state,  and  from  1814  to 
1817  a  representative  in  that  body.  In 
])ublic  life  he  was  distinguished  for 
firmness,  energy,  activity,  and  disinter- 
estedness.    D'.1829. 

PICTET DE  KICHEMONT,  Chaules, 
was  b.  in  1755,  at  Geneva ;  spent  several 
years  in  tlie  military  service  ;  retired  to 
his  estate,  where  he  devoted  himself  to 
farming  and  literature  ;  and  was  em- 
ployed in  1815  as  negotiator  for  Swit- 
zerland at  Paris,  Vienna,  and  Berlin, 
He  conducted  (in  conjunction  witli  his 
brother  and  M.  Maurice)  "  The  Britan- 
nic Library  ;"  translated  various  works 
from  the  English  ;  and  published  "  A 
Course  of  Agriculture,"  and  other  pro- 
ductions 011  the  same  subject.    D.  1824. 

PIEKCE,  Edwaud,  an  English  painter 
in  the  reign  of  Charles  I.  and  11.  Ho 
W'as  eminent  in  history  and  landscapes; 
but  as  his  works  chiefly  consisted  of 
altar-pieces  and  ceilings  of  cliurches, 
there  are  t'aw  of  his  pictures  in  existence, 
most  of  them  having  been  destroyed  in 
the  fire  of  London.  One  of  his  sons 
was  an  excellent  sculptor,  and  executed 
the  statues  of  Sir  Thomas  Gresham  and 
Edward  III.,  which  ornamented  the 
royal  exchange  before  it  was  destroyed 
by  fire,  Jan.  10,  1838. 

PIGAFETTA,  Anthony,  a  voyager 
of  the  16th  century,  was  one  of  the 
eighteen  companions  of  Magellan,  who 
survived  the  voyage,  and  returned  to 
Seville,  in  1522.  In  1524  he  was  made 
a  knight  of  ithodes.  He  wrote  a  nar- 
rative of  the  voyage,  the  MS.  of  which 
was  supposed  to  be  lost,  Ijiit  was  dis- 
covered, some  years  ago,  in  tlie  Ambro- 
sian  library  at  Milan. 

PIGALLE,  John  Baptist,  an  eminent 
sculptor,  was  b.  in  I  714,  at  Paris  ;  stud- 
ied at  Eome  ;  became  a  sculptor  to  the 
French  monarch,  and  a  knight  of  the 
order  of  St.  Miciiael.  Among  Iiis  best 
works  are,  the  monument  of  Marshal 
Saxc,  Love  and  Friendship,  and  statues 
of  Silence,  Mercury,  and  Venus.  D.17S5. 

PIGNOTTI,  Lauuence,  an  Italiau 
poet  and  historian,  was  b.  at  Figliena, 


pin] 


CYCLOP.IiDIA    OK    liUHiKAI'lIV, 


689 


in  Tnscany,  in  1739 ;  was  cducntcd  at 
Arc/.zo  and  Pisa;  practised  as  a  physi- 
cian at  Florence ;  was  created  In.stori- 
o^'rajiher  of  tlio  court,  and  became  rector 
ot'tlie  uii''  ..rtity  of  Pisa.  Ilis  "'Fuljles" 
liave  acquired  an  extensive  popularity, 
but  ills  ijreat  fame  was  acquired  by  his 
"  Ilistorv  of  Tuscany."     D.  1812. 

PlKLlai,  or  PIOHLER,  Johx,  the 
most  able  gem  engraver  of  the  age,  was 
b.  in  1784,  at  Naples,  and  was  the  son 
of  John  ANTmoY,  wlio  was  also  cele- 
brated for  his  skill  in  the  same  art.  lie 
was  knighted  by  Josepli  II.  His  works 
are  numerous,  and  highly  valued.  1). 
I7i)l. 

PILKINGTON,  James,  an  English 
bishop,  was  b.  at  Rivington,  in  Lan- 
cashii'c,  in  1520,  and  educated  at  St. 
John's  college,  Cambridge,  of  which  he 
became  master.  Durinir  the  persecution 
under  Mary,  he  was  obliged  to  leave  the 
kingdom,  but  on  the  accession  of  Eliza- 
beth ho  was  made  bishop  of  Durham, 
and  d.  in  1575.  He  wrote  some  valuable 
''  Commentaries  on  the  Scriptures." — 
Lktitia,  the  daughter  of  Dr.  Van  Lewen, 
a  ])liysician  of  Dublin,  was  b.  in  1712. 
She  became  the  wife  of  the  Kev.  Mat- 
thew Pilkiugton,  from  whom  she  was 
separated  on  account  of  the  irregularity 
of  her  conduct.  After  this  she  settled 
in  London,  where  she  subsisted  partly 
by  writing,  and  partly  by  the  bounty  of 
lier  friends.  She  wrote  "The  Koman 
Father,"  a  tracredy  ;  and  "The  Turkish 
Count,  or  London  Apprentice,"  a  com- 
edy ;  "Memoirs  of  her  Life;"  and  va- 
rious poems,  &c.     D.  1750. 

PILPAY,  an  oriental  fabulist,  was  a 
Brahmin  of  llindostan,  and  counsellor 
to  one  of  the  rajahs.  He  is  said  to  have 
flourished  2000  years  before  the  Chris- 
tian era.  His  tables  were  translated 
from  the  Persian  into  French,  by  Gal- 
land,  in  1714. 

PINCKNEY,  Charles  CoTEswoirm, 
a  distinguished  officer  of  the  revolu- 
tionary army,  was  b.  in  South  Carolina, 
received  his  education  in  England,  and 
Btu<lied  law  in  the  Temple.  On  return- 
ing to  his  native  provniee  in  1700,  ho 
devoted  himself  to  the  successful  prac- 
tice of  his  profession.  On  the  com- 
mencement of  hostilities  he  renounced 
law  for  the  study  of  military  tactics, 
and  was  soon  promoted  to  the  command 
of  the  first  regiment  of  Carolina  infantry. 
He  was  subsequently  aid-de-camp  to 
Washington,  and  in  this  capacity  at  the 
battles  of  Brandy  wine  andGcrmantown. 
On  the  surrender  of  Charleston  he  was 
taken  prihoncr,  and  remained  so  till  all 
58* 


ojiportunity  of  gaining  fresh  repntntion 
in  the  Held  had  pa.ssed.  He  was  a 
inemlyer  of  the  convention  whicii  tbrmcd 
the  federal  constitution,  and  in  1700  was 
appointed  minister  to  France.  AVIien 
preparations  were  making  for  war  on 
account  of  the  expected  French  invasion, 
Mr.  Pincknoy  was  nominated  a  major 
general,  but  he  soon  had  an  opportunity 
of  retiring  to  the  quiet  of  private  life. 
]le  was  afterwards  president  of  the 
Cincinnati  society  of  tlie  United  States. 
D.  1825. 

PINDAR,  the  greatest  of  lyrio  poets, 
was  b.  about  522  b.  c,  near  Thebes,  in 
Bceotia,  and  is  believed  to  have  d.  about 
442  B.  c.  He  was  patronized  by  Theron 
of  Agrigcntum,  and  Hiero  of  Syracuse, 
at  the  court  of  which  latter  prince  he  is 
said  to  have  rcsi(,led  during  the  closing 
years  of  his  existence.  Little,  however, 
is  known  of  his  real  history.  Of  his 
works  which  were  numerous,  and  in 
various  kinds  of  composition,  time  has 
spared  only  four  books  of  Odes ;  but 
what  it  has  spared  is  amply  sufficient  to 
vindicate  his  claim  to  be  ranked  among 
the  most  illustrious  of  ancient  bards. 

PINEL,  Philip,  an  eminent  French 
physician,  was  b.  in  1742,  at  St.  Paul, 
in  the  department  of  the  Taru  ;  prac- 
tised with  distingnishcd  success  at  Paris, 
particularly  in  cases  of  insanity;  intro- 
duced the  most  important  improvements 
into  the  mode  ot  treating  insane  pa- 
tients ;  acquired  great  popularity  by  his 
lectures.  Among  his  works  are,  "  A 
Mcdico-j)hilosopliical  Treatise  on  Men- 
tal Alienation,"  "  Philosophical  Nososr- 
raphy,"  and  "  Clinical  Medicine."  D. 
1826* 

PINGRE,  Alexander  Gut,  an  able 
astronomer,  was  b.  in  1711,  at  Paris; 
was  originally  an  ecclesiastic,  and  began 
the  study  of  astronomy  at  a  late  period  ; 
and  macle  a  voyage,  in  1760,  to  Isle  Ro- 
driiruez,  to  observe  the  transit  of  Venus, 
and  three  subsequent  voyases,  to  try 
the  chronometers  of  Bcrthoud  and  Le 
Roy.  The  most  important  of  his  works 
is  his  "  Comctograpiiy,  or  Historical  and 
Theoretical  Treatise  on  Comets."  I). 
17t>G. 

PINKERTON,  John,  a  fertile  bu; 
cccontrio  author,  was  b.  in  1758,  in 
Edinburgh.  He  was  educated -at  Lanark 
grammar  school,  and  served  five  years 
as  clerk  to  an  attorney  ;  at'ter  which  ho 
settled  in  London,  and  gave  himself  up 
to  literature.  lie  began  his  career  by 
poetical  productions,  among  which  were, 
Rhymes,  Odes,  and  Tales,  but  he  did 
not;  rise  above  mediocrity.  lu  cmulatioa 


G90 


CVCLOP.EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[PIR 


of  Chattcrton  lie  also  produced  two  vol- 
umes   of    protended    ancient    Scottish 
poeuis.     One  of  his  earliest  works  was 
'•  Letters  on  Literature,"  under  the  as- 
sumed name   of  "  Kobert  Heron,"  in 
wiiieh  he  displayed  a  dcsrree  of  vanity 
and  impudence  wliich  has  seldom  been 
equalled,    lu  his  latter  years  he  took  up 
his  abode  in  France.   Among  the  works 
of  this  indefatigable  writer  are,  an  ex- 
cellent   "  Essay    on    Medals,"    "  The 
Treasury  of  Wit,"  "A  Dissertation  on 
the  Oriirin  of  the  Scythians  and  Goths," 
'•A  History  of  Scotland,"  "  Iconographia 
Scotica,"  '"  Modern   Geography,"    "A 
Collection   of   Voyages    and   Travels," 
''KecoUections  of 'Paris,"  and  "Petral- 
otry,  or  a  Treatise  on  Rocks." 
"riNKNEY,    William,    an    eloquent 
lawver  ami  statesman,  was  b.  in  JSlary- 
lantl,  in  1705,  and  prepared  himself  for 
the  bar  under  the  instruction  of  Judge 
Chase.     He  was  admitted  to  practice  in 
ITSO,  and  soon  gave  indications  of  pos- 
sessing  superior    powers.      He   was   a 
member  of  tlie  convention  of  Maryland 
which  ratified  the  federal  constitution. 
In  1770  he  was  appointed  one  of  the 
commissioners  imder  the  British  treaty. 
The  state  of  Maryland  also  employed 
him  to  procure  a  settlement  of  its  claims 
on  the  bank  of  England,  and  he  recov- 
ered for  it  the  sum  of  800,000  dollars. 
This  detained  him  in  England  till  the 
year  180-4,  when  he  returned  and  re- 
sumed his  professional  labors.     In  1800 
he  was  sent  as  envoy  extraordinary  to 
London,  and  in  1808  received  the  au- 
thority of  minister  plenipotentiary.     He 
returned  to  the  United  States  in  1811, 
and  soon  after  was  appointed  attornev- 
general.     This  otlice  lie  held  till  1814. 
During  the  incursion  of  the  Uritish  into 
Maryland,  he  commanded  a  battalion, 
and  was  wounded  in  the  battle  of  Bla- 
densburg,    in   August,    1814.     He   was 
afterwards  representative  in  congress, 
minister  plenipotentiary  to  Russia,  en- 
voy to  Naples,  an<l  in   1819  senator  in 
congress.  In  the  last  office  he  continued 
till  his  death  in  1  s-.i2.— Edwaiu)  Coatk, 
son  of  the  foregoing,  was  b.  in  London, 
in  1802,  passed  his  infancy  in  England, 
and  was  placed  as  a  student  in  IJaltimore 
oollegc  at  the  age  of  10  or  11.     He  en- 
tered the  navy  as  a  midsliipman,  and 
continuol   in  "the    service    lor  several 
years.     <Jn  the  death  of  his  father  he 
quitted  the  navy  and  devoted  himself 
to  tiie  practice  of  the  law.  He  publislied, 
in  182'>,  a  volume  of  poems,  which  pos- 
p-ss  much  heautv.    D.  1828. 
PINZON,  Vincent  Yanez,  a  Spanish. 


navigator,  accompanied  Columbus  on 
his  memorable  voyage;  was  the  first 
European  who  crossed  the  line;  dis- 
covered Brazil  and  the  river  Amazon; 
was  appointed  one  of  the  royal  pilots ; 
and  d.  in  the  early  part  of  the  lOtli  cen- 
tury. 

riOMBO,  Sebastian©  del,  an  emi- 
nent painter,  b.  at  Venice,  in  1485.  He 
renounced  music,  of  wliich  he  was  very 
fond,  for  painting,  and  studied  under 
Bellini,  but  afterwards  took  the  fine 
coloring  of  Giorgione  as  a  model.  The 
delicacy  of  his  pencil  was  much  ad- 
mired, and  Michael  Angelo  encouraged 
him  to  enter  into  competition  with 
Raphael,  and  even  supplied  him  with 
designs,  which  Piombo  often  executed 
very  happily,  although  by  no  means  ca- 
pable of  lofty  conceptions  or  sublime 
inventions.  Ills  greatest  work  is  his 
"Resurrection  of  Lazarus,"  now  in  the 
British  national  gallery.     D.  1547. 

PIOZZI,  Hesteu  Lynch,  a  miscellane- 
ous writer,  whose  maiden  name  was 
Salisbury,  was  b.  1739,  at  Bodvel,  and 
was  united,  in  1763,  to  Mr.  Thrale,  an 
opulent  brewer.  For  many  years  Dr, 
Johnson  was  the  intimate  friend  of  her 
and  her  husband.  After  the  death  of 
^Ir.  Thrale  she  accepted  the  addresses 
of  Signor  Piozzi;  an  act  which  occa- 
sioned a  dissolution  of  her  friendship 
with  .Johnson.  For  a  considerable  peri- 
od she  resided  at  Florence  with  her 
second  husband,  and  while  there  she 
contributed  to  the  "  Florence  Miscella- 
ny." Among  her  works  are,  "Anecdotes 
of  Dr.  Johnson,"  "  Observations  in  a 
Journey  through  France,  Italy,  and 
Gcrniiu'iy,"  "British  Synonymy,"  and 
"Retrospection."     D.  1821. 

I'lIIANESl,  John  Baptist,  an  emi- 
nent engraver  and  antiquary,  was  b. 
1707,  at  Rome,  in  whicii  city  he  d.  1778. 
Piranesi  was  one  of  the  most  inde- 
fatigable of  artists,  and  his  tiilents 
were  equal  to  his  industry. — Fkancis,  a 
son  of  the  foregoing,  and  the  inheritor 
of  his  genius,  was'  b.  1748,  at  Rome. 
Tlie  magnificent  works  begun  by  his 
father  he  continued  with  such  a  kin- 
dred spirit  that  the  Labors  of  the  parent 
and  son  cannot  be  distinguished  from 
each  other  ;  and  he  executed  many  oth- 
ers of  equal  magnitude.    D.  1810. 

PIliON,  Alkxis,  a  French  poet,  dram- 
atist, and  wit,  was  !>.  1GS9,  at  Dijon,  and 
was  about  to  become  a  barrister,  wlien 
family  misfortunes  (•ompelled  him,  not 
very 'reluctantly,  to  relinquish  the  bar. 
He  went  to  Paris,  and  for  a  while  earned 
a  scanty  subsisteucc  as  a  copyist.    To 


piu] 


C'VCL01'.«D1A    OK    UlOGUAl'IIV, 


691 


write  for  the  stage  was  hia  next  resource. 
He  began  by  composing  pieces  for  tlic 
theatre  of  the  Comic  Opera,  and  "Har- 
lequin Deucalion"  was  his  first  efibrt. 
In  1728  he  tried  llie  reguhir  drama,  and 
pro(hiced  tlic  comedy  ot'"  The  Ungrate- 
ful Son."  It  was  not,  however,  till 
1738,  that  he  gained  a  place  among  the 
hij^hest  class  of  dramatists,  by  his  ad- 
nurablecomedy  of  "  Metromania,"  which 
is  justly  considered  as  a  masterpiece. 
1).  1773. 

riSISTKATUS,  an  Athenian,  who 
flourished  in  the  otli  century  before  the 
Christian  era,  and  was  distinguished  for 
eloquence  and  valor.  He  thrice  obtained 
the  sovereign  authority  at  Athens.  Twice 
he  was  expelled,  and  in  the  last  instance 
he  remained  eleven  years  in  e.\ile,  belbre 
he  could  again  seize  the  reins  of  power. 
Though  bearing  the  name  of  a  tyrant, 
Pisistratus  was  just  and  liberal.  He 
established  a  public  library  at  Athens, 
and  collected  the  poems  of  Homer  in 
their  present  form.     1).  527  b.  c. 

rilT,  CnuisTornf:!!,  an  elegant  poet, 
was  b.  in  16'J9,  at  Blandford;  was  edu- 
cated at  Winchester  and  at  New  college, 
Oxford  ;  and  obtained,  in  1722,  the  living 
of  Fimperne,  whicli  lie  held  till  his  de- 
cease, in  1748.  His  Poems  have  consid- 
erable merit ;  and  his  translations  of 
the  "  -lEneid"  and  of  "  Vida's  Art  of 
Poetry,"  are  of  a  snjicrior  kind. — Wil- 
liam, a  celebrated  statesman,  the  second 
son  of  the  gi'cat  earl  of  Chatham,  was  b. 
May  28,  1759,  at  Hayes,  in  Kent.  The 
earlier  part  of  his  education  he  received 
at  home,  imder  the  watchful  superinten- 
dence of  his  father,  who  spared  no  pains 
to  cultivate  his  talents,  and  especially  to 
give  him  habits  of  self-possession  and 
of  public  speaking.  At  the  age  of  14 
he  went  to  Pembroke  hall,  Cambridge. 
In  1780,  after  having  studied  at  Lincoln's 
Inn,  he  was  called  to  the  bar,  but  he 
only  once  or  twice  went  to  the  western 
circuit.  He  was  destined  to  move  in  a 
higher  sphere.  Early  in  1781  he  was 
returned  to  parliament  Ibr  the  borough 
of  Appleby,  and  immediately  became 
one  of  the  most  distinguished  members 
of  the  opposition.  He  began  political 
life  as  the  friend  ot" parliamentary  retbrm. 
While  tlic  carl  of  Slielbnrno  was  in  office, 
Pitt  was  chancellor  of  the  exchequer. 
Tiie  triumph  of  the  coalition  displaced 
him  for  a  while;  but,  on  tlie  downfall  i 
of  tiieir  administration,  he  returned  to  1 
power  as  prime  minister.  In  vain  the 
house  of  commons  endiavorcd  to  efl'cct 
his  expulsion  ;  the  parliament  was  dis-  i 
solved ;  and  a,  general  election  gave  him  | 


an  overwhelming  majority.  Fror.j  1786 
till  1801,  he  continued  to'hold  the  reins 
of  government,  during  one  of  the  most 
stormy  periods  of  our  history  ;  and  his 
admirers  have  conferred  on  him  the  title 
of  "  the  pilot  that  weathered  the  storm." 
He  resigned  in  1801;  but  resumed  hia 
post  in  1804,  and  held  it  till  his  decease, 
which  took  place  on  the  23d  of  January, 
180G.  His  dissolution  is  believed  to 
have  been  hastened  by  the  disastrous 
result  of  the  continental  coalition  in 
1805.  With  respect  to  pecuniary  con- 
siderations no  man  was  ever  more  dis- 
interested and  incorrupt,  and  he  d.  poor. 
In  cloQuence  he  rivalled  some  ot  tlio 
most  illustrious  of  the  ancient  orators. 
As  a  tinance  minister  he  possessed  gi-eat 
abilities,  though  the  policy  of  some  of 
his  measures  is  more  than  doubtful ; 
but  in  the  conduct  of  a  war  he  did  not 
shine,  for  his  plans  were  neither  grandly 
conceived  nor  vigorously  executed. 

PITTACUS,  one  of  the  seven  sa^es 
of  Greece,  who  was  a  warrior  as  well  as 
a  philosopher,  was  1).  about  (550  b.  c,  at 
Jlilylcnc,  in  the  island  of  Lesbos;  ex- 
pelled the  tyrant  Melanchrus  from  Les- 
oos  ;  governed  wisely  for  ten  years  ; 
and  d.  570  b.  c. 

I'lUS  VI.,  whoso  secular  name  was 
.John  Angklo  Buasciii,  was  b.  at  Cesena, 
in  1717.  His  first  act  was  to  make  a 
reform  in  the  public  treasury ;  he  then 
completed  the  museum  in  tlie  Vatican  ; 
but  the  greatest  work  of  his  pontificate 
was  the  draining  of  the  Pontine  marshes, 
— a  project  that  baflled  several  of  the 
emperors,  and  many  of  the  popes. 
When  Bonaparte  entered  Italy,  he  made 
the  pope  prisoner  in  the  capital,  which 
was  plundered.  The  venerable  pontiff 
was  carried  away  by  the  victors,  and 
hurried  over  the  Alps  to  Valence,  where 
he  d.  of  excessive  fatiirue  and  ill-usage, 
1799. — VI I.,  or  Giu;goi:y Barnabas  CniA- 
KAMONTi,  the  successor  of  the  preceding 
pontitt",  was  b.  at  Cesena,  in  1740.  IIo 
was  raised  to  the  cardinalate  in  1785 ; 
and  when  Bonaparte  entered  Imola,  in 
179<',  the  cardinal,  who  was  also  bishop 
of  that  sec,  fbund  means  to  ooncilia'.o 
the  favor  of  the  French  general,  and 
thereby  paved  the  way  for  his  elevation 
to  the  papacy  in  1800.  In  July,  1801, 
he  signed  the  concordat;  and  in  1804 
he  crowned  Napoleon  at  Paris,  but  re- 
fused to  perform  the  same  office  for 
Louis  X\  III.  Notwithstandimr  the 
courtesy  which  he  showed  to  Bonajiartc, 
the  latter  seized  the  pope  in  18o'j,  nnd 
imprisoned  him  at  ^  ontainhleau.  where 
he  remained  till  the  downfall  of  his  op- 


692 


CYCLOP.EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[PLO 


Eressor  in  1814,  when  he  returned  to 
;omc  to  i-esume  his  aiitliority.  D.  1S2S. 
— VIII.,  by  name  Fuvncis  X.uteuo  Cas- 
TiOLioNT,  was  b.  at  Cincolia,  in  1761,  was 
made  bishop  of  Montalto  in  1 800,  created 
cardinal  in  ISliJ,  was  elected  pope  on 
tlie  death  of  Leo  XII.,  iu  1829,  and  d. 
in  the  following  year. 

nZAKRO,  Francis,  the  conqueror 
of  Pern,  was  b.  in  1175,  at  Truxillo,  in 
Estreinadura,  and  was  tlie  natural  sou 
of  a  treiitlcman.  His  father  did  not 
even  teach  him  to  read,  but  employed 
him  to  keep  t!ie  hogs  jit  his  country 
liouse.  llavnig  lost  one  of  them,  Pizarro 
took  liight,  and  embarked  for  Spanish 
America.  Tliere  he  tirst  distinguished 
himself,  in  1513,  under  Nunez  de  Balboa. 
In  1524,  in  conjunction  with  Ahnagro, 
he  discovered  Peru.  Charles  V.  gave 
hiui  the  government  of  the  ncw-fonnd 
country.  By  force  and  fraud  he  achieved 
the  coucjuest  of  Peru,  in  1532.  In  1537 
H  contest  arose  between  Pizarro  and 
Ahnagro,  which  terminated  in  the  tie- 
feat  and  execution  of  the  latter.  The 
son  of  Ahnagro,  however,  avenged  his 
father,  for,  in  1541,  he  and  some  of  his 
fi'ieuds  assassinated  Pizarro,  in  his  pal- 
ace at  Lima. 

PLATO,  an  illustrious  Grecian  phi- 
losopher, the  founder  of  the  academic 
sect,  was  styled  the  Divine  by  the  an- 
cients; was  b.  430  B.C.,  in  the 'island  of 
yEgina;  was  educated  with  the  utmost 
care ;  and,  at  the  age  of  20,  became  the 
disciple  of  Socrates."  After  the  death  of 
Socrates,  Plato  visited  Magna  Graicia 
and  Egypt,  in  search  of  knowledge.  On 
his  return  to  Athens,  he  opened  a  yjhil- 
osophical  school,  and  soon  numbered 
among  his  pupils  many  distinguished 
characters.  Plato  thriee  visited  the 
court  of  Sicily;  once  invited  by  the 
cider  Dionysius,  and  twice  by  the 
younger.  The  former  he  so  much  of- 
fended, that  the  tyrant  caused  him  to 
V)e  seized  on  his  passage  home  and  sold 
lor  a  slave ;  and  the  philosopher  waa 
indebted  for  his  liberation  to  Aniceris 
of  Cyrene.     D.  347  n.  c. 

PL.\UTUS,  so  called,  it  is  supposed, 
from  his  ti-ct  being  deformed,  but  whose 
real  name  was  Makcus  Accius,  was  one 
of  the  most  celebrated  of  the  lioman 
comic  writers;  wa.s  b.  227  b.  c,  at  Sar- 
sina,  in  Umbria;  and  is  believed  to  have 
been  the  son  of  a  slave.  The  fortune 
which  he  gained  bv  his  dramatic  talents, 
he  is  said  to  have  lost  in  commerce,  and 
to  have  been  reduced  to  work  at  a  mill. 
D.  1H4  B.C. 

I'LAYFAIR,  Joii:^,  an  eminent  math- 


ematician and  natural  philosopher,  was 
b.  in  1749,  at  Dundee,  was  educated  at 
St.  Andrew's,  resigned  a  living,  and 
became  mathematical  professor  at  Edin- 
burgh, and  d.  1819.  Playfair  was  cele- 
brated as  a  geologist,  and  a  strenuous 
defender  of  the  Huttonian  system. 
Among  his  works  are,  "Elements  of 
Geometry,"  "Outlines  of  Philosophy," 
"lllustrationsof  the  Huttonian  Theory," 
and  a  "  System  of  Geography." — Wil- 
liam, an  ingenious  projector  and  author, 
a  brother  of  the  foregoing,  w\'vs  b.  1759, 
at  Dundee,  was  originally  aiiprenticed 
to  a  millwright,  was  for'  some  time  a 
draughtsman  at  the  Soho  manufactory, 
obtained  patents  for  various  inventions, 
engaged  in  many  speculations,  and  be- 
came a  fertile  writer  upon  politics  and 
other  sul-TJects.  Among  his  works  are, 
"Statistical  Tables,"  -The  Statistical 
Breviary,"  "The  Commercial  and  Po- 
litical A'tlas,"  "  History  of  Jacobinism," 
"British  Family  Antiquity,"  "Political 
Portraits,"  and  "France  as  it  is."  D. 
1823. 

PLINY  THE  Elder,  or  Caius  Plinius 
Secundus,  a  celebrated  Eoman  writer, 
was  b.  23,  at  Verona,  or,  as  some  say, 
at  Como,  served  in  the  army  in  Ger- 
many, and  afterwards  became  an  advo- 
cate, was  a  member  of  the  college  of 
augurs,  and  procurator  in  Spain  and 
Africa,  and  w^as  sulJbcated  79,  while  in 
command  of  the  fleet  at  Misenum,  in 
consequence  of  his  having  approached 
too  near  to  Vesuvius,  in  order  to  observe 
the  phenomena  of  the  eruption.  Of 
his  numerous  works  his  "Natural  His- 
tory" is  the  only  one  which  is  extant. 
—  The  Younger,  or  Caius  C^cilids 
Plinius  Secundus,  the  nephew  and 
adopted  son  of  the  foregoing,  was  b.  in 
61  or  62,  at  Como,  was  a  pupil  of  Quin- 
tilian,  and  pleaded  successfully  as  an 
advocate  in  his  19th  year.  He  was,  suc- 
cessively, tribune  of  the  people,  prefect, 
of  the  treasury,  consul,  proconsul  in 
Pontus  and  Bithynia,  and  augur,  and 
d.  universally  esteemed,  in  115.  His 
"Letters"  and  Ins  "  Panegyric  on  Tra- 
jan" are  the  only  parts  of  his  writings 
that  remain. 

PLOTINUS,  a  Platonic  philosopher, 
was  b.  2i)3,  at  Lycopolis,  in  Egypt,  was 
a  disciple  of  Ammonius  Saccas,  en- 
countered great  danger  in  accompanying 
the  Emperor  (Jordian  on  his  expedition 
against  the  Parthians,  wliieh  he  did 
with  a  view  to  obtaining  a  knowledge 
of  Persian  and  Indian  philosophy,  and 
d.  270.  His  works  were  translated  into 
Latin,  in  1492,  by  Ficino. 


cvclop.-i;dia  ok  mutJKAiMiv. 


G93 


PLOWDEN,  Francis,  an  hi.storiiin 
and  miscellaneous  writer,  a  native  of 
Ireland  and  a  Koinan  Catholic,  was  a 
barrister  and  oonveyanccr.  A  veri.lict 
of  £5000  obtained  against  liini  in  an 
Irish  court,  in  1813,  for  an  alleged  libel 
in  his  "  History  of  Ireland,"  compelled 
him  to  retire  to  France,  where  he  re- 
mained till  his  decease,  at  an  advanced 
age,  in  1S29.  Among  his  works  are, 
''The  History  of  Ireland,"  "Jura  An- 
glorum,"  "Church  and  State,"  "  Tiie 
Case  Stated,"  and  a  "Treatise  upon 
the  Law  of  Usury  and  Annuities."  — 
Chakles,  a  Jesuit,  b.  in  England,  in 
1743,  but  educated  at  Rome,  where  ho 
entered  into  the  society  in  1759.  On 
his  return  to  his  own  country  after  the 
suppression  of  his  order  in  1773,  lie  was 
one  of  the  most  zealous  advocates  for 
their  reuniting  in  England,  lie  after- 
wards became  president  of  the  Catholic 
college  of  Stonyhurst,  in  Lancashire, 
and  d.  in  1821. — Edmund,  an  eminent 
lawyer,  was  b.  in  Shropshire,  in  1517, 
and  d.  1584.  His  "  Conunentaries  and 
Eeport.s"  are  greatlv  esteemed. 

PLUTAKCII,  a  celebrated  Greek  bi- 
ographer and  philosopher,  was  b.  about 
50,  at  Ciierouiiia,  in  IJueotia,  and  studied 
at  Athens  under  Ammonias,  after  which 
he  travelled  in  Greece  and  Egypt,  sedu- 
lously acquiring  knowledge.  For  some 
years  subsequently  he  resided  at  Kome, 
where  his  lectures  on  philosophy  at- 
tracted many  illustrious  auditors.  Tra- 
jan was  one  of  his  hearers,  and,  after 
he  became  emperor,  is  said  to  have  con- 
ferred on  him  the  consular  disrnity,  but 
this  story  is  apocryphal.  Plutarch  at 
length  retired  to  Chcronffia.  where  he 
filled  the  office  of  archon.  Ho  was  also 
a  priest  of  the  Delphic  Apollo.  He  is 
believed  to  have  d.  about  a.  n.  120.  His 
extant  works  are  his  "  Morals,"  and  his 
"Lives  of  Illustrious  Men,"  the  last  of 
which,  though  often  erroneous  in  point 
of  fact,  must  ever  be  read  with  dcliLrht. 

POCAHONTAS,  dauirbter  of  an  In- 
dian chief,  and  nnich  celebrated  in  the 
early  history  of  Virginia,  was  b.  .^bout 
1595.  She  became  warmly  attached  to 
the  ICnglish,  and  rendercJH  them  im- 
portant services  on  various  occasions. 
Slie  married  an  luiglishman,  and  in 
161G  accompanied  her  husband  to  his 
native  country,  where  she  was  present- 
ed at  court.  She  soon  after  d.  at  Graves- 
end,  when  about  to  return  to  Virginia. 
She  left  one  son. 

POCOCK,  Edwaud,  an  eminent  ori- 
entalist, was  b.  1604,  at  Oxford,  was 
educated  at  Tliame  school,  and  at  Mag- 


dalen liall  and  Corpus  Christi  college, 
Oxford,  twice  visited  the  Levant,  on 
one  of  which  occasions  he  wtxa  cliaplain 
to  the  British  factory  at  Aleppo,  was 
Hebrew  professor  at  Oxford,  rector  of 
Childrcy,  and  canon  of  Christ-church, 
and  d.  1691.  Among  his  works  are, 
"Specimen  Ilistoriie  Arabum,"  "  Abul- 
faragius  Historia  Dynastiarium,"  and 
"  Commentaries  on  the  Minor  Pro- 
phets." 

POE,  Edgar  A.,  an  eccentric  but 
brilliant  American  writer,  whose  vari- 
ous contributions  to  the  magazines  and 
newspapers  acquired  him  considerable 
reputation  as  a  poet  and  tale-wright. 
His  talcs  are  marked  by  a  peculiar  in- 
genuity and  even  power,  and  his  poems, 
thouirh  not  always  finished,  show  a 
wonderful  command  of  rhythmical  ex- 
pression. He  was  irregular,  however, 
in  the  exercise  of  his  faculties,  and 
never  attained  the  position  that  he 
might  have  done  bv  more  labor  and 
care.     B.  1812;  d.  18'40. 

POGGIO  BRACCIOLINL  an  Italian 
writer  ol  'he  15th  century,  who  con- 
tributed powerfully  to  the  revival  of 
classical  studies,  was  b.  1380,  at  Terra- 
nova,  was  educated  at  Florence,  was 
appointed  apostolical  secretary  by  Boni- 
face IX.,  and  lield  that  office  under 
seven  other  popes,  discovered  many 
ancient  manuscripts  in  monasteries,  and 
was  appointed  chancellor  of  the  Floren- 
tine republic.  Pogsrio  was  a  man  of 
eminent  talent,  but  of  licentious  morals, 
and  a  satirical  and  qu.arrclsome  dis- 
position. His  principal  works  are,  a 
"  History  of  Florence,"  "Dialogues  on 
Xobilitv,"  and  "Funeral  Orations." 
D.  1459. 

POISSON,  Ratmond,  a  French  actor 
and  dramatist  of  the  17th  century,  who 
obtained  great  celebrity  in  low  comedy. 
He  wrote  a  number  of  theatrical  piece?, 
and  d.  in  1690.- — Paul,  his  son,  was 
eminent  as  a  comic  ,actor.  I).  1735. — 
PniLip  and  .'Vrnoult  de  Roixvri.i.E,  the 
two  sons  of  Paul,  were  also  distinguished 
for  their  theatrical  talents :  the  former 
was  the  author  of  ten  comedies,  and 
w.as  a  good  tragic  performer  ;  while  the 
latter  fully  supported  the  reptitation  of 
his  family  as  a  comic  actor.  1).  1753. — 
Denis  Simeov,  one  of  the  most  eminent 
mathematicians  of  the  acre,  b.  at  Pith- 
iviers,  1781.  He  was  educated  by  hia 
uncle  aa  a  surcreon,  but  revolted,  on  ac- 
count of  the  delicacy  of  his  nerves,  from 
the  pre]iaratorv  anatomical  studios ;  ho 
distiuiruished  himself  early  by  the  solu- 
tion of  difficult  mathematical  problems. 


694 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OK    lilOURAI'IIV. 


[pOL 


He  was  soon  thereafter  made  assistant 
to  M.  Biot,  ill  the  colle,2;c  of  France,  and 
subsequently  a  counsellor  of  the  univer- 
sity. In  1837  he  was  made  a  j^eer  of 
Fnince,  and  president  of  the  Academy 
of  Sciences.  lie  wrote  the  "Traite  do 
Mcehanique,"'  the  "  Recherches  sur  la 
Frobabilite  des  jugemens  en  matiere 
Civile  ct  en  matiere  Criininelle,  &c.," 
'•  Annales  de  Chimic  et  Physique,"  &c. 
D.  1S40. 

POLE,  Cardinal  Reginald,  a  states- 
man and  ecclesiastic,  descended  from 
the  royal  family  of  England,  was  b.  in 
1500,  at  Stourton  castle,  was  educated 
at  Sheen  monastery,  and  Magdalen  col- 
lege, Oxford,  opposed  the  divorce  of 
Henry  VIII.  from  Catharine  of  Aragon, 
was  papal  legate  to  England,  archbisTiop 
of  Canterbury,  and  chancellor  of  both 
universities,  during  the  reign  of  Mary, 
and  d.  1.5.")8. 

POLIGNAC,  Jules,  prince  de,  prime 
minister  of  Charles  X.  of  France,  whose 
administration  produced  the  revolution 
of  18-30,  was  sprung   from  an  ancient 
family,   whose   vicissitudes    of  fortune 
were  remarkable  even  in  revolutionary 
France,  and  which  numbered  among  its 
members  the  famous  abb6  de  Polignac, 
who  d.  1741.     Driven  from  Paris  by  the 
clamor  of  the  mob,  his  parents  repaired 
to  Vienna ;  but  scarcely  had  they  reached 
that  capital,  belbre  the  fate  of  her  mis- 
tress and  friend,  Marie  Antoinette,  was 
communicated  to  his  mother,  and  within 
a  few  days  she  fell  a  victim  to  her  grief 
and  ail'ec-tion.     Deprived  of  a  mother's 
care,    and,    before    reaching    manhood, 
Jules  de  Polignac  proceeded  to  Russia, 
then   a  refuge    for    the   royalists,   and 
shortly   atlerwards    repaireil    to  Edin- 
burgh', where  the  count  d'Artois,  after- 
wards Cliarlcs  X.,  resided.     Under  the 
mingled  influences  of  religion  and  loy- 
alty,   he    embarked    with    his   brother 
Armanil  in  Georges'  conspiracy  in  1804 
atrainst  Napoleon'.     The  conspiracy  was 
detected,   the   brothers   were   arrested, 
tried,  anil  condemned  to  death,  but,  at 
tii(!  intercession  of  Josephine  and  Ma- 
dame Murat,  the  emperor's  sister,  the 
sentence  of  death  was  commuted  to  im- 
prisonment, and  the  two   young  men 
were  sent  to  Vincenues,  where  tbey  re- 
mained six  years.     On  the  restoration 
of  Louis  XVlII.,  Jules  de  Polignac  de- 
voted himself  heart  and  soul  to  the  so- 
called  party  of  the  Congrcffation,  in  the 
interot  of  the  pope,  the  church,  and  the 
count  d'Artois  ;  and  his  services  were 
rewarded  V;y  the  pope  conferring  on  him 
the  title  of  a  Roman  prince,  by  which 


he  has  since  been  known.  In  1823 
Prince  Polignac  was  sent  as  ambassador 
to  London,  where  he  remained  six 
years,  and  the  intrigues  of  the  priestly 
party  being  finally  crowned  with  sue 
cess,  he  returned  to  Paris  in  1820,  to 
assume  the  premiership  of  the  new 
ministry;  but  the  nation  was  loud  in  its 
expression  of  distrust,  till  at  length  the 
unconstitutional  course  that  he  adopted 
towards  the  chambers  was  suddenly 
arrested  by  the  "  three  glorious  days," 
which  led  to  his  own  overthrow,  and 
the  dethronement  of  his  sovereign. 
Pursued  and  taken  at  Granville,  he  was 
tried  before  the  chamber  of  peers,  and 
condemned,  but  his  life  was  spared,  and, 
after  undergoing  a  short  imprisonment 
at  Ham,  ho  was  allowed  to  go  into  exile. 
His  remaining  years  were  spent  chiefly 
at  Munich.  At  length  he  was  allowed 
to  return  to  France,  though  not  to  Paris  ; 
but  the  death  of  Charles  X.  and  the 
duke  d'Angouleme  gave  the  last  blow 
to  a  constitution  already  broken  down 
by  many  reverses,  and  he  sank  into  a 
state  of  melancholy,  from  which  he 
never  recovered.     B.  1783;  d.  1847. 

POLIZIANO,  or  POLITIAN,  Ange- 
LL's,  an  eminent  Italian  scholar,  whose 
family  name  was  Cinis,  was  b.  1454,  at 
Monte  Pulciano,  was  professor  of  Greek 
and  Latin  at  Florence,  and  tutor  to  the 
children  of  Lorenzo  the  Magnificent, 
who  gave  him  a  cauonry  in  the  cathedral 
of  the  Florentine  capital.  Among  his 
works  arc,  "The  History  of  the  Con- 
spiracy of  the  Pazzi,"  '"'Poems,"  the 
drama'  of  "  Orpheus,"  and  a  translation 
ofllerodian.     D.  1494. 

POLK,  .Iames  Kxox,  a  president  of 
the  United  States,  was  b.  in  North 
Carolina,  1705.  He  became  a  member 
of  tiie  bar  in  Tennessee  in  1820,  and 
soon  took  a  first  rank  among  his  col- 
leagues. He  was  elected  a  member  of 
congress  in  18'25,  where  he  was  distin- 
guished for  his  firmness  an<l  industry, 
and  where  he  was  chosen  speaker  for 
tliree  several  terms.  His  opinions  co- 
incided with  those  of  the  democratic 
party,  by  which  in  1844  he  was  chosen 
president  of^he  republic.  It  was  du- 
ring his  administration  that  the  annex- 
ation of  Texas  was  oflfected,  the  war 
acrainst  Mexico  successfully  terminated, 
and  the  general  democratic  policy  main- 
tained.    D.  1849. 

POLLOK,  RonERT,  a  Scotch  clergy- 
man and  writer  of  sacred  poetry,  was  b. 
1799,  at  Eaglesham,  in  Renfrewshire. 
Being  intended  lor  the  church,  he  was 
sent  to  the   university  of  Glasgow  to 


pom] 


CYCLOPAEDIA     UK    lilUGKAPIIY. 


695 


Btudy  theology ;  but  his  health  became 
so  iiineli  iiiipuired  by  study,  that  ho  had 
scarcely  entered  on  liis  milli^^try  bdbre 
ho  Ibuud  it  necessary  to  quit  tlic  north 
Tritli  a  view  to  a  residence  in  Italy,  in 
order  to  try  the  etl'ect  of  change  of 
climate.  He  left  Scotland  in  August, 
1827,  but  lie  had  only  proceeded  to 
Southampton,  when  his  malady  in- 
creased to  such  a  decrrec  as  precluded 
nil  hope  of  recovery,  and  he  d.  there  in 
the  Ibllowing  month.  His  principal 
production  i.s  entitled  "  The  Course  of 
Time,"  a  poem.  ]Ie  also  wrote  "The 
rersecnted  Family,"  a  narrative  of  the 
sutferings  of  the  I'resbyterians  in  the 
reign  of  Charles  II.,  and  "Kalph  Gem- 
mel,"  a  tale  for  youth. 

POLO,  Marco,  a  celebrated  Venetian 
traveller,  was  b.  about  MoO,  and  accom- 
panied his  father  and  uncle,  in  1471, 
nito  Tartary,  where  they  resided  for 
twenty-four  years  and  acquired  great 
riches.  Marco  was  in  high  favor  with 
the  grand  khan,  was  cniy)loyed  by  him 
in  missions  to  the  most  distant  parts  of 
the  empire,  and  was  for  three  years  gov- 
ernor of  Yang-cheu-feu.  After  his  re- 
turn to  Venice  he  was  appointed  to  the 
command  of  a  gaUey,  but  liad  the  mis- 
Ibrtnne  to  be  captured  by  the  Genoese, 
who  kept  him  four  years  a  captive.  To 
beguile  the  tedium  of  captivity,  as  well 
as  to  satisfy  the  curiosity  of  numerous 
inquirers,  he  wrote  the  narrative  of  liis 
travels.  An  excellent  translation,  with 
notes,  was  published  iu  1818,  by  Mr. 
Marsdcn.     1).  1523. 

POLYBIUS,  a  celebrated  Greek  his- 
torian, son  of  Lycortas,  general  of  the 
Acha^p.ns,  was  b.' about  205  B.C.,  at  Me- 
galopolis. He  was  formed  for  public 
business  by  the  precepts  and  example 
of  riiilopffimeu,  the  friend  of  his  father, 
and  at  the  funeral  of  that  general  he 
bore  the  urn  which  contained  his  ashes. 
He  was  one  of  the  thousand  persons 
whom  the  Komans  demanded  from  the 
Aeha;ans  as  hostages,  and  he  lived  at 
Kome  many  years.  There  he  became 
the  friend  of  the  Scipios,  one  of  whom 
he  accompanied  to  the  siege  of  Carthage. 
He  d.  in  his  own  country,  at  the  age  of 
82.  Of  his  works  only  a  part  of  his  ex- 
cellent "  Universal  llislory"  has  been 
preserved. 

POLYCAEP,  St.,  a  Christian  father 
and  martyr,  who,  according  to  tradition, 
was  a  disciple  of  the  apostle  John,  and 
by  him  appointed  bishop  of  Smyrna, 
lie  made  many  converts,  and  violently 
opposed  the  heresies  of  Marcion  and 
V  alentinus ;  but  during  the  persecution 


of  the  Christiana  under  Marcus  Aure- 
lius,  lie  suffered  martyrdom  with  the 
most  heroic  fortitude,  169.  His  "  Epis- 
tle to  the  Pliilippians"  is  the  only  one 
of  his  pieces  that  has  been  preserved. 

POLYCLETUS,  a  famous  sculptor, 
was  b.  at  Sicyon,  and  flourished  about 
4:?0  B.  c.  lid  is  considered  to  have 
attained  perfection  in  single  titrurcs; 
and  a  statue  of  a  boy,  e.xecuted  by  him 
was  sold  for  190  talents,  equivalent  to 
£20,000. 

POLYGXOTUS,  a  painter  of  Thasos, 
about  422  b.  c.  He  gained  celebrity  by 
a  series  of  pictures  on  the  war  of  Troy, 
for  whieli  ho  refused  the  presents  of- 
fered him  by  the  states  of  Greece ;  he 
also  painted  the  temple  of  Delphi,  and 
part  of  the  Poeeile  at  Athens  gratuitous- 
ly, for  which  it  was  decreed  that  he 
sliould  be  supported  at  the  public  ex- 
pense. 

POMBAL,  Sebastian  Joseph  Car- 
VAXHo  Melho,  marquis  of,  a  Portuguese 
statesman,  was  b.  at  Soura,  1699.  After 
having  been  ambassador  to  London  and 
Vienna,  he  was,  in  1750,  appointed  sec- 
retary of  state  for  foreign  atiairs,  and,  Irs. 
1756,  prime  minister.  He  introduced 
many  reforms  and  changes  in  the  gov- 
ernment, but  as  his  measures  were 
fidiuently  severe  and  arbitrary,  he 
raised  up  many  enemies,  and  on  the 
death  of  the  king,  in  1777,  lie  was  dis- 
graced, and  exiled  to  his  estates,  where 
he  d.  1782. 

POMFKET,  JoHx,  an  English  poet, 
was  b.  at  Luton,  1667,  was  educn^ed  at 
Queerrs  college,  Cambridge,  and  ob- 
tained the  living  of  Maiden.  Ue  waa 
the  author  of  "The  Choice,"  a  poem 
which  has  ever  been  popular ;  but  owing 
to  an  equivocal  expression  therein.  Dr. 
Compton,  bishop  of  London,  thought 
liim  unfit  for  the  clerical  oiKcc,  and  re- 
fused to  induct  him  to  another  and  more 
considerable  benefice.  The  prelate  was, 
however,  soon  after  convinced  of  his 
mistake  ;  but  in  the  mean  time  Pomfret, 
who  had  been  detained  in  London, 
caught  the  small-pox,  and  d.  of  it,  1703. 

POMPADOUR,  Jeanne  Antoinicttb 
Poisso.v,  marchioness  de,  the  mistress 
of  Louis  X\'..  in  M'hose  alfections  she 
succeeded  nuulame  de  Chateauroux,  was 
the  daughter  of  a  financier,  and  b.  1720. 
I  At  the  age  of  21  she  was  married  to  M. 
;  d'EtioIes;  first  attracted  the  king's  no- 
tice while  he  was  hunting  in  tlie  forest 
I  of  Senart ;  sippearcd  at  court  in   1745, 
under  the  title  of  marchioness  of  Pom- 
padour, and  d.  in  1704,  aged  44  yeans. 
!  bhe  used  her  influence  with  the  king  in 


696 


CYCLOP,?!DIA    01"    BIOGRAPHY. 


[I'Oa 


omotinf?  the  prog:re?s  of  the  fine  nrts, 
It  her  cupidity  and  extravagiiuce  were 
unbounded ;    and    many   of   the    evil 


which  oppressed  France  in  the  succeed- 
ing reign  have  been  attributed  to  the 
po'\ver  she  possessed  of  filling  the  most 
important  otfices  of  the  state  with  her 
favorites. 

POMl'EY,  Cneus,  surnamed  the 
Great,  a  Koman  statesman  and  warrior, 
was  b.  106  n.  c,  and  learned  the  art  of 
war  from  his  father.  In  his  iSd  year 
he  joined  with  three  legions  the  party 
of  Sylla,  recovered  Sicily  and  Africa, 
anil  obtained  the  honors  of  a  triumph, 
lie  obtained  a  second  triumph  for  put- 
ting an  end  to  the  war  in  Spain,  and  a 
third  for  his  splendid  successes  in  Asia, 
where  he  considerably  extended  the 
dominion  of  his  countrymen.  About 
60  B.  c.  he  formed  the  first  triumvirate 
with  Crassus  and  Cicsar,  and  married 
the  daughter  of  the  latter.  In  the  course 
of  a  i'c'w  years,  however,  dissensions 
broke  out  between  Cicsar  nnd  Pompey, 
ii  civil  war  ensued,  nnd  Tompey  sus- 
tained a  decisive  defeat  at  Tharsalia. 
lie  fled  to  Egypt,  and  was  assassinated 
there  48  b.  c. 

PONIATOWSKI,  JosEPii,  an  illus- 
trious Polish  general,  who  was  called 
the  Polish  Bayard,  was  b.  1763,  at  War- 
saw, distinguished  himself  in  the  cause 
of  his  country  during  the  fruitless 
Btruggles  of  1792  and  1704,  entered  the 
French  service,  and  displayed  conspicu- 
ous braverv  and  talent  in  the  campaigns 
of  1806,  1809,  181'i,  1813,  and  1S14,  was 
appointed  a  marshal  on  the  field  of  bat- 
tle at  Leipsic,  and  was  drowned  in  at- 
tempting to  cross  the  Elster,  on  the  19th 
of  October. 

POPE,  Alexandkr,  a  celebrated  poet, 
was  b.  May  22, 1688,  in  Lombard-street, 
London.  'His  father,  a  linen-draner,  in 
which  trade  he  amassed  a  considerable 
fortune,  retired  from  business,  and 
settled  at  Binfield,  in  Berkshire,  soon 
after  the  birth  of  his  son.  Botli  parents 
were  Koman  Catholics,  and,  as  Popo 
tells  ns,  were  of  gentle  blood.  He  him- 
self was  born  deformed,  small  in  size, 
and  delicate  in  constitution.  The 
groundwork  of  learning  he  acquired  at 
two  private  schools,  and  from  two 
])ricsts,  who  were  employed  as  Ills 
tutors  ;  for  the  rest  ho  was  indebted  to 
his  own  persevering  studies.  Before 
he  was  12  years  old  he  formed  a  play 
from  Ogilby's  Homer,  which  was  acted 
by  his  school-fellows.  His  "Pastorals" 
were  written  when  he  was  16,  and  they 
obtained  him  the  friendship  of  many 


eminent  characters.  They  were  suc- 
ceeded bv  "  The  Essay  on  Criticism," 
"The  Messiah,"  "The  Eap^o  of  the 
Lock,"  "The  Temple  of  Fame," 
"  Windsor  Forest,"  and  "  Abclard  and 
Eloisa;"  and  his  reputation  as  a  poet 
was  thus  firmly  established.  The  trans- 
lation of  the  "  Iliad,"  by  which  he 
gained  about  £oOOO,  was  completed  in 
1720.  With  the  aid  of  Broome  and 
Fenton  he  afterwards  added  a  version 
of  "The  Odyssey."  In  1721  he  under- 
took an  edition  of  Shakspeare,  a  task  in 
which  he  failed.  With  the  exception 
of  the  "  Essay  on  Man,"  which  was 
first  published  in  1738,  and  completed 
in  the  following  year,  his  pen  was  cliiefly 
devoted  to  satire  during  the  remainder 
of  his  literary  career.  The  first  three 
books  of  "The  Dunciad"  appeared  in 
1723 ;  the  fourth,  suggestea  by  AVar- 
burton,  was  not  written  till  1742,  and  he 
injured  the  poem  by  substituting;  Cibber 
as  the  hero  in  the  place  of  Theobald. 
D.  May  30,  1744. 

POPHAM,  Sir  John,  an  eminent 
judge,  was  b.  in  Somersetshire,  1531. 
After  serving  the  offices  of  attorney  and 
solicitor  general,  he  was  appointed,  in 
l."i81,  chief  justice  of  tiie  King's  Bench. 
He  d.  in  'l607.  His  "Eeports  and 
Cases,"  show  his  abilities  to  great  ad- 
vantage. 

POPvDENONE,  (so  called  from  his 
birthplace,  his  true  name  being  Gio- 
vanni Antonio  Licinio,)  a  painter  of  the 
Venetian  school,  and  rival  of  Titian, 
was  b.  1484.  He  executed  many  great 
works  for  Mantua,  Genoa,  and  Venice; 
and  d.  at  Ferrara,  1540. 

POELIEK,  Juan  Diaz,  surnamed  El 
Marqucto,  a  Spanish  patriot  and  general, 
was  b.  about  1775,  at  Carthagena,  in 
South  America,  where  his  father  held  a 
high  public  situation.  He  first  entered 
the  navy,  and  served  as  a  midshipman 
at  the  battle  of  Trafalgar;  but  when  the 
cry  of  independence  spread  through 
the  Peninsula  in  1808,  he  raised  a  gue- 
rilla corps,  of  which  he  became  the 
leader,  and  distinguished  himself  in  a 
series  of  brilliant  actions,  and  effected 
the  celebrated  retreat  from  Santandcr, 
closely  pursued  by  a  corps  four  times 
more  numerous  than  his  own.  The 
regency  then  appointed  hina  captain 
general  of  Astunas,  in  which  station  he 
remained  till  the  restoration  of  Ferdi- 
nand VIT.  Havinf;  nnsuccessfnlly  at- 
tempted to  restore  the  constitution  of  th» 
cortcs  in  1815,  he  was  delivered  over  to 
the  military  authorities  at  Corunna, 
condemned,  and  executed. 


porI 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    niOGRAl'HY. 


697 


POEPIIYRY,  or  PORniYRlUS,  a 
philosopher,  whose  original  niinie  was 
Malehus,  was  h.  233,  at  Tyre  ;  studied 
under  Origcn  and  Longinus  ;  became  a 
disciple  of  riotinus ;  and  d.  804,  at 
Konic.  His  works  against  the  Chris- 
tians, to  the  number  of  tifteen,  arc  lost. 
Among  liis  extant  productions  are,  "  A 
Life  of  Pythagoras  ;"  "A  Treatise  on 
Abstinence  from  Animal  Food ;"  and 
"Questions  on  Homer." 

POKSON,  KicnARD,  an  eminent  hel- 
lenist  and  critic,  was  b.  1759,  at  East 
Puston,  in  Norfolk ;  was  educated  at 
Eton,  and  at  Trinity  college,  Cambridge  ; 
was  elected  Greek  professor  in  1703  ; 
became  librarian  of  the  London  Insti- 
tution;  and  d.  180S.  In  profound 
knowledge  of  Greek,  critical  powers, 
and  acuteness,  Porson  had  few  equals. 
Among  his  works  are,  "  Letters  to 
Archdeacon  Travis  ;"  editions  of  "  yEs- 
chylus,"  and  some  of  the  plays  of 
Euripides  ;  and  Tracts  and  Miscellane- 
ous Criticisms. 

POKTA,  Baccio  della,  a  painter  of 
Florence,  who  belonged  to  the  order  of 
Dominicans,  and  is  sojiietimes  called 
Fra  Bartolonico,  or  II  Frate.  He  was 
intimate  with  Raphael,  and  it  is  said, 
the  two  artists  benefited  by  reciprocal 
instruction.  D.  1517. — Giovanni  Bat- 
TisTA  DELi.A,  a  natural  philosopher  and 
mathematician,  was  b.  at  Naples,  in 
1540.  lie  devoted  a  great  part  of  liis 
life  to  the  sciences,  established  two 
academies  for  its  promotion,  and  was 
the  inventor  of  tlie  camera  obscura. 
lie  wrote  treatises  on  natural  history, 
optics,  hydraulics,  physiognomy,  and 
agriculture,  and  also  produced  nearly 
twenty  dramatic  pieces. 

PORTER,  Sir  Robert  Ker,  b.  at 
Durham,  1780,  became  a  student  of 
the  Royal  Academy,  and  soon  showed 
his  skill  by  the  production  of  several 
altar-pieces  of  considerable  merit,  be- 
sides nis  large  pictures  of  the  "  Storm- 
ing of  Seringapatam,"  the  "  Siege  of 
Acre,"  and  the  "  Battle  of  Aglncoiu-t," 
Avhich  latter  was  presented  to  the  city 
of  London.  In  1804  ho  was  appointed 
historical  painter  to  the  emperor  of 
Russia,  and  during  his  stay  at  St.  Pe- 
tersburg, he  gained  the  affections  of 
the  Princess  I^Iary,  daughter  of  Prineo 
Tlieodore  von  Sehcrbatoff,  to  whom  he 
was  afterwards  married.  Though  he 
had  cultivated  his  talents  as  an  artist, 
he  liad  always  shown  a  decided  prefer- 
ence for  the  military  profession  ;  and  on 
leaving  Russia  he  accompanied  Sir  John 
Moore  to  Spain,  in  the  hardships  and 


perils  of  which  unfortunate  c.xpeditioi 
lie  shared  till  its  final  embarkation  at 
Corunna.  From  1817  to  1820  he  was 
engaged  in  travelling  throughout  tho 
East.  In  182<5  he  was  appointed  consul 
at  Venezuela,  in  South  America,  where 
he  continued  to  reside  till  1841,  when 
he  left  his  mission  on  leave  of  absence, 
and  visited  his  old  friends  in  Russia, 
with  an  intention  of  proceeding  thence 
to  England  ;  but  as  he  was  on  the  eve  of 
preparing  for  the  voyage,  he  was  seized 
with  an'apoplcctic  attack,  and  expired 
May  3,  1842.  Ilis  works  consist  of 
"Travelling  Sketches  in  Russia  and 
Sweden,"  "Letters  from  Portugal  and 
Spain,"  "  A  Narrative  of  the  late  Cam- 
paign in  Russia,"  "  Travels  in  Georgia, 
Persia,  Armenia." — Anna  Maria,_  was 
a  sister  of  the  above,  and  early  distin- 
guished herself  as  a  writer  of  fiction. 
Among  her  novels  may  be  mentioned 
"The  Hungarian  Brothers,"  "Don 
Sebastian,"  "Talcs  round  a  Winter's 
Hearth,"  "The  Recluse  of  Norway," 
"The  Knight  of  St.  John,"  "The  Bar- 
ony," &c.  D.  1832.— Jane,  sister  of 
the  preceding,  was  b.  at  Durham,  1776. 
Like  her  sister,  she  soon  gave  indica- 
tions of  superior  abilities,  and  tliough 
she  did  not  appear  before  the  world  as 
an  author  till  she  was  in  her  27th  year, 
her  first  work,  "  Thaddens  of  Warsaw," 
published  in  1803,  at  once  placed  her  in 
the  foremost  rank  as  a  writer  of  fiction. 
In  1809  appeared  her  "  Scottish  Chiefs," 
which  was  no  loss  successful  than  its 
predecessor ;  and  this  was  followed,  at 
intervals  more  or  less  distant,  by  the 
"Pastor's  Fireside,"  "Duke  Christian 
of  Luneburg,"  "  Tales  round  a  Winter's 
Hearth,"  (in  which  she  was  joined  by 
her  sister,)  "The  Field  of  Forty  Foot- 
steps," &c.  She  also  contributed  largely 
to  the  periodicals  of  tho  day,  and  her 
last  separate  publication  was  "  Sir  Sea- 
ward's  Dairy,"  the  forerunner  of  a  class 
of  works  lately  become  numerous,  and 
of  which  perhaps  the  best  specimen  is 
the  well-known  "Diary  of  Lady  Wil- 
loughby."  In  1842  she  accompanied 
her  brother.  Sir  R.  K.  Porter,  to  Peters- 
burg ;  and  after  his  death  she  resided 
chiefly  at  Bristol,  where  it  is  said  she 
was  chiefly  engaged  in  writing  her  bro- 
ther's memoirs.     D.  1850, 

PORTEUS,  Beilby,  an  eminent  pre- 
late, was  b.  1731,  at  York,  and  entered 
as  a  sizar  at  Christ's  college,  Cambridire, 
where  he  obtained  a  fellowship.  After 
having  been  chaplain  to  Arclibishop 
Seeker,  he  was,  successively,  rector  of 
llunton,  prebendary  of  Peterborough, 


098 


CVCLOP^UIA    UF    UlOGRArHY. 


[pot 


rector  of  Lambeth,  kinrr's  chaplain,  and 
master  of  St.  Cross  hospital,  near  Win- 
chester. In  177(5,  throufjh  the  queen's 
influence,  ho  obtained  tlic  bishopric  of 
Cliestcr,  whence,  in  17S7,  he  was  trans- 
lated to  that  of  London.  Ainonof  his 
■works  are,  "Sermons;"  "A  Life  of 
Seeker ;"  and  a  Seatouian  prize  poem 
on  Death.     D.  180S. 

POSTEL,  WiLLhui,  one  of  the  most 
learned  men  of  his  a,!?e,  and  one  of  the 
wildest  visionaries,  was  b.  in  Normandy 
in  1510.  In  his  youth  he  supported 
himself  at  the  collcire  of  St.  Baroe,  by 
waitins^  upon  the  other  students.  His 
reputation  for  treneral  learning  and  an- 
tiquarian research  induced  Francis  I.  to 
send  him  to  the  East  to  collect  manu- 
scripts, which  commission  he  discharged 
so  well  as  to  be  appointed  professor  of 
ra:ithematics  and  languages,  but  he  af- 
terwards fell  into  disgrace,  and  lo.st  his 
appointments.  Having  wandered  about 
from  place  to  place,  he  was  recalled ; 
btit  lost  his  ,;ituation  again,  and  d.  in  a 
monastery  in  1581.  Among  the  wild 
and  extravagant  notions  that  he  enter- 
tained, one  was,  that  he  had  died,  and 
risen  again  witli  the  soul  of  Adam, 
whence  he  called  himself  "Postellus 
restitntus,"  he  also  maintained  that 
women  shall  have  the  dominion  over 
n;3n,  and  that  his  writings  were  revealed 
to  him  bv  .Tesus  Christ. 

POSTIIUMUS,  M.vRcus  Cassiancs 
Latixius,  a  Eoman  emperor,  one  of  the 
tliirty  tyrants,  was  of  ooscure  birth,  but 
rose  rapidly  in  the  army,  till  he  obtained 
the  command  in  Oaul.  lie  assumed  the 
imperial  title  in  2')7  ;  ruled  Gaul  and  a 
part  of  Spain,  and  obtained  various  suc- 
cesses against  the  Germans;  and  was 
murdered  by  his  soldiers  in  267. 

POTEMKIN,  Gkkoory  Alexandro- 
vrrscH,  a  Russian  prince  and  field-mar- 
shal, tlie  minion  of  <.?at4iarinc  II.,  was 
b.  1730,  in  the  neiirhborliood  of  Smo- 
lensk, of  a  noble  though  poor  family, 
and  w.as  intendeil  for  the  church,  but 
obtained  a  cornetcy  in  the  horse  guards. 
Over  the  empress,  after  the  death  of 
her  husband,  he  acquired  an  unbound- 
ed influence,  and  he  retained  it  till 
nearly  tlie  end  of  his  life.  lie  distin- 
guished himself  against  the  Turks,  par- 
ticularly in  the  war  of  1787,  when  he 
commanded  in  chief.     D.  1791. 

POTIIIER,  Robert  .losEPir,  one  of  the 
most  eminent  of  the  French  juriscon- 
sults, was  b.  1600,  at  Orleans  ;  was  pro- 
fessor of  law  in  his  native  city;  and  d. 
in  1772,  as  much  beloved  for  his  virtues 
aa  admired  for  his  extensive  learning. 


His  great  work  is  1.13  "  Digest  of  the 
Pandects  of  Justinian."  Ilis  treatises 
on  various  legal  questions  form  seven- 
teen volumes  octavo. 

POTOCKI,  Count  Stanislaus,  a  Polish 
writer  and  statesman,  of  a  family  which 
has  produced  several  eminent  charac- 
ters, was  b.  1757,  at  AVarsaw  ;  was  one 
of  those  who  contributed  most  actively 
to  establish  the  constitution  of  1791; 
was  appointed  a  palatine  senator  and 
one  of  tlie  ministers  of  the  grand  duchy 
of  Warsaw  ;  was  president  of  the  senate 
in  1818  ;  and  d.  1821.  Among  his  works 
arc,  "  A  Treatise  on  Eloquence  and 
Style ;  and  "  The  Journey  to  Ciemno- 
grod,"  a  satirical  romance. — -Claudia, 
the  wife  of  Count  Bernard  Potocki,  was 
b.  in  the  grand  duchy  of  Poscn,  in  1S02. 
She  was  the  lineal  descendant  of  the 
Polish  ambassador,  Dzialynski,  who  was 
sent  to  England  in  Elizabeth's  reign,  to 
remonstrate  against  the  infraction  of  a 
treaty  between  that  country  and  Poland, 
and  whose  bold  and  successful  eloquence 
is  recorded  in  history.  During  the 
patriotic  strugLdc  for  Polish  freedom, 
from  1830  to  ls:\^,  the  Countess  Potocki 
not  only  became  the  ^nunificent  bene- 
factress of  her  countrymen,  but  devoted 
her  persona!  energies  to  the  sacred 
cause,  and  alleviated,  by  her  kind  atten- 
tions to  the  sick  and  wounded,  much  of 
the  misery  that  the  unequal  contest  en- 
tailed on  the  gallant  spirits  who  strove 
to  shake  off  the  oppressor's  yoke.  Sur- 
rounded by  wounded  warriors,  and  the 
victims  of  cholera  in  the  hospitals  of 
"Warsaw,  neither  the  sight  of  hideous 
gashes,  nor  the  fear  of  contagion  de- 
terred her  from  her  course  of  charity : 
there,  for  seven  successive  months,  slie 
was  constantly  occupied  ;  and  when  the 
day  of  adversity  came,  the  remains  of 
her  fortune,  her  influence,  her  personal 
exertions,  were  entirely  at  the' disposal 
of  the  unfortunate  refugees.  At  one 
time,  while  residing  at  Dresden,  where 
she  had  formed  a  ladies'  committee  for 
the  relief  of  these  brave  men,  she  pledged 
herjevvels,  and  most  expensive  dresses, 
for  40,000  florins,  and  the  whole  amount 
was  instantly  sent  to  its  pious  destina- 
tion. For  tins,  the  Poles  assembled  at 
Dresden,  presented  to  her  a  bracelet, 
with  an  inscription  commemorative  of 
the  noble  act,  and  pointing  it  out  for  na- 
tional gratitude.  She  at  length  fixed  her 
residence  at  Geneva ;  and  there,  in  the 
exercise  of  those  Christian  virtues,  which 
will  immortalize  her  name,  but  worq 
out  bv  silent  grief,  slie  d.  in  1836. 

POTTER,  Paul,  a  celebrated  Dutch 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    lilOURAIMlY. 


099 


painter,  tho  son  of  an  artist,  was  b. 
HV2r,,  at  Eiiklmyseu  ;  acquired  a  perfect 
knowledge  of  his  profession  by  the  time 
that  he  was  fifteen;  and  d.  1054.  Jlis 
])ictures  are  held  in  high  estimation  for 
their  fidelity  to  nature,  and  the  beauty 
oftlicir  execution.  In  representing  ani- 
mals he  was  unequalled. — JonN,  a  learn- 
pcl  jirc'liito,  was  b.  about  1672,  at  Wake- 
field ;  was  educated  at  the  free  school 
there,  and  at  University  college,  Oxford  ; 
was  made  bishop  of  Oxford  in  1715,  and 
archbishop  of  Canterbury  in  1737  ;  and  d. 
1747.  lie  wrote  "  Archasologia  Grajca," 
and  various  theological  works ;  and  ed- 
ited Clemens  Alexandrinus,  and  Ly- 
cophrou's  "Alexandra." — Robert,  a 
divine  and  poet,  was  b.  1721  ;  was  ed- 
ucated at  Emanuel  college,  Cambridge  ; 
and  was  for  some  years  vicar  of  Seam- 
ing, after  which  he  obtained  the  livings 
of  Lowestolf  and  Kessingland,  and  a 
prebend  in  the  cathedral  of  Norwich. 
His  original  poetry  consists  of  a  volume 
of  Poems,  and  two  Odes  from  Tsaiah, 
and  is  much  above  mediocrity.  But  he 
is  best  known  by  his  spirited  versions 
of  J?schylus,  Sophocles,  and  Euripides. 
D.  1804. 

POUSSIN,  Nicholas,  one  of  the  great- 
est of  the  French  painters,  was  b.  in 
15ii4,  at  Andelys,  in  Normandy,  and  re- 
ceived instructions  from  Varin,  Elle, 
and  Lallement,  but  was  more  indebt- 
ed to  nature  .and  his  own  assiduity  than 
to  their  lessons.  In  16'24  he  went  to 
Kome,  where  ho  improved  himself  by 
studying  the  works  of  Titian,  Domeni- 
chino,  and  Raphael,  and  of  the  ancient 
sculptors.  Louis  XIII.  invited  him  to 
France  in  1G30,  and  gave  him  a  pension, 
and  apartments  in  the  Louvre ;  but 
Poussin  was  soon  disgusted  with  the 
intrigues  of  Vouet,  Le  Mercier,  and 
Fouqui(!rcs,  who  envied  and  dreaded 
liim  for  liis  superior  genius.  He  there- 
fore returned  to  Rome  in  1642,  and  re- 
mained there  till  his  decease  in  16G5. 
His  pictures  are  numerous  and  highly 
esteemed ;  in  landscape  he  particularly 
excelled. — Gaspar,  an  eminent  painter, 
was  b.  1613,  at  Rome.  His  name  was 
]~>roiiF.T,  but  he  took  the  surname  of  his 
pictorial  preceptor,  Nicholas,  who  was 
his  brother-in-law.  In  landscape  he  ac- 
quired a  high  reputation.  Such  was  the 
rapidity  with  which  he  worked  that  he 
often  completed  a  picture  in  the  course 
of  a  day.     D.  1765. 

POWELL,  Sir  Jonx,  an  eminent  and 
honest  lawyer,  was  b.  of  a  very  ancient 
and  wealthy  family  at  Pentrymeyrick,  in 
the  parish  "of  Llanwrda,  Caermarthen- 


shire.  lie  was  a  judge  in  the  court  of 
King's  Bench,  in  1688,  and  distin- 
guished himself  so  much  by  his  integ- 
rity and  ability  on  the  trial  of  the  seven 
bi.shops,  that  James  II.,  deprived  him 
of  liis  office,  but  he  was  restored  to  it 
at  the  revolution,  and  sat  there  until  hia 
death  in  1006. 

POWN.\LL,  Thomas,  a  learned  anti- 
quary and  politician,  was  b.  at  Lincoln, 
in  1722.  lie  held  several  situations  un- 
der government,  and  having  greatly 
exerted  himself  in  America  to  suppress 
the  rising  spirit  of  discontent  among 
tlie  colonists,  he  was  in  1757,  appointed 
governor  of  Massacliusett's  Bay,  and 
subsequently  of  Carolina.  On  returning 
to  England  in  1761,  he  was  made  direc- 
tor-general of  the  control  office,  with 
the  military  rank  of  colonel ;  but  the 
latter  part  of  liis  life  was  spent  at  Bath, 
in  literary  retirement.  His  principal 
works  are,  "  On  the  Administration  of 
the  Colonies,"  "Description  of  part  of 
North  America,"  "Treatise  on  the 
Study  of  Antiquities."  "  On  the  Anti- 
quities of  the  Provincia  Romana  of 
Gaul,"  "  Descriptions  of  Roman  An- 
tiquities dug  up  at  Bath,"  "  Intellectual 
Phvsics,"  besides  many  political  tracts. 
D."lS05. 

PRADT,  Abbe  Domisiquk  dk,  a 
French  ecclesiastic  and  apolitical  writer, 
b.  at  Auvergne  in  1759.  He  was  grand 
vicar  at  the  revolution  to  the  Cardinal 
Rochefoucauld,  and  was  elected  deputy 
for  the  Norman  clergy  to  the  states- 
general,  1789.  He  opposed  the  union  of 
his  order  to  the  tiers  etaf,  protested 
against  the  new  order  of  things,  and 
was  consequently  obliged  to  emigrate, 
cstablishiiig  himself  for  a  considerable 
time  at  Hamburgh.  In  that  city  he 
published  in  1788,'  the  first  of  his  volu- 
minous series  of  political  pamplilets, 
called  "  Antidote  to  the  Congress  of 
Radstadt."  In  another,  termed  "Prus- 
sia, and  her  Neutrality,"  he  urjred  a 
coalition  of  Europe  against  the  French 
republic.  But  after  the  revohition, 
which  made  Bonaparte  first  consul,  he 
made  interest  with  his  patron,  Duroc, 
to  enter  Bonaparte's  service,  and  by  dint 
of  well-timed  flatterv',  became  bis  grand 
almoner.  On  the  coronation  of  the 
emperor,  in  1804,  at  which  be  assisted, 
he  was  invested  with  the  title  of  baron, 
received  a  gratuity  of  40,000  francs,  was 
made  bishop  of  Poitiers,  and  was  or- 
dained by  Pius  VII.  in  person,  in  1805. 
On  the  war  airainst  Russia  occurring  in 
1812,  he  was  scut  ambassador  to  the 
duchy  of  Warsaw,  aa  be  states,  in  hia 


700 


CYCLOP.^SDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHV. 


[pre 


"History  of  the  Polish  Embassy," 
painfully  and  violently  aprainst  his  wish. 
Puring  the  retreat  from  ^loscow,  Napo- 
leon liad  an  interview  with  him  at  a 
lone  cottage,  reproached  him  with 
treachery,  and  divested  him  of  his  em- 
bassy. On  his  return  to  Paris,  he  found 
all  his  employments  taken  from  him. 
He  was  ordered  to  quit  Paris  for  his 
diocese,  and  did  not  return  till  the  fall 
of  Napoleon,  and  the  entry  of  the  Bour- 
bons into  France  in  ISl-i.  lie  wrote 
bis  "Vindicatory  History"  then,  but 
did  not  publish  it  till  after  the  battle  of 
Waterloo,  and  Napoleon's  departure  for 
St.  Helena.  He  was  made  by  the  Bour- 
bons chancellor  of  tlie  legion  of  honor; 
but  a  new  disgrace  overtook  him,  he 
retired  from  the  scene,  and  did  not  re- 
appear till  after  tlie  "hundred  days." 
He  subsequently  ceded  all  the  rights  of 
his  archbishop's  sec  to  the  king  of  the 
Netherlands,  for  a  yearly  pension  of 
10,000  francs,  and,  retiring  into  private 
life,  occupied  himself  with  the  contin- 
ued publication  of  political  pamphlets. 
In  all  these  latter  publications,  however, 
he  espoused  the  cause  of  wise  and  tem- 
perate constitutional  reform.     D.  1837. 

PPvATT,  Charles,  Earl  Camden,  a 
celebrated  lawyer,  the  son  of  Chief  Jus- 
tice Pratt,  was"  b.  1713  ;  studied  at  Eton, 
King'.s  college,  Cambridge,  and  Lincoln's 
Inn";  was  chosen  member  for  Downton 
in  17ol;  wa.s,  successively,  recorder  of 
Bath,  attorney-general,  chief  justice  of 
the  common  pleas,  lord  chancellor,  and 
president  of  the  council.  The  title  of 
Daron  he  obtained  in  170"),  and  that  of 
carl  in  1786.  D.  1794. — Samuel  Jack- 
son, a  once  popular  novelist  and  miscel- 
laneous writer,  was  b.  in  1749.  at  >St. 
Ives,  in  Huntingdonshire,  and,  after 
having  been  an  actor,  an  itinerant  lec- 
turer, and  a  bookseller,  he  became  .in 
author  by  profession.  Of  his  numerous 
•works  tiie  principal  are,  the  poems  of 
"  Sympatliy  and  Landscapes  in  Verse  ;" 
the  tragedy  of  "  The  Fair  Circissian ;" 
the  novels  of  "  Liberal  Opinions,"  "Em- 
ma Corbet,"  "  The  Pujjil  of  Pleasure," 
"  Shenstone  Green,"  and  "Family  Se- 
crets ;"  "  (ileanintrs  through  Wales, 
Holland,  and  Westphalia;"  "Gleanings 
in  England,"  and  "Harvest  Home." 
D.  1814. — Benjamin,  chief  justice  of 
New  York,  was  b.  in  Massacliusetts,  in 
1713,  and  was  graduated  at  Harvard 
collofre.  He  i-tudied  law,  and  entering 
on  its  practice  in  Boston  noon  became 
emlncLt.  Turning  his  attention  to  pub- 
lie  alFairs,  he  soon  rose  to  political  dis- 
tinction, and  by  the  influence  of  Governor 


Pownell  was  appointed  chief  justice  of 
New  York.  He  had  made  collections 
for  a  history  of  New  England,  and  pos- 
sessed considerable  talent  for  poetry. 
D.  1763. 

PRAXITELES,  a  famous  Grecian 
sculptor,  is  believed  to  have  been  a  na- 
tive of  Athens,  to  have  flourished  early 
in  tlic  4th  century  b.  c,  and  to  have  d. 
at  the  age  of  SO.  He  was  long  attached 
to  the  t'elebrated  Phrync,  of  whom  he 
executed  two  statues,  one  of  which  was 
placed  in  the  temple  of  Delphi,  the  otiier 
in  the  temple  of  Love  at  Thespia.  His 
"Venus"  at  Cnidus  was  considered  as 
one  of  the  most  finished  productions  of 
Greece. 

PKEBLE,  Edward,  a  distinguished 
naval  otticcr  in  the  American  service, 
was  b.  at  Falmouth,  in  Maine,  17G1,  and 
entered  the  navy  as  a  midshipman  in 
1779.  He  soon  rose  to  the  rank  of  lieu- 
tenant, and  during  the  revolutionary  war 
distinguished  himself  by  capturing  a 
British  vessel  at  Penobscot.  In  179S  he 
was  appointed  to  the  command  of  the 
brig  Pickering,  and  soon  after  to  the 
Essex.  He  commanded,  in  1803,  a  fleet 
sent  against  the  Barbary  powers,  and 
repeatedly  attacked  Tripoli  with  consid- 
erable success.  In  1804  he  returned  to 
the  United  States,  and  d.  1807. 

PKENTISS,  Sargeant  S.,  a  young 
lawyer,  b.  in  Maine,  went  to  Natches 
and  New  Orleans  to  practise  law.  In 
1837  he  was  elected  to  congress,  but  the 
right  to  his  seat  was  disputed,  and  he 
was  rejected.  But  the  speeches  he  made 
in  his  own  behalf,  as  well  as  his  argu- 
ments before  various  courts,  gave  him  a 
reputation  as  one  of  the  most  eloquent 
speakers  in  the  Union.    B.  1810;  d.  1850. 

PKESCOTT,  William,  a  distinguished 
revolutionary  ofiiccr,  was  b.  in  1726,  at 
Groton,  Mass.  At  the  capture  of  Cape 
]}reton,  in  1758,  he  was  a  lieutenant  of 
the  provincial  troops,  and  attracted,  by 
his  conduct  in  that  campaign,  the  notice 
of  the  Britisii  general,  who  oftered  him 
a  commission  in  the  regular  army,  which, 
however,  he  declined ;  in  1774,  when  the 
struggle  between  the  colonies  and  the 
mother  country  was  at  hand,  he  was 
appointed  to  command  a  regiment  of 
minute-men,  organized  by  the  provincial 
congress,  and,  on  receiving  notice  of  the 
intended  operations  of  General  Gage 
against  Concord,  marched  with  it  to 
Lexington.  Before  he  arrived,  however, 
the  British  had  retreated,  and  he  then 
proceeded  to  Cambridge,  where  he  en- 
tered the  army  that  was  ordered  to  be 
raised,  the  greater  part  of  his  officers 


PRi] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    UlOtiKAlMIT. 


701 


and  men  volunteering  to  serve  with  him 
for  the  first  campaign.  On  the  lOth  of 
June,  177">,  he  was  ordered  to  Cliarle.-*- 
t<iwn,  with  tiirco  regiments,  aiul  directed 
to  tlirow  up  works  on  Bunker  hill.  O.ii 
reaching  the  ground,  it  was  perceived 
that  tiie  neighboring  elevation,  called 
Urccds'  hill,  was  a  more  suitable  station  ; 
and  on  it  the  defences  were  erected. 
The  next  day,  as  is  well  known,  General 
Howe  witli  a  force  more  than  quadruple 
that  under  the  orders  of  Colonel  Pres- 
cott,  attcniiited  to  dislodge  him,  and, 
after  a  contest  among  the  most  memo- 
ruble  in  the  American  annals,  succeeded 
in  ctfecting  that  object  with  immense 
loss.  Colonel  Prescott  was  one  of  the 
last  to  leave  the  intrenchments  when  he 
found  it  necessary  to  order  a  retreat, 
and  he  offered  to  the  commander-in- 
chief  to  retake  the  position  the  same 
night,  if  lie  would  give  liim  two  regi- 
ments. In  1777  he  resigned  his  com- 
mand, and  returned  home ;  but  in  the 
autumn  of  the  same  year,  he  went  as  a 
volunteer  to  the  nortliern  army  under 
General  Gates,  and  was  present  at  the 
capture  of  Burgoyne.  This  was  his  last 
military  service.  JIc  subsequently  sat 
in  the  legislature  of  his  native  state  for 
several  vears.    D.  1795. 

PKi;VOST  D'EXILES,  Anthont 
FnANcis,  one  of  the  most  fertile  of 
French  writers,  was  b.  16'J7,  at  llesdin. 
His  early  life  was  restless  and  changeful. 
He  hesitated  between  a  monastic  and  a 
military  life,  twice  made  a  trial  of  both, 
became  at  Inst  a  Benedictine,  and  ended 
by  flyins:  from  the  convent,  taking  shel- 
ter in  Holland,  and  adopting  the  profes- 
sion of  an  author.  His  end  was  equally 
singular.  In  1703  he  was  struck  by  an 
apoplectic  fit  in  the  forest  of  Chaniilly, 
and  was  found  apparently  lifeless.  As 
soon  as  the  surgeon  proceeded  to  use 
tlie  knife  on  his  body,  he  screamed  and 
ojiened  his  eyes,  but  the  incision  was 
m<irtal,  and  he  almost  immediately  ex- 
)iired.  His  works  amount  to  one  hun- 
dred and  seventy  volumes.  Of  his 
novels,  the  best  are,  "  Memoirs  of  a 
Man  of  Quality,"  the  "Dean  of  Cole- 
reine,"  "Cleveland,"  and  "Manon  L'Es- 
caut."  Amonij  his  other  productions 
are,  "A  History  of  Voyages  and  Trav- 
els," and  "The  Pro  and  Con,"  a  peri- 
odical paper. 

PIIICE,  EicnAiiD,  an  eminent  dis- 
sentinc:  minister,  universally  known  and 
celebrateil  for  his  great  abilities  in  arith- 
metical calculations,  and  for  very  numer- 
ous and  valuable  writings,  thcolotrical, 
moral,  and  scientific,  w.is  b.  at  Llangun- 


nor,  in  1723,  and  became  pastor  of  a 
nonconformist  congregation,  of  Ariau 
or  semi-Arian  principles,  at  Hackney, 
where  he  continued  as  long  as  he  lived. 
He  was  the  friend  of  man,  and  the  most 
intrepid  assertor  of  his  rights.  During 
the  American  war,  he  printed  two 
pamphlets  against  that  measure,  one 
entitled  "Observations  on  Civil  Liber- 
tv,"  and  the  other,  "Observations  on 
Oivil  Government,"  for  which  the  corpo- 
ration of  London  voted  him  thanks  and 
a  gold  box,  and  the  luiiversity  of  Glas- 
gow conferred  on  him  the  degree  of  D.D. 
In  1778  he  had  a  friendly  controversy 
with  Dr.  Priestley,  on  materialism  and 
necessity.  On  the  termination  of  the 
war,  Mr.  Pitt  consulted  Dr.  Price  re- 
specting the  best  mode  of  liquidating 
the  national  debt,  the  result  of  which,  it 
is  said,  was  the  adoption  of  the  sinking 
fund.  ^Vhen  the  French  revolution 
broke  out,  he  distinguished  himself  by 
a  sermon,  "  On  the  tove  of  Country,"  i.'j 
which  he  hailed  that  event  as  the  com- 
mencement of  a  glorious  era.  This  drew 
upon  the  preacher  some  strong  animad- 
versions irom  Mr.  Burke,  in  his  cele- 
brated "Keiiections."     D.  1791. 

PRIDEAUX,  HiMPHRET,  a  learned 
divine,  was  b.  in  1648,  at  Padstow,  in 
Cornwall ;  was  educated  at  Westminster 
school,  and  at  Christ-church  college,  Ox- 
ford, and  d.  in  1724,  dean  of  Norwich. 
His  great  work  is  "The  Connection  of 
the  History  of  the  Old  and  New  Testa- 
ment." Among  his  other  productions 
are,  "A  Eife  of  Mahomet,"  and  "The 
Oriffiual  Right  of  Tithes." 

PRIESTLEY,  Joseph,  an  eminent  dis- 
senting divine  and  experimental  philos- 
opher, was  b.  in  1733,  at  Fieldheaa  ;  was 
educated  at  Daventry,  and,  after  having 
been  tutor  at  Warrington,  and  pastor  to 
various  congregations,  and  having  ac- 
quired considerable  reputation  as  an 
experimentalist  and  autlior,  he  became 
companion  to  the  earl  of  Shelburue.  At 
the  end  of  a  seven  years'  residence  with 
that  nobleman,  he  received  a  pension, 
and  settled,  in  1780,  at  Birinnigham. 
Tlierc  he  proceeded  actively  with  his 
philosopliieal  and  theological  researches, 
and  was  also  appointed  pastor  to  a  dis- 
senting congregation.  In  17'.U,  however, 
the  scene  changed.  His  religious  prin- 
ciples, and  his  avowed  partiality  to  tlie 
French  revolution,  excited  the  liatrcd 
of  the  high  church  and  tory  party, 
and  in  the  riots  which  took  place  in 
July,  his  house,  library,  mannserii>ts, 
and  apparatus,  were  connnitted  to  the 
llames  by  the  infuriated  mob,  and  lie 


ro-2 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


I  PRO 


was  exposed  to  prcat  personal  danger. 
Quitting  Birmingliain,  he  succeeded  Dr. 
I'rice,  at  lluckuey ;  but,  in  IT'Ji,  con- 
ceiving himself  to  be  insecure  from  pop- 
ular I'age,  he  embarked  for  America. 
He  took  up  his  abotle  at  Northumber- 
land, Penn.,  at  which  place  he  d.  ]May 
G,  1S04.  As  a  piiilosopher  his  fame 
principally  rests  upon  his  pneumatic  in- 
quiries. Ilis  works  extend  to  between 
seventy  and  eighty  volumes.  Among 
them  are  lectures'  on  "General  His- 
tory," on  the  "  Theory  and  History  of 
Lanjruage,"  and  on  the  "Principles  of 
Oratory  and  Criticism;"  "Charts  of  Bi- 
ograpliy  and  History,"  "  Disquisitions 
relating  to  Matter  and  Spirit,"  "Hart- 
leiau  Theory  of  the  Human  ilind," 
"  History  of  the  Corruptions  of  Christi- 
anity," "  Letters  to  a  Pliilosophical  Un- 
believer," "  Institutes  of  Natural  and 
Pevcaled  Keligion,"  "  History  of  Elec- 
tricity," "History  of  Vision,  Light,  and 
Colors,"  and  "Experiments  and  Obser- 
vati'ins  on  different  Kinds  of  Air." 

PKINGLE,  TnoMAs,  a  highly  esteem- 
ed poet  and  miscellaneous  writer,  was 
b.  at  Blaiklaw,  in  Teviotdale,  in  1789. 
Soon  after  his  studies  at  the  university 
of  Edinburgh  were  completed,  he  ob- 
tained a  clerkship  in  the  register  of- 
fice; but  his  poetic  as[)irations  found 
vent  even  in  the  dull  routine  of  such  an 
occupation,  and,  in  1816,  his  "Scenes 
of  Teviottlale,"  which  he  contributed  to 
the  "Poetic  Mirror,"  having  attracted 
the  notice  of  Sir  W.  (then  Mr.)  Scott, 
he  was  led  to  embrace  literature  as  a 
profession.  He  was,  for  a  short  period, 
editor  of  "Blackwood's  Magazine"  in 
1817,  but  a  ditlerence  of  politics  between 
him  and  the  j)ublisher,  soon  led  to  his 
resignation.  He  became  secretary  of 
the  anti-slavery  society,  a  situation 
which  he  held  till  tlie  object  of  that 
body  was  accomplished.  Besides  being 
the  editor  of  the  well-known  annual, 
"  Friendshijj's  Olfering,"  he  published, 
in  18'J8,  his  "  Ephemerides,"  acolleclinn 
of  songs,  sonnets,  and  other  juvenile 
jiieees;  and,  in  1834,  appeared  his  "  Af- 
rican Sketches,"  which,  together  with 
his  interesting  account  of  a  "  Narrative 
>f  a  Kesidence  in  South  Africa,"  seem 
ikely  to  perpetuate  his  fame.     D.  18o4. 

PRIOR,  MArniEW,  a  celebrated  poet 
md  statesman,  was  b.  1004,  but  whether 
in  Middlesex  or  Dorsetshire  is  uncer- 
tain. Being  left  fatherless,  he  was  sent 
by  his  uncle,  a  vintner,  to  Westminster 
school ;  and,  after  lie  quitted  that  sem- 
inary, was  I'ortunate  enough  to  attract 
the  notice  of  the  carl  of  Douet,  who 


placed  him  at  St.  John's  college,  Cam- 
bridge. "While  he  was  at  the  university 
he  wrote,  in  conjunction  with  Montague. 
"  Tlie  City  Mouse  and  Country  Mouse," 
in  ridicule  of  Dryden's  "  Hind  and  Pan- 
ther." The  work  was  advantageous  to 
both.  In  lO'Jl,  he  was  appointed  secre- 
tary of  the  embassy  which  was  sent  to 
the  congress  at  the  Hague.  After  hav- 
ing been  gentleman  of  the  bed-chamber, 
and  again,  in  1697,  secretary  of  embassy, 
he  was,  in  1700,  made  uuder-seeretary 
of  stale,  and,  shortly  after,  commissioner 
of  trade.  During  the  greatest  part  of 
the  reign  of  Anne,  he  was  chiefly  en- 
gaged in  literary  pursuits ;  but,  when 
the  whigs  were  displaced,  he  was  em- 
ployed to  negotiate  the  treaty  of  Utrecht, 
and  was  subsequently  nominated  am- 
bassador at  the  French  court.  For  his 
share  in  the  treaty,  he  was  committed 
to  prison  after  the  accession  of  George 
I.,  and  was  threatened  with  impeach- 
ment, but  was  at  length  disehargecl.  His 
poems,  which  have  long  been  received 
into  the  collected  works  of  the  British 
poets,  are  often  spirited,  and  are  very 
seldom  deficient  iu  melody  or  in  ele- 
gance.    D.  1721. 

PKISCIAN,  or  PKISCIANUS,  a  cel- 
ebrated grammarian,  was  1).  at  Cajsarca, 
and  was  the  master  of  a  famous  school 
at  Coinstantinople,  about  525.  His  prin- 
cipal work  is  a  treatise  on  grammar. 
His  rigid  attention  to  correctness  gave 
rise  to  the  saying  of  "  breaking  Pris- 
cian's  head,"  which  is  applied  to  the 
violators  of  grammatical  rules. 

PKOCACCINI,  Caiiillo,  an  eminent 
painter,  b.  at  Bologna,  1546.  He  studied 
the  works  of  Parmegiano  and  Michael 
Angelo,  and  obtained  a  high  reputation 
for  the  beauty  of  his  coloring  and  the 
lightness  of  his  touch.  D.  1626. — Giulio 
Cesare,  his  brother,  b.  in  1548,  adopted 
the  style  of  Correggio,  and  surpassed  all 
his  other  imitators.  D.  1626. — Carlo 
Antonio,  another  brotlier,  excelled  as  a 
fruit  and  flower  painter. 

PliOClDA,  John  of,  a  native  of  Pa- 
lermo, was  b.  of  a  noble  family,  about 
1225.  He  was  the  chief  of  the  conspir- 
acy against  Charles  of  Anjou ;  and  his 
efforts  to  accomplish  the  expulsion  of 
the  French  displayed  talents  of  a  high 
order,  and  yere  finally  crowned  with 
success.     D.  1303. 

PKOCLUS,  a  Platonic  philosopher, 
was  b.  in  410,  at  Constantinople.  Ho 
studied  at  Alexandria,  and  at  Athens, 
where  he  succeeded  Syriacus  in  the  Pla- 
tonic school,  and  d.  485.  Several  of  his 
works  are  extant. 


purj 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


ro3 


PRONY,  Gaspakd-Claie-Francois- 
MAitiii-KiciiE  DE,  baron  dc  Proiiy,  a  dis- 
tinguished Frent'li  matlieniutifi;m.  lie 
was  the  pnnil,  and,  subsequently,  tiie 
assistant  ofPerronet,  and  was  much  em- 
ployed by  Napoleon,  thousjh  the  latter 
was  deeply  ollendcd  by  Tronv's  refusal 
to  aeoompany  him  to  E^ypt.  Independ- 
ent of  his  various  missions  as  an  engi- 
neer, and  of  his  labors  as  a  professor  at 
the  Polytechnic  school,  M.  I'rony  was 
author  of  between  thirty  and  forty  vol- 
umes, chiefly  of  most  laborious  and  ex- 
tensive caleulation.s.    B.  1775;  d.  1839. 

PKOTAGORAS,  a  Grecian  sophist, 
was  b.  at  Abdera,  about  4SS  b.  c.  ;  exer- 
cised in  his  youth  the  calling  of  a  porter ; 
opened  at  Athens  a  school  of  philoso- 
jiliy,  and  acquired  great  reputation  and 
riches ;  was  banished  on  a  charge  of 
atheism,  and  perished  by  shipwreck  at 
the  age  of  seventy.  Prodicus  was  one 
of  his  disciples. 

PROTOGENES,  an  eminent  Grecian 
painter,  a  native  of  Caunus,  in  Caria, 
flourished  about  SZ(y  b.  c.  A  consider- 
able part  of  his  life  was  spent  in  ob- 
scurity, but  he  was  at  length  brought 
into  notice  by  Apclles  giving  a  large 
price  for  one  of  his  pictures.  His  mas- 
terpiece was  a  picture  of  lalysus,  the 
founder  of  Rhodes,  on  which  he  was 
em|il<\vod  for  seven  years. 

I'RVNNE,  William,  a  lawyer  and 
political  writer,  was  b.  in  1600,  at  Swans- 
wick  ;  was  educated  at  Bath  grammar 
school,  and  Oriel  college,  Oxford  ;  stud- 
ied the  law  at  Lincoln's  Inn ;  and  was 
successively  made  barrister,  bencher, 
and  reader.  His  "  Histrio-Mastix,"  a 
violent  attack  on  tlie  stage,  and  his 
'•  News  from  Ipswich,"  twice  brought 
on  him,  in  1033  and  1637,  the  vengeance 
of  the  infamous  star-chamber.  He  was 
branded,  deprived  of  his  cars,  pilloried, 
fined  ten  tlu)usand  pounds,  and  doomed 
to  perpetual  imprisonment.  He  ob- 
tained his  liberty  in  1640,  was  elected 
member  for  Newport,  and  bore  a  prom- 
inent part  in  the  trial  of  Laud,  his  per- 
secutor. After  the  overthrow  of  Charles, 
liowever,  Prynne  endeavored  to  effect 
an  accommodation  between  him  and  his 
subjects  :  and  lie  opposed  Cromwell 
with  such  boldnest\  tliat  the  protector 
imprisoned  him.  He  joined  in  the  res- 
toration of  Charles  II. ;  was  appointed 
keeper  of  the  records  in  the  Tower ;  and 
d.  1669. 

PSALMANAZAR,  Geokge,  the  as- 
sumed name  of  a  singular  character, 
who  began  his  career  in  life  by  acting 
the  part  of  an  impostor.    He  was  b.  in 


1G79,  in  the  south  of  France,  and  re- 
ceived an  excellent  education.  Anion? 
the  many  disguises  which  he  assumed 
was  that  of  a  native  of  Formosa,  and  to 
keep  np  the  delusion  he  invented  na 
alphabet,  grammar,  and  history  of  the 
island,  which  were  considered  as  au- 
thentic by  many  eminent  men.  The 
cheat  was  not  discovered  till  after  he 
had  been  sent  to  Oxford,  He  subse- 
quently pained  a  subsistence  by  writing 
lor  the  booksellers.  A  large  portion  of 
the  ancient  part  of  the  "  Universal  His- 
tory" was  written  by  him ;  and  he  left 
behind  him  his  own  memoirs.    I).  1763. 

PTOLEMY,  Claudius,  an  ancient  as- 
tronomer and  geographer,  was  b.  about 
70,  in  Egypt,  but  whether  at  Pelusium, 
as  some  say,  is  doubtful.  Alexandria 
was  the  place  where  he  resided.  He 
wrote  various  astronomical  and  geo- 
graphical works.  The  system  which 
makes  the  earth  the  centre  of  the  solar 
and  planetary  motions  takes  its  name 
from  him. 

PUFFENDORF,  Samuel,  an  eminent 
German  publicist  and  historian,  was  b. 
in  1632,  near  Chemnitz,  in  Saxony;  was 
educated  at  Leipsic  and  Jena  ;  was, 
successively,  in  the  service  of  the  elector 
palatine,  Charles-  XI.  of  Sweden,  and 
the  elector  of  Brandenburg;  and  d.  in 
1694.  Of  his  works  the  chief  are,  "  The 
Law  of  Nature  and  Nations,"  "  The 
Elements  of  Jurisprudence,"  "  The 
State  of  the  German  Empire,"  and  an 
"  Introduction  to  the  History  of  Eu- 
rope;  "Commentaries  on  Swedish  Af- 
fairs," and  "  Lives  of  Scanderbeg, 
Charles  Gustavus  of  Sweden,  and  Fred- 
eric III.  of  Brandenburg." 

PUGATSCIIEFF,  Jemei„tax,  or  Yem- 
ELKA,  the  leader  of  a  predatory  band  in 
Russia,  and  a  daring  impostor,  was  a 
Don  Cossack,  and  b.  in  1726.  After 
serving  in  the  Prussian  and  Austrian 
armies,  he  returned  to  his  own  countrj* ; 
and  being  possessed  of  a  striking  per- 
sonal resemblance  to  the  lately  deceased 
emperor,  Peter  III.,  he  was  in  1773  en- 
couraged to  pass  himself  for  that  mon- 
arch. At  first  he  had  but  few  followers, 
but  they  increased  to  the  number  of 
16,000  men.  He  several  times  defeated 
the  troops  of  the  empress  ;  captured 
Kasan,  tlie  old  capital  of  the  empire; 
and  continued  liis  ravages  for  nearly 
two  yeai-s.  At  length,  just  as  Moscow 
was  threatened,  he  was  betrayed  by 
some  of  his  party,  and  executed,  to- 
gether with  the  other  rebel  leaders,  at 
Moscow,  in  1775. 

PUIS  AYE,  Count  Joseph,  one  of  tht 


704 


CYCLOP.EDI.V  OF  BIOGRAPHY. 


[I'YK 


most  nble  of  the  French  royfilist  chiefs, 
was  b.  aboil"  17.')4,  at  Montasfne,  and 
was  descended  from  an  ancient  and  no- 
ble linnily.  lie  was  intended  for  the 
cliurch,  but  preferred  the  military  pro- 
fession. In  17S9  the  nobility  of  Ferche 
deputed  him  as  their  representative  to 
the  states-sreneral.  lie  sat  in  the  con- 
Btitiient  assembly,  and  was  an  enlight-' 
cned  friend  of  reform.  In  1793  he  held 
a  command  in  the  departmental  army, 
under  Wimpfen,  and  was  consequently 
proscribed  by  the  convention.  He  took 
refuse  in  JJritany,  where,  by  dint  of 
eloquence,  talent,  and  activity,  he  or- 
pauized  a  formidable  force,  under  the 
name  of  Choiians.  He  visited  Eni^land 
in  1704,  obtained  a  powerful  succor,  and 
returned  with  it  to  Franco  in  1795  ;  but 
his  liopes  were  blasted  by  envious  in- 
trigues of  his  own  party,  who  occasioned 
the  disaster  at  Quiberon.  After  having 
continued  his  efforts  for  two  years  longer, 
he  resigned  )iis  commission,  disgusted 
by  the  conduct  of  the  Bourbons,  and 
fixed  his  abode  in  Canada,  whence  he 
afterwards  removed  to  England.  D. 
1827. 

PULASKI,  Count,  a  celebrated  sol- 
dier, was  a  native  of  Poland,  and  made 
brave  though  unsuccessful  efforts  to  re- 
store his  country  to  independence.  He 
came  to  the  United  States  during  the 
revolutionary  war,  was  appointed  a 
brigadier-general  in  the  American  army, 
and  was  mortally  wounded  in  the  attack 
on  Savannah  iii  1779.  Congress  voted 
to  erect  a  monument  to  his  memory, 

PULCI,  Lours,  an  Italian  poet,  was  b. 
1432,  at  Florence;  was  the  friend  of 
Lorenzo  di  Medici,  Politian,  and  other 
eminent  men  ;  was  the  inventor  of  that 
species  of  licroi-comic  poetry  which 
bears  the  name  of  Berni;  and  d.  about 
1487.  His  great  work  is  the  "  Mor- 
gaute  Magiriorc,"  a  truly  poetical  produc- 
tion, an  idea  of  which  may  be  formed 
from  speeimena  translated  by  Lord 
Bvron. 

VULTKXEY,  William,  earl  of  Bath, 
tho  political  antagonist  of  Sir  Robert 
Walpole,  was  b.  1G82,  and  educated  at 
Westminster  school,  and  Christ-church, 
Oxford.  On  tiic  accession  of  George  I. 
he  was  appointed  a  privy  councillor  and 
secretary  at  war  ;  but  a  dispute  with  Sir 
KoV)crt  Walpole  caused  liis  removal  to 
the  ranks  ot  the  opposition.  He  joined 
Bolingbroke  in'  conducting  a  paper, 
c.illed  the  "Craftsman,"  tlie  object  of 
which  was  to  annoy  the  minister.  This 
produced  a  duel  between  Pultcney,  and 
Lord  Hcrvey;    and  the  king  was  so 


much  displeased  with  the  conduct  of 
the  former,  thac  ho  struck  his  name  out 
of  the  list  of  privy  councillors,  and  also 
from  the  commission  of  the  peace.  On 
the  resignation  of  Walpole,  in  1741, 
Pultcney  was  created  earl  of  Bath  :  but 
from  that  time  his  popularity  and  in- 
fluence ceased.     D.  1764. 

FURCELL,  Henry,  a  celebrated  En- 
glish composer,  was  b.  IGoS  ;  was  or- 
ganist of  Westminster  abbey  at  the  age 
of  18,  and  was  afterwards  appointed 
organist  of  the  chapel  royal ;  and  d. 
1095.  Among  liis  works  are,  "  An- 
tliems."  "Sonatas,"  "  Orpheus  Britan- 
nicus,"  and  the  opera  of  "  Diocle- 
tian." 

PURCHAS,  Samuel,  a  divine,  was  b. 
in  1577,  at  Thaxted,  in  Essex;  was  edu- 
cated at  St.  John's  college,  Oxford ;  and 
d.  in  li5'2S,  rector  of  St.  Martin's,  Lud- 
gate.  His  principal  work  is  the  well- 
known  collection  of  voyages,  which 
bears  the  title  of  "Purchas,  his  Pilgrim- 
ages, or  Relations  of  the  World." 
"PUTNAM,  Israel,  an  officer  in  the 
army  of  the  American  revolution,  was 
b.  in  Salem,  Mass.,  1718.  He  received 
but  a  meagre  education,  and  removing 
to  Connecticut,  engaged  in  agriculture. 
In  the  French  war  he  commanded  a 
company,  and  was  engaged  in  several 
contests  with  the  enemy.  In  1756  he 
fell  into  an  ambuscade  of  savages,  and 
was  exposed  to  the  most  cruel  tortures. 
He  obtained  his  release  in  1759,  and  re- 
turned to  his  farm.  Soon  after  the  bat- 
tle at  Lexington  he  joined  the  army  at 
Cambridge,  was  appointed  major-gen- 
eral, and  distinnruishcd  himself  at  Bunk- 
er hill.  In  1776  he  was  sent  to  com- 
plete the  fortifications  at  New  York,  and 
afterwards  to  fortify  Philadelphia.  In 
the  winterof  1777  he  was  stationed  with 
a  small  body  at  Princeton,  and  in  the 
spring  appointed  to  a  command  in  the 
Highlands,  where  he  remained  most  of 
the  time  till  the  close  of  1779,  when  he 
was  disabled  by  an  attack  of  paralysis. 
He  was  brave,  energetic,  and  one  of  the 
inost  eflieient  officers  of  the  revolution. 
1).  1790. 

PYE,  Henry  James,  a  poet  of  an 
ancient  Berkshire  family,  was  b.  in  1745, 
in  London  ;  was  educated  at  Magdalen 
college,  Oxford ;  ruined  his  fortune  by 
becoming  a  candidate  for  Berks ;  was 
appointed  poet  laureate  and  a  police  ma- 
gistrate, in  1790  and  1792 ;  and  d.  in 
1813.  His  principal  works  are  "  Alfred," 
an  epic;  "Translations  of  the  poetics 
of  Aristotle,"  "Six  Odes  of  Pindar," 
and  "  Homer's  Hymns ;"  "  The  Demo- 


qui] 


CrCLOP^DIA    OF    BIOGKAPHY. 


705 


cr.it,"  "The  Aristocrat,"  and  "Com- 
ments on  the  Coinmeutators  upon  Shak- 
spearo." 

PYM,  John,  a  lawyer,  was  b.  1584,  in 
Soniersetsliire.  After  navino:  finished 
liis  education  at  Broudgate  hall,  Oxford, 
he  studied  law  at  one  of  the  inns  of 
court,  and  was  called  to  the  bar.  Du- 
ring the  reiirns  of  James  I.  and  Charles 
I.  he  had  a  scat  in  parliament,  and  was 
a  strict  Puritan,  and  a  strenuous  oppo- 
nent of  the  arbitrary  measures  of  the 
crown.  lie  was  one  of  the  five  mem- 
bers whom  the  infatuated  Charles  de- 
manded to  be  given  up  to  liim  by  tlie 
liouse  of  commons.  Tym  d.  in  1643, 
not  long  after  having  been  appointed 
lieutenant  of  the  ordnance. 

PYRKHO,  a  Greek  philosopher,  who 
flourished  about  340  b.  c,  was  b.  at  Elea, 
in  the  Peloponnesus,  and  was  originally 
a  jiainter,  but  became  a  disciple  ofAnax- 
archus,  whom  he  accompanied  iti  the 
expedition  of  Alexander.  On  his  re- 
turn his  fellow-citizens  made  him  their 


high  priest,  and  the  Athenians  gave  him 
the  rights  of  eilizensiiip.  lie  lived  to 
the  ago  of  90.  Pyrrho  founded  the 
sect  of  the  Skeptics  or  Pyrrhoni.'>ts, 

PYTHAGORAS,  a  celebrated  philoso- 
pher, the  founder  of  that  school  which 
IS  called  the  Italic,  was  b.  about  586  b.  c. 
jxt  Samos,  or,  according  to  some,  at 
Sidon,  and  began  to  travel  at  the  iige  of 
18.  lie  visited  Phenieia  and  Asia  Minor, 
and  even,  it  is  said,  Persia  and  India, 
and  resided  for  25  years  in  Egypt.  On 
his  return  he  taught  geometry  a't  Samos ; 
after  wliieli  he  settled  at  Crotona,  in 
Magna  Grrecia,  and  established  a  school 
of  philosophy,  which  became  famous. 
Persecution  at  length  drove  liim  thence, 
and  he  took  refuge  in  the  temple  of  the 
Muses  at  Metapontum,  where  lie  is  said, 
but  the  truth  of  the  story  is  doubtful, 
to  have  been  starved  to  death,  about 
497  B.C.  Besides  being  an  illustrious 
metaphysical  pliilosopher,  Pyth.-i^oras 
was  a  great  geometrician  and  astrono- 
mer. 


Q. 


QUARLES,  FR.^Ncra,  a  poet,  was  b. 
159-2,  near  Romford,  in  Essex;  studied 
at  Christ's  college,  Cambridge,  and  at 
Lincoln's  Inn;  was  successively  cup- 
bearer to  Elizabeth,  daughter  of'James 
I.,  and  secretary  to  Archbishop  Usher 
in  Ireland;  suffered  greatly  for  liis  at- 
tacliment  to  the  cause  of  Charles  I.,  and 
d.  1644.  Ilis  principal  works  are  "  Em- 
blems," "  Argahis  and  Parthenia," 
"  Divine  Fancies,"  and  "Enchiridion." 
Quarlcs  has  been  made  an  object  of 
satire;  but,  with  all  its  faults,  his  poetry 
is  aiiovu  contempt. 

QUESNAY',  Fraxcis,  a  physician, 
and  the  founder  in  France  of  the  sect  of 
the  Economists,  was  b.  1694,  at  Merci. 
He  was  exceedingly  fond  of  farming  in 
his  youtli,  but  was  brought  up  to  the 
prol'ession  of  medicine,  and  became 
]>hysi(jian  to  Louis  XV.,  who  loved  to 
converse  with  him,  called  him  the  Think- 
er, and  ennobled  him.  Besides  liis 
medical  productions,  which  are  numer- 
ous, he  wrote  "  Physiocracy,"  and  va- 
rious articles  in  the  "  Encyclopa?dia," 
and  in  periodicals,  to  promulgate  his 
doctrines  on  political  economv.  D.  1774. 

QUEVEDO  DE  VILLEGAS,  Fkax- 
cis,  a  Spanish  poet  and  miscellaneous 
writer,  was  b  loSO,  at  Madrid,  studied 
at  Alcala,  was  obliged  to  quit  Spain  for 


having  killed  a  brutal  noble  in  a  duel, 
held  important  offices  under  the  duke 
of  Ossuna,  viceroy  of  Sicily;  was  exiled 
to  his  estate  on  the  disgrace  of  the  duke, 
but  was  again  received  into  favor  at 
court;  lived  for  several  years  in  retire- 
ment, devoted  to  literary  pursuits ;  was 
thrown  into  a  dungeon,  in  1641,  where 
he  remained  twenty-two  months,  on  an 
unfounded  charge  of  having  libelled 
Count  d'Olivares;  and  d.  1645.  He 
stands  high  among  Spanish  authors, 
particularly  as  a  satirist.  His  "  Visions 
of  Hell,"  and  "Comic  Tales,"  have 
been  translated  into  English. 

QUIN,  James,  almost  equally  cele- 
brated as  an  actor  and  an  epicure,  was 
b.  1693,  in  Covent-garden.  His  father, 
who  was  a  barrister,  d.  1710,  at  Dublin, 
where  (luin  was  cdiieated.  Bcimr  left 
resoiircok-ss,  he  went  upon  the  stage, 
and  for  a  considerable  period  was  con- 
fined to  inferior  parts.  At  length  he 
rose  into  high  reputation,  and  was 
without  a  rival  till  the  appearance  of 
Garrick.  He  retired  from  the  stage  in 
1751,  and  d.  in  1766.  George  IIL  was 
instruetcd  by  him  in  recitation.  Thom- 
son, with  whom  Quin  was  in  habits  of 
close  friendship,  has  paid,  in  "  The 
Castle  of  Indolence,"  an  elegant  tribute 
to  his  talents. 


706 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY, 


[rab 


QUINAULT,  Philip,  a  celebrated 
French  lyrical  dnimatist,  was  b.  163.3,  at 
Paris,  began  to  ■write  I'or  the  theatre  at 
the  age  of  18,  became  highly  pojiular, 
was  aitacked  by  Boileau,  with  much 
more  iuvetcracy  than  wit  or  justice,  and 
d.  166S.  In  the  species  of  drama  to 
which  lie  devoted  liis  talents  lie  stands 
without  a  rival.  It  has  been  said  of  his 
verses  that  they  were  already  music 
wlien  they  were  placed  in  the  bands  of 
the  composer. 

QUINCy,  JoHx,  an  American  citizen, 
D.  ItiS'J.  Having  graduated  at  Harvard 
college,  in  170S,  was  early  employed  in 
public  life.  For  forty  years  without 
mlerruption  he  was  a  representative 
and  a  member  of  the  council ;  and  was 
long  the  speaker  of  the  house.  He  in- 
herited an  ample  fortune,  and  discharged 
with  tidelity  the  various  offices  with 
which  he  was  honored.  D.  1767,  aged 
78  years. — Edmund,  agent  for  Massachu- 
setts at  the  court  of  Great  Britain,  was 
b.  at  Braintree,  1681,  and  graduated  at 
Harvard  college  in  1699.  In  1718  he 
was  appointed  a  judge  of  the  supreme 
court,  and  lield  a  seat  for  a  long  time  in 
the  house  of  representatives,  and  in  his 
majesty's  council.  In  1737  he  was  se- 
lected as  an  agent  to  the  British  court 
to  procure  a  decision  of  the  contro- 
versy respecting  the  boundary  line  be- 
tween Massachusetts  and  New  Ilamp- 
sliire,  and  d.  while  in  Loudon,  on  tlie 
23d  of  February,  173S,  in  his  fifty- 
seventh  year. — Josiaii,  a  distinguished 
lawyer  and  patriot,  was  b.  in  Boston  in 
1743,  and  was  graduated  at  Harvard 
college.  He  soon  became  eminent  in 
the  practice  of  law,  and  distinguished 
by  his  active  exertions  in  the  popular 
cause.  His  powers  of  eloquence  were 
of  a  very  high  order.  In  1774  he  took 
a  voyage  to  Europe  for  the  benefit  of 
Ills  liealth,  and  to  advance  tlie  interests 
of  the  colonies.    He  d.  on  his  return,  on 


the  25th  of  April,  1775,  the  day  that 
the  vessel  reached  the  harbor  of  Cape 
Ann. 

QUINTILIAN,  Maeoits  Fabius,  a 
celebrated  rhetorician,  was  b.  in  42,  at 
Kome,  followed  Galba  into  Spain,  and 
taught  rhetoric  there ;  returned  to  his 
native  city,  in  68,  and  was  long  a  pro- 
fessor of  rhetoric ;  and  d.  in  his  80th  ' 
year.  His  "  Institutes  of  the  Orator" 
have  been  translated  into  English. 
"Declamations,"  and  "A  Dialogue  oa 
Oratory,"  are  also  attributed  to  him ; 
but  the  latter  is  sometimes  ascribed  to 
Tacitus. 

QUINTINIE,  JonxDELA,  a  celebrated 
French  horticulturist,  b.  at  Poictiers,  in 
1626. 

QUINTUS  CALABER,  or  QUINTUS 
SMYENEUS,  a  Greek  poet,  who  wrote 
a  supplement  to  Homer's  Iliad.  He  is 
snpposed  to  have  lived  in  the  5th  cen- 
tury, and  to  have  been  a  native  of 
Smyrna. 

QUIRINI,  Angei.o  Maria,  a  cardinal, 
b.  at  Venice,  in  1684.  Benedict  XIII. 
made  him  archbishop  and  cardinal, 
which  dignities  he  filled  with  great 
reputation.     D.  1755. 

QUIKOGA,  Joseph,  a  Spanish  Jesuit, 
was  b.  at  Lugo,  in  Gallieia,  and  distin- 
guished himself  as  a  missionary  in 
America.     D.  1784. 

QUIEOS,  Pedro  Fernandez  de,  & 
celebrated  Spanish  navigator,  of  the 
16th  century,  who  explored  many  of  the 
islands  afterwards  visited  by  Captain 
Cook.     I).  1614. 

QUITA,  DoMiNGOs  DOS  Reis,  a  Portu- 
guese poet,  who  early  in  life  was  a  bar- 
ber, but  being  fond  of  learning,  and 
making  himself  master  of  Italian,  Span- 
ish, and  French,  he  wrote  verses,  and 
became  the  author  of  "  Inez  de  Castro," 
and  four  other  tragedies  ;  besides  many 
sonnets,  elegies,  and  pastorals.  B.  1728 ; 
d.  1770. 


E. 


RABANUS-MAURUS,  Magnenttos, 
a  learned  German  i)ielatc,  who  became 
abbot  of  the  monastery  at  Fulda,  and 
was  afterwards  archbishop  of  Mentz. 
B.  785;  <1.  8.56. 

RAHAUT  DE  ST.  ETIENNE,  John 
Paul,  one  of  the  most  worthy  of  the 
French  revolutionists,  was  b.  at  Nismes, 
in  1741,  for  which  city  he  was  chosen  a 
deputy  for  the  constituent  assembly  in 


1789.  He  attached  himself  to  the  party 
of  the  Girondists,  and  was  proscribed 
f)r  opposing,'  the  iNIouiitain  party  in  1793. 
He  was  8uijs(;(pu!Ully  guillotined.  His 
wife  killed  herself;  and  all  those  who 
assisted  him  were  guillotined. 

RABELAIS,  Francois,  a  humorous 
and  satirical  writer,  whose  works  are 
not  so  much  read  as  they  are  talked 
about.     His   fame    has   extended  to  ;ill 


RAC] 


CVCLOP-KDIA    OF    I!IOGRAi°IIV, 


707 


lands,  and  he  ranks  with  Lucan,  Cer- 
vantes, Mohiire,  Swift,  &c.,  among  tlie 
prcatcst  wits  of  the  worhl.  He  was  b. 
at  Cliinar,  in  Touraine,  about  tlio  year 
liS'i,  and  was  the  son  of  an  apothecary, 
or  as  some  say,  an  innkeeper.  In  early 
life  he  became  a  monk  of  tlic  Franciseun 
order,  and  entered  tlie  convent  at  Fon- 
tenay  le  Conipte,  w-liero  partly  repelled 
by  the  ijj^norance  and  indecorum  of  his 
companions,  and  partly  because  his  rude 
sarcastic  humor  made  tliem  his  enemies, 
he  was  soon  disgusted,  and  separating 
from  them  joined  the  Benedictines. 
But'  the  monkisli  life  not  suiting  his 
taste,  he  studied  medicine,  and  for  a 
while  practised  the  art.  Kemorsc,  fear, 
or  some  other  motive,  next  induced  him 
to  procure  an  absolution  from  Paul  III. 
for  his  departure  from  his  monastic 
vows,  and  he  spent  some  time  as  a  canon 
in  the  abbey  of  St.  Maur  dcs  Fosses, 
where  he  wrote  a  greater  part  of  his 
famous  "  Pantagruel."  He  was  after- 
wards transferred  to  Mcudon  as  a  parish 
priest.  He  was  a  conscientious  teacher 
of  his  people,  and  delighted  to  instruct 
the  children  of  his  cure  in  sacred  music. 
His  house  was  a  favoiite  resort  of  learned 
men,  and  he  was  noted  for  his  generosity 
to  the  needy.  It  is  not  known  when  he 
completed  his  great  work.  The  date  of 
the  earliest  existing  edition  of  the  first 
and  second  books  is  1585,  Ijut  there 
were  previous  editions  which  have  dis- 
appeared. Whenever  published,  it  w^as 
attacked  on  all  sides,  and  on  opposite 
grounds.  The  champions  of  Aristotle 
and  his  enemies,  the  friends  of  the 
Catholic  and  of  the  Keformed  doctrines, 
Kamua  and  Calvin,  the  monks  and  the 
Sorbonne,  felt  agtrricved  alike  by  its  keen 
ridicule  and  cutting  satire,  and  fell  upon 
it  without  mercy.  But  as  his  subjects 
were  the  vices  of  the  popes,  the  luxury 
and  avarice  of  prelates,  tho  libertinism 
and  knavery  of  the  monastic  orders,  tlie 
barbarous  theological  philosophy  of  the 
Sorbonne,  and  the  no  less  barbarous  juris- 
prudence of  the  courts,  the  wonder  is, 
not  that  ho  was  opposed,  but  that  he 
escaped  with  his  life.  Francis  the  First, 
who  pronounced  his  book  delectable, 
extended  to  him  his  protection,  and  the 
hearts  of  the  general  readers  echoed  his 
6entiments  and  sarcasm.  Eabelais 
wrote  other  works,  most  of  them  on 
medical  topics,  but  none  of  them  are 
companible  to  the  "  Gargantua  and  Pan- 
tagruel." It  alone  has  rendered  his 
name  immortal.  He  was  the  master  of 
fourteen  languages,  and  of  all  the  sci- 
ences and  most  of  the  arts  of  his  time. 


At  the  age  of  70,  in  the  year  1553,  he  d. 
at  Paris. 

KABENER,  Gottlieb  William,  n 
German  satirist,  who  was  controller  of 
the  taxes  for  the  circle  of  Leipsic.  His 
works  have  been  translated  into  the 
French  and  Dutch  languages,  and  re- 
published several  times  in  his  own 
country.     B.  1714;  d.  1771. 

KAliUTIX,  KoGEK,  a  French  wit  and 
satirist;  he  was  dismissed  the  army  for 
writing  a  lampoon,  and  afterwards 'sent 
to  the  Bastille,  on  account  of  a  libel 
called  "The  Amorous  History  of  the 
Gauls."     I).  1693. 

EACAN,  HoNOKAT  DE  Benite,  a  well- 
known  French  poet,  and  one  of  the 
earliest  members  of  the  Academy.  B. 
15S'J;  d.  1070. 

EACINE,  Jean,  one  of  the  greatest 
tragic  poets  of  France,  whose  reputation 
and  writings  have  spread  over  the  whole 
literary  world.  He  was  b.  at  Ferte 
Milon,  December  21st,  1()93,  but  lost  his 
parents  wlicn  a  child,  and  was  eduoMted 
in  the  abbey  of  Port  Koyal  des  Champs. 
He  early  discovered  a  iove  for  the  old 
Greek  dramatists,  especially  Euripides, 
and  was  a  diligent  student  of  their 
works.  Ilis  first  production,  a  poem  on 
the  marriage  of  Louis  XIV.,  procured 
him,  through  Colbert's  mediation,  a 
pension  of  2000  livrcs,  and  a  present  of 
100  louis  d'ors.  The  "Thebaide,"  his 
first  tragedy,  appeared  in  1G04,  and  was 
warmly  received  by  the  public.  It  was 
an  imitation  of  Corneille,  and  greatly 
inferior  to  the  works  by  which  it  was 
followed,  the  "Alexandre,"  the  "An- 
dromache," "  Les  Plaideurs,"  "  Bere- 
nice," "  Phedre,"  &c.,  most  of  which 
still  keep  possession  of  the  French 
sta^e.  After  a  mistaken  piety  had 
withdrawn  the  poet  from  the  the.itre, 
he  wrote  "  Esther,"  at  the  request  of 
madame  de  Mainteuon,  which  was  re- 
ceived with  great  satisfaction  by  the 
court,  and  was  represented  by  tlie  pu- 
pils of  St.  Cyr,  in  1CS9.  But  after  en- 
loyin^r  court  favor  for  nearly  all  his  life, 
he  full  into  disgrace  with  the  kiuL',  and 
was  so  mortified,  that  he  d.  April  2-Jd, 
1099.  A  certain  formal  stillness  and 
coldness  marked  all  the  productions  of 
Kacine  ;  yet  his  tenderness  in  the  delin- 
eation of  love  gives  him  a  place  in  the 
highest  rank  of  French  poets.  In  har- 
mony of  versification  and  grace  of  ex- 
pression he  is  without  a  rival  in  his 
native  language. — BoxAVENTcnE,  an  ec- 
clesiastic, canon  of  tho  cathedral  of 
Auxerre,  who  wrote  on  ccclesiastictJ 
history.     B.  170S  ;  d.  175i>. 


708 


CYCLOP.EDIA    OF    BIOGKAPHY. 


[ral 


BADCLIFFE,  Anjj,  a  female  novelist 
of  Li)ii(Ion,  whose  niaideu  luiiue  was 
War<.l.  ller  first  perlbnnance  was  a 
romance  tailed  the  "  Castles  of  Athlin 
and  Diimblaine,"'  and  the  next  the  '"Si- 
cilian Komance."  But  her  greatest  pop- 
ularity was  achieved  by  the  "Eoniance 
of  the  Forest,"  and  the  "Mysteries  of 
Udolpho,"  the  latter  particularly,  which 
is  still  read  with  breathless  eagerness 
and  attention  by  young  masters  and 
mistresses,  who  initiate  themselves  by 
Btcaltli  into  the  horrors  and  excitements 
of  mysterious  adventures.  She  also 
piiblisiied  a  book  of  travels  in  Holland 
and  along  the  Khine.  Her  descriptive 
powers  were  of  a  high  order,  and  nave 
been  finely  appreciated  by  Scott,  in  his 
"  Lives  of  the  Novelists."'  B.  1764 ;  d. 
1823. — John,  a  celebrated  medical  prac- 
titioner of  Wakefield,  in  Yorkshire,  who 
afterwards  removed  to  London,  and 
became  physician  to  Princess  Anne  of 
Denmark.  He  was  also  consulted  by 
William  HL,  whose  favor  he  lost  by  his 
free  and  honest  speech.  In  1699  the 
king,  i-eturning  from  Holland  with  his 
ankles  swollen,  and  his  body  emaciated, 
sent  for  Radclifte,  and  asked,  "  What 
do  you  think  of  these  ?"  He  replied, 
"  Why,  truly,  I  would  not  have  your 
majesty's  two  legs  for  your  three  king- 
doms !"'  He  was  never  again  sent  for. 
He  was  b.  in  1650,  and  when  he  d.  in 
1714,  he  left  £40,000  for  the  erection  of 
a  library  at  Oxford,  which  still  bears  his 
name. 

RAE,  Sir  William,  an  eminent  Scot- 
tish jn-lize.     D.  1842. 

RAEBUKX,  Sir  Henry,  an  eminent 

Fortrait  painter,  knigiited  by  George 
v.  He  ranked  second  only  to  Sir 
Joshua  Lawrence.  B.  at  Stockbridge, 
near  Edinburtrh,  1786.     D.  1S23. 

UAFFEXEL,  Claude  Denis,  a  French 
author,  who  was  killed  at  the  siege  of 
Athens,  in  1827.    B.  1797. 

KAFFLES,  Sir  Thomas  St.uiford,  a 
distinguished  functionary  of  the  P2nglish 
East  India  Company,  wlio,  in  ISll,  be- 
came lieutenant-governor  of  Java.  Du- 
ring liis  administration  he  introduced 
maiiv  judicious  reforms.  He  was  aftcr- 
warcJs  at  the  head  of  the  factory  at  Ben- 
coolcn,  in  Sumatra,  where  he  continued 
his  reforms,  and  at  last  established  the 
free  port  of  Singapore.  In  the  year  1823 
he  laid  the  foundation  of  an  Anglo-Chi- 
nese college,  with  the  necessary  libraries, 
museums^  &c.  When  he  embarked  to 
return  to  England,  all  his  valuable  col- 
lections and  manuscripts  were  burnt  in 
a  fire  which  ooiisumed  the  vessel.     He 


■wrote  a  "  History  of  Java,"  in  two  vol- 
umes.   B.  17S1 ;  d.  1826. 

KAGHIB  PACHA,  Mouammed,  a 
grand  vizier  of  the  Ottoman  empire, 
noted  for  his  literary  taste  and  talent. 
B.  1702;  d.  1768. 

EAGOTSKI,  Francis,  a  patriotic 
prince  of  Transylvania,  who  entered 
into  secret  negotiations  with  Louis 
XIV.  to  bring  about  the  emaneipatioa 
of  his  country  from  Austrian  rule  ;  but 
his  schemes  having  been  detected,  he  was 
arrested  and  condemned  to  death  for 
high  treason.  He  Ibrtunately  managed 
to  make  his  escape,  and  then  roused-the 
people  of  Hungary  against  the  imperial 
despotism.  For  a  time  he  was  prosper- 
ous in  his  career,  and  was  proclaimed 
protector,  but,  in  the  end,  certain  of 
the  Hungarian  states  entering  into  an 
alliance  with  Austria,  his  plans  were 
defeated,  he  renounced  his  estates,  and 
took  refuge  in  Turkey.  He  wrote  the 
memoirs  of  his  own  life  and  adventures. 
B.  1676  ;  d.  1785. 

KAGUEXET,  Francis,  a  French  bi- 
ographer and  historian,  who  wrote  lives 
of  Cromwell,  Turennc,  &e.     D.  1722. 

EAGUET,  CoNDY,  a  vigorous  writer 
on  subjects  of  political  economy,  who 
flourished  during  the  present  century 
at  Philadelphia.  His  various  essays  on 
banking,  on  tarifl's,  and  the  pi'inciples 
of  taxation,  are  remarkable  for  close 
logic  and  force,  and  created  no  little  in- 
fluence on  the  political  discussions  of 
the  day.     B.  1784 ;  d.  1842. 

EAIKES,  EoBERT,  a  benevolent  and 
pious  printer  of  Gloucester,  in  England, 
whose  name  will  long  continue  to  live 
as  that  of  the  first  projector  of  Sunday 
schools.     B.  1735  ;  d.  1811. 

EALMONDI,  Marc  Antonio,  a  famous 
engraver  of  Bologna,  employed  by  Ea- 
phael,  and  whose  school  surpassed  all 
others  of  the  same  era.  Pope  Clement 
V^II.  imprisoned  him  for  some  over  free 
illustrations  of  the  Aretine  verses,  but 
was  released  on  account  of  his  "Martyi- 
dom  of  St.  Lawrence."  B.  1743;  d. 
1540. — Jonx  Baptiste,  an  orientalist  of 
Cremona,  whom  Ferdinand  de  Medici 
made  director  of  the  oriental  press, 
which  originated  the  Propaganda.  B. 
1540. 

EAINOLDS,  John,  a  learned  Puritan 
divine,  head  of  Corpus  Christi  college,  at 
Oxlbrd:  who  was  one  of  the  translators 
of  the  Bible  into  English.  B.  1549 ;  d. 
1607. 

E  ALEIGH,  Sir  Walter,  an  illustriouj 
English  navigator  and  historian,  b.  at 
Budley,  Devonshire,  1552.     He  did  emi- 


uam] 


CYCLOP^iiDIA    OF    BlOGRAl'IlV. 


709 


ncnt  services  for  Queen  Elizabeth,  par- 
ticularly in  the  discovery  of  Virginia,  and 
iu  the  defeat  of  the  Spanish  armada, 
and  lived  iu  happiness  and  honor  during 
her  reign ;  but  liis  sun  set  at  her  death  ; 
for,  on  the  accession  of  King  James,  he 
lost  his  interest  at  court,  was  stripped 
of  his  preferments,  and  unacconntaoly 
accused  of  high  treason,  tried,  and  con- 
demned to  die.  Being  reprieved,  how- 
ever, he  was  committed  prisoner  to  the 
Tower  of  London,  where  he  lay  many 
years ;  and  during  his  coniincnient  de- 
voted the  greatest  part  of  his  time  to 
study.  His  writings  have  been  divided 
into  poetical,  epistolarv,  military,  marit- 
imal,  geographical,  political,  philosophi- 
cal, and  historical.  But  his  grand  work 
was  "The  History  of  the  "World,"  to  the 
end  of  the  Macedonian  empire,  023  b.  c, 
a  work  of  vast  compass  and  endless  va- 
riety. He  received  a  commission  from 
the  king  to  go  and  explore  the  golden 
mines  at  Guiana.  In  the  mean  time  his 
design,  being  betrayed  to  the  Spaniards, 
was  defeated  ;  and  his  eldest  sou  Walter 
being  killed  by  the  Spaniards  at  St. 
Thome,  the  town  was  burnt  by  Captain 
Keymis.  Upon  this  the  Spanish  am- 
bassador Goudemar,  making  complaints 
to  the  king,  a  proclamation  was  pub- 
lished iniinediately  against  Balcigh  and 
his  proceedings,  and  threatening  pun- 
ishment in  an  exemplary  manner.  Ila- 
leigh  lauded  at  Plymouth  iu  July,  1618, 
aud  was  arrested.  It  was  found,  how- 
ever, that  his  life  could  not  be  touched 
for  any  thing  which  had  been  done  at 
Guiana :  therefore  a  privy  seal  was  sent 
to  the  judges,  forthwith  to  order  execu- 
tion in  consequence  of  his  former  attain- 
der ;  aud  he  was  beheaded  in  Old  Palace- 
yard,  October  29,  suifering  hi.s  fate  with 
great  magnanimity. 

KALPII,  James,  a  miscellaneous  wri- 
ter, b.  at  Philadelphia,  who  accompanied 
Benjamin  Franklin  to  England,  where 
his  political  connections  secured  him 
a  pension.  He  wrote  a  "History  of 
England,"  the  "Case  of  Authors  by 
Profession,"  the  "Use  and  Abuse  of 
Parliaments,"  and  an  "  Answer  to  the 
Memoirs  of  Sarah,  Ducliess  of  Marlbo- 
rough." One  of  his  w-orks  was  a  poem 
called  "Night,"  which  Pope  allucles  to 
iu  the  "Duuciad,"  thus, 

"  Silence,  ye  wolves,  while  Ralph  to  Cjlithift  howle, 
Making  night  hideous, — answer  him,  ye  owls  1" 

His  dramatic  attempts  were  iailures.  D. 
1762. 

R  AMAGE,  Adait,  a  native  of  Scotland, 
who  removed  to  the  l" iiited  States  early 
in  life.      His    name  is  ideutitied   with 
60 


an  improvement  in  the  printing-press, 
whicli  was  among  ihe  first  to  enlarge 
the  utility  of  that  powerful  engine.  Ft 
was  generally  adopted  in  this  country, 
and  the  press  went  ever  afterwards  by 
the  name  of  the  Eaniage-press.  B.  1770 ; 
d.  1S50. 

EAMBEEG,  Joun  He>T5T,  a  distin- 
guished engraver  and  etcher,  who  stud- 
ied under  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds,  and 
became  court  painter  at  Hanover.  His 
works  were  numerous,  and  particularly 
good  in  the  line  of  humorous  caricature. 
The  drawings  to  the  magnificent  edition 
of  Wieland'i  works  were  from  his  pencil. 
B.  1767. 

RAMEAU,  Jean  Philippe,  an  able 
French  theorist  in  the  science  of  music. 
He  was  early  attached  to  a  strolling 
company  of  performers,  for  whom  he 
produced  a  musical  entertainment,  to 
be  represented  at  Avignon,  when  he  was 
18.  Afterwards  he  was  appointed  organ- 
ist in  the  Clermont  cathedral ;  and  in 


d  his  "Generation  Musique."  He 
also  wrote  a  great  many  other  works  on 
music.  He  was  50  years  of  age  when 
he  produced  his  first  "opera,  "  Hvppolyte 
et  Aria>,"  which  led  to  "Castor  et  Pol- 
lux," "Dardanus,"  "Samson,"  "Pvg 
maliou"  and  "Zoroastie,"  besides'  a 
large  number  of  ballets  and  minor 
pieces.  Louis  XV.  granted  him  a  pat- 
ent of  nobility  in  honor  of  his  merits. 
B.  1683;  d.  1764. 

EAMEL,  Jeax  Pierre,  a  chief  of  bat- 
talion during  the  French  revolution, 
afterwards  appointed  commandant  of 
Toulouse,  where  he  was  assassinated  iu 
1815.     B.  1770. 

RAMELLI,  AfGusTiN,  an  ingenious 
engineer  of  Milan,  who  was  distin- 
guislied  in  the  army  of  Charles  V.  lie 
also  wrote  a  curious  book,  called  "Le 
Diverse  et  Artificiose  Machine."  B 
1581  ;  d.  1500. 

RAM  KOMUL  SEU,  a  learned  Hin- 
doo, who  did  much  to  promote  the 
diffusion  of  knowledge  at  Calcutta.  D. 
1844. 

R.VMLER,  Charles  William,  n  Ger- 
man lyric  poet,  translator,  and  critic, 
professor  in  the  royal  military  school  at 
Berlin.  He  attached  himself  to  Frederio 
the  Great,  and  was  chilled  the  German 
Horace,  though  vastly  inferior  to  the 
Roman  poet  of  that  name.  His  poetical 
works  appeared  iu  two  volumes  m  180C. 
B.  1725;  d.  1798. 

RAMMOHUN-ROY,  Rajah,  and  by 


710 


CYCl.OP.KlJl  \    OK    lUoUKAlMIV. 


[ran 


birth  a  Bramin,  wna  b.  1776,  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Bengal.  Ho  was  eduoated  in 
the  I'aith  ol'  liis  t*oct,  but  s*oou  discover- 
ing the  diversities  oF  belief  both  among 
tlie  Indian  and  Christian  doctors,  lie 
resolved  to  invcstiorate  for  hiniself  and 
form  his  own  opinions.  In  this  view, 
he  first  went  to  Tliibct  and  then  to 
Hindostau,  wliere  he  studied  tlic  San- 
scrit and  other  languages.  In  1803  he 
published  a  book  against  "  The  Idolatry 
of  all  Keligions,"  wiiich  made  him  many 
enemies  and  forced  liim  to  retire  to  Cal- 
cutta, where  he  studied  English,  and 
translated  from  the  Sanscrit  into  the 
Hindoo  tongue.  He  afterwards  pub- 
lished the  "Precepts  of  Jesus,"  which 
gave  his  views  of  Clu-ist's  teaching.  In 
1831  he  visited  Enghmd,  wliere  he  was 
received  with  the  highest  marks  of  at- 
tention.    D.-18;33. 

KAMSAY,  AixAX,  a  Scotch  poet,  was 
b.  in  1GS5,  at  Leadhills;  was  originally 
a  wig-maker,  but  became  a  bookseller; 
acquired  fame  by  his  talents,  and  for- 
tune by  his  trade;  and  d.  in  1758.  His 
poems  contain  nmcli  that  is  worthy  of 
praise ;  but  his  fame  rests  on  his  de- 
lightful pastoral  comedy  of  "  The  Gentle 
Sliepherd."  which  is  one  of  the  classics 
of  Scottish  literature. — His  son  Allan, 
■who  was  b.  in  17U9,  and  d.  in  1784,  was 
an  eminent  portrait  painter;  and  wrote 
"The  Investiifator,"  and  "The  Present 
State  of  the  Arts." — Andkew  Michael, 
usually  called  Chevalier  Ramsay,  was  b. 
in  16,s6,  at  Ayr,  in  Scotland;  was  edu- 
cated at  Edinburgh  and  Leyden ;  was 
tutor  in  several  families  of  rank,  among 
which  were  ihose  of  the  pretender,  and 
the  duke  of  Argyle;  and  d.  in  1743. 
His  principal  works  are,  "The  Travels 
of  Cyrus,"  "Lives  of  Turcnne  and 
Fenelon,"  and  a  "Discourse  on  Epic 
Poetry." — David,  an  American  histo- 
rian, was  b.  in  Pennsylvania,  in  1749, 
was  educated  at  Princeton  college,  and 
comincnced  the  study  of  medicine. 
After  practising  a  short  time  in  Mary- 
land, he  removed  to  Charleston,  South 
Carolina,  in  1773,  and  soon  rose  to  an 
extensive  practice.  He  took  an  active 
and  early  part  in  the  cause  of  the  colo- 
nies, and  was  for  some  time  a  surgeon 
in  the  revolutionary  army.  In  17s2  he 
Wiw  chosen  to  a  seat  in  congress.  He 
wrote  a  "History  of  the  Kcvolution  in 
South  Carolina,"  a  "  Hi.->tory  of  the 
American  Kcvolution,"  a  "Life  of 
VVasliington,"  a  "History  of  South 
Carolinaj"  und  a  "  History  of  the  United 
States."     He  d.  in  1815. 

RAMUS,   Petek,  a  French  philoso- 


pher, was  b.  in  a  village  of  the  Ver- 
mandoia,  in  1515.  When  a  boy,  he  ob 
tainetl  the  place  of  servant  in  the  college 
of  Navarre,  where  he  devoted  his  lei- 
sure hours  to  study,  and  became  a  most 
consummate  scholar.  Having  ventured 
to  attack  the  doctrine  of  Ai-istotle,  he 
was  interdicted  from  teaching  philoso- 
pliy ;  but  this  judgment  was  reversed 
by  Henry  II.,  and  in  1551  he  was  made 
royal  professor  of  rhetoric  and  philoso- 
phy. His  spirit  of  free  inquiry  ulti- 
mately led  him  to  become  a  Protestant; 
as  this  could  not  be  long  concealed,  he 
was  obliged  to  leave  Paris,  to  which 
city  he  returned  in  1571,  and  lost  his 
life  in  the  massacre  on  St.  Bartholo- 
mew's day,  in  the  following  year.  His 
works  on  mathematics,  philosophy,  lo- 
gic, <fcc.,  are  numerous. 

RANCE,  AuiiANn  John  Le  Bovtiiil- 
LiER  DE,  the  reformer  of  La  Trappe, 
was  b.  in  1626,  at  Paris,  and  adopted 
the  ecclesiastical  profession.  He  ob- 
taiaied  several  benefices  before  he  was 
in  orders,  acquired  great  celebrity  as  a 
preacher,  and  might  have  risen  to  the 
most  elevated  stations  in  the  church, 
had  he  not  taken  the  resolution  of  reti- 
ring from  the  world.  Various  reasons 
are  assigned  for  this  ;  the  most  probable 
of  which  appears  to  bo,  that  although 
he  was  a  man  of  large  fortune,  and  in- 
dulged in  all  the  pleasures  of  the  world, 
the  death  of  the  duchess  of  Montau- 
bau,  to  whom  he  was  attached,  pro- 
duced such  a  revulsion  in  his  feelings, 
tliat  he  abandoned  society,  and  retired 
to  his  abbey  of  La  Trappe,  where  he 
introduced  a  reform  of  the  most  rigid 
kind  in  the  monastic  discipline.  He 
was  the  author  of  several  theological 
works,  and  d.   1700. 

RANDOLPH,  Sir  Thomas,  an  emi- 
nent statesman,  was  b.  in  Kent,  1523, 
and  d.  1590.  On  the  accession  of  Eliza- 
beth he  was  sent  on  embassies  to  Scot- 
land, France,  and  Russia.  His  letters  aro 
in  ditt'crent  collections,  and  his  account 
of  Russia  in  "  Ilackluyt's  Voyages." 
— TiioM.\s,  an  Eni;lish  dramatic  poet,  b. 
1605;  d.  1634.  His  "  Muse's  Looking- 
Glass,"  a  comedy,  is  well  known  and 
much  admired. — Thomas,  a  learned  di- 
vine, was  the  son  of  the  recorder  of 
Canterbury,  where  he  was  b.  in  1701, 
and  educated  at  the  king's  school.  Af- 
ter studying  at  O.\ford,  and  obtaining 
his  degree  of  D.D.,  Jie  received  church 
preferment  in  his  native  county,  and 
became,  in  1763,  archdeacon  of  ()xford, 
and  Margaret  professor  of  divinity. 
Among  his  works  are,  "  The  Christian's 


rap] 


CYCLOP.'EDIA    OF    HIOGIIAIMI V, 


711 


Faith,"  "  A  Vindication  of  tlic  Doc- 
trine of  tlie  Trinity,"  and  "  A  View  of 
Our  Bles'scd  Saviour's  Ministry."  J). 
1783. — John,  a  learned  prelate,  a  son  of 
the  preceding,  was  b.  1749 ;  studied  at 
Ciirist-churcli,  Oxford,  wlierc  lie  gradu- 
ated, and  in  178o  was  elected  to  the 
rcgius  professorship  of  divinity.  lie 
became,  successively,  bishop  of  Oxford, 
Bangor,  and  London ;  but  he  did  not 
enjoy  the  latter  diocese  more  than  two 
years,  having  d.  1813. — Jonx,  an  ec- 
icntric  and  arrogant,  but  influential 
-Statesman,  b.  June,  1773,  in  Chester- 
field eount_v,  Va.  and  received  his 
education  at"  Princeton  college.  In  1799 
ho  was  elected  to  congress,  where  he 
figured  for  nearly  tliirty  years,  as  one  of 
the  most  sarcastic  and  eloquent  sneakers 
of  the  house.  He  was  also,  tor  two 
years  in  tlie  senate.  In  1830,  President 
Jackson  appointed  him  minister  to  Kus- 
sia  ;  but  he  had  scarcely  been  presented 
to  the  emperor  when  he  returned  to 
England.  The  latter  part  of  his  life 
wa.s  passed  in  ill  health.  D.  1S33. — 
Pktton,  first  president  of  the  American 
congress,  was  a  native  of  Virginia,  and 
one  of  tho  most  distinguished  lawyers 
and  patriots  of  that  state.  lie  was  as 
early  as  1756  appointed  king's  attorney 
for  that  colony,  and  held  the  ollice  for 
many  years.  In  1706  lie  was  elected 
speaker  of  the  house  of  burgesses,  and 
in  1773  a  member  of  the  committee  of 
correspondence.  The  following  year  he 
was  appointed  a  delegate  to  the  congress 
whicii  assembled  at  Philadelphia,  and 
was  elected  its  president,  and  also  presi- 
ded in  the  congress  of  1775,  till  obliged 
to  return  to  Virginia,  when  Hancock 
was  chosen  his  successor.  He  soon  re- 
Bumed  his  seat  in  congress,  but  d.  sud- 
denly on  the.2'2d  of  October,  1775,  aged 
52.— EuMUND,  governor  of  Virginia,  w.is 
the  son  of  John  Randolph,  attorney- 
general  of  that  colony  before  the  revolu- 
tion. He  was  au  eminent  lawyer,  and  a 
warm  friend  of  the  revolution.  After 
having  held  several  honorable  stations 
in  the  state,  he  was  in  1779  elected  to 
a  seat  in  congress,  and  held  it  till  1782. 
In  1787  he  was  a  member  of  tlie  con- 
vention which  formed  llio  federal  con- 
stitution, but  voted  against  its  adop- 
tion. The  next  year  lie  was  chosen 
governor  of  Virginia,  and  in  1789  was 
appointed  attorney-general  of  the  Uni- 
ted States,  and  in  1794  secretary  of 
state,  but  engiiged  in  an  intrigue  with 
the  French  minister,  by  which  lie  lost 
tho  confidence  of  the  cabinet,  and  re- 
signed in  August,  1795.    P.  1813, 


KAPHA  EL,  or  RAFFAELLO  SAN- 
ZIO,  nA  Ukiiin'o,  the  most  celebrated 
of  modern  painters,  was  b.  at  Urbino, 
1483,  being  the  son  of  a  painter  named 
Sani;io.  At  tho  age  of  13  Iiis  father 
placed  him  under  Perugino,  where  ha 
soon  surpassed  his  numerous  compeers. 
Three  years  afterwards  he  went  with 
Pinturicchio  to  Siena,  to  assist  him  in 
painting  the  history  of  Pius  II.,  for  the 
cathedral  there ;  but  Raphael  soon  left 
that  work  to  visit  Florence,  where  ho 
improved  his  style  by  studying  the  de- 
signs of  Da  Vinci,  and  Michael  Angelo. 
His  favorite  artist,  however,  was  Fni 
Bartolomeo,  who  gave  him  a  more  cor- 
rect knowledge  of  coloring.  In  1508 
he  was  invited  to  Rome  by  Julius  II., 
wlio  employed  him  to  paint  the  "  School 
of  Atiiens"  in  the  \'atican.  In  per- 
forming this  commission,  lie  gave  such 
satisfaction,  that  the  pope  ordered  all 
the  pictures,  already  painted  in  the  va- 
rious rooms,  to  be  "obliterated,  and  the 
walls  prepared  for  the  productions  of 
Raphael  alone,  who,  with  difficulty,  suc- 
ceeded in  savin?  from  destruction  a 
ceiling,  painted  b}''  his  old  master  Peru- 
gino. On  the  accession  of  Leo  X.  he 
prosecuted  his  labors  with  increased 
spirit,  and  executed  his  "  Attila  "  and 
the  "  Deliverance  of  St.  Peter."  The 
"Cartoons"  and  the  "Transfiiruration" 
were  among  the  last  of  his  labors.  To 
his  other  talents  he  added  that  of  being 
an  able  arcliitect ;  the  principles  oif 
which  science  he  studied  under  Bra- 
inantc,  who  recommended  him  for  his 
successor  in  conducting  tlic  great  work 
of  St.  Peter's,  the  general  plan  of  wliich, 
as  it  now  stands,  was  designed  by 
Raphael.  He  likewise  constructed  a 
number  of  magnificent  buildings,  par- 
ticularly the  Catfarelli  palace  at  Rome. 
As  a  sculptor  also  he  evinced  great 
skill,  though  in  that  department  of  art 
he  was  able  to  pav  but  little  attention. 
D.  1520. 

RAPIN  DE  THOYRAS,  Pact.,  ac 
historian,  was  b.  in  1661,  at  Castres,  in 
Langnedoc.  lie  studied  law  under  his 
father,  who  was  an  advocate,  until  the 
revocation  of  the  edict  of  Nantes  drove 
him  to  England,  and  subsequently  to 
Holland,  where  he  entered  a  company 
of  French  cadets.  In  1689  he  followed 
the  prince  of  Orange  into  England,  and 
distinguished  himself  at  the  battle  of 
the  Boyne,  and  the  siege  of  Limerick. 
In  17o'7  he  settled  at^Wesel,  in  the 
duchy  of  Cleves,  and  devoted  himself 
to  the  composition  of  his  "History  of 
England,"  which  was  published  at  tho 


712 


CYCI.OP.BDIA    OF    BIOORAPHY. 


[rsa 


Hague,  and  was  for  a  long  time  in  great 
repute,  being  the  only  complete  narra- 
tive of  English  events.  D.  1725. — 1\k.\a- 
TU3,  a  Frencli  Jesuit  and  critic,  famous 
for  his  skill  in  classical  learning.  B. 
1621  ;  d.  ItJST. 

KASTALL,  Jonx,  a  learned  printer 
in  London,  who  wrote  a  "  Dramatic  De- 
scription of  Asia,  Africa,  and  Europe." 
'•  Canoncs  Astrologici,"  "  Dialogues 
concerning  Purgatory,"  "Anglorum  Ke- 
gum  Chronicuni,"  ifcc.  lie  married  a 
sister  of  Sir  Thomas  More,  and  d.  in 
153tj. 

KAULIN,  John,  a  celebrated  French 
preacher,  of  the  15th  century,  whose 
sermons  and  letters  were  greatly  ad- 
mired, and  to  wliom  both  Rabelais  and 
La  Fontaine  liave  been  partially  in- 
debted for  their  pathos,  li.  1443  ;  d. 
1-)14. — JosEiMi,  an  ingenious  French 
physician,  was  b.  170S,  and  d.  at  Faris 
1764.  He  wrote  several  medical  trea- 
tises. 

RAVAILLAC,  Franxis,  the  murderer 
of  Henry  IV.  of  France,  was  b.  at  An- 
gouleme,  in  1d78.  Having  been  ruined 
by  a  lawsuit,  and  tor  a  lonij  time  con- 
fined in  prison  for  debt,  his  naturally 
gloomy  disposition  degenerated  into  a 
morbid  fanaticism,  and  he  became  accus- 
tomed to  consider  the  good  and  humane 
Henry  IV.  as  the  arch-enemy  of  the 
church,  to  destroy  whom  would  be  do- 
ing God  service,  i'illed  with  this  notion, 
he  followed  the  royal  carriage  from  the 
Louvre  to  the  Euc  de  la  Fcrronnierre, 
and  while  it  stop|)ed  in  tiie  street,  in 
consequence  of  some  obstruction,  he 
mounted  the  coach  wheel,  and  thrusting 
his  iiand  in  at  the  window,  armed  witii 
a  knife,  stabbeil  the  king  to  tlie  heart. 
He  was  instantly  seized,  interrogated, 
and  underwent  the  torture  ;  but  he  de- 
clared he  had  no  accomplice,  and  on 
May  27,  1610,  liis  limbs  were  torn  asun- 
der by  horses. 

KAW'LE,  William,  a  lawyer  and 
jurist  of  ii.jte,  b.  at  I'hiladelphia  1759, 
read  law  in  New  York,  London,  and 
Paris,  and  practised  in  his  native  city. 
In  17s9  he  was  clioscn  a  member  of  the 
Pcnsylvania  legislature,  and  afterwards 
Washington  appointed  him  district  at- 
torney for  that  state  ;  but  though  fre- 
quently solicited,  he  never  would  take 
olKce.  He  wa.x  a  member  of  nearly  all  the 
literary  and  scientific  societies  of  the  day, 
and  first  president  of  the  Pciin.  Histori- 
cal Society.  His  writings  were  a  "  View 
of  the(Jonstitutionof  the  United  States" 
and  the  new  Civil  Code,  prepared  by  a 
commission  appointed  to  revise,  collate, 


and  digest  the  Pennsylvania  statutes. 
D.  18:J6. 

RAY,  JoH.v,  a  celebrated  naturalist, 
b.  at  Black  Notley,  in  Essex,  in  1623. 
He  received  his  education  at  Catharine 
hall  and  Trinity  college,  Cambridge,  but 
lost  his  fellowship  by  refusing  to  comply 
witli  tlie  act  of  uniformity.  After  this 
he  devoted  himself  to  the  study  of  na- 
ture, and  in  166o  accompaniecl  Mr.  AVil- 
loughby  on  a  tour  through  Europe,  of 
which  journey  he  published  an  account 
in  1673.  Mr.  Ray  was  elected  a  t'ellow 
of  the  Royal  Society  in  1667,  and  tlie 
transactions  of  that  body  attbrd  ample 
proofs  of  his  attention  to  science.  Ihe 
principal  of  his  works  are,  "  A  Collec- 
tion of  English  Proverbs,"  "  The  Wis- 
dom of  God  manifested  in  the  Works 
of  the  Creation,"  "  Tliree  Discourses 
concerning  the  Chaos,  Deluge,  and  Dis- 
solution of  the  World,"  "Synopsis 
Methodica  Aniinalium  Quadrupedum," 
and  ''Sylloge  Stirpiiim  Europearuni 
extra  Britanniam."     D.  1705. 

RAYNAL,  William  Thomas  Francis, 
an  eminent  French  historian  and  phi- 
losopher, was  b.  at  St.  Genies,  1718,  and 
after  quitting  the  Jesuits,  by  whom  he 
was  educated,  he  became  an  historical 
and  political  writer.  He  joined  the 
French  philosophical  party,  as  it  was 
Called,  adopted  their  principles  to  the 
fullest  extent,  and  became  one  of  the 
writers  in  the  "Encyclopaidia."  He  also 
published  several  works  at  Paris,  the 
principal  of  which  was  his  "Political 
and  Philosophical  History  of  the  Euro- 
pean Settlements  in  the  East  and  West 
Indies."  This  was  followed  by  an  essay 
on  tlie  "  Revolution  of  America,"  writ- 
ten in  a  style  of  declamation,  and  full 
of  enmity  to  the  English.  In  1791  the 
Abbe  Raynal  addressed  a  letter  to  the 
constituent  assembly,  in  defence  of  the 
rights  of  property,  which  greatly  irri- 
tated the  revolutionists,  and  thougii  he 
escaped  tlic  tvranny  of  Robespierre, 
he  was  stripped  of  his  property,  and  d. 
in  great  indigence  at  Passy,  in  1796. 
Among  his  other  works  are,  a  "  History 
of  tlie  Stadtholdership,"  "  History  of 
the  Parliament  of  England,"  "  Histori- 
cal Anecdotes,"  "  History  of  the  Di- 
vorce of  Henry  VIII.  of  England," 
"  The  Military  School,"  and  "  Historical 
Memoirs  of  Europe." 

READ,  Geouoe,  a  distinguished 
Americjin  citizen,  of  Irish  descent,  b. 
in  Maryland,  1734.  Ho  studied  law,  and 
settled  in  the  state  of  Delaware,  where 
he  was  attorney-general  of  the  three 
lower  counties  Irom  1763  to  1775.    In 


res] 


CVC'J.UI'.KDIA    OK     lilOCIiAl'IIV 


71S 


1774  he  was  chosen  ii  member  of  con- 
gres-i,  and  was  contiiuicil  durinir  the 
revohitionary  war.  He  was  prcsklent 
ot'lhe  convention  which  formed  the  tirst 
constitution  of  Dehuvare,  a  member  of 
the  convention  which  formed  the  con- 
stitution of  tlio  United  states,  and  was 
u  senator  of  the  United  States.  From 
17'J3  to  the  autumn  of  1798,  tlie  time  of 
liis  deatli,  he  was  chief  justice  of  the 
state  of  Delaware.  In  his  several  sta- 
tions of  honor  and  responsibility,  lie 
ln;d  the  reputation  tor  talents  and  wis- 
dom.— JonN,  a  lawyer  of  Boston,  Mas- 
sachusetts, distinsr'uished  for  f^enius. 
learnins^,  wit,  patriotism,  eloquence,  and 
integrity,  was  grraduated  at  Harvard  col- 
lege, in"l697.  He  studied  divinity,  and 
preached  for  some  time  with  popularity, 
but  at  length  left  that  profession  for  the 
law,  and  soon  became  eminent  in  the 
practice.  He  first  reduced  the  redun- 
dant and  obscure  phraseology  of  the 
English  deeds  of  conveyance,  to  the 
simple  form  now  in  nse.  He  held  a 
conspicuous  place  tor  some  time  also  in 
the  house  of  representatives  and  coun- 
cil.    D.  at  an  advanced  age,  in  1749. 

REAL,  Gaspaud  de,"  Seigneur  de 
CuRBAN,  was  b.  at  Sisteron,  in  1GS2,  and 
d.  at  Paris,  in  1752.  He  wrote  an  able 
work  on  the  "Science  of  Government.'' 

KEAUMUR,  Rene  Antoine  Fj:k- 
CHAULT  DE.  a  philosophic  naturalist,  b.  in 
1683,  at  RochcUe  ;  studied  under  the 
Jesuits  at  Poitiers,  and  afterwards  went 
through  a  course  of  law  at  Bourges. 
But  his  tastes  led  him  to  the  observation 
of  nature  ;  and  having  made  liimself 
acquainted  with  the  mathematical  sci- 
ences, he  was  chosen  a  member  of  the 
Academy  of  Sciences  at  Paris,  to  which 
he  had  presented  some  memoirs  on 
geometry.  He  discovered  tlie  art  of 
manufacturing  porcelain,  of  converting 
iron  into  steel,  of  tinning  iron  plates, 
.ind  of  making  artificial  pearls.  He 
ascertained,  also,  the  existence  of  mines 
of  turquoises  in  France  equal  to  those 
of  Persia ;  and  he  invented  a  method 
of  hatching  egns  by  ai-tificial  heat.  But 
lie  is  principally  celebrated  for  being  the 
first  who  reduced  thermometers  to  a 
common  standard  ;  and  the  instruments 
constructed  upon  his  principles  still  go 
by  his  name.  His  chief  works  are, 
"Memoirs  of  his  Discoveries,"  "The 
History  of  Insects,"  and  a  "  History  of 
the  .Vuriferous  Rivers  of  France." 

RKBOLLEDO,  Bernaruin.  count  de, 
ft  Spanish  soldier,  writer,  and  diploma- 
tist, was  b.  at  Leon  159G,  and  d.  at 
Madrid  in  1677. 

60^^ 


RED P:S DALE,,  Jonx  Freeman  Mit- 

FORD,  Baron,  an  eminent  English  lawyer 
and  statesman,  was  b.  l74->,  educated  at 
New  college,  Oxford,  and  having  studied 
at  Lincoln's  Inn,  was  called  to  the  bar; 
in  1782  he  published  "  A  Treatise  oa 
Pleadings  in  Suits  in  the  Court  of  Chan- 
cery."  He  was  afterwards  made  a 
Welsh  iudge.  In  1789  he  was  chosen 
M.P.  for  Beeralston;  in  1793  he  was 
appointed  solicitor-general,  and  in  that 
capacity  he  assisted  in  conducting  the 
state  trials  of  Hardy,  Home  Tooke,  and 
Tlielwall.  He  succeeded  Lord  Eldon  a^ 
attorney-general  in  1799.  In  1802  he 
was  raised  to  the  peerage,  and  made 
lord  chancellor,  and  a  member  of  the 
privy  council  in  Ireland ;  but  he  resign- 
ed the  seals  in  March,  1806,  in  conse- 
quence of  the  death  of  Mr.  Pitt.  D. 
1830. 

REDING,  Aloys,  baron  von,  lande- 
mann  and  general  of  the  Swiss,  was  b. 
1755.  On  the  invasion  of  Switzerland 
by  the  French  in  1798,  he  commanded 
the  troops  raised  to  repel  them  ;  but 
though  he  obtained  some  advantages 
over  the  enemy,  his  forces  were  inade- 
quate to  tlie  task  assigned  them,  and 
the  Swiss  were  compelled  to  submission. 
Having  afterwards  endeavored  to  secure 
some  degree  of  independence  for  his 
country,  Bonaparte  had  him  arrested 
and  confined  in  the  fortress  of  Arboura:, 
but  he  was  set  at  liberty  in  a  few  months. 
He  was  subsequently  at  no  pains  to  con- 
ceal his  antipathy  to  Bonaparte,  and  he 
is  beheved  to  have  favored  the  passage 
of  the  allied  troops  through  the  Swiss 
territories  over  the  Rhine,  after  the 
campaiirn  of  1813.     D.  1818. 

REED,  Isaac,  a  critic  and  miscella- 
neous writer,  was  b.  in  London  in  1712, 
and  brought  up  to  the  conveyancing 
business,  whicn  he  relinquished  for 
literary  pursuits.  He  published  the 
poems"  of  Lady  Mary  Wortley  Montagu, 
edited  the  Seatonian  prize  noems,  and 
revised  and  enlarged  Dodsley's  "  Old 
Plays."  lie  afterwards  also  published 
the"  "  Biographia  Dramatica,"  ami  four 
volumes  of  humorous  pieces,  under  the 
title  of  the  "  Repository  ;"  but  the  work 
by  which  he  is  most  advantaijcously 
known  is  an  edition  of  Shakspeare, 
embodying  in  its  pages  all  the  most  val- 
uable notes  and  elucidations  of  former 
connneiitators,  with  much  original  in- 
formation. D.  1807.— TosErn,  a  dra- 
matic writer,  was  b.  at  Stockton-upon- 
Tees,  in  1743,  and  carried  on  business 
as  a  rope-maker  at  Stepney,  till  his 
death  in  1787.     He  was  the  author  of 


714 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[reo 


"Dido,"  a  tmced.v,  "Tom  Jones,"  a 
coniii.'  opera,  several  threes,  «fco. — Joseph, 
a  patriot  of  the  Aiiiericau  revolution, 
was  jjraduated  at  the  college  in  Kew 
Jersey,  in  1757.  Wliile  a  meniber  of 
conjrress  in  177S,  the  British  commis- 
sioner endeavored  to  procure  his  inllii- 
euee  to  bring  about  a  reconciliation 
between  the  colonies  and  the  mother 
country,  he  rejected  their  otters  wiih 
the  reply — "That  he  was  not  worth 
purchasinir ;  but  sueh  as  he  was,  the 
king  of  Great  Britain  was  not  rich 
enough  to  buy  him."  In  1778  he  was 
chosen  president  of  Pennsylvania,  and 
retained  tiiat  oftiee  till  his  death,  1781. 

RP2ES,  Abkaham,  a  dissenting  minis- 
ter, whose  labors  as  an  encyclopasdist 
have  gained  for  him  great  and  deserved 
celebrity,  was  b.  in  Montgomeryshire, 
1743,  was  educated  at  iloxton,  became 
theological  and  philosophical  tutor  in 
the  new  college,  founded  at  Hackney, 
which  place  he  held  till  1795,  when  tliat 
establishment  also  terminated.  In  1776 
he  was  employed  as  editor  of  "  Cham- 
bers's Cyelopffidia,"  which  he  completed 
in  1786.  After  a  lapse  of  14  years,  the 
proprietors  embarked  in  a  more  com- 
prehensive undertaking,  which  also  Dr. 
liees  brought  to  a  conclusion.  Besides 
these  literary  pcrtbrmances,  he  publish- 
ed two  volumes  of  "  Practical  »Sermons," 
and  several  other  works.     D.  1825. 

EBilVE,  Clara,  a  novelist,  was  b.  at 
Ipswicii,  and  was  the  daughter  of  a 
cl'^rgyman  who  gave  her  an  excellent 
education.  She  possessed  great  learn- 
ing and  research,  which  she  displayed 
in  her  first  literary  essay,  a  translation 
of  Barclay's  "  Argenis."  Among  her 
subsequent  productions  are,  "Tlie  Pro- 

5'ress  of  Romance,"  "Memoirs  of  Sir 
{oger  dc  Clarendon,"  "  The  School  for 
Widows,"  and  the  well-known  tale  of 
"  The  Old  English  Baron."  D.  1808.— 
John,  a  celebrated  comic  actor,  b.  in 
London,  1799,  made  his  first  appearance 
on  the  boards  of  Drury-lane,  as  "  Syl- 
vester Daggerwood,"  in  1819  •  was  sub- 
sequently engaged  at  the  Ilaymarkct, 
English  Opera-house,  and  Adeli>hi,  and 
d.  1838.  .John  Kecve  was  the  absolute 
personification  of  hilarious  jollity  and 
genuine  good-humor. — Tapping,  an 
eminent  lawyer,  was  b.  at  Brook-Haven, 
in  1744,  and  was  graduated  at  Princeton 
college.  He  established  himst-lf  as  a 
lawyer  in  Litchfield,  Connecticut,  where 
he  founded  the  law  school,  of  wliicli, 
for  nearly  thirty  years  lie  was  the  prin- 
cipal instructor.  He  was  for  many  years 
judge  of  the  supremo  court  of  that  state, 


and  some  time  chief  justice.  His  legal 
attainments  were  of  a  high  order,  and 
as  a  man  he  possessed  tlie  esteem  and 
respect  of  the  community. 

IIEGIUS,  Urban,  or  Le  Rot,  a  learned 
poet  and  controversialist,  distinguished 
also  as  one  of  the  early  reformers,  was 
b.  at  Langenargen,  in  Germany.  He 
completed  his  studies  at  Ingol'dstadt, 
under  Eckius,  and  when  the  emperor 
Maximilian  visited  tliat  university,  ho 
made  Regius  his  poet  laureate  and  ora- 
tor. He  afterwards  obtained  a  profes- 
sorship ,  but  when  the  controversy 
arose  between  Luther  and  Eckius,  the 
reformed  doctrines  operated  so  strongly 
upon  his  conviction,  that  he  sided  with 
the  former  against  his  old  tutor  in  po- 
lemics. In  1530  he  accepted  an  invita- 
tion from  the  duke  of  Brunswick  to 
settle  as  pastor  of  the  church  of  Luuen- 
berg,  and  d.  in  1541. 

RP^GNARD,  John  Francis,  a  comic 
writer,  was  b.  at  Paris,  in  1655.  He 
went  to  Italy  about  1676,  and  was  re- 
turning home  with  considerable  prop- 
erty, when  he  was  captured  by  an 
Algerine  corsair,  and  sold  for  a  slave. 
During  his  captivity,  he  obtained  the 
favor  of  his  master  by  his  skill  in  cook- 
ery ;  but  being  caught  in  an  intrigue 
with  one  of  the  women,  he  was  required 
to  turn  Mahometan,  or  sutfer  death. 
The  French  consul,  however,  saved  him 
by  paying  his  ransom,  and  Eegnard  re- 
turned to  Franco  about  1681.  After  this 
he  wrote  a  number  of  successful  com- 
edies, besides  poems  and  other  works  ; 
was  made  a  treasurer  of  France,  ancl 
lieutenant  of  the  waters  and  forests ; 
and  d.  1709. 

REGNAULT,  Michael  Louis  Ste- 
phen, a  Freucli  advocate  and  statesman, 
was  b.  at  St.  Jean  d'Angeli,  in  17C0;  d. 
1819.-^NoEL,  a  learned  mathematician 
and  philosopher,  was  b.  at  Arras,  1683; 
belonged  to  the  society  of  Jesuits,  and 
d.  at  Paris,  1762.  He  jiublishcd  several 
scientific  and  metaphysical  works,  tlio 
principal  of  which  arc  his  "Philosophi- 
cal Conversations"  and  his  "  Ancient 
Origin  of  the  New  Philosophy." 

RKGNIEK,  Clatide  Ambrose,  duke 
of  Massa,  minister  of  justice  under  the 
government  of  Napoleon,  was  b.  at  Bla- 
inont,  in  La  Meurthe,  in  1736 ;  prac- 
tised as  an  advocate  at  Nancy,  was  a 
member  of  the  constituent  assembly, 
retired  from  public  affairs  durin<r  the 
reign  of  terror ;  but  after  tlie  fall  of 
Robespierre,  became  a  member  of  the 
council  of  ancients,  and  took  an  active 
part  in  the  senate.    He  assisted  in  the 


ren] 


CYCLOP.'l^niA    OF    mOGKAPIIV. 


715 


elevation  oi'  Bonaparte  as  first  consul, 
nnrl,  in  1S02,  he  was  api^ointed  trrand 
iiidcce,  minister  of  ,iiisti(.'e,  etc.  In  lbV6 
lie  bceanic  president  of  the  legislative 
body,  and  d.  in  tlic  followintr  year. — 
MATnuuix,  a  Freneh  poet,  and  tiie  tirst 
■who  succeeded  in  Fnince  as  a  satirist, 
b.  at  Chartres,  1572.  lie  was  brought 
up  to  the  church,  which  he  disgraced 
by  his  debaucheries ;  yet  he  obtained  a 
canonry  in  the  cathedral  of  his  native 
place,  with  other  benefices,  and  a  pen- 
sion. D.  1G13.  His  "Satires"  still  re- 
tain a  place  in  the  standard  literature  of 
his  country. 

KP2GULUS,  Marcfs  Arrii.irs,  a  Eo- 
tnan  general,  celebrated  for  his  patriot- 
ism and  devotion  in  the  service  of  his 
country,  was  made  consul  a  second  time 
about  256  B.  c,  and,  with  his  colleague, 
Manilas  Vulso,  commanded  in  the  first 
war  against  Carthage. 

KEICIIARDT,  JoHX  Frederic,  a  mu- 
sical composer  and  author,  was  b.  at 
Konigsberg,  in  1751  ;  studied  under 
Kant,  was  for  a  long  time  director  of  the 
Italian  opera  at  Bcrhn,  and  subsequently 
had  the  direction  of  the  Freneh  and 
German  theatres  at  Cassel.  Among  his 
compositions,  which  are  very  numerous, 
are  the  "Tamerlane"  of  Jlorcl,  and  the 
"Panthea"  of  Berquin.  Ilis  literary 
productions  are,  "Familiar  Letters  writ- 
ten during  a  Journey  in  France  in  17!i2, 
and  again  in  1S03  and  1804,"  "Familiar 
Letters  on  Vienna,"  &c. ;  and  "  Napo- 
leon Bonaparte  and  the  French  I'eople 
under  liis  Consulate,"  &c.  D.  1S14. 
_  Ei:iCnENBACir,  George  of,  a  dis- 
tinguished mechanical  artist,  was  b.  at 
Manheim,  in  1772,  and  d.  at  Munich,  in 
1826.  lie  and  his  coadjutor,  Fraunhofer, 
were  unsurpassed  in  the  manufacture 
of  optical  instruments  generally,  and 
quite  unrivalled  in  the  execution  of  tel- 
escopes, heliometers,  theodolites,  &c. 

EEID,  TnoMAs,  a  celebrated  Scotch 
divine  and  metaphysician,  was  b.  1700, 
at  Straehan,  in  Kinc;irdineshire,  and 
educated  at  the  Marischal  college,  Aber- 
deen. In  1764  he  succeeded  Adam 
Smith  as  professor  of  mor.al  philosophy 
at  Glasgow,  and  d.  in  1706.  Ilis  prin- 
cip.il  works  are,  "  An  Inquiry  into  the 
Human  Mind,"  and  "Essays  on  the  In- 
tellectual and  Active  Powers  of  Man." 
Dr.  Reid  was  the  first  writer  in  Scotland 
who  attacked  the  skepticism  of  Hume, 
and  endeavored  to  refute  the  ideal  tlie- 
orv  which  was  tlien  prevalent. 

EEINIIOLD,  Er.vsmvs,  a  German  ma- 
thematician and  astronomer,  was  b.  at 
Salfeldt,  in  Tluiringia,  in  l.'ll  ;  Ipecan.e 


professor  of  mathematics  at  TVittemberg, 
and  d.  there  in  1503.  His  works  are, 
"Theoria  nova  Planetarum,"  ''Ptol- 
emy's Almagest,  with  a  Latin  version," 
"  Prutenicjc' Tabula3  Ccjelestimn  Motii- 
urn,"  and  "  Pi-imus  Liber  Tabularum 
Direction  um." 

IlEMBEANDT  VAN  RIIYN,  Paul, 
one  of  the  most  celebrated  painters  and 
engravers  of  the  Dutch  school,  was  b. 
1606,  near  Leyden.  His  passionate  love 
for  art  disappointed  his  father's  desire 
of  educating  him  as  a  scholar ;  but  he 
received  some  instruction  in  the  art  of 
painting  from  Peter  Lastmann,  of  Am- 
sterdam, but  soon  returned  home,  and 
pursued  his  labors  there,  taking  nature 
as  Ilis  sole  guide.  He  came  into  notice 
by  taking  a  picture  to  the  Hajjue,  where 
a  dealer  gave  him  li'O  fiorius  tor  it ; 
which  circumstance  procured  him  em- 
ployment and  pupils.  Eembramlt  was 
master  of  all  tliat  relates  to  colorinsr, 
distribution  of  light  and  shade,  and  the 
management  of  the  pencil ;  and  tiiougli 
he  was  deficient  in  some  of  the  other 
requisites  of  a  true  artist,  it  caimot  be 
denied  that  his  pencil  is  masterly  and 
unique,  possessing  an  energy  and  effect 
belonging  to  no  other  jiainter.  His 
etchings  possess  a  wonderful  freedom, 
facilitv,  and  boldness.  Eembrandt  mar- 
ried the  handsome  daughter  of  a  peas- 
ant, who  used  to  sit  to  him  as  a  model. 
He  resided  during  the  greater  part  of  his 
life  at  Amsterdam,  and  lie  soon  acquired 
a  large  fortune.  His  habits,  however, 
were  low,  and  his  avarice  insatiable ;  so 
that  he  lived  like  a  beggar,  and  descend- 
ed to  the  meanest  tricks  to  increase  his 
hoard.  I).  1674,  or,  according  to  some 
accounts,  in  1688. 

EEMCSAT,  Jean  Pierre  Abel,  an 
eminent  linguist,  was  b.  at  Paris,  1788. 
He  was  professor  of  the  Chinese  and  Tar- 
tar languages  at  the  college  de  France ; 
was  admitted  into  the  academy  of  in 
scriptions  in  1816  ;  and,  after  Viseonti's 
death,  in  1818,  he  was  appointed  editor 
of  the  "  Journal  des  Savans."  His  prin- 
cipal works  are,  "  Essai  sur  la  Langue 
et  Litterature  Chinoises,"  "Plan  d'nn 
Dictionnaire  Chinois,"  "  Melanges  Asi- 
atiques,"  and  "Comtes  Chinois."  D. 
1832. 

EENAU  D'ELISAGARAY,  Ber- 
nard, an  able  French  naval  architect, 
was  b.  in  Beam,  in  1652.  He  was  cm- 
ployed  at  Brest  in  the  construction  of 
large  ships;  and,  in  168<'>,  he  conceived 
the  idea  of  bomb-vessels,  which  were 
used  at  the  bombardment  of  Algiers, 
and  the  success  of  wliicli  led  to  his  being 


'16 


CVCLOP.EDIA    OF     BIOGRAPHY. 


[red 


appointed  to  conduct  several  sieges  un- 
der Viuibau.  For  tliese  services  he  was 
made  a  captain  in  the  navy,  honored 
with  the  cross  of  St.  Louis,  and  reward- 
ed with  a  pension  of  12,000  livres.  He 
wrote,  "  Theorie  de  la  Manoeuvre  des 
Vaisseaux,"  and  d.  in  1719. 

KENNEL,  Major  John,  was  b.  at 
ChudleiLrh,  1742  ;  tirst  entered  the  naval 
service  as  a  midshipman,  and  served  in 
India,  but  quitted  it  for  the  East  India 
company's  military  service,  and  became 
surveyor-general  of  Bengal.  Eeturning 
to  England  in  1782,  lie  was  elected  a 
member  of  tlie  Royal  Society  ;  and  from 
this  period  he  held  an  extensive  corre- 
spondence with  men  of  learning  both  at 
home  and  abroad.  He  now  published 
his  celebrated  '•  Jlemoir  and  Map  of 
Hindostan,"  and  he  assisted  in  the  for- 
mation of  the  Asiatic  Society.  He  was 
also  the  author  of  "  Observations  on  the 
Topography  of  the  Plain  of  Troy,"  three 
memoirs  ontlie  "Geography  of  Africa," 
the  "  Geographical  System  of  Herodotus 
explained,"  and  the  "  Marches  of  the 
British  Army  in  the  Peninsula  of  In- 
dia."    1).  1830. 

EEXNIE,  John,  a  celebrated  civil 
engineer  and  mechanist,  was  b.  at  Phan- 
tassie,  in  East  Lothian,  settled  in  Lon- 
don in  1783,  and  first  became  known  by 
the  talent  he  displayed  in  the  construc- 
tion of  the  Albion  Mills.  His  next  con- 
cern was  in  superintending  the  new 
machinery  of  Wliitbread's  brewery,  the 
execution  of  which  increased  his  fame. 
He  soon,  however,  became  eminent  in 
labors  of  a  superior  kind,  and  stood  at 
the  head  of  the  civil  engineers  of  Great 
Britain.  Among  his  public  works  may 
be  mentioned,  Kamsgate  harbor,  Water- 
loo, Southwark,  and  New  London 
bridges;  the  Breakwater  at  Plymouth, 
the  Crinan,  Lancaster,  Kennet,  and 
Avon,  and  other  canals ;  and  several 
docks  and  harbors,  among  which  are 
those  of  London,  Hull,  and  Sheeriiess. 
But  the  Bell  Rock  liglithouse,  construct- 
ed on  the  same  principle  as  that  of  tlie 
E'ldystone,  will,  perhaps,  bo  deemed 
thegreatestelfortofhisgenius.   D.  1821. 

REPTOX,  lltMPHKEY,  a  private  gen- 
tleman, distinguislied  by  Ids  skill  in 
ornamental  gardenin-,'  and  architecture, 
was  b.  at  Bury  St.  Edmunds,  in  1752. 
In  1783  lie  accompanied  Mr.  Windliam 
to  Ireland,  and  for  a  sliort  time  held  a 
.'•ituation  at  Dublin,  under  government. 
On  his  return  to  England,  lie  adopted 
the  profession  of  landscape  gardening, 
in  w.hich  he  soon  obtained  extensive 
celebrity.     He  published  several  works 


on  miscellaneous  subjects,  but  his  prin- 
cipal productions  are  on  the  theory  and 
practice  of  his  art.     D.  1818. 

RESTOUT,  John,  a  French  painter, 
was  b.  at  Rouen,  in  16'.i2,  became  direc- 
tor of  the  academy  of  paintings,  and  d. 
in  17GS. — His  son,  who  was  also  a  good 
painter,  and  a  member  of  the  Academy, 
a.  at  Paris  in  17'J7. 

RETZ,  John  Fk.\ncis  Paul  de  Gondi, 
a  French  cardinal,  and  a  celebrated  po- 
litical character,  was  b.  at  Montmirail, 
in  1613;  became  coadjutor  to  his  uncle, 
the  arclibishop  of  Paris ;  and,  after 
many  intrigues,  and  fighting  several 
tluels,  he  was  made  archbishop  of  Co- 
rinth and  a  cardinal.  He  conspired 
against  the  life  of  Cardinal  Richelieu, 
and  took  a  prominent  part  in  opposing 
Mazarin  daring  the  minority  of  Louis 
XIV.  In  sliort,  he  was  the  Catiline  of 
the  day.  At  1(.  \gth  Mazarin,  who  both 
hated  and  fear,  i  him,  imprisoned  him 
in  the  castle  at  Vincenaes,  whence  he 
was  removed  to  Nantes,  from  which  he 
escaped,  and  subsequently  travelled 
through  Holland,  Flanders,  and  En- 
gland. In  1G75  he  wished  to  give  up 
his  cardinal's  hat,  and  retire  from  tlia 
world,  but  the  pope  would  not  receive  it ; 
and  as  the  latter  years  of  his  life  made 
some  amends  for  his  former  crimes,  he 
d.  at  Paris,  in  1679. 

REUCHLIN,  John,  a  celebrated  Ger- 
man philologist,  b.  at  Pfortzheim,  in 
1455.  Having  studied  the  law,  and  ob- 
tained the  diploma  of  licentiate  in  that 
faculty  at  Poitiers,  he  was  employed 
in  several  diplomatic  missions ;  and 
while  at  Rome  with  Everard,  count  of 
Wirtembcrg,  he  was  received  with  the 
distinction  due  to  his  talents,  and  was 
particularly  noticed  by  Lorenzo  de  Me- 
dici, at  Florence.  After  the  i-enew.al  of 
the  league  of  Suabia,  in  1500,  Reuchlin 
was  appointed  judge  of  a  tribunal  at 
Tubingen,  which  office  he  held  eleven 
years.  In  his  old  age  he  was  reduced 
to  poverty,  and  was  persecuted  by  the 
ecclesiastics  for  opposing  Pfeftercorn's 
design  of  burning  all  the  Jewish  books 
except  the  Bible.  Reuchlin  was  the 
preceptor  of  Melanchthon,  and  d.  1522. 
He  composed  the  first  Hebrew  grammar 
and  lexicon  for  the  use  of  Christians, 
and  he  was  the  author  of  several  other 
works. 

REUVENS,  John  Everard,  one  of 
the  most  profound  lawyers  Holland  ever 
produced,  was  b.  at  Haerlem,  in  1753; 
Ktu<lied  at  Leydcn ;  acquired  great  repu- 
tation at  the  Hague  as  an  advocate ;  and 
was   appointed,  in  1795,  counsellor  to 


KHi] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    lilOGRAPIIY. 


717 


the  court  of  justice  of  the  province  of 
Ilolhmd.  In  ISul  he  became  prei^idcnt 
of  the  hitrli  court  of  justice;  and  under 
the  regal  government,  in  1800,  ho  was 
nominated  counsellor  of  state  extraor- 
dinary, and  subsequently'  vice-president 
of  tiie  council.  On  the  union  of  Hol- 
land to  France,  in  1810,  he  became  presi- 
dent of  the  court  of  appeal  at  the  Hague  ; 
but  was  soon  after  invited  to  Paris,  and 
made  counsellor  of  the  court  of  cassa- 
tion; •which  office  he  relimiuished, 
when,  in  1814,  the  independence  of  his 
native  coimtry  was  secured,  and  return- 
ed to  the  presidency  he  had  quitted  at 
the  Hague.  He  went  to  Brussels  in 
1816,  on  a  legal  mission,  and  there 
perished,  the  victim  of  a  conspiracy,  the 
authors  of  which  have  never  been  dis- 
covered. 

EEYNEAU,  Charles  Rene,  an  emi- 
nent French  mathematician,  was  b.  at 
Brissac,  in  1656,  and  entered  into  the 
congregation  of  the  Oratory.  Having 
become  well  acquainted  with  geometry, 
and  studied  the  Cartesian  philosophy, 
he  taught  mathematics  and  physics  at 
Toulon  and  Angers.  He  was  the  author 
of  "  Analyse  Dtmontreo,"  and  *'  Science 
du  Calcul"  dcs  Grandeurs."     D.  1728. 

EEYNER,  Edwaki),  a  nonconformist 
divine,  was  b.  in  Yorkshire,  and  edu- 
cated at  Cambridge,  where  he  took  his 
degree  in  arts,  and,  about  1627,  settled 
at  Lincoln;  but  in  1662  was  ejected 
from  his  living,  and  d.  soon  after.  Ho 
wrote  "  Precepts  for  Christian  Prac- 
tice," "Vindication  of  Human  Learning 
and  Universities,"  <fee. 

EEYNOLUS,  Sir  Joshua,  an  eminent 
English  painter,  was  the  son  of  a  cler- 
gyman at  Plimpton,  in  Devonshire, 
where  he  was  b.  1723.  He  early  dis- 
covered a  predilection  for  the  art  of 
drawing,  which  induced  his  father  to 
place  him,  at  the  age  of  17,  with  Hud- 
son, the  most  famous  portrait  painter  in 
London,  with  whom  he  remained  three 
years,  and  then,  upon  some  disagree- 
ment, returned  home.  He  then  pro- 
ceeded to  Rome,  in  which  capital,  and 
other  parts  of  Italy,  he  spent  three 
years.  On  his  return  to  London,  liis 
talent  placed  him  at  the  head  of  the 
English  portrait  painters  ;  and  being  a 
man  of  literary  abilities  and  an  amiable 
companion,  as  well  as  a  tirst-rate  artist, 
he  soon  numbered  among  his  intimate 
friends,  several  of  the  most  distinguish- 
ed characters  of  the  day.  When  the 
Royal  Academy  was  instituted,  in  1768, 
ho  was  unanimously  chosen  president, 
wid  was  knighted ;  and  although  it  was 


no  prescribed  part  of  his  duty  to  read 
lectures,  yet  his  zeal  for  the  "advance- 
ment of  the  fine  arts  induced  him  to 
deliver  annual  or  biennial  discourses 
before  the  academy  on  the  principles 
and  practice  of  painting.  Of  these  he 
pronounced  fifteen,  from  1769  to  1790, 
which  were  published  in  two  sets,  and 
form  a  standard  work.  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  celebrated  club  which  con- 
tained the  names  of  Johnson,  Garrick, 
Burke,  and  others  of  the  first  rank  of 
literary  eminence,  and  seems  to  have 
been  universally  beloved  and  respected 
by  his  associates.  In  1773  the  university 
of  O.xford  conferred  on  Sir  Joshua  the 
honorary  degree  of  doctor  of  laws,  and 
in  1783  he  was  appointed  principal 
painter  to  the  king.     JD.  17t'2. 

KEYNAC,  Francis  Philip  Lalrens 
DE,  a  French  ecclesiastic,  was  b.  at 
Longville,  in  the  Limousin,  in  1734. 
He  became  canon  regular  of  Chancelade, 
prior  of  St.  Maclou,"at  Orleans,  and  an 
associate  of  the  academy  of  inscrip- 
tions. He  is  pridcipally  known  by  his 
"Hymns  to  the  Sun,"  in  the  florid 
prose  style  of  Fenelon.  lie  also  wrote 
"  Idylls  in  prose,"  "  Sacred  Poems," 
&c.     D.  1782. 

RHEIFEK,  CnuisTopiiER,  a  German 
musical  composer,  b.  at  Memmingen, 
in  174S.  He  produced  the  operas  of 
"Le  Nouvean  Pygmalion,"  "  Lo  Fils 
Reconnaissant,"  and  "Rinaldo;"  be- 
sides the  oratorio,  "Der  Todgesang 
Jesu,"  and  a  collection  of  songs.  D. 
1796. 

RHIGAS,  or  RIG  AS,  a  modern  Greek 
patriot,  b.  at  Velestini,  in  Thessaly, 
about  1753.  Ho  was  soon  distint^uishod 
for  his  ready  apprehension  and  exten- 
sive acquirements,  being  intimately  ac- 
quainted with  the  ancient  literature  of 
Greece,  as  well  as  with  the  Latin,  French, 
German,  and  Italian  languasres.  Look- 
ing forward  for  an  opportunity  when  his 
country  might  throw  otf  the  Turkish 
yoke,  he  conceived  the  project  of  a 
grand  secret  society,  and  among  the 
discontented  chiefs  who  became  asso- 
ciated with  him,  was  the  pacha  Pass- 
wan  Oglou.  He  then  proceeded  to 
Vienna,  which  place  he  made  the  focus 
of  an  extensive  correspondence  with 
persons  of  intellicfence  possessing  simi- 
lar principles  with  himself  in  various 
parts  of  Europe.  He  also  commenced 
a  Greek  journal  for  the  instruction  of 
his  countrymen,  composed  a  treatise  on 
military  tactics,  drew  up  a  grand  chart 
of  all  Greece,  in  12  divisions,  and  trans- 
lated the   travels  of  "  Anacharsis  the 


718 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[ric 


Younger,"  and  other  French  'works. 
But  being:  treacherously  denounced  to 
the  Austrian  fjfovernment  by  one  of  liis 
associates,  as  a  conspirator  airainst  the 
state,  he  was  arrested  at  Trieste,  and 
ordered  to  be  delivered  up  to  the  Otto- 
man Forte.  His  conductors,  liowever, 
learin!^  to  be  intercepted  by  I'asswau 
Oijlou,  drowned  liim  in  the  Danube,  to- 
gether with  eight  of  his  companions, 
who  had  been  arrested  at  the  same 
time,  May.  171*8. 

EIBERA,  Ax^^TASius  Pantaleon  de, 
a  Spanish  poet,  called  the  Scarron  of 
Spam,  was  b.  at  Madrid,  and  on  account 
of  his  wit  was  entertained  at  the  court 
of  Philip  IV. — JosEi-H,  called  Lo  Spag- 
NoLETTo,  an  eminent  painter,  was  b.  at 
Xaliva,  in  Valencia,  about  1589.  He 
was  at  first  u  pupil  of  Caravaggio,  and 
on  going  to  Koine,  he  studied  the 
works  of  liaphael,  the  Caraeei,  &c., 
with  great  advantage.  He  then  visited 
Parma  and  Modena,  and  thence  went  to 
Kaples,  where  the  viceroy  named  him 
his  own  painter.  In  1648,  when  Don 
John  of  zV-ustria  visited  Naples,  Kibera 
imprudently  boasted  to  him  of  the 
beauty  of  his  daughters,  which  led  to 
an  intrigue  with  one  of  them,  and  the 
prince  carried  her  otf.  This  so  affected 
the  father,  that,  according  to  some  ac- 
counts, he  left  hia  house  suddenly  one 
day,  in  1649,  and  was  never  again  heard 
of.'  Others  state  that  he  d.  at  Naples, 
in  16r)6. 

KICAEDO,  David,  celebrated  for  his 
writings  on  finance  and  statistics,  was 
b.  in  London,  of  a  Jewish  family,  in 
1772.  His  character  for  probity,  indus- 
try, and  talent,  early  proeui-ed  for  him 
the  means  of  support;  and,  becoming  a 
member  of  the  stock  exchange,  he  accu- 
mulated imraeuse  property.  In  1810  he 
appeared  as  a  writer  in  the  "Morning 
Clironicle,"  on  the  subject  of  the  depre- 
ciation of  the  national  currency ;  he 
advocated  the  principles  of  Malthns 
concerning  population  ;  and  published  a 
treatise  on  "  Political  Economy  and 
Taxation,"  which  attbrds  a  luminous 
exposition  of  the  origin  and  fluctuation 
of  national  wealth  and  expenditure.  In 
ISl'J,  Mr.  Ricardo  was  elected  into  par- 
liament for  the  Irish  borough  of  Portar- 
lington  ;  but  he  never  spoke,  except  on 
subjects  of  finance  and  coimuerce,  on 
which  occasions  he  was  always  attended 
to  with  great  deference.     D.  1823. 

RICAUT,  Sir  Paul,  an  English  travel- 
ler and  historical  writer,  was  the  son  of 
a  merchant  in  London;  received  his 
education  utTrini'.y  eoUejfe,  Cambridge ; 


and  in  1661  went  to  Constantinople,  as 
secretary  to  the  embassy,  and  there 
wrote  his  "  State  of  the  Ottoman  Em- 
pire." He  was  next  appointed  consul 
at  Smj'rua,  where,  by  tlie  command  of 
Charles  II.,  he  wrote  "The  present 
State  of  the  Greek  and  Armenian 
Churches ;"  and  on  his  return  home  he 
was  made  secretary  to  the  lord  lieuten- 
ant of  Ireland,  a  privy  councillor,  and  a 
judge  of  the  high  court  of  admiralty. 
AVilliam  III.  employed  him  as  tlie  En- 
glish resident  in  the  Hanse  Towns, 
where  he  continued  10  years.  Besides 
the  works  before  mentioned,  he  wrote 
a  continuation  of  Knolles's  "  History  of 
the  Turks,"  a  translatioia  of  Platina's 
"  Lives  of  the  Popes,"  and  Garcilasso 
de  la  Vega's  "History  of  Peru."  D. 
1700. 

RICCI,  Lorenzo,  the  last  general  of 
the  Jesuits  previous  to  their  suppres- 
sion by  Pope  Clement  XIII.,  was  b.  at 
Florence,  in  170-3 ;  entered  into  the 
order  of  St.  Ignatius  at  the  age  of  15; 
became,  successively,  spiritual  director 
at  the  Roman  college,  and  secretary  of 
his  order;  and  succeeded,  on  ine  death 
of  Centurioui,  in  1758,  to  the  office  of 
general.  On  the  suppression  of  the  Je- 
suits he  was  confined  as  a  prisoner  in 
the  castle  of  St.  Angelo,  and  there  d. 
1775. — Scipio,  an  Italian  prelate,  was  a 
nephew  of  the  preceding,  and  b.  at  Flo- 
rence, in  1741.  He  was  raised  to  the 
bishopric  of  Pistoga  and  Prato,  in  1786  ; 
and  distinguished  himself  by  strenu- 
ously seconding  the  Grand-duke  Leo- 
pold hi  the  attempt  to  introduce  a  re- 
form into  the  ecclesiastical  discipline  of 
the  duchy.  By  doing  this,  he  incurred 
the  displeasure  of  the  pope,  was  obliged 
to  resign  his  bishopric,  and  subsequent- 
ly underwent  much  persecution  ;  though 
he  became  reconciled  to  the  holy  sec,  in 
1805,  by  signing  a  formula  of  adhesion 
to  the  bulls  which  he  had  objected  to. 
D.  181 0. — Matthew,  a  Jesuit  and  mis- 
sionary in  China,  who  was  in  such  high 
favor  with  the  emperor,  that  he  gave 
him  permission  to  build  a  church  there. 
D.  1610. 

RICCOBONI,  LoDovico,  an  eminent 
comedian  and  author,  was  b.  at  Modena, 
in  1674,  acquired  an  early  reputation  on 
the  stage,  and«was  popular  ooth  in  his 
own  country  and  at  Paris.  In  1729  the 
duke  of  Parma  appointed  him  inspector 
of  tlie  theatres  in  his  dominions  ;  out  in 
1731  he  returned  to  Paris,  where  he  de- 
voted his  last  years  to  literature,  and  d. 
1752.  He  wrote  several  comedies  and 
poems,  besides  a  "  History  of  the  Italiau 


Ric] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


19 


Theatre,"  and  other  works  on  dra- 
matic subjects. — Antiion  Francis,  son 
of  the  precedini.',  was  b.  at  Jlantua,  in 
1707,  and  was  also  an  actor  and  a  dra- 
matic writer.  His  comedies  were  very 
successful,  hut  what  lie  gained  by  the 
stage  he  spent  in  foolisli  attempts  to 
discover  the  philosopher's  stone.  D. 
1772. — His  wile  was  a  celebrated  French 
novelist;  but  from  the  neglect  of  her 
husband  she  suffered  mucn,  and  d.  in 
1792. 

KICE,  John  Holt,  an  eminent  Pres- 
byterian clergyman  of  Virginia,  who 
was  professor  in  the  Union  theological 
scliool  of  that  state,  established  in  1824. 
He  was  also  f)r  some  years  editor  of  the 
Virginia  "  Evangelical  and  Literary 
Magazine."  An(i  he  published  "  Mem- 
oirs of  Siimuel  Davis,"  an  "  Hlustra- 
tion  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in 
Virginia,"  and  a  "  Discourse  before 
the  Foreien  Board  of  Missions."  B. 
1779;  d.  1831. 

KICHAKD  I.,  king  of  England,  sur- 
named  Creur  de  Lion,  was  b.  in  1157, 
and  ascended  the  throne  on  the  death 
of  his  father.  Ilcnrv  II.,  in  1189.  D. 
1199.— TL,  king  of  Enu:land,  the  son  of 
Edward,  prince  of  Wales,  commonly 
called  the,Black  Prince,  was  b.  in  13G(5, 
and  succeeded  Edward  IIL,  liis  grand- 
father, in  1377.  D.  1392.— IIL,  king  of 
England,  b.  in  1450,  was  the  brother  of 
Edward  IV.,  and  created  duke  of  Glou- 
cester, lie  is  represented  as  l\aving 
been  of  diminutive  stature,  deformed 
from  liis  birth,  and  of  a  forbidding  as- 
pect ;  but  far  more  depraved  in  his  mind 
than  forbidding  iu  his  person.  Slain  at 
Bosworth,  1485. 

RICIIAEDSON,  Jonathan,  a  painter 
and  author,  was  b.  about  1665.  lie 
quitted  the  profession  of  a  scrivener  to 
become  a  pupil  of  Eiley,  the  portrait 
painter,  whose  niece  he  married.  After 
the  death  of  Kneller  and  Dalil,  he  was 
considered  at  the  head  of  liis  profession 
in  England.  He  was  the  author  of 
an  "  Essay  on  the  Art  of  Criticism  in 
Painting,"  "An  Argument  in  behalf  of 
the  Science  of  a  Connoisseur,"  "  Ac- 
count of  Statues,  Bas-reliefs,  Drawings, 
and  Pictures,  in  Italy,"  "  Notes  and 
Keinarks  on  Paradise  Lost,"  etc.  D. 
1745. — Joseph,  a  lawyer  and  poet,  was 
b.  at  Hexham,  in  Northumberland,  was 
entered  of  St.  John's  coUcirc,  Cambridcre, 
in  1774,  became  a  student  of  the  Middle 
Temple  in  1779,  and  was  called  to  tlie 
bar  in  1784.  Ho  wrote  "Criticisms  on 
the  Kolliad"  and  "  Probationary  Odes 
for    the    Laureateship,"    two    satirical 


works  on  public  characters,  wliich  were 
very  popuhir  at  the  time,  and  "The 
Fugitive,"  a  successful  comedy.  D. 
1803. — Samuel,  a  cele'orated  novelist, 
was  b.  1G89,  in  Derbyshire,  and  re- 
ceived his  education  at  a  common  day- 
school.  At  the  usual  age  he  was  bound 
apprentice  to  a  London  printer,  and 
after  the  expiration  of  his  time  he  work- 
ed as  a  compositor  and  corrector  of  the 
press  some  years.  At  length  he  took 
up  his  freedom,  and  set  up  business  for 
himself,  first  in  a  court  in  Fleet-street, 
and  afterwards  in  Salisbury  square.  He 
became  one  of  the  principal  in  his  pro- 
fession, and,  by  the  interest  of  Mr. 
Onslow,  speaker  of  the  house  of  com- 
mons, obtained  the  printing  of  the 
Journals.  In  1754  he  was  chosfen  mas- 
ter of  the  stationers'  company,  and,  in 
1760,  he  purchased  a  moiety  of  the 
patent  of  law-printer  to  the  king.  In 
1740  he  published  "Pamela,"  the  pop- 
ularity of  which  was  so  great,  that  it 
ran  through  five  editions  in  one  year, 
being  recommended  even  from  tlpc  pul- 
pit. In  174S  "  Clarissa"  fully  estab- 
lished his  literary  reputation,  and  its 
pathos,  its  variety  of  character,  and 
minute  development  of  the  human 
heart,  will  cause  it  ever  to  be  regarded 
as  a  work  of  real  genius.  The  "  His- 
tory of  Sir  Charles  (irandison"  appeared 
in  1753,  and  was  received  with  great 
applause.  Besides  these  works,  all  of 
which  have  a  moral  tendency,  Mr. 
liichardson  published  a  volume  of 
"  Familiar  Letters  for  the  Use  of  Young 
People,"  and  an  edition  of  "^sop's 
Fables,  with  Reflections."  His  "Cor- 
respondence"' with  persons  of  eminence 
was  published  in  1804,  with  his  "  Lite" 
by  Mis.  Barbauld.  D.  1761. — "Willlvm, 
a  poet  and  miscellaneous  writer,  was  a 
sou  of  the  minister  of  Aberfoyle,  and 
was  educated  at  the  university  of  Glas- 
gow, lie  accompanied  Lord  Cathcart, 
who  had  been  his  pupil,  to  Russia ;  and 
was  for  more  than  forty  years  professor 
of  humanity  at  Glasgow.  Among  his 
works,  all  of  which  are  marked  by  elo- 
quence and  erudition,  arc  "Anecdotes 
of  the  Kussiau  Empire,"  "Essays  on 
Shakspeare's  Dramatic  Characters," 
"Observations  on  the  Study  of  Shak- 
speare,"'  poems,  and  tales.  D.  1814. — 
John  J.,  an  eminent  judge  of  South 
Carolina,  and  a  member  of  congress 
elect,  from  that  state,  in  1820,  but  he 
refused  to  quit  the  bench.     D.  1850. 

EICHELIKU,  Armand  John  vv  Ples- 
sis,  a  cardinal,  and  minister  of  state  in 
France,  was  b.  at  Paris,  1585.     He  waa 


720 


CYCLOP.-EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[rib 


at  first  intended  for  the  army,  but  the 
bishopric  of  Luijon  bein^  opun  to  him 
by  tlie  rcsi?nation  of  Ins    brother,  he 
studied  theology,  and  obtained  the  mitre 
before  he  was  '22.      He  was   also   ap- 
pointed   grand    almoner,  and  in   1016 
made  secretary  of  state.     When  Mary 
de  Medici  fell  into  disgrace,  Richelieu 
was   banished   to  Avignon,    where   he 
wrote  his    "Method   of  Controversy." 
Being  soon  after  recalled  to  court,  he 
brought  about  a  reconciliation  between 
the  king  and  queen,  for  which  he  was 
rewarded  with  a  cardinal's  hat,  and  ap- 
pointed prime  minister.     Being  a  man 
of  prodigious  capacity  and  of  a  restless 
ancl  insatiable  ambition,  he  furmed  to 
himself  vast  designs,   which  made  his 
whole  life  a  series  of  agitations  and  in- 
quietudes :    still  he  showed   himself  a 
patron  of  men  of  letters,    and    caused 
the  arts  and  sciences  to  flourish  in  the 
kingdom.       lie    abounded,    however, 
rather   with  great   qualities   than  good 
ones,  and  tiierefore  was  much  more  ad- 
mired than    beloved.     D.  1G4'2,  amidst 
political  storms. — Louis   Fu^vncis   Ar- 
MAND  Dv  Plessis,   duke   of,   a   French 
marshal,  descended  from  the  same  fam- 
ily as  the  cardinal,  was  b.  ICytJ.     After 
the  death  of  Louis  XIV'.,  he  was  admit- 
ted into  the  court  of  the  regent,  duke 
of  Orleans,  and  he  largely  participated 
in  its  profligacy.     He  was  sent  to  the 
Bastille  in  1716^  for  fighting  a  duel  with 
the  count  de  Gace,  and  again  in  1719,  as 
an  accomplice  with  the  Spanish  ambas- 
sador, in  a  conspiracy  agamst  the  regent. 
Ue  distinguished  himself  under  Villars, 
and  afterwards  at  Kehl,  Philipsburgh. 
Dettingcn,   and   Fontenoy ;    conquered 
Minorca,  forced  the  duke  of  Cumber- 
land to  submit  to  the  capitulation   of 
Glosteracvcn,  and  devastated  the  elec- 
torate of  Hanover.     In  1781  he  obtained 
the  rank  of  dean  of  the  French  mar- 
shals ;  and  he  concluded  his  long  career, 
varied  as  it  was  with  acts  of  heroism 
and  villany,  in  1788.— Armand  Ema.nuel 
DU  Plessls,  tluke  of,  grandson  of  the 
preceding,  was  b.  at  Paris,  in  1776,  and 
eventually   became    prime  minister  to 
Louis    XV'llI.       He  emigratdl   at   the 
comrnencfcinont  of  the   revolution,   en- 
tered the  Kussian  service,   and  distin- 
guished himself  at  the  siege  of  Ismail, 
for  which  he  was   rewarded  with  the 
rank  of  major-general.     In  ISOl  he  re- 
visited   France,   when    Bonaparte    en- 
deavored to  attach  him  to  his  service ; 
but  he  returned  to  Kussia,  and  in  1803 
he  was  appointed  governor  of  <  >dessa, 
which  city,  by  liis  prudent  measures, 


he  raised  from  insignificance  to  the 
height  of  prosperity.  On  the  restora- 
tion of  the  Bourbons,  he  took  his  seat 
in  the  chamber  of  peers,  accompanied 
Louis  XVllI.  to  Ghent,  and,  returning 
with  him  to  Paris  after  the  battle  of 
Waterloo,  was  appointed  president  of 
the  council  of  ministers,  and  placed  at 
the  head  of  the  foreign  department. 
He  soon  resigned  his  post,  but  again 
held  the  office  of  prime  minister  in  1S20, 
and  d.  1S22. 

KlCliMOND,  Legh,  a  clergyman,  was 
b.  at  Liverpool,  in  1772,  became  chaplain 
to  the  Lock  hospital,  London,  and  af- 
terwards rector  of  Turvey,  in  Bedford- 
sliire.  He  is  principally  known  as  the 
author  of  "Annals  of  the  Poor,"  con- 
taining the  "Dairyman's  Daughter," 
and  other  devotional  tales,  written  with 
great  force,  originality,  and  pathos.  He 
also  wrote  a  work,  entitled  "  The  Fa- 
thers of  the  English  Church,"  &c.  D. 
1827. 

RICHTER,  John  Paul  Frederic,  a 
celebrated  German  novelist,  was  b.  m 
Franconia,  in  1763,  studied  at  Leipsic, 
was  intimately  associated  with  Goethe, 
Herder,  and  the  galaxy  of  genius  that 
gave  its  celebrity  to  Weimar,  finally 
settled  at  Baireuth,  and  d.  1825.  His 
works  are  very  numerous.  They  are 
generally  in  the  form  of  romances  ;  but 
many  of  them  treat  of  abstruse  q^ucstions 
in  philosophy,  and  with  all  their  singu- 
larity of  style,  evince  the  profoundest 
erudition,  infinite  humor,  and  a  richness 
of  imagery  wliieh  have  earned  for  tlieir 
author  the  title  of  "The  only  One." 
Among  his  most  celebrated  works  are, 
"  Titan,"  "  Ilesnerus,"  "  Das  Campa- 
ncr  Thai  "  "Selina,"  and  "Levana," 
and  an  admirable  treatise  on  education. 
EIDP^R,  AViLMAM,  an  English  divine, 
several  years  under-master  of  St.  Paul's 
school,  and  lecturer  of  St.  Vedast,  Foster- 
lane.  He  published  a  "  History  of  En- 
gland," a  "  Commentary  on  the  Bible," 
and  other  compilations.     D.  1785. 

RIDGELY,  Charles  G.,  was  b.  in 
Baltimore,  Md.,  on  the  2d  July,  1784, 
and  entered  the  navy  on  the  17th  of 
October,  1799.  He  was  the  first  mid- 
shipman appointed  from  the  city  of 
Baltimore.  He  was  with  Commodore 
Preble  at  the  battle  of  Tripoli,  and  when 
the  expedition  was  fitting  out  to  en- 
deavor to  cut  out  the  American  frigate 
Philadelphir.,  then  lying  under  the 
enemy's  guns,  and  volunteers  were 
called  for,  he  was  one  of  the  first  to 
offer,  but  was  refused.  Still,  being 
most  anxious  to  participate  in  that  la- 


rib] 


CVCLOE'.KDiA    OF    CIOGKAPIIT. 


721 


nientablc  expedition,  he  concealed  him- 
Bclf  in  the  ooiit,  but,  being  discovered, 
returned  to  his  ship.  For  his  pallant 
conduct  in  tlie  Tripolitan  war  he  re- 
ceived a  gold  medal  from  congress.  D. 
1848. 

KIDLEY,  Glostek,  an  English  divine, 
and  u  dramatic  and  tlicological  writer. 
B.  1T02 ;  d.  1774.— James,  his  eldest  son, 
was  author  of  "  The  Tales  of  the  Genii" 
and  some  other  literary  performances. — 
Nicholas,  an  eminent  English  prelate 
and  Protestant  martyr,  was  b.  in  1500, 
at  Tynodalc,  and  educated  at  Cambridge, 
lie  travelled  on  the  Continent,  and,  du- 
ring a  three  years'  absence  from  his 
native  country,  became  acquainted  with 
eeveral  of  the  early  reformers,  whose 
doctrines  he  afterwards  warmly  es- 
poused. Keturning  to  Cambridge,  he 
lilled  the  office  of  proctor  to  the  univer- 
sity, and  as  such  protested  against  the 
claims  of  the  papal  see  to  the  supreme 
ecclesiastical  jurisdiction  in  the  realm. 
He  was  also  chosen  public  orator,  be- 
came one  of  the  king's  chaplains,  and 
was  finally  elevated  to  the  see  of  Lon- 
don, where  he  discharged  the  duties  of 
liis  office  with  unwearied  diligence.  lie 
was  likewise  employed  in  all  the  most 
important  ecclesiastical  measures  of  that 
reign,  particularly  in  the  compiling  of 
the  liturgy,  and  tlie  framing  of  the  arti- 
cles of  religion.  But  one  of  the  most 
distinguished  acts  of  his  life  was  that 
of  inciting  King  Edward  to  endow  the 
three  great  foundations  of  Christ's,  Bar- 
tholomew's, and  St.  Thomas's  liospitals. 
Having  unadvisedly  concurred  in  the 
proclamation  of  Lady  Jane  Grey,  he 
was,  on  the  death  of  Edward,  marked 
out  as  one  of  the  most  prominent  vic- 
tims of  papal  authority;  and  being  con- 
demned, as  a  heretic,  to  the  stake,  he 
Bulfered,  with  the  venerable  Latimer,  at 
Oxford,  Oct.  15,  1555. 

KIEDESEL,  Frederica  CriAKT.orrE 
Louisa,  Baroness,  wife  of  Col.  Kiedescl, 
who  commanded  the  troops  at  Bruns- 
wick, employed  in  the  English  service 
in  America,  in  1777,  accompanied  her 
Inisband,  and  wrote  an  interesting  ac- 
count of  her  adventures,  entitled  "Voy- 
age dc  Mission  en  Amcrique,"  &q. 
She  returned  to  Europe  in  1783 ;  and, 
liaving  lost  her  husband,  fixed  Jier  res- 
idence at  Berlin,  wliere  she  d.  in  1808. 

EIEDINGEK,  John-  Ei.lvs,  a  cele- 
brated painter  of  animals,  b.  at  Ulm,  in 
Suabia,  in  11)95;  d.  1707. 

EIEGO,  Eafael  DEI,,  a  Spanish  pa- 
triot, was  b.  in  the  Asturias,  1785.    The 
enthusiasm   with  whieh   he   embraced 
PI 


the  cause  of  independence  rendered 
liim  a  zealous  patriot,  and  a  long  im- 
nrisonmcnt  in  France  afforded  liim 
leisure  to  contemplate  the  miseries  of 
his  countrymen.  Before  he  returned 
to  Spain,  lie  visited  Germany  and  En- 
gland. Till  1820  every  eflbrt  "for  liberty 
had  been  followed  by  exile,  and  the 
horrors  of  the  inquisition  ;  nearly  all 
the  chiefs  who  tiu'ored  liberty  were  in 
confinement :  but  the  valor  of  Kiego 
was  at  once  triumphant;  he  delivered 
Quiroga  from  the  hands  of  his  jailers, 
and,  on  the  1st  of  January,  his  troops 
proclaimed  the  constitution.  General 
O'Donnell  made  his  victory  difficult, 
but  he  was  victorious ;  and  in  the  first 
sitting  of  the  cortes,  in  1822,  they  ap- 
pointed him  their  president.  At  the 
neightof  his  crlorious  career  his  modera- 
tion was  most  conspicuous  ;  he  avoided 
parade,  and  displayed  real  magnanimity, 
prudence,  and  disinterestedness.  For- 
tune, however,  changed ;  Ferdinand 
VII.  was  reinstated.  He  was  taken 
prisoner  after  the  surrender  of  Cadiz, 
conveyed  to  Madrid,  condemned  to  an 
ignominious  death,  and  suffered,  Nov. 
7,  1823. 

KIENZT,  NicnoLAs  Gabrini  de,  a 
native  of  Eome,  who  in  the  14th  century 
obtained  great  celebrity  by  his  attempts 
to  restore  the  republic.  lie  was  of  low 
origin,  but  had  received  a  liberal  edu- 
cation, and  possessed  great  eloquence 
and  lofty  views,  which  induced  his  fel- 
low-citizens to  send  him  as  one  of  their 
depntics  to  Pope  Clement  VI.,  then  at 
Avignon.  Eienzi,  on  this  occasion, 
drew  so  affecting  a  picture  of  the  dis- 
tressed state  of  the  city,  that  the  pope 
appointed  him  apostolic  notary,  which 
office  he  discharged  with  great  credit. 
But  while  he  appeared  actuated  by  the 
purest  principles,  he  was  secretly  Ibrm-  ' 
ing  a  conspiracy  for  the  alteration  of 
the  government,  and  he  let  no  oppor- 
tunity pass  of  exciting  the  discontent 
of  the  people,  by  haranguing  against  the 
nobility  and  the  defects  of  tlie  public 
administration.  By  these  moans  ho 
became  the  idol  of  the  people,  who  con- 
ferred upon  him  the  title  of  tribune, 
with  the  power  of  life  and  death,  and 
all  the  other  attributes  of  sovereignty. 
What  was  more  extraordinary,  the  pope 
confirmed  the  title,  and  Eienzi  for  some 
time  governed  the  city  with  judgment 
and  moderation.  But  the  intoxication 
of  supreme  power  betrayed  him  into 
extravagances,  and  he  was  expelled,  and 
imprisoned  for  three  yeai-s  by  Clement 
VI.     He  was  released  by  Innocent  IL, 


722 


CVCLOP^DIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[rit 


who  sent  him  again  to  the  Eoman  cap- 
ital as  governor.  But  Eicnzi's  cruelties 
raised  him  new  enemies,  and  lie  was 
massacred  in  1354,  about  seven  years 
nt'ter  tlie  commencement  of  his  extra- 
t)rdinarv  career. 

KIGAUD,  IItacixthe,  an  eminent 
portrait  painter,  was  b.  at  Perpignan,  in 
lii63,  and  d.  at  Paris,  174:3.  He  met 
with  distinguished  patronage,  and  has 
been  called  the  Vandyke  of  France.— 
Stephen  Petek,  Savilian  professor  of 
astronomy  in  the  university  of  Oxford, 
was  b.  at  Kichmond,  in  Surrey,  and 
may  almost  be  said  to  have  been  the 
inheritor  of  scientirte  pursuits,  both  his 
father  and  grandfather  having  filled  the 
office  of  observer  in  the  royal  observa- 
tory at  Kew.  His  contributions  to  the 
scientific  works  of  the  day  were  both 
numerous  and  valuable.  B.  1775;  d. 
1839. 

EILEY,  John,  an  eminent  painter,  b. 
in  London,  in  1646.  After  the  death 
of  Sir  Peter  Lely  he  was  appointed 
painter  to  the  king,  and  rose  greatly  in 
public  estimation  ;  but,  according  to  the 
opinion  of  Lord  Orford,  he  was  so  dis- 
trustful of  liis  own  merit,  that  his  mod- 
esty and  humility  were  great  impedi- 
ments to  his  advancement.     D.  16'Jl. 

KIXGGLI,  GoTHAKU,  a  celebrated 
Swiss  artist,  was  b.  at  Zurich,  in  1575, 
and  d.  in  1635. 

KINUCCINI,  OcTAVio,  a  Florentine 
poet,  who  went  to  France  with  Mary 
de  Medici,  and  is  said  to  have  been  the 
first  who  invented  the  opera,  or  musical 
drama,  in  the  year  1600.  He  wrote 
three  pieces,  "Daphne,"  "Eurydice," 
and  "  Ariadne."     I).  1621. 

KIOJA,  Fkancisco  de,  an  eminent 
Spanish  poet,  was  b.  in  1600,  and  be- 
came librarian  and  liistoriographer  to 
Philip  IV.     D.  1659. 

RIPLKY,  Geouoe,  an  English  alche- 
mist and  poet,  who  d.  in  14'JO.  He 
wrote  a  work,  entitled  "  A  Compound 
of  Ak-hymie,"  &c.,  and  "  Auram  Pota- 
bile,  ortlie  Universal  Medicine." 

RIPPEliDA,  .Jon.v  William,  baron 
de,  a  celebrated  adventurer,  was  b.  of  a 
noble  family  in  Groningcn,  in  1680  ; 
served  some  time  as  colonel  of  infantry 
in  tlie  Dutch  army;  and,  in  1715,  was 
Bcnt  on  a  mission  to  Spain,  where  he 
acquired  sucli  an  ascendency  over  Philip 
v.,  tliat  the  monarch  took  him  into 
his  service,  made  him  prime  minister, 
and  created  him  a  duke.  At  lungtli  he 
fell  into  disgrace,  and  was  imprisoned 
in  the  castle  of  Sejjovia,  whence  he  es- 
caped in  1728,  and  went  to   England. 


In  1731  he  went  to  Morocco,  whore  he 
was  favorably  received  by  Muley  Ab- 
dalla,  and  declaring  himself  a  convert 
to  the  Mahometan  religion,  and  taking 
the  name  of  Osman,  he  obtained  the 
chief  command  of  the  Moorish  army  at 
tlie  siege  of  Ceuta.  But  the  Moors  being 
defeated,  he  fell  from  his  second  eleva- 
tion :  and,  retirlQg  to  Tetuan,  he  there 
d.  in  1737. 

KIQUET,  Peter  Paul  de,  a  celebrated 
French  civil  engineer,  b.  at  Beziers,  in 
1604.  He  projected  the  noble  canal  of 
Languedoe,  which  opens  a  communica- 
tion between  the  Mediterranean  and  the 
bay  of  Biscay.  It  was  commenced  in 
1666,  and  carried  on  during  the  re- 
mainder of  his  life.  After  his  death, 
which  occurred  in  1680,  his  two  sous 
completed  it. 

EISDON,  Tkistram,  an  English  to- 
pographer ;  author  of  a  "  Description  or 
Survey  of  the  County  of  Devon."  B. 
1580;  d.  1640. 

EITSON,  Isaac,  a  poet  and  miscella- 
neous writer,  was  b.  near  Penrith,  in 
Cumberland,  in  1761;  received  a  med- 
ical education  at  Edinburgh ;  went  to 
London,  where  he  became  an  author  by 
profession  ;  and  d.  in  1789. — Joseph, 
an  Emrlisli  lawyer  and  antiquary,  was 
b.  at  Stockton,  in  Durham,  in  1752 ; 
settled  in  London  as  a  conveyancer,  and 
purcliased  the  ofltice  of  high-bailitf  of 
tlio  Savoy  ;  and  d.  in  1803.  As  an  an- 
tiquary, 'particularly  in  early  English 
poetry,  he  exhibited  much  industry 
and  intelligence ;  but  his  morbid  sin- 
gularities of  teinj^er,  and  his  avowed 
contempt  for  religion,  more  than  coun- 
terbalanced whatever  merit  he  miglit 
have  otherwise  possessed.  It  would, 
however,  be  uncharitable  not  to  attrib- 
ute his  imperfections  to  a  species  of 
long  protracted  mental  derangement, 
of  which  distressing  malady  ha  d.  in 
1803.  His  principal  publications  are, 
"  A  Collection  of  English  Songs,"  "  The 
English  Anthology^"  "  Metrical  Eo- 
mances,"  "  Biosrraphia  Poetica,"  &c. 

EITTENHOUSE,  David,  a  celebrated 
American  mathematician,  was  b.  in 
Pennsylvania,  in  1732.  In  1769  the 
American  Philosophical  Society  em- 
ployed him  to  observe  the  transit  of 
Venus ;  and  he  iifterwards  constructed 
an  observatory,  where  he  made  some 
important  discoveries.  After  tlie  revo- 
lutionary war,  he  was  appointed  director 
of  the  mint  and  treasurer  of  his  native 
province.  He  also  succeeded  Franklin 
as  president  of  the  Philosophical  so- 
ciety.   D.  1796. 


bob] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    DIOGRAPllT. 


723 


BITTER,  John  WrLLiAu,  a  celebrated 
German  philosopher,  was  b.  at  Samitz, 
in  Silesia,  in  1776.  The  study  of  elec- 
tricity occupied  liis  chief  attention;  and 
in  1798  he  started  the  idea  that  the 
phenomena  of  animal  life  are  connected 
with  fjulvanic  action ;  but,  thon<;h  hifrh- 
ly  seiL-ntiti',',  he  advocated  the  reveries 
of  animal  magnetism,  &c.  lie  wrote 
"Physico-Medical  Memoirs,"  and  other 
work's.     D.  1810. 

KITTERSIIIIYS,  Conrad,  an  eminent 
civilian  and  philologist,  b.  at  Brunswick, 
in  1560.  He  became  professor  of  law  at 
Altorf ;  wrote  some  works  on  civil  law, 
and  notes  upon  Greek  and  Latin  au- 
thors. D.  1618. — Nicholas,  his  son, 
became  professor  of  feudal  law  at  Al- 
torf, where  he  d.  in  1670.  lie  publislied 
!i  collection,  entitled  "  Gencaloijia  lin- 
peratorum,  Kegum,  Ducum,  Comituni," 
&c. 

EIVAEOI,  Anthony,  count  dc,  an 
able  French  writer,  was  b.  at  Baiinois, 
in  Lanifucdoc,  in  1757,  and  d.  at  Berlin, 
in  1801.  His  chief  works  are,  "  Dis- 
cours  sur  I'Univcrsalite  de  la  Langue 
l'"ran(;oise,"  "  L'Enfcr,"  translated  from 
Dante ;  "  Lettres  sur  hi  Keligion  et  la 
Morale,"  "  Petit  Almanach  des  grands 
Ilommes,"  and  "  Lettres  a  la  Noblesse 
Frangoise." 

KI VAULT,  David,  a  French  mathe- 
matician, b.  at  Laval,  about  1571,  who 
became  tutor  in  mathematics  and  mili- 
tary tactics  to  Louis  XIII. ,  and  was 
made  a  counsellor  of  state.     D.  1616. 

RIVAZ,  Peter  Joseph  de,  a  skilful 
French  mechanist  and  chronologer,  b. 
in  1711.  He  made  a  watch  which  had 
the  singular  property  of  winding  uj) 
spontaneously,  invented  an  improved 
pendulum,  &c.  He  also  drained  the 
mines  of  Pontpeau,  in  Britany,  and 
made  many  meclianical  discoveries.  D. 
1772. 

RIVIERE,  Mekcier  de  la,  a  celebrated 
French  political  economist,  whoobtained 
the  post  of  counsellor  of  the  ]iarlianient 
of  Paris  in  1747  ;  was  afterwards  made 
intcudant  of  Martinique  ;  and,  on  his 
return,  published  his  noted  work,  enti- 
tled "L"()rdre  naturel  et  esscntiel  des 
Socictcs  Politiques."  The  sinirularity 
of  his  schemes  and  his  high  pretensions 
were  ridiculed  by  Voltaire,  (Jrimm,  and 
others  ;  but  had  some  of  his  precau- 
tionary advice  been  attended  to,  it  is 
possible  tiiat  the  revolution,  which  he 
lived  to  witness,  would  not  have  taken 
place.  I).  17',1-1.— The  Duke  de,  gov- 
ernor of  the  young  duke  of  Bordeaux, 
was  a  devoted  servant  of  the  Bourbons. 


He  emigrated  with  the  French  princes 
in  1789,  served  in  the  army  of  Conde, 
and  became  nid-de-camp  to  the  ex-king 
of  France,  Charles  X.  Seven  times  he 
entered  France  in  disguise,  to  corre- 
spond witli  the  friends  of  his  royal 
master ;  but  in  1804  he  was  arrested, 
tried,  and  sentenced  to  death,  from 
which  he  escaped  through  the  interces- 
sion of  Joscplnne,  his  punishment  being 
mitigated  into  an  imprisonment  for  four 
years. 

RIVINUS,  Augustus  QriRrxus,  an 
eminent  botanist  and  physician,  whose 
real  name  was  Bachmann,  was  b.  at 
Leipsic,  in  1652.     D.  1723. 

RIZZIO,  David,  the  son  of  a  music 
and  dancing-master  at  Turin,  was  b. 
there  in  the  earlier  part  of  the  16th  cen- 
tury. His  musical  abilities  procured 
him  notice  at  the  court  of  Savoy,  wliilo 
his  talents  as  a  linguist  caused  liim  to 
be  selected  by  the  ambassador  from  the 
grand  duke  to  Mary,  queen  of  Scots,  as 
a  part  of  his  suite.  In  1564  he  first 
made  his  appearance  at  Holyrood  house, 
where  he  soon  became  so  great  a  favor- 
ite with  the  queen,  that  he  was  ap- 
pointed her  secretary  for  foreign  lan- 
guages. The  distinction  with  which  he 
was  treated  by  his  royal  mistress  excited 
the  envy  of  the  nobles,  and  the  jealousy 
of  Darnlcy.  A  conspiracy,  with  the 
king  at  its  head,  was  aecordinsrly  formed 
for  his  destruction  ;  and  before  he  had 
enjoyed  two  years  of  court  favor,  the 
Lord  Ruthvcn  and  others  of  his  party 
were  introduced  by  Darnlcy  himself 
into  the  queen's  apartment,  where  they 
assassinated  the  unlbrtunate  object  of 
their  revenge,  who  fell  at  the  feet  of  his 
royal  mistress,  having  received  no  less 
than  56  stabs  in  her  pi-esence,  1566. 

EGBERT,  Hubert,  an  eminent  French 
painter,  was  b.  at  Paris,  1732,  and  may 
be  considered  the  first  artist  of  the 
French  school  wlio  studied  with  effect 
the  decline  and  ruin  of  the  monuments 
of  ancient  areliitecture.  D.  ISOS. — Peter 
FiiANois  Joseph,  a  French  revolutionary 
statesman,  b.  near  Givet,  in  1743.  Be- 
coming secretary  to  Danton,  he  was 
elected  a  deputy  to  the  convention,  in 
which  he  voted  for  the  deatii  of  the 
kins.  Havinir  married  Mademoiselle 
Keralio,  he  adopted  the  literary  prot'es- 
sion,  and  wrote  several  political  works. 
— Louise  Felicite  de  Kehalio,  his  wife, 
was  b.  at  Paris,  1758,  and  d.  at  Brussels, 
1821.  Amonsr  her  works  were,  "His- 
toire  d' Elizabeth.  Peine  d'Anfrletcrre," 
"  Am(!die  et  Caroline,"  besides  several 
translations  from  English,  authors.  • 


724 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[rob 


ROBERTS,  Emma,  ii  lady  of  distin- 
puished  litcniry  talent,  and  an  early 
friend  of  the  ill-fated  iliss  Landon. 
She  was  the  author  of  "Memoirs  of  the 
Rival  Houses  of  York  and  Lancaster, 
Historical  and  liiogranhical,"  "  Uricutal 
Scenes,  Sketches,  and  Tales,"  &c.  D. 
at  I'oonali,  in  India,  18-40;  the  object  of 
Ler  mission  thither  having  been  the  fur- 
ther illustration  of  life  and  manners  in 
the  East. 

ROBERTSON,  William,  a  celebrated 
historian,  was  b.  in  1721,  at  Borthwick, 
where  his  father  was  minister.  Having 
completed  his  theological  studies  at  Ed- 
inburgh, he  obtained  a  license  to  preach, 
and  in  175-3  was  presented  to  the  living 
of  Gladsmuir,  in  East  Lothian.  He  soon 
became  distinguished  by  his  eloquence 
and  good  taste  a.s  a  preacher ;  but  it  was 
not  till  1750  that,  oy  his  "History  of 
Scotland,"'  he  acquired  a  place  among 
British  classical  writers.  The  distinc- 
tion and  patronage  acquired  by  this 
■work,  which  reached  a  fourteenth  edi- 
tion oefore  Lis  death,  appeared  in  his 
successive  preferments.  He  became 
chaplain  of  Stirling  castle  in  1759,  king's 
chaplain  in  1761,  principal  of  the  uni- 
versity of  Edinburgh  in  1762,  and  his- 
toriographer-royal of  Scotland  in  176-1. 
Notwithstimdiiig  his  numerous  pursuits 
and  official  avocations,  he  found  time  to 
employ  himself  in  his  celebrated  "His- 
tory of  Charles  V.,"  which,  in  1777,  was 
followed  by  the  "History  of  America;" 
and  his  last  publication  was  "  Au  Ilis- 
toricul  Disquisition  concerning  the 
Knowledge  which  the  Ancients  liad  of 
India."     D.  17'J3. 

ROBESPIERRE,  Francis  Maximilian 
Joseph  Isidore,  one  of  the  most  cele- 
brated and  most  violent  leaders  of  the 
French  revolution,  was  b.  in  1759,  at 
Arras,  where  liis  father  was  a  lawyer. 
He  was  left  an  orphan  at  the  age  of  nine 
years,  but  was  protected  by  the  bishop 
of  Arras,  who  placed  him  at  the  college 
of  Louis  XVL,  at  Paris.  Returning  to 
bis  native  place,  he  became  au  advocate 
in  respectable  practice.  His  political 
career  began  in  1789,  when  he  was  sent 
a  deputy  from  the  bailiwick  of  Arras  to 
the  states-general.  Ho  held  a  seat  in  all 
the  subsequent  legislative  bodies,  and 
gradually  acquired  influence  in  them, 
and  unbounded  popularity  among  the 
r>eople,  from  whom  he  obtained  the  title 
of  'the  incorruptible."  It  was  in  tlie 
convention,  however,  that  he  rose  to 
Ills  greatest  eminence.  He  was  the  ac- 
knowledged head  of  the  Jacobins,  and, 
after  the'  defeat  of  the  Girondist!}  and 


Dantonists,  was,  in  a  manner,  the  ruler 
of  France.  He  would,  perhaps,  have 
established  his  authority  had  not  some 
of  his  accomplices  discovered  that  he 
had  devoted  them  to  the  scatfold.  A 
struggle  ensued,  in  which  he  was  de- 
feated, and,  with  many  of  his  partisans, 
lie  was  guillotined,  July  9,  179-1. 

ROBIN,  Jean,  a  celebrated  French 
botanist,  to  whose  care  the  Jardin  des 
Plantes,  at  Paris,  was  first  confided.  B. 
1550;  d.  1597. 

ROBINS,  Benjamin,  an  English  math- 
ematician of  great  genius  and  eminence, 
was  b.  at  Bath,  1707,  was  a  teacher  of 
mathematics,  became  engineer-general 
to  the  East  India  Company,  wrote 
"New  Principles  of  Gunnery,"  and  was 
the  real  narrator  of  Lord  Anson's 
"Voyage  round  the  World,"  though  it 
was  published  under  the  name  of  Wal- 
ter.    D.  1751. 

ROBINSON,  Anastasia,  a  public  sing- 
er of  some  eminence  in  the  early  part  of 
the  last  century,  who  quitted  the  stage 
in  consequence  of  her  marriage  with  the 
earl  of  Peterborough.  D.  1750. — Mart,  a 
poetess  and  miscellaneous  writer,  whose 
maiden  name  was  Darby,  was  b.  1758, 
at  Bristol.  At  the  age  of  15  she  was 
married  to  an  attorney  of  the  name  of 
Robinson,  which  precipitate  step  appears 
to  have  imbittered  the  rest  of  her  life. 
Being  reduced  in  circumstances,  she  had 
recourse  to  the  st;ige,  and  made  her  first 
appearance  at  Drury-Iane,  in  the  charac- 
ter of  Juliet,  in  which  she  was  instructed 
by  Mr.  Garrick.  Her  reception  was  very 
flattering,  and  she  continued  to  perform 
in  various  characters  till  her  represen- 
tation of  Perdita,  in  the  "  '\\  inter's 
Tale,"  when  her  beauty  attracted  tlie 
adtniration  of  the  prince  of  Wales,  (af- 
terwards George  IV.,)  in  consequcnco 
of  which  she  quitted  the  stage,  and  be- 
came his  mistress.  This  connection, 
however,  was  but  of  short  duration.  In 
17S1  she  had  tlie  misfortune  to  be  at- 
tacked by  a  violent  rheumatism,  which 
progressively  deprived  her  of  the  use  of 
her  limbs,  and  she  was  partly  depend- 
ent on  her  pen  for  the  means  of  living. 
Siie  wrote  a  number  of  poetical  pieces 
under  the  name  of  Laura  Maria ;  be- 
sides which  she  was  the  author  of  "  Van- 
ccnza,"  a  romance;  "Poems,"  "  Wal- 
singhani,"  a  novel ;  her  "  Memoirs," 
&c.  D.  1800. — RicnARU,  archbishop  of 
Armagh  and  Baron  Rokeby,  was  b.  in 
Yorkshire,  in  1709,  and  d.  in  1794.  The 
archbishop,  besides  building  a  palace  at 
Armagh,  with  an  observatory,  founded 
a  school  and  a  public   library   there. 


roc] 


CYCLOP.KDIA    OF    DIOGKAPHY, 


725 


which  last  he  furnished  with  a  larfre  col- 
lection of  books,  and  left  a  liberal  en- 
dowment for  its  support.  lie  also 
erected  four  new  eluirelies  in  his  dio- 
cese.— John,  minister  of  the  church  in 
Holland,  to  which  the  first  settlers  of 
New  En«rland  bcloncrcd,  was  b.  in  Great 
Britain  in  1575,  and  eclucated  at  Cam- 
bridge. In  l';02  he  became  pastor  of  a 
dissenting  congregation  in  tiie  north  of 
Enjrland,  and  removed  with  them  to 
Holland  in  IfiOS.  It  was  his  intention  to 
Ibllow  his  congreration  to  the  new  world, 
but  his  sudden  death  in  1625  prevented. 

KOB  KOY,  which  sif^nifies  Eobert  the 
Red,  was  a  celebrated  Highland  free- 
booter, whose  true  name  was  Kobcrt 
Macgregor,  but  who  assumed  that  of 
Camiibell,  on  account  of  the  outlawry  of 
the  clan  Macgregor  by  the  Scotch  par- 
liament, in  1602.  lie  was  b.  about  1660, 
and  was  the  younger  son  of  Donald 
Macgresror  of  Glengyle,  said  to  have 
been  a  lieutenant-colonel  in  the  service 
of  James  II.,  by  his  wife,  a  daughter  of 
Campbell  of  Glenfalloch.  Like  other 
Highland  gentlemen,  Eob  Koy  was  a 
trader  in  cattle  previous  to  the  rebellion 
of  1715,  in  which  he  joined  the  adhe- 
rents of  the  Pretender.  On  the  sup- 
pression of  the  rebellion,  the  duke  of 
Jlontrose,  with  whom  IJob  Eoy  had 
previously  had  a  quarrel,  took  the  op- 
portunity to  deprive  him  of  his  estates  ; 
and  the  latter  began  to  indemnify  him- 
self by  a  war  of  reprisals  upon  the  prop- 
erty of  the  duke.  An  English  garrison 
was  stationed  at  Invcranaird,  near  Aber- 
foyle,  the  residence  of  Eob  Koy  ;  but  his 
activity  and  courage  saved  him  from  the 
hands  of  his  enemies,  from  whom  he 
continued  for  some  time  to  levy  black 
mail.  The  time  of  his  death  is  uncer- 
tain, but  he  is  known  to  have  survived 
the  year  1733,  and  d.at  a  very  advanced 
age. 

EOBSON,  GEonoE  Fennel,  an  emi- 
nent draughtsman  and  landscape  paint- 
er in  water-colors,  was  b.  at  Durham, 
and  d.  1S.35. 

EOCIIAMBEAU,  Jean  Baptiste  Do- 
NATiKN  de  ViMEiR,  count  dc,  marshal 
of  France,  was  b.  at  Vendome,  in  1725, 
and  entered  the  army  at  the  age  of  16. 
In  1746  he  became  aid-de-camp  to  Louis 
Philippe,  duke  of  Orleans;  and  after- 
wards obtaining  the  command  of  the 
regiment  of  La  Marche,  distinguished 
himself  at  the  battle  of  Lafeldt,  where 
he  was  wounded  ;  obtained  fresh  laurels 
at  Creveldt,  Minden,  Corbaeh,  and  Clos- 
tercamp ;  and,  having  been  made  lieu- 
tonant-geueral,  was,  in  1780,  sent  with 
61* 


an  army  of  6000  men  to  the  assistance  of 
the  United  States  of  America.  Having 
disembarked  in  Rhode  Island,  he  acted 
in  concert  with  Washington,  first  against 
Clinton,  in  New  York,  and  then  against 
Cornwallis,  Eoehambeau  was  raised  to 
the  rank  of  marshal  by  Louis  XVI., 
and,  after  the  revolution  he  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  command  of  the  army  of 
the  north ;  but  he  was  superseded  by 
more  active  otficers,  and,  being  calum- 
niated by  the  popular  journalists,  he 
addressed  to  the  legislative  as.sembly  a 
vindication  of  his  conduct.  A  decree 
of  approbation  was  consequently  passed 
in  May,  1792,  and  he  retired  to  his 
estate,  near  Vendome,  with  a  determi- 
nation to  interfere  no  more  with  public 
affairs.  He  was  subsequently  arrested, 
and  narrowly  escaped  sutTering  death 
under  the  tyranny  of  Eobespierre.  In 
1803  he  was  presented  to  15onaparte, 
who  granted  him  a  pension,  and  the 
cross  of  grand  officer  of  the  legion  of 
honor.     D.  1807. 

EOCHE,  Eegina  Maeia,  a  novelist, 
whose  productions  were  very  popular 
in  their  day,  was  b.  1765.  Among  her 
fictions  were  "The  Children  of  the  Ab- 
bey," a  great  favorite  also  ;  "  The  Noc- 
turnal Visit,"  "The  Monastery  of  St. 
Columb,"  and  many  others.  But  they 
have  almost  faded  from  the  memory,  or 
been  overwhelmed  by  the  myriad' vol- 
umes which  have  succeeded  them.  D. 
1845. 

EOCHESTER,  John  TVilmot,  earl  of, 
a  witty  and  proflisrate  nobleman  of  the 
court  of  Charles  ll.,  was  b.  1648,  and, 
on  the  death  of  his  father,  succeeded  to 
his  titles  and  estates,  the  latter  of  which, 
by  extravagance,  he  soon  dissipated, 
lie  became  the  personal  friend  and  fa- 
vorite of  his  sovereign,  who  is  said  to 
have  encouraged  and  shared  many  of 
his  exploits.  The  levity  of  iiis  disposi- 
tion frequently  brought  him  into  dis- 
grace, and  he  was  more  than  once 
forbidden  the  royal  presence  :  his  com- 
panionable (lualities,  however,  which 
made  him  necessary  to  the  amusement 
of  his  master,  prevented  his  occasional 
exile  from  being  ever  of  long  continu- 
ance. His  constitution  at  length  gave 
way  under  such  excesses ;  and,  at  the 
age  of  30,  he  was  visited  with  all  the  de- 
bility of  old  age.  He  lingered  for  some 
time  in  this  condition,  and  d.,  professing 
great  penitence  for  his  misspent  life,  in 
1680.  His  satirical  poems  are  keen,  hut 
their  obscenity  and  impiety  render  them 
alike  dancrerous  and  dissjusting. 

EOCKINGIIAM,    Chables    Watson 


726 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[rou 


Wentworth,  marquis  of,  a  British 
st:itcsman,  b.  1730,  succeeded  his  father 
in  his  titles  and  estates  in  IToO,  and  in 
17G5  became  first  lord  of  the  treasury. 
Auieriean  atfairs  forincd  at  that  time  a 
Ieadin<j:  subjert  of  discussion  ;  and  Rock- 
inuhain  took  the  middle  way,  by  repeal- 
ing the  stamp  act,  and  declaring  the 
right  of  Great  Britjiin  to  tax  tiie  colonies. 
lie  was,  therefore,  deserted  by  some  of 
his  supporters,  and  retired  from  the 
ministry  in  1766.  lie  afterwards  acted 
in  concert  with  Chatham,  in  opposition 
to  the  ministry  of  Lord  North;  on  the 
fall  of  which,  in  1782,  he  was  again 
placed  at  the  head  of  the  administration, 
but  d.  in  the  same  year,  and  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Lord  Shelburne. 

KUDGEKS,  .John,  a  commodore  of 
the  United  States  navy,  was  b.  in  Mary- 
land, 1771 ;  served  in  the  merchant 
service  for  several  years,  and  entered 
the  navy  in  17',»7.  lie  first  distinguish- 
ed himself  in  bringing  the  French  frigate 
L'liisurgente,  captured  by  the  Constel- 
lation, safely  into  port  in  her  dismantled 
condition.  At  St.  Domingo  he  was  of 
preat  service  in  saving  tlie  white  popu- 
lation from  the  vindictive  fury  of  the 
blacks.  In  1802  he  was  successful  in  an 
engagement  with  the  largest  frigate  of 
Tripoli.  During  the  late  war  with  En- 
gland his  exploits  were  of  the  most  bril- 
liant kind,  and  useful  to  his  couulrv. 
I).  1S08. 

KODXEY,  George  Brydges,  Lord,  a 
gallant  English  admiral,  was  the  son  of 
Captain  Henry  Rodney,  a  naval  officer. 
He  entered  the  navy  early  in  life,  and 
obtained  the  command  of  a  ship  in  1742. 
In  1749  he  was  appointed  governor  of 
Newfoundland ;  and  on  his  return,  in 
175.3,  married  the  sister  of  the  earl  of 
Northampton.  In  17.09  he  was  made 
admiral  of  the  blue;  and  in  the  satne 
year  lie  destroyed  the  stores  prepared  at 
llavre  de  Grace  for  an  invasion  of  En- 
gland. In  1761  he  served  on  the  West 
India  station  with  such  activity  that,  at 
the  conclusion  of  the  war,  he  was  made 
a  baronet.  In  1763  he  was  elected  into 
parliament  for  Northampton ;  but  the 
contest  ruined  his  estate,  and  he  found 
it  necessary  to  retire  to  the  Continent. 
The  French  government  made  some 
overtures  to  him,  whicji  would  have  re- 
cruited his  fortune.  Tiiese  he  rejcetcd  ; 
and,  the  fact  having  transpired,  he  was 
placed  in  command  of  a  squadron,  des- 
tined for  the  Mediterr.anean.  In  1780 
he  fell  in  with  I^augara's  fleet,  oft"  Cape 
St.  Vincent,  and  completely  defeated  it : 
and  on  the  12th  of  April,  1782,  obtained 


a  decisive  victory  over  the  French  fleet 
under  De  Grasse,  capturing  five  and 
sinking  one  of  his  largest  vessels.  A 
barony  and  a  pension  of  £2000  were 
bestowed  upon  him  for  his  services  ; 
and  on  his  decease,  in  1792,  a  monu- 
ment was  voted  to  his  memory,  at  the 
national  expense,  in  St.  Paul's  cathedral. 
— Cjes.u:,  a  sig-ner  of  the  declaration  of 
American  independence,  was  b.  at  Dover, 
Maryland,  in  17S0.  He  was  sent  as  a 
delegate  to  the  congress  of  1774,  and  re- 
mained in  that  body  till  the  autumn  of 
1776.  He  was  afterwards  president  of 
his  native  state  for  about  four  years.  D. 
1783. 

RODOLPH  I.,  emperor  of  Germany, 
and  founder  of  the  imperial  house  of 
Austria,  was  b.  in  1218,  being  the  eldest 
son  of  Albert  IV.,  count  of  Ilapsburg 
and  landsrrave  of  Alsace.     D.  1291. 

ROEMER,  Olals,  a  Danish  astrono- 
mer, was  b.  at  Arhusen,  in  Jutland,  in 
1644.  He  studied  at  the  university  of 
Copenhagen,  where  he  applied  so  dili- 
gently to  the  mathematics,  that  he  was 
appointed  tutor  to  the  dauphin  of 
France.  In  1631  he  returned  to  his 
native  place,  and  held  several  consider- 
able offices  previous  to  his  decease, 
which  took  place  in  1710.  He  made 
many  scientific  discoveries,  the  most 
important  of  which  was  that  of  the 
velocity  of  light,  from  the  observation 
of  the  eclipses  of  Jupiter's  satellites. 
D.  1710. 

ROGERS,  .John,  an  eminent  English 
divine  of  the  16th  century,  was  educated 
at  Cambridge,  and  became  chaplain  to 
the  factory  at  Antwerp,  where  he  as- 
sisted Tindal  and  Covcrdale  in  transla- 
ting the  Bible  into  English.  In  the 
reign  of  Edward  VI.  he  returned  to  En- 
gland, and  obtained  a  prebend  in  St. 
Paul's  cathedral.  lie  was  the  first  per- 
son executed  in  the  succeeding  reign  on 
the  score  of  his  religion,  being  burnt  at 
Smitlifiold,  in  1,5.5.5. 

ROHAN,  Henry,  duke  of,  a  very  dis- 
tinguished peer  of  France,  b.  in  1579. 
After  the  death  of  Henry  IV.,  in  1610, 
ho  became  the  chief  of  the  Huguenots; 
and  having  ablv  maintained  three  wars 
against  Louis  IXIII.,  procured  a  peace 
upon  advantageous  terms,  1629.  He 
distinguished  himself  also  as  a  political 
writer,  but  at  length  d.  of  wounds  re- 
ceived at  the  battle  of  Rhinfield,  in  1638. 
Among  his  works  are,  "Memoirs  on 
French  Affairs,"  "The  Perfect  Captain," 
and  "  Memoirs  relative  to  the  War  of  the 
Valteline." — His  widow,  Margaret  de 
Bethone,  daughter  of  the  great  Sully, 


rom] 


CYCLOPiEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


727 


was  a  conraffcous  woman,  and  defended 
CastrcH  acaiiisit  the  inan'chal  de  Tliemi- 
nes.  D.  161)0. — Anna  Koiian,  sister  of 
the  duke,  was  distinguished  by  her 
spirit,  leamintr,  and  piety.  At  tlio  ta- 
king of  Roclielle,  she  and  lier  mother 
refused  to  be  included  in  the  capitula- 
tion, and  were  made  prisoners  of  war. 

D.  Kue. 

ROLAND  DE  LA  PLATIERE,  Jean 
Marie,  a  French  statesman,  was  b.  at 
Lyons,  in  1732,  and  held  the  office  of 
inspector-general  of  manufactures  after 
the  cotnnieneemcnt  of  the  revolution. 
]Ie  espoused  the  popular  cause,  and 
becoming  closely  connected  with  the 
Girondist  party,  he  was  made  minister 
of  the  interior  in  1792.  The  downfall 
of  his  party,  in  1793,  exposed  liim  to 
proscription,  but  he  found  a  secret  asy- 
lum at  Rouen.  On  hearing,  however, 
of  the  condemnation  and  death  of  his 
wife,  he  deliberately  stabbed  himself, 
Nov.  15, 1793. — Manon  .Jean  Philipon, 
wife  of  the  preceding,  b.  at  Paris,  in 
17.")4,  was  remarkable  for  her  beauty, 
and  received  an  excellent  education. 
After  her  marriage,  in  1779,  Madame 
Roland  took  part  in  the  studies  and 
tasks  of  her  husband,  and  the  revolution 
found  in  licr  a  ready  convert  to  its  prin- 
ciples. On  the  appointment  of  her  hus- 
li:ind  to  the  ministry,  she  participated 
in  his  official  duties,  writing  and  pre- 
[laring  many  papers,  and  taking  a  share 
m  the  political  councils  of  the  Girondist 
leaders.  She  was  arrested  on  the  tall 
of  the  party,  and,  when  condemned  to 
death,  conducted  lierself  with  great 
firmness,  exclaiming  at  the  time  of  her 
execution,  "O  Liberty,  what  crimes  are 
committed  in  thy  name  I"  Her  death 
took  place  Nov.  S,  1793.  She  wrote 
"  An  Appeal  to  Impartial  Posterity," 
and  "  Miscellaneous  Works." 

ROLANDINO,  an  old  Italian  histo- 
rian, was  b.  at  Padua,  ;n  1200,  and  d.  in 
1276. 

ROLLE,  Dennis,  a  native  of  Devon- 
shire, who  traced  his  descent  from  Rollo, 
first  duke  of  Normandy.  In  1766,  he 
purchased  a  whole  district  in  Florida, 
whither  he  proceeded  with  a  thousand 
persons  to  people  his  new  possessions ; 
out  throucrn  the  unhcalthiness  of  the 
climate,  and  the  desertion  of  those  who 
eseiiped  disease,  he  soon  tound  himself 
without  colonists  and  without  money ; 
so  that,  in  order  to  revisit  England,  he 
was  compelled  to  work  his  passage  back 
in  an  American  vessel.  lie  was  then 
satisfied  to  live  on  his  ])aternal  estate, 
had  a  seat  in  the  house  of  commons,  and 


filled  the  office  of  sheriff  for  tho  county. 
He  devoted  much  of  his  time  to  the  im- 
provement of  the  condition  of  the  lower 
classes.  D.  1797. — Henry,  an  eminent 
lawyer  and  judge,  was  b.  at  Heanton,  in 
Devonshire,  in  1589,  and  educated  at 
Exeter  college,  O.vford ;  after  whieli  lie 
became  a  student  of  the  Inner  Temple, 
and  was  called  to  the  bar.  In  16io  he 
was  made  a  sergeant-at-law,  and  in  1643 
he  accepted  the  office  of  chief  .justice  of 
the  court  of  King's  Bench.  He  wrote 
"Reports,"  and  ''An  Abridgment  of 
Cases  and  Resolutions  of  the  Law," 
which  was  published  by  Sir  Matthew 
Ilalc. 

ROLLIN,  CiiAKLEs,  an  eminent  his- 
torian, b.  at  Paris,  in  1661.  He  was  in- 
tended for  business,  but  Ids  talents 
obtained  the  notice  of  a  learned  Bene- 
dictine, by  which  he  was  enabled  to 
gratify  his  inclination  for  learning. 
After  going  through  a  course  of  theology 
at  the  Sorbonne,  he  received  the  tonsure, 
and  was  tvi'ice  chosen  rector  of  the  uni- 
versity of  Paris.  When  elected  a  third 
time,  he  was  deprived  of  his  situation 
by  the  intrigues  of  the  Jesuits  ;  but  he 
employed  his  leisure  in  composing  liis 
excellent  work,  "  On  the  Planner  of 
Studying  and  Teaching  tho  Belles  Let- 
tres."  This  was  followed  bj^  his  "  An- 
cient History,"  and  nine  volumes  of  the 
"Roman  History."     D.  1741. 

ROMILLY,  Sir  Samuel,  a  celebrated 
English  advocate,  and  M.P.  for  West- 
minster, (descended  from  a  I'rotestant 
family,  who  left  France  after  the  edict 
of  Nantes,)  was  b.  in  London,  in  1757, 
and  placed  in  the  office  of  a  solicitor, 
which  he  quitted  to  study  for  the  bar. 
Called  in  1783,  for  some  years  his  prac- 
tice was  chiefly  confined  to  draughts  in 
equity  ;  but  he  gradually  rose  to  dis- 
tinction in  the  court  of  chancery,  and 
ultimately  took  the  lead,  being  equally 
distinsjuished  by  profound  information 
and  forcible  eloquence.  His  general 
politics  agreeing  with  those  of  the 
Whigs,  he  was,  during  the  short  ad- 
ministration of  Mr.  Fox  in  1806,  ap- 
pointed to  the  office  of  solicitor-general, 
and  knighted.  He  was  particularly  dis- 
tinguished by  the  eloquence  with  which 
he  pleaded  the  necessity  of  a  revision 
of  the  criminal  code;  ov  wliich  subject 
he  also  composed  a  very  able  pamphlet, 
entitled  "Observations  on  the  Criminal 
Law  of  England."  His  knuwlcdu'e  of 
the  law,  his  great  talents,  and  his  known 
integrity,  rendered  him  the  highest  au- 
thority of  his  time.  This  good  and  use- 
ful man  was,  by  the  death  of  lii3  bo- 


72S 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


]^ROS 


loved  ■wife,  nfflictcd  •with  a  bvain  fever, 
and.  durintr  fi  p:iroxysm,  he  pat  iin  eud 
to  his  vahi;il)lc  life,  is'oveiabcr,  131S. 

KOMNEV,  George,  an  cxccllcntpaint- 
er,  was  b.  at  Dalton,  in  Lanc-ashire,  in 
1734.  Ilavinar  served  liis  time  to  an 
artist  named  Steele,  wlioin  ho  soon  sur- 
passed, he  came  to  London  with  a  pic- 
ture of  tlie  "Death  of  General  Wolfe," 
which  obtained  the  second  prize  in  the 
exhibition,  and  sold  for  a  considerable 
sum.  After  visiting  Italy  he  returned 
to  London,  where  he  obtained  great 
reputation.     D.  1802. 

KOMULUS,  the  founder  of  Rome, 
and  brother  of  Remus,  was  the  son  of 
Rhea  Sylvia,  daughter  of  Numitor,  king 
of  Alba.     D.  715  b.  o. 

RONSARD,  Peter  de,  a  French  ele- 
giac and  ppiirrammatic  poet,  of  a  noble 
family.     B.  1524  ;  d.  15S6. 

ROOKE,  Sir  George,  a  gallant  British 
admiral,  was  a  native  of  Kent,  and  b.  in 
1650.  Ho  destroyed  the  French  and 
Spanish  fleets  in  Vigo  bay,  in  1702,  and 
captured  several  men  of  war,  and  gal- 
leons ;  he  also  bore  a  part  in  the  reduc- 
tion of  Gibraltar,  in  1704.  Admiral 
Rooke  was  not  less  distinguished  for 
disinterestedness  than  for  skill  and  in- 
trepidity. He  d.  in  1701',  declaring,  in 
allusion  to  the  contracted  fortune  he 
left  behind  him,  that,  "  though  small, 
it  was  honestly  acquired,  and  had  never 
cost  a  sailor  a  tear,  or  the  nation  a 
farthing." — Laurence,  an  eminent  ge- 
ometrician and  astronomer,  b.  at  Dept- 
ford,  in  Kent,  in  1763 ;  became  astro- 
nomical professor  of  Greshara  college, 
and  was  one  of  the  original  members  of 
the  Royal  Society.     D.  1062. 

Rf^SA,  Salvator,  a  celebrated  paint- 
er, poet,  and  musician,  was  b.  at  Naples, 
in  1615.  After  studying  under  Fran- 
canzani,  he  became  a  disciple  of  Ribera, 
with  whom  he  went  to  Rome.  But  his 
taste  was  formed  more  from  the  study 
of  nature  among  the  wilds  of  the  Apen- 
nines, than  from  the  lessons  of  other 
artists;  and  he  delighted  in  delineating 
scenes  of  gloomy  grandeur  and  magnili- 
cence.  He  also  wrote  plays,  and  per- 
formed parts  in  them  ;  besides  which 
he  composed  manv  cantatas.  He  w;is 
liberally  patronized  by  the  grand-duke 
of  Florence  while  residing  in  that  city; 
the  MalFei  family  also  proved  gretit 
friends  to  him,  and  it  was  at  their  seat 
that  lie  wrote  liis  celebrated  satires.  On 
his  return  to  Rome,  he  executed  many 
pictures  for  churches.  His  principal  merit 
lay  in  the  representation  of  the  wild 
•cenery  of  nature,  storms,  &c.    D.  1673. 


ROSAMOND,  usually  called  Fair 
Rosamond,  was  the  daughter  of  Walter 
de  Clifford,  baron  of  Hereford,  and  the 
favorite  mistress  of  Henry  II.  She  had 
two  sons  by  Henry  :  William,  called 
Long-sword,  and  Jeffery,  who  became 
archbishop  of  York. 

ROSCIUS,  QuiNTUS,  a  Roman  actor, 
b.  at  Lanuvium,  was  so  celebrated  for 
his  powers  of  representation,  that  his 
name  has  ever  since  been  the  character- 
istic distinction  of  performers  of  pre- 
eminent merit.     D.  61  b.  c, 

ROSCOE,  William,  an  eminent  biog- 
rapher and  miscellaneous  writer,  whose 
life  affords  a  memorable  instance  of 
what  may  be  etfected  by  persevering 
efforts.  Placed  very  early  in  a  lawyer's 
office,  he  found  leisure,  without  ncfrleet- 
ing  any  of  the  duties  of  a  clerk,  to  make 
himself  master  of  the  Latin  language, 
so  as  to  translate  the  classics,  and  also 
to  study  other  ancient  languages ;  and 
ho  then  went  tlirough  the  same  course 
with  the  modern  languages,  readin?  the 
best  authors  in  each.  At  the  age  of 
16  he  published  "  Mount  Pleasant,"  a 
poem  that  was  well  received.  When 
the  projected  abolition  of  the  slave 
trade  became  a  subject  of  public  discus- 
sion ho  warmly  interested  himself  in  its 
success ;  and  liis  "  Scriptural  Refutation 
of  a  Pamphlet  on  the  Licitness  of  the 
Slave  Trade,"  and  his  "  Wroncrs  of 
Africa,"  appeared  in  1788.  In  1795  he 
brought  out  that  great  work  on  which 
his  fame  chiefly  rests,  entit'ed  "The 
Life  of  Lorenzo  de  Medici."  In  1703 
he  published  "  The  Muse,"  a  poem, 
from  the  Italian  ;  and  in  1805  appeared 
his  second  great  work,  "The  Life  and 
Pontificate  of  Leo  X.,  the  Sou  of  Lo- 
renzo de  Medici."  He  also  subse- 
quently wrote  several  political  pam- 
phlets, and  scientific  treatises.  Mr. 
lloscoo  being  attached  to  the  Whig 
party,  they  supported  him  as  a  candi- 
date to  represent  Liverpool,  and  after  a 
severe  contest  with  General  Tarleton,  in 
1806,  he  was  returned.  Some  time  yire- 
vious  to  this,  he  had  become  a  banker 
at  Liverpool ;  but  the  house  to  which 
he  beloncred  ultimately  failed,  and  his 
private  yiroperty  was  wrecked.  D.  1831. 
— Henuv,  youngest  son  of  the  prece- 
ding, was  b.  in  1800,  studied  the  law, 
and  was  called  to  the  bar  in  1826.  In- 
dependent of  many  "Digests"  of  dif- 
ferent bran<;hes  of  the  law,  lie  was  the 
author  of  "  Lives  of  eminent  British 
Lawyers,"  in  Lardner's  (Jyclopajilia ;  a 
"  Life  of  his  Father,"  and  "the  editor  of 
"North's  Lives,"    D.  1836. 


rotJ 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


729 


ROSELLINT,  Ippolito,  ono  of  the 
mo.-it  celebrated  nrchseoloffists  of  modern 
times,  was  b.  at  Pisa,  ISOO;  completed 
his  studies  at  tlio  university  of  his  native 
town,  in  1821 ;  three  years  later  obtained 
the  chair  of  oriental  lancruatrcs,  which 
he  had  prosecuted  at  Bolo.ijaa  mean- 
wliilo  with  j,'rcat  zeal  under  the  cele- 
brated Cardinal  Mezzofante.  Having 
made  Egyptian  antiquities  his  peculiar 
stud}-,  he  followed  eagerly  in  tlic  steps 
of  the  illustrious  Champollion,  whom 
he  accompanied  first  to  raris  and  then 
to  Egypt  in  the  prosecution  of  his  re- 
searches ;  and  on  whose  death  he  un- 
dertook the  publication  of  the  splendid 
work,  the  result  of  their  united  efforts, 
entitled  the  "  Monuments  of  Egypt  and 
Nubia."  <fec.     D.  18-13. 

KOSENMULLER,  Jonx  George,  a 
celebrated  German  theolosrian,  was  pro- 
fessor of  theoloiry  at  Erlangen  and 
Leipsic,  and  distinguished  himself  as  a 
preacher,  and  by  his  activity  in  the 
cause  of  education.  B.  1736  ;  d.  1815. 
— Erxkst  Frederic  Charles,  his  son, 
a  distinguished  orientalist,  was  b.  at 
Leipsic,  in  1708  ;  in  wliich  university 
he  became  professor  of  Arabic,  &c.,  and 
rendered  important  services  to  oriental 
literature  by  various  learned  works. — 
Another  son,  John  Christian,  celebrated 
as  an  anatomist,  was  b.  at  Hessberg,  in 
1771  ;  became  protcssor  of  anatomy  and 
surgery  at  Leipsic,  and  d.  in  1820.  He 
was  the  author  of"  Anatomico-Surgical 
Delineations,"  a  "  Manual  of  Anatomy," 
&c. 

ROSS,  Alexander,  a  native  of  Aber- 
deen, was  master  of  the  grammar  scliool 
at  Southampton,  and  chaplain  to  Charles 
I.  His  works  are  very  numerous  ;  the 
most  known  of  which  is,  a  "View  of 
all  Religions."  He  was  also  the  autlior 
of  a  curious  performance,  called  "  Vir- 
gilius  EvanL'clizans,"  which  is  a  cento 
on  the  life  of  Clirist,  taken  wholly  from 
Virgil.  D.  1(154. — Alexandkr,  a  Scotch 
jioet,  b.  in  Aberdeenshire,  in  Itl'JO.  He 
was  educated  at  the  Marisehal  college, 
.Vberdeen,  and  spent  his  life  in  dis- 
charging the  duties  of  a  parish  school- 
master at  TiOchlec,  in  Angusshire.  It 
was  not  till  he  was  nearly  70  years  of 
age  that  he  first  appeared  as  an  author, 
when  he  published  "Helenore,  or  the 
Fortunate  Siiepherdess,"  a  poem  which 
in  the  north  of  Scotland  is  nearly  as 
popular  as  the  writings  of  Ramsay  and 
Burns.  He  was  also  the  author  of  some 
favorite  songs,  and  d.  1781. — David,  a 
theatrical  performer  at  Drury-lane,  co- 
temporarv  with  Garriek.     He"  was  edu- 


cated at  Westminster  school ;  and  hav- 
ing the  advantages  of  a  good  figure  and 
a  classical  education  he  acquired  repu- 
tation both  as  a  tragic  and  a  comic  actor. 
D.  1790. 

ROSSLYN,  Alexander  Wedder- 
liURNE,  earl  of,  an  eminent  lawyer  and 
statesman,  was  b.  in  Scotland,  in  1733. 
He  received  his  education  at  Edinburgh, 
and  was  called  to  the  bar  in  1757.  In 
1771  he  was  appointed  solicitor-general ; 
in  1778,  attorney-general ;  and,  in  1780, 
chief  justice  of  the  common  pleas,  with 
the  title  of  Lord  Loughborough.  He 
adhered  to  the  party  of  Mr.  Fox  when 
Mr.  Pitt  first  came  into  power  ;  but 
joined  the  administration,  with  many 
others,  under  the  alarm  produced  by 
tlie  French  revolution  in  1793,  when  he 
succeeded  Lord  Tinirlow  as  chancellor, 
which  office  ho  held  till  1801,  when  he 
retired  with  the  title  of  the  earl  of  Ross- 
lyn,  and  d.  in  1805. 

ROTHSCHILD,  Nathan  Mater,  the 
richest  man  of  the  age,  was  one  of  five 
brothers,  who  by  their  wealth,  connec- 
tions, and  financial  skill  have  for  years 
exercised  a  great  control  over  the  mon- 
eyed, commercial,  and  political  interests 
of  Europe.  Mayer  Anselm,  their  father, 
and  the  founder  of  the  house  of  Roth- 
schild, was  born  at  Frankfort.  Though 
educated  for  the  priesthood,  he  turned 
his  attention  to  commerce,  became  emi- 
nent as  a  banker,  and  being  trusted  with 
the  most  important  affairs  by  the  land- 
grave of  Hesse  during  the  dominion  of 
Napoleon  in  Germany,  he  executed  his 
trusts  so  faithfully  and  successfully,  that 
his  house  ranked  among  the  most  cele- 
brated on  the  Continent.  Mayer  Anselm 
died  in  1812,  leaving  lor  inheritance  to 
his  sons  the  example  of  his  life  and  wise 
counsels,  an  immense  fortune,  and  un- 
bounded credit;  and  they,  by  combiniiig 
their  operations,  and  always  acting  in 
concert,  formed  among  themselves  an 
invincible  phalanx,  whose  power  at 
one  time  was  sufficient  to  influence  the 
counsels  of  a  mighty  empire,  and  to 
regulate  its  financial  operations.  Their 
names  and  residences  were  as  follow : 
Anselm,  at  Frankfort;  Solomon,  at 
Berlin  and  Vienna ;  Nathan  Mayer, 
at  London ;  Charles,  at  Naples  ;  and 
James,  at  Paris.  N.  M.  Rothschild  went 
to  England  in  1800,  where  he  acted  as 
asent  I'or  his  father  in  the  purchase  of 
Manchester  goods  for  the  Continent. 
Stiortly  afterwards  throusrh  the  agency 
of  his"  father,  for  the  elector  of  liesae 
Casscl  and  other  German  princes,  he 
had  large  sums  placed  at  his  disposal 


rno 


CVCI,OP>EDIA    OF   BioonAPnv. 


[hod 


which  ho  employed  with  such  extraor- 
dinary jadsrincnt,  that  liis  monns  wont 
on  at  a  rapid  rate  of  acciitnnlation.  Be- 
sides tlie  essential  co-operation  of  his 
brothers,  he  had  agencies  in  almost 
every  city  in  the  world,  with  hosts  of 
minor  dependent  capitalists  who  parti- 
cipated in  Ids  lo;ins,  who  placed  implicit 
contidence  in  the  family,  and  were  ready 
at  all  times  to  embark  with  them  in  any 
operation  that  was  proposed.    D.  1830. 

EOTTECK,  CiLVBLEs  von,  a  celebrated 
modern  historian,  was  born  at  Freiburg, 
in  Baden,  in  1775.  Carefully  educated 
under  the  care  of  his  father,  who  had 
been  ennobled  for  his  medical  skill,  he 
joined  the  university  of  his  native  town 
in  1790  as  a  law  sttulent;  and  eight 
years  later  he  obtained  the  chair  of  his- 
tory, where  his  lectures  laid  the  found- 
ation of  the  great  historical  work  which 
has  secured  liim  so  high  a  place  among 
tlie  historians  of  Europe.  In  1818  he 
exchanged  the  chair  of  liistory  for  that 
of  politics  and  the  law  of  nations ;  in 
1819  he  was  chosen  member  for  the  uni- 
versity in  the  first  chamber  of  the  states 
of  Baden  ;  and  the  liberal  tenor  of  his 
lectures  and.speeehes  was  well  seconded 
by  numerous  able  works  which  flowed 
froni  his  pen  on  various  constitutional 
questions.  The  outbreak  of  the  French 
revohition  in  1830  having  given  fresh 
vigor  to  his  liberal  views,  he  founded 
several  jouriuils  to  enunciate  and  pi'opa- 
gate  his  opinions ;  but  his  zeal  was 
viewed  witli  a  jealous  eye  by  the  govern- 
ment, which  not  only  deprived  liim  of 
his  chair  in  1832,  but  interdicted  him 
from  editing  any  political  journal  for 
live  years,  and  sought  in  various  otlier 
ways  to  thwart  his  desiijns.  Henceforth 
lie  was  regarded  as  a  martyr  to  the  liber- 
al cause  ;  his  n.ame  became  a  watchword 
to  the  opposition  ;  and  though  in  1848 
he  wixs  restored  triumphantly  to  the 
enjoyment  of  his  previous  rights,  tlie 
redress  came  too  late,  for  he  d.  the  same 
year.  His  fame  chiefly  rests  upon  his 
"Allgemeine  Welt-Gesehichte,"  which 
has  been  translated  into  nearly  every 
European  laniriiage. 

ROUBILLIAC,  LouLs  Francis,  an 
eminent  sculptor,  was  a  native  of  Ly- 
ons, butcarne  to  England  in  the  reign  of 
George  I.,  and  Wiis  emploNcd  on  several 
great  works ;  among  wliich  are,  the 
monument  of  the  duke  of  Argyle,  in 
Westminster  abbey ;  the  statue  of 
Handel,  at  Vauxhall ;  that  of  Sir  Isaac 
Newton,  at  Trinity  college,  Cambridge  ; 
and  many  other  statues  and  monuments 
in  various  parts  of  the  kingdom.    He 


long  stood  at  the  head  of  his  profession, 
and  had  also  a  talent  for  poetry.  D.  1762. 

ROUELLE,  William  Francis,  one  of 
the  earliest  of  the  modern  chemists  in 
France,  was  born  at  Caen,  in  1703. 
Having  devoted  great  attention  to  chem- 
ical science,  botany,  and  pharmacy,  he 
settled  at  Paris  as  an  apothecary,  and 
afterwards  became  professor  of  chemist- 
ry, at  the  roj'al  botanic  garden.  He 
also  held  the  ofhce  of  inspector-general 
of  pharmacy  at  the  Hotel  Bieu,  and  was 
a  popular  lecturer.  D.  1770. — Hilary 
MiUiiMus,  his  brother,  who  was  a  clever 
experimental  philosopher,  assisted  him 
in  his  lectures,  and  succeeded  him  as 
professor  at  the  royal  garden.  B.  1718  ; 
d.  1779. 

R(JUSSEAU,  Jacques,  a  French  paint- 
er, b.  at  Paris,  in  1630.  He  studied  in 
Italy,  where  he  acquired  great  skill  in 
liis  art ;  and,  returning  to  France,  was 
employed  by  Louis  XIV.  He  afterwards 
went  to  England,  and  painted  many  ex- 
cellent pictures.  D.  1694. — Jean  Bap- 
TisTE,  a  distinguished  lyric  poet,  was  b. 
at  Paris,  in  16G9.  Ilis  father,  tliough  a 
shoemaker,  gave  hiui  a  liberal  education, 
and  at  an  early  period  he  displayed  a 
decided  taste  ibr  poetry.  In  1688  he 
became  page  to  the  French  minister  at 
tiie  court  of  Denmark;  after  wliieh  he 
was  secretary  to  Marshal  Tallard,  in  his 
embassy  to  England.  In  1701  he  was 
admitted  into  tlie  academy  of  inscrip- 
tions;  but,  in  1712,  he  was  banished 
from  France,  on  the  charge  of  writing 
some  grossly  libellous  verses,  which, 
during  tlie  remainder  of  his  life,  and 
even  in  his  last  moments,  he  solemnly 
declared  were  forgeries,  devised  for  his 
ruin. — Jean  Jacques,  one  of  the  most 
eloquent  writers  and  singular  charac- 
ters of  the  age,  was  the  son  of  a  watch- 
maker at  Geneva,  where  he  was  b.  in 
1712.  Leaving  school  he  was  first  placed 
with  an  attorney,  who  soon  dismissed 
liim  for  negligence ;  he  was  then  ap- 
prenticed to  an  engraver,  from  whoni 
he  ran  away  before  he  was  16,  and  wan- 
dered about  for  some  time  in  Savo}', 
where  he  was  saved  from  starving  by  a 
priest,  and  placed  in  a  monastery.  It 
was  not  long,  however,  before  he  found 
means  to  escape  from  this  restraint,  and 
a  new  scene  awaited  him.  The  noted 
madame  de  Warens,  a  recent  convert  to 
the  Catholic  church,  who  had  left  lier 
husband  at  Lausanne  for  the  pious  work 
of  proselytism,  took  liim  under  her  es- 
pecial protection,  caused  him  to  be 
instructed  in  science  and  music,  and 
continued  to  live  with  him,  at  intervals, 


ROVJ 


t'VCLOP.f:i)lA    OF    mOGRAPHY. 


731 


on  terms  of  more  intimacy  than  deli- 
cacy, for  about  eight  years.  At  length 
lie  left  his  once  agreeable  benefactress ; 
but  was  so  fortunate  as  to  obtain  the 
place  of  secretary  to  the  French  ambas- 
sador in  Venice,  in  1742.  But  it  was 
not  till  1750  that  he  manifested  his 
splendid  literary  talents.  In  that  year 
he  gained  the  prize  ottered  by  the  acad- 
emy of  Dijon,  on  the  question,  "  Whether 
the  revival  of  learning  has  contributed 
to  the  improvement  of  morals," — takini,' 
the  negative  side  of  the  question,  it  is 
said,  at  the  suggestion  of  Diderot.  From 
this  period  his  pen  became  fertile  and 
ijopular.  Ho  soon  after  brought  out 
his  "  Devin  du  Village,"  a  comic  opera, 
of  which  he  had  himself  composed  the 
music.  This  piece  was  received  with 
general  favor,  and  the  author  was  almost 
worshipped  by  the  French ;  but  the  ap- 
pearance of  his  celebrated  "Letter  on 
French  Music,"  1753,  in  which  he 
pointed  out  its  defects,  excited  a  general 
storm.  Singers  and  connoisseurs,  who 
could  not  wield  the  pen,  contributed  to 
spread  calumnies,  pasquinades,  and 
caricatures  against  the  author,  who  re- 
tired to  Geneva.  By  his  change  of  re- 
lisrion  he  had  lost  the  rights  of  a  citizen. 
He  now  again  embraced  Protestantism, 
and  was  formally  reinstated  in  the  privi- 
leges of  a  free  citizen  of  Geneva.  From 
Geneva,  Eousseau  went  to  Chamberry, 
where  he  wrote  his  essay,  "Sur  Flncga- 
lite  parmi  les  Ilommes,"  which  excited 
still  more  sensation  than  his  prize  essay. 
In  17t)0  he  published  "  Julie,  ou  la  Nou- 
vello  lleloise,"  a  romance,  of  the  most 
seductive  description.  His  next  work, 
entitled  "Du  Contrat  Social,"  was  pro- 
hibited, both  in  France  and  Switzerland. 
This  treatise  was  followed,  in  1702,  by 
"  Kmile,  ou  de  I'Education ;"  which  was 
anathematized  by  the  archbishop  of 
Paris,  and  ordered  to  be  burnt  by  the 
parliament  of  Paris  and  the  authorities 
of  Geneva.  Obliged  to  flee  froni  France 
and  Switzerland,  tiie  author  took  shelter 
in  the  principality  of  Neufciiatcl,  where 
he  publishca  his  "  Letter  to  the  Arch- 
bishop of  Paris,"  and  "  Lettres  de  la 
Montague,"  a  remonstrance  against  the 
proceedings  of  tiie  Geneveso  republic, 
tlic  citizenship  of  which  he  renounced. 
Thenceforth  his  existence  was  passed 
in  frequent  changes  of  place,  to  escape 
real  or  fancied  persecution,  and  in  sus- 
pecting all  his  friends  of  insulting  and 
conspiring  against  him.     D.  1778. 

KOWAN,  JouN,  an  eminent  jurist 
and  statesman,  b.  in  Virginia,  1773, 
but  early   went  to    Kentucky,    where 


he  immediatfily  attained  the  highest 
rank  at  the  Western  bar.  In  1709  he 
was  a  member  of  the  convention  which 
framed  the  constitution  of  the  state, 
in  1804;  was  made  secretary  of  state, 
in  1806  was  elected  to  congress,  and 
in  1819  judge  of  the  court  of  appeals, 
and  in  1824  senator  of  the  United  States. 
In  all  these  positions  lie  took  a  leading 
part.     D.  1843. 

KOWE,  Eliz.\beth,  a  lady  distin- 
guished lor  her  piety  and  learning,  was 
the  daughter  of  a  dissenting  minister 
named  Singer,  and  was  b.  at  llehester, 
1674.  Her  principal  works  are,  "  Friend- 
ship in  Death,"  "  Letters,  Moral  and 
Entertaining,  in  Prose  and  Verse,"  the 
"  History  of  Joseph,"  a  poem,  and 
"  Devout  Exercises  of  the  Ileart."  D. 
1737.— N1CH0L.VS,  a  poet  and  dramatist, 
whose  father  was  a  sergeant-at-law,  wjis 
b.  in  1073,  at  Little  Berkford,  in  Bed- 
fordshire; was  educated  at  Westmin- 
ster school,  and  was  intended  for  the 
bar;  but  on  tb.e  death  of  his  father  he 
gave  up  all  thoughts  of  the  profession, 
and  devoted  himself  to  the  cultivation 
of  literature.  His  first  tragedy,  which 
he  published  when  he  was  24,  was 
"The  Ambitious  Stepmother,"  and  its 
success  gave  him  encouragement  to  pro- 
ceed. It  was  followed  by  "  Tamerlane," 
"The  Fair  Penitent,"  "■Ulysses,"  "The 
Koyal  Convert,"  "Jane  Shore,"  "Lady- 
Jane  Grey,"  and  a  comedy  called  "The 
Biter."  He  also  wrote  miscellaneous 
poems,  and  the  "Life  of  Shakspeare ;" 
but  his  principal  performance  is  a  trans- 
lation of  Lucan's  "Pharsalia."  On  the 
accession  of  George  I.  he  was  made 
poet  laureate,  and  he  also  obtained 
some  srovernment  situations.     D.  1718. 

KOVVLANDSON,  TnoMAs,  an  artist 
celebrated  for  his  skill  in  caricature,  wa3 
b.  in  London,  1756.  He  studied  draw- 
ing at  Paris,  and,  on  his  return,  availed 
himself  of  the  advantages  which  an 
attendance  at  the  Koyal  Academy  af- 
tbrded  him ;  rose  to  some  degree  of 
eminence  in  his  profession,  and  d.  1827. 
Amomr  his  works  are  the  plates  to  "  Dr. 
Syntax,"  "The  Dance  of  Life,"  and 
"  Tiie  Dance  of  Death." 

KOWLEY,  William,  a  dramatic  wri- 
ter in  the  reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth. — 
There  was  also  a  Samuel  Eowlky  of  the 
same  period,  who  wrote  two  historicjil 
plays. — William,  an  eminent  physician, 
b.  in  London,  in  1743.  Ho'  wrote 
"Schola  Medicinoe  universalis  nova," 
and  several  tracts  on  medical  subjects. 
D.  1806. 

ROY,  JuLLVN  LE,  ft  celebrated  clock 


732 


CYCI.OP.EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[rdd 


and  -n-atch  maker,  was  b.  at  Tours,  in 
ICSfi.  ^S'llcn  very  young,  he  showed  a 
decided  partiality  for  mechanical  pur- 
Buits,  and  acquired  tlie  reputation  of 
being:  a  lirst-rate  horologist.  D.  1759. 
— PjiTtR  LE  KoY,  his  son,  was  watcli- 
niaker  to  the  king,  and  d.  in  1785.  He 
published  "Memoires  pour  Ics  Ilorolo- 
gcrs  de  Paris,"  "  Etrennes  Chronorac- 
triques,"  &o. — Julian  David,  another 
son,  became  a  member  of  the  National 
Institute,  and  attached  himself  to  archi- 
tecture, lie  wrote  "  On  the  Kuins  of 
the  finest  Monuments  of  Greece,"  "  On 
the  Construction  of  Christian  Temples," 
&e. — Peter  Charles,  a  French  satirist 
and  dramatic  poet,  was  b.  at  Paris,  in 
16S3.  His  principal  pieces  adapted  for 
theatrical  representation  are,  the  operas 
of  "Callirhoe"  and  "  Semiramis,"  the 
ballets  of  "  The  Elements,"  and  "The 
Senses,"  and  the  comedy  of  "  The 
Captives,"  imitated  from  Plautus.  1). 
1701. 

ROYEK-COLLAED,  Pierre  Paul,  a 
distinguished  French  statesman  and 
philosopher,  was  b.  at  Sommepuis, 
1703.  Not  long  after  his  admission  to 
the  bar  at  Paris,  he  embraced  the  prin- 
ciples of  the  revolution  in  1789 ;  but  he 
soon  became  disgusted  with  the  scenes 
of  violence  that  prevailed,  and  after  an 
abortive  attempt  to  aid  the  cause  of  the 
royalists,  he  bade  adieu  for  a  time  to 
politics,  and  gave  himself  up  wholly  to 
literary  pursuits.  In  1810  he  was  ap- 
pointed to  a  chair  of  literature  and  phi- 
losophy. After  the  restoration  he  once 
more  entered  upon  a  political  career, 
and  gradually  rose  in  public  favor  by  his 
sagacity,  moderation,  and  honesty,  till 
in  1828'  ne  was  nominated  president  of 
the  chamber  of  deputies,  of  which  he 
had  long  been  a  member,  but  retired 
from  this  otKee  in  1830.  He  was  one  of 
the  founders  of  the  school  of  politicians 
in  France  known  by  the  name  of  Doc- 
trinaires ;  and  as  a  philosopher  ho  has 
well-founded  claims  to  esteem  for  hav- 
ing introduced  in  France  that  system 
of  philosophy  so  clearly  illustrated  by 
Cousin,  Jouifroy,  and  Damiron,  and 
which  bears  so  close  an  analogy  to  that 
of  Eeid  and  the  other  Scotch  philoso- 
phers.    D.  1845. 

ROZEE,  Mademoiselle,  an  ingenious 
artist,  was  b.  at  Leyden,  in  1G32.  She 
neither  used  oil  nor  water  colors  in  her 
pictures,  but  silk  floss  on  the  ground, 
disposed  according  to  the  dilforcnt  de- 
grees of  the  Ijrigbt  and  dark  tints, 
which  she  applied  with  great  judgment 
find  taste.     In  this  manner  she  executed 


historical  subi'ects,  landscapes,  and  por- 
traits.   D.  1682. 

KUBENS,  Petek  Paul,  the  most 
distinguished  painter  of  the  Flemish 
school,  was  b.  at  Antwerp,  in  1577.  He 
received  an  excellent  education  ;  and, 
after  studying  in  his  own  country,  he 
went  to  Italy,  where  he  greatly  improv- 
ed himself  after  the  works  of  the  best 
masters,  but  chiefly  Titian.  AVhile  in 
Italy,  he  was  employed  by  the  duke  of 
Mantua,  not  only  as  an  artist,  but  on  an 
embassy  to  Madrid.  In  1620  he  was 
employed  by  the  Princess  Mary  de 
Medici  to  adorn  the  gallery  of  the  Lux- 
embourg with  a  series  of  paintings,  illus- 
trative of  the  principal  scenes  of  her 
life.  While  thus  engaged,  he  became 
known  to  the  duke  of  Buckingham, 
who  purchased  his  museum  for  £10,000. 
He  was  afterwards  employed  by  the 
Infanta  Isabella  and  the  king  of  Spain, 
in  some  important  negotiations,  which 
he  executed  with  such  credit  as  to  be 
appointed  secretary  of  the  privy  council. 
On  going  to  England  with  a  commission 
from  the  king  of  Spain,  he  obtained  the 
favor  of  Charles  I.  While  there  he 
painted  the  Apotheosis  of  James  I.  and 
the  picture  of  Charles  I.  as  St.  George  ; 
for  which  he  was  knighted,  and  received 
a  chain  of  gold.  D.  at  Antwerp,  1640. 
Rubens,  beyond  all  comparison,  was 
the  most  rapid  of  the  groat  masters ; 
and,  according  to  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds, 
he  was  the  greatest  master  of  the  me- 
chanical part  of  his  art  that  ever  existed. 
— Albert,  son  of  the  preceding,  was  b. 
at  Antwerp,  in  1614.  lie  succeeded  his 
father  as  secretary  to  the  council,  and 
was  greatly  esteemed  by  the  Archduke 
Leopold,  governor  of  the  Low  Coun- 
tries. D.  1057.  He  wrote  "  De  Ro 
Vcstiaria  Veterum,"  "  Rcgum  et  Imi)e- 
ratorum  RonianorumNumismata,"  "De 
Vita  Flavii  Manlii  Tiieodori,"  &c. 

RUDDIMAN,  Thomas,  a  distinguish- 
ed grammarian  and  critic,  was  b.  1674, 
at  Boyndie,  in  Banffshire ;  was  educated 
at  King's  college,  Aberdeen;  became  as- 
sistant-keeper of  the  advocates'  library 
at  Ediidiurgh ;  set  up  a  printing-office 
in  conjunction  with  his  brother ;  was 
one  of  the  founders  of  the  earliest  library 
society  in  Scotland,  in  1718,  and  d.  1757. 
His  "Rudiments  of  the  Latin  Tongue," 
long  used  as  an  elementary  book  in 
schools,  is  the  most  popular  of  his  pro- 
ductions ;  but  he  wrote  other  grammat- 
ical WDrks,  and  was  the  editor  of  the 
works  of  George  Buchanan,  in  Latin. 
He  also  established  the  "  Caledonian 
Mercury," 


a  US  J 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHV. 


733 


RUFFIIEAD,  Owen,  a  miscellaneous 
writer,  was  b.  in  London,  ahont  1723; 
entered  at  the  Middle  Ti'innlc,  and  wa;i 
called  to  the  bar ;  published  an  edition 
of  the  statutes,  and  conducted  a  period- 
ical paper,  called  the  "Contest."  lie 
also  wrote  the  "  Life  of  Pope,"  &c.  D. 
1709. 

KUFINUS,  by  some  called  TonANius, 
a  priest  of  Aqmlcia,  in  the  4th  century, 
lie  became  so  attached  to  St.  Jerome, 
that  he  accompanied  him  to  the  East; 
but  beincr  persecuted  by  the  Arians 
under  Valens,  he  was  banished  into 
Palestine,  where  he  founded  a  monas- 
tery on  Mount  Olivet,  and  enipioycd 
himself  in  translating  Greek  autliors 
into  Latin.  His  version  of  Ori^un  gave 
such  olfcncc  to  his  old  acquaintance,  Je- 
rome, that  he  wrote  bitterly  against  him, 
and  Kulinus  was  cited  to  Kome  by  Pope 
Anastasius,  who  condemned  his  trans- 
lation, upon  which  he  retired  to  Sicily, 
where  he  d.  about  410. 

RUMFOKD,  Benj.\min  Tiioirpsox, 
Count,  was  b.  1753,  at  Ivumford,  N.  IL, 
and  was  educated  at  Harvard  college. 
During  the  American  war  lie  espoused 
the  royal  cause,  obtained  the  rank  of 
colonel,  and  was  knighted.  At  the  close 
of  the  contest  he  entered  the  Bavarian 
service  as  lieutenant-general,  and  was 
created  a  count,  and  received  the  order 
of  the  white  eagle,  for  the  reforms  which 
he  introduced  into  the  army  and  the  po- 
lice. In  179S  he  visited  England,  where 
he  remained  for  four  years,  and  took  a 
prominent  part  in  founding  the  royal 
mstitutiou.  On  his  return  to  the  Con- 
tinent he  married  the  widow  of  Lavoi- 
sier. He  settled  near  Paris,  and  d.  there 
August  21,  1814.  His  experiments  and 
discoveries  are  recorded  iu  his  Essays. 

EUMPII,  George  Everaed,  a  botan- 
ist, was  b.  at  Ilanau,  lGo7.  He  took  his 
doctor's  degree  in  physic,  after  which 
he  went  as  consul  and  senior  merchant 
to  Amboyna,  where  he  made  valuable 
botanical  collections,  the  results  of  which 
were  published  by  Kurmau,  in  1751, 
under  the  title  of  "  Herbarium  Ambol- 
nense." 

KUNCIMAN,  Alexander,  a  Scotch 
painter,  was  the  son  of  an  architect,  and 
b.  at  Edinburgh,  in  1736.  After  serving 
his  time  to  a  portrait  painter,  ho  went 
to  Rome  with  tiis  brother  John,  a  most 
promising  artist,  who  died  in  Italy. 
Alexander  continued  his  studies  with 
diligence,  and,  on  his  return  home,  was 
employed  by  Sir  James  Clerk,  to  deco- 
rate his  house  with  scenes  from  Ossian. 
His  best  pictures  are,  an  "Ascension," 


in  the  Episcopal  chapel  at  Edinburgh: 
his  "King  Lear,"  "Andromedaj"  and 
"Agrippina."     I).  1785. 

RUPERT,  or  Robert  of  Bavakia, 
Prince,  tlie  third  son  of  Frederic,  king 
of  Bohemia,  by  Elizabeth,  daughter  of 
James  I.,  was  b.  in  1(510,  and  received 
a  militarj'  education.  He  commanded 
the  cavalry  of  Charles  I.  during  the  civil 
war,  and  on  various  occasions  manifest- 
ed the  igost  daring  valor ;  but  his  im- 
petuosity and  imprudence  more  than 
counterbalanced  the  effects  of  his  brave- 
ry ;  and,  at  length,  having  surrendered 
Bristol  to  General  Fairfax,  by  whom  it 
was  besieged,  the  king  dismissed  him 
frona  his  service.  The  prince,  however, 
was  more  successful  as  a  naval  com- 
mander, particularly  after  the  restora- 
tion, in  the  great  Dutch  war ;  on  the 
conclusion  of  which  he  led  a  retired  life, 
occupied  wholly  in  scientific  pursuits. 
He  was  the  inventor  of  a  composition, 
called  the  "prince's  metal,"  improved 
the  strength  of  gunpowder,  found  out  a 
method  of  fusing  black-lead,  and  dis- 
covered the  art  of  engraving  in  mezzo- 
tinto.  He  was  an  active  member  of  the 
board  of  trade;  and  to  his  influence  is 
ascribed  the  establishment  of  the  Hud- 
son's Bay  Company,  of  which  he  was 
governor.     D.  liJS2. 

RUSH,  Benjamfn',  a  celebrated  phy- 
sician, was  b.  in  1741,  at  Bristol,  Penn. ; 
was  educated  at  Princeton  college ;  took 
his  degree  at  Edinburgh,  in  1768 ;  was 
chosen  a  member  of  congress  for  Penn- 
.sylvania,  in  1776  ;  was  appointed  a  pro- 
fessor of  medicine  and  clmical  practice 
at  the  univcrsit}',  and  d.  1813.  During 
the  devastation  caused  by  the  yellow 
fever  in  1793,  Dr.  Rush  highly  clistin- 
guished  himself,  and  his  history  of  that 
epidemic  is  a  work  of  great  value.  He 
also  wrote  "Medical  Inquiries  and  Ob- 
servations," and  "Essays,  Literary,  Mo- 
ral, and  Philosophical." 

RUSIIWORTII,  John,  an  historian, 
was  b.  in  Northumberland,  1607,  studied 
at  Oxford,  and  became  a  barrister.  In 
1640  he  was  appointed  assistant  clerk  of 
the  house  of  commons,  was  much  em- 
ployed in  negotiations  during  the  civil 
wars,  and  alter  the  restoration  he  became 
secretary  to  the  lord-keeper,  Bridgman. 
His  "  Historical  Collections''  is  a  labori- 
ous and  highly  useful  compilation. 

RUSSELL,  AViLLLVM,  fifth  earl,  and 
first  duke  of  Bedford,  was  b.  in  1614 ; 
received  his  education  at  Magd.ilcn  col- 
lege, Oxford  ;  was  a  member  of  the  long 
parliament  in  1640,  and  commanded  the 
reserve  of  horse  at  the  battle  of  Edge- 


734 


CVCLOP.EDIA    OF    BTOORAPIIV, 


[rut 


hill;  but,  in  1643,  he  ioiuccl  the  royiil 
standard,  and  fought  with  great  bravery 
n.t  the  battle  of  >«c\vbury-  He  was  not, 
however,  in  favor  with  "tlio  royal  party, 
and  he  retired  to  private  life  till  the  res- 
loratiou,  when  he  assisted  at  the  coro- 
nation, and  was  elected  a  knight  of  the 
garter.  He  also  attended  the  coronation 
of  William  and  Mary,  who,  in  1694,  ex- 
alted him  to  the  rank  of  marquis  of  Tav- 
istock and  duke  of  Bedford.  D.  1700. 
— William,  Lord,  third  son  c*  the  pre- 
ceding, was  a  distinguished  supporter 
of  constitutional  liberty,  and  was  b. 
about  1641.  In  1679,  when  Charles  II. 
found  it  necessary  to  inirratiate  himself 
with  the  whigs,  "Lord  Russell  was  ap- 
pointed one  of  the  members  of  the  privy 
council,  lie  soon,  however,  found  that 
his  party  was  not  in  the  king's  con- 
fidence, and  the  recall  of  the  duke  of 
York,  without  their  concurrence,  in- 
duced him  to  resign.  Although  his 
temper  was  mild  and  moderate,  his  fear 
of  a  Catholic  succession  induced  him  to 
take  decisive  steps  in  the  promotion  of 
the  exclusion  of  the  duke  of  York.  In 
June,  1680,  he  went  publicly  to  West- 
minster hall,  and,  at  the  court  of  King's 
Bench,  presented  the  duke  as  a  recu- 
Bant,  and,  on  the  November  following, 
curried  up  tiie  exclusion  bill  to  the  house 
of  lords,  at  the  head  of  200  members  of 
parliament.  The  king  dissolved  the 
parliament,  evidently  resolved  to  govern 
thenceforward  without  one ;  and  arbi- 
trary principles  were  openly  avowed  by 
the  partisans  of  the  court.  Alarmed  at 
the  state  of  things,  many  of  the  Whig 
leaders  favored  strong  expedients  in  the 
way  of  counteraction,  and  a  plan  of  in- 
surrection was  formed  for  a  simultane- 
ous rising  in  England  and  Scotland. 
Among  these  leaders,  including  the 
dukes  of  Monmouth  and  Argyle,  the 
lords  Russell,  Essex,  and  Howard,  Al- 
gernon Sidney,  and  Hampden,  different 
views  prevailed  ;  but  Lord  Russell  look- 
ed only  to  the  exclusion  of  tlie  duke  of 
York.  lie  was,  however,  accused  of 
having  enoraged  in  "  the  Rye-house 
Plot,"  whicli  had  for  its  object  the  as- 
sassination of  the  king  on  his  return 
from  Newmarket;  and  on  this  pretext 
he  was  committed  to  the  Tower, 
tried,  condemned,  and  executed  in 
Julv,  1683,  being  then  in  tlie  42d  year 
of  his  age.  After  the  revolution,"  the 
proceedings  against  him  were  annulled. 
— Lady  Rachel,  wife  of  tiie  preceding, 
was  daughter  of  the  earl  of  So\ithampton, 
and  widow  of  Lord  Vauglian.  lu  1607 
she  was  married  to  Lord  William  Rus- 


sell, and  the  affectionate  zeal  with  which 
she  assisted  him  when  in  trouble,  ano. 
the  magnanimity  of  her  behavior  after 
his  death,  have  excited  for  her  a  general 
feeling  of  respect  and  sympathy.  Being 
refused  counsel  upon  his  trial,  and  al- 
lowed only  an  amanuensis,  she  stood 
forth  in  that  capacity,  and  took  down 
the  notes.  She  survived  his  lordship  40 
years,  which  period  she  occunied  in  the 
exercise  of  pious  and  social  duties.  Her 
"  Letters,"  which  do  equ.al  credit  to  her 
nnderstanding  and  heart,  have  been 
often  reprinted.  D.  1723. — William,  an 
historical  writer,  was  b.  in  the  county  of 
Mid-Lothian,  1746.  He  was  brought  up 
as  a  printer,  which  business  he  for  a 
time  followed,  and  then  became  an  au- 
thor by  profession.  His  works  are,  "  A 
History  of  America,"  "  A  History  of 
Modern  Europe,"  and  "A  History  of 
Ancient  Europe,"  which  was  completed 
by  Dr.  Coote.     D.  1793. 

RUST,  George,  a  learned  pre.ate,  was 
b.  at  Cambridge.  He  became  fellow  of 
Christ's  college,  but  at  the  restoration 
he  went  over  to  Ireland,  and  was  pre- 
ferred to  the  deanery  of  Connor  and  the 
rectory  of  Mageo.  He  was  afterwards 
made  bishop  of  Dromore,  where  he  d. 
in  1670. 

RUTHERFORD,  Daniel,  a  natural 
philosopher  and  physician,  was  b.  at 
Edinburgh,  in  1749 ;  studied  in  that 
university ;  succeeded  Dr.  John  Hope 
as  professor  of  botany  and  keeper  of  the 
botanic  garden,  in  1786  ;  ana  d.  1819. 
He  was  the  discoverer  of  nitrogen,  and 
was  tlie  first  who  represented  oxygen 
gas  (then  called  vital  air)  as  the  neces- 
sary constituent  of  all  acids. — Thomas, 
an  English  divine,  was  b.  at  Papworth 
Everard,  in  Cambridgeshire,  1712  ;  was 
educated  at  St.  John's  college,  Cam- 
bridge; where,  in  1745,  he  was  appoint- 
ed professor  of  divinity ;  and  d.  rector 
of  Barley  in  Hertfordshire,  with  the 
archdeaconry  of  Essex,  in  1771.  His 
most  important  works  are,  "  A  System 
of  Natural  Philosopliy,"  "  An  Essay  on 
the  Nature  and  Obligations  of  Virtue," 
"  A  Discourse  on  Miracles,"  "  Institutes 
of  Natural  Law,"  and  "Sermons." — • 
John,  a  senator  of  the  United  States 
from  New  Jersey,  during  Washington's 
administration.     I).  1840. 

RUT  LEDGE,  Edwaud,  an  eminent 
lawyer,  and  a  signer  of  the  declaration 
of  American  independence,  was  b.  in 
Charleston,  S.  C,  in  1749.  His  legal 
education  was  completed  in  England, 
and  in  1773  he  returned  to  his  native 
country,  and  entered  upon  the  duties  of 


KYS] 


CYCLOP/EDIA    OF    BIOfiRAPIIV, 


735 


his  profession.  In  1774  ho  was  iippoiut- 
ed  a  delegate  to  the  congress  at  Pliil- 
aJlelphia  and  took  an  active  part  in  the 
discussions  of  the  day.  After  a  suc- 
cessful practice  of  his  profession  for 
Bcvenlccn  years,  in  1798  he  relinquished 
his  station  at  the  bar,  and  was  elected 
cliicf  magistrate  of  South  Carolina.  D. 
1800. — JonN,  an  eminent  patriot  of  South 
Carolina,  who  early  distinguished  him- 
self in  the  cause  of  the  American  revo- 
lution. He  was  a  member  of  the  first 
congress  in  1774.  "When  the  teniporaiy 
constitution  ofSouth  Carolina  was  estab- 
lished in  March,  1770,  ho  was  ap[)ointed 
the  president,  and  commander-in-chief 
of  tlie  colony.  lie  continued  in  this 
station  till  the  adoption  of  the  new  con- 
stitution in  177S.  In  1779  he  was  chosen 
governor.  In  1784  he  was  a  judge  of 
tlie  court  of  chancery;  in  1789  a  judge 
of  the  supreme  court  of  the  United 
States;  in  1791  chief  justice  of  South 
Carolina ;  and  in  1796  chief  justice  of  the 
United  States.  He  was  a  man  of  emi- 
nent talents,  patriotism,  energy,  and 
firmness.  Judge  Rutledge  was  a  native 
of  Ireland,  but  came  to  America  about 
the  year  17?.-).     D.  1800. 

RIJVSCII,  Fredekic,  an  eminent 
anatomist,  was  b.  in  1638,  at  the  Hague, 
and  d.  in  1731. — Henry,  his  son,  pub- 
lished "Tlieatrum  Animalium." — E.\- 
ciiEi.,  one  of  the  most  celebrated  painters 
of  fruit  and  flower  pieces,  was  b.  at  Am- 
sterdam, in  1664,  and  d.  in  1750.  Her 
pictures  are  distinguished  for  h'utli  and 
splendor  of  coloring,  united  with  great 
finish. 

liUYSDAAL,  Jacob,  a  celebrated 
Dutch  painter,  was  b.  at  Haerlem,  in 
1636.  He  stood  unrivalled  in  the  repre- 
sentation of  woods,  groves,  and  pieces 
of  water,  particularly  cataracts  ;  and  d. 
in  1681. 

RUYTER,  MicFiAET,  Adrian,  a  gallant 
Hutch  admiral,  was  b.  in  1607,  at  Flush- 
ing. He  eiitercd  the  naval  service  when 
he  was  only  11  years  old,  and,  by  dint 
of  bravery  and  skill,  rose  to  the  summit 
of  liis  profession.  On  many  occasions 
he  nobly  distinguislied  himself  when 
engaged  against  the  English,  especially 
in  the  terrible  battle  tbughtin  February, 
1633,  near  the  mouth  of  tlie  channel, 
when  Blake  counnanded  the  Euirlish, 
and  Van  Tromp  and  Ruytor  the  Dutch. 
In  the  reign  of  Charles  11.,  Ruyter  gain- 
ed an  ad v.intage  over  Prince  Rupert  and 


Monk ;  but,  two  months  afterwards, 
another  battle  was  fought,  in  which  the 
Dutch  were  defeated.  The  following 
year,  however,  he  avenged  himself,  by 
riding  triumphantly  in  the  Thames,  and 
destroying  several  English  men-of-war 
at  Sheeruess.  He  d.  in  the  port  of 
Syracuse,  in  consequence  of  a  wound 
received  a  few  davs  before,  when  en- 
gaging with  the  I'rcnch  fleet  off  Mes- 
sina. 

RYDER,  Sir  Dudley,  an  eminent 
English  lawyer,  was  descended  from  an 
ancient  Yorkshire  family,  and  b.  in  1691. 
He  held  the  office  of  attorney-general 
from  1786  to  1754,  was  made  lord  chief 
justice,  and  d.  1756. 

RYLAND,  John,  a  dissenting  minis- 
ter, who  kept  an  academy,  and  officiated 
many  years  to  a  Baptist  congregation  at 
Northampton.  He  published  "The 
Christian  Student  and  Pastor,"  "  Ele- 
ments of  Mechanics,"  "  Tlie  Preceptor," 
and  several  tracts  and  sermons.  D. 
1792. — William  Wynne,  an  engraver, 
was  b.  in  London,  in  1732.  He  attained 
great  excellence  in  his  art;  but  his  end 
was  truly  melancholy,  for,  in  order  to 
extricate  himself  from  some  embarrass- 
ments, he,  in  1782,  committed  a  forgery 
on  the  East  India  Company,  and  was 
tried  and  executed  the  year  following. 

RYMER,  Thomas,  a  critic  and  anti- 
quary, was  a  native  of  Yorkshire ; 
studied  at  Cambridare  and  at  Gray's  Inn  ; 
and,  succeeding  Shadwell,  in  1692,  as 
royal  liistoriotrrapher,  employed  the  op- 
portunities atforded  him  by  his  oilice  to 
make  a  valuable  collection  of  public 
treatises,  which  he  began  to  publish  in 
1704,  under  the  title  of  ''Fcedera,  Con- 
vcntiones,  et  cujuscunque  Generis  Acta 
publiea,  inter  Reges  Angliaj,  et  alios 
Principes,"  15  vols,  folio,  five  more  be- 
ing aclded  by  Robert  Sanderson.  He 
also  wrote  some  poetical  pieces,  and  left 
an  nnpublislied  collection  relating  to 
Englisii  history,  in  58  vols.,  now  in  the 
British  Museum.     D.  1713. 

RYSBRACH,  John  Michael,  an  em- 
inent statuary,  was  b.  at  Antwerp,  in 
1694.  He  went  to  England  early  in  life, 
and  derived  considerable  reputation  and 
profit  from  the  exercise  of  his  art. 
\Vestminster  abbey,  and  other  cathedral 
cliurches,  contain  specimens  of  his  abil- 
ities, among  which  shoild  be  noticed 
the  monuments  of  Sir  Isaac  Newton  and 
the  duke  of  Marlborough.     D.  1770. 


736 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGUAPHV. 


[sad 


S. 


SAAVEDEA  FAXAKDO,  Diego  de, 
a  Spauish  writer  and  diplomatist,  was  b. 
at  Algezares,  in  Murcia,  in  l.")84.  He 
became  secretary  to  the  embassy  at 
Eoine,  and  afieVwards  was  appointed 
sole  affcnt  for  Spain  at  the  papal  court. 
He  also  assisted  at  some  diets  in  Swit- 
zerland, and  enjoyed  for  his  reward  the 
collar  of  St.  Jago,  a  canonry  of  the 
church,  and  a  seat  in  the  council-board 
for  the  Indies.     He  d.  in  164S. 

SABATIER,  Antoixe,  or  SABATIER 
DE  Castues,  was  b.  at  Castres,  in  1742. 
He  was  a  celebrated  Freneli  writer,  and 
was  early  connected  with  Helvetius  and 
the  philosophical  party  of  the  literati ; 
but  he  soon  left  these,  and  showed  his 
opposition  to  them  in  his  work,  "  Les 
Trois  Sic'cles  de  la  Littcrature  Fran- 
9aise,"  wliich  procured  him  many  ene- 
mies, but  brought  him  into  notice. 
Among  his  numerous  works  are,  "  Les 
Siecles  Paiens,  ou  Dietionnaire  Mytho- 
logique,  Ileroiqnc,  Politique,  Litteraire, 
et  Geographiqiie  de  I'Antiquite  Pa'ie- 
nere,"  and  "  Les  Caprices  de  la  For- 
tune," &c.     T).  1817. 

SABELLIUS,  a  heretic,  b.  at  Ptole- 
mais,  in  Libya,  in  the  3d  century,  was 
a  disciple  of  Noetus  of  Smyrna.  He 
advanced  the  doctrine  of  unity  in  the 
Deity,  declaring  the  Son  and  the  Holy 
Ghost  to  be  mere  qualities.  These  ten- 
ets obtained  many  proselytes,  and  met 
■with  great  success  till  the  opposition  of 
St.  Deny.s  caused  them  to  be  formally 
condetnned. 

SACCHINI,  Antonio  Mahia  Gaspard, 
a  celebrated  Italian  coinposer,  was  b.  at 
Naples,  in  1735.     D.  178(5. 

SACIIEVEKELL,  Henrv,  an  English 
divine,  was  educated  at  O.x'ford.  In 
1705  he  was  appointed  preacher  of  St. 
Saviour's,  South  wark,  during  which  pe- 
riod he  prcachetl  two  famous  sermons, 
the  objects  of  which  were  to  create  alarm 
for  the  safety  of  the  church,  and  to  ex- 
cite hostility  ai^ainst  the  dissenters. 
Being  impeached  in  the  house  of  com- 
mons, he  was  sentenced  to  be  suspended 
from  preaching  for  thrcft  years.  This 
persecution,  however,  established  the 
fortune  of  Sacheverell,  who  was  collated 
to  a  living  near  Shrewsbury;  and  the 
same  month  that  his  suspension  termi- 
nated, was  appointed  to  the  valuable 
rectory  of  St.  Andrew,  Holborn.  D. 
1724. 


SACKVILLE,  George,  Viscount,  a 
soldier  and  statesman,  was  the  third  sou 
of  the  first  duke  of  Dorset,  and  was  b. 
1716.  lie  distinguished  himself  at  the 
battles  of  Dettingen  and  Fontenoy ;  and 
in  1758  was  made  a  lieutenant-general; 
but  the  year  following  he  fell  into  dis- 
grace for  his  conduct  at  the  battle  of 
Minden.  Ho  was  tried  by  a  court-mar- 
tial, and  sentenced  to  be  dismissed  from 
tlie  service.  Under  the  administration 
of  Lord  Bute,  however,  he  was  restoi-ed 
to  favor,  and  in  1775  he  was  appointed 
colonial  secretary  of  state,  which  he  held 
during  the  American  war.  On  quitting 
office,  in  1782,  he  was  created  viscount. 
D.  1785. 

SACY,  Baron  Silvestre  de,  a  pro- 
found and  various  scholar,  but  especi- 
ally eminent  as  an  orientalist,  was  b. 
1758.  During  the  stormy  times  of  the 
revolution,  and  tiie  sway  of  Napoleon, 
as  well  as  under  Louis  XVIII.,  Charles 
X.,  and  Louis  Philippe,  his  splendid 
talents  obtained  for  him  the  hishestand 
most  valuable  literary  appointments. 
His  "Arabic  Grammar,"  "Antholigie 
Grammaticale  Arabe,"  and  other  Arabic 
works,  are  e.-'pecially  valuable  to  stu- 
dents.    D.  1839. 

SADI,  Sheik  Moslehedin,  one  of  the 
most  celebrated  poets  of  Persia,  was  h. 
at  Shiraz,  in  1175,  and  d.  in  the  120th 
year  of  his  age.  He  studied  at  Bagdad, 
and  pursued  a  religious  course  of  life 
under  tiie  direction  of  the  famous  Sophi 
Abd  al  Kadir  Ghilani,  whom  he  accom- 
panied on  a  pilgrimage  to  Mecca.  He 
fought  against  the  intidcls,  and  carried 
his  arms  into  India  and  Asia  Minor. 
Being,  however,  taken  prisoner  by  the 
Tui'ks,  he  was  put  to  work  on  the  forti- 
fications of  Tripoli ;  but  was  redeemed 
by  a  merchant  of  Aleppo,  who  gave  him 
his  daughter  in  marriage  with  a  dowry. 
Towards  the  close  of  his  life  he  built  a 
hermitage  near  the  walls  of  Shiraz, 
where  he  passed  his  time  in  exercises 
of  piety ;  and  his  tomb,  on  the  spot 
where  he  had  livctl,  was  long  visited  by 
tlic  admirers  of  his  genius  and  devotion, 
lie  wrote  "Gulistun,  or  the  Garden  of 
lioses,"  and  other  works. 

SADLER,  Michael  Thomas,  was  b. 
at  Snelston,  in  Derbyshire,  in  1780.  In 
1825  he  vvas  chosen  a  member  of  parlia- 
ment.    Mr.   Sadler  wrote   two   works, 


"  Ireland,  its  Evils,  and  their  Remedies,' 


sal] 


CVCLOP^EDIA    OF    lilOOKAl'HY. 


737 


nnd  liis  "Law  ofPopuhition,"  in  which 
the  ,Maltlnisi;in  doclnnes  were  iinpugned 
niul  rcfutcil.     D.  ISGo. 

SAKMUND,  SiorussoN,  a  celebrated 
Icehmdio  priest,  poet,  legislator,  and 
historian  in  the  llth  century.  He  hud 
a  share  in  forming  the  ecclesiastical  code, 
wrote  a  '•  History  of  Norway,"  and  was 
the  comjMler  of  that  Scandinavian  col- 
lection of  poetry,  termed  "Edda."  D. 
Ho"). 

ST.  BEUVE,  Jacques  de,  a  celebrated 
theologian,  b.  at  Paris,  in  1(513.  He  was 
famous  for  his  controversies  relative  to 
the  doctrines  of  grace  and  predestination, 
which  asritated  the  French  church  in  the 
middle  of  the  ITth  century.     D.  1677. 

ST.  CLAIE,  Aktiiuk,  a  general  in  the 
American  army,  was  b.  at  Edinburgh, 
was  a  lieutenant  under  General  Wolfe, 
and  afterwards  settled  in  Pennsylvania, 
and  became  a  naturalized  citizen.  On 
the  commencement  of  tiie  revolution,  he 
embraced  the  cause  of  the  American 
army,  and  in  February,  1777,  was  ap- 
pointed major-general.  lie  served  with 
distinction,  and  in  1783  was  elected 
president  of  the  Cincinnati  society  of 
nis  adopted  state.  In  1785  he  was 
elected  a  delegate  to  congress,  and  in 
17S7  was  chosen  president  of  that  body. 
He  was  afterwards  governor  of  the  Nort  ii- 
west  Territory,  and  in  17'.iO  eounnanded 
an  army  against  the  Miami  Intlians.  lie 
resigned  liis  commission  of  major-gen- 
eral in  1792.  His  latter  years  were 
passed  in  poverty.     D.  1813. 

ST.  JUST,  Anthony,  a  political  agent 
and  associate  of  IJobespierre,  was  b.  in 
170^!,  and  was  educated  for  the  legal 
profession.  lie  voted  for  the  death  of 
Louis  X\'I.,  materially  assisted  in  the 
destruction  of  the  Girondists,  acted  as 
a  commissioner  of  the  national  conven- 
tion to  the  army  in  Alsace,  where  he 
was  distiiiiruished  for  his  severity  ;  and, 
on  his  return  to  Paris,  becoming  in- 
volved in  the  ruin  of  llobespierre,  was 
guillotined,  in  Julv,  171)4. 

ST.  L.\MBEKT;  Chaules  Fraxces  de, 
a  member  of  the  national  institute  of 
France,  was  b.  at  Nancy,  in  1717.  He 
entered  the  army,  whicii  he  left  at  the 
peace  of  Aix-la-Ciiapelle,  and  obtained 
an  otRee  in  the  court  of  Stanislaus  of 
Poland ;  became  a  devoted  adherent  of 
Voltaire's,  and  a  favored  admirer  of 
madamc  do  Chatelet;  again  entered  the 
army,  and  d.  in  180').  Anion?  his  works 
arc,  "  The  Seasons,"  a  poem  ;  "Oriental 
Tales,"  and  a  pliiiosophical  work,  en- 
titled "  Catechisuie  Universel." 

ST.  MAKC,  Charles  Hugh  Lefebvre 
62* 


DE,  a  French  author,  b.  at  Paris,  in  1698. 
His  most  important  work  is,  "  A  Chro- 
nological Abridgment  of  the  History  of 
Italy,  from  the  Downfall  of  the  Western 
Empire." — Jean  Paul  Andkk  des  Kai- 
siN's,  marquis  de,  a  French  l>Tic  poet, 
author  of  "Adcle  de  Ponthieu,"  &c. 
B.  1728;  d.  IS] 8. 

ST.  PIEKKE,  Jacques  Bernardin 
Henri  de,  a  most  ingenious  und  philo- 
soi)hical  French  author,  was  b.  at  Havre, 
in  1737,  was  educated  in  the  engineer 
school  at  Paris,  for  a  time  followed  the 
military  profession  in  the  service  of 
Kussia,  afterwards  obtained  a  commis- 
sion in  the  engineer  corps  of  France; 
and,  retiring  from  a  military  life,  he 
devoted  the  remainder  of  his  days  to 
literature.  In  1784  appeared  his  "  PItudes 
de  la  Nature,"  and,  m  1788,  his  "  Paul  et 
Virginie,"  which,  after  passing  through 
fifty  impressions  in  one  year,  has  been 
translated  into  almost  all  the  lamruages 
of  Europe.  He  was  also  the  author  of 
"LaChaumiere  Indienne,"  and  several 
other  works.     D.  1814. 

ST.  KEAL,  CiESAR  VicEuvRD  de,  an  able 
French  author,  was  b.  at  Chamberri,  in 
Savoy,  where  he  d.  in  1(392.  He  wrote 
"DeTUsage  do  I'Histoire,"  "Conjura- 
tion des  Espagnols  eontre  la  Rcpubliquo 
de  Venise  en  1618,"  and  several  otiier 
treatises  on  morals,  politics,  and  philos- 
ophy. 

ST.  SIMON,  Claudius  Henry,  count 
de,  was  b.  at  Paris,  1760.  He  was  the 
founder  of  a  politico-philosophical  sect, 
whose  leading  dogma  is,  that  industry 
is  the  definitive  purpose  of  life,  and  that 
those  engaged  in  it  constitute  the  su- 
perior class  of  society.  He  published  a 
variety  of  works  to  give  currency  to  his 
doctrines;  among  which  are,  an  "In- 
troduction to  tlie  Scientific  Labors  of  the 
Nineteenth  Century,"  and  "Political, 
Moral,  and  Philosophical  Discussions." 
D.  182."). — Louis  de  Rouvroi,  duke  of, 
was  b.  167.5.  In  1721  he  was  appointed 
ambassador  extraortlinary  to  the  court 
of  Spain,  to  negotiate  a  marriage  be- 
tween the  Infanta  and  Louis  XV. ;  and 
d.  in  17r)7.  His  "  Memoirs  of  the  Kcign 
of  Louis  XIV.  and  the  Regency,"  con- 
taining a  vast  mass  of  anccdot:il  inform- 
ation, form  13  vols. 

SALADIN,  afamoua  sultan  of  Egypt, 
equally  renowned  as  a  warrior  and  legis- 
lator. He  was  b.  in  1137,  raised  himself 
from  the  station  of  an  officer  to  that  of 
a  sovereign,  and  su])portod  himself  bj 
his  valor  and  the  infinence  of  his  amia- 
ble character,  airainst  the  united  efforts 
of  the  chief  Christian  potentates  of  E"- 


738 


CyCLOP.-EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[sAN 


rope,  who  carried  on  tbe  most  unjust 
wars  against  him,  under  the  false  appel- 
lation ot"  crusades.  He  obtained  various 
successes  over  the  Christians,  but  was 
deteated  by  Kichard  Cceur  de  Lion,  and 
d.  in  1H13. 

SALE,  George,  an  English  writer, 
wno  was  well  versed  in  the  oriental 
languages.  His  greatest  work  is  an  ex- 
cellent translation  of  the  Koran,  to  which 
he  prefixed  a  curious  dissertation.  He 
was  also  one  of  the  principal  authors  of 
the  "Ancient  Universal  History."  B. 
IfiSO;  d.  1736. 

SALLUST,  Caius  Crispus,  a  Roman 
historian,  distinguished  equally  for  his 
talents  and  profligacy,  was  b.  at  Ami- 
ternucn,  85  b.c.  He  was  expunged  from 
the  list  of  senators,  in  consequence  of 
his  extravagance  and  shameless  de- 
baucheries ;  but  being  restored  by 
Julius  Csesar,  and  made  governor  of 
Namidia,  he  there  amassed  an  enor- 
mous fortune  by  acts  of  rapine.  He  d. 
85  B.C.  His  "History  ot  the  Jugur- 
thine  War"  and  "  The  Conspiracy  of 
Catiline,"  bear  ample  testimony  to  his 
geuius;  but  the  rigid  morality  displayed 
in  his  writings  forms  a  curious  contrast 
to  the  vices  of  the  author. 

SALMASIUS,  or  Saumaise,  Claude, 
an  eminent  French  scholar,  was  b.  at 
Saumur,  in  1588,  and  succeeded  Sealiger 
as  professor  of  history  at  Leyden.  In 
1649  he  wrote  a  defence  of  Charles  L, 
king  of  England,  which  was  forcibly 
and  conclusively  replied  to  by  Milton. 
The  year  following  lie  went  to  .Sweden, 
on  an  invitation  from  t^ueen  Christina ; 
and  d.  in  1653.  His  principal  works 
are,  "  Historiae  Augustie  Scrintores 
Sex,"  "  ]Je  Modo  Usiirarum,"  "  J)e  Ke 
Militari  Komanorum,"  "  Hellcnistica," 
and  several  editions  of  ancient  authors. 

SALV^IATI,  Francesco  Kossi,  an  emi- 
nent Italian  painter,  whose  style  of  de- 
signing approached  that  of  Kaphael, 
tliougli  greatly  inferior  in  sublimity  and 
grandeur  of  composition.  B.  in  Flor- 
ence, 1510  ;  d.  1563. 

SAXCHO,  Ignatius,  a  negro,  whose 
literary  abilities  attracted  much  notice, 
was  b.  172'J,  on  board  a  slave-ship,  and 
carried  to  Carthagena.  While  a  boy  he 
was  taken  to  England  Vjy  his  master, 
and  given  to  three  maiden  ladies,  sisters, 
livin;'  at  Greenwich,  who  named  him 
Sancho.  The  duke  of  Montague  after- 
wards took  him  into  his  service,  and 
encouiaged  his  love  of  learning;  and 
the  duchess  left  him  an  annuity  at  her 
death.  He  numbered  among  his  friends, 
Sterne,  Garrick,  and  other  literary  char- 


acters ;  and  was  the  author  of  letters, 
poems,  &c.     D.  1780. 

SANCEOFT,  William,  archbishop 
of  Canterbury,  was  b.  at  Frcsiufield,  in 
1616.  He  was  one  of  the  seven  bishops 
sent  to  the  Tower  by  James  II. ;  but 
at  the  revolution  he  refused  to  take  the 
oaths,  for  which  he  was  deprived  of  his 
see.  D.  1693.  He  wrote  "The  Predes- 
tinated Thief,"  "  Modern  Politics,  taken 
from  Machiavel,"  &c. 

SANDEMAN,  Robert,  a  Scotch  min- 
ister, was  b.  at  Perth,  in  1723,  and  edu- 
cated at  St.  Andrew's.  He  formed  a 
sect  which  still  goes  by  his  name.  In 
1765  he  came  to  New  England,  made 
many  proselytes,  and  d.  in  1772. 

SANDERSON,  John,  distinguished 
as  a  scholar  and  a  writer,  was  b.  at  Car- 
lisle, Pa.,  in  17S5.  He  was  a  teacher 
at  Clermont  seminary  for  some  time, 
and  a  contributor  to  "  Uennie's  Port 
Folio,"  and  other  periodicals.  In  1820 
he  published  two  volumes  of  "  Lives 
of  the  Signers  of  the  Declaration."  In 
1833  he  went  to  Europe,  and  on  his 
return  wrote  the  "  American  in  Paris," 
a  vivacious  sketch  of  his  impressions 
while  abroad.  He  was  then  elected  pro 
fessor  of  Greek  and  Latin  in  the  High 
school  of  Philadelphia.     D.  134:4. 

SANDS,  Robert  C,  was  b.  in  the 
city  of  New  York,  1799,  and  was  edu- 
cated at  Columbia  college.  In  1820  he 
commenced  the  practice  of  the  law,  but 
his  first  attempt  as  an  advocate  was  un- 
successful, so  ne  turned  his  attention  to 
literature.  His  attainments  in  the  mod- 
ern as  well  as  ancient  languages,  were 
solid  and  extensive,  and  his  mastery  of 
his  own  language  complete.  Ho  became 
an  editor  of  tiie  "Commercial  Adver- 
tiser;" but  his  labors  in  this  sphere  did 
not  interfere  witii  his  cultivation  of  gen- 
eral literature.  He  wrote  an  "  Historical 
Notice  of  Cortes,"  which  was  translated 
into  Spanish,  besides  essays  on  "  Do- 
mestic Literature,"  the  "Caio-Gneco 
of  Monti,"  "  Isaac,  a  type  of  the  Re- 
deemer," the  "Garden  of  Venus,"  &c., 
the  "Simple  Story,"  "Salem  Witch- 
craft," "  Monsieur  de  Vielleeour,"  and, 
in  conjunction  with  Mr.  Eastburn,  the 
poem  of  "  Yamoyden."  He  was  also 
engaged  with  Mr.  William  C.  Bryant 
and  Mr.  Gulian  C.  Verplanck,  in  the 
editorship  of  the  "Talisman."  Mr. 
Sands  was  a  gentleman  of  the  finest  wit, 
and  noble  character.  His  last  poem  was 
"  The  Dead  of  '32,"  which  appeared 
about  a  week  before  his  own  death. 

SANDYS,  Edwin,  an  eminent  P2ucdish 
prelate,  was  b.  1519,  at  Ilawkshead,  iu 


bAuJ 


CVCLOP^DIA    OK    BIOGRAPHY, 


739 


Lancashire.  At  the  accession  of  Mary 
be  was  vice-chancellor,  and  on  rcfusin2f 
to  proclaiia  her,  he  was  deprived  of  liis 
oflice,  and  sent  first  to  the  Tower,  and 
afterwards  to  the  ilarslialaea.  When 
Elizabeth  came  to  the  throne  ho  was 
appointoil  one  of  the  connnissioners  for 
revising  the  liturgy.  He  was  also  made 
bishop  of  Worcester,  and  had  a  share 
in  the  translation  of  the  Serintures, 
commonly  called  the  "  Bishop's  Bible." 
In  1570  he  was  translated  to  London, 
and  in  1.576  to  York,  wliere  a  conspiracy 
was  laid  by  Sir  Kobcrt  Stapleton,  to 
ruin  him  by  the  imputation  ot  adultery; 
but  it  was  discovered,  and  the  i)arties 
concerned  in  it  were  punisiied.  D.  l.'iSS. 

SANSEVEKO,  Havmon-d  m  Sanoro, 
eminent  for  his  mcclianical  inventions 
and  scientific  discoveries,  was  b.  at  Na- 
ples, in  1710,  and  d.  1771.  Among  the 
multifarious  and  extraordinary  machines 
invented  by  himself  was  a  four-wheeled 
vehicle,  to  pass  over  the  surface  of  the 
water,  whicli  lie  exhibited  on  the  bay  of 
Naiilcs. 

SANSON,  Nicholas,  a  celebrated  ge- 
ographer and  engineer,  was  b.  at  Abbe- 
ville, in  ItiOO;  and  constructed,  even 
wliile  a  3'outh,  a  map  of  ancient  Gaul, 
remarkable  for  its  excellence  and  accu- 
racy, lie  subsequently  produced  up- 
wards of  three  hundred  maps,  all  on  a 
large  scale,  with  several  volumes  to  illus- 
trate them;  reached  the  liead  of  liis 
profession,  and  was  appointed  geogra- 
pher and  engineer  to  the  king.  D. 
16(57. — Nicholas,  William,  and  Adrian', 
liis  three  sons,  wlio  also  were  excellent 
geographers,  collected  and  published 
the  works  of  their  father,  as  well  as  sev- 
eral of  their  own. 

SANSOVINO,  GiAcoMO  Fatti,  an 
eminent  sculptor  and  architect,  was  b. 
at  Florence,  in  1479.     D.  1570. 

S  ANTEKKE,  Jean  Baptiste,  a  French 
painter,  was  b.  at  Magny,  near  Pontoise, 
111  1651.  lie  painted  historical  subjects, 
on  a  small  size,  and  with  great  delicacy. 
D.  1717. 

SAPPHO,  a  celebrated  Greek  poetess, 
b.  at  Mitylene,  in  the  island  of  Lesbos, 
about  600  B.  c.  Jler  writings  were 
higlily  esteemed  bv  the  ancients,  and 
she  is  regarded  a-s  the  inveutrcss  of  the 
metre  which  bears  her  name ;  but  of 
her  works  there  at  present  exist  only  a 
"  Hymn  to  Venus,"  an  ode,  and  a  few 
trifling  fragments.— Another  Sappho,  of 
a  later  date,  who  is  usually  confounded 
with  the  foregoing,  from  being  also  a 
native  of  Lesbos,  was  no  less  distin- 
guished for  amorous  propensities  than 


for  the  warmth  of  her  lyrical  cflfusionH, 
and  is  said  to  have  thrown  herself  into 
the  sea,  from  the  promontory  of  Leu- 
cate,  in  conseciuence  of  the  neglect  sho 
experienced  from  Phaon,  her  lover. 

S.\KGENT,  WiNTHitop,  governor  of 
Mississippi,  was  a  native  of  Massachu- 
setts, and  frraduatcd  at  Harvard  college 
in  1771.  He  entered  the  revolutionary 
army  in  1775,  and  served  in  various 
capacities  with  reputation  to  the  dose 
of  the  war.  In  1786  he  was  appointed 
by  congress  surveyor  of  the  northwest- 
ern territory,  and  in  1787  secretary  of 
the  government  established  there.  Ho 
attended  General  St.  Clair  as  adjutant- 
general  in  his  untbrtunatc  expedition 
against  the  Indians,  and  was  also  adju- 
tant-jreneral  and  inspector  under  Gen- 
eral Wayne.     D.  1820. 

SAKPI,  Petlr,  better  known  under 
the  name  of  Father  Paul,  or  Fra  Paolo, 
was  b.  in  1552,  at  Venice.  So  preco- 
cious were  his  talents,  that,  at  the  -.ige 
of  17,  lie  publicly  maintained  theologi- 
cal and  philosophical  theses,  consisting 
of  309  articles.  Ilis  eloquence  was 
equal  to  liis  learning.  He  did  not  con- 
fine his  studies  to  theology  ;  for  anatomy 
and  astronomy  also  engaged  much  of 
his'attention.  He  was  of  the  order  of 
the  Servites,  and  became  provincial  of 
the  order.  The  Venetian  government 
appointed  him  its  consulting  theologian, 
and  reposed  unbounded  confidence  in 
him  ;  which  he  justified  and  repaid,  by 
defending  the  ecclesiastical  liberties  of 
liis  country  against  the  encroachments 
of  the  Eoman  pontiff.  His  patriotism 
roused  the  vengeance  of  Kome  against 
him,  and  in  1607_,  five  ruffians  made  an 
attempt  to  assassinate  him.  They  fiiiled, 
however,  in  their  purpose,  though  they 
gave  him  fifteen  wounds.  He  d.  in 
1628.  His  greatest  work  is,  "A  His- 
tory of  the  Council  of  Trent." 

SAUMAEEZ,  James,  Lord  de,  a  dis- 
tinguished officer  in  the  British  navy, 
was  b.  in  the  island  of  Guernsey,  in 
1757,  and  was  descended  from  a  Frencli 
family,  whoso  ancestor  accompanied 
William  the  Conqueror  to  England.  D. 
18-16. 

SAURIN,  James,  an  eminent  French 
Protestant  preacher,  was  b.  at  Nismes, 
in  1677;  was  the  author  of  12  vols,  of 
"Sermons,"  "The  State  of  Christianity 
in  France,"  "Discourses,  Historical, 
Critical,  and  Moral,  on  the  most  remark- 
able Events  of  the  Old  and  New  Testa- 
ments," &c.  U.  1730. — Joseph,  brother 
of  the  preceding,  was  b.  1659,  and  dis- 
tinguished himself  as  a  mathematician. 


740 


CVCLOP.'EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[say 


He  was  originally  a  Protestant  minister  ; 
but,  iu  16yO,  he  embraced  tiie  Catholic 
faitii,  and  was  pensioned  by  Louis  XIV. 
He  contributed  for  some  years  to  the 
"Journal  des  Savaus,"  and  d.  1730. — 
Bernard  Joseph,  son  of  the  last  men- 
tioned, was  b.  1706,  at  Paris;  and 
quitted  the  bar  to  become  a  dramatic 
writer.  He  was  the  author  of  "  Sparta- 
cus,"  a  tragedy  ;  "  Mceurs  des  Temps," 
a  spirited  comedy;  and  a  variety  of 
other  dramas.     D.  1781. 

SAUSSUKE,  Horace  Benedict  de,  a 
celebrated  naturalist,  was  b.  at  Geneva, 
in  1740  ;  attained  an  early  proficiency  in 
the  mathematical  and  physical  sciences, 
and  was  lor  several  years  professor  of 
philosophy  at  Geneva.  He  travelled  in 
France,  England,  Italy,  &c. ;  and  by 
the  valuable  observations  which  lie 
made,  particularly  among  the  glaciers  of 
the  Alps,  he  contributed  much  to  the 
advancement  of  geology  and  meteorolo- 
gy. He  also  showed  great  ingenuity  in 
the  construction  of  improved  instru- 
ments adapted  to  scientific  uses,  viz., 
a  thermometer,  an  hygrometer,  a  eudi- 
ometer, and  electrometer,  &c.    D.  1799. 

SAVAGE,  KiciiARD,  an  English  poet, 
celebrated  for  his  genius,  irregularities, 
and  misfortunes,  was  b.  in  London, 
about  1698.  He  was  the  natural  son  of 
the  countess  of  Macclesfield  by  Earl 
Kivers.  No  sooner  did  he  see  the  light, 
than  a  most  unnatural  hatred  took  com- 
plete possession  of  his  mother,  who 
placed  him  with  an  old  woman  in  the 
lowest  state  of  indigence,  with  direc- 
tions that  he  should  be  brought  up  in 
utter  ignorance  of  his  birth,  and  in  the 
meanest  condition.  He  was  an  appren- 
tice to  a  shoemaker,  when  this  woman 
dying  suddenly,  some  of  Lady  Mason's 
(the  mother  ot  the  countess)  letters, 
which  he  found  among  her  papers,  dis- 
covered to  him  the  secret  of  liis  birth. 
From  this  moment  his  attempts  to  ob- 
tain the  notice  of  his  motlier  were 
incessant,  but  all  his  assiduities  and 
applications  were  unavailing;  and  in 
justice  to  the  countess  of  Macclesfield  it 
must  be  observed,  that  she  always 
asserted  that  her  child  d.  while  quite 
young,  and  that  Savage  was  an  impos- 
tor. He  now  became  an  author,  and,  in 
1723,  produced  the  tragedy  of  "Sir 
Thomas  Overbury,"  the  profits  of  which 
produced  him  £200;  ana  he  was  rising 
in  reputation,  when,  in  ]7iil,  lie  acci- 
dentally killed  a  Mr.  Sinclair,  at  a  house 
of  ill-fame,  in  a  drunken  quarrul.  For 
this  he  wa.s  tried,  and  found  guilty; 
but  obtainod  the  royal  pardon,  through 


the  intercession  of  Lady  Hertford.  Soon 
after.  Lord  Tvrionnel  became  his 
patron,  received  him  into  his  house, 
and  allowed  him  £200  a  year ;  but  the 
bard  and  the  peer  quarrelled,  and  he 
was  again  turned  adrift  upon  the  world. 
A  "Birth-day  Ode,"  addressed  to  the 
queen,  procured  him  a  pension  of  £50., 
but  on  her  majesty's  death  this  was  dis- 
continued, and  he  subsequently  endured 
much  misery  and  privation ;  till  at 
length,  in  1743,  he  d.  in  the  debtors' 
prison,  at  Bristol. 

SAVILLE,  Sir  Henry,  one  of  the 
most  profound  and  elegant  scholars  of 
his  age,  was  b.  in  1549,  and  after  grad- 
uating at  Brazennose  college,  Oxford, 
removed  on  a  fellowship  to  Merton 
college,  in  the  same  university.  In  his 
29th  year  he  made  a  tour  on  the  Conti- 
nent ibr  the  purpose  of  perfectino;  him- 
self in  elegant  literature,  and  on  his  re- 
turn was  appointed  tutor  in  Greek  and 
mathematics  to  Queen  Elizabeth.  D. 
1622. 

SAVONAROLA,  Jerome,  a  Domini- 
can, was  b.  at  Fcrrara,  in  1452.  He 
was  regarded  by  some  as  an  enthusiast, 
and  by  others  as  an  impostor;  but  he 
preached  with  great  zeal  against  the 
corruptions  of  the  Roman  church,  for 
which  lie  was  condemned  to  the  fl.ames 
in  1498.  He  wrote  "  Sermons,"  a  trea- 
tise entitled  "The  Triumph  of  the 
Cross,"  and  other  works. 

SAXE,  Maurice,  count  de,  marsbal- 
gcneral  of  the  French  armies,  was  b.  at 
Dresden,  in  1696.  He  was  the  natural 
son  of  Frederic  Augustus  II.,  king  of 
Poland,  by  the  Countess  of  KOnigsmark, 
and  d.  in  1750. 

SAXO,  Grammaticus,  a  Danish  his- 
torian, who  flourished  in  the  12th 
century. 

SAY,  Jean  Baptiste,  an  eminent 
French  writer  on  political  economy,  b. 
in  1767.  He  concerted  with  Chamfort 
(who  was  guillotined)  the  "  Decade 
Philosophique,"  during  the  revolution. 
J?onaparte,  on  going  to  Egypt,  made  him 
his  librarian  extraordinary,  and  after- 
wards appointed  him  a  member  of  the 
tribunate,  from  which  post  he  was  dis- 
missed by  his  patron,  for  having  the 
consistent  honesty  to  vote  against  tho 
creation  of  an  emperor  and  empire.  Hia 
"Traite  d'Economie  Publiciue"  is  a 
most  valuable  work,  and  has  oeen  com- 
pared to  Adam  Smith's  "  Wealth  of 
Nations."  Among  his  other  works  are, 
"  Observations  sur  I'Anglcterre  et  lea 
Anglais,"  "  Cours  complet  d'Economie 
Politique."    D.  1832. 


sch] 


CYCLOP-CDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY, 


741 


PCALIGER,  Julius  C-esak,  generally 
known  as  the  elder  Scaliger,  a  celebrated 
Bcholar,  was  b.  1484,  at  the  castle  of 
Kiva,  on  lake  Garda,  and  bceame  a  page 
of  the  f'mperor  Maximilian,  whom  he 
served  in  war  and  peace  for  17  years. 
When  he  was  about  40,  he  quitted  the 
army,  and  applied  himself  to  the  study 
of  natural  law,  medicine,  and  the  learned 
lanifuages.  In  15'2")  he  accompanied  the 
bislio[)  of  Affcnto  his  diocese  in  France, 
where  he  d.  1558. — Joseph  Justus,  son 
of  the  precedin?,  was  b.  at  An;cn,  iu 
1540  ;  was  made  professor  of  polite  liter- 
ature at  Leyden,  and  is  said  to  have 
been  master  of  uo  less  than  13  languages. 
D.  1609. 

SCANDEEBEG,  (which  means  the 
Bi;t  Alexandek,)  whoso  proper  name 
was  George  Castriot,  was  the  son  of 
John,  prince  of  Albania,  and  was  b.  1404. 
Being  given  by  his  father  as  a  hostage 
to  Sidtan  Amurath  II.,  ho  was  educated 
in  the  Mahometan  religion,  and  at  the 
age  of  18  was  placed  at  the  head  of  a 
biody  of  troops,  with  the  title  of  sangiac. 
After  the  death  of  his  father  in  14:}l',  he 
formed  tlic  desicjn  of  possessing  himself 
of  his  principality;  and  havinj^  accom- 
panied the  Turkish  army  to  Hunsary, 
lie  entered  into  an  agreement  with  Ilun- 
niadcs  to  desert  to  the  Christians.  Tiiis 
design  he  put  into  execution  ;  and,  liav- 
ing  ascended  the  throne  of  his  fathers, 
he  renounced  the  ^lahometan  religion. 
A  long  wart:n-e  followed  ;  but  although 
Irequently  obliged  to  retire  to  the  fast- 
nesses of  mountains,  he  always  renewed 
his  assaults  upon  the  first  favorable  oc- 
casion, until  tlie  sultan  proposed  terms 
of  peace  to  liim,  which  were  accepted. 
lie,  however,  renounced  his  treaty  with 
the  sultan,  obtained  repeated  victories 
over  the  Turkish  armies,  completely 
establislied  his  power,  and  d.  1407. 

SCARLATTI,  Alessandro,  b.  at  Na- 
ples, in  1658,  was  educated  at  Rome 
under  Carissimi,  and  d.  1728.  The  Ital- 
ians called  him  the  "glory  of  tlie  art,'' 
and  tlie  first  of  composers.  He  com- 
posed about  100  operas,  a  great  num- 
ner  of  motets,  and  nearly  200  masses. — 
DoMEMCo,  his  son,  b.  1683,  resided  for 
a  time  at  Rome  and  Naples,  but  finally 
settled  at  Madrid,  where  he  obtained 
the  appointment  of  chapel-master  to  the 
queen  of  Spain.  He  produced  several 
operas  and  some  good  church  music, 
and  was  on  terms  of  friendshiij  with 
Handel. 

SCARPA,  Antonio,  a  celebrated  Ital- 
ian anatomist,  was  b.  1746,  at  Friulij 
and  d.  at  Pavia,  in  1826.     lie  enjoyed 


an  extensive  reputation  throughout  Eu- 
rope, by  his  admirable  description  of  the 
nerves  in  his  "  Tabula  Necrologiaj." 

SCARKON,  Paul,  a  comic  poet  and 
satirist,  was  b.  at  Paris,  1610,  and  was 
intended  for  the  church,  to  which  ho 
was  averse,  and  for  which  his  habits 
were  decidedly  unfit.  At  the  age  of  24 
he  travelled  into  Italy,  where  he  gave 
himself  up  without  restraint  to  indul- 
gences of  every  kind,  and  continued  hi.5 
excesses  after  his  return  to  Paris.  At 
the  age  of  27,  having  appeared  during 
the  carnival  at  Mans  as  a  savage,  he  was 
pursued  by  the  populace,  and  being 
obliged  to  hide  himself  in  a  marsh,  he 
lost  tiie  use  of  his  limbs.  Notwithstand- 
ing his  sufferings,  he  never  lost  his 
gayety ;  and,  settling  at  Paris,  his  wit 
and  social  powers  gained  him  a  wide 
circle  of  acquaintance,  among  whom 
was  the  beautiful  madenioiselle  d'Au- 
bigne,  who  after  his  death  was  known 
as  the  widow  Scarron,  and  who  was 
eventually  rendered  still  more  famous  as 
niadame  de  Maintenon.  His  principle 
writings  are,  liis  "  Comic  Romance" 
and  his  "  Vircrilie  Travestie."     D.  1660. 

SCHADOW,  JoHA.N-N  Geoffkov,  a 
distinguished  modern  sculptor,  was  b. 
at  Berlin,  1764.  Having  evinced  an 
early  predilection  for  the  fine  arts,  he 
repaired  to  Rome  in  1785  for  the  culti- 
vation of  his  taste,  and  after  initiating 
himself  in  the  school  of  the  best  Italian 
masters,  he  returned  to  Berlin  in  1788, 
where  he  was  appointed  professor  of 
sculpture  in  the  university  of  that  city, 
and  subsequently  director-in-chief  of 
the  academy  of  the  fine  arts.  Here  he 
lived  and  labored  for  the  long  period  of 
62  years.  I).  1850. — Zono  Ridolfo,  an 
Italian  sculptor,  was  b.  at  Rome,  1786; 
and  was  instructed  by  Canova  and 
Thorwaldsen.  He  executed  many  ad- 
mired sculptures  and  bass-reliefs,  and  d. 
1822. 

SCIIEELE,  Chakles  William,  an 
eminent  chemist,  was  b.  in  1742,  at 
Stralsund,  in  Swedish  Pomerania  ;  was 
brought  up  as  an  apothecary  at  Stras- 
burg,  became  proprietor  of  a  pharma- 
ceutical establishment  at  Keeping,  and 
d.  in  1786.  He  wrote  "  Chemical  Es- 
says," and  was  the  discoverer  of  the 
oxalic,  fluoric,  malic,  and  lactic  acids. 

SCHILLER,  John  CnRisTornERFREi>- 
EKic  VON,  one  of  the  most  illustrious 
names  in  German  literature,  was  b.  at 
Marbaeh,  in  Wirtcmberg,  in  1750.  Af- 
ter having  studied  medicine,  and  be- 
come surgeon  in  a  regiment,  lie,  in  his 
22d  year,  wrote  his  tragedy  of  "  The 


r42 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[sen 


Robbers,"  which  at  once  raised  him  to 
the  foremost  rank  iimong  the  dramatists 
ot  his  country.  It  was  performed  at 
Manheim,  in  1782.  But  some  passajjes 
of  a  revolutionary  tendency  having  in- 
curred the  displeasure  of  the  duke  of 
Wirtembcrg,  lie  left  Stuttgard  by 
stealth,  and  made  his  way  to  Manheim, 
where,  after  various  wanderings  and 
many  hardships,  he  got  his  tragedy  of 
"  Fiesco"  brought  out  on  the  stage. 
The  tragedies  of"  Cabal  and  Love"  and 
"  Don  Carlos"  were  his  ne.\t  produc- 
tions. In  1785  he  repaired  to  Leipsie 
and  Dresden,  where  he  found  many  ad- 
mirers. Here  he  wrote  his  singular 
romance  called  the  "  Geisterseher,"  and 
his  •'  Philosophical  Letters,"  and  eol- 
Iccted  materials  for  a  "  History  of  the 
Eevolt  of  the  Ketherlands,  under  Philip 
IL"  In  1787  he  repaired  to  Weimar, 
where  he  was  welcomed  with  great 
warmth  by  Wieland  and  Herder,  under- 
took the  management  of  a  periodical 
called  the  "German  Mercury,"  and  not 
long  afterwards  made  the  acquaintance 
of  Goethe,  which  soon  ripened  into  a 
friendship  only  dissolved  by  death.  In 
1789  he  was  appointed  to  the  chair  of 
history  in  the  university  of  Jena,  and 
besides  lecturing  to  crowded  audiences, 
he  published  his  celebrated  "  History 
of  the  Thirty  Years'  War,"  and  engaged 
in  various  "literary  enterprises,  which 
have  more  or  less  had  great  influence 
on  the  literature  of  Germany.  "  Die 
Horcn"  and  "  Der  Muscn-Almanach," 
to  which  the  most  eminent  men  in  Ger- 
many contributed,  belong  to  this  cat- 
egory. He  soon  after  settled  at  Weimar, 
in  order  to  direct  the  theatre  in  con- 
junction with  Goethe,  in  accordance 
with  their  mutual  tastes  and  ojiinions : 
and  here  he  at  intervals  published  the 
works  which,  together  with  those  above 
mentioned,  have  immortalized  his  name. 
Among  these  are,  "  Joan  of  Arc," 
"  Mary  Stuart,"  "  Wallenstein,"  "  Wil- 
liam Tell,"  "History  of  the  Remarkable 
Conspiracies  and  Revolutions  in  the 
Middle  and  Later  Ages."  &c.  D.  1305. 
SCHLEGEL,  Auou.st  Wilheim  vox, 
a  celebrated  critic,  poet,  and  philologist, 
was  b.  at  Hanover,  1767.  After  finish- 
ing his  studies  at  Gottingen,  he  Vjccamc 
professor  at  Jena,  where  he  lectm'cd  on 
the  theory  of  art,  and  joined  his  brother 
Friedcricn  in  the  editorship  of  the 
"  Atlicnaium."  In  1802  he  repaired  to 
Berlin,  as  a  wider  field  for  his  literary 
predilections  ;  accompanied  madaine  de 
ytael,  in  1805,  on  a  tour  through  Italy, 
France,  Germany,  and  Sweden  ;  deliv- 


ered lectures  in  Vienna,  in  1808,  on 
dramatic  art ;  became  secretary  to  Ber- 
nadotte,  the  crown  prince  of  Sweden, 
in  1813 ;  and,  after  studying  Sanscrit  in 
Paris,  obtained  in  1818  the  professorship 
of  history  at  Bonn,  which  he  held  till 
his  death,  1845. — FRiEDERicn  von,  a  cel- 
ebrated German  critic  and  philologist, 
and  a  younger  brother  of  the  preceding, 
was  b.  in  1772,  and  studied  at  Gottingen 
and   Leipsie.     His  first  production  of 
any  importance  was  the  "  History  of  the 
Poetry   of  the   Greeks   and   Romans." 
He  then  joined  his  brother  in  conduct- 
ing a  periodical  called  the  "  Athenffium," 
and  after  publishing  the  philosophical 
romance  of  "  Luciucla,"  he  visited  Paris, 
where  he  delivered  lectures  on  philos- 
ophy,  and   occupied   himself  with  the 
finc'arts.    In  1804  he  published  a  "Col- 
lection of  the  Romantic  Poetry  of  the 
Middle  Ages."     After  this  he  repaired 
to  Vienna,  and,  in  1809,  received  an  ap- 
pointment at  the  head-quarters  of  the 
Archduke  Charles,  where  he  drew  up 
several  powerful  proclamations.     When 
peace  was   concluded,  he  delivered  in 
Vienna  the   lectures   known   as    "  The 
History  of  Ancient  and  Modern  Litera- 
ture."    In  1812  he  edited  the  "German 
Museum,"   and  gained  the  confidence 
of  Prince  Metternich  by  the  composition 
of  various  diplomatic  papers  ;  in  conse- 
quence of  which  he  was  appointed  Aus- 
trian counsellor  of  legation  at  the  Gei- 
manic  diet,  which  he  held  from  1814  to 
1818.     He  then  returned  to  Vienna,  and 
resumed  his  literary  occupations  with 
great  zest,  contributing  to  various  jour- 
nals,  and   producing  liis   "  Philosophy 
of  Life,"  and  his  "Philosophy  of  His- 
tory," which  rank  among  his  best  liter- 
ary"efforts.  Like  his  brother,  Friederich 
Schlegel  became  a  Roman  Catholic;  and 
hi."t   strong  devotional  tendencies  may 
be  seen  in  his  interesting  "Letters  on 
Christian  Art."     D.  1829.' 

SCHLEIERMACHER,  Frederic  Er- 
NKST  Daniel,  equally  distinguished  as  a 
theologian,  a  jihilologist,  a  critic,  an 
orator,  and  a  translator,  was  b.  at  Bres- 
lau  in  1768  ;  studied  at  Halle  in  1781 ; 
and,  after  liolding  various  ecclesiastical 
appointments  in  different  parts  of  Ger- 
many, was  called  to  Berlin  in  1809  as 
preacher,  and  about  the  same  time  re- 
ceived the  chair  of  theology  in  the  uni- 
versity of  that  city.  The  influence  of 
his  writings  on  the  German  mind  was 
and  still  is  very  great ;  but  it  was  far 
surpassed  by  that  which  his  oral  in- 
structions, and  the  purity  and  piety 
which  his  personal  character  exercised 


sen] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


743 


over  those  who  lived  ■within  his  sphere. 
D.  1831. 

SOIIOEFP'ER,  Peter,  one  of  the  in- 
Tontor:^  of  printin]?,  was  b.  at  Gernslieiin, 
in  tlie  territory  of  DarnisUidt,  was  u 
jiartncr  with  Guttember?  and  Faust, 
and  liavinir  married  tho  dauji^htcr  of  the 
latter,  became  sole  possessor  of  the 
printing  estaljlishment.     D.  about  1502. 

SCIIOMBERG,  Henry  de,  marshal 
of  France,  was  descended  from  a  Ger- 
man family.  He  served  in  lfil7,  in 
Piedmont,  under  marshal  d'Estrces,  and 
afterwards  against  the  Huguenots  in 
the  civil  wars.  In  1025  he  was  made 
field- marshal,  and  two  years  afterwards 
defeated  the  English  at  the  isle  of 
Khe.  In  1629  he  forced  the  passage  of 
Susa,  on  which  occasion  he  was  severely 
wounded.  The  next  year  he  took  Pig- 
ncrol,  and  relieved  Casal.  In  1632  he 
defeated  the  rebels  in  Languedoc  at  the 
famous  battle  of  Castelnaudari,  for  which 
he  was  made  governor  of  tliat  province. 
He  wrote  a  "  Narrative  of  the  War  of 
Italy,"  and  d.  1633. — Frederic  Arm.'Vnd, 
duke  of,  was  b.  of  an  illustrious  family, 
but  different  from  the  preceding.  He 
began  his  military  career  under  Frederic 
Henry,  prince  of  Orange,  and  his  son 
William  ;  but  in  1050  he  passed  into  the 
French  service,  became  acquainted  with 
Condc  and  Turcnne,  and  obtained  the 
government  of  Gravelines  and  Fumes. 
He  accompanied  the  prince  of  Orange 
to  England  at  the  revolution,  was  cre- 
ated a  peer,  made  knight  of  the  garter, 
and  obtained  a  grant  of  £100,000.  In 
1689  he  went  with  William  to  Ireland, 
»nd  was  accidentally  shot  as  he  was 
crossing  the  Boyne,  by  the  French  ref- 
uorees  of  his  ovvn  resriment. 

'SCHOPENHAUER,  Johanna,  a  Ger- 
man authoress  of  great  celebrity,  was  b. 
at  Dantzic,  1770.  Her  chief  works  are, 
"  Fernow's  Lcben,"  "  Ausfluchl  an  den 
Khein,"  "Jugendlcben  und  Wandcr- 
bilder,"  an  English  translation  of  which 
was  published  in  1847,  "Sidonia," 
"  DieTante,"  and  above  all  "  Gabriele," 
which  presents  a  charming  picture  of 
female  character.     D.  1833. 

SCHRP:VELIUS.  Corneui-s,  a  learned 
critic,  was  b.  at  Haerlem,  about  1614. 
His  father  was  rector  of  the  school  at 
Loyden,  in  which  office  ho  succeeded 
him.  His  name  is  now  principally 
known  by  his  "  Greek  and  Latin  Lex- 
icon."    I).  1667. 

SCHUBERT,  Francis,  an  eminent 
musical  composer,  was  b.  at  Vienna, 
1796.  His  melodies,  known  by  their 
German  name,  "Lioder,"  have  attained 


great  celebrity  throughout  Germany, 
France,  and  England ;  among  the  best 
known  arc  tlic  "  Erl  Konig,"  "Ave 
Maria,"  "  Der  Wanderer,"  and  "Die 
Erwartung,"  <fec.     D.  1830. 

SCHUMACHER,  Heixrich  Ciirktian, 
a  distinguished  astronomer,  was  b.  in 
Holstcin,  1780,  was  successively  pro- 
fessor of  astronomy  at  the  university  of 
Copenhagen,  director  at  the  observatory 
of  Mannheim,  in  the  grand  duchy  of 
Baden,  and  for  many  years  astronomer 
in  the  observatory  at  Altona,  and  editor 
of  tlie  "  Astronomische  Nachrichten." 
He  was  a  diligent  and  accurate  observer, 
one  of  his  latest  labors  being  connected 
with  Encke's  planet  Astrffia.     D.  1850. 

SCHURMANN,  Anna  Maria  de,  b. 
at  Cologne,  in  1607,  whose  acquirements 
in  the  learned  languages,  the  fine  arts, 
and  polite  literature  were  so  great,  that 
she  obtained  the  appellation  of  the 
modern  Sappho.  This  erudite  and  ac- 
complished lady,  who  understood  the 
Hebrew,  Greek,  Latin,  Chaldee,  and 
several  modern  languages,  and  who  was 
mistress  of  painting,  engraving,  sculp- 
ture, and  music,  at  length  became  tho 
victim  of  fanatical  delusion.  In  1650 
she  appeared  as  a  zealous  disciple  of  the 
enthusiast  Labadic,  to  whom,  it  is  said, 
she  was  secretly  married  ;  and,  after  his 
death,  she  retired  to  Weivart,  in  Fries- 
land,  where  she  d.  in  1678.  Her 
"Opuscula,  or  Pieces  in  Latin,  Greek, 
and  Hebrew,"  were  printed  in  1652. 
She  also  wrote  "  Latin  Poems"  and  a 
"  Defence  of  Female  Studv." 

SCHUYLER,  Philip,  an  officer  in  the 
American  army,  was  appointed  major- 
general  in  1775,  and  was  dispatched  to 
the  fortifications  in  the  north  of  New 
York,  to  prepare  for  the  invasion  of 
Canada,  lie  afterwards  fell  under  some 
suspicion,  and  was  superseded  in  the 
chief  command  by  General  Gates.  He 
was  a  member  of  congress  before  the 
adoption  of  tho  present  constitution, 
and  afterwards  twice  a  senator.  D. 
1804. 

SCHWANTII.VLER,  Ludwio  von, 
an  eminent  sculptor,  descended  from  a 
flvmily  that  f^r  generations  had  been 
distinguished  in  the  art,  was  b.  at  Mu- 
nich, iS02.  At  the  age  of  16  he  entered 
the  academy  of  Munich,  where  he  soon 
attracted  the  attention  of  Cornelius,  by 
whose  advice  he  repaired  to  Rome  ;  and 
after  enjoying  there  the  friemlship  and 
instructions  of  Thorwaldscn,  he  return- 
ed to  his  native  city  in  1827,  where  ho 
found  am]>lc  scope  for  the  development 
of  his  genius  in  the  numerous  eommis- 


(44 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[soo 


sions  intrusted  to  him  by  the  royal 
fiimiiy  of  B.ivaria.  It  would  be  difficult 
Avith  our  limits  to  poiut  out  even  a  tithe 
of  his  productions ;  sutiice  it  to  say,  that 
rich  as  Muuicli  has  become  in  works  of 
art,  it  owes  no  small  portion  of  its  ce- 
lebrity to  this  artist,  whose  marvcllour, 
power  of  composition  and  versatility  of 
genius  showed  themselves  no  less  iu  his 
admirable  statues  and  reliefs,  than  in 
his  frescoes  and  cartoons.     D.  1818. 

SCHWARTZ,  Bektiiold,  a  monk  of 
the  order  of  Cordeliers,  at  the  end  of 
tlie  13th  century,  was  a  native  of  Fri- 
bourg  in  Germany,  and  an  able  chemist. 
It  is  said,  that  as"  he  was  making  some 
e.xperiments  with  nitre,  it  led  to  his  in- 
vention of  gunpowder,  which  was  first 
applied  to  warlike  purposes  by  the 
\  enetians  in  1300.  There  is,  however, 
much  discrepancy  in  the  accounts  of 
this  discovery ;  and  it  is  certain  that 
Koger  Ixicon,  who  died  in  l'2y2,  W'as 
acquainted  with  an  inllammable  com- 
position .similar  to  gunpowder,  the 
knowledge  of  which  Europeans  appear 
to  liave  derived  from  the  Orientals. — 
Christian  Fuedeiuc,  a  German  mis- 
sionary to  tlie  East  Indies.  In  17G7,  he 
was  employed  by  the  English  society 
for  the  promotion  of  Christian  knowl- 
edge, and  he  continued  throughout  his 
life  to  labor  in  tlie  sacred  cause  with 
unceasing  zeal.  He  was  held  in  liigh 
esteem  for  his  character  by  the  Hindoos, 
and  the  rajah  of  Tanjore  made  him  tutor 
to  his  son.     D.  1708. 

SCHW  ARTZENBERG,  Charles  Phi- 
lip, Prince,  an  Austrian  field-marshal, 
was  b.  of  an  ancient  and  illustrious 
family  at  Vienna,  in  1771.  He  entered 
into  the  army  early,  and  rapidly  pro- 
ceeded through  all  the  grades  of  mili- 
tary rank  until  he  became  a  general 
officer.     D.  1820. 

SCOTT,  John,  a  Quaker  poet,  b.  at 
Bermondsey,  in  1739.  He  resided,  du- 
ring the  greater  part  of  his  life  at  Am- 
wefl,  and  d.  in  178'2.  lie  was  the  author 
of  "  Amwcll,"  and  other  poems,  a 
"  Digest  of  the  Highway  Laws,"  "  Crit- 
ical Essays." — Joii.v,  the  original  editor, 
of  the  "  London  Magazine,"  and  the 
author  of  "A  Visit  to  Paris  in  1814," 
&c.  His  remarks  on  some  articles  in 
"Blackwood's  Edinburgh  Magazine" 
having  given  ofl'cncc  to  the  editor  of 
that  work,  a  auarrel  ensued,  which 
ended  in  a  duel  oetwcen  a  friend  of  the 
editor  and  Mr.  Scott,  who,  a  few  days 
after,  d.  of  the  wound  he  had  received 
from  his  adversary. — Michael,  a  cele- 
brated Scottish  philosopher  of  the  13th 


century,  whose  knowledge  of  the  occult 
sciences  caused  him  to  pass  £,mong  the 
unlettered  for  a  magician,  was  b.  nt 
Balwirie,  in  Fifeshire.  He  travelled  in 
France,  Germany,  and  England,  and 
was  received  with  great  distinction  by 
the  respective  sovereigns  ;  received  the 
honor  of  knighthood  from  the  Scottish 
monarch,  Alexander  III.,  and  d.  1293 
— Michael,  the  author  of  "  Tom  Crin 
gle's  Log,"  was  b.  in  Glasgow,  1789  ; 
received  his  education  at  the  high  school 
and  university  of  that  city,  repaired  to 
Jamaica  in  1806,  where  he  remained  till 
1822,  and  finally  settled  in  Scotland, 
where  he  embarked  in  commercial  spec- 
ulations. D.  1835. — Reginald,  or  Rey- 
nold, was  a  native  of  Kent,  and  received 
his  education  at  Hart  hall,  Cambridge. 
He  had  both  the  good  sense  and  courage 
to  oppose  the  absurd  opinion,  at  that 
time  prevalent,  of  the  existence  of 
witches,  by  publishing  his  "  Discoveries 
of  Witchcraft."  D.  1599. — Samuel,  an 
eminent  painter  of  scenery,  who  took 
Vandcrvelde  for  his  model,  and  often 
excelled  him.  D.  1772.— Sir  Walter,  t^  *; 
who  is  generally  placed  at  the  head  of  '  ' ' 
English  novelists  in  the  19th  century, 
was  b.  at  Edinburgh,  in  1771.  He  passed 
the  years  of  his  youth  between  the 
pleasures  of  hunting,  the  study  of  the 
law,  and  an  indulgence  of  his  taste  in 
readintr  old  plays,  romances,  travels,  and 
marvellous  adventures.  The  antiquities 
and  ancient  poetry  of  Scotland  seem  to 
have  early  infiamed  his  imagination  ;_ho 
read  the  old  chronicles,  and  made  him- 
self acquainted  with  the  customs,  obso- 
lete laws,  and  even  the  traditions  of 
individual  families,  and  was  versed  in 
the  localities  and  the  superstitious  belief 
of  the  inhabitants  of  the  Scottish  moun- 
tains. He  made  his  debut  as  an  original 
author  in  "  Specimens  of  Ancient  Scot- 
tish Poetry,"  which  had  great  success. 
His  next  work,  the  "  Lay  of  the  Last 
Minstrel,"  was  received  with  still  greater 
favor.  "  Marmion  "  and  "  Rokeby  " 
followed,  and  gave  a  climax  to  his  poet- 
ical reputation ;  but  it  was  soon  after- 
wards eclipsed  by  the  rise  of  Lord 
Byron's  poetical  star,  his  vigorous  and 
impassioned  verses  diverting  the  publio 
poetical  taste  into  an  entirely  new  chan- 
nel. Subsequently  appeared  "Paul's 
Letters  to  his  Kinsfolk"  and  the  "Bat- 
tle of  Waterloo,"  the  first  successful, 
the  latter  a  failure.  His  novels,  how- 
ever, are  his  great  passport  to  fame. 
Those  masterly  productions,  on  which 
criticism  would  be  out  of  place,  need 
hardly  be  enumerated:    "Waverley," 


8El] 


CVCLOP.EDIA    OF    ItlOGRAPHV. 


745 


"Tales  of  iriy  Landlord,"  "Ivaiihoe," 
"The  Monastery,"  "The  Abbot," 
"Qnentin  Durward,"  "I'everil  of  the 
Peak,"  "  Woodstock,"  "  Kob  Koy," 
"The  Heart  of  Mid  Lothian,"  "Cliron- 
iclcs  of  the  Canongate,"  &c.  Sir  Walter 
Scott  was  made  a  baronet  by  George 
IV.,  in  1S21.  Though  from  "the  time 
of  the  publication  of  "  Waverley,"  Sir 
Waiter  Jiad  been  generally  considered 
the  author  of  the  "Scotch  Novels,"  yet 
ho  had  managed  to  preserve  his  incog- 
nito by  various  modes  of  evasion  and 
halt-denials  whenever  the  subject  was 
publicly  mooted;  and  the  author,  who- 
ever lie  might  prove  to  be,  was  fanci- 
fully styled  the  "  Great  Unknown."  At 
length,  the  mj'stery  was  solved.  At  the 
annual  dinner  of  the  Theatrical  Fund 
Association  in  1827,  Sir  Walter,  in  re- 
turning thanks  for  the  honor  which  the 
company  had  done  him  by  drinking  his 
health,  unreservedly  declared  that  they 
were  wholly  and  solely  his  own  compo- 
sitions, llis  emoluments  were  very 
large,  but  pecuniary  difficulties  with  his 
publishers  involved  him  in  the  common 
failure.  His  debt.s  he  nobly  determined 
to  reduce  by  new  efforts,  many  of  which, 
though  they  answered  the  end  which 
tlie  author  liad  in  view,  added  little  to 
his  fume,  and  utterly  destroyed  a  robust 
constitution  in  writing  them.  D.  1832. 
—  John,  a  distinguislied  lawyer  and 
jud^e  of  Virginia.     B.  1782;  d.  1850. 

SECKER,  Thomas,  archljishop  of 
Canterbury,  an  eminent  and  pious  pre- 
late, was  b.  at  Sibthorpe,  in  Nottmg- 
hamshire,  in  1693,  ana  was  educated 
with  a  view  of  becoming  a  dissenting 
minister.  He,  however,  declared  that 
he  could  not  conscientiously  assent  to 
the  tenets  held  by  his  family,  and  he' 
therefore  conformed  to  the  church  of 
England,  took  orders,  and  obtained  pre- 
ferment.    D.  1763. 

SEDGWICK,  Theodore,  a  judge  of 
the  supreme  court  of  Massachusetts, 
was  b.  at  Hartford,  Ct.,  in  174(5.  He  was 
graduated  at  Yale  college,  and  in  1766 
began  the  practice  of  the  law  in  Berk- 
shire county,  Mass.  In  1776  ho  served 
as  aid  to  General  Tiiomas  in  the  expedi- 
tion against  Canada.  In  1785  he  was  a 
member  of  congress  luider  the  old  con- 
federation. His  exertions  during  1787 
to  suppress  the  insurrectionary  spirit  of 
the  state,  in  what  is  known  as  Shay's 
rebellion,  were  efficient  and  honorable. 
In  1789  he  was  again  in  congress;  and 
in  1796  a  member  of  the  U.  S.  senate. 
In  1302  he  was  appointed  judge.  D. 
1813. — Theodore,  a  sou  of  the  pro- 
68 


ceding,  was  b.  at  Sheffield,  Mass.,  1780  ; 
was  educated  at  Yale  college,  and  prac- 
tised law  in  Albany.  He  was  twice  a 
member  of  the  legislature  of  Massachu- 
setts, and  twice  the  democratic  candi- 
date for  congress.  But  his  life  was 
mainly  devoted  to  literary  and  agricul- 
tural pursuits.  He  wrote  "  Hints  to  my 
(Jountryinen,"  and  "Public  and  Private 
Econotiiy."     D.  1839. 

SEDLEY,  Sir  Charles,  n  celebrated 
wit,  courtier,  and  poet,  of  tlie  age  of 
Charles  II.,  was  b.  at  Aylesford,  in  Kent, 
in  1639  ;  d.  1701. 

SEGUR,  Joseph  Alexander,  viscount 
de,  second  son  of  the  marshal  de  S6gur, 
engaged  when  young  in  the  inilitarv 
service,  but  having  attained  the  post  of 
mareschal  de  camp  in  1790,  he  gave  up 
llis  time  entirely  to  the  cultivation  of 
literature,  and  published  several  ro- 
mances. D.  1805. — Loris,  count  de,  a 
French  diplomatist  and  historical  wri- 
ter, was  the  eldest  son  of  the  marshal 
de  Segur,  and  b.  in  1753.  He  served 
during  two  campaigns  in  the  American 
war,  and  was  afterwards  ambassador  to 
St.  Petersburg  and  Berlin.  On  the 
overthrow  of  the  French  monarchy  he 
relinquished  his  connection  with  afjfairs 
of  state  ;  he  was,  notwithstanding,  ar- 
rested by  order  of  the  committee  of  pub- 
lic safety ;  but  being  liberated  shortly 
after,  he  quitted  France,  and  did  not  re- 
turn till  after  the  fall  of  Robespierre, 
when  he  was  made  a  peer.     D.  1830. 

SELDEN,  John,  an  English  antiquary, 
law  writer,  and  historian,  of  most  exten- 
sive acquirements,  was  a  native  of  Sus- 
sex, and  b.  1584.  So  early  as  1607  he 
drew  up  a  work,  entitled  "  Analectum 
Anglo-Britannicum,"  which  was  quick- 
ly succeeded  by  several  others  ;  and  in 
1614  appeared  his  "Titles  of  Honor." 
Next  followed  his  "De  Diis  Syriis"  and 
"  Mare  Clausura."  He  now  entered  the 
field  of  polities,  and  in  1640  was  elected 
member  of  parliament  for  Oxford.  At 
the  commencement  of  the  disputes  be- 
tween Charles  and  the  parliament,  he 
acted  with  great  moderation,  and  uni- 
formly endeavored  to  prevent  an  ulti- 
mate appeal  to  the  sword.  In  1643,  the 
house  ot  commons  appointed  him  keep- 
er of  the  records  of  tlie  Tower,  and,  the 
following  year,  one  of  the  commission- 
ers of  the  admiralty,  votin?  him  £5000 
as  a  reward  for  his  services.  He  em- 
ployed all  llis  influence  for  the  protection 
of  learning,  and  was  universally  esteem- 
ed for  his  urbanity  of  manners  and  good- 
ness of  heart.     D.  1654. 

SELKIRK,  Alexander,  a  sailor,  was 


?40 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[sew 


b.  at  Lar<ro,  in  Scotland,  about  1680.  He 
was  a  tjood  navigator,  and  made  several 
voyafires  to  the  South  Sea,  in  one  of 
wliich,  having  a  quarrel  with  liis  com- 
mander, he  was  put  ashore  on  the  island 
of  Juan  Fernandez,  with  a  few  neces- 
saries, a  fowling-piece,  giinj)Owder,  and 
sliot.  Here  he  remained  in  solitude 
nearly  three  years,  till  he  was  taken 
awav'by  Capta"in  Woods  Ko^ers,  in  1709. 
On  his  "ret  urn  to  England,  he  is  said  to 
have  employed  Daniel  Defoe  in  drawing 
up  a  narrative  of  his  adventures  for  the 
press,  from  which  source  origiunted  the 
popular  and  interesting  "Adventures 
of  Kobinson  Crusoe." 

SENECA,  Lucius  Anx^us,  a  cele- 
brated Koman  philosopher,  moralist, 
and  statesman,  the  son  of  Marcus  An- 
nieus,  an  eminent  orator,  was  b.  at  Cor- 
duba,  in  Spain,  during  the  tirst  year  of 
tlie  Christian  era.  His  reputation  soon 
extended  to  the  imperial  court;  and  his 
various  learning  and  practical  wisdom 
caused  him  to  be  appointed  tutor  to 
Nero,  and  procured  him  several  import- 
aa;  places.  After  his  accession  to  the 
throne,  his  imperial  pupil  for  a  while 
loaded  him  with  favors;  but  at  length 
resolving  to  rid  himself  of  his  old  pre- 
ceptor, the  tyrant  charged  him  with 
being  au  accomplice  in  the  conspiracy 
of  Piso,  aad  he  was  condemned  to  death. 
The  method  of  his  execution  was,  how- 
ever, left  to  his  own  choice.  He  conse- 
quently, with  the  ciiaracteristic  osten- 
tation of  a  stoic,  finished  his  life  in  the 
midst  of  his  friends,  conversing  on 
pliilosophical  topics  while  the  blood  was 
liowing  from  his  veins,  which  he  had 
caused  to  be  opened  for  that  purpose. 
D.  65. 

SERVETUS,  Michael,  a  learned  Span- 
iard, memorable  as  the  victim  of  religi- 
ous intolerance,  was  b.  at  Villanueva,  in 
l;JO'.i ;  was  educated  at  Toulouse,  studied 
medicine  at  Paris,  and  was  in  constant 
correspondence  with  CalviUj  whom  he 
consulted  in  respect  to  his  Arian  notions. 
He  published  several  anti-trinitarian 
works,  wliich  excited  against  him  the 
violent  hatred  of  both  Catholics  and 
Protestants ;  and  though  lie  was  so  for- 
tunate as  to  escape  from  the  persecu- 
tions of  the  former,  he  could  not  elude 
the  vengeance  of  the  latter^  headed  and 
incited  as  they  were  by  his  implacable 
enemy,  the  stern  and  unforgiving  re- 
former of  Geneva.  He  was  seized  as  he 
wa-s  ])assinrf  tiirough  tliat  city,  tried  Ibr 
"  blasphemy  and  heresy,"  and  con- 
demned  to' the  flames,  wliich  sentence 
was  carried  into  execution,  October  27, 


1553.  Servetus  is  supposed  by  many  to 
have  anticipated  Harvey  in  the  discov- 
ery of  the  circulation  of  the  blood. 

SEKVIUS  TULLIUS,  king  of  Rome, 
was  the  son  of  a  female  slave.  He  mar- 
ried the  daughter  of  Tarquin  the  elder, 
whom  he  succeeded,  577  b.  c,  and  was 
murdered  by  his  son-in-law,  Tarquirv 
Superbus,  534  b.  o. 

SETTLE,  Elkanah,  an  English  poet, 
was  b.  at  Dunstable,  1618  ;  educated  at 
Trinity  college,  Oxford;  was  much  en- 
gaged'in  the  political  squabbles  of  the 
age,  and  wrote  some  smart  pieces  both 
in  prose  and  verse.  He  was  also  an  in- 
defatigable writer  for  the  stage,  but  none 
of  his  dramas  are  now  acted.     D.  1724. 

SEVIGNE,  Maiiy  de  Rabutix,  mar- 
chioness de,  daughter  of  the  baron  de 
Chantal,  was  b.  in  1626.  At  the  age  of 
IS  she  married  the  marquis  de  Sevigne, 
who  was  killed  in  a  duel  seven  yearw 
afterwards.  Being  thus  left  a  widow, 
with  two  children,  she  paid  great  atten- 
tion to  their  education  ;  and  when  her 
daughter  married  the  count  de  Grignan, 
she  kept  up  a  correspondence  with  her; 
to  which  circumst-mce  the  world  is  in- 
debted for  those  letters  which  are 
regarded  as  models  of  epistolary  com- 
position.    D.  1696. 

SEWARD,  Anna,  daughter  of  the 
Rev.  Thomas  Seward,  himself  a  poet 
and  the  author  of  an  edition  of  Beau- 
mont and  Fletcher,  was  b.  at  Eyara^  in 
Derbyshire,  in  1747.  She  evinced  a 
poetical  taste  in  early  life.  In  1782  she 
published  her  poetical  romance  of 
"  Louisa  ;"  and  she  subsequently  print- 
ed a  collection  of  sonnets,  and  a  "Life 
of  Dr.  Darwin,"  in  which  she  asserted 
her  claim  to  the  first  fifty  lines  of  that 
author's  "Botanic  Garden."  D.  1809. 
—William,  a  biographical  writer,  wash, 
in  London,  1747.  He  was  educated  at 
the  Charter  house  and  at  Oxford ;  was 
intimate  with  Dr.  Johnson,  and  other 
eminent  literary  characters ;  and  was 
the  author  of  "  Anecdotes  of  Distin- 
guished Persons,"  "  Biographiana,"  &c. 
D.  in  1799. 

SEWELL,  GEORfiE,  a  poet  and  mis- 
cellaneous writer,  was  b.  at  Windsor, 
and  after  completing  his  education  at 
Peter-house,  Cambridge,  studied  med- 
icine in  Holland  under  the  celebrated 
Boerhaave,  and  settled  at  Hampstead  as 
a  physician.  His  chief  literary  produc- 
tions' are,  "  Sir  Walter  Raleigh,"  a  tra- 
j^edy  ;  "  A  Vindication  of  the  English 
Stage  ;"  translations  of  p.arts  of  Lucan, 
Ovid,  and  Tibullus  ;  and  "  Epistles  to 
Mr.  Addison."    D.  1726. 


bha] 


CYCLOP.EDIA    OF    niOGUAPHV. 


747 


SFOKZA,  James,  called  the  Great, 
was  b.  of  humble  parentage,  at  Cotig- 
nola,  in  1G3'J.  A  company  of  soldiers 
happening  to  pass  through  his  village, 
young  Sforza  joined  them,  and,  after 
jias.sing  through  the  inferior  military 
ranks,  became  a  general.  He  obliged 
Alphonsus,  king  of  Aragon,  to  raise 
the  siege  of  Naplcti,  and  he  retook  sev- 
eral important  ]tlaces  which  had  revolt- 
ed ;  but  being  too  eager  in  pursuing  the 
flying  enemy,  he  was  drowned  in  the 
river  near  Pescara,  in  1424. — Francis, 
natural  son  of  the  preceding,  command- 
ed with  distinction  in  the  service  of 
Naples ;  after  which  he  married  the 
daughter  of  the  duke  of  Milan,  on  whose 
dealli  he  was  chosen  general  of  the 
duchy ;  but  he  abused  that  trust,  and 
U3urt)ed  the  sovereignty.     D.  1466. 

SIIADWELL,  Sir  ^Lancelot,  vice- 
chancellor  of  England,  was  b.  1799 ; 
educated  at  P^ton  and  Cambridge,  where 
he  took  his  degree  of  I?.  A.  in  1600.  He 
was  called  to  the  bar  liy  the  honorable 
society  of  Lincoln's  Inn  in  1800,  was 
appointed  a  king's  counsel  in  1821,  sat 
for  Ripon  as  M.  P.  in  1826,  and  was 
elevated  to  the  vice-chancellorship  of 
England  in  1827.  J).  1850.— Thomas,  a 
dramatic  poet,  was  b.  1640,  at  Stanton 
Hall,  Norfolk,  and  was  educated  at 
Cambridge.  When  Drydcn  was  re- 
moved from  the  offlcca  of  laureate  and 
liistoriosrrapher  royal,  Shadwell  was  ap- 
pointed his  successor,  which  exposed 
aim  to  the  severity  of  that  poet's  satire, 
who  ridiculed  him  under  the  appellation 
of  ^lacflecknoc.  D.  1692.  His  princi- 
pal plays  are,  "  Epsom  Wells,"  "  Timon 
the  Misanthrope,"  the  "Virtuoso,"  the 
"  Gentleman  ol  Alsace,"  and  the  "  Lan- 
cashire Witches." — Charles,  supposed 
to  have  been  the  son  or  nephew  of  the 
preceding,  wrote  some  plays,  the  best 
of  which  is  entitled  the  "Fair  Quaker 
of  Deal."     D.  1726. 

SHAKSPEARE,  William,  the  most 
illustrious  dramatic  poet  of  England, 
was  b.  at  Strattbrd-upon-Avon,  April 
23,  1564,  and  was  the  son  of  a  dealer  in 
wool,  who  appears  also  to  have  carried 
on  the  business  of  a  butcher.  His  edu- 
cation was  con(  ned  to  what  he  could 
attain  at  the  free-school  of  his  native 
place  ;  and  beinir  taken  from  it  early,  he 
made  no  further  proi:rcss  than  the  rudi- 
ments of  Latin.  In  his  18th  year  he 
married  Ann  Hathaway,  a  farmer's 
dauirhter,  who  was  considerably  older 
than  himself.  Of  his  occupntion  at  this 
period,  nothing  determinate  is  recorded  ; 
but  it  appears  that  hs  was  wild  and  ir- 


regular, and  that  he  was  more  than  once 
concerned  with  others  in  stealing  deer 
from  the  park  of  Sir  Thomas  Lucy,  of 
Charlccotc,  near  Stratford.  For  this  lie 
was  prosecuted  by  that  gentleman  ;  but 
he  retaliated  by  a  severe  lampoon  on 
him,  and  then  lied  to  London,  in  order 
to  escape  another  prosecution.  Here  he 
formed  an  acquaintance  with  the  players, 
and  was  enrolled  among  them,  though 
what  sort  of  characters  he  performed 
does  not  appear.  Mr.  Rowe  observes, 
that  he  could  never  meet  with  any  fur- 
ther account  of  him  as  an  actor,  than 
that  his  highest  part  was  the  Ghost  in 
his  own  "Hamlet."  Queen  Elizabeth 
had  several  of  his  plays  acted  betbre  her, 
and,  without  doubt,  gave  him  many 
marks  of  her  favor.  She  was  so  pleased 
with  the  character  of  FalstafF  in  the  two 
parts  of  Henry  IV.,  that  she  commanded 
liim  to  exhibit  him  in  love,  on  which 
occasion  Sliakspeare  wrote  his  rich  and 
admirable  comedy  of  the  "  Merry  Wives 
of  Windsor."  The  earl  of  Southampton 
is  said  on  one  occasion  to  have  presented 
him  with  £1000;  and  he  enjoyed  the 
friendship  of  his  most  eminent  literary 
cotemporaries.  Having  become  propri- 
etor and  manager  of  the  Globe  tncatre, 
he  realized  a  handsome  fortune,  which 
enabled  him  to  spend  the  close  of  his 
life  at  his  native  town,  where  he  pur- 
chased a  house  and  estate,  to  wtiich 
he  gave  the  name  of  New  Place.  The 
house  and  lands  continued  in  the  pos- 
session of  the  poet's  descendants  till  the 
restoration,  when  they  were  repurchased 
by  the  Clopton  famih'.  Here  Shakspearo 
planted  the  famous  mulberry  tree,  which 
remained  an  object  of  profit  to  the  people 
of  Stratford,  and  of  veneration  to  visitors, 
till  about  1759,  when  the  possessor,  out 
of  hatred  to  the  inhabitants,  cut  it  down. 
Shakspcarc  died  on  his  52d  birthdav,  in 
1616,  and  was  buried  in  the  church  of 
Stratford,  where  his  monument  still  re- 
mains. In  1741,  a  monument  wan 
erected  to  him  in  Westminster  abbey, 
and  paid  for  by  the  proceeds  of  benefits 
at  the  two  great  theatres.  In  1769,  by 
the  efforts  of  Garrick,  a  festival  was  cel- 
ebrated in  honor  of  the  poet  in  his  na- 
tive town.  The  only  notice  recorded  of 
the  person  of  Sliakspeare  is  to  be  found 
in  Aubrey,  who  says  that  "he  was  a 
handsome,  well-shaped  man,"  and  adds, 
that  he  was  "  verie  trood  company,  and 
of  a  verie  ready,  pleasant,  and  smooth 
witt."  Besides  his  immortal  plays, 
Sliakspeare  was  the  author  of  two  poems 
"Venus  and  Adonis,"  and  "Lucrece," 
I  which,  although  lost  in  the  blaze  of  his 


HS 


CYCLOP.EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[SHB 


dramatic  jrenius,  exhibit  much  of  poetry 
that  is  wortliy  of  adininvtion. 

SIIAKP,  jAiiKs,  archbishop  of  St.  An- 
drew's, a  distinguished  prolate  of  the 
17th  century,  was  b.  in  BantFshirc,  161S, 
and  obUiined  a  professorship  in  the  uni- 
versity of  St.  Andrew's.  The  presbytery 
being  overturned  by  parliament,  under 
Charles  II.,  Sharp,  who  had  treaclierous- 
ly  promoted  that  measure,  was  rewarded 
with  the  primacy,  and  appointed  arch- 
bishop of  St.  Andrew's.  The  wanton 
cruelties  which  followed,  confirmed  the 
liorror  entertained  against  him,  and 
raised  the  fury  of  some  of  his  more  big- 
oted oj)ponents  to  take  his  life.  I).  1679. 
— Gr.^nville,  distinguished  for  his  phi- 
lanthropy and  learning,  was  b.  at  Dur- 
ham, 1734.  lie  obtained  a  place  in  the 
ordnance  office,  which  Jie  resigned  at 
the  commencement  of  the  American  war, 
because  he  disapproved  of  its  principles ; 
after  which  he  devoted  his  life  to  private 
studj',  and  the  active  exercise  of  a  be- 
nevolent mind.  He  established  the 
right  of  negroes  to  their  freedom  wliile 
in  England,  instituted  the  society  for 
the  abolition  of  the  slave  trade,  advo- 
cated the  principles  of  parliamentary 
reform,  and  distinguished  himself  with 
eqiud  zeal  in  other  patriotic  and  benev- 
olent objects ;  the  last  of  which  was  the 
promotion  of  the  distribution  of  the 
Scriptures.  He  was  critically  skilled  in 
the  Hebrew  and  Greek  languages,  and 
was  the  author  of  various  works,  the 
principal  of  which  are,  "  Eemarks  on 
the  Uses  of  the  Definite  Article  in  the 
Greek  Testament,"  a  "Short  Treatise 
on  the  English  Tongue,"  "Kemarks  on 
the  Prophecies,"  ^'  Treatises  on  the 
Slave  Trade,"  on  "Duelling,"  "The 
People's  Right  to  a  share  in  the  Legis- 
lature," the  "  Law  of  Nature,  and  Prin- 
ciples of  Action  in  Man,"  &c.     D.  1813. 

SIIAKPE,  Greoouv,  an  eminent  ori- 
ental scholar  and  able  divine,  w;is  b.  in 
Yorkshire,  1713,  was  educated  at  West- 
minster and  Aberdeen,  and  eventually 
became  master  of  the  Temple.  Among 
his  writings  are,  "  A  Review  of  the  Con- 
troversy on  the  Demoniacs,"  "Defence 
of  Dr.  Clarke  against  the  Attacks  of 
Leibnitz,"  "  Dissertations  on  the  Origin 
of  Languages,  and  the  Powers  of  Letters, 
with  a  Hebrew  Lexicon,"  "Disserta- 
tions on  the  Latin  and  Greek  Tongues," 
"Three  Discourses  in  Defence  of  Ciiris- 
tianity,"  an  "Introduction  to  Universal 
History,"  and  "  The  Rise  and  Fall  of 
the  f'itv  and  Temple  of  Jerusalem." 
D.  1771.' 

SHEE,  Sir  Martin  Archer,  president 


and  senior  member  of  the  Eoyal  Acad- 
emy, was  b.  in  Dublin,  1760.  On  his 
first  arrival  frotn  Ireland  in  the  British 
metropolis,  he  was  introduced  to  the 
notice  of  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds,  and  to 
some  other  distinguished  persons,  by 
his  illustrious  friend  and  countryman, 
Edmund  Burke.  He  became  an  exhib- 
itor at  the  Royal  Academy  for  the  first 
time  in  the  year  1789.  In  1791  he  sent 
four  portraits  to  the  exhibition;  in  1792 
lie  exhibited  seven  works  ;  and,  in  1796, 
he  reached  what  is  now  the  full  academ- 
ical number  of  eight  portraits.  He  con- 
tinued equally  industrious  for  many  suc- 
cessive years ;  and  was  in  such  favor 
with  his  fellow-artists,  that  he  was  elect- 
ed an  associate  of  the  Royal  Academy 
in  1798.  In  1800  he  was  elected  a  full 
royal  academician ;  and  of  his  tliirty- 
nine  brethren  by  whom  he  was  chosen, 
he  was  the  last  survivor.     D.  1850. 

SHELDON,  Gilbert,  an  eminent  pre- 
late, was  b.  at  Stanton,  in  Statfordshire, 
1598.  On  the  death  of  Archbishop 
Juxon,  he  was  raised  to  the  primacy, 
and  expended  above  £66,000  in  charita- 
ble uses.  But  the  greatest  of  his  works 
was  building  the  theatre  at  Oxford.  D. 
1677. 

SHELLEY,  Percy  Bt.sshe,  an  emi- 
nent modern  poet,  eldest  son  of  Sir 
Timothy  Shelley,  Sussex,  was  b.  at  Field 
Place,  in  that  county,  1792.  He  was 
sent  to  Eton,  whence,  owing  to  his  ec- 
centricity of  character,  he  was  removed 
to  Oxford,  much  before  the  usual  period. 
Here  a  repetition  of  youthful  irregulari- 
ties occasioned  his  expulsion ;  and  his 
family  were  estranged  by  an  ill-assorted 
marriage.  After  the  birth  of  a  boy  and 
a  girl,  he  separated  from  his  wife,  who 
died  shortly  after.  Mr.  Shelley  then 
married  Miss  Godwin,  daughter  of  the 
author  of  "Political  .Justice''  and  the 
famed  "  Mary  Wolstoneroft,"  and  soon 
after  retired  to  Marlow,  in  Buckingham- 
shire, where  he  wrote  his  "Revolt  of 
Islam."  About  this  time  the  guardian- 
ship of  his  children  was  taken  from 
him,  by  an  infamous  order  of  the  chan- 
cellor, on  the  ground  of  alleged  atheisti- 
cal and  skeptical  notions,  and  of  certain 
avowed  opinions  regarding  the  inter- 
course of  tlie  sexes,  which  were  deemed 
immoral  and  dangerous.  He  now  re- 
paired to  Italy,  witli  his  second  wife  and 
a  new  family,  and  renewed  an  acquaint- 
ance with  Lord  Byron,  to  whom  he  had 
been  known  during  a  former  visit  to  the 
Continent.  There,  in  conjunction  with 
his  lordship  and  Mr.  Leigh  Hr.nt,  he 
contributed  to  "Tiio  Liberal,"  ajoriod- 


she] 


CVCL0P,^5DIA   OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


749 


ical  miscellany,  which  contained  the 
"Vision  of  Judgment,"  by  Lord  Byron, 
and  other  original  productions ;  but 
which,  partly  owing  to  Shelley's  un- 
timely death,  was  very  soon  discontin- 
ued, lie  was  drowned  by  the  wreck  of 
his  own  small  sailing-boat  in  a  violent 
storm,  on  his  return  from  Leghorn  to 
his  house,  on  the  gulf  of  Lerici,  July  8, 
IS'22.  Fifteen  days  afterwards  his  body 
was  discovered,  and,  agreeably  to  his 
own  desire,  often  e.^cpressed  to  his  friend 
Byron,  it  was  burnt  on  the  sea-shore, 
and  the  ashes  conveyed  to  Rome,  where 
they  arc  interred  in  tiie  burial-ground 
near  the  pyramid  of  Cains  Ccstus".  The 
poetical  works  of  this  writer  are,  "Pro- 
metheus Chained,"  "  Alastor,  or  the 
Spirit  of  Solitude,"  "  Queen  Mab," 
and  "  Cenci ;"  the  whole  of  which  dis- 
play a  poetical  genius  of  the  highest 
order,  and  a  character  of  the  utmost  pu- 
rity and  benevolence. — His  wife,  above 
alluded  to,  b.  1797,  gained  great  dis- 
tinction by  her  "Frankenstein,"  pub- 
lished in  1*817.  She  was  also  the  author- 
ess of  the  "Lives  of  Eminent  Literary 
Frenchmen,"  published  in  "Lardner's 
Cabinet  Cyclopiiedia;"  and,  among  other 
literary  performances  of  merit,  she  ed- 
ited with  notes  her  husband's  poems. 
D.  18.51. 

SIIENSTONE,  William,  an  English 
poet,  b.  1714,  at  Hales  Owen,  in  Shrop- 
shire, was  the  son  of  a  gentleman  farmer, 
residing  on  his  own  estate,  called  the 
Lcasowes.  He  was  educated  at  O.xford, 
and,  on  coming  into  possession  of  his 
paternal  property,  he  relinauished  all 
views  of  an  active  life,  ana  occupied 
himself  with  rural  embellishments,  and 
the  cultivation  of  poetry.  His  great  de- 
sire to  render  the  Leasowes  famous  for 
picturesque  beauty  and  elegance,  led  to 
e.xpenses  which  he  could  but  ill  support, 
and»hc  was  by  no  means  a  happy  innab- 
itant  of  the  Eden  whicli  he  had  created. 
Ilis  works  consist  of  songs,  elegies,  pas- 
torals, and  miscellaneous  essays.  D. 
1763. 

SHERBURNE,  Sir  Edward,  an  in- 
genious writer,  was  b.  in  Ijondon,  1618. 
He  held  the  office  of  clerk  of  the  ord- 
nance under  Ciiarles  L,  and  snft'ered 
greatly  during  the  civil  war;  but  was 
restored  to  his  office,  and  knighted  bv 
Ciiarles  IL  D.  170'2.  He  translated 
"Seneca's  Tragedies,"  the  "Sphere  of 
Marcus  Manilius,"  and  other  works, 
Into  Kntrlish,  and  wrote  poems. 

SHERI  dan,  Thomas,  (the  well-known 

friend  of  Dean  Swift,)  was  b.  in  1684, 

and  d.  in  1738.    He  was  eminent  as  a 

63* 


teacher,  but,  being  singularly  thought- 
less and  extravagant,  he  closed  his  life 
in  great  poverty.  He  was  the  author  of 
some  sermons,  and  a  translation  of  the 
satires  of  Persius. — TnoM.\s,  son  of  the 
preceding,  was  b.  in  1721,  at  Quilca,  iu 
Ireland,  and  was  educated  at  Westmin- 
ster school,  and  at  Trinity  college, ^Dub- 
lin. In  1742  he  went  upon  the  stage, 
and  gained  much  celebrity  as  a  trage- 
dian, both  in  his  native  country  and  in 
England.  He  next  became  manager  of 
the  Dublin  company,  but  being  ruined 
by  the  opposition  of  a  rival  theatre  and 
by  riots  in  his  own,  he  relinquished  the 
profession,  and  conunenced  as  a  lecturer 
on  elocution,  which  for  a  time  was  very 
successful.  During  the  ministry  of 
Lord  Bute,  he  obtained  a  pension  of 
£200  a  year.  He  subsequently  became 
manager  of  Drury-lane  theatre ;  but 
some  disputes  taking  place,  he  retired 
from  the  situation,  and  resumed  his  at- 
tention to  oratory.  Ilis  principal  works 
are,  an  "  Orthcepical  Dictionary  of  tho 
Ensrlisii  Language,"  and  a  "Life  of 
Swift."  D.  1788:— Frances,  wife  of  the 
preceding,  was  the  writer  of  "Sidney 
Biddulpii,"  a  novel;  "Nourjahad,''  an 
Eastern  tale ;  and  the  comedies  of  "  The 
Discovery"  and  "  The  Dupe."  B.  1724 ; 
d.  1767. — Richard  Brixsley.  third  son 
of  the  preceding,  distinguished  as  a 
statesman,  wit,  and  dramatist,  was  b.  at 
Dublin,  17.51.  He  was  educated  at  H.ar- 
row  school,  and  became  a  student  of  the 
Middle  Temple,  but  was  not  called  to 
the  bar.  His  first  dramatic  attempt  was 
"The  Rivals,"  which  was  acted  at  Gov- 
ent-garden  in  1775,  with  moderate  suc- 
cess; but  the  "Duenna,"  a  musical 
entertainment,  which  followed,  was  re- 
ceived with  general  admiration  ;  and  his 
"  School  for  Scandal"  gained  him  the 
highest  reputation  as  a  comic  writer. 
On  the  retirement  of  Garrick  from  Dru- 
ry-lane theatre,  he  purchased  a  share  in 
that  property,  whicli  qualified  him  for  a 
seat  in  parliament;  and,  in  1780,  he  was 
chosen  memocr  for  the  boroucrh  of  Staf- 
ford. He  attained  distinguished  celeb- 
rity as  an  orator,  and  made  the  grandest 
display  of  eloquence  during  the  progress 
of  tlic  impeachment  of  Warren  Hastings. 
The  political  changes  consequent  on  tho 
death  of  Pitt,  in"  1806,  occasioned  the 
exaltation  of  the  party  with  wliich  Sher- 
idan was  connected,  and  he  obtained 
the  lucrative  post  of  treasurer  of  the 
navy,  and  the  rank  of  a  privy  councillor. 
This  administration  beincr  weakened  by 
the  loss  of  Mr.  Fox,  who  survived  his 
celebrated  rival  only  a  few  months,  ucw 


(51) 


CYCLOP.KDIA    OF     BIOGRAPHY. 


[sHI 


alterations  took  place,  and  lie  was  de- 
prived of  office,  to  winch  he  never  re- 
turned. At  tlie  general  election  in  1S06, 
he  obtained  a  seat  for  Westminster,  the 
great  object  of  liis  ambition  ;  but  lie  was 
afterwards  nominated  for  the  borough 
of  Ileiiestcr,  wliicli  he  continued  to  rep- 
resent during  the  remainder  of  his  par- 
liamentary career.  Tlie  latter  part  of 
the  life  of  this  highly  talented  individual 
was  imbittered  by  misfortunes,  princi- 
pally arising  from  his  own  improvidence. 
His'profuse  habits  involved  liim  deeply 
in  debt ;  his  failure  of  a  seat  in  pai-fia- 
mcnt  deprived  him  of  protection  from 
arrest;  intemperance  had  undermined 
his  constitution;  mental  anxiety  com- 
pleted the  destruction  of  his  health  ; 
and  his  death  took  place  amidst  a  com- 
plication of  difficulties,  fears,  and  sor- 
rows, July  7,  181G.  Besides  the  pieces 
already  noticed,  he  was  the  author  of 
part  of  "  A  Translation  of  Aristtenetus,"' 
the  farces  of  "The  Critic,"  a  "Trip  to 
Scarborough,"  and  ">St.  Patrick's  Day," 
a  "  Letter  to  Ileury  Duudas,"  "  Pizarro," 
a  drama  altered  from  Kotzebue,  and 
poems.  Mr.  Sheridan  was  twice  mar- 
riel,  first  to  Miss  Linley,  a  celebrated 
singer;  and  the  second  time  to  Miss 
Ogle,  daughter  of  the  dean  of  Winches- 
ter. 

SIIEELOCK,  William,  an  eminent 
English  divine,  b.  1641.  He  became 
dean  of  St.  Paul's,  and  wrote  numerous 
books  and  pampldets,  the  greater  part 
of  which  were  ot  the  controversial  kmd. 
Ilis  "Practical  Treatise  on  Death," 
however,  has  been  highly  valued  and 
very  much  read.  D.  1770. — Thomas,  an 
eminent  prelate,  son  of  the  preceding, 
b.  in  1678,  was  distinguislied  as  a  warm 
and  spirited  controversial  writer.  Ilis 
works  arc  very  numerous,  and  his  ser- 
mons particularly  to  be  admired  for 
their  ingenuity  and  elegance,  lie  was, 
sueccssivel.V,  dean  of  Chichester,  and 
bishop  of  Bangor,  Salisbury,  and  Lon- 
don.    D.  1761. 

SHERMAN,  Roger,  a  signer  of  the 
declaration  of  American  independence, 
was  b.  at  Newton,  Mass.,  in  1721,  and 
with  only  a  common-school  education, 
rose  to  distinction  as  a  lawyer  and 
statesman.  His  early  life  was  passed  in 
the  occupation  of  a  shoemaker.  Re- 
moving to  Connecticut  in  1743,  he  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  17.">4,  and  soon 
became  distinguished  as  a  counsellor. 
In  1761  lie  removed  to  New  Haven, 
four  years  after  was  appointed  a  judge 
of  the  county  court,  and  in  1776  ad- 
vanced to  the  bench  of  the  Hujicrlor 


court.  lie  was  a  delegate  to  the  cele- 
brated congress  of  1774,  and  was  a 
member  of  that  body  for  the  space  of 
nineteen  years.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  convention  that  formed  the  consti- 
tution of  the  United  States.     D.  1793. 

SIIIEL,  Richard  Lalor,  was  b.  in 
Dublin,  1794,  was  educated  at  Trinity 
college,  and  studied  law  at  Liueoln's- 
Inn.  To  defray  the  expenses  of  his 
education,  he  betook  himself  to  writing 
tragedies.  "  Adelaide"  to  whicli  the 
passionate  acting  of  Miss  O'Neil  lent 
a  charm,  was  followed  by  the  "Apos- 
tate," "Bellamira,"  and  "Evadne." 
In  1831  he  entered  parliament,  where 
his  success  as  a  speaker  was  very  great. 
He  took  a  deep  interest  in  Catholic 
emancipation,  and  was  the  right  hand 
of  O'Counell.  He  was  nllimately  pre- 
ferred to  the  commlssionership  of 
Greenwich  hospital,  and  shortly  after- 
wards made  vice-president  of  the  board 
of  trade,  with  a  seat  in  the  privy  council. 
Mr.  Shiel  was  the  first  Catholic  com- 
moner upon  whom  this  dignity  was  be- 
stowed. From  the  general  election  in 
1S41,  to  the  time  of  his  departure  for 
Florence,  in  1850,  he  represented  Dun- 
garvon.  On  the  return  of  the  Whigs  to 
office,  in  1846,  after  the  repeal  of  the 
corn-laws,  Mr.  Shiel  succeeded  to  the 
mastership  of  the  mint,  which  place 
being  abolished  last  session,  he  pro- 
ceeded to  Florence  as  British  minister 
at  the  Tuscan  court.     D.  1851. 

SHIPPEN,  William,  an  eminent 
physician,  was  b.  in  Pennsylvania,  and 
was  graduated  at  Princeton  college  in 
1754.  His  medical  studies  were  eom- 
I)leted  at  Edinburgh,  and  on  his  return 
in  1764,  he  began  at  Philadelphia  the 
first  course  of  lectures  on  anatomy  ever 
delivered  in  the  country.  He  assisted 
in  establishing  the  medical  school  .of 
that  citv,  and  was  appointed  one  of  its 
professors.    D.  1808. 

SHIRLEY,  James,  an  eminent  En- 
glish dramatic  writer  and  poet  of  the 
Elizabethan  age,  was  b.  in  London, 
about  1594.  ite  became  a  fertile  writer 
for  the  stage  ;  and  having  obtained  con- 
siderable celebrity,  was  taken  into  the 
service  of  Queen  Henrietta  Maria.  He 
afterwards  accompanied  the  earl  of  Kil- 
dare  to  Ireland,  but  returned  on  the 
breaking  out  of  the  rebellion,  and  re- 
sumed his  scholastic  employment  in  the 
Whitefriars.  At  the  restoration  many 
of  his  plays  were  again  acted,  and  he 
appears  to  have  been  comparatively 
prosperous;  but  having  lost  all  his 
property    by  the    fire    of  London,  in 


CYCLOiMiDIA    OF    BIOGKAPUV. 


751 


1C66,  both  he  and  his  wife  were  so  af- 
fected bv  the  calamitous  event,  that 
they  died  of  grief  and  terror  within  24 
hours  of  each  other. 

SIIOKE,  Jane,  tiie  beautiful  and  un- 
fortunate mistress  of  Edward  IV.,  was 
the  daughter  of  a  London  citizen,  and 
the  wife  of  a  rich  jeweller  in  Lombard- 
street.  Her  personal  charms  are  rep- 
resented as  Deing  transcendent ;  her 
connubial  state,  infelicitous ;  and  the 
monarch's  admiration  of  her,  unbound- 
ed. Her  virtue  was  not  sufficiently 
stronsr  to  resist  her  royal  lover,  and  she 
unreluctantly  vielded  to  his  desires. 
After  the  hinge's  death  she  became  at- 
tached to  Lord  Hastings,  and  their 
known  partiality  to  the  young  princes 
romlored  them  obnoxious  to  the  duke 
of  Gloucester,  who  accused  them  of 
witchcraft.  On  this  charge  Hastings 
was  beheaded,  and  his  pretended  ac- 
complice committed,  by  the  tyrant's 
order,  to  the  Tower.  After  undergoing 
the  form  of  a  mock  trial,  she  was  or- 
dered to  do  penance  in  St.  Paul's,  in  a 
white  sheet,  and  was  paraded  through 
the  public  streets,  the  bishop  of  Lon- 
don heading  the  procession.  Her  house 
and  fortune  was  seized  by  the  protector, 
and  the  unfortunate  woman  was  reduced 
to  the  greatest  distress  ;  but  her  perish- 
ing in  a  ditch,  which  is  said  to  have 
given  rise  to  Shoreditch,  does  not  ap- 
pear to  be  founded  upon  fact.  AVhere 
or  when  she  died  is  not  known ;  but  it 
is  certain  she  was  living  in  the  reign  of 
Henrv  VIH. 

SHORT,  William,  a  native  of  Vir- 
ginia, who  was  secretary  of  legation  to 
France  when  Jcfl'crson  was  minister, 
and  afterwards  eharg6  to  France,  and 
minister  to  Spain,  by  the  appointment 
of  Washington.  His  state  papers  were 
marked  bv  great  cleverness  and  ability. 
B.  1759  ;  d.  1850. 

SHRAPNEL,  Lieut.-general  Henry, 
the  inventor  of  the  case-shot  known  as 
Shrapnel-shells,  received  his  commis- 
sion as  second  lieutenant  in  the  royal 
artillery  in  1779,  and  attained  the  rank 
of  lieutenant-general  in  1S37.  Shortly 
after  the  siege  of  Gibraltar,  he  invented 
the  spherical  case-shot.  On  the  adop- 
tion of  these  shells  by  the  artillery,  he 
was  granted  a  pension  of  £1200  per 
annum  in  addition  to  his  regular  pav. 
D.  1842. 

SIIUCFvFORD,  Samuel,  a  learned 
divine,  who  was  ecbicated  at  Cains  col- 
lege, Cambridge,  and  became  prebend- 
ary of  Canterbury,  and  rector  of  All- 
hallows,  in  Lombard-street.    He  wrot« 


two  works,  "  On  the  Creation  and  Fall 
of  Man,"  and  "  The  History  of  the 
World,  Sacred  and  Profane."     D.  1754. 

SHUTEK,  Edward,  a  celebrated  comic 
actor,  whose  talents  in  the  delineation 
of  humorous  characters  rendered  him  a 
public  favorite.     I).  177fi. 

SHUTTLEWOOD,  the  Right  Rev. 
Piiim*  NicnoLAS,  bishop  of  Chichester, 
was  b.  in  1782,  atKirkham,  Lancashire. 
He  received  his  education  at  Winches- 
ter, and  New  college,  Oxford,  and  was 
distinguished  at  both  these  learned 
seminaries  by  his  superior  attainments. 
For  some  considerable  time  he  resided 
in  Oxford,  and  filled  the  situation  of 
tutor  to  his  college  ;  and  when,  in  1822, 
the  wardenship  of  New  college  became 
vacant,  he  was  unanimously  elected  to 
that  honorable  station.  In  1840,  Dr. 
Shuttleworth  was  promoted  to  the  see 
of  Chichester ;  but  his  episcopal  dignity 
was  of  brief  duration,  tnis  able  prelate 
dying  in  January,  1842.  His  principal 
works  are,  a  "  Discourse  on  the  Con- 
sistency of  the  whole  Scheme  of  Reve- 
lation with  itself  and  with  Human 
Reason,"  "Scripture  not  Tradition,"  in 
which  his  objections  to  Puseyism  are 
stated  with  great  force  and  learning  ;  a 
volume  of  excellent  sermons,  &e. 

SICARD,  Roch-Ambrose  Cucurron, 
an  eminent  teacher  of  the  deaf  and 
dumb,  was  b.  in  1742,  at  Fousseret, 
near  Toulouse.  On  the  death  of  I'Epcie, 
in  1789,  the  Abbe  Sicard  was  called  to 
Paris,  to  succeed  him  in  the  direction 
of  the  establishment  there.  In  1792  he 
was  arrested  amidst  the  scholars,  sent 
to  prison,  and  was  in  imminent  danger 
of  becoming  a  victim  in  the  ensuing 
massacres.  He,  however,  obtained  his 
liberty,  and  in  1796   took  part  in  com- 

£iling  the  "  Religious,  Political,  and 
literary  Annals  of  France,"  for  which 
he  was  sentenced  to  transportation,  but 
escaped.  When  this  storm  had  passed 
away,  he  resumed  his  situation  as  a 
teacher  of  the  deaf  and  dumb,  which 
office  ho  hold  for  many  years  with  great 
credit  to  himself  and  advantage  to  his 
pupils.  He  wrote  several  valuable  works 
relating  to  tuition,  &e. ;  and  d.  1822. 

SIDDONS,  Sarah,  the  most  cele- 
brated of  English  tragic  actresses,  was 
a  daughter  of  Roger  Kemble,  manager 
of  an  itinerant  company,  and  b.  at 
Brecknock,  in  1775.  She  commenced 
her  theatrical  career  as  a  singer,  but 
soon  rclinc|uished  that  line,  and  at- 
tempted trairedy.  In  her  ISth  year  she 
was  married  to  Mr.  Siddons  ;  when  she 
and  her  husband  played  at  Liverpool 


752 


cyclop.«:dia  of  bioguapiiy. 


[SIK 


and  other  places,  (gaining:  both  reputa- 
tion and  profit.  In  1775  she  tried  her 
poAvers  on  tlie  London  boards,  but  was 
unsuccessfuh  Siio  then  obtained  an 
engagement  at  Bath,  where  she  im- 
proved rapidly,  and  became  a  general 
lavoritc.  Time,  with  study  and  practiee, 
matured  her  powers  ;  and  when  she  re- 
appeared at  Drury-lanc,  in  October, 
1782,  as  Isabella,  her  success  was  com- 
plete ;  and,  fi'om  that  time  forward,  her 
tlieatrieal  career  was  one  continued  tri- 
umph. She  possessed  every  requisite, 
per.sonal  and  acquired,  for  the  high 
dramatic  walk  she  had  aspired  to  ;  and 
those  who  witnessed  her  in  the  meridian 
of  her  splendid  career,  never  forgot  lier 
surpassing  intellectual  powers,  or  her 
uniiaralleled  dignity  of  deportment.    D. 

18:il. 

SIDMOUTII,  Henrt,  Viscount,  &c., 
was  the  eldest  son  of  Dr.  Addington, 
an  eminent  physician ;  was  educated  at 
Winchester,  and  Brazennose  college, 
Oxford  ;  and  was  intended  for  the  pro- 
fession of  the  law,  which,  however,  he 
abandoned  almost  as  soon  as  he  was 
called  to  the  bar,  in  order  to  follow  the 
political  fortunes  of  his  boyhood's  friend, 
the  second  William  Pitt.  Entering  par- 
liament for  Devizes,  in  1784,  he  in  1789 
succeeded  Lord  Grenville  as  speaker  of 
the  house  of  commons.  In  1805  he  ac- 
cepted the  office  of  president  of  the 
council,  under  Mr.  Pitt's  government, 
and  was  elected  to  the  peerage.  This 
office  lie  more  than  once  resigned,  and 
reaccepted  the  office  of  president  of 
the  council ;  but,  on  the  forinatiou  of 
the  Liverpool  administration,  he  ac- 
cepted oince  as  home  secretary.  B. 
1757:  d.  1814. 

SIDNEY,  Sir  Philtp,  one  of  the  most 
accomplished  men  of  tlie  reign  of  Eliza- 
beth, was  the  son  of  Sir  Henry  Sidney; 
was  b.  in  1554,  at  Pensliurst,  in  Kent; 
was  educated  at  Shrewsbury  school, 
Christ-clnirch,  O.vford,  and  Trinity  col- 
lege, Camhriilge ;  and  subsequently  trav- 
elled in  France,  Germany,  and  Italy. 
On  his  return  he  became  a  favorite  of 
the.  queen,  and  was  sent  by  lier,  in 
1576,  on  an  cmbas.sy  to  the  Emperor 
Kodolpli.  lie  was  knighted  in  1583. 
AVlicn  his  maternal  uncle,  the  earl  of 
Leicester,  was  appointed  to  the  com- 
mand of  the  au.xiliary  forces  in  the 
Netherlands,  Sidney  was  nominated 
general  of  cavalry.  He  was,  however, 
mortally  wounded,  in  Scfitember,  in  a 
victorious  action  near  Zutplien,  and  d. 
on  the  17th  of  October,  1586.  Sidney 
wa.s  universally  beloved  and  admireu. 


So  high  did  his  character  stand  that,  in 
15S5,  he  was  named  as  a  candidate  for 
the  crown  of  Poland.  He  wrote  "  The 
Arcadia,"  "  The  Defence  of  Poetry," 
and  various  poems. — Algkrnon,  the 
second  son  of  the  earl  of  Leicester,  was 
b.  about  l(j20,  and  received  an  excellent 
education  under  the  eye  of  his  father. 
In  1G43  he  returned  from  Ireland,  where 
he  had  served  during  the  rebellion.  He 
joined  the  standard  of  the  parliament, 
and  was  appointed  a  colonel,  and  sub- 
sequently lieutenant-general  of  horse. 
He  was  nominated  a  member  of  the 
court  instituted  to  try  Charles  I.,  but  he 
took  no  part  in  the  proceedings,  though 
he  did  not  disapprove  of  them.  To  the 
usurpation  of  Cromwell  he  was  decidedly 
hostile.  At  the  restoration  he  became 
a  voluntary  exile,  and  he  continued 
abroad  for  seventeen  years,  till  his  fa- 
ther obtained  for  him  a  special  pardon. 
Sidney,  however,  was  too  firm  a  friend 
of  liberty  to  be  tolerated  by  the  minions 
of  despoti.;m.  He  was  involved  in  the 
Kye-house  plot,  and  was  brought  to 
trial  after  Lord  William  Kussell.  Tho 
most  infamous  perversion  of  justice  was 
resorted  to,  in  order  to  convict  him ; 
and  he  met  death  with  heroic  fortitude. 
Dee.  7,  1683.  Sidney  is  the  author  of 
"Discourses  on  Government." — Mary, 
countess  of  Pembroke,  was  the  sister  of 
Philip,  and  possessed  kindred  talents, 
which  she  assiduously  cultivated.  She 
wrote  an  "Elegy"  on  her  lamented  bro- 
ther, a  "  Pastoral  Dialogue  in  praise  of 
Queen  Elizabeth,"  a  "Discourse  of  Life 
and  Death,"  &c.     D.  1601. 

SIEYES,  Count  Emanuel,  usually 
called  the  Abbe  Sieves,  was  b.  1748,  at 
Frejus.  He  was,  in  1787,  named  a 
member  of  the  provincial  assembly 
which  Necker  had  established  at  Or- 
leans, lie  advocated  the  necessity  and 
expediency  of  calling  the  states  in  1787, 
and  in  1789  published  his  pamphlet, 
"Qu'est  ce  que  le  Tiers  Etat?"  which 
gained  immense  reputation,  and  un- 
doubtedly hastened  the  crisis  of  the 
revolution.  Soon  after  he  became  one 
of  the  members  for  Paris  in  the  states- 
general  ;  and  it  was  at  his  instigation 
that  they  assumed  the  name  of  national 
assembly.  In  1790  he  brought  forward 
a  project  for  repressing  the  licentious- 
ness of  the  press,  and  voted  for  the 
establislnnent  of  civil  and  criminal 
juries.  When  the  Mountaiii  ruled,  in 
1795,  he  declined  sitting  in  the  conven- 
tion, but  went  to  Berlin  as  ambassador. 
After  the  18th  he  was  lamed  one  of  the 
three  consuls ;  and  from  that  time  ho 


ske] 


CYCLOP .F.DI A    OF    BIOCIRArilY. 


753 


remained  steady  to  the  constitutional 
principlps  lie  fir?t  asserted,  opposing 
the  Jacobins,  declining  union  witli  Bo- 
naparte, though  ho  remained  a  tacit 
member  of  the  senate.  In  1816  he  was 
obli.tred  to  retiri'  from  France,  in  conse- 
quence of  the  decree  against  the  mem- 
bers of  the  convention  who  voted  for 
the  deiith  of  the  king  in  17'J3,  and  he 
took  up  his  abode  in  Brussels.  After 
the  revolution  of  1830,  lie,  like  the  other 
French  exiles,  returned  to  his  native 
country ;  but  he  never  reappeared  ou 
the  jioiiticiil  scene.     D.  1836. 

81LSBKE,  Nathaniel,  n  distinguish- 
ed merciiant  of  Massachusetts,  who 
served  in  the  senate  of  the  United 
States  from  1826  to  1835.    D.  1850. 

SIMEON,  Charles,  an  eminent  En- 
glish divine  and  theological  writer,  was 
b.  at  Reading,  in  1759.  U.  1836.— The 
Stylites,  a  ridiculous  fanatic,  h.  about 
892,  at  Sison,  on  the  borders  of  Syria. 
In  the  ]>lentitude  of  ascetic  extrava- 
gance, he  adopted  the  strange  fancy  of 
fixing  his  habitation  on  the  tops  of  pil- 
lars, (whence  his  Greek  appellation,) 
and  with  the  notion  of  climbing  higher 
and  higher  towards  heaven,  removed 
by  degrees  from  a  pillar  of  six  cubits 
high  to  one  of  40  cubits ;  and,  what  is 
truly  wonderful,  he  was  enabled  to  pass 
47  years  of  his  wretched  existence  upon 
his  pillars.  Such  was  the  extraordinary 
folly  of  the  age,  that  this  madness  was 
regarded  as  a  proof  of  holiness ;  and 
wlicn  be  died,  at  the  age  of  69,  his  body 
wi>.<  taken  down  from  his  last  pillar  by 
tl  e  hands  of  bishops,  and  conveyed  to 
Aiitioeh  by  an  escort  of  6000  soldiers, 
and  bnvicil  with  almost  imperial  honors. 

SIMoNlPKS,  a  Grecian  philosopher 
and  poet,  was  b.  .558  n.c,  in  the  island  of 
Ccos,  and  d.,  aged  88,  at  the  court  of 
Iliero,  king  of  Syracuse.  He  excelled 
in  lyric  poetry  and  elegy. 

SIMPSON,  Thomas,  an  eminent  math- 
ematician, was  b.  1710,  at  Market  Bos- 
worth,  in  Leicestershire,  and  was  the 
son  of  a  weaver,  who  brought  him  up  to 
liis  own  trade,  and,  perceiving  his  in- 
clination for  reading,  took  away  his 
books.  lie  in  consequence  left  his 
father,  and  after  many  vicissitudes,  one 
of  which  was  his  becoming  a  fortune- 
teller, he  acquired  a  perfect  knowledge 
of  mathematics,  and  rose  to  be  a  mathe- 
matical professor  at  the  Koyal  Academy, 
"Woolwich,  and  a  member  of  the  Royal 
Society.  lie  wrote  "Treatises  on  Flux- 
ions, Annuities,  and  Algebra,"  "  Ele- 
ments of  Geometry,"  and  other  scien- 
tific works.    D.  1761. 


SINCLAIR,  orSINCLAIEE,  Georoz, 

professor  of  philosojihy  at  Glasgow  du- 
ring the  period  of  the  commonwealth.  He 
was  distinguished  for  his  researches  in 
philosophical  science  ;  was  an  able  engi- 
neer, and  published  treatises  on  hydro- 
statics and  other  branches  of  the  mathe- 
matics. He  was  also  the  author  of  a 
hook,  entitled  "Satan's  InvisiVile  "World 
Discovered,"  which  was  for  a  long  time 
popular  among  the  Scottish  peasantry. 
D.  in  1696. —  Sir  John,  an  active  and 
enlightened  philanthropist,  was  b.  at 
Thurso  castle,  in  the  county  of  Caith- 
ness, in  175-i.     D.  1835. 

SISMONDI,  Charles  Sfmonde  de, 
one  of  the  most  eminent  of  modern 
historians  and  political  economists,  was 
b.  at  Geneva,  in  1773.  In  1794  the 
house  of  his  fatlier,  who  had  been  an 
eminent  member  of  the  government 
of  Geneva,  was  pillaged,  two  fifths  of 
his  property  confiscated,  and  botli  fa- 
ther and  son  condemned  to  12  months' 
imprisonment.  The  future  historian, 
as  soon  as  he  obtained  his  release, 
sought  safety  and  peace  in  Tuscany; 
but  here  he  was  even  more  unfortunate 
than  in  his  native  countiy,  for  the 
French  imprisoned  him  as  being  an 
aristocrat,  and  the  It.alian  insurgents 
im]irisoned  him  as  being  a  Frenchman. 
In  I'^OO  he  returned  to  Geneva,  where 
in  the  following  year  he  commenced  his 
career  as  an  author,  by  the  publication 
of  "  A  View  of  the  Agriculture  of  Tus- 
cany." His  subsequent  works  have 
been  numerous  and  varied,  including 
history,  political  economy,  criticism,  and 
biography.  But  the  works  by  which  he 
is  the  most  widely  known,  and  which 
in  fact  have  gained  him  a  European 
celebrity,  are  his  "History  of  the  Italian 
Republics  during  the  Middle  Ages." 
"History  of  the  Fall  of  the  Roman  Em- 
pire," and  his  elaborate  "History  of 
the  French."  In  1833  he  was  elected 
one  of  the  five  foreign  members  of  the 
institute  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  moral  and  political  sciences.    D.  1842. 

SIX,  John,  a  Dutch  dramatic  poet, 
was  b.  in  1618,  and  d.  1700.  The  works 
of  Six  are  remarkable  for  purity  of  style. 
He  was  the  friend  and  patron  of  Rem- 
brandt, and  his  jiortrait  was  engraved 
bv  that,  artist. 

"SKELTON,  John,  an  old  Encrlisli 
poet,  was  b.  towards  the  close  of  the 
15th  century,  in  Cumberland  ;  was  edu- 
cated at  Oxford,  was  made  poet  laureate, 
and  obtained  the  living  of  Diss,  in  Nor- 
folk. He  was  a  coarse  and  caustic  satir- 
ist, and  was  obliged  to  take  refuge  in 


r54 


CYCLOPEDIA  OF  BIOGRAPHY. 


[SMl 


tlie  sanctuary  of  Westminster,  in  conse- 
quence of  his  satires  on  Wolsey  and  tlic 
flienilicant  friars.     D.  1529. 

SKINNER,  STEpnE>r,  a  pliilologist, 
Was  b.  in  London,  about  1622  ;  was  edu- 
cated at  Cln-ist-cliurch,  Oxford  ;  settled 
as  a  physician  at  Lineohi,  and  d.  1067. 
He  was  author  of  "  Etymologicon  Lin- 
guae Anirlicana?." 

SLOANE,  Sir  Hans,  a  distinguished 
pliysician  and  naturalist,  was  b.  at  Kili- 
Icogh,  Ireland,  in  1660.  He  was  the 
first  in  England  who  introduced  into 
general  practice  the  use  of  bark,  not 
only  in  fevers,  but  in  a  variety  of  other 
disorders.  He  also  formed  a  valuable 
museum  of  the  rarest  productions  of 
nature  and  art,  which  together  with  his 
library,  consisting  of  upwards  of  50,000 
volumes  and  3,566  manuscripts,  were 
purchased  of  his  executors  for  £20,000 
by  act  of  parliament,  and  made  part  of 
the  collection  of  the  British  Museum. 
D.  1652. 

SMART,  Christopher,  an  English 
poet,  b.  1722,  at  Shipbonrne,  in  Kent, 
was  educated  at  Pembroke  college, 
Cambridge,  where  he  obtained  a  fellow- 
ship, but  vacated  it  by  marriage,  and 
having  settled  in  London  commenced 
author.  The  gayety  of  his  disposition 
iind  the  buoyancy  of  his  spirits  render- 
ed him  an  acceptable  companion  to  the 
wits  and  public  writers  of  the  day, 
with  many  of  whom,  particularly  Pope, 
Johnson,  Garrick,  and  Ilawkesworth, 
ne  became  intimate.  He  translated 
Pope's  "  Ode  on  St.  Cecilia's  Day,"  and 
the  "  Essay  on  Criticism,"  into  elegant 
Latin  verse  ;  wrote  a  poetical  version  of 
the  "  Psalms  ;"  a  volume  of  original 
poems,  "  Hannah,"  an  oratorio,  with 
several  odes,  fables,  &e.  He  also  gave 
to  the  world  translations  of  the  works 
of  Horace,  both  in  prose  and  verse. 
Poverty,  however,  overtook  him,  and 
his  distresses,  aided  by  intemperance, 
so  unsettled  his  intellects,  that  he  was 
placed  for  awhile  under  personal  re- 
Btraint.     D.  1771. 

SMEATON,  John,  an  eminent  civil 
engineer,  was  b.  in  1724,  at  Ansthorpe, 
near  Leeds.  His  father,  who  was  an 
attorney,  was  desirous  of  bringing  up 
his  son  to  the  same  profession  ;  but  he 
became  a  mathematical  instrument  ma- 
ker. In  1759  he  received  the  gold  medal 
of  the  Royal  Society,  of  which  he  was  a 
member,  for  a  paper  on  the  power  of 
wind  and  water  to  turn  mills,  and  as  an 
engineer  he  gradually  rose  to  tlie  sum- 
mit of  his  profession.  In  1755  the 
Etldvstone  lignthouse  was  burnt  down, 


and  Mr.  Smeaton  being  recommended 
to  the  proprietors  of  that  building  as  an 
cnsiucer  every  way  calculated  to  rebuild 
it,  lie  undertook  the  work,  and  executed 
it  in  such  a  manner,  as  almost  to  bid 
dciiance  to  tlie  power  of  time  or  acci- 
dent. His  last  public  employment  was 
that  of  engineer  for  the  improvement  of 
Eainsgate'harbor.     D.  1792. 

SMELLIE,  William,  a  printer  at 
Edinburgh,  distinguished  also  as  a  man 
of  science  and  learning,  was  b.  1740. 
He  was  the  translator  of  Buffon's  "  Nat- 
ural History,"  and  author  of  the  "Phi- 
losophy of  Natural  History,"  and  of 
many  other  ingenious  works.  He  was 
a  fellow  of  tlie  Royal  Society  of  Edin- 
burgh, and  was  much  esteemed  among 
the  literati  of  his  native  city,  wheie  he 
d.  in  1795. 

SMITH,  Adam,  a  celebrated  writer  on 
morals  and  political  economy,  was  b.  at 
Kirkaldy,  in  Scotland,  in  1723.  '  He  re- 
ceived ills  education  first  at  Kirkaldy 
school,  and  afterwards  at  the  university 
of  Glasgow,  where  he  became  professor 
of  logic  and  moral  philosophy,  and  took 
his  degree  of  doctor  of  laws.  In  1759, 
by  the  publication  of  his  "Theory  of 
Moral  Sentiments,"  he  acquired  a  repu- 
tation which  was  greatly  heightened  and 
extended  by  his  "  Inquiry  into  the  Na- 
ture and  Causes  of  the  Wealth  of  Na- 
tions," which  soon  became  a  standard 
work  in  Europe,  and  maybe  considered 
the  precursor  of  the  modern  science  of 
political  economy.  Dr.  Smith  was  the 
intimate  friend  of  Hume,  and  published 
an  "Apology  for  his  Life,"  which  was 
severely  animadverted  on  by  Dr.  Ilorne 
for  advocating  sentiments  and  opinions 
that,  in  a  religious  point  of  view,  were 
wholly  indefensible.  D.  1790. — Char- 
lotte, a  novelist  and  poet,  whose  maiden 
name  was  Turner,  was  b.  in  Sussex,  in 
1749.  At  the  age  of  16  she  married  a 
West  India  merchant,  who  was  subse- 
quently ruined;  and  her  pen,  which  she 
had  used  before  merely  for  her  amuse- 
ment, now  became  the  support  of  her 
husband  and  family.  Her  first  produc- 
tion was  entitled  "Elegiac  Sonnets  and 
other  Essays."  After  this,  she  pub- 
lished "The  Romance  of  real  Life,''  the 
novels  of  "Einmeline,"  "Marchmont," 
"Desmond,"  "Ethelinda,"  "Celestine," 
and  "The  Old  Manor  House;"  besides 
several  poems,  and  tales  for  youth ;  all 
of  which  were  well  received.  D.  1S06. 
— Elizabeth,  a  young  lady  of  extraordi- 
nary accomplishments,  the  dauglitcr  of 
a  gentleman  residing  at  Burnhall,  near 
Durham,  was  b.  in  1776.    According  to 


SMO] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


755 


Miss  J'owdler's  memoir  of  licr,  slio  pon- 
Bcsacd  a  knowledge  of  the  matliomatics, 
mid  an  exquisite  taste  for  drawini^  and 
poetry;  understood  the  Frencli,  Italian, 
Spanish,  and  German  lanijuaircs;  made 
lierself  acquainted  with  the  Latin,  Greek, 
Hebrew,  Syriac,  Arabic,  and  Persian  ; 
and  was  thoroughly  versed  in  biblical 
literature.  She  d.  of  consumption,  in 
ISoG.  Her  translations  of  the  book  of 
Job,  and  the  "Life  of  Klopstock,"  liave 
been  published. — Sir  James  Edward,  an 
eminent  English  physician  and  natural- 
ist, was  b.  at  Norwich,  in  1759  ;  studied 
medicine  at  Edinburgh,  and  took  his 
degree  at  Leyden,  in  1786  ;  visited 
France  and  Italy;  and,  on  his  return  to 
Ens^laud,  published  "A  Sketch  of  a 
Tour  on  the  Continent."  He  established 
the  Linnasau  society,  and  was  its  first 
president ;  received  the  honor  of  knight- 
Jiood  from  George  IV.,  and  d.  1828. — 
jAMEs^and  Horace,  were  the  sons  of 
Kobert  Smith,  solicitor  to  the  board  of 
ordnance,  and  b.  respectively  in  London, 
Feb.  10,  1775,  and  Dee.  31, 1779.  James 
was  articled  to  his  lather,  was  subse- 
quently taken  into  partnership,  and 
eventually  succeeded  to  his  business  as 
well  as  to  his  official  appointment.  Hor- 
ace became  a  member  of  the  stock 
exchange.  Their  first  effusions  were 
contributed  to  the  "  Pic  Nic"  newspaper, 
established  by  Colonel  Greville,  in  1802. 
T'ley  also  wrote  largely  for  the  "  Monthly 
Mirror"  and  the  "  London  Review,"  and 
some  of  their  best  Ters  de  socUte  ap- 
peared in  the  "New  Monthly  Maga- 
zine," while  under  Tliomas  CampbeU's 
editorship.  But  the  work  by  which  the 
brothers  are  best  known,  and  by  which 
they  will  be  longest  remembered,  is  the 
"  Kejected  Addresses,"  which  appeared 
on  the  opening  of  Drury-lane  theatre  in 
1812,  and  of  which  twenty-two  editions 
liave  been  sold.  Tlie  popularity  of  this 
work  ajmcars  to  have  satisfied  the  am- 
bition ot  the  elder  brother.  But  soon 
afterwards  Horace  became  an  indefati- 
gable novel  writer.  Ho  commenced  his 
novels  with  "  Gayeties  and  Gravities," 
in  1S25,  and  ended  them  with  "Love 
and  Mesmerism,"  in  1845 ;  and  within 
these  twenty  years  he  also  gave  to  the 
public  "  Brai'nbletvc  House,"  "Tor 
Ilill,"  "Keuben  Apsley,"  "Zillah," 
"The  New  Forest,"  "Adam  Brown," 
&c.,  all  of  whicli  were  well  received. 
James  d.  in  18S9  ;  Horace,  1849. — James, 
a  sitrner  of  the  declaration  of  American 
independence,  was  a  native  of  Ireland, 
removed  with  his  fiither  to  this  country 
at  au  early  age,  and  established  himself 


in  the  practice  of  law  at  York,  in  Penn- 
sylvania. He  was  a  delegate  from  York 
county  to  the  continental  congress.  D. 
180fi. — John',  an  adventurer,  was  b. 
at  Willoughby,  in  Lincolnshire.  In  tho 
wars  of  lium^ary,  about  1602,  he  served 
against  the  Turks  with  such  valor,  that 
Sigismund,  duke  of  Transylvania,  gave 
him  his  picture  set  in  gold,  and  a  pension. 
After  this  he  came  to  America,  and  con- 
tributed to  the  settlement  of  New  En- 
gland and  Virginia.  D.  16.31.  He  wrote 
"  A  History  of  Virginia,  New  England, 
and  tlie  Summer  Isles,"  "  Travels  in 
Europe,"  &c. — John  Pte,  an  eminent 
nonconformist  divine,  was  b.  at  Shef- 
field, 1775.  D.  1S51. — Miles,  a  learned 
bishop,  was  b.  at  Hereford,  in  1563. 
He  was  well  acquainted  with  the  oriental 
languages,  and  was  one  of  the  principal 
persons  engaged  in  the  translation  of 
the  Bible,  to  which  he  wrote  the  preface. 
D.  1624. — EoBERT,  a  divine  and  mathe- 
matician, b.  in  1GS9,  was  educated  at 
Trinity  college,  Cambridge,  of  which  he 
became  master  on  the  death  of  Dr.  Bent- 
ley  ;  and  was  mathematical  preceptor  of 
the  duke  of  Cumberland.  He  wrote  "  A 
System  of  Optics,"  and  "  Harmonics,  or 
the  Philosophy  of  Musical  Sounds." 
D.  1763. — Sir  William  Sidney,  a  chival- 
rie  and  far-famed  British  admiral,  was 
the  son  of  a  captain  in  the  army,  John 
Spencer  Smith,  esq.,  of  Midgham,  Sus- 
sex, where  he  was  b.  1764.  D.  1840. 
— Sydney,  canon  residentiary  of  St. 
Paul's,  rector  of  Combe  Florey,  Somer- 
setshire ;  who,  for  half  a  century,  ren- 
dered himself  conspicuous  as  a  political 
writer  and  critic,  was  b.  at  "Woodford, 
in  Essex;  received  his  education  at 
AVinchester  college,  and  was  thence 
elected  to  New  college,  Oxford,  in  1780. 
He  commenced  his  ministry  as  curate 
of  Nethcravon,  "Wilts ;  but  soon  removed 
to  Edinburgl),  where  he  was  one  of  the 
foimders  of  the  "  Edinburgh  Review." 
His  contributions  to  that  periodical, 
and  various  other  productions  of  his 
fertile  and  witty  pen,  have  been  col- 
lected, and  have  gone  through  nu- 
merous editions ;  and,  more  recently, 
his  "Sketches  of  Moral  Philosophy," 
or  lectures  upon  that  subject,  delivered 
at  the  royal  institution,  have  been  pub- 
lished. D.  1845. — Thom.vs,  a  learned 
English  divine,  historian,  biographer, 
and  critic;  b.  in  London,  in  1638,  d. 
1710.  He  wrote  numerous  works, 
among  which  is  one  "  On  the  Credi- 
bility'of  the  Mvsteries  of  the  Christian 
Religion." 
SMOLLETT,  Tobias,  was  b.  at  Dal- 


756 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[sob 


quTiurn,  in  Dumbartonshire,  in  1721 ; 
was  apprenticed  to  a  surgeon  at  Glas- 
gow, and  became  surgeon's  mate  in  a 
man-of-war,  but  quitted  tlie  service  in 
174G,  andj  settling,  in  Loudon,  com- 
menced Ins  career  as  an  author.  The 
truiredy  of  "  The  Regicide,"  the  "'  Tears 
of  Scotland,"  a  spirited  poem,  and  "Ad- 
vice" and  "  Reproof,"  two  satires,  were 
his  first  productions.  In  1748  his  novel 
of"  Roderick  Random"  appeared,  which 
at  once  rendered  him  popular ;  and  it 
was  followed,  at  intervals,  by  "Pere- 
grine Pickle,"  "Count  Fathom,"  a 
translation  of  "Don  Quixote,"  "Sir 
Launcelot  Greaves,"  the  "Adventures 
of  an  Atom,"  "Humphrey  Clinker,"  a 
"Continuation  of  Hume's  History  of 
England,"  and  "  Travels  through  France 
and  Italy."  In  1756  he  established 
"The  Critical  Review,"  for  a  libel  in 
which,  upon  Admiral  Kuowles,  he  suf- 
fered fine  and  imprisonment.  When 
Lord  Bute  came  into  power,  Smollett 
was  engaged  to  support  him  in  a  weekly 
paper,  called  "The  Briton,"  which 
soon  had  a  formidable  opponent  in  the 
"  North  Briton "  of  Wilkes,  and  was 
unable  long  to  maintain  its  ground.  As 
a  novelist,  Dr.  Smollett  exhibits  con- 
siderable originality,  with  much  knowl- 
edge of  life  and  manners,  and  an  ex- 
uberance of  humor,  but  he  is  open  to 
the  charge  of  indelicacy.  As  a  poet,  he 
appears  to  considerable  advantage  in 
his  " Tears  of  Scotland"  and  the  "Ode 
to  Independence ;"  but  as  a  satirist  he 
is  coarse  and  virulent.  D.  while  on  his 
travels,  near  Leghorn,  in  1771. 

SMYTH,  William,  professor  of  mod- 
ern history  in  the  university  of  Cam- 
bridge, was  b.  1764.  In  1807  he  was 
appointed  to  the  chair  of  modern  history, 
wliich  he  held  for  forty-two  years.  In 
1S06  he  published  "  P>nglish  Lyrics,"  a 
volume  of  poetry,  which  was  very  fa- 
vorably received ;  but  his  chief  title  to 
fame  are  his  "  Lectures  on  Modern 
Ili.story,"  and  "  On  the  French  Revolu- 
tion," and  hi.s  "Evidences  of  Christian- 
ity."    D.  1849. 

SNELL,  RoDoi-Pir,  an  eminent  math- 
ematician and  philological  writer,  was 
b.  at  Oudewarde,  in  Holland,  in  1547. 
He  became  professor  of  mathematics, 
and  afterwards  of  Hebrew,  in  the  uni- 
versity of  Leyden,  where  lie  d.  in  1613. 
He  published  "  ApoUonius  Batavius," 
and  several  treatises  on  the  works  of 
Ramus.  — Willebkod,  his  son,  b.  at 
Leyden,  in  1591,  succeeded  liis  father 
in  the  mathematical  chair,  and  d.  in 
1626.      He  discovered  the  law  of  the 


refraction  of  the  rays  of  ligt.t ;  and  un- 
dertook the  measurement  of  the  earth, 
or  a  degree  of  the  meridian,  which  Mus- 
schenbroefc  afterwards  corrected.  He 
published  some  of  the  works  of  the 
ancient  mathematicians,  and  a  few 
learned  treatises  of  his  own  on  math 
ematical  subjects. 

SNORRO-STURLESON,  an  historian 
and  antiquary,  was  b.  in  1178,  at  Dale- 
Syssel,  in  the  west  of  Iceland,  was  gov- 
ernor of  his  native  island,  and  was 
assassinated  in  1241.  He  compiled  the 
"Edda"  which  bears  his  name,  and 
collected  the  "  Sagas,"  or  traditions, 
relative  to  the  Norwesrian  monarchs. 

SNYDERS,  Francls,  a  celebrated 
painter  of  the  Flemish  school,  b.  at 
Antwerp,  in  1579.  He  studied  under 
Henry  Van  Balcn,  and,  after  visiting 
Italy  for  improvement,  settled  at  Bru?. 
sels,  under  the  patronage  of  the  Arch  • 
duke  Ferdinand.  His  battles  and 
hunting  pieces  are  admirable,  and  in 
the  representation  of  animals  none  havo 
ever  surpassed  him.    D.  1657. 

SOANE,  Sir  Johx,  an  eminent  archi- 
tect, was  b.  at  Reading,  in  Berkshire,  in 
1752,  went  to  London  at  an  early  age 
with  his  father,  who  was  a  builder,  was 
placed  with  Mr.  Dance,  the  celebrated 
architect,  when  about  15,  and  afterwards 
acquired  more  practical  experience  in 
the  art  under  Mr.  Holland.  In  1772, 
being  a  student  of  the  Royal  Academy, 
he  was  awarded  the  silver  medal  for  the 
best  drawing  of  the  Bauqueting-house, 
Whitehall.  Four  years  afterwards  he 
obtained  the  gold  medal  for  the  best 
design  for  a  triumphal  bridge.  Soon 
after  this  he  was  introduced  to  George 
III.,  by  Sir  W.  Chambers,  and  was  sent 
to  pursue  his  studies  at  Rome.  On  his 
return  to  England  he  was  employed  on 
many  publie  works,  as  well  as  private 
buildings;  and  on  the  death  of  Sir 
Robert  Taylor,  in  1788,  he  was  appoint- 
ed architect  and  surveyor  to  the  Baiik 
of  England.  Most  of  the  public  build- 
ings of  London  were  his.    D.  1837. 

SOBIESKI,  JouN  III.,  king  of  Poland, 
surnamed  the  Great  for  his  military 
genius  and  warlike  exploits,  was  b. 
1629,  of  an  illustrious  family,  at  the 
castle  of  Olesko,  in  Poland.  In  spite 
of  the  enormous  disparity  of  numbers 
with  which  ho  had  to  contend  in  the 
Polish  wars,  from  1648  to  1074,  he  was 
often  eminently  successful.  After  com- 
ing to  the  throne,  In  1674,  he  led  his 
troops  to  fresh  victories;  overrunning 
Moldavhi  and  Wallachia,  and  crowning 
all  his  former  brilliant  exploits  by  raia- 


80P] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    UIOCIKAPIIY. 


ing  the  siego  of  Vienna,  in  1683 ; 
whereby  Europe  was  saved  from  the 
dreadful  calamities  to  be  apprehended 
from  an  irruption  of  the  Ottoman  forces. 
D.  IG'JG. 

SOOINUS,  L^Lius,  an  Italian  sectary, 
was  b.  at  Sienna,  in  1.")'25,  studied  at 
Bologna,  and  in  1546  became  meml)cr 
of  a  secret  society  formed  in  the  terri- 
tory of  Venice,  on  the  princiiile  of  free 
inquiry.  This  institution  being  soon 
broken  up,  Socinus  quitted  Italy  to  join 
tlic  reformers  in  Switzerland,  and  cl.  at 
Zurich,  in  1562. — Faustus,  nephew  of 
the  preceding,  was  b.  at  Sienna,  in  1539. 
Having  imbibed  the  opinions  of  his 
uncle,  lie  propagated  them  with  such 
zeal,  as  to  become  the  founder  of  a  sect 
called  by  his  name,  lie  resided  some 
years  at  the  court  of  Florence,  where  he 
held  a  civil  employment ;  but  in  1574  he 
went  to  Germany,  and  next  to  Poland, 
where  h&  strenuously  labored  to  recon- 
cile the  differences  existing  between  the 
Unitarian  churches.  The  tenets  of  So- 
cinus dirtcred  but  little  from  Arianism, 
by  rejecting  the  divine  nature  of  Christ 
altogether,  and  regarding  his  mission  as 
merely  designed  to  introduco  a  new 
moral"  law.     D.  1604. 

SOCRATES,  the  most  eminent  of  the 
Grecian  philosoiihers,  and  the  only  one 
who  is  handed  down  to  us  as  a  model 
of  wisdom  and  virtue,  was  h.  in  Attica, 
470  B.  c.  His  father  was  a  statuary,  in 
which  employment  Socrates  was  brought 
np,  but  the  cultivation  of  his  mind  was 
the  object  nearest  his  heart,  and  to  that 
liis  attention  was  unremittingly  de- 
voted. He  attended  the  lectures  of  the 
most  celebrated  philosophers  of  his 
time ;  and  studied  the  principles  of  elo- 
quence, poetry,  music,  and  the  mathe- 
matical sciences.  But  the  moral  im- 
provement of  his  fellow-men  was  the 
end  and  aim  of  all  his  studies  and  all 
liis  exertions.  His  method  of  teaching 
was  by  proposing  to  his  hearers  a  series 
of  questions  in  such  a  manner  as  to  pro- 
duce in  their  minds  a  conviction  of  the 
truth  of  the  proposition  originally  ad- 
vanced; a  mode  of  argument  ever  since 
termed  Socratic.  As  a  citizen  he  dis- 
charged, with  exemplary  faithfulness, 
all  his  public  duties.  Tlircc  times  he 
served  in  the  army  of  his  country,  ex- 
celling his  fellow-soldiers  in  the  ease 
with  which  he  endured  the  hardshi]is 
of  their  campaigns.  The  last  part  of  his 
life  occurred  during  that  unhappy  period 
when  Athens  had  sunk  into  anarchy  and 
despotism,  in  consequence  of  tiic  un- 
fortunate result  of  the  Peloponnesinn 
64 


war.  Amid  the  general  immorality, 
hatred,  envy,  and  malice  of  snch  an 
epoch,  Socrates  was  charged,  by  the 
infamous  Melitus  and  Anytus,  with  in- 
troducing new  gods,  of  denying  the 
ancient  divinities  of  the  state,  and  of 
corrupting  youth,  itc.  He  defended 
himself  with  the  calm  confidence  of 
innocence ;  but  was  condemned  by  a 
majority  of  three  voices,  and  sentenced 
to  drink  poison.  When  the  cup  of 
hemlock  was  presented  to  him,  he  re- 
ceived it  with  a  steady  hand  ;  and  after 
a  prayer  to  the  gods  for  a  favorable  pas- 
sage to  the  invisible  worlil,  he  serenely 
swallowed  the  fatal  draught. 

SOLON,  one  of  the  seven  saces  of 
Greece,  and  the  celebrated  legislator  of 
Athens,  was  b.  at  Salamis,  in  the  6th 
century  b.  c.  Inheriting  but  a  small 
patrimony,  he  had  recourse  to  com- 
merce ;  but  at  the  same  time  he  applied 
himself  to  the  study  of  moral  and  polit- 
ical wisdom,  and  soon  became  distin- 
guished by  his  superior  knowledge  in 
state  affairs.  After  having  enhanced 
the  glory  of  his  country  by  recovering 
Salamis,  he  refused  the  sovereijrnty  of 
Athens ;  but  being  chosen  archon  by 
acclamation,  594  b.  c,  he  set  himself 
down  to  the  task  of  improving  the  con- 
dition of  his  countrymen.  He  abolished 
most  of  the  cruel  laws  of  Draco,  and 
formed  a  new  constitution,  founded  on 
the  principle  that  the  supreme  power 
resided  in  the  people.  AVhen  Solon  had 
completed  liis  laws,  he  caused  them  to 
be  engraved  on  wooden  cylinders,  and 
bound  the  Athenians  by  an  oath  not  to 
make  any  changes  in  his  code  for  ten 
years.  He  then  letl  the  country,  to. 
avoid  being  obliged  to  make  any  altera- 
tions in  them;  and  visited  Egypt,  Cy- 
prus, and  Lydia.  On  his  return,  after 
an  absence  of  ten  years,  ho  found  the 
state  torn  by  party  violence,  and  his 
kinsman  Pisistratus  aiming  at  the  sov- 
ereignty. He  then  withdrew  from  Ath- 
ens, and  is  supposed  to  have  d.  at 
Cvprus,  aired  80. 

SOMEEVILLE,  William,  the  author 
of  "  The  Chase"  and  other  poems,  was 
b.  at  Edston,  in  Warwickshire,  in  1692, 
where  he  inherited  a  considcr;d)lc  jxi- 
ternal  estate,  on  which  he  chietly  lived, 
mingling  an  ardent,  attachment  to  tho 
sports  of  the  field  with  the  studies  of  n 
man  of  letters.     I).  1742. 

SOPHOCLES,  a  celebrated  tragic  poet, 
who  carried  the  Greek  drama  to  perfec- 
tion, was  b.  at  Athens,  about  496  b.  c. 
In  his  95th  year  he  is  said  to  have  ex- 
pired tVoni  excessive  joy,  in  consequence 


riis 


CYCLOl'.EDU  OF  BIOGRAPHY, 


of  the  unexpected  success  of  one  of  his 
dramas  at  the  Olympic  games.  Of  his 
numerous  phiys,  only  seven  have  reach- 
ed modern  times,  but  tliey  are  suffi- 
ciently meritorious  lo  establish  his  fame. 
SOilBONNE,  KoBERT  de,  founder  of 
the  college  of  that  name  at  Paris,  was  b. 
in  1201.  He  was  confessor  and  chaplain 
to  St.  Louis,  who  a:ave  him  the  canonry 
of  Cam  bray.     D.  1274. 

SOUTH,  RoBEnT,  an  eminent  divine, 
was  b.  at  Hackney,  in  1633,  and  edu- 
cated at  Westminster  school,  and  Christ- 
churcli,  Oxford.  In  1660  he  was  chosen 
public  orator  of  the  university,  and  suc- 
cessively became  chaplain  to  the  earl  of 
Clarendon,  prebendary  of  Westminster, 
canon  of  Christ-church,  and  rector  of 
Islip,  in  Oxfonlshire.  In  16'.t3  he  carried 
on  a  controversy  with  Sherlock,  on  the 
doctrine  of  the  Trinity,  when  both  dis- 
putants were  charged  with  heresy,  for 
attempting  to  explain  an  indefinable 
mystery.  He  was  a  man  of  great  wit, 
aiid  did  not  spare  to  display  it  even  on 
serious  occasions.  His  "Sermons"  pos- 
sess the  merit  of  earnestness  and  ori- 
ginalitv.     D.  1716. 

SOUTHCOTE,  JoANXA,  was  b.  in  the 
west  of  England,  of  parents  in  humble 
life,  in  1750.  When  about  40  years  of 
age,  she  assumed  the  airs  of  a  pro- 
phetess; and  her  numerous  converts, 
who  are  said  at  one  time  to  have 
amounted  to  at  least  100,000,  put  im- 
plicit faith  in  her  rhapsodies.  After 
having  passed  her  grand  climacteric, 
she  was  attacked  with  a  disease  which 
had  the  outward  appearance  of  preg- 
nancy, and  she  boldly  announced  to  the 
■world  that  she  was  destined  to  be  the 
motiicr  of  the  promised  Shiloh.  So 
fully  persuaded,  indeed,  were  her  fol- 
lowers of  its  truth,  that  they  made  the 
most  ^plendid  prc]iarations  for  the  re- 
ception of  the  miraculous  babe  when, 
about  the  clase  of  1814,  her  death  put 
an  end  to  their  expectations. 

S(JUTIIERN,  Thom,vs,  an  eminent 
dramatic  poet  of  the  age  of  Charles  II., 
was  b.  in  Dublin,  in  1660,  became  a 
servitor  in  PemViroke  college,  Oxford, 
and  then  settled  in  London.  He  wrote 
the  "  Persian  Prince,"  ''  Isabella,  or 
the  Fatal  Marriajre,"  and  "  Oroouoko," 
tniGTcdies  ;  the  "  ])isappointment,"  the 
"Rambling  Lady,''  and  the  "Wife's 
Exr'use,"  comedies.  His  tragedy  of 
"  Isabella'"  is  one  of  tho  most  pathetic 
and  eifective  dramas  in  the  language. 
He  held  a  commission  in  the  ami}', 
■which  with  his  writings  produced  him 
a  handsome  competency.    D.  1746. 


[feOU 


>  SOUTHEY,  Robert,  wns-the  son  of 
k  respectable  linendraper^  and  was  b.  at 
Bristol,  in  1774.  After  receiving  the 
rudiments  of  education  at  the  hands  ol 
country  schoolmasters,  he  was  sent  to 
"Westminster  school,  and  thence  to  Ba- 
liol  college,  Oxford,  his  early  display 
of  more  tlian  ordinary  talents  and  a 
corresponding  steadiness  of  character 
having  led  his  friends  to  choose  the 
churcli  as  his  destination.  At  Oxford, 
however,  he  remained  but  two  years, 
the  then  unsettled  state  of  his  opinions 
as  to  both  church  and  state  causiuahim 
to  quit  the  university,  and  wholly  re- 
nounce the  idea  of  taking  orders,  in  the 
year  1704.  After  travelling  in  Spain  and 
Portugal,  and  residing  in  Ireland  as  sec- 
retary to  Mr.  Corry,  he  having  for  some 
titne  been  married,  he  at  length  settled 
at  Keswick,  in  Cumberland,  in  1803. 
He  was  already  pretty  extensively  known 
as  the  author  of  "Joan  of  Arc,"  "Wat 
Tyler,"  "  Lines  on  Bradshaw  the  Regi- 
cide," and  other  pieces,  which  indi- 
cated more  political  and  poetical  fire 
than  political  judgment  or  personal 
prudence,  and  in  settling  at  Keswick 
he  commenced  an  almost  unexampled 
career  of  industry  on  literary  composi- 
tion of  every  description:  his  overflow- 
ing mind  and  ready  pen  being  equal  to 
wliatever  could  be  demanded  of  them, 
a  mere  list  of  his  separate  publications 
would  form  a  long  article,  not  to  speak 
of  his  numerous  and  elaborate  contribu- 
tions to  the  "  Quarterly  Review."  But 
though  he  wrote  so  much,  he  wrote 
every  thing  both  carefully  and  well.  Ilis 
biographies  especially  are  admirable ; 
that  of  the  great  Nelson  is,  perhaps,  tho 
most  perfect  biography  in  our  language ; 
while  that  of  Wesley  is  highly  appre- 
ciated for  its  candor  and  ini partiality. 
The  intense  labors  of  a  long  life  at 
length  overpowered  even  his  fine  mind, 
and  he  remained  in  a  state  of  mental 
darkness  to  the  day  of  his  death. 
He  had  received  the  appointment  of 
poet  laureate  in  1813,  and  in  1835  he 
received  a  pension  of  £300  per  annum. 

SOUTHWELL,  Robert,  an  English 
Jesuit  and  poet,  was  b.  1560,  studied  at 
Rome,  and  afterwards  returned  to  En- 
gland as  a  missionary.  In  1592  he  was 
sent  to  prison,  where  he  remained  three 
years  before  he  was  brought  to  trial, 
when,  owning  that  lie  came  to  England 
in  order  to  propagate  the  Catholic  reli- 
frion,  he  was  condenmed  and  executed, 
in  1595.  He  was  the  author  of  .several 
poems  possessing  considerable  merit. 
SOUTHWICK,  Solomon,  a  somewhat 


erEJ 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOCRAPIIV, 


759 


noted  New  York  politicmn,  who  wns 
Driijinally  a  baker  in  his  native  state  of 
Khodc;  Ishincl,  but  afterwards  a  yu'lntcr 
at  Albany,  N.  Y.,  where  ho  published 
the  "  Albany  Eetrister,"  the  leading; 
democratic  paper  of  the  state.  lie  took 
an  active  part  in  the  anti-mason  excite- 
ment, and  was  once  a  candidate  for 
frovernor.  His  writings  have  not  sur- 
vivetl  him.     D.  1839. 

SOUZA,  John  de,  a  Portuguese  his- 
torian, b.  at  Damascus,  in  Syria,  about 
17o0,  iind  d.  at  Lisbon,  in  1812. 

Sl'ALLANZANI,  Lazarus,  an  emi- 
nent naturalist,  was  b.  at  Seandiano,  in 
Italy,  in  1720.  He  studied  at  Modena, 
and  next  at  Bologna,  where  liis  cousin, 
Laura  Bassi,  was  at  that  time  one  of 
the  most  distinguished  professors  in 
Italy.  After  having  held  professorships 
at  Keggio  and  Jlodena,  he  became  pro- 
fessor of  natural  history,  and  director 
of  the  museum  at  Pavia,  where  he  de- 
voted himself  to  experimental  researches 
into  nature,  and  published  many  valua- 
ble works  on  physioloii'y.  He  travelled 
over  a  great  jiart  of  Europe  and  Asia, 
and  was  enrolled  among  the  associates 
of  numerous  societies.  D.  1798.  His 
])rineipal  works  arc,  "Experiments  on 
the  Iiei)roduetion  of  Animals,''  an  "  Es- 
say upon  Animaleula  in  Fluids,"  "Mi- 
croscopical Experiments,"  "Travels  in 
the  Two  Sicilies  and  the  Appenines," 
and  an  elaborate  "  Correspondence" 
with  the  most  celebrated  naturalists  of 
the  age. 

SPAEROW,  Antuoxy,  bishop  of 
Norwich,  in  the  time  of  Charles  IL, 
was  a  prelate  distinguislied  for  his 
learning,  piety,  and  benevolence ;  and 
is  known  as  a  writer  by  his  "Rationale 
of  the  Book  of  Common  Prayer."  D. 
1685. 

SPARTACUS,  a  Thracian  general, 
who  had  been  taken  by  the  Romans, 
and  made  a  gladiator ;  but  escaping  with 
a  few  of  his  companions  from  his  ty- 
rants, he  rallied  round  his  standard  a 
formidable  army,  and  repeatedly  de- 
feated the  Roman  forces.  lie  was  at 
length  slain.  71  b.c. 

SPEED,  Jonx,  a  well-known  English 
chronologist,  historian,  and  antiquary, 
b.  1555.  He  is  the  author  of  "The 
Theatre  of  the  Empire  of  Great  Britain," 
"A  Cloud  of  Witnesses,"  and  "The 
Historv  of  Great  Britain,  from  Julius 
Ciesar'to  James  I."     D.  1620. 

SPELMAN,  Sir  ni;NKV,  an  eminent 
Enfflish  historian  and  antiquary,  was  b. 
at  Cougliam,  in  Norlblk,  in  1561.  James 
I.  frequently  employed  him  on  public 


business,  and  he  received  the  honor  of 
knighthood  for  Ids  services.  He  d.  in 
1041,  leaving  many  valuable  works, 
among  which  his  "  Glossarium  Arehae- 
ologicum"  and  "  Villare  Antrlieanum" 
arc  still  highly  esteemed. — Sir  Jons,  his 
son,  inherited  liis  father's  taste  for  ar- 
chaeological inquiries,  and  was  the  au- 
thor of  a  "Life  of  Alfred  the  Great." 
He  was  knighted  by  Chailes  I.,  and  d. 
at  Oxford,  in  1643. 

SPENCE,  Joseph,  a  divine  and  critic, 
was  b.  1698,  and  received  his  education 
at  Oxford,  where  he  obtained  a  fellow- 
ship, and  was  elected  professor  of  poe- 
try. He  afterwards  held  the  livinc  of 
Great  Ilorwood,  and  a  prebend  in  Dur- 
ham cathedral.  He  wrote  an  "Essay 
on  Pope's  Odyssey,"  but  his  principal 
work  is  entitled  "  Polymetis ;  or,  an 
Inquiry  into  tlie  Agreement  between 
the  Works  of  the  Roman  Poets  and  the 
Remains  of  Ancient  Artists."  The 
"Anecdotes  collected  by  him,  concern- 
ing eminent  Literary  Chanieters,"  have 
been  published.  His  death,  wliich  hap- 
pened in  1768,  was  occasioned  by  his 
havinsr  accidentally  fallen  into  a  pond. 

SPENCER,  Jonx,  an  in<renious  and 
learned  English  divine  and  critic,  was 
b.  in  1030,  at  Boughton,  in  Kent;  be- 
came master  of  Corpus  Christi  college, 
archdeacon  of  Sudbury,  and  dean  of 
Ely;  and  d.  in  1695.  His  principal  and 
most  erudite  work  is,  "  De  Legibus 
Ilebrteorum  Ritual ibus  et  earum  Ra- 
tionibus." — John  Charles,  Earl  (better 
known  as  Viscount  Altiiorp),  was  b.  in 
1782,  and  was  educated  at  Harrow,  and 
Trinity  college,  Cambridge.  He  first 
entered  the  house  of  commons  as  mem- 
ber for  Northampton ;  but  from  the 
year  1806  to  1834,  when  he  succeeded 
to  the  pceraffc,  ho  represented  the 
county  of  Northamjiton,  generally  sup- 
porting all  the  important  measures  ad- 
vocated by  the  Whicr  party.  Shortly 
after  the  accession  of  William  IV.,  ho 
was  made  chancellor  of  the  exeliequer. 
D.  1845. — W^ii-liam  Robert,  the  best 
writer  of  rers  de  mciffe  in  his  time,  was 
the  younger  son  of  Lord  Charles  Spen- 
cer, and  was  b.  in  1770.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Han'ow  and  Oxford ;  and  in 
1796  published  a  translation  of  Burcrer's 
"  Lcnore,"  beautifully  illustrated  by 
Lady  Diana  Bcauelerc.  In  ]iroofof  his 
astonishing  power  of  memory,  it  is 
gravely  asserted  that  he  luidertook,  for 
a  wager,  to  yet  the  whole  contents  of  a 
newspaper  by  rote,  which  he  won,  by 
repeating  it  without  the  omission  of  a 
single  word.    He  held  the  situation  of 


760 


CYCLOP.ICDIA    OF    DIOGRAPIir. 


[SPI 


8  cotnmi'Rioner  of  stamps.  D.  1834. — 
AiiBuosE.  late  oliief  justice  of  the  stiite 
of  New  York,  was  b.  1765,  in  Salisbury, 
Conn.  He  devoted  himself  to  the  law. 
In  17S6  he  was  appointed  clerk  of  Hud- 
son, and  in  1793  lie  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  assembly  of  the  state 
from  Columbia  county.  In  1795  he  was 
elected  to  the  senate  for  three  years, 
and  in  1798  was  re-elected  for  four  years. 
In  1796  he  was  appointed  assistant  at- 
torney-general for  the  counties  of  Co- 
lumbia and  Rensselaer.  In  February, 
18o2,  he  was  appointed  attorney-general 
of  the  state;  and  in  18i»4  he  received 
the  appointment  of  a  justice  of  the 
supreme  court,  of  which  he  was  made 
chief  justice  in  1819.  For  many  years 
•ludfre  Spencer  e.\ercised  a  very  power- 
ful influence  in  the  affairs  of  the  state 
of  New  York.  In  1812  he  united 
heartily  with  Daniel  D.  Tompkins,  then 
governor,  in  the  memorable  struggle 
that  preceded  the  declaration  of  war 
against  Britain,  to  prevent  the  charter 
of  the  six-million  bank.  In  1823  Judge 
Spencer  retired  from  the  bench,  and 
resumed  for  a  while  the  practice  of  liis 
profession,  and  was  subsequently  em- 
ployed in  various  public  duties,  particu- 
larly that  of  mayor  of  the  city  of  Albany, 
and  for  one  term,  that  of  representa- 
tive in  congress.     D.  18i8. 

S'PEN'SEK,  Edmund,  one  of  the  most 
illustrious  among  our  early  poets,  was 
b.  iri  London,  about  1553;  was  educated 
at  "<3mbroke  hall,  Cambridge,  and,  on 
leaviiig  the  university,  took  up  his  resi- 
dence with  some  relations  in  the  north 
of  Emrland,  probably  as  a  tutor.  In 
1580  he  accompanied  Lord  Grey  de 
AVilton,  viceroy  of  Ireland,  as  his  sec- 
retary, and  procured  a  grant  of  3028 
acres  in  tlie  county  of  Cork,  out  of  the 
forfeited  lands  of  the  earl  of  Desmond  ; 
on  which,  however,  by  the  terms  of  the 

fift,  he  w.as  obliged  to  become  resident. 
le  accordingly  fixed  his  residence  at 
Kileolinan,  in  the  county  of  Cork,  where 
he  was  visited  by  Sir  Walter  Raleigh, 
who  became  liis  patron  in  lieu  of  Sir 
Philip  Sidney,  then  deceased,  and  whom 
he  celebrates  under  the  title  of  the 
"  Shepherd  of  the  Ocean."  Sir  Walter 
persuaded  him  to  write  the  "  Faerie 
Queen,"  the  first  edition  of  which  was 

Erinted  in  1590,  and  nresentcd  to  Kliza- 
eth,  who  granted  tlie  po(-t  a  pension 
of  £50  per  annum.  In  1595  he  pub- 
lished his  pastoral  of  "  Cnlin  Clout's 
come  home  airain ;"  and,  the  year  fol- 
lowing, the  second  part  of  liis  "  Faerie 
Queen;"   but  the  poem,  according  to 


the  original  plan,  was  never  completed. 
About  this  time  Spenser  presented  to 
tl;c  queen  his  "View  of  the  State  of 
Ireland,"  being  the  clei'k  of  the  council 
of  the  province  of  Munster."  In  1597 
he  returned  to  Ireland  ;  but  when  the 
rebellion  of  Tyrone  broke  out,  he  was 
obliged  to  fly  with  such  precipitancy, 
as  to  leave  behind  his  mfant  child, 
whom  the  merciless  cruelty  of  the  in- 
surgents burnt  with  the  house.  The 
unfortunate  poet  came  to  England  with 
a  heart  broken  by  these  misfortunes, 
and  d.  at  Westminster,  Jan.  16,  1598-9. 
His  reinains  were  interred  at  the  ex- 
pense of  the  earl  of  Essex,  in  W^estmin- 
ster  abbey,  where  the  countess  of  Dor- 
set raised  a  monument  to  his  memory. 

SPIXOLA,  Ambkose,  Marquis,  a  cel- 
ebrated Spanish  general,  was  b.  in  1569. 
He  commanded  an  •^rray  hi  Flanders, 
and  in  1604  he  took  Ostend,  for  which 
he  was  made  general  of  all  the  Spanish 
troops  in  the  Low  Countries,  where  he 
was  opposed  by  Maurice  of  Nassau.  In 
the  war  occasioned  by  the  disputed 
succession  to  the  duchy  of  Cleves  and 
Juliers,  Spinola  took  Aix-la-Chapelle, 
Wesel,  and  Breda.  He  was  subse- 
quently employed  in  Italy,  where  he 
made  himself  master  of  tlie  city  of  Casal ; 
but  not  being  able  to  subd*ie  the  citadel, 
owing  to  the  imprudent  orders  sent  to 
him  from  Madricl,  he  exclaimed,  "They 
have  robbed  me  of  my  honor,"  and  fell 
a  prey  to  chagrin,  in  1630. 

SPINOZAjBenedict,  one  of  the  most 
profound  thinkers  of  the  17th  century, 
and  the  founder  of  modern  pantheism, 
was  b.  at  Amsterdam,  in  1633.  His  pa- 
rents were  Portuguese  Jews,  who  gave 
him  the  name  of  Baruch,  wliich,  on  re- 
nouncing his  religion,  he  altered  to  Ben- 
edict. He  resided  chiefly  at  the  Hague; 
and  strenuously  refused  to  accept  of 
any  of  the  numerous  proposals  he  re- 
ceived to  enter  upon  a  career  that  might 
have  led  to  his  worldly  advancement. 
He  was  for  some  time  a  Calvinist,  and 
afterwards  a  Meimonist,  but  at  last 
adopted  the  views,  relisrious  and  polit- 
ical, with  which  his  name  is  now  con- 
nected, and  in  support  of  which  he 
published  numerous  works.  His  "Trac- 
tatus-theologico-politicus"  was  reprinted 
in  London  in  1765,  by  Hume,  though 
without  his  name  or  that  of  the  author. 
D.  1677. 

SPIZELIUS^  TiiEOPniLus,  a  learned 
German  ecclesiastic,  author  of  an  elabo- 
rate "  Commentary  on  the  State  of  Lit- 
erature amoncr  the  Chinese,"  and  other 
works.    D.  1691. 


T.vl 


CYCLOl'.KUIA    OK    IJIOOH Al'll Y. 


(01 


SPONTINI,  Gasparo,  a  distin^nislied 
tijusical  co^lpo^ler,  was  b.  at  Majolatti, 
near  Jesi,  in  the  IJoman  stati  s,  1778. 
He  was  educated  at  the  Conscrvatorio 
de  hi  Pictii  of  Naples,  and  beiraii  his 
career  wlieii  17  years  of  ag'c,  as  tlie  com- 
poser of  an  opera,  "  I  Punti<;li  dclle 
Oonnc."  In  1807  lie  was  appointed 
music-director  to  tlie  empress  Joseph- 
ine; and  in  1808  lie  producetl  his  most 
famous  worlv,  "  La  Vestale,"  witli  bril- 
liant and  decisive  success.  His  "Fer- 
nando Cortez"  appeared  in  1809  ;  and 
the  next  year  witnessed  liis  appoint- 
ment to  the  directorship  of  the  Italian 
opera  in  Paris,  which  lie  held  for  ten 
years.  In  1820  the  mao:nificcnt  appoint- 
ments ottered  by  the  court  of  Prussia 
tempted  him  to  leave  Paris  for  Berlin, 
in  which  capital  his  last  three  jrrand 
operas,  "  Nourmahal,"  (founded  on 
"  Lalla  Kookh,")  "  Alcidor,"  and  "  Ai?- 
iics  Vou  Ilohenstantt'on,"  were  produced 
with  LTrcat  splendor,  b\it  with  little  com- 
parative success.     D.  1851. 

.^POT.SWOOD,  or  SPOTISWOOD, 
John,  archbishop  of  St.  Andrew's,  in 
Scotland,  was  b.  in  1565,  educated  at 
OlasfTow,  and  in  1601  went  as  chaplain 
to  the  duke  of  Lennox  in  his  embassy 
to  France.  On  the  accession  of  James 
\'I.  to  the  throne  of  England,  he  accom- 
pMiiied  him ;  and  the  same  year  was 
raised  to  the  archbishopric  of  (Jlasofow, 
and  made  one  of  the  privy  council  in 
Scotland.  In  1615  he  was  translated  to 
St.  Andrew's.  lie  crowned  Charles  I. 
at  Ilolyrood  house,  in  1633;  and,  two 
years  afterwards,  was  made  chancellor 
of  Scotland  ;  but,  on  the  breakinij  out 
of  the  rebellion,  he  retired  to  London, 
where  he  d.  in  1639,  and  was  buried  in 
AVcstminster  abbey.  He  wrote  the 
"  History  of  tlie  Church  of  Scotland." 

SPRANG  HER,  Bai-.tiiolomew,  an 
eminent  painter  of  Antwerp,  was  b.  in 
15-16,  and  d.  in  1623. 

SPRAT,  Thomas,  bishop  of  Roches- 
ter, an  historian  and  poet,  was  b.  in 
1036,  and  d.  in  1713.  lie  wrote  the 
"  History  of  the  Roval  Society,"  the 
"  History  of  the  Rye-liouse  Plot,"  "  The 
Life  of  Cowley,"  a  volume  of  sermons, 
and  a  t\'W  poems. 

SPURZHELM,  Gaspard,  a  celebrated 
physiologist,  was  b.  near  Treves,  in 
1776,  and  received  his  medical  education 
at  \'icnna,  where  he  became  acquainted 
witli  Dr.  Gall,  the  founder  of  the  science 
of  phrenology.  To  this  science  Spurz- 
heiin  became  cxceediiiirly  partial;  and 
he  soon  joined  Gall  in  makiuir  inquiries 
into  the  anatoinv  of  the  brain.  Thev 
'  6-1* 


Quitted  Vienna  in  1805,  to  travel ;  visited 
Paris ;  and  lectured  in  England,  Scot- 
land, and  Ireland,  and  then  Spnrzheim 
came  to  the  United  States,  where  he  d. 
1832.  He  was  a  man  of  rare  benevolence 
and  integrity. 

STACKHOUSE,  Thomas,  a  divine, 
was  b.  in  1680,  but  the  place  of  his  birth 
is  not  known;  became,  in  1733,  after 
many  vicissitudes,  vicar  of  Bcnham,  in 
Berkshire  ;  and  d.  there  in  1752.  Ilo 
wrote  several  works,  of  which  the  most 
important  is,  "  A  History  of  the  Bible." 

STAEL-HOLSTEIN,"  AxNE  Lovisa 
Germaine,  baroness  de,  a  celebrated  fe- 
male writer,  the  daughter  of  M.  Necker, 
the  French  financier,  was  b.  in  1706,  at 
Paris.  Her  talents  were  so  early  dis- 
played that  she  was  said  never  to  have 
been  a  child,  and  the  utmost  care  was 
taken  to  cultivate  them.  In  her  20th 
year  she  married  the  Baron  de  Stael,  the 
Swedish  ambassador.  From  that  period 
she  took  an  active  part  in  literature,  and 
an  almost  equally  active  one  in  polities. 
It  was  through  her  influence  with  Barras 
that  Talleyrand  was  ap]>ointcd  minister 
of  the  foreign  department.  At  the  com- 
mencement of  Bonaparte's  career  she 
was  one  of  his  admirers,  but  she  after- 
wards became  hostile  to  liim  :  and,  in 
1801,  iif  consequence  of  her  attempting 
to  thwart  his  government,  she  was  or- 
dered to  quit  Paris.  After  having  visit- 
ed Germany,  Prussia,  and  Italy,  she  re- 
turned to  France,  whence,  however,  she 
was  again  expelled.  Her  peregrinations 
were  next  extended  to  Moscow,  Stock- 
holm, and  London  ;  nor  did  she  again 
behold  her  favorite  abode  of  Paris  till 
after  the  restoration  of  the  Bourbons. 
In  1811  she  married  M.  de  Rocca,  but 
their  union  was  kept  secret.  U.  1817. 
Of  her  works,  which  form  seventeen 
volumes,  the  principal  arc,  the  ro- 
mances of  "ftclphine"  and  "Corinne," 
"  Considerations  on  the  French  Revo- 
lution," "  Dramatic  Essays,"  "Consid- 
erations on  Literature,"  "  Germany," 
ami  "  Ten  Years  of  Exile." 

ST.\HL,  George  Ernest,  an  eminent 
German  physician  and  chemist,  was  h. 
in  1660,  at  Anspacli ;  studied  at  Jena; 
became  physician  to  the  kiiiir  of  Prus- 
sia ;  and  d.  1734,  at  l^rlin.  Stahl  in- 
vented the  theory  of  phlogiston,  which 
was  lon£r  prevalent.  Ilis  chemical  and 
medical  works  are  numerous. 

STANDISH.  Miles,  the  first  captain 
at  Plymouth,  New  England,  was  b.  iu 
Lanciishire,  in  158-i,  and  accompanied 
Mr.  Robinson's  con-rregation  to  Ply- 
mouth  in   1620.     Ills   services   in  the 


762 


CVC'LOP.-KDIA    OF    RIOGRAPHV. 


[STE 


■wnrs  with  the  Indians  were  highly  use- 
ful, nnd  many  of  his  exploits  were  da- 
rintr  :in!l  exiraordinarv.     I).  I<i5ij. 

STANHOPE,  CiLutLES,  Earl,  a  politi- 
cian and  man  of  science,  was  b.  in  1753; 
was  educated  at  Eton  and  Geneva ;  was 
member  for  Wycombe  till  he  took  his 
seat  in  the  house  of  peers,  in  17SG,  on 
the  death  of  his  father;  was  a  strenuous 
republican,  and  enemy  to  Mr.  Pitt's  ad- 
ministration ;  and  d.  1816.  Among;  his 
many  inventions  are,  an  improved 
printings-press,  a  monochord,  an  arith- 
metical machine,  a  mode  of  securing 
bnildimrs  tVom  tire,  and  a  double  in- 
clined plane.  He  wrote  several  political 
and  scientific  pamphlets  and  papers. — 
Lady   Hester,    a    very  highly   accom- 

f)lished,  but  no  loss  eccentric,  English 
ndy,  niece  of  the  celebrated  William 
Pitt.  Soon  after  the  death  of  that  great 
statesman,  with  whom  she  was  domes- 
ticated, and  with  whose  pursuits  she  so 
much  sympathized,  as  to  act  upon  some 
occasions  as  liis  private  secretary,  she 
■went  to  Syria,  assumed  the  dress  of  a 
male  native  of  that  country,  and  devoted 
herself  to  astrology,  in  which  vain  sci- 
ence she  was  a  most  implicit  believer. 
She  luid  a  large  pension  from  the  En- 
glish government,  and  for  manY  years 
was  possessed  of  considerable  influence 
over  the  Turkish  pachas,  which,  how- 
ever, when  habitual  carelessness  in 
money  matters  had  deprived  her  of  the 
means  of  bribing  them,  she  lost.  B. 
ITGC ;  d.  ISS'J. 

STANSBUKY,  Tobias  E.,  a  distin- 
guisiied  citizen  of  Maryland,  who  from 
the  beginning  of  the  revolutionary  war 
till  the  time  of  his  death,  participated 
actively  in  national  and  state  alfairs, 
and  was  repeatedly  speaker  of  the  house 
of  delegates.     D.  1850.  • 

STARK,  John,  a  general  in  the  army 
of  the  American  rcvohitioT\,  was  b.  in 
Londonderry,  New  Haninshire,  in  172S. 
During  the  French  war,  he  was  captain 
of  a  company  of  rangers  in  the  provin- 
cial service,  in  1755,  and  was  with  Lord 
Howe  when  that  general  was  killed,  in 
storming  tlic  French  lines  at  Ticonde- 
roL'a,  in  1758.  On  receiving  the  report 
of  the  battle  of  Lexington,  he  was  en- 
gaijc.d  at  work  in  his  saw-mill  ;  and, 
fired  with  indignation,  seized  his  musket 
and  immediately  proceeded  to  Cam- 
briilLTC.  He  was  at  the  battles  of  Bun- 
ker's iiill  and  of  Trenton,  and  achieved 
a  glorious  victory  at  Benninirton.  He 
rose  to  the  rank  of  brigadier-general, 
and  wa.i  distinguished  throughout  the 
war  for  enterprise  and  courage.   D.  1822. 


STEELE,  Sir  Eichard,  was  b.  in  1671, 
or,  according  to  some  accounts,  in  1675, 
at  Dublin  ;  was  educated  at  the  Charter 
house  and  at  Merton  college,  Oxford ; 
and  entered  the  military  service,  in 
which  he  rose  to  the  rank  of  captain. 
Tlie  "  Christian  Hero,"  which  was  print- 
ed in  1701,  was  his  lirst  production.  It 
was  followed  by  the  comedies  of  "  The 
Funeral,"  "  The  Tender  Husband,"  and 
"  The  Lying  Lover."  In  the  beginning 
of  Queen  Anne's  reign  he  obtained  the 
office  of  gazetteer,  and,  in  1710,  he  was 
made  a  commissioner  of  stamps.  Tho 
"  Tatler"  he  began  in  1709,  and  he  sub- 
sequently was,  in  part  or  in  whole,  the 
author  of  "  The  Spectator,"  "  Guar- 
dian," "  Englishman,"  "  Spinster," 
"  Lover,"  "  Keader,"  and  "  Theatre." 
In  1713  lie  was  elected  U.  P.  for  Stock- 
bridge,  but  was  expelled  for  what  the 
house  was  pleased  to  consider  as  libels. 
He  afterwards  sat  for  Boroughbridge. 
During  the  reign  of  George  I.  he  was 
knighted,  made  surveyor  of  the  royal 
stables,  manager  of  the  king's  company 
of  comedians,  and  one  of  the  commis- 
sioners of  forfeited  estates,  and  gained  a 
large  sum  by  "  The  Conscious  Lovers ;" 
but  his  benevolence  and  his  lavish  habits 
kept  him  in  a  state  of  constant  embar- 
rassment. A  paralytic  attack  at  length 
rendered  him  incapable  of  literary  ex- 
ertion, and  he  retired  to  Llangunnor, 
ill  Caermarthenshire,  where  he  d.  1729. 

STEEN,  .Jan,  an  eminent  painter,  was 
b.  at  Leyden,  in  1636.  One  of  his  mas- 
ters was  Van  Goyen,  whose  daughter  ho 
married  ;  but  Steen  proved  a  dissipated 
character,  and  totally  neglected  his  fam- 
ily.    D.  1689. 

STP:ENWICK,  IIenry,  a  Flemish 
painter,  was  b.  1550,  and  d.  1003. 

STEEVENS,  Georqe,  a  commentator, 
was  b.  in  1736,  at  Stepney;  was  edu- 
cated at  King's  college,  Cambridge  ;  and 
d.  in  1800.  He  was  a  man  of  talent  and 
extensive  reading,  but  his  disposition 
was  not  amiable.  His  first  work,  pub- 
lished in  1766,  was  an  edition  of  twenty 
of  Shakspeare's  plays  ;  the  notes  to 
which,  and  additions,  were  afterwards 
incorporated  with  those  of  Johnson. 

STEPHP]NS,  Alexander,  a  miscel- 
laneous writer,  was  b.  in  1757,  at  Elgin ; 
studied  at  Aberdeen;  was  designed  for 
the  law,  but  gave  himself  up  to  litera- 
ture ;  and  d.  in  1821.  He  wrote  a  "  His- 
tory of  the  War  of  the  French  Kevolu- 
tion,"  and  "  Memoirs  of  John  Home 
Tooke ;"  and  contributed  to  the  "Month- 
ly Magazine,"  "  Public  Characters,"  and 
"The  Annual  Obituary." 


.Ej 


CYC'LOP.'KDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


763 


STERNE,  LAur.ENCE,  a  miscellaneous 
writer,  waa  b.  in  171-3,  at  Clonmel,  in 
Ireland;  and  was  educated  at  a  school 
near  Halifax,  and  at  Jesus  collcsre,  Cani- 
biidge.  He  successively  obtained  the 
living  of  Sutton,  a  prebend  at  York,  the 
rectory  of  Stillington,  and  the  curacy  of 
Coxwold.  In  17G0  he  published 'the 
first  two  volumes  of  "Tristram  Sliandy;" 
tlie  remainder  appeared  in  17i>l,  1702, 
17G"),  and  17(;7.  Some  of  his  latter  years 
were  spent  in  traveUing  on  the  Conti- 
nent, and  his  travels  gave  birth  to  "  The 
Sentimental  Journey."     D.  176S. 

STEPHENSON,  Geokok,  whose  name 
will  be  for  ever  identified  with  the  great- 
est mechanical  revolution  eilVcted  since 
the  days  of  Watt — the  .application  of 
steam  to  railroads — was  b.  near  New- 
castle, in  1781.  His  fatiier  was  an  en- 
gine-tender at  a  colliery  ;  and  he  himself 
began  life  as  a  pit-engine  boy  at  'Id.  a 
day's  wages.  A  lucky  accident  having 
given  him  an  opportunity  of  showing 
some  skill,  lie  was  advanced  to  the  otlice 
of  enirineman.  He  was  afterwards  em- 
ployed in  forming  railw;iy  planes  and 
cni^dncs  underground,  and  all  his  leisure 
time  was  spent  in  working  out  the  great 
problem,  which  he  at  last  so  hai)pily 
solved.  His  first  attempt  to  carry  out 
bis  design  was  at  Hctten  ;  he  subse- 
quently planned  the  line  between  Stock- 
ton ami  Darlington :  but  his  crowning 
achievement  was  the  great  Manchester 
anf;  Liverpool  line,  lie  at  once  took  the 
lead  in  railway  engineering,  became  an 
extensive  locomotive  manufacturer  at 
Newcastle,  a  railway  contractor,  and  a 
great  colliery  and  iron-work  owner ;  but 
he  always  retained  the  manly  simplicity 
of  character  which  had  marked  his  early 
career. 

STERLING,  JonN,  an  accoinplisbed 
critic  and  essayist,  whose  promising 
career  was  broken  by  long-continued 
illness,  and  at  last  prematurely  closed, 
was  b.  at  Katnes  castle,  in  tl  «•.  isle  of 
Bute,  ison.  His  father,  who  \v.ns  a  ais- 
tiiiifiiished  political  writer,  had  hiin  ed- 
ucated chiefly  at  home.  In  1824  he  went 
to  Trinity  college,  Cambridge,  vv-licre  he 
had  Archdeacon  Hare  for  his  classical 
tutor;  and  a  year  later  he  entered  Trin- 
ity liall  witli  the  intention  of  graduatinir 
ill  law  ;  but  he  left  Cambridu'c  in  1S27 
witliout  taking  a  degree,  and  during  the 
next  few  years  he  resided  chiefly  in 
London,  employing  himself  actively  in 
literature,  contributing  to  the  "  Atlie- 
nivium"  and  other  literary  journals,  and 
I>rep.aring  himself,  in  familiar  intercourse 
witti  Coleridge,  Wordsworth,  and  many 


other  distinguisbed  persons,  for  the 
peculiar  career  he  haa  marked  out  for 
his  exertions.  Soon  after  his  marriage 
in  1830,  he  was  forced  by  threatening 
pulmonary  symptoms  to  seek  a  tempo- 
rary home  in  St.  V'incent,  where  liis 
fainilv  lield  some  property.  He  return- 
ed to"  Europe  in  18-32.     D.  1844. 

STEKNHOLD,  Tiioir.vs,  a  poet,  was 
b.  in  Hampshire,  and  educated  at  O.v- 
ford  ;  after  which  he  became  groom  of 
the  robes  to  Henry  VIII.  and  Edward 
VI.  He  d.  in  l."i49.  Sternhold  versified 
.51  of  the  psalms  ;  the  remainder  were 
the  productions  of  Hopkins,  Norton, 
and  others. 

STEUBEN,  Frederic  IVilham  Au- 
gustus, baron  de,  was  a  Prussian  officer, 
aid-de-cainp  to  Frederic  the  Great,  and 
lieutenant-general  in  the  army  of  that 
distinguished  commander,  ife  arrived 
in  America  in  1777,  and  immediately 
offered  his  services  to  the  continental 
congress.  In  1778  he  was  appointed 
inspector-general,  with  the  raiilc  of 
maior-general,  and  rendercif  the  most 
efficient  services  in  the  cstablislimeiit 
of  a  regular  system  of  discipline.  I)u- 
rinsr  the  war  be  was  excee  linL'ly  active 
aii'l  useful,  an  1  after  the  peace  he  re- 
fired  to  a  farm  in  the  vicinity  of  New 
York,  where,  with  the  assistmce  of 
books  and  friemls,  he  passed  his  tirne  as 
agreeably  as  a  frequent  want  of  funds 
would  permit.  Tlie  state  of  New  York 
afterwards  gave  him  a  tract  of  16,000 
acres  in  the  county  of  Oneida,  and  the 
general  government  made  him  a  grant 
of -?2,.'iOO  per  annum.     D.  17'J5. 

STEWART,  DuoALD,  an  eminent 
philosopher  and  writer,  was  b.  in  17n8, 
at  Eilinburgh,  and  was  the  son  of  the 
professor  of  matliematics ;  was  edu- 
cated at  the  high  school  and  university 
of  his  native  city ;  and  attended  the 
lectures  of  Dr.  Reid  at  Glasgow.  From 
Glasgow  he  was  recalled,  in  his  I'Jtli 
year,  to  assist  his  father ;  on  whose  de- 
cease, in  178"),  he  succeeded  to  the  pro- 
fessorship. He,  however,  exchanged  it 
for  the  chair  of  moral  philosophy,  which 
he  had  filled  in  1778,  durinir  the  absence 
of  Dr.  Ferguson  in  America.  In  1780 
he  began  to  receive  pupils  into  his  iiouse, 
and  many  young  noblemen  and  trentle- 
men,  who  afterwards  became  celebrate  I, 
imbibed  their  knnwledjre  under  his  roof. 
It  was  not  till  17'.i2  that  he  fame  forwarl 
as  an  author  ;  he  then  puhlishe  1  the  first 
volume  of  the  "  Philosoiihy  of  the  Hu- 
man Mind."  .\mong  liis  works  are, 
"  Outlines  of  Moral  Philosophy,"  "Phil- 
osophical Essays,"  "  Memoirs  of  .\dain 


764 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHV. 


[STO 


Smith,  rviid  Drs.  Robertson  and  Kcid  ;" 
and  ''  Prefatory  Dissertations  in  tlie 
Supplement  to  tlie  Encyclopedia  Bri- 
tannien."     1).  1S2S. 

STILLING,  IIeinrich,  a  pseudonyme 
adopted  by  llienrieh  Jiini;  m  one  of  the 
most  remarkable  autobiographies  ever 
written,  was  b.  at  Floreuourg,  in  Nas- 
sau, 174iX  His  father  was  a  tailor,  and 
his  son  at  first  followed  the  same  trade ; 
but  his  irrcat  natural  abilities  soon  burst 
throntrh  the  trammels  of  his  lowly  posi- 
tion, and  at'ter  acquiring'  by  his  own  ex- 
ertions considerable  knowledge  of  Greek 
and  of  medicine,  he  found  means  to  pro- 
ceed to  the  university  of  Strasburg, 
where  he  prosecuted  his  studies  with 
such  ardor  and  success  that  he  was  soon 
appointed  to  a  professor's  chair,  and 
raised  himself  to  eminence  both  by  his 
ability  as. a  lecturer  and  as  an  operator. 
He  wrote  several  novels,  the  best  of 
which  are,  "  Theobald,"  "  Ilerr  von 
Mor<renthau,"  "Das  Ileimweh,"  &c., 
besides  several  medical  and  mineraloa-i- 
cal  treatise^ ;  but  his  name  is  chiefly 
connected  with  his  autobiography,  en- 
titled "  Jugend-Jungling-jahre,  Wan- 
dcrschafb  und  Alter  von  Heinrich  Stil- 
ling," which,  it  may  safely  be  said,  has 
nev(;r  been  surpassed  in  interest  and 
fidelitv.     D.  1817. 

STILLINGFLEET,  Edward,  a  pre- 
late, was  b.  in  1635,  at  Cranbourne,  in 
Dorsetshire  ;  was  educated  at  St.  John's 
college,  Cambridge ;  obtained  various 
preferments,  among  which  were,  in  1077 
and  1678,  the  archdeaconry  of  London 
and  the  deanery  of  St.  Paul's  ;  and  was 
promoted  to  the  sec  of  Worcester  at  the 
revolution.  Among  his  works  are, 
"  Origiues  Sacra;,"  and  "  Ori^ines  Bri- 
tannica;."  Among  his  latest  literary  ef- 
forts was  a  controversy  with  Locke,  on 
Boine  points  in  the  "  Essay  on  Human 
Understanding."     D.  1699. 

STOCKTON,  Richard,  a  .signer  of  the 
declaration  of  American  independence, 
was  graduated  at  Princeton  college  in 
174S,  and  entering  on  the  practice  of  the 
law  soon  rose  to  eminence,  lie  settled 
in  New  .lersf-y,  was  appointed  to  the 
otfice  of  judge,  and  was  a  delegate  to 
the  oon^resR  of  177i>.     I).  1781. 

STOLBERG-STOLBEKG,  Fkederio 
IvEOPOLD,  Count,  a  German  writer,  was 
b.  in  1750,  at  Bramatedt,  in  ll'.lstein; 
was  educated  at  Halle  and  Gollingen  ; 
and  Was  employed  in  negotiations  by  the 
duke  of  Oldenburg  and  the  prince  re- 
gent of  Denmark.  He  translatcil  the 
Iliad,  and  tlic  tragedies  of  ICschylus; 
and  wrote  "  A  History  of  tlie  Christian 


Religion  ;"  "  Travels  in  Germany,  Swit- 
zerland, and  Italy;"  poems,  and  dramas. 
D.  1819. 

STONE,  Edmuxd,  an  eminent  math- 
ematician, the  son  of  the  duke  of  Ar- 
gyle's  gardener,  was  b.  in  Scotland, 
towards  the  close  of  the  17th  century. 
Before  he  was  nineteen  he  taught  him- 
self arithmetic,  geometry,  Latin,  and 
French,  without  any  assistance.  He 
wrote  "  A  Treatise  on  Fluxions,"  and  a 
"  Mathematical  Dictionary  ;"  translated 
"Bionon  Mathematical  Instruments;" 
and  published  an  edition  of  Euclid, 
with  a  Life.  D.  1767. — Thomas,  a  sign- 
er of  the  declaration  of  American  inde- 
pendence, was  b.  in  Charles  county, 
Maryland,  in  1743,  and  was  educated  to 
the  profession  of  the  law.  He  was  a 
delegate  to  the  continental  congress  of 
1776,  and  was  again  a  member  of  that 
body  when  Washington  resigned  the 
offlce  of  commander-in-chief.     D.  1787. 

STORCH,  Heinrich  Frederic  vox,  an 
eminent  political  economist,  was  b.  at 
Riga,  1766,  studied  at  Jena  and  HeidO"- 
berg,  and  on  the  advice  of  Count  Rou- 
mantzof  re]iaired  to  St.  Petersburg, 
where  he  entered  on  a  brilliant  career 
as  a  statist  and  political  economist, 
which  procured  for  him  at  once  tho 
confidence  of  the  czar,  and  the  highest 
literary  honors  in  his  gift.  His  chief 
works  are,  his  "  Cours  d'Eeonomie  Po- 
litique," and  his  "Tableau  Ilistorique 
ct  Statistiqnc  de  I'Empire  de  Russie  a 
la  fin  du  ISme  Siecle."     D.  1835. 

STORY,  Joseph,  a  distinguished 
judge  and  juridical  writer,  was  b.  at 
Marblchead,  Mass.,  1779;  studied  at 
Harvard  university,  where  he  took  his 
degree  in  1798  ;  was  called  to  the  bar  in 
1801,  and  soon  acquired  a  distinguished 
reputation  as  a  pleader.  After  repre- 
senting Salem  in  the  slate  legislature 
lor  four  years,  he  was  sent  to  congress 
in  1809,  where  liis  talents  as  a  forensic 
debater  were  so  well  appreciated,  that  in 
1811  he  was  appointed  associate  justice 
in  tho  supreme  court  of  the  United 
States.  In  this  capacity  ho  displayed  a 
thorough  knowledge  of  the  most  intri- 
cate questions  relating  to  international 
law,  and  earned  such  distinction  as  a 
jurist,  that  his  name  has  been  carried 
far  beyond  the  limits  of  his  native  land. 
His  "Commentaries  on  the  Conflict  of 
Laws"  is  looked  r.pon  as  an  authority 
in  everv  state  in  Europe.     D.  1845. 

STOTIIARD,  Thomas,  an  eminent 
EnL'lish  artisi,  was  b.  in  London  in 
1755;  received  liis  education  at  a  school 
in  Yorkshire ;  and  was  apprenticed  to  a 


0 


CVCLOP.'EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY, 


i65 


ciilico-pri  iter,  in  SpitalficUls.  Diirinjj 
his  apprenticesliip  lie  showed  a  decided 
taste  for  the  painter's  art ;  and,  liaving 
hcen  onoe  introduced,  soon  foiitid  am- 
ple employment  in  nialcinir  designs  for 
the  liooksellcrs.  Tiie  designs  made 
liy  Mr.  Stotliard  exceed  j'fiOO  in  nunibor; 
it  is  dilficult,  tliereforo,  to  select  from 
among  so  vast  a  stock  ;  but  perhaps 
those  which  particularly  claim  onr  at- 
tention are,  "The  Pilgrimage  to  Canter- 
bury," "Tlie  Wellington  Sliield,"  etch- 
ed by  the  artist  himself;  "The  Four 
Periods  of  a  Sailor's  Life,"  and  "The 
Flitch  of  Bacon."  I).  1834.— Cii.srlks 
Alfred,  a  painter  and  antiquary,  son  of 
the  eminent  artist  of  the  same  name, 
was  b.  in  1787,  and  early  displayed  a 
talent  for  drawing.  lie  became  a  mem- 
ber and  historical  draughtsman  of  the 
Society  of  Antiquaries,  and  was  deputed 
by  that  body  to  take  drawings  from  the 
famous  tapestry  at  Bayeux,  in  Nor- 
mandy. He  was  killed  by  a  fall  in 
1S21.  "He  published  "Monumental  Effi- 
gies of  Great  Britain." 

STOW,  JoFiN,  an  antiquary,  was  b. 
about  loa.'S,  in  Cornhill.  By  trade  he 
was  a  tailor,  but  applied  himself  to  the 
study  of  British  antiquities  under  the 
patronatre  of  Archbishop  Parker  and 
tlie  earl  of  Leicester.  In  his  old  age  he 
was  reduced  to  such  indigence  as  to 
solicit  charity  by  means  of  u  brief.  He 
wrote  "  A  Survey  of  London,"  and 
"  Annals  of  this  Kincrdon-    '     D.  1605. 

STOWELL,  WiLi,i.\M  Scott,  Lord, 
son  of  AV.  Scott,  a  merchant  of  Newcas- 
tle, and  elder  brother  of  Lord  Eldon, 
was  b.  at  Helworth,  Durham,  in  1745; 
was  educated  nt  O.vford,  and  becran  to 
prnctiso  law  in  1770.  He  was  knighted 
in  i7S8,  and  in  1798  became  .indgo  of 
the  hicrh  court  of  admiralty  and  a  privy 
councillor.  In  1790  he  entered  parlia- 
ment as  the  representative  of  Downton, 
and  in  the  foUowinsr  year  had  the  honor 
of  beiunr  unanimously  elected  as  mem- 
ber for  the  university  of  Oxford  ;  which 
be  retained  till  tlic  coronation  of  Georije 
IV.,  when  he  was  created  a  peer.  He 
was  the  profoundest  jurist  of  his  day. 
D.  18:^6. 

STKAFFORD,  Thomas  Wentwoutk, 
earl  of,  an  eminent  statesman  and  minis- 
ter, the  eldest  son  of  Sir  AVilliam  Went- 
worth,  was  b.  in  1593,  in  London,  was 
educated  at  St.  John's  college,  Cam- 
bridge, and  after  having  travelled,  was 
knighted,  and  made  custos  rotulorum 
of  the  west  riding  of  Yorkshire.  In 
1621  he  was  chosen  one  of  the  represent- 
atives of  the  county  of  York.    For  a 


few  years  he  was  one  of  the  mo.st  active 
friends  ofthe  popular  cause;  stood  prom- 
inently forward  as  an  advocate  ujr  tho 
petition  of  right;  and  was  even  impris- 
oned for  refusing  to  conlriliutc  to  a 
forced  loan.  But  liis  scen)ing  patriotism 
sprang  rather  from  hatred  of  Bucking- 
ham than  from  principle,  and  was  not 
proof  against  corruption.  In  1628  he 
was  gained  over  to  the  court.  His  apos- 
tasy was  paid  for  by  the  titles  of  baron 
and  viscount,  and  the  offices  of  privy 
councillor  and  president  of  the  North 
In  the  latter  capacity  he  acted  with  the 
most  arbitrary  rigor.  In  1632  he  was 
sent  to  Ireland  as  lord  deputy.  His 
conduct  there,  during  a  government  of 
seven  years,  was  that  of  a  despot.  It 
would,  however,  bo  unjust  to  deny  tliat 
Ireland  derived  some  benefits  from  his 
administration.  In  1639,  on  visiting 
England,  he  obtained  the  garter,  the 
title  of  earl  of  Strafford,  and  the  dignity 
of  lord-lieutenant.  He  demonstrated 
his  gratitude  by  violent  counsels  to  the 
infatuated  Charles.  But  his  downfall 
was  at  hand.  In  1640  he  was  impeached 
by  the  commons,  and  was  brought  to 
trial,  March  22,  1641.  He  defended  him- 
self with  an  eloquence  and  dignity  wor- 
thy of  a  better  cause.  No  mor-ildoubt 
could  exist  of  his  crimes,  but  the  legal 
proof  was  defective.  In  order  to  secure 
tlieir  victim,  the  commons  themselves 
lost  sight  of  justice,  and  resorted  to  a 
bill  of  attainder.  It  was  passed,  and 
StrafTord,  deserted  by  his  sovereign,  waa 
brought  to  the  block,  on  the  12th  of 
Mnv,  1641. 

STRONG,  Caleb,  governor  of  Massa- 
chusetts, was  b.  at  Northampton  in 
1744,  and  graduated  at  Harvard  college. 
He  pursued  the  profession  of  the  law, 
and  established  himself  in  his  native 
town.  Takiriij  an  early  and  active  part 
in  the  revolutionary  movements,  he  was 
appointed  in  1775  one  of  the  committee 
of  safety,  and  in  the  following  year  a 
member  of  the  state  legislature.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  convention  which 
formed  the  constitution  ofthe  state,  and 
of  that  which  formed  the  constitution  of 
the  United  States.  Subsequently  he 
w\a3  senator  to  congress,  and  for  11 
years  at  different  periods,  chief  magis- 
trate of  Massacliusetts.     T>.  1S20. 

STRUTT,  JosEPU,  an  ensrraver,  anti- 
quary, and  miscellaneous  writer,  was  b. 
in  1749,  at  Springfield,  in  Sussex;  was 
a  pupil  of  Ryland,  and  a  man  of  con- 
siderable talent,  produced  "A  Diction- 
ary of  Engravers,"  "Sports  and  Pas- 
times   of    the    People    of    England," 


766 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[SUL 


"  Dresses  and  Habits  of  the  Teoplc  of 
England,"  "Regal  and  Ecclesiastical 
Amiqiiilies  of  England,"  "Chronicle  of 
England,"  "  Manners,  Customs,  &o.,  of 
the'  Inhabitants  of  England,"  "  Queen 
IIoo  Hall,"  "  Ancient  'fime,"  and  '•  The 
Test  of  Guilt."     D.  1302. 

STUAKT,  GiLBEUT,  an  historian  and 
miscellaneous  writer,  was  b.  in  1742,  at 
Edinburgh,  where  also  he  was  educated. 
He  studied  jurisprudence,  bat  became 
an  author  by  profession;  sometimes 
residing  in  London,  and  sometimes  in 
his  native  city.  Stuart  was  a  man  of 
genius,  but  of  a  most  unainiable  dispo- 
sition. He  wrote  "  The  History  of  Scot- 
land," "  History  of  the  Eeformation  in 
Scotland,"  and  other  works ;  contributed 
to  the  "  Monthly  Eeview ;"  and  was 
editor  of  the  "  Edinburgh  Magazine  and 
Eeview."  D.  1788.— Gilbeut,  a  cele- 
brated painter,  was  b.  in  Newport, 
Rhode  Island,  in  175.5.  Soon  af[er  be- 
coming of  age,  he  went  to  Endand, 
where'ho  became  the  pupil  of  Mr.  West. 
He  soon  rose  to  eminence  as  a  portrait 
painter,  and  obtained  a  high  reputation 
both  in  England  and  Ireland.  In  17'J4: 
he  returned  to  his  native  country,  chiefly 
residing  in  Philadelphia  and  Washing- 
ton, in  the  practice  of  his  profession, 
till  about  the  year  1801,  when  he  re- 
moved to  Boston.  Mr.  Stuart  was  not 
only  one  of  the  first  painters  of  his 
time,  but  was  also  a  very  extraordinary 
man  out  of  his  profession.     D.  1828. 

SUCKLING,  Sir  JonN,  a  poet  and 
courtier,  was  b.  in  160'J,  at  Whitton,  in 
Middlesex;  served  in  Germany,  under 
Gustavus  Adolphus ;  acquired  reputa- 
tion as  a  wit  and  dramatist  after  his 
return  to  Enghind;  raised  a  regiment 
to  serve  against  the  Scotch,  in  1G3'J ; 
was  obliged  to  retire  to  France,  in  con- 
Bequence  of  having  participated  in  a 
project  to  liberate  the  earl  ot  Strafford ; 
and  d.  there,  in  1641.  His  poems  have 
obtiiined  a  place  in  the  standard  collec- 
tions. 

SULLIVAN,  .Joiix,  an  officer  in  the 
army  of  the  American  revolution,  was 
b.  in  Maine,  and  established  himself  in 
the  profession  of  law  in  New  Ilamp- 
fthire.  Turning  his  attention  to  military 
affairs,  he  received,  in  1772,  the  com- 
mission of  major,  and  in  1775  that  of 
brigadier-general.  The  next  year  lie 
was  sent  to  Canada,  and  on  the  death  of 
General  Thomius,  the  command  of  the 
army  devolved  on  him.  In  this  year  he 
was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  major- 
general,  and  was  soon  after  captured  by 
the  Britiwh  iii  the  battle  on  Long  Island. 


Ho  commanded  a  division  of  the  army 
at  the  battles  of  Trenton,  Brandywine, 
and  Germantown ;  and  was  the  solo 
commander  of  an  expedition  to  the 
island  of  Newport,  which  failed  through 
want  of  co-operation  from  the  French 
fleet.  In  1779  he  commanded  an  expe- 
dition against  the  Indians.  He  was 
afterwards  a  member  of  congress,  and 
tor  throe  years  president  of  New  Hamp- 
shire. In  1789  he  was  appointed  a 
judge  of  the  district  court,  and  con- 
tinued in  that  office  till  his  death,  in 
1795. — James,  was  b.  at  Berwick,  Me., 
in  1744,  and  after  passing  the  early  part 
of  his  life  in  agricidtural  pursuits, 
adopted  the  profession  of  the  law.  He 
took  an  early  part  in  the  revolutionary 
straggle,  and  in  1775  was  chosen  a 
member  of  the  provincial  congress.  In 
1776  he  was  appointed  a  judge  of  the 
superior  court.  He  was  subsequently  a 
member  of  congress,  a  member  of  the 
executive  council,  judge  of  probate,  and 
iu  1790  was  appointed  attorney-general. 
In  1807  he  was  elected  governor  of 
Massachusetts,  and  again  in  the  follow- 
ing year,  in  the  December  of  which  he 
died.  He  was  the  author  of  a  "  History 
of  Land  Titles,"  a  "History  of  the  Dis- 
trict of  JSIaine,"  and  an '"Essay  on 
Banks."  His  rank  at  the  bar  was  in 
the  very  first  class,  and  in  his  private 
character  he  was  distinguished  for  piety, 
patriotism,  and  integrity. 

SULLY,  Maximilian  de  Bethune, 
duke  of,  a  French  warrior  and  states- 
man, equally  brave  in  the  field  and  wise 
in  the  council,  was  b.  in  1560,  at  the 
castle  of  Rosn}^  At  an  early  age  he 
was  placed  about  the  person  of  the  king 
of  Navarre,  afterwards  Henry  IV.,  to 
whotn  he  ever  continued  to  be  strongly 
attached.  He  narrowly  escaped  being 
one  of  the  victims  of  the  massacre  of 
St.  Bartiiolomew.  In  the  majority  of 
the  battles  and  sieges  which  occurred 
during  the  struggle  between  Henry  .and 
ills  enemies.  Sully  bore  a  conspicuous 
part.  He  commanded  the  artillery  at 
the  battle  of  Coutras,  and  had  two  hor- 
ses killed  under  him,  and  was  danger- 
ously wounded  at  the  battle  of  Ivry, 
Though  himself  a  zealous  Calvinist,  it 
was  he  who  advised  the  king  to  secure 
the  crown  by  conforming  to  the  Catho- 
lic religion.  In  1597  he  was  placed  at 
the  head  of  the  finances,  which  were 
tiien  in  the  most  dilapidated  state;  and 
by  his  prudent  administration  he  at 
oiice  increased  the  revenue  and  light- 
ened the  burdens  of  the  people.  After 
the   death   of  Henry  IV.  Sully  retired 


8Yd] 


CTCLO?/EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


16: 


from  public  affairs,  and  d.  1641.  His 
"  Memoirs,"  written  by  hiuisclf,  are 
hiiirlilv  interesting. 

SU'PtKEY,  Henry  Howard,  carl  of, 
eldest  son  of  the  duke  of  Norfolk,  was 
b.  about  l.")1.5;  studied  at  Clirist-cburoli, 
Oxford  ;  travelled  in  France,  Germany, 
and  Italy,  in  the  last  of  whieii  countries 
he  fell  in  love  with  the  Geraldinc  whom 
lie  celebrates  in  his  verses  ;  was  captain- 
general  of  the  army  at  Roulofrnc  in  15415; 
and  fell  a  victim,  on  the  scatl'old,  to  the 
tyranny  of  Henry  VIII.,  in  ir)47.  "  Ho 
was,"  says  Kaleijjjh,  "no  less  valiant 
than  learned,  and  of  excellent  hopes  ;" 
and  Warton  considers  him  as  "  the  first 
Ensrlish  classical  poet." 

SUVAROFF,  or  SUWARROW, 
Prince  Alexander,  a  celebrated  Rus- 
sian field-marshal,  was  b.  in  1730,  at 
Suskoi,  in  the  Ukraine,  and  was  educa- 
ted at  the  cadet  school  of  St.  Pctcrsburi;. 
He  distincrnishcd  himself  during:  the 
seven  years'  war ;  in  Poland,  in  1768, 
against  the  Confederates  ;  in  1773, 
airainst  the  Turks;  and  in  17S2,  a^fainst 
the  No?ay  Tartars.  For  these  services 
he  was  rewarded  with  the  rank  of  gen- 
eral-in-chief,  the  government  of  the 
Crimea,  the  portrait  of  tiic  empress  set 
in  diamonds,  and  several  Russian  or- 
ders. 1-n  the  war  against  the  Turks, 
from  1787  to  1790,  he/  gained  the  battle 
of  Rymnik,  took  Ismail  by  storm,  and 
obtained  other  important  advantages. 
In  1794  lie  defeated  tlie  Poles  who  were 
struggling  for  freedom,  and  carried 
Praga  by  assault.  When  Russia  joined 
the  continental  coalition,  in  1799,  he  was 
placed  at  the  head  of  the  combined  army 
in  Traly,  aU'l,  after  several  sanguinary 
battles,  he  succeeded  in  wresting  that 
country  from  the  French.  He  was  less 
successful  in  Switzerland,  whence  he 
was  oblisred  to  retreat.     D.  1800. 

SWEDENBORG,  Emanuel,  was  the 
son  of  the  bishop  of  Skara,  and  was  b. 
16^9,  at  Stockholm.  lie  was  not  twenty 
when  he  published  a  volume  of  Latin 
poems.  On  returning  from  his  travels 
lie  was  appointed  assessor  extraordinary 
to  tlie  college  of  Mines,  and,  in  1719, 
was  ennobled.  Of  his  many  works  on 
mining,  the  principal  is  his  "Opera 
Pliilosophica  et  Mineralogiea."  In  1743 
he  imbibed  a  belief  that  he  was  admit- 
ted to  an  intercourse  with  the  invisible 
world,  and  this  belief  he  retained  till  his 
decease,  1772.  On  this  subject  he  pub- 
lished several  works,  among  which  are 
"Arcana  Co?lestis,"  "Ilcavonan  1  Hell," 
"  Divine  Providence,"  "True  Christian 
Religion,"  "Divine  Love  and  AYisdom," 


&c.  Swedenborg  wa.''  no  impostor,  but 
a  learned  and  pious  man,  ana  his  books 
richly  repay  the  most  careful  study. 

SVVlFr,  Jonathan,  a  celebrated  wri- 
ter, was  b.  in  l()n7,  at  Dublin,  and  was 
educated  at  Kilkenny  school.  Trinity 
college,  Dublin,  and  Hertford  college, 
Oxford.  For  some  years  he  liveel  with 
Sir  William  Temple  as  a  companion,  and 
w-lien  that  statesman  died  he  left  liim  a 
legacy  and  his  posthumous  works. 
From  King  William  he  entertained  ex- 
pectations of  preferment,  which  were 
disappointed.  Having  accompanied 
Lord  Berkeley,  one  of  the  lord  justices 
of  Ireland,  as  chaplain,  he  obtained 
from  him  the  livings  of  Laracor  and 
Lathbeggan,  on  which  he  went  to  re- 
side, and  to  which  he  invited  the  lady 
wliom  he  had  celebrated  under  the 
name  of  Stella.  He  eventually  married 
her,  but  wouhl  never  acknowledge  her 
as  his  wife.  His  conduct  to  two  other 
ladies.  Miss  W'aring  and  INIiss  Van- 
liomrigh,  with  whom  he  coquetted,  was 
equally  devoid  of  proper  feeling.  In 
1701  he  took  his  doctor's  degree,  and 
on  the  accession  of  Queen  Anne  he 
visited  England.  In  the  course  of  the 
nine  ensuing  years  he  published  several 
works,  but  it'was  not  till  1710  that  he 
became  active  as  a  political  writer.  Hav- 
ing gone  over  to  the  tories,  and  become 
intimate  with  Harley  and  Bolingbroke, 
he  exerted  himself  strenuously  in  be- 
half of  his  new  allies.  Amonir  his 
labors  in  this  cause  were,  "The  Exam- 
iner," and  "The  Conduct  of  the  Allies." 
It  was  not,  however,  till  1713  that  ho 
obtained  preferment,  and  even  then  ho 
was  frustrated  in  his  hope  of  an  En- 
glish mitre,  and  received  only  the  dean- 
ery of  St.  Patrick.  When  lie  returned 
tolreland  he  was  exceedingly  unpopu- 
lar, but  he  lived  to  be  the  idol  of  the 
Irish.  Of  the  writings  by  which  this 
change  was  produced,  "  The  Drapier's 
Letters,"  published  in  1724,  stand  fore- 
most. In  172G  he  gave  "  Gulliver's 
Travels"  to  the  world.  As  he  advanced 
in  years  he  sutfered  from  deafness  and 
fits"  of  giddiness  ;  in  1739  his  intellect 
gave  way,  and  he  expired  in  October, 
1745. — Zephaniah,  a  learned  lawyer,  was 
graduated  at  Yale  college,  and  establish- 
ed himself  ill  the  legal  iirotession,  in 
Windham,  CiMin.  He  was  for  is  years 
a  judffe  of  the  superior  court  of  that 
state.  He  publislied  a  "  Diirest  of  the 
Laws  of  Connecticut,"  on  the  model  of 
Blackstono.     D.  1S23. 

SYDENHAM,  Thomas,  an  eminent 
physician,  was  b.  in  1624,  at  Winford 


rm 


CYCLOP-EUIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY, 


[tal 


Eadc,  in  Dorsetshire ;  was  educated  at 
AVadham  college,  Oxford,  studied  medi- 
cino  at  Montpellier;  and  settled  ia 
AVestininster,  where  he  deservedly  at- 
tained a  high  reputation.  D.  1689. — 
Floyer.  an  eminent  Greek  scholar,  was 
b.  in  1701,  and  was  educated  at  Wad- 
Lam  collcfre,  Oxford.  In  1759  he  began 
a  translation  of  the  works  of  Plato,  a 
part  of  which  lie  published ;  but  the 
want  of  patronage  involved  him  in  em- 
barrassments ;  he  was  thrown  into  pris- 
on for  a  small  debt  which  he  had  con- 
tracted for  his  frnsjal  meals ;  and  there 
he  perished  in  178s.  His  fate  gave  rise 
10  the  establishment  of  the  literary  fund. 
— Charles  William  Poulett,  Lord, 
governor-ueneral  of  Canada,  was  the 
son  of  'Sir.  .1.  Poulett  Thompson,  a 
London  merchant,  and  b.  179:^i.  When 
about  20,  he  became  resident  in  St. 
Petersburir  as  the  correspondent  of 
his  lather's  firm  ;  and,  until  his  acces- 
sion to  public  office  in  1830,  he  con- 
•  tinned  to  be  connected  with  the  mer- 
cantile business.  His  political  life 
commenced  in  1826,  as  member  for 
Dover:  but  in  1830  being  returned  for 
both  Dover  and  Manchester,  he  gave 
preference  to  the  latter.  On  the  forma- 
tion of  the  reform  cabinet,  he  was 
appointed  vice-president  of  the  board 
of  trade  and  treasurer  of  the  navy ;  he 


became  president  of  the  board  of  trade 
in  1834;  and,  in  1839,  succeeded  Lord 
Durham  as  governor-general  in  Canada. 
Whilst  ridinii  near  Kingston,  Lord 
Sydenliam  met  with  an  accident  by  the 
falling  of  his  liorse,  and  d.  September 
19,  1841. 

SYLLA,  Lucius  Cornelius,  a  cele- 
brated Roman,  was  b.  137  b.c.  Af\:er 
having  spent  a  part  of  his  youth  in 
licentious  pleasures,  he  distinguished 
himself  in  Africa,  under  Marius;  in 
Pontus,  as  commander-in-chief,  and  on 
various  other  occasions.  He  rose  to  the 
consulship  in  the  forty-ninth  year  of 
his  age.  He  subsequently  reduced 
Greece,  and  vanquished  Mithridates; 
and,  returning  to  Italy,  overcame^  the 
Marian  party,  and  assumed  the  dicta- 
torship. By  his  merciless  edicts  of 
proscription  be  deluged  Rome  with 
blood  ;  but,  at  the  very  moment  when 
no  one  dai'cd  to  dispute  his  power,  he 
retired  into  private  life.     D.  78  b.c. 

SZALKAT,  Anthony,  an  Hungarian 
poet,  who  is  considered  as  the  founder 
of  the  dramatic  literature  of  his  coun- 
try. He  held  an  office  in  the  house  of 
the  archduke  palatine,  Alexander  Leo- 
pold, and  d.  1804,  at  Buda.  His  "  Pikko 
Ilertzog"  was  tlie  first  regular  drama 
composed  in  the  Hungarian  language. 
He  also  wrote  a  travesty  on  the  ^neid. 


T. 


TACITtJS,  Caius  Cornelius,  a  Latin 
historian,  was  b.  about  56,  and  was  of 
an  equestrian  family.  The  place  of  his 
birth  is  not  known.  He  early  culti- 
vated poetry ;  he  became  an  advocate, 
and  he  is  supposed  also  to  have  borne 
arms.  He  was  successively  qua;stor, 
sedile,  and  prictor,  and  in  97  attained  the 
rank  of  consul.  Pliny  the  Younger  was 
hia  bosom  friend,  and  Agricola  was  his 
father-in-law.  He  ia  believed  to  have 
d.  about  13.5. 

TALBOT,  John,  Lord,  a  famous  war- 
rior, was  b.  in  1373,  at  Blcchmore,  in 
Shropshire  ;  obtained  various  successes 
against  the  Irish,  distintruished  him- 
Bclf  in  France  by  his  skill  and  valor 
during  the  reigns  of  Henry  V.  and  VI., 
for  which  he  was  rewarded  by  the  earl- 
doms of  Shrewsbury,  Wexford,  and 
Waterford  ;  and  was  killed  at  the  battle 
of  Ca.«tillon.  in  14.53. 

TALLIEN,  John  Lambert,  one  of 
the  most  prominent  characters  in  the 


French  revolution,  was  the  son  of  a  no- 
bleman's porter ;  was  b.  1769,  at  Paris, 
received  a  good  education,  and  early  in 
life  was  successively  clerk  to  an  attor- 
ney, and  in  a  public  office,  and  foreman 
to  a  printing  establishment.  On  the 
breaking  out  of  the  revolution,  be  took 
a  violent  part  against  the  court,  and  he 
gradually  acquired  considerable  influ- 
ence. As  a  member  of  the  convention, 
he  voted  for  the  death  of  the  king,  and 
for  a  while  he  participated  in  all  the 
enormities  of  the  Jacobins.  At  length, 
however,  lie  became  more  moderate, 
and  it  was  mainly  to  his  courage  and 
eloquence  that  France  was  indebted  for 
the  downfall  of  Robespierre.  He  con- 
tinued to  be  an  active  member  of  the 
legislature  till  1798,  when  he  accom- 
panied Bonaparte  to  Egypt.  He  enjoyed 
a  place  under  the  consular  and  impe- 
rial governments ;  remained  unmolested 
after  the  accession  of  Louis  XVIII.,  and 
d.  1820. 


CYCLOr.«DlA    OK    niOGRAPlIV. 


(♦50 


TALMA,  Francis  JosEni,  the  trreat- 
est  of  French  actors,  was  b.  176:3,  at 
Paris,  and  spent  his  childhood  in  Flan- 
ders and  Enofland,  where  his  father  was 
a  dentist.  At  the  a;,'c  of  nine  years  he 
was  sent  to  France  to  be  educated, 
whence  he  returned  to  England.  The 
Stage  was  early  his  delight,  and  he  was 
at  one  time  on  the  point  of  appearing  at 
Drnry-lane.  On  his  settling  in  France, 
he  for  eighteen  months  followed  the 
profession  of  his  father;  but  in  1787  he 
came  out  upon  the  French  theatre,  in 
the  character  of  Seide.  For  some  time, 
however,  he  was  kept  in  the  back- 
ground ;  but  at  length  ho  attained  the 
highest  rank  as  a  tragedian.  Talma  also 
accomplished  in  France  a  complete  rcf- 
ormatidn  of  theatrical  costume.    D.  1826. 

TAMERLANE,  TIMUR  LENC,  or 
TIMUK  BEG,  was  b.  1336  a.  d.,  in  the 
province  of  Kersch,  the  ancient  Sog- 
cliana,  where  his  father  was  the  chief  of 
a  tribe.  He  attained  the  sovereign  au- 
thority at  Samarcand,  1370.  lie  sub- 
sequently conquered  I'ersia,  India, 
Syria,  and  many  other  countries  ;  made 
prisoner  Bajazet,  the  Turkish  stiltan  ; 
and  was  on  the  point  of  invading  China, 
wlien  he  d.  in  1405. 

TANNAIIILL,  Robkrt,  a  Scottish 
poet,  was  b.  at  Paisley,  in  1774,  and 
bred  a  weaver.  He  read  the  works  of 
Burns  with  enthusiasm,  and,  like  many 
more  of  his  countrymen,  he  burned  to 
emulate  him,  and  though  he  fell  immea- 
surably short  of  his  model,  he  pro- 
duced some  very  delightful  songs,  and 
other  lyric  effusions.    D.  1810. 

TASSIE,  James,  a  modeller,  was  b. 
in  the  first  half  of  the  eighteenth  cen- 
tury, near  Glasgow,  and  was  originally 
a  stone  mason,  but  acquired,  from  Dr. 
Quin,  the  art  of  imitatmg  gems  in  col- 
lored  pastes,  and  was  so  successful  that 
he  gained  both  reputation  and  fortune. 
He  likewise  modelled  in  wax.     D.  1799. 

TASSO,  Bernardo,  an  Italian  poet, 
was  b.  in  1493,  at  Bergamo ;  was  suc- 
cessively in  the  service  of  the  prince  of 
Salerno  and  the  dukes  of  Uroino  and 
ILantua ;  and  d.  ir)69.  Of  his  poems 
the  princinal  is  "  Amadis  de  Gaul,"  in 
a  hundrea  cantos. — Torquato,  one  of 
the  greatest  of  the  Italian  poets,  was 
tlie  son  of  Bernardo,  and  was  b.  l.")44, 
at  Sorrento.  He  may  almost  be  said  to 
have  "lisped  in  numbers;"  and  at 
twelve  years  of  age  he  luid  acquired  ex- 
tensive knowledge.  After  having  been 
educated  at  Rome,  he  went  to  Padua,  to 
?tndy  law,  in  compliance  with  the  wishes 
Df  bis   father.     It   was    while   he   was 


there,  and  in  his  eighteenth  year,  that 
he  published  the  poem  of  "  Rinaldo." 
In  L'Se")  Duke  Alpnonso  of  Ferrara  in- 
vited hira  to  his  court,  and  with  the 
exception  of  the  time  occupied  by  a 
journey  to  France,  Tasso  resided  there 
till  1577.  During  this  period,  besides 
many  minor  pieces,  he  produced  his 
"  Aminta,"  and  completed  the  "  Jeru- 
salem Delivered."  In  1577  he  secretly 
quitted  Ferrara;  having,  it  lias  been 
supposed,  incurred  the  anger  of  the 
duKe  by  his  passion  for  the  Princess 
Leonora  of  Lste,  his  patron's  sister. 
He  returned,  however,  but  his  intellects 
being  now  in  some  degree  affected,  he 
was  ungenerously  shut  uj,  in  a  mad- 
house by  Alphonso,  where  for  seven 
years  he  experienced  the  most  unwor- 
thy treatment.  The  remonstrances  of 
several  Italian  princes  at  length  pro- 
cured his  release.  In  1592  he  settled 
at  Naples,  and  began  to  write  a  new 
poem  on  the  subject  of  his  "Jerusalem." 
This  poem  he  finished  to  his  own  satis- 
faction, but  posterity  has  not  ratified  his 
partiality  for  it.     D.'l595. 

TASSONI,  Alexander,  an  Italian 
poet,  was  b.  1565,  at  Modena;  was  suc- 
cessively in  the  service  of  several  prin- 
ces ;  and  d.  in  1635,  counsellor  to  the 
duke  of  Modena.  lie  was  a  man  of  ex- 
tensive literary  and  scientific  knowledge, 
and  wrote  various  works ;  but  it  is  to 
"The  Rape  of  the  Bucket,"  a  heroi- 
comic  poem,  that  he  owes  his  reputation. 

TATE,  Nauum,  a  poet,  was  b.  in  Dub- 
lin, 1652,  and  was  educated  in  the  college 
of  his  native  city.  On  going  to  London 
he  assisted  Dryden  in  some  of  his  works ; 
and  succeeded  Sliadwell  as  poet  laureate, 
lie  altered  Shakspeare's  play  of  Lear, 
and  wrote  several  poems  ;  but  he  is  best 
known  by  the  "  Version  of  the  Psalms," 
which  he  executed  in  conjunction  with 
Bra.ly. 

TAYLOR,  Jeremy,  a  prelate  and  elo- 
quent writer,  the  son  of^  a  barber ;  was 
b.  1613,  at  Cambridge;  and  was  edu- 
cated at  the  grammar  school  of  his  na- 
tive place,  and  at  Caius  college.  lie 
became  chaplain  to  Archbishop  Laud, 
and  subsequently  to  Charles  I.,  and 
obtained  the  rectory  of  Uppingham. 
During  the  civil  war  he  gained  a  sub- 
sistence by  keeping  a  school,  till  he  was 
interdicted  from  teaching.  Lord  Car- 
bcry  then  appointed  him  his  chajilain, 
and  it  was  while  he  resided  witli  that 
nobleman  that  he  wrote  most  of  his 
pieces.  He  was  twice  imprisoned  by 
the  republican  government.  At  the 
restoration  he  was  made  bishop  of  Down 


770 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    r.IOGRAPHV. 


[tay 


nad  Connor;  along  with  which  see  he 
held  that  of  Broiuore,  and  the  vice- 
chancellorship  of  Trinity  college,  Dub- 
lin. D.  10G7. — Br.jok,  an  eminent 
miithematieiaii,  was  b.  1(5S5,  at  Edmon- 
ton, in  Middlesex;  was  educated  at  St. 
Joim's  college,  Cambridge;  became  a 
follow  and  secretary  of  the  Royal  So- 
ciety, to  the  "Transactions"  of  which 
l)ody  he  largely  contributed ;  and  d. 
1781.  Among  his  works  are  "  Methodus 
incrementorum,"  "  New  Principles  of 
Linear  Pei'spective,"  and  "  Contemplatio 
Pliilosophica."  Taylor  invented  the 
analytical  formula  which  bears  his  name, 
and  which  Lagrange  has  made  the  basis 
of  his  theory  of  analvticiil  functions. — 
George,  a  signer  of  the  declaration  of 
American  independence,  was  b.  in  Ire- 
land, 17H).  Emigrating  to  America,  he 
became  the  proprietor  of  extensive  iron 
works  at  Durham,  on  the  river  Dela- 
ware, lie  was  for  some  years  a  rep- 
resentative for  Northampton  county  to 
the  provincial  assembly,  and  in  1776 
was  elected  to  the  continental  congress. 
D.  17S1. — Jane,  the  daughter  of  an 
artist  in  London,  wa.s  b.  in  1783,  and 
very  early  in  life  gave  evident  indica- 
tions of  poetic  talent.  Her  first  publica- 
tion, "The  Beggar  Boy,"  appeared  in 
1S04 ;  and  from  that  time  forward  she  con- 
tinued to  publish,  occasionally,  miscel- 
laneous pieces  in  verse.  Tlie  principal 
of  these  are,  "  Original  Poems  for  Infant 
Minds,"  and  "Essays  in  Rhyme  on 
Morals  and  Manners."  She  also  wrote 
a  prose  tale,  entitled  "Display,"  which 
met  with  much  success.  D.  182:3. — 
John,  usually  called  the  Water  Poet, 
from  his  being  a  waterman,  was  b.  in 
Gloucestershire,  about  1580.  In  1596  he 
served  in  the  fleet  under  the  earl  of  Es- 
Bcx,  and  was  present  at  the  attack  upon 
Cadiz.  After  liis  return  he  plied  on  the 
Tliames,  and  was  for  many  years  col- 
lector for  the  lieutenant  of  the  Tower, 
of  his  fees  on  the  wines  imported  into 
London.  He  also  styled  himself  the 
king's  water  poet,  and  the  queen's 
waterman.  Wlien  the  civil  wars  began 
he  retired  to  Oxford,  where  he  kept  a 
public  house,  as  he  afterwards  did  near 
Long  Acre.  At  this  place  he  manifested 
liis  loyalty  V»y  assuinma;  for  a  sign,  the 
"Crown  in  Monrnintr,"  which  proving 
oft'cnsive,  he  substituted  his  own  por- 
trait. D.  1654. — TiioMAs,  a  learned  Gre- 
cian, commonly  termed  the  Platonist, 
was  b.  in  175s,  and  placed,  at  0  years 
of  .age,  at  St.  Paul's  school,  with  a  view 
to  orders ;  but  he  changed  his  miml 
when   15,    and   went  to  a  relation,  an 


officer  at  the  port  of  Sheerness.  Thcro 
a  celebrated  dissenter  instructed  him  in 
the  rudiments  of  Latin  and  Greek,  and 
he  applied  himself  with  indefatigable 
ardor  to  the  study  of  Greek,  especially 
the  works  of  the  Platonic  sophist.  Hav  • 
ing  contracted  an  early  love  marriage, 
he  was  compelled  to  become  under- 
usher  in  a  school,  and,  subsequently, 
clerk  to  a  banker,  for  subsistence;  but 
he  still  found  time  to  pursue  his  early 
studies.  He  afterwards  gave  public  lec- 
tures in  Greek  and  on  the  Platonic  wri- 
ters, which  introduced  him  to  the  favoi 
of  the  duke  of  Norfolk,  who  furnished 
the  funds  for  his  great  work,  the  excel 
lent  translation  of  Plato,  liis  transla- 
tions are  very  voluminous;  the  most 
important  are  the  works  of  Aristotle, 
Plato,  and  Pausanias.  D.  1835. — Wil- 
liam, a  distinguished  critic,  translator, 
and  litterateur,  was  the  only  son  of  an 
eminent  merchant  of  Norwich,  where 
he  was  b.  1765.  He  was  originally  des- 
tined for  his  father's  business  ;  but  his 
early  bias  for  literary  pursuits  proved 
so  stronsT,  that  his  father  gave  way  to 
his  inclinations,  and  after  one  or  two 
somewhat  lengthened  sojourns  in  France 
and  Germany^  he  gave  himself  up  almost 
entirely  to  the  "cultivation  of  the  Muses" 
and  of  politics.  He  first  became  known 
by  a  translation  of  Burger's  "Lenore;" 
and  stimulated  by  the  success  which 
followed  his  first  attempt,  he  made 
various  other  translations  from  the  same 
author,  and  from  time  to  time  contribu- 
ted specimens  of  other  German  poets  to 
different  magazines  and  periodicals.  In 
17'J8  he  formed  an  acquaintance  with 
Southey,  which  soon  ripened  into  the 
warmest  friendship ;  and  in  1802  he  be- 
came the  editor  of  the  "  Norwich  Iris," 
which  he  made  the  organ  of  his  peculiar 
political  and  religious  opinions  ;  but  he 
soon  abandoned  this  speculation,  and 
henceforth  engaged  in  the  business  of 
"  reviewing,"  for  which  he  found  a  main 
vent  in  the  "  Monthly  Review,"  then 
under  the  editorship  of  Dr.  Griffiths. 
Anions:  his  works  should  be  mentioned 
his  "  English  Synonymes  ;"  and  in  1830 
he  published  a  "Survey  of  German  Po- 
etry," consisting  chiefly  of  his  collected 
translations,  with  explanatory  notes. 
1).  1836. — William  Cooke,  an  "eminent 
writer  on  miscellaneous  subjects,  was  b. 
at  Youirhal,  1800.  After  prosecuting 
his  studies  at  tlie  university  of  Dublin 
with  great  distinction,  be  re'piiicd  to 
the  metropolis,  and  entered  upon  a  lit- 
erary career,  wliichj  for  constancy  of  ap- 
plication,  and   variety   of  subject,   has 


ten] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    I!IOfiKArHV. 


771 


had  few  equals  in  modern  times,  lie 
waa  employed  in  1846,  by  the  British 
government,  to  inquire  into  tlie  system 
of  education  on  the  Continent;  and  lie 
was  just  on  the  eve  of  being  placed  in  a 
position  on  the  establishment  of  the 
lord-lieutenant  of  Ireland,  to  carry  out 
his  views,  when  he  was  cut  oft"  by  the 
pcstileiK'e  that  ravaged  Great  Britain 
and  Ireland  in  1S40.  Among  his  chief 
works  are,  his  ''  Manuals  of  Ancient 
and  Modern  llistorv,"  "  Life  and  Times 
of  Sir  Kobert  reel,"  "  History  of  Ma- 
hominedanism,"  "Revolutions  and  lic- 
markable  Conspiracies  of  Europe;"  and 
his  last,  and  perhaps  his  most  important 
work.  "  The  History  of  the  House  of 
Orleans,"  published"  only  a  few  weeks 
betbre  his  death.  D.  1840. — ZAonAKY, 
president  of  the  United  States,  was  b. 
m  Virginia,  1786.  His  father,  who  had 
fi)Ught  at  the  side  of  Washington  during 
all  the  war  of  independence,  at  its  con- 
clusion settled  in  Kentucky,  and  con- 
ducted his  family  to  their  forest-home, 
where  his  son,  amid  the  perils  of  savage 
life,  had  ample  opportunities  of  develop- 
ing those  military  qualities  of  which  he 
afterwards  gave  so  signal  a  proof.  At 
the  outbreak  of  the  war  with  England, 
in  1807,  he  hastened  to  join  the  army, 
and  was  appointed  to  guard  the  banks 
of  tlie  Wabash.  In  1812,  while  in  com- 
mand of  the  garrison  of  Fort  Henderson, 
consisting  only  of  fifty-two  men,  he  was 
suddenly  attacked  at  midnight  by  a  hos- 
tile party,  who  succeeded  in  setting  fire 
to  the  fort.  But  Taylor,  with  his  hand- 
led of  men,  extinguished  the  tlames, 
and  forced  the  enemy  to  retreat.  For 
this  exploit  he  was  raised  to  the  rank  of 
major.  In  the  war  against  the  Indians, 
both  in  Florida  and  Arkansas,  he  passed 
successively  through  all  the  grades  of 
his  profession,  till  he  reached  the  rank 
of  general.  Nominated  in  1846  to  the 
connnand  of  a  corps  of  observation  on 
the  frontiers  of  Mexico,  an  attack  of  the 
Mexicans  gave  him  an  opportunity  of 
crossing  the  Rio  Grande,  and  of  gaining 
his  first  battle  at  Palo-,\lto.  The  victo- 
ries of  Rcsaca  de  la  Palma,  Monterey,  and 
Bueiui-Vista  proved  him  at  once  a  val- 
iant soldier  and  an  able  general,  and 
marked  him  out  to  t\  ■?  sutfrages  of  his 
countrymen  for  the  prc.iidcncy.  Chosen 
in  Nov.  1843,  he  entered  o»  his  high 
office  in  March,  1849  :  but  he  had  only 
filled  the  chair  of  Washington  and  Jef- 
ferson for  sixteen  months,  when  he  was 
suddenly  attacked  by  cholera,  and  d. 
July,  1830. 
TELL,  WiLLi.uf,  one  of  the  champions 


of  Swiss  liberty,  was  b.  in  the  latter  part 
of  the  13th  century,  at  Burglen,  in  the 
canton  of  Uri.  Some  <Ioubt  exists  a.s  to 
the  truth  of  the  story,  that  lie  was  com- 
pelled to  shoot  at  an  apple  on  the  head 
of  his  child,  and  that  he  shot  the  Aus- 
trian governor  Gessler;  but  there  is  no 
doubt  that  he  contributed  to  emancipate 
his  country,  and  that  he  fought  at  the 
battle  of  Morgarten.     I).  1354. 

TEMPLE,  Sir  AVilliaai,  an  eminent 
statesman  and  writer,  was  b.  1628,  in 
London,  and  was  eilucated  at  Bishop 
Stortford  grammar  school,  and  at  Eman- 
uel college,  Cambridge  ;  Cudwortii  was 
his  college  tutor.  In  his  10th  year  he 
began  his  travels,  in  the  course  of  which 
he  resided  for  two  years  in  France,  and 
visited  Flanders,  Holland,  and  Germany. 
On  his  return  he  obtained  a  seat  in  the 
Irish  parliament.  Charles  II.  employed 
him  as  a  diplomatist,  in  which  capacity 
Temple  displayed  abilities  of  no  common 
kind.  He  was  twice  dispatched  on  a 
secret  mission  to  the  bishop  of  Munster ; 
as  envoy  extraordinary  to  the  Hague  he 
concluded  within  the  short  space  of  five 
days  the  treaty  of  triple  alliance  ;  he  was 
one  of  the  neirotiators  at  the  congress  of 
Aix  la  Chapclle  ;  he  signed  the  peace  of 
1673  ;  was  appointed  ambassador  to  the 
Hague  in  1674,  and  contributed  to  brinir 
about  the  marriage  of  the  prince  of 
Orange  with  the  Princess  Mary;  and 
lastly,  was  one  of  the  negotiators  at 
Nimeguen.  In  1679  he  was  appointed 
one  of  the  king's  new  council,  but  was 
soon  displaced  for  his  freedom  of  speech. 
After  this  he  retired  into  private  life, 
and  never  again  took  part  in  public 
affairs.     D.  1(598. 

TENCIN,  Claudine  Alexandhina 
GuERix  DE,  a  French  writer,  was  b.  in 
1681,  at  Grenoble,  and  d.  in  1749.  She 
was  early  bound  by  monastic  vows,  from 
which  she  succeeded  in  obtaining  her 
release,  and  she  subsequently'  spent 
many  years  in  political,  and  especially 
in  love  intrigues ;  in  the  course  of  which 
she  was  imprisoned,  unjustly,  however, 
on  a  charge  of  having  murdered  one  of 
her  lovers,  D'Alembert  wa.s  her  son. 
At  length  she  adopted  a  more  rogulai 
mode  of  living,  and  her  house  became 
the  resort  of  wits  and  men  of  letters. 
Of  her  novels,  "  The  Count  de  Commin- 
ges"  is  that  which  is  most  esteemed; 
but  they  all  have  ffreat  merit. 

TP^NIEKS,  Davui,  the  elder,  an  emi- 
nent painter,  was  b.  in  l.')82,  at  Ant- 
weip;  studied  under  Rubens,  and  at 
Rome  under  Elsheimer;  and  d.  1649. 
His  pictures  of  rural  lestivities,  conver- 


772 


CYCLOP^^SDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[thk 


Bations,  tairs,  fortune-tellers,  and  similar 
subjeets,  arc  usually  ot'a  small  size,  and 
iiro\nuc!i  valued. — David,  the  younger, 
a  son  of  the  foregoing,  was  b.  in  1610,  at 
Brussels,  and  was  instruoted  in  painting 
by  his  father,  and  by  Adam  Brouwer 
and  Kuljens.  In  his  youth  sueliwas  his 
faeilily  of  imitating  the  styles  of  various 
masters  that  he  was  called  the  Proteus 
and  tlic  Ape  of  Painting.  He  soon, 
liowever,  had  tlie  grood  sense  to  choose 
nature  as  his  model,  and  he  rose  into 
high  reputation.  He  was  patronized  by 
the  Archduke  Leopold  William,  the  king 
of  Spain,  Christina  of  Sweden,  and  other 
disthi^uished  personages.     D.  1(51)4. 

TERENCE,  or  TEREXTIUS,  Pub- 
Lius,  a  Latin  comic  writer,  is  believed 
to  have  been  a  native  of  Carthage,  and 
to  have  been  b.  about  192  b.  c.  Being 
taken  a  captive  to  Koine,  he  was  sold  to 
Terentius  Lucauus,  who  gave  him  a  good 
education,  and  enfranchised  him.  He 
was  in  his  25th  year  when  he  brought 
out  his  first  play.  His  talents  acquired 
for  him  illustrious  friends,  among  whom 
were  Seipio  and  Laslius.  He  quitted 
Kome  when  he  was  35,  and  is  supposed 
to  have  perislied  at  sea  in  a  storm.  Of 
his  admirable  comedies  only  six  are  ex- 
tant. 

TERTULLTAN,  Quintus  Septimus 
Floken'9,  one  of  the  most  learned  men 
of  the  primitive  church,  was  b.  about  160, 
at  Carthage.  Originally  a  bitter  enemy 
of  the  Christian  faith,  he  was  converted 
by  witnessing  the  firmness  of  the  mar- 
tyrs, became  a  priest,  and  was  thence- 
forth one  of  the  most  eloquent  defenders 
of  the  doctrines  which  he  had  despised. 
Late  in  life  lie  adopted  the  opinions  of 
the  Montaniiits,  and  afterwards  formed 
a  sect  of  his  own.  He  d.  about  245. 
Among  his  works  are,  "  An  Apology  for 
the  Christians,"  a  "Treatise  a<fainst  the 
Jews,"  and  the  five  books  agamst  Mar- 
cion. 

TETZEL,  John,  a  Dominican  monk  of 
the  10th  century,  was  b.  at  Piern.  Being 
appointed,  in  1517,  to  vend  the  indul- 
gences issued  by  Pope  Leo  X.,  for  the 
completion  of  St.  Peter's  church  at 
Rome,  he  represented  them  as  possess- 
ing the  virtue  of  pardoning  all  sins, 
piiMt,  present,  and  future.  Tliis  first 
roused  the  indignation  of  Luther,  and 
may  truly  be  said  to  liavo  been  the  pri- 
mary cause  of  the  reformation.  The 
fnipal  government,  seeing  the  mischief 
ikely  to  accrue  from  the  indiscreet  zeal 
and  "bigotry  of  Totzel,  so  severely  re- 
bukerl  him,  that  he  is  said  to  have  died 
of  a  broken  heart,  in  1519. 


THALES,  one  of  the  seven  sages  of 
Greece,  was  b.  6  39  b.  c.,  at  Miletus,  in 
Ionia,  or,  as  some  atfirui,  was  a  natire 
of  Plienicia.  He  travelled  in  Egypt  and 
other  countries,  and  d.  in  the  yytl'i  year 
of  his  age.  Thalcs  was  the  founder  of 
the  Ionian  scliool  of  philosophy,  and 
was  an  admirable  astronomer  and  ge- 
ometrician. He  was  the  first  who  accu- 
rately calculated  a  solar  eclipse. 

THEMISTOCLES,  an  illustrious  Athe- 
nian, was  b.  535  B.  c,  at  Phreas.  Licen- 
tious in  his  youth,  he  was  reclaimed 
from  Jiis  follies  l)y  the  love  of  glory.  He 
bore  a  conspicuous  part  in  the  battle  of 
Marathon,  and  the  trophies  gained  there 
by  Miltiades  were  a  stimulus  to  the  am- 
bition of  Themistocles'.  When,  after 
the  banishment  of  his  rival  Aristides, 
he  acquired  the  management  of  the 
Athenian  affiiirs,  he  displayed  splendid 
talents.  It  was  by  his  persuasion  that 
Ins  countrymen  were  induced  to  confide 
their  safety  to  tlieir  navy,  and  to  him 
were  the  Greeks  indebted  for  the  glori- 
ous victory  of  Salamis.  He  rebuilt  the 
walls  of  Athens,  fortified  the  Pirreus, 
and  prevented  the  Spartans  from  gain- 
ing an  ascendency  in  the  Amphictyonic 
council.  The  popular  favor,  however, 
was  at  length  withdrawn  from  him,  and 
he  was  banished  for  five  years.  Further 
proceedings  being  meditated  against 
him,  lie  sought  an  asylum  at  the  court 
of  Artaxer.xes,  and  was  hospitably  re- 
ceived. He  d.  470  B.  c.  Some  attribute 
his  death  to  i)oi3on  taken  by  himself, 
rather  than  assist  the  Persian  monarch 
against  Athens,  while  others  affirm  that 
he  died  a  natural  death. 

THEOBALD,  Lewis,  a  dramatist  and 
commentator,  was  b.  at  Sittingbourne, 
in  Kent,  and  was  brought  up  to  his 
father's  profession,  that  of  a  lawyer,  but 
quitted  it  for  literature.  Having  otfend- 
ed  Pope,  by  editing  a  rival  edition  of 
Shakspcare,  that  poet  made  him  the 
hero  of  the  ''  Dunciad."  Yet,  in  spite 
of  the  wit  of  the  satirist,  Theoljald  is 
not  despicable  as  a  commentator  on  the 
bard  of  Avon.     D.  1744. 

THEOCRITUS,  a  celebrated  Greek 
pastoral  poet,  was  b.  at  Syracuse,  and 
llourished  in  the  3d  century  b.  c.  Ptol- 
emy Philadelphus  invited  him  to  liis 
court,  and  treated  him  munificently.  It 
is  said  that  he  was  strangled  by  Hiero, 
tyrant  of  Syracuse,  for  having  written 
satires  upon  him,  bat  there  is  little  oi 
rather  no  evidence  in  support  of  the 
assertion. 

THEODOSIUS,  Flavius,  surnamed 
the  Great,  a  Roman  emperor,  was  b.  in 


THOJ 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BlOGUAI'm'. 


773 


34R,  m  Spain.  In  his  IStli  year  he  de- 
feated the  barbarians,  and  dnivo  them 
across  tlie  Danube.  Gratian  rewarded 
him  with  the  purple,  and  the  sway  over 
ttie  eastern  provinces.  In  the  course  of 
his  reisn  Theodosius  triumphed  over 
tlic  Goths,  and  various  other  enemies 
of  tlie  empire.  lie  vanriuislicd  Arbo- 
gaste,  in  3ii4^  and  added  the  western 
provinces  to  nis  dominions.  D.  395. — 
II.,  surnanicd  the  Younsi-cr,  emperor  of 
the  East,  grandson  of  the  great  Theo- 
ih)sius,  was  b.  400,  and  suoeeedod  to  the 
tlirone  at  the  age  of  eiglit  ^ycars.  The 
early  part  of  liis  reign  was  marked  by 
some  success  against  the  Persians;  tlie 
remaituler  of  it  was  not  tbrtunate.  The 
code  which  bears  his  name  was  formed 
by  his  order,  and  was  the  work  of  seven 
lawvers.     D.  450. 

TlIEOPIIRASTUS,aceIebrated  Greek 
pliilosophcr,  was  b.  871  b.  c,  at  Eresus, 
m  Lesbos.  He  was  a  disciple  of  Plato 
and  of  Aristotle,  the  latter  of  whom  he 
succeeded,  and  with  splendid  success, 
in  the  Lyceum.  Twice  he  was  persecu- 
ted by  liis  enemies,  but  in  both  in- 
stances ho  eventually  triumphed.  Of 
all  his  numerous  works  time  has  spared 
only  a  "Treatise  on  Stones,"  parts  of 
his  "  Characters,"  and  of  a  "History  of 
Animals,"  and  some  fragments  quoted 
by  other  authors. 

'^TIIESPIS,  a  Greek  poet,  b.  at  Icaria, 
in  Attica,  flourished  576  b.  c.  lie  is 
considered  as  the  inventor  of  tragedy, 
from  his  liaving  introduced  actors  in 
addition  to  the  chorus.  His  stage  is 
said  to  have  been  a  cart,  and  the  faces 
of  the  performers  were  smeared  with 
wine  lees,  or,  according  to  Suidas,  with 
white  lead  and  vermilion. 

THE V KNOT,  John,  a  French  travel- 
ler, was  b.  in  1633,  at  Paris.  His  for- 
tune enabling  him  to  gratify  liis  love 
of  travelling,  he  visited  several  parts  of 
Europe,  and  afterwards  explored  many 
countries  of  tlie  East.  He  d.  in  Persia, 
in  1657,  as  he  was  returning  from  Hin- 
dostun.  His  "  V^oyages  and  Travels" 
liave  been  often  reprinted. 

TilO.MPSON,  WiLLi.vu,  a  poet  and 
divine,  was  b.  at  Brougli,  in  Westmore- 
land ;  was  educated  at  Queen's  college, 
Oxfoi-d,  and  d.  about  1766,  dean  of 
liaphoe,  in  Ireland.  His  poems  have 
been  deservedly  admitted  among  the 
collected  works  of  the  British  poets. 
His  poem  on  "Sickness"  contains  many 
fine  passages,  and  Ids  "Hymn  to  May" 
brcatlies  more  of  the  spirit  of  Spenser 
than  most  modern  imitations  of  him. 
He  also  wrote  "  Gondibert  and  Bertha," 
65* 


a  tragcily,  and  published  an  edition  of 
"  Bishoi'.  IhiH's  Satires." 

TIIOMSDX,  .J.vMus,  one  of  tlio  most 
popular  of  English  poets,  was  the  sod 
of  a  Scotch  clergyman ;  waa  b.  1700, 
at  Ednam,  in  Roxburghsliire ;  and  was 
educated  at  Jedburgh  and  at  Edin- 
burgh. Eelinquishing  his  views  in 
the  church,  he  rcnioved  to  Lomlon, 
where,  in  1726,  he  published  his  "Win- 
ter." The  three  otlier  seasons  appeared 
in  1728,  1729,  and  1730.  During  the 
same  period  lie  also  produced  the  tra- 
gedy of  "Sophonisba,"  the  poem  of 
"  Britannia,"  and  a  poem  on  Sir  Isaac 
Newton.  Among  the  friends  whom  he 
gained  by  these  splendid  proofs  of  his 
genius,  was  Lord  Chancellor  Talbot, 
who  chose  him  as  a  proper  compan- 
ion to  accompany  his  son  on  tlie  grand 
tour.  Thomson  was  thus  occupied  for 
tliree  years,  in  the  course  of  which  ho 
visited  most  of  the  European  courts. 
After  his  return  lie  was  made  secretary 
of  briefs  by  the  chancellor,  but  the 
death  of  liis  patron  soon  deprived  him 
of  that  place.  For  this  loss,  however, 
he  was  indemnified  by  the  otHcc  of  sur- 
veyor-general of  the' Leeward  Islands, 
and  a  pension  from  the  prince  of  Wales. 
His  pen,  meanwhile,  was  not  idle.  He 
wrote  the  tragedies  of  "  Agamemnon," 
"  Edward  and'  Eleonora,"  "  Tancred  and 
Sigismunda,"  and  "  Coriolanus ;"  the 
masque  of  "Alfred,"  in  conjunction 
with  Mallet;  and  the  poems  o'f  "Lib- 
erty," and  "  The  Castle  of  Indolence." 
D.  1748. 

THORNHILL,  Sir  James,  a  painter, 
was  b.  1676,  in  Dorsetshire,  and  after 
Ids  return  from  his  travels  in  Hollaml, 
Flanders,  and  France,  rose  into  consid- 
erable reputation  as  an  artist.  He  was 
employed  to  paint  the  dome  of  St. 
Paul's,  the  refectory  and  saloon  at 
Greenwich  hospital,  and  some  of  the 
apartments  at  Ilampton-conrt.    D.  1734. 

THORNTON,  Boxnel,  a  witty  mis- 
cellaneous writer  and  poet,  was  b.  1724, 
in  London  ;  was  educated  at  Westmin- 
ster school,  and  at  Christ-church,  Ox- 
ford ;  took  the  degree  of  bachelor  of 
medicine,  but  never  practised;  was  in 
habits  of  friendship  with  many  of  the 
wits  of  that  period  ;  and  d.  1768.  The 
"Connoisseur"  was  the  joint  produc- 
tion of  him  and  Colman.  He  translated 
a  part  of  Plautus,  and  wrute  a  "  Bur- 
lesque Ode  on  St.  Cecilia's  Day,"'  "  The 
Battle  of  the  Wigs,''  and  a  variety  of 
humorous  jiieces. — M.vn'niiw,  was  "b.  in 
Ireland,  in  1714,  and  when  about  two  or 
three  years  old  liis  father  emigrated  to 


774 


CYCLOr.EDIA    OF    CIOGRAPHT. 


[tio 


America,  nnd  finally  settled  in  "Worces- 
ter, Mass.  He  pursued  the  study  of 
medicine,  and  connnenced  the  practice 
of  his  profession  in  Londonderry,  N. 
H.  In  1776  he  was  cliosen  a  delegate  to 
tlie  continental  congress,  and  affixed  his 
name  to  the  declaration  of  independ- 
ence. He  was  afterwards  cliief  justice 
of  the  court  of  common  pleaa,  and  judge 
of  the  superior  court  of  his  adopted 
state.     r».  1803. 

TIlOmVALDSEN,  Albert,  the  great 
Danish  sculptor,  was  the  son  of  a  carver 
on  wood,  but  though  the  circumstances 
of  the  parent  were  narrow,  the  boy, 
having  early  shown  great  talent  for 
drawing,  was  gratuitously  and  well  ed- 
ucated "at  the  Copenhagen  academy  of 
arts.  Here  he  studied  so  etfectuallj'  that 
he  obtained  two  gold  medals  and  a  trav- 
elling studentship,  which  entitles  the 
fortunate  competitor  to  a  salary  for  three 
years.  Thus  far  fortunate,  Thorwaldsen 
proceeded  to  Rome,  where  he  worked 
witli  zeal  and  energy,  but  where  he  is 
said  to  have  been  for  some  time  so  over- 
whelmed by  the  magnificence  of  ancient 
art,  Ijy  wliich  he  saw  himself  surrounded, 
as  to  have  broken  up  not  a  i'ew  of  his 
earlier  works  assoon  as  tliey  were  com- 
pleted. His  Jason  once  finished,  his 
fortune  was  virtually  made ;  orders  at 
vast  prices  poured  in  upon  him  from  all 

Earts,  and  the  splendid  works  completed 
y  him  from  the  commencement  of  1800 
to  the  close  of  1837,  place  him  in  the  first 
rank  of  modern  sculptors.  His  co\m- 
trymeu  were  justly  proud  of  him,  and 
honored  liim  with  a  public  fLmeral.  D. 
1844,  aged  73. 

THUCYDIDES,  a  Greek  historian, 
descended  from  the  kings  of  Thrace, 
was  b.  409  b.  c,  at  Athens.  Having 
failed  to  relieve  Amphipolis,  which  was 
besieged  by  the  Lacedemonians,  he  was 
banislied  by  his  countrymen,  and  he 
retired  into  Thrace,  where  lie  had  large 
possessions.  Notliing  certain  is  known 
of  the  remainder  of  his  life,  but  he  is 
supposed  to  have  d.  about  400  e.  c.  As 
an  historian  he  ranks  high  among  the 
writers  of  ancient  times. 

THURLOE,  John,  a  statesman  and 
political  writer,  was  a  native  of  Essex, 
and  b.  in  lOlG.  He  was  secretary  of 
Htate  during  the  protectorate ;  and 
though  immediately  after  tlie  restora- 
tion he  wa.s  arrested  on  a  charge  of  liigh 
treason,  yet  sucii  wsis  Charles  II. 's  opin- 
ion of  his  talent  and  integrity,  that  lie 
afterwards  often  invited  nim  to  take 
part  in  liis  administration,  wliicli  he 
thought  proper  to  decline.      D.   1663. 


His  state  papers  have  been  published, 
and  form  a  very  valuable  collection. 

TllURLO  W,  Edward,  lord  high  chan- 
cellor of  Great  Britain,  was  b.  in  1732, 
and  was  called  to  the  bar  in  1758.  He 
filled  the  offices  of  solicitor-general  and 
attorney-general,  was  chosen  M.P.  for 
Tamwortli,  and  became  a  warm  and 
powerful  supporter  of  the  ministry  in 
tlie  house  of  commons.  He  retired  from 
office  in  1783,  but  resumed  it  again  on 
the  dissolution  of  the  coalition  ministry, 
and  continued  to  hold  the  seals  imder 
the  premiership  of  Mr.  Pitt,  till  1792. 
D.  1806. 

TIBERIUS,  Claudius  Drusus  Nero, 
a  Roman  emperor,  was  b.  34  b.  c.  at 
Rome.  During  the  reign  of  Augustus, 
he  was  successful  at  the  head  of  the  ar- 
mies in  Spain,  Armenia,  Germany,  and 
other  provinces,  but,  falling  into  dis 
grace,  he  resided  for  some  years,  as  an 
exile,  at  Rhodes.  He  was,  however, 
restored  to  fiivor,  and  he  was  again  vic- 
torious as  the  leader  of  the  legions  in 
Germany.  On  his  accession  to  the 
throne,  his  acts  gave  promise  of  a  be- 
neficent sovereign;  but  he  soon  became 
licentious  and  sanguinary,  and,  after  a 
reign  of  nearly  twenty-three  years,  he 
d.  universally  iiated,  at  Misneum,  37. 

TIBULLUS,  AuLus  Albius,  a  Latin 
poet  of  an  equestrian  family,  was  b.  at 
Rome.  He  was  the  friend  of  Horace, 
and  of  many  other  eminent  cotempora- 
ries,  and  is  believed  to  have  d.  shortly 
after  Virgil.  His  four  books  of  "  Ele- 
gies" have  placed  him  at  the  head  of 
the  elegiac  poets. 

TICivELL,  Thomas,  a  poet,  was  b.  in 
1636,  at  Brideklrk,  in  Cumberland  ;  was 
educated  at  Queen's  college,  Oxford ; 
was  the  friend  of  Addison,  who  made 
him  under  secretary  of  state ;  was  ap- 
jwiiited,  in  1724,  secretary  to  the  lords 
justices  in  Ireland,  and  held  that  office 
till  his  death,  in  1740.  His  poems, 
which  have  mneh  sweetness  and  ele- 
gance, form  a  part  of  the  collected  works 
of  the  British  poets.  His  translation  of 
the  first  book  of  the  Iliad  occasioned  the 
rupture  between  Pope  and  Addison. — 
Richard,  a  grandson  of  the  foregoing, 
was  b.  at  Bath ;  obtained  a  pension  and 
a  place  in  the  stamp  office,  and  was 
killed,  in  1793,  by  throwing  himself,  in 
a  fit  of  frenzy,  from  the  window  of  his 
apartments  in  Hampton-court  palace, 
lie  wrote  two  poems,  "The  Project," 
and  "Tlie  Wreath  of  Fashion;"  "An- 
ticipation," and  other  political  pam- 
phlets; and  the  "Carnival  of  Venice," 
a  comic  opera. 


tin] 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    IJIOGHAPIIV. 


775 


TIEDEMANN,  Dietrich,  an  eminent 
writer,  was  b.  1743,  at  Bremervorde,  in 
the  diicliy  of  Bremen,  ami  <1.  1S03.  Ili.'^ 
principal  works  arc,  "An  Ussay  on  tlic 
Oriiiin  of  Lanffuafrcs,"  "System  of  the 
Stoic  Philosopliy,"  an  "  Investigation 
of  Man,"  "The  first  Philosophers  of 
Greece,"  and  "The  Spirit  of  Speculative 
Pliilosophy." 

TIEDGE,  CiiRisTopnER  Auouaxus,  a 
German  elegiac  poet,  b.  1752;  his  chief 
works  are,  "  Urania,"  "  Tiie  Echo,  or 
Alexis  iuid  Ida,"  "  Dcnkmale  der  Zeit," 
&c.  His  latter  vcars  were  passed  at 
Dresden.     D.  1841. 

TIEKNEY,  George,  a  distinguished 
statesman  and  political  writer,  was  b.  in 
London,  1756,  and,  in  179G,  he  was 
elected  M.P.  for  Southwark.  He  soon 
proved  himself  an  able  debater,  and  was 
one  of  the  most  formidable  opponents 
of  Mr.  Pitt.  During  a  debate  in  the 
year  1798,  some  words  spoken  in  the 
house  were  the  cause  of  a  duel  between 
him  and  Mr.  Pitt.  AVlien  Mr.  Adding- 
ton  became  minister,  in  1802,  he  made 
Mr.  Tierney  treasurer  of  the  navy.  In 
1806,  under  the  Grenville  administra- 
tion, he  became  president  of  the  board 
of  control,  but  went  out  of  office  early  in 
the  following  year,  on  tlie  resignation 
of  the  ministry.  On  the  formation  of 
tlie  Canning  ministry,  he  was  appointed 
to  tlic  mastership  of  the  mint ;  from 
wliich  he  retired,  with  Lord  Godcrieh, 
iulS2S,  and  d.  1830. 

TILGIL-VM,  William,  an  eminent 
jurist,  was  b.  1756,  in  Talbot  county,  on 
the  eastern  shore  of  Maryland.  In  1772 
he  began  the  study  of  law  in  Philadel- 
phia, but  was  not  admitted  to  the  prac- 
tice of  tlie  profession  till  1783.  In  1788, 
and  for  some  successive  years,  he  was 
elected  a  representative  to  the  legislature 
of  Maryland.  In  1793  lie  returned  to 
Philadelphia,  and  pursued  tlie  practice 
of  the  law  in  that  city  till  1801,  when  lie 
was  appointed  chief  jiulge  of  the  circuit 
court  of  tlie  United  States  tor  the  third 
circuit.  After  the  abolition  of  this  court, 
he  resumed  his  profession,  and  contin- 
ued it  till  1805,  when  he  was  appointed 
president  of  the  courts  of  common  pleas 
ill  the  first  district  of  Pennsylvania.  In 
the  following  year  he  was  commissioned 
as  chief  iustice  of  the  supreme  court  of 
that  state.     D.  1827. 

TILLI.  John  Tzeuclaes,  count  dc,  n 
celebrated  German  general,  was  b.  at 
Brussels,  of  an  illustrious  family,  to- 
wards the  close  of  the  Itlth  century. 
Originally  he  was  a  Jesuit,  but  he  quit- 
ted that  order  to  take  arms.    He  first 


at 


signalized  himself  in  Hungary  against 
the  Turks.  Subsequently  he  rose  to 
high  command  in  the  Bavarian  service, 
and  next  in  the  Imperial,  and  gained 
several  victories  between  1620  and  1631 ; 
in  wliieh  last  year  he  eternally  disgraced 
himself  by  his  cruelty  at  the  storming 
of  Magdeburgh.  Gustavus  Adolphus 
defeated  him  at  Lutzen,  in  1631,  and 
again  at  the  passing  of  the  Lech,  in 
1632,  in  which  action  Tilli  was  mortally 
wounded. 

TILLOCH,  Alexander,  was  b.  1757. 

Glasgow,  where  he  received  a  liberal 
education.  AVhile  resident  at  his  native 
place  he  invented  stereotype  printing; 
iDut,  after  having  joined  witli  Mr.  Foulia 
to  carry  it  on,  and  taken  out  a  patent, 
he  had  the  mortification  to  find  tliat  the 
process  had  been  previously  discovered 
by  Ged.  Settling  in  London,  he  became 
editor  and  one  of  the  proprietors  of  the 
"Star"  newspaper,  and,  in  1797,  he  es- 
tablished tlie  "Philosophical Magazine." 
D.  Jan.  26,  1825.  Tilloeh  made  some 
improvements  on  the  steam-engine. 

TILLOTSON,  John,  an  eminent  pre- 
late, was  b.  1630,  at  Sowerby,  in  York- 
shire, and  was  educated  at  Clare  hall, 
Cambridge.  He  was  of  a  Puritan  family, 
and  was  brought  up  in  their  religious 
principles,  but  he  conformed  to  the 
church  in  1662.  Between  that  period 
and  1669,  he  was,  successively,  curate 
of  Cheshunt,  rector  of  Keddington, 
preacher  in  Lincoln's  Inn,  lecturer  at 
St.  Lawrence  Jewry,  and  gained  repu- 
tation both  as  a  preacher  and  a  con- 
troversialist. In  1670  he  was  made  a 
]ircbendary,  and,  two  years  afterwards, 
dean  of  Canterbury.  In  1683  he  attend- 
ed Lord  Kussell  on  the  scatiold,  and  la- 
bored, but,  of  course,  in  vain,  to  draw 
from  liiin  a  declaration  in  favor  of  pas- 
sive obedience.  This  blot  in  his  charac- 
ter is  to  be  refrrctteJ.  At  the  revolution, 
he  Wiis  appointed  clerk  of  the  closet  to 
his  majesty,  and,  in  the  following  year, 
he  exchanged  his  deanery  for  that  of  St. 
Paul's.  In  1691,  after  fruitless  attempts 
to  avoid  the  honor,  he  accepted,  with 
unfeigned  rclactanee,  the  see  of  Canter- 
bury, which  was  become  vacant  by  the 
deprivation  of  Sanoroft.  This  promo- 
tion, however,  he  did  not  long  survive, 
as  his  decease  took  place  in  1691.  lie 
died  poor,  the  copyright  of  his  "Post- 
humous Sermons,"  wliieh  sold  tor  250C 
guineas,  being  all  that  his  family  inherit- 
ed.   His  works  tbriu  three  folio  volumes. 

TIXDAL,  MA'miiiw,  a  deistical  writer, 
was  b.  about  1657,  at  Beer  Ferrers,  in 
Devonshire ;  was  educated  at  Lincoln 


710 


CYCLOVAiDlX    OF    BIOGKAPHY. 


b 


collesre,  Oxford,  and  obtained  a  teilow- 
sbip  in  All  Souls,  and  d.  1788.  Among 
his  works  are,  "The  Kiglii^^  oftlie  Chris- 
tian Clniroh  Asserted,"  and  "Christian- 
ity as  old  as  the  Creation.'" — Nicholas, 
nephew  of  the  foregoing,  was  b.  1687,  in 
Devonshire  ;  was  edueated  at  O.xford  ; 
obtained  various  livings,  and  the  chap- 
lainship  of  Greenwich  hospital;  and  d. 
1774.  He  wrote  a  continuation  of  Eapin, 
translated  Cahnet  and  Canteinir,  and 
abridired  Spcnce's  "Polvmetis." 

TINTORETTO,  a  cerebrated  painter, 
whose  real  name  was  James  Kobisti, 
was  the  son  of  a  dyer,  from  which  cir- 
cumstance he  derived  his  pictorial  ap- 
pellation. He  was  b.  1512,  at  Venice, 
and  was  a  pupil  of  Titian,  who  became 
jealous  of  his  talents,  and  distnissed 
him  from  his  school.  He  rose  to  high 
reputation,  and  was  employed  by  the 
Venetian  government  to  paint  a  picture 
of  the  victory  gained  over  the  Turks  in 
1571.  Most  of  his  finest  compositions 
are  at  Venice,  where  he  d.  1594. 

TIKABOSCHI,  Jerome,  an  Italian 
writer,  was  b.  1731,  at  Bergamo,  and  d. 
1794,  counsellor  and  librarian  to  the 
duke  of  Modena.  Among  his  works 
are,  "Memoirs  of  Modeneso  Writers," 
and  "Notices  of  Painters,  Sculptors," 
&e.,  but  Iiis  great  production  is  "The 
History  of  Italian  Literature." 

TISSOT,  Simon  Andrew,  an  eminent 
Swiss  physician,  was  b.  1728,  at  Graucy, 
in  tlie  rays  de  V'aud ;  studied  medicine 
at  Montpellier;  and  settled  at  Lausanne, 
where  he  became  celebrated,  particularly 
for  his  new  method  of  treating  the 
small-pox ;  was  for  three  years  medical 
professor  at  Pavia;  and  d.  17'J7,  at  Lau- 
sanne. 

TITIAN,  whose  name  was  Tiziano 
Vecelli,  the  greatest  painter  of  the  Ve- 
netian school,  was  b.  1477  or  1480,  at 
Pieve  de  Cadore,  in  Friuli;  was  a  pupil 
of  Zuccati  and  Bellini ;  and  improved 
his  original  style  by  observing  the  works 
of  Giorgionc.  He  was  patronized  and 
liiirlily  lionored  by  Charles  V.,  Philip  II., 
and  other  princes.  His  powers  contin- 
ued undiminished  till  almost  the  latest 
period  of  his  existence,  and,  as  lie  was 
indefatigable  in  his  art,  and  lived  to  the 
age  of  nearly  a  hundred,  his  works  are 
numerous.  They  still  retain  their  rank 
among  the  liighe.st  efforts  of  pictorial 
ekill.     I),  of  the  plague,  ir,70. 

TITUS  SABINUS  VESPASIANDS, 
Fi.AVius,  a  Roman  emperor,  the  son  of 
Vespasian,  was  b.40.  After  having  dis- 
tinguished himself  in  arms,  particularly 
at  tlie  Hicge  of  Jerusalem,  he  ascended 


the  throne  a.  d.  79.  His  early  licen- 
tiousness inspired  fears  as  to  his  future 
conduct,  but  he  discarded  his  vices,  aiid 
acted  iu  such  a  manner  as  to  be  denom- 
inated the  delight  of  the  human  race. 
He  was  the  father  of  liis  people.  On 
one  occasion,  having  within  the  twenty- 
four  hours  performed  no  act  of  kind- 
ness, he  exclaimed,  "Jly  friends,  I  have 
lost  a  day  !"  He  reigned  little  more 
than  two  years. 

TOBIN,  John,  a  dramatic  writer,  was 
b.  1770,  at  Salisbury ;  was  edueated  at 

Srivate  schools  at  Southampton  and 
ristol ;  and  was  brought  up  as  a  solici- 
tor. He  had  an  irresistible  propensity 
to  dramatic  composition,  and  at  the  age 
of  twenty-four  had  written  several  plays ; 
and  he  continued  his  labors  till  the  close 
of  his  existence.  In  his  applications  to 
theatrical  managers,  howevei,  ''e  was 
uniformly  unsuccessful ;  little  to  the 
credit  of  their  judgment.  It  was  not 
till  lie  was  sinking  into  the  grave  from 
consumption  that  his  "  Honey  Moon" 
was  accepted,  and  he  did  not  live  to  wit- 
ness its  success.     D.  1804. 

TOLAND,  John,  a  deistical  writer, 
was  b.  in  1699,  near  Londonderry;  was 
originally  a  Catholic,  but  became  a  dis- 
senter, and,  lastly,  a  skeptic;  was  ed- 
ucated at  Glasgow,  Edinburgh,  and 
Leyden ;  was  employed  in  secret  mis- 
sions to  the  German  courts ;  and  d. 
1722.  Among  his  works  are,  "  Christi- 
anity not  Mysterious,"  "  Nazarcnus," 
"  Pantheistieon,"  "  Amyntor,"  "  Tetra- 
dymus,"  and  "  A  Life  of  Milton." 

TOMLINE,  George,  whose  family 
name  was  Pretttman,  a  prelate  and 
writer,  was  b.  about  1750,  at  Bury  St. 
Edmuuil's,  where  his  father  was  a 
tradesman.  He  was  educated  at  Bury 
school,  and  at  Pembroke  hall,  Cam- 
bridge, and  was  senior  wrangler  in  1772. 
Mr.  Pitt,  to  whom  he  had  been  academ- 
ical tutor,  made  him  his  private  secre- 
tary, gave  him  the  living  of  Sudbury, 
and  a  prebend  of  Westminster,  and,  in 
1787,  raised  him  to  the  see  of  Lincoln, 
whence,  in  1820,  Dr.  Tomline  was  trans- 
lated to  that  of  Winchester.     D.  1827. 

TOMPKINS,  Daniel  D.,  w.as  the  sou 
of  Jonathan  G.  Tompkins,  a  revolution- 
ary patriot,  and  was  b.  June  21st,  1774. 
He  received  his  education  at  Columbia 
college,  ill  the  city  of  New  York,  and 
graduated  in  1795.  He  commenced  the 
practice  of  law  in  New  York,  and  took 
a  prominent  part  in  the  great  party 
struggle  which  resulted  in  the  elevation 
of  Mr.  Jelferson  to  the  presidency  of  tho 
United  States.    In  1803  Mr.  Tompkina 


tor] 


CVCLOP.EDIA    OF    mOGRAPIIT. 


777 


was  appointed  chic-f  justice  of  the  RU- 
neiior  court  of  New  York,  wliioli  office 
lie  filled  with  reputation  to  himself,  and 
to  the  approbation  of  the  public.  IIo 
was  elected  governor  of  tlic  state  in 
18(i7,  and  during  a  period  of  arreat  polit- 
ical excitement,  was  an  active  and  up- 
rifiht  chief  magistrate.  In  1817  he  was 
elected  to  the  vice-presidency  of  the 
United  States,  James  Monroe  at  the 
same  time  having  been  raised  to  the 
presidency.  In  tliis  honorable  station 
lie  served  liis  country  for  two  terms ; 
and  finally  retired  from  public  life,  in 
March,  1S25.  lie  d.  suddenly,  at  Ids 
residence,  in  Richmond  county,  Staten 
Island,  June  11th,  182.5. 

TONE,  Thkobai.d  Wolfe,  an  Irish 
revolutionary  politician,  and  founder  of 
the  "  Society  of  United  Irishmen,"  was 
b.  in  Dublin,  in  IT'iS,  and  was  bred  to 
tlie  bar.  In  1790  lie  publislied  a  pam- 
phlet, the  object  of  which  was  to  expose 
the  mismanagement  of  tire  Englisli  gov- 
ernment regarding  Ireland ;  and,  in 
1793,  be  established  the  society  above 
mentioned.  He  afterwards  became  in- 
volved in  a  treasonable  correspondence 
with  France,  but  made  a  sort  of  com- 
promise with  the  British  government, 
and  was  allowed  to  withdraw  liimself. 
He  accordingly  came  to  America  in 
1795,  from  whence  he  proceeded  to 
France  in  the  following  year.  By  Ids 
persuasions,  the  French  du'eetory  fitted 
out  an  expedition,  consisting  of  17  sail 
of  the  line,  13  frigates,  (fee,  with  14,000 
troops  on  board,  and  upwards  of  40,000 
stand  of  arms,  besides  artillery  and  war- 
like stores.  Tone  was  appointed  chef 
de  briu'ade,  under  General  Iloche,  the 
eonunander-in-ehief.  They  set  sail  Dee. 
1">,  179t') ;  but,  before  they  had  all  reach- 
ed their  destination,  (Bantry  bay,)  a 
hurricane  arose,  in  consequence  of  which 
three  ships  of  the  line  and  a  frigate  only 
remained  together.  This  bold  attempt 
being  thus  frustrated  liy  the  elements, 
the  scattered  ships  made  the  best  of 
their  way  back  to  France,  anil  Tone  was 
foiled  in  all  his  future  endeavors  to  yier- 
suade  the  French  government  to  under- 
take anotlier  expedition  on  a  large  scale. 
But  be  still  persevered  in  those  plans 
which  be  conceived  would  lea<l  to  a  sep- 
aration of  Ireland  from  Great  Britain  ; 
and  he  at  length  embarked  in  one  of 
those  petty  armaments,  the  inefliciency 
of  which,  he  thought,  perhaps,  might 
be  remedied  by  his  own  courage  and  ex- 
perience, lie  was  taken  [/risoner  in  the 
Iloche,  after  figliting  bravely  in  a  des- 
perate action,  was  tried  by  a  military 


commission,  and  sentenced  to  be  hanged. 
The  execution  of  his  sentence,  liowever, 
he  avoided,  by  cutting  his  own  throat  in 
prison,  November  10,  1798. 

TOOKE,  John-  IIornk,  a  politician 
and  philologist,  who  for  many  year^  was 
known  by  his  family  name  of  Home, 
was  b.  1730,  in  Westminster;  was  edu- 
cated at  Westminster  and  Eton  schools, 
and  at  St.  John's  college,  Cambridge; 
and  in  1760  was  inducted  to  the  ehapelry 
of  New  Brentford.  Tiie  clerical  profes- 
sion, however,  was  little  suited  to  his 
liabits  and  feelinors,  and  he  took  an  .ic- 
tivc  part  in  polities.  The  cause  of 
Wilkes  he  warmly  espoused  for  a  con- 
siderable time,  but  at  length  t4iey  be- 
came enemies.  In  1771  he  was  attacked 
by  Junius,  but  he  defended  himself 
with  spirit  and  success  against  that  for- 
midable writer.  Kesigning  his  livins  .t 
Brentford,  lie  studied  law  at  the  Temple, 
but  his  ecclesiastical  character  proved 
an  obstacle  to  his  being  admitted  to  the 
bar.  In  1775  he  was  "sentenced  to  im- 
prisonment on  a  charge  of  having  libellecl 
the  king's  troops  in  America.  Out  of 
this  circumstance  arose  ftis  Letter  to 
Dunning,  wliich  formed  the  basis  of  his 
subsequent  philological  work,  "The 
Diversions  of  Purlev,"  published  in 
1786.  In  1790,  and  1796,  he  stood,  in- 
efl'eetually,  as  candidate  for  Westmin- 
ster; and  in  1794  he  was  one  of  the 
persons  who  were  tried  at  the  Old  Bailey, 
and  acquitted,  on  a  charge  of  treason. 
In  1801  lie  was  returned  to  parliament 
for  Old  Sarum  ;  ])ut  he  sat  only  during 
that  session,  a  bill  being  passed  to  pre- 
vent individuals  in  orders  from  sitting 
in  future.     D.  1812. 

TOPLADY,  AuGusTiTs  Montagi-e,  an 
eminent  Calvinistic  divine,  was  b.  in 
1740,  at  F'arnbam,  in  Surrey;  was  edu- 
cated at  Westminster  school,  and  at 
Trinity  college,  Dublin;  and  d.  1778, 
vicar  of  Broad  Hembury,  in  Devonshire. 
Toplady  was  a  strenuous  opponent  of 
Wesley. 

TORQUEMADA,  Tmom.\9  de,  the 
first  kiquisitor-ieneral  of  Spain,  a  man 
infamous  for  his  barbarity,  was  b.  in 
1420;  was  a  monk  of  the  order  of  St. 
Dominic;  became  inquisitor-general  in 
1483;  and  d.  in  1498.  In  the  eonrsi'  of 
sixteen  years  lie  eave  to  the  flames  no 
less  than  8,800  victims,  besides  execu- 
ting nearly  as  many  in  eflliry,  condemn- 
ing 90,000  to  jterpctual  imprisonment 
and  other  severe  punishments,  and  ex- 
pelling from  Spain  above  800,000  Jews. 

TORRICELLl,  Evanoelista,  a  cel- 
ebrated Italian  geometrician,  was  b.  in 


778 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHV. 


[trb 


16DS,  ftt  Modieliana,  or,  as  some  assert, 
at  riaucaldoli ;  besraa  his  ctlncution  un- 
der the  Jesuits  at  Faeiizu,  and  completcil 
it  at  Koine ;  was  invited  to  Florence  by 
Galileo;  and  succeeded  that  eminent 
inan  as  professor  of  mathematics.  The 
grand-duke  also  appointed  him  his 
mathematician.     D.  lt)47. 

TOKKINGTON,  George  Eyng,  Vis- 
count, a  Britisli  admiral,  was  b.  166S,  in 
Kent ;  became  a  rear-admiral  in  1703  ; 
and,  during  the  reijrn  of  Queen  Anne, 
distinguished  himself  at  tlie  taking  of 
Gibraltar,  the  battle  of  Malaga,  and  the 
relieving  of  Barcelona.  In  1718  he  de- 
feated the  Spanish  fleet  of  Sicily ;  in 
1721  lie  was  created  a  viscount;  and 
was  afterwards  appointed  first  lord  of  the 
admiraltv.     D.  1733. 

TOUSSAINT  L'OUVERTURE,  a 
negro  of  great  talents,  was  b.  in  1743,  in 
St!  Domingo.  His  early  years  were 
spent  in  slavery  on  the  estate  of  Count 
Noe.  AVlicn  the  blacks  threw  otf  the 
yoke,  the  abilities  and  courage  of  Tous- 
snint  soon  raised  him  to  the  highest 
rank  among  them.  By  his  wise  ihcas- 
iircs  he  succeeded  in  expelling  the  En- 
glish, reducing  the  Spanish  part  of  the 
island,  and  restoring  peace  and  order  in 
the  colony  ;  for  which  the  central  as- 
sembly of  St.  Domingo  raised  him  the 
dignity  of  governor  and  president  for 
life.  Anxious  to  recover  so  valuable  a 
possession,  Bonaparte,  in  1801,  dis- 
patched General  Leclerc  with  a  large 
army.  A  desperate  contest  ensued,  in 
which  Toussaint  was  overcome.  Ho 
was  sent  a  prisoner  to  France,  and  d.  in 
the  fort  of.Joux,  1S03. 

TliADESCANT,  John,  a  Dutch  nat- 
uralist, who,  after  visitin<r  various  ))arts 
of  Europe,  settled  in  England,  estab- 
lished at  Lambeth  a  garden  of  exotics, 
and  was  appointed  gardener  to  Charles 
I.  lie  d.  about  1652. — Jon.v,  his  son, 
who  d.  in  1G62,  published,  with  the 
title  of  "  Museum  Tradescantiura,"  a 
description  of  his  father's  collection  of 
curiosities.  The  flower  called  Trades- 
cautia  was  brought  from  Virginia  by 
tlie  latter. 

TKAJAN,  Marcus  Ulpius  Crinitus, 
u  Koinau  emperor,  surnamed  Optimus, 
■was  b.  A.  I).  52,  at  Italica,  in  Spain. 
After  having  distinuuished  himself  at 
the  head  of  the  legions  in  Lower  Ger- 
many, lie  was,  at  the  age  of  42,  tidopted 
by  Nerva.  On  the  death  of  that  monarch, 
A.  D.  98,  Trajan  was  invested  with  tiie 
imperial  purple.  The  adoption  of  Nerva 
and  the  choice  of  the  senate  were  justi- 
ticd  by  the  conduct  of  the  emperor.    In 


his  civil  capacity  he  ruled  for  the  wel- 
fare of  his  people ;  in  his  military  char- 
acter ho  sustained  the  glory  of  Koma 
by  defeating  the  Dacians,  Parthians, 
Arabians,  Armenians,  and  Persians. 
The  column  which  bears  his  name  was 
raised  in  the  Roman  capital  to  com- 
memorate his  victories.     D.  117. 

TRENCK,  Frederic,  baron  de,  a 
Prussian  officer,  celebrated  for  his  ad- 
ventures, was  b.  1726,  at  Koenigsberg, 
and  made  such  rapid  progress  in  his 
studies,  that,  at  the  age  of  17,  he  was 
presented  to  the  king,  as  the  most  re- 
markable student  in  the  university. 
Frederic  rapidly  advanced  him  in  the 
army,  and  manifested  much  regard  for 
him  ;  but  the  personal  and  mental  ac- 
complishments of  Trcnck  having  won 
the  lieart  of  the  I'rincess  Amelia,  the 
monarch,  her  brother,  resolved  to  punish 
him.  Treiick  was  confined  at  Glatz,  but 
contrived  to  escape.  He  then  visited 
the  north  of  Europe,  Austria,  and  Italy. 
In  1758  he  was  seized  at  Dantzic,  and 
was  conveyed  to  Magdcburgh,  where, 
loaded  with  irons,  he  was  incarcerated 
for  nearly  ten  years  in  a  horrible  dun- 
geon. After  his  liberation  he  withdrew 
to  Vienna.  lie  was  subsequently  a  wine 
merchant  at  Aix-la-Chapelle,  and  a  cul- 
tivator of  his  estate  in  Hungary.  In 
1701  he  settled  in  France,  and  in  1704 
he  closed  his  eventful  career  under  the 
axe  of  the  guillotine.  He  wrote  liis  own 
"  Memoirs,"  tuid  some  other  works  of 
considerable  merit. 

TRESHAM,  Heney,  a  painter  and 
poet,  was  b.  in  Ireland,  and  imbibed  the 

firinciples  of  art  from  West,  of  Dublin, 
le  accompanied  Lord  Cawdor  to  Italy, 
and  resided  for  fourteen  years  in  that 
country.  On  his  return  to  England  he 
became  a  royal  academician.  He  wrote 
three  poems,  "  The  Seasick  Minstrel," 
"  Rome  at  the  close  of  the  Eighteenth 
Century,"  and  "Britannicus  to  Bona- 
parte."    D.  1814. 

TREVETT,  Samuel  R.,  a  surgeon  in 
the  army  of  the  United  States,  was  b.  at 
Marblehead,  Massachusetts,  in  1783,  and 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  college.  After 
studying  the  profession  of  medicine,  he 
commenced  i)ractice  in  Boston,  but  being 
naturally  of  a  chivalrous  cast  of  char 
acter,  he  sought  and  obtained  an  ap- 
pointment in  the  medical  department 
of  the  navy.  He  was  in  the  Constitution 
during  her  cruise  before  the  last  war, 
on  board  the  United  States  when  she 
captured  the  Macedonian,  and  was  in 
the  President  when  she  was  captured 
by  the  British  fleet.    He  distinguished 


TRU] 


t'VCLOP.-KDlA    OF    lilOnUAI'UV. 


779 


himself  vorj  ninch  by  his  intrepid  con- 
duct when  fi  passonjjor  in  tlio  steanibout 
Pluenix',  whicli  was  burned  on  Lake 
Chaniphiin,  in  Scpteinbi-r,  ISIO.  After 
tlic  war  lie  had  been  appointed  surgeon 
of  the  Navy  Yard  at  Cimrlestown,  and 
in  1822  he  was  stationed  as  surgeon  on 
board  the  sloop  of  war  Peacock,  bound 
on  a  summer  cruise  to  the  West  Indies. 
lie  was  seized  with  the  yellow  lever, 
and  d.  at  Norfolk  iu  November  of  that 
year. 

TRIBONIAN,  a  celebrated  juriscon- 
sult, was  b.  about  the  beginning  of  the 
sixth  century,  at  Sida,  in  Pamphylia ; 
obtained  reputation  at  the  bar,  and  rose, 
through  a  succession  of  state  offices,  to 
those  of  pnetorian  prefect  and  consul. 
Justinian  intrusted  to  him  the  superin- 
tendence of  the  compiling  of  his  new 
code  of  laws.  This  task  was  begun  in 
530  and  completed  in  534.  Tribonian, 
whose  rapacity  and  venality  were  at 
least  equal  to  his  talents,  d.  about  n-iT. 

TRIMMER,  Sakaii,  an  active  and  in- 
telligent female,  tlic  daughter  of  Kirby, 
•who  wrote  on  Perspective,  was  b.  in 
1741,  at  Ipswich,  and  d.  ISIO. 

TRISSINO,  Jon.v  Geokge,  an  Italian 
poet,  was  b.  in  1478,  at  \"icenza;  was 
educated  at  Rome  and  MiJau,  and  had 
Chalcondylcs  for  one  of  his  tutors  ;  was 
employed  by  Leo  X.  and  his  successor 
Clement  on  various  diplomatic  missions ; 
and  d.  in  1550.  Among  his  works  are, 
"  The  Deliverance  of  Italy  from  the 
Goths,"  an  epic  poem  ;  and  the  tragedy 
of  "Sonhonisba.'' 

TROMP,  Mautin  IIerbertson,  a  cel- 
ebrated Dutch  admiral,  was  b.  15'J7,  at 
Brill ;  began  his  naval  career  at  an  early 
age  ;  defeated  the  Spaniards  in  1637  ami 
and  1639  ;  foujht  with  great  gallantry 
against  tlic  English,  during  the  war 
which  began  in  1652;  and  was  killed  in 
an  engagement  in  1653. — Nicholas,  his 
Bon,  who  was  b.  1629,  and  d.  1697,  emu- 
lated the  fame  of  his  father,  particularly 
in  the  four  days'  action  iu  the  Downs, 
in  1666. 

TROWBRIDGE,  Edmund,  a  learned 
jurist,  was  b.  at  Newton,  in  1709,  and 
was  graduated  at  Ilarvai  .1  college.  lie 
pursued  the  profession  of  the  law,  rose 
to  distinction,  in  1749  was  appointed 
attorney-general,  and  a  judge  of  the  su- 
preme court  of  Massachusetts  in  1767. 
In  1772  ho  resigned  his  seat  on  the 
bench,  and  d.  iu  retirement,  in  1793. 

TRUMBULL,  John,  the  author  of 
"  McFingal,"  was  b.  in  Connecticut,  in 
1750,  and  was  educated  at  Yale  college, 
where  he  entered  at  a  very  early  age. 


In  1772  he  published  the  first  part  of 
jiis  poem,  "  The  Progress  of  Dulnoss." 
In  the  following  year  he  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  in  Connecticut,  and,  removing 
to  Boston,  continued  his  Icgid  studies  in 
the  office  of  John  Adams.  He  returned 
to  his  native  state  in  1774,  and  com- 
menced practice  at  New  Haven.  The 
first  part  of  "  McFingal"  was  published 
at  Philadelphia,  in  1775  :  the  poem  v.-as 
completed  and  published  in  1782,  at 
Hartford,  where  the  author  at  that  time 
lived.  More  than  thirty  editions  of  this 
work  have  been  printed.  In  1739  he 
was  appointed  state-attorney  for  the 
county  of  Hartford,  and  in  1801  was  ap- 
pointed a  judge  of  the  superior  court  of 
errors,  and  held  this  appointment  till 
1819.  In  1825  he  removed  to  Detroit, 
where  he  d.  1831. — Jonathan,  governor 
of  Connecticut,  was  b.  at  Lebanon,  in 
1710,  and  graduated  at  Harvard  college 
at  the  early  age  of  17.  He  early  engaged 
in  public  affairs,  and  served  "his  iiative 
colony  in  many  important  offices.  In 
1769  he  was  elected  governor,  which 
office  he  discharged  with  great  skill  and 
prudence  lor  fourteen  years,  embracing 
the  whole  period  of  the  revolution.  In 
his  official  station  he  enjoyed  the  confi- 
dence of  Washington,  and  the  other 
sages  and  patriots  of  that  eventful  pe- 
riod. D.  1785. — Jonatuan,  a  son  of  the 
preceding,  was  b.  at  Lebanon,  1740,  and 
was  educated  at  Harvard  college,  wliere 
he  graduated  in  1759.  For  several  suc- 
ceeding years  he  resided  in  his  native 
town  ;  but  when  the  revolution  com- 
menced, he  was  found  among  the  fore- 
most in  defence  of  his  country's  rights. 
In  1775  he  was  appointed  paymaster  to 
the  northern  department  of"the  army, 
and  continued  iu  that  office  until  the 
close  of  the  campaign  of  1783.  He  was 
soon  afterwards  attached  to  the  fiunily 
of  Washington,  in  the  capacity  of  secre- 
taiw  and  first  aid.  He  enjoyed,  in  an 
eminent  degree,  the  confidence  and 
friendship  of  the  commander-in-chief, 
with  whom  he  continued  until  the  close 
ol'  the  war.  In  1789  he  was  a  member 
of  congress,  and  for  ten  years  repre- 
sented his  native  state  in  that  body,  in 
the  house  of  representatives,  of  which 
he  was  some  years  speaker,  and  in  the 
senate.  In  1798  he  was  elected  governor 
of  Connecticut,  and  filled  that  office 
until  his  death,  18ii'.i. — Ioun,  a  son  of 
the  preceding,  was  b.  at  Lebanon,  1756, 
and  early  in  lil'c  served  as  an  aid  to  Gen. 
Washington.  He  was  rapidly  promoted, 
but  quitted  the  army  in  1777.  when  he 
applied  himself  to  paintin-r   visited  Eu- 


780 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[tur 


rope  to  get  the  instructions  of  "West,  and 
rose  to  the  hishcst  rank  in  his  profos- 
piou.  His  jrreat  national  pictures,  some 
of  whioli  a jorn  the  Capitol  at  Wasliing- 
ton,  and  olliers  are  at  Yale  college,  are 
valuable  historical  monuments.  I),  in 
1843. 

TKUXTON,  THOii.\s,  an  officer  in  the 
American  navy,  was  b.  on  Loner  Island, 
in  1755.  In  177.5  he  commanded  a  ves- 
sel, and  distinguished  himself  by  his 
depredations  on  British  commerce  du- 
ring the  revolution.  lie  subsequently 
engaged  in  commerce,  till  the  year  179-1, 
when  he  was  appointed  to  the  frigate 
Constitution.  In  17i'9  lie  captured  the 
French  friirate  L'Insiirgcnte  ;  and  in 
t!ie  following  year  he  obtained  a  victory 
over  the  La  Vengeance.  On  the  close 
of  the  French  war  he  retired  from  the 
navy,  and  d.  at  Philadelphia,  in  1822. 

TUCKER,  Abraham,  a  metaphysical 
writer,  b.  in  1705,  in  London,  was  the 
son  of  a  merchant,  and  was  educated  at 
Bishop  Stortford  scliool,  and  Merton 
college,  Oxford.  He  studied  for  a  while 
at  tlie  Inner  Temple,  but  was  not  called 
to  the  bar.  D.  1774.  His  great  work 
is,  "  The  Light  of  Nature  pursued,"  in 
seven  volumes  octavo,  of  wliich  the  first 
half  was  published  by  himself,  under 
the  fictitious  name  of  Eilward  Search.— 
St.  Geohge,  an  American  lawyer  and 
statesman,  distinguished  by  the  title  of 
"  The  American  Blackstonc,"  was  a 
zealous  promoter  of  the  independence 
of  the  United  States,  and  bore  a  part  in 
its  accomplishment,  not  only  with  his 
pen,  but  his  sword.     D.  1828. 

TUCKERMAN,  Joseph,  an  eminent 

Ehilanthropist  of  Boston,  who  devoted 
is  life  to  the  iiiinistry  of  the  poor,  in 
which  lie  displayed  equal  benevolence 
and  judgment.    'D.  1840. 

TUDOK,  AViLLiAM,  a  man  of  letters, 
was  b.  in  the  state  of  Massachusetts, 
and  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college 
in  1796.  He  soon  after  visited  Europe 
and  passed  several  years  there.  After 
liaving  been  some  time  a  member  of  the 
legislature  of  his  native  state,  he  was 
appointed,  in  1823,  consul  at  I^ima,  and 
for  the  ports  of  Peru.  In  1827  he  was 
appointed  chargu-d'atfaires  of  the  United 
States  at  the  court  of  Brazil.  I),  at  Rio 
de  Janeiro,  1830.  Mr.  Tudor  was  the 
founder,  and  for  two  years  the  sole 
editor  of  the  "  North  American  Review." 
He  was  the  author  of  "  Letters  on  the 
Eastern  States,"  and  a  "  Life  of  James 
Otis,"  and  left  a  number  of  volumes  in 
manuscript,  nearly  prepared  for  the 
proas, 


TULL,  Jethro,  an  agricultural  writer, 
was  b.  about  1680 ;  studied  at  one  of 
the  tiniversitics  and  the  Temple,  and 
was  admitted  a  l^arrister ;  but,  on  re- 
turning from  his  travels,  he  settled  on 
his  estate,  and  devoted  himself  to  agri- 
culture.    D.  1740. 

TURENNE,  Henry  de  la  Tour 
D'AuvERGN'E,  viscount  de,  a  consum- 
mate general,  second  son  of  the  duke 
of  Bouillon,  was  b.  in  IGll,  at  Sedan ; 
had  I'rom  his  childliood  an  irresistible 
propensity  to  a  military  life;  and  was 
initiated  in  the  art  of  war  by  five  years' 
liard  service  under  his  uncles,  Maurice 
of  Nassau  and  Prince  Frederic  Henry. 
On  his  returning  to  France  a  regiment 
was  given  to  him.  He  displayed  sucli 
talent  in  Lorraine,  Germany,  Italy,  and 
Koussillon,  that,  anxious  tq  fix  him  in 
his  interests,  Mazarin  gave  him  the 
marshal's  statf  in  1644.  In  1645  he  was 
defeated  at  Mariendahl,  but.  was  soon 
amply  avenged  by  the  victory  of  Nord- 
lingen.  During  the  war  of  the  Fronde, 
he  at  first  espoused  the  cause  of  the 

Eriuces,  and  was  beaten  at  Rhetel ; 
ut,  having  rejoined  the  royal  party,  he 
was  more  successful  in  the  battles  of 
Oien  and  the  suburb  of  St.  Autoine. 
In  the  war  against  the  Spaniards,  from 
1654  to  1659,  he  gained  the  battle  of  the 
Downs,  and  a  variety  of  other  advan- 
tages. He  now  enjoyed  some  years  of 
repose,  during  which  lie  abandoned  the 
faith  of  his  fathers,  and  became  a  Cath- 
olic. In  the  campaign  of  1672  all  the 
other  marshals  cmpioyed  were  placed 
under  his  orders.  Between  that  period 
and  1675  he  compelled  the  elector  of 
Brandenburg  to  sign  a  peace,  gained  the 
battle  of  Sintzheim,  and,  by  a  movement 
of  the  most  masterly  kind,  expelled  the 
Imperialists  from  Alsace,  and  drove 
thein  over  the  Rhine.  He  sullied  his 
glory,  however,  by  his  barbarous  con- 
duct in  the  Palatinate,  which  country 
he  utterly  dev.asUited  by  fire  and  sword. 
In  1675  he  was  opposed  to  Montecueuli, 
and  the  game  ot  war  was  never  played 
with  greater  skill  than  by  the  two  gen- 
erals. Turenne  believed  that  he  had  at 
length  found  a  tavorable  opportunity  of 
attacking:  his  enemy,  ■when  he  was 
killed,  July  27,  1675,  by  a  cannon-ball, 
and  the  consequence  of  his  death  was 
the  immediate  retreat  of  the  French. 

TURGOT,  Anne  Robert  James,  a 
French  statesman,  was  b.  1727,  at  Paris. 
He  studied  at  the  Sorbonnc,  and  was 
intended  for  the  church,  but  relinquish- 
ed the  clerical  profession,  and  was  made 
master  of  requests.    In  1761  he  was  ap- 


tvt] 


CYCLOP.€DIA    OF    EIOGRAl'IIV. 


781 


pointei  intendant  of  Limog:es,  whioli 
office  lie  held  for  twelve  years,  greatly 
to  the  advantage  of  tlie  inhabitants  of 
the  Limousin.  In  1774  lie  was  made 
comptrollcr-pcneral  of  tlie  finances;  hut 
his  benevolent  views  were  thwarted  by 
intrigues,  and  he  was  removed  in  1776. 
lie  d.  in  1781.  His  works  form  nine 
volumes  octavo. 

TURNER,  William,  an  English  nat- 
nralist  of  the  16th  century,  was  b.  at 
Morphet,  in  Northumberland;  was  edu- 
cated at  Pembroke  hall,  Cambridge  ;  and 
d.  in  1568,  dean  of  Wells.  He  wrote, 
among  other  things,  "  A  History  of 
Plants,"  which  is  the  earliest  English 
herbal. — Sharon,  the  well-known  his- 
torian of  the  Anslo-Saxons,  was  b.  in 
London,  176S.  He  was  principally  edu- 
cated at  Pentonville,  and  having  chosen 
the  law  for  his  profession,  he  was  arti- 
cled to  an  attorney  in  the  Temple  at  the 
age  of  15.  The  death  of  his  master  be- 
fore his  articles  of  clerkship  were  ex- 
pired left  him  free  to  decide  on  his 
future  career;  but  at  the  suggestion  of 
an  old  client,  who  promised  him  sup- 
port, he  took  up  the  business,  and  not- 
withstanding the  great  amount  of  time 
occupied  by  his  literary  pursuits,  he 
continued  to  conduct  a  large  profes- 
sional business,  which  he  transmitted 
to  his  family.  His  chief  works,  or  rather 
series  of  works,  (for  tlioy  were  publislied 
separately,)  are,  the  "  History  of  En- 
gland from  the  earliest  Period  to  the 
Death  of  Elizabeth,"  and  the  "  Sacred 
History  of  the  World  ;"  they  have  been 
repeatedly  reprinted,  and  may  be  now 
said  to  form  part  of  the  standard  litera- 
ture of  tiie  country.  Shortly  before  his 
death  he  published  a  poem,  entitled 
"Richard  III."  I>.  1847.— Daniel,  a 
commodore  in  the  U.  S.  navy,  who  gave 
gallant  aid  to  Perry  in  the  battle  of  Lake 
Eric.  The  state  of  New  York  jircsented 
him  a  sword  in  testimony  of  honor  for 
bis  services.     D.  1850. 

TWISS,  RicHAKR,  an  English  trav- 
eller, was  b.  in  1747,  at  Rotterdam.  He 
was  a  man  of  fortune,  and  spent  several 
years  in  visiting  various  parts  of  the 
Continent.  He  d.  in  1821,  at  an  advanced 
age.  Amonsr  his  works  are,  "Travels 
through  Spain  and  PortuL'al,"  "  A  Tour 
in  Ireland,"  "A  Trip  to  Paris  in  1792," 
"Anecdotes  of  Chess,"  and  "Miscel- 
lanies." His  illibei'al  attack  on  the  na- 
tives of  Ireland  drew  on  him  a  severe 
literary  chastisement  from  the  Iris^ 
G6 


poet  Preston. — Horace,  a  distinguished 
member  of  the  British  parliament,  and 
a  prolific  writer,  who  held  several  polit- 
ical a]ipointir.ents,  and  wrote  the  life  of 
Lord  Eldon.  He  was  vice-chancellor  in 
1844.     D.  1S40. 

TYLER,  RoYALL,  a  lawyer  and  mis- 
cellaneous writer,  was  b.  in  Boston,  and 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1776. 
In  1790  he  removed  his  residence  to 
Vermont,  and  soon  distinguished  him- 
self in  his  profession  of  hiw.  For  six- 
years  he  was  an  associate  judge  of  the 
supreme  court  of  that  state,  and  for  six 
years  more  chief  justice.  He  was  the 
author  of  several  dramatic  pieces  ot 
considerable  merit ;  a  novel  called  "  The 
Algerine  Captive,"  and  numerous  pieces 
in  prose  and  verse  published  in  the 
"  Farmer's  Museum,"  when  edited  by 
Dennie.  In  addition  to  these  he  pub- 
lished two  volumes,  entitled  "Vermont 
Reports."     D.  1825. 

TYRT^US,  a  Greek  poet,  who  flour- 
ished about  684  b.  c,  is  said  to  have 
been  a  native  of  Miletus,  and  to  have 
settled  at  Athena.  He  was  lame,  and 
blind  of  one  eye.  Defeated  by  the  Mes- 
senians,  the  Spartans  applied  for  a  gen- 
eral to  the  Athenians,  who,  in  derision, 
sent  Tyrta?us,  to  them.  The  bard,  how- 
ever, so  inspired  the  Spartans  by  his 
warlike  songs  tliat  tlioy  were  victorious. 
Some  fragments  of  his  battle  strains  are 
extant. 

TYTLER,  William,  an  historical  and 
miscellaneous  writer,  was  b.  in  1711,  at 
Edinburgh,  was  educated  at  the  gram- 
mar school  and  tiniversity  of  his  native 
city,  followed  the  profession  of  a  soli- 
citor, and  d.  1792.  His  principal  work 
is  "  An  Historical  and  Critical  Inquiry 
into  the  Evidence  produced  against 
^lary,  Queen  of  Scots."  —  Alexander 
Fn.\sER,  son  of  the  foregoing,  was  b.  in 
1747,  at  Edinburgh,  in  which  city  ho 
was  educated.  After  having  been  pro- 
fessor of  universal  history,  at  the  uni- 
versity, and  deputy  judge  advocate  for 
Scotland,  he  was  appointed  a  senator  of 
the  college  of  justice  in  1802,  on  which 
occasion  he  took  the  title  of  Lord  Wood- 
houselee.  In  1811  he  was  appointed  a 
commissioner  of  judiciary.  Among  his 
works  are,  "  Decisions  of  the  Court  of 
Sessions,"  "  A  Treatise  on  Military 
Law,"  "Elements  of  General  History," 
"  An  Essay  on  Translation,"  "An  Es- 
say on  the  Life  of  Petrarch,"  and 
"  Memoirs  of  Lord  Karnes."    D.  1818. 


782 


CYCLOr/EDIA    OF    )UOGHAPHY. 


[VAl 


u. 


ULLOA,  Don  Anthont  de,  an  ablo 
Spanish  naval  otUcer  and  matlu-maticiun, 
was  b.  171(5,  at  Seville,  entered  tlic  navy 
in  1733,  and  at  tlie  age  of  only  11)  was 
chosen  as  one  of  the  scientific  cliaracters 
who  were  appointed  to  measure  a  de- 
gree of  the  meridian  of  Peru.  lie  was 
ten  years  a  resident  in  South  America. 
Afier  iiis  return  he  rose  to  high  rank  in 
the  navy,  and  was  employed  in  various 
important  offices  by  the  government. 
Spain  is  indebted  to  him  for  many  im- 
portant improvements.  D.  17'Jo.  He 
published  his  "  Travels,"  and  a  physico- 
lustorical  work  on  Soutii  America. 

ULrillLAS,  or  WUULFILAS,  a 
Gothic  bishop,  who  flourished  about 
the  middle  of  the  4th  century.  lie 
was  deputed  by  the  Goths,  in  377,  to 
obtain  leave  from  tlie  Emperor  Valens 
to  settle  in  one  of  the  Itonian  provinces, 
ills  deeciu-ie  is  supposed  to  have  taken 
place  in  the  following  year.  He  trans- 
fated  the  "  Gospels,"  and  some  other 
parts  of  the  Scriptures,  into  the  Gothic 
language. 

ULPIAN,  DoMiTiL's,  an  eminent  Eo- 
mau  civilian,  was  tutor  to  the  Emperor 
Alexander  Scverus,  who  made  him  his 
secretary,  and  afterwards  praetorian  pre- 
fect. Having  disobliged  the  soldiery  by 
liis  reforms,  Ulpian  was  murdered  by 
them  in  228.  Some  fragments  of  his 
works  are  e.xtant. 

UNDERIIILL,  John,  one  of  the  ear- 
liest settlers  of  Massachusetts,  was  sent 


by  Sir  Henry  Vane  to  command  tlio 
troops  at  Say  brook  in  1637.  He  was 
engaged  in  the  expedition  against  the 
Pequots,  and  displayed  great  valor  and 
enterprise.  In  1<)41  he  was  elected  gov- 
ernor of  Exeter  Dover.  Eemoving  to 
New  York,  he  d.  at  Medford. 

URFE,  HoxoRius  d',  a  French  writer, 
was  b.  1557,  at  Marseilles,  distinguished 
himself  as  a  soldier  during  the  wars  of 
the  league,  and  as  a  negotiator  at  Turin 
and  Venice,  and  d.  in  1625.  He  is  the 
author  of  the  romance  of  "  Astrea," 
which  was  once  exceedingly  popular  ia 
France,  but  is  now  completely  forgotten. 
— His  brother,  the  count  de  Lyon,  wrote 
a  volume  of  sonnets,  with  the  title  of 
"  Diana." 

USHER,  James,  a  divine  and  histo- 
rian, was  b.  1580,  at  Dublin,  and  was 
educated  at  Trinity  college,  in  that  city. 
In  1601,  he  took  orders,  in  1620  he  was 
made  bishop  of  Mcath,  and,  in  1624,  was 
raised  to  the  archbishopric  of  Armagh. 
The  rebellion  in  Ireland  drove  him  from 
Ills  see,  and  deprived  him  of  every  thing 
but  his  library.  To  the  cause  of  Charles 
I.  he  was  warmly  attached.  He  d.  in 
1656,  at  Ryegate,  in  Surrey.  Usher  is 
the  author  of  many  learned  works, 
among  which  may  be  mentioned,  "  De 
Ecclesiarura  Christianarum  Successione 
et  Statu,"  "'Britannicarum  Ecelesiarum 
Antiquitates,"  "  Annals  of  the  Old  and 
New  Testament,"  and  "  Chronolngia 
Sacra. 


V. 


VADE,  John  Joseph,  a  French  writer 
of  broad  farces  and  songs,  was  b.  1720, 
at  Ham,  in  Picardy.  His  career  was  cut 
short,  in  1757,  bv  the  consequences  of 
the  dissipation  In  which  he  had  spent 
his  early  youtli.  He  was  the  lirst  who 
introduced  on  the  stage  the  coarse  but 
emphatic  slang  language  of  the  Parisian 
mob. 

VAILLANT,  John  Foi,  a  celebrated 
French  numismatist,  was  b.  1632,  at 
Beauvais,  and  was  brought  up  as  a  phy- 
Bician.  To  the  study  of  incdiils  lie  was 
first  led  by  a  farmer  bringing  !iim  some 
which  he  had  found  ;  and  he  pursued  it 
eagerly  and  successfully.    Employed  by 


Colbert  to  collect  medals  for  the  king's 
cabinet,  Vaillant  made  numerous  visits 
to  Italy,  Sicily,  and  Greece.  In  one  of 
his  voyages,  being  pursued  by  an  Al- 
gerine  pirate,  he  swallowed  twenty 
scarce  gold  medals,  to  save  them  from 
the  pursuers.  D.  1706.— Sebastian,  an 
eminent  botanist,  b.  1669,  at  Vigny,  near 
Pontoise.  Under  his  father,  who  was 
an  organist,  he  when  a  child  acquired  a 
proficiency  in  music;  but  he  quitted 
music  for  the  study  of  surgery.  The 
lectures  of  Tourncfort,  at  Paris,  revived 
Vaillant's  early  predilection  for  botany, 
and  to  that  science  he  devoted  himself 
D.  1722. 


val] 


CYCLOP.EDIA    OF    BIOOR.VI'HY. 


78S 


VALCKENAER,  Louis  Gaspah,  ono 
of  the  most  iiblu  of  modern  philolotrists 
and  critics,  was  b.  ITb'i,  at  Lecinvardeii, 
in  Frieslaiid,  and  studied  at  Franeker 
and  Leyden,  at  wliich  latter  university 
he  d.  in  178."),  professor  of  natural  his- 
tory, and  of  the  Greek  lantruaj^e  and 
antiquities.  Among  his  works  are  edi- 
tions of  various  chvssical  productions. 
His  "Opuscula"  were  published  in 
1809. 

VALDO,  Peter,  the  founder  of  the 
sect  called  the  Vaudois,  or  Waldenses, 
was  b.  in  the  r2tli  century,  at  Vaux,  in 
Dauphiny,  and  acquired  a  considerable 
fortune  as  a  merchant  at  Lyons.  The 
sudden  death  of  a  friend  produced  such 
an  ertect  upon  his  mind,  that  he  dis- 
tributed all  liis  property  to  the  poor,  and 
began  to  translate  the  Bible,  and  explain 
it  to  them.  He  also  taught  that  the  laity 
liad  the  same  right  as  the  clergy  to 
preach  and  administer  the  sacraments. 
The  general  council  of  Lateran,  in  1179, 
condemned  his  doctrines,  and  he  and 
his  followers  were  obliged  to  take  refuge 
in  tlie  mountains  of  Dauphiny  and  Ficd- 
mont,  where,  for  a  long  period,  they 
were  brutally  persecuted.  A  reninant 
of  them  still  exists  in  Piedmont. 

VALENS,  Fl.wius,  a  Roman  em- 
peror, the  son  of  Gratian,  count  of  Af- 
rica, was  b.  about  32S,  in  Pannonia.  Li 
364  he  was  admitted  by  his  brother  Va- 
lentinian  to  a  share  in  the  imperial 
authority,  and  he  took  the  government 
of  the  East.  After  having  defeated  tiie 
Persians  and  Goths,  he  sutferol  the 
hitter  to  settle  in  Lower  Mffisia.  They, 
liowever,  revolted,  and  Valens  was  de- 
feated by  them,  in  378,  near  Adrianople. 
A  house,  to  which  the  wounded  emperor 
was  conveyed,  was  set  on  lire  by  the 
victors,  and  lie  perished  in  the  flames. 

VALENTINE,  Basil,  an  alchemist 
and  chemist,  of  whose  life  little  is  re- 
corded, is  said  to  have  been  b.  139-t,  at 
Erfurth,  and  to  have  been  a  Benedictine 
monk.  The  properties  of  antimony  were 
discovered  by  him.  His  "  Currus  Tri- 
umphalis  Antimonii"  has  been  trans- 
lated into  Emrlish. 

VALE.\TIXL\N  L,  Flavius,  a  Ro- 
man emperor,  the  eldest  son  of  Count 
Gratiar.,  was  b.  in  3'21,  in  Pannonia ; 
was  chosen  successor  to  Jovian,  in  364: ; 
was  victorious  over  tlie  Alemani  and  the 
Quadi,  and  d.  875. — IL  Flavius,  the 
son  of  the  foregoing,  was  b.  in  371, 
succeeded  to  the  empire  in  375,  with 
his  brother  Gratian,  and  had  Italy  for 
his  portion ;  was  dispossessed  by  Maxi- 
mus,  but  was  restored  in  388,  and  was 


found  dead  in  his  pa<aco  in  392,  sup 
posed  to  have  been  strangled  by  some 
of  his  domestics. — IIL,  Flavius  Placi- 
Dus,  emperor  of  the  West,  was  b.  in 
419,  at  Ravenna,  and  was  assassinated 
in  455,  in  revenge  for  his  having  dis- 
honored the  patrician  Maximus,  by  in- 
triLTuinj.'  with  his  wife. 

VALERLVN,  PubliusLicinius,  a  Ro- 
man emperor,  was  raised  to  the  imperial 
dignity  in  254.  After  liaving  reigned 
seven  years,  lie  was  defeated  and  taken 
prisoner,  near  Edessa,  by  Sapor,  king 
of  Persia.  The  imperial  captive  is  said 
to  have  been  treated  with  the  utmost 
indignity  by  the  victor,  and  to  have 
been  at  lenijth  flaved  alive. 

VALERIUS  MAXIMUS,  a  Roman 
historian,  was  b.  in  the  reign  of  Augus- 
tus. After  having  served  in  Asia,  un- 
der Sextus  Pompey,  he  settletl  at  Rome, 
and  withdrew  from  public  ail'airs  that 
he  might  devote  himself  to  literature. 
He  is  the  author  of  a  valual)le  work, 
"  Do  Dictis  Factisque  Memorabilibus," 
which  he  dedicated  to  Tiberius;  and 
which  was  one  of  the  first  books  that 
was  published  after  the  invention  of 
printing. 

VALLA,  Laurence,  one  of  the  most 
eminent  philologists  of  the  15th  century, 
who  eontributec]  greatly  to  the  diffusion 
of  classical  literature,  was  b.  in  1406,  at 
Rome ;  wr.s  a  celebrated  professor  at 
several  Italian  universities;  was  liber- 
ally patronized  by  Alphonso,  king  of 
Arairon  and  Naples;  and  d.  in  1457. 
Valla  was  of  a  contentious  disposition, 
and  had  several  violent  literary  disputes 
with  Poggio  and  others.  His  attack  on 
the  pretensions  of  the  holy  see  exposed 
him  to  danirer  from  the  Inquisition. 
One  of  his  principal  works  is  "  .\  Trea- 
tise on  the  Elettancies  of  the  Latin  Lan- 

,,  ° 

guage. 

VALLISNIERI,  Anthony,  an  Italian 
naturalist,  was  b.  1661,  at  Tresilico,  in 
the  duchy  of  Modena ;  was  appointed 
professor  of  practical  medicine  at  Padua, 
in  1700;  and  d.  in  that  city  in  1730. 

VALMIKI,  the  oldest  and  most  cele- 
brated of  the  epic  poets  of  India,  is  the 
author  of  "  Raymayana,"  which  narrates 
the  exploits  of  Rama  asainst  the  sriant 
Ravanna.  lie  is  said  to  have  existed  at 
a  very  remote  period,  and  the  stories 
which  are  told  of  him  are  manifestly 
fabulous.  Two  books  of  the  Sanscrit 
text  of  the  Raniayaiia,  with  a  literal  ver- 
sion, have  beon  published  by  Carey  and 
Marshman. 

VALPERGA  DI  CALUSO,  Thomas 
Descomtes  M.\siN0,  an  Italian  mathcma- 


784 


CICLOP.KDIA    OF    mOGRAPHY, 


[van 


tician  and  author,  was  b.  in  1737,  at 
Turin ;  was  lor  a  while  in  the  Maltese 
naval  service,  and  afterwards  entered 
the  church.  Settling  at  Turin,  he  be- 
came firofessor  of  Greek  and  the  orien- 
tal lansruages  in  tiie  university,  and 
president  and  director  of  one  of  the 
classes  of  the  academy  of  sciences  and 
literature.     D.  1815. 

VALl'Y,  RicuAKD,  an  eminent  clas- 
sical scholar,  was  a  native  of  Jersey, 
and  b.  1745,  and  completed  his  studies 
at  Oxford,  having  been  appointed  to 
one  of  the  scholarships  founded  in 
Pembroke  college  for  the  natives  of 
Jersey  and  Guernsey.  From  Oxford 
lie  removed  first  to  Bury  St.  Ivlmund's, 
and  afterwards  to  Reading,  where  he 
had  been  unanimously  elected  head- 
master of  the  school  founded  by  Henry 
VII.  D.  183G. — J^DWAUD,  an  eminent 
scholar,  brother  of  the  preecdiug,  was 
educated  at  Trinity  college,  Cambridge, 
and  after  having  been  assistant,  several 
years  in  the  s-.-hool  at  Reading,  obtained 
the  mastership  of  the  grammar  sciioo! 
at  Norwich.  lie  was  rector  of  All 
Saints,  Tliwaite,  and  vicar  of  St.  Mary, 
Walsham,  Norfolk.  He  published 
"Elegantia3  Latinse"  and  other  classical 
works.     D.  1S3-2. 

VALS.\LVA,  Anthony  M.*.ria,  a 
celebrated  Italian  anatomist,  was  b.  in 
160G,  at  Imola,  was  professor  of  anat- 
omy in  the  university  of  Bologna,  and 
surgeon  of  the  hospital  of  Incurables  ; 
and  d.  in  1723.  Among  the  services 
which  he  rendered  to  surgery  are  the 
simplifying  of  many  instruments,  and 
the  abolition  of  the  practice  of  cauteri- 
zing tiie  arteries  of  an  amputated  limb. 
He  liad  several  eminent  pupils,  amor  g 
whom  was  Morgagui.  His  jirindp.! 
work  is  the  "  Anatomy  of  the  Ear," 
which  was  the  result  of  si.\teen  ycara' 
labor. 

VALVASONE,  Euasmus  ni,  an  Ital- 
ian poet,  was  b.  1523,  in  Friuli  ;  resided 
upon  the  lordship  which  belonged  to 
Inm  and  bore  his  name;  spent  his  time 
in  literature  and  in  hunting,  and  d. 
1593. 

VANBRUGir,  Sir  John,  a  dramatist 
and  architect,  of  whom  it  was  said  that, 
though  he  wanted  grace  he  never 
wanted  wit,  was  b.  about  1072,  in  Lon- 
don. He  was  early  in  tlie  army,  but 
does  not  appear  to  have  remained  in  it 
long.  His  first  comedy  "  The  Relapse," 
was  produced  in  Uj!)7.  It  was  followed 
bv  tiie  "  Provoked  Wife"  and  "  vE-oj)." 
lu  1707  he  joined  Betterton  and  Con- 
^evc    in   estvblishing   the  Haymarket 


theatre,  on  which  occasion  he  brought 
out  "The  Confederacy."  In  17.H^he 
was  appointed  clarencieux  king-at-arms, 
in  1714  ho  was  knighted;  and  soon  af- 
ter, was  made  coniptroller  of  the  board 
of  works  and  surveyor  of  Greenwich 
hospital.  Though  his  licentiousness  as 
a  dramatist  must  be  condemned,  his 
talent  is  undeniable.  As  an  arcliitcct 
nnich  ridicule  has  been  cast  on  him  by 
ignorant  or  tasteless  critics,  but  against 
such  puny  attacks  the  splendid  piles  of 
Blenheim  and  Castle  Howard  are  alone 
sufficient  to  defend  his  fame.     D.  1726. 

VANCOUVER,  George,  a  British 
navigator,  was  b.  about  1750 ;  entered 
early  into  the  naval  service;  and  served 
as  midshipman  under  Captain  Cook,  in 
his  second  and  third  voyages.  In  1790, 
he  was  appointed  to  command  an  expe- 
dition to  explore  the  western  coast  of 
North  America,  to  ascertain  whether 
any  communication  by  water  exists  be- 
tween the  Atlantic  and  the  Pacific.  On 
this  service,  which  he  performed  skil- 
fully, he  was  five  years  employed.  He 
d.  in  1798,  when  he  had  nearly  com- 
pleted for  the  press  the  account  of 
tiis  vova^e. 

VANDERVELDE,  William,  called 
the  Old,  a  celebrated  painter,  was  b.  in 
1010,  at  Leyden,  and  was  bred  to  the 
sea,  but  quitted  it  for  painting.  He 
was  invited  to  England,  with  his  son, 
by  Ciiarles  II. ;  lived  there  many  years, 
and  d.  in  London  in  1693.  He  excelled 
in  marine  subjects  and  l^attles ;  and 
was  so  anxious  to  be  correct  in  his  rep- 
resentations that  he  would  sail,  in  a 
light  vessel,  close  to  the  fleets  wliile 
they  were  hotly  engaged. — William, 
called  the  Young,  the  son  of  the  fore- 
going, was  b.  in  1633,  at  Amsterdam  ; 
accompanied  his  father  to  Enghnid, 
where  his  works  became  exceedingly 
popular,  and  d.  in  1707.  He  surpassed 
even  the  elder  Vandervclde  in  marine 
painting.  Walpole  denominates  him 
the  Ra|)hael  of  this  branch  of  art. — 
AnreiAN,  an  admirable  landscape  paint- 
er, was  b.  in  1639,  at  Amsterdam;  was 
a  pupil  of  Wynants ;  and  d.  1672, 
Though  landscape  was  the  peculiar 
department  of  Adrian,  yet  he  was  no 
mean  historical  painter,  and  he  drew 
fitruros  with  siicli  excellence  that  his 
assistance  was  often  sought  for  by  his 
own  master,  and  by  Ruysdael,  Hob- 
bema  and  others. 

VAX DER WERE,  Adrian,  an  emi- 
nent painter,  was  b.  1659,  at  Amhacht, 
near  Rotterdam;  was  a  pupil  of  Picolet 
and  Vandermeer ;  was  patronized  by  the 


var] 


CYC'LUP.KDIA    OF    )iIU(;U  Al'll  V. 


r.s5 


Elector  Palutine,  for  whom  he  executed  ■ 
many  ofliis  he.-^t  works;  and  d.  in  1718.  i 
His  small   history  pieces  arc  much  es-  i 
teemed. — His  brother,  Petki!,  who  was 
b.  at  KoUcrdam,  in  106."),  and  d.  in  171S, 
acqnired  fame  as  a  painter  of  portraits 
and  conversation  pieces. 

VANDYKE,  Sir  Anthony,  one  of  tiie 
greatest  of  portrait  painters,  was  b. 
March  22,  15'J8-'J,  at  Antwerp,  and  was 
tiic  sou  of  a  merchant.  His  motljer  dis- 
tiiiffuished  herself  as  a  flower  painter. 
Henry  Van  Balens  and  Eubens  were  his 
tutors  in  the  pictorial  art;  the  latter, 
with  whom  he  was  a  favorite,  cultivated 
liis  talents  with  great  care,  and  advised 
him  to  visit  Italy.  After  havinsr  resided 
for  some  time  at  Kome,  and  other  Italian 
cities,  Vandyke  returned  to  Antwerp, 
whence  he  passed  over  to  England. 
Charles  I.  was  a  liberal  patron  to  him. 
He  knighted  and  pensioned  him,  and 
obtained  for  him  in  marriage  the  daugh- 
ter of  Lord  Gowrie.  D.  1041.  His  works 
are  numerous,  and  are  deservedly  held 
in  the  highest  estimation. 

VANli,  Sir  IIenhy,  the  younger,  the 
son  of  Sir  Henry  Vane,  was  b.  1612,  and 
was  educated  at  Westminster  school  and 
Magdalen  hall,  Oxford.  Having  imbibed 
the  principles  of  the  Puritans,  he  emi- 
grated to  America,  and  was  elected  gov- 
ernor of  Massachusetts.  Returning  to 
England,  he  w-as  chosen  member  tor 
Hull,  and,  during  the  struggle  between 
the  king  and  the  parliament,  he  took  an 
active  part  on  the  side  of  the  latter.  He 
had,  however,  no  part  in  the  trial  or 
death  of  Cliarles.  To  the  authority  of 
Cromwell  he  was  steadily  hostile,  and 
after  the  death  of  the  protector,  he  la- 
bored strenuously  to  establish  a  repub- 
lican governnunit.  He  was  executed  for 
high  treason,  in  June,  1002,  in  violation 
of  justice,  and  of  the  king's  plighted 
word.  V^ane  was  a  man  of  talent,  and, 
though  he  was  an  enthusiast  in  religion 
and  politics,  there  seems  to  be  no  valid 
reason  to  doubt  his  sincerity. 

VANINI,  LiHUHus,  a  philosopher, 
was  b.  1.585,  at  Taurosano,  m  the  king- 
dom of  Naples;  studied  jihilosophy  and 
theology  at  Rome :  entered  into  the  eeele- 
siasticai  state  ;  travelled  in  various  parts 
of  Europe ;  and  was  at  last  burnt,  in  1019, 
at  Toulouse,  on  a  charge  of  atheism, 
whicli  appears  to  have  been  unfounded. 
He  is  the  author  of  "  Amphithcalrum 
-iEternaj  Providentias,"  "  Ue  .Vdmirandis 
Naturas,"  "Dinlogues,"and  other  works. 

VAXLOO,  JouN,  a  great  painter,  was 
b.  at  Aix,  in  Provence,  in  liiS-l.     He  be- 
caine  painter  to  the  king  of  Sardinia,  and 
60--- 


realized  a  good  fortune,  which  he  lost  in 
the  Mississipfii  scheme.  He  then  went 
to  England,  ar.d  was  the  fasiiionable 
portrait  painter  of  tiie  day.  D.  1746. — 
CnARi.ES  Anmjkew,  his  brother,  whose 
perforuumces  are  to  be  found  in  the 
churches  of  Paris,  was  also  a  celebrated 
painter.     I).  170"). 

VAN  SWIETEN,  Gerard,  an  emi- 
nent physician,  was  b.  1700,  at  Leyden ; 
studied  at  the  university  of  that  city, 
and  of  Louvain,  and  was  a  pupil  of  Boer- 
haave ;  l)ecame  medical  professor  at  Ley- 
den, but  lost  his  ottice  in  consecjuence 
of  being  a  Catholic;  ami  was  invUed  to 
Vienna,  in  1745,  by  the  empress,  who 
made  him  her  principal  jihysieian,  di- 
rector-general of  medicine  in  Austria, 
imperial  liljrarian,  a  professor,  and  a 
baron.     D.  1772. 

VAN  VITELLT,  or  VAN  VITE, 
Louis,  a  celebrated  architect,  the  son  of 
a  painter,  was  b.  17(iO,  at  Naples,  and  d. 
at  Caserta,  in  1778.  Among  his  great 
and  numerous  works  arc,  the  palace  of 
Caserta,  the  public  buildings  at  the  port 
of  Ancona,  and  the  churches  of  St. 
Eraneis  and  St.  Dominie,  at  Urbino. 

VAREN,  or  VAEENIUS,  Bernard, 
a  geographer,  was  b.  about  the  begin- 
ning of  the  17th  century,  at  Amsterdam  ; 
followed  the  profession  of  a  physician  ; 
and  d.  about  KSSO.  He  is  the  author  of 
a  well-executed  "System  of  Geography," 
on  which  Newton  did  not  disdain  to 
comment;  and  "A  Description  of  Japan 
and  Siam." 

VARGAS  Y  PONCE,  Don  Joseph,  a 
Spanish  geographer  and  navigator,  was 
b.  about  1755,  at  Cadiz  or  Seville;  as- 
sisted Totino  in  forming  the  "Atlas  of 
the  Spanish  Coast;"  and  d.  in  1821,  at 
Madrid,  a  member  of  the  cortes.  He 
wrote,  among  other  works,  "A  Descrip- 
tion of  the  Pityusa;  and  Balearic  Isles," 
and  "  A  Relation  of  the  last  Voyage  iu 
the  Straits  of  Magellan." 

VARRO,  Marci-3  Terentius,  who  is 
regarded  as  the  most  learned  of  the  an- 
cient Romans,  wr.s  d.  116  b.  c.  ;  studied 
philosophy  under  Stilo  and  Antiochus 
of  Ascalou;  tilled  the  offices  of  triumvir 
and  tribune  of  the  people;  esjioused  the 
cause  of  Pompey,  but  afterwards  became 
the  friend  of  Ciesar,  who  confided  to  hiiu 
the  formation  of  a  public  library :  nar- 
rowly escaped  proscription  by  the  Ui 
umvirate;  and  d.  27  b.  c.  He  is  said  to 
have  written  between  tour  and  five  hun- 
dred volumes,  of  which  only  a  "  Treatise 
on  Agriculture,"  part  of  a  "Treatise  on 
the  Latin  Language,"  and  some  frag- 
ments, are  extant. 


78G 


CVCLOP.tDlA    OF    UIOGKAPHY. 


[VAU 


VASARI,  Gkorge,  a  Florentine  artist 
nnd  autlior,  wms  b.  1512,  at  Arczzo ;  stud- 
ieil  luhler  Michael  Anirelo  and  other 
Kreat  masters;  acquired  a  profound 
Knowledge  of  architeeturc  as  well  as  of 
painiiuif ;  was  eni]>loyed  by  Cosino  I.  to 
Biiperintend  the  publie  buildinifs  which 
he  erected;  and  d.  1574.  Asa  painter 
he  has  merit,  but  he  is  best  known  liy 
his  valuable  work,  "The  Lives  of  the 
most  excellent  Painters,  Sculptors,  and 
Architects." 

VATER,  JoHX  Severinus,  an  eminent 
philoloiiist,  was  b.  1771,  at  Altenburtr, 
in  Saxony;  and  d.  1826,  professor  of  the 
oriental  laui^uaffcs  at  Halle,  after  having 
filled  the  theological  chair  at  Kcjenigs- 
berg.  He  is  the  author  of  various  works 
on  the  Eastern  tongues;  the  "Continu- 
ation of  Adelung"s  Mithridates,"  "Syn- 
chronistic Tables  of  Ecclesiastical  His- 
tory," and  a  "  Universal  and  Clirono- 
lo;iical  History  of  the  Christian  Church." 

VATTEL,  Emmerich,  a  celebrated 
Swiss  publicist,  was  b.  1714,  at  Couret, 
in  tlie  principality  of  Neufehatel ;  be- 
came envoy  from  Saxony  to  Berne,  and 
afterwards  privy  councillor  to  Augustus 
IH.  of  Saxony  ;  and  d.  17G7.  Tlie  work 
on  which  his  fame  rests  is,  "  The  Law 
of  Nations,  or  I'liueinles  of  Natural  Law 
applied  to  the  Conduct  and  Atfairs  of 
Nations  and  Sovereigns." 

VAUBAX,  Sebastian"  le  Pkestre  ue, 
a  French  marshal,  the  trreatest  of  military 
engineers,  was  b.  1(;3:5,  at  Saint  Leger 
de  Foueheret,  in  Burgundy.  He  first 
served  in  the  Spanish  army,  under 
Conde,  but,  being  taken  prisoner  by  the 
French  troops,  Mazarin  gave  him  a  lieu- 
tenancy. The  sieges  of  Ypres,  Grave- 
liues,  and  Oudenarde,  in  1G58,  were  his 
first  essays  in  the  science  of  attack. 
From  that  period  till  the  peace  of  Kys- 
wiek  he  was  incessantly  employed,  eiiiier 
in  erecting  fortresses  "for  the  defence  of 
France,  or  in  reducing  those  which  be- 
longed to  her  enemies;  and  in  both 
cases  his  matchless  skill  was  equally 
displayed.  In  17fH  he  reluctantly  ac- 
cepted the  marshal's  staff.  The  siege 
of  Brisacli  was  his  last  operation.  D. 
1707. 

VAUCANSON,  James  de,  an  eminent 
mechanist,  was  b.  17ny,  at  Grenoble,  and 
d.  1782.  Among  his  automatical  per- 
formances were  a  flute  t>layer,  and  a 
pipe  and  tabor  player.  But  even  tliese 
were  i^urpassed  by  two  ducks,  wliicli 
dabbled  with  their  beaks,  ate  grain,  and 
voided  itaf;er  it  liatl  undergone  a  sort 
af  digestive  process. 

VAHGHAN,  Henry,  a  poet,  b.  1621, 


at  Newton,  in  Brecknockshire.  He 
adopted  the  appellation  of  the  Silurist, 
wrote  a  variety  of  poems,  ehietly  devo- 
tional, and  d.  1695. — Thomas,  his  brother, 
was  an  alchemist,  on  which  occult  sub- 
jects he  wrote  some  extrava<rant  books, 
under  the  name  of  Eugeniusl'hilalethes. 
D.  1660. — Sir  Johx,  a  celebrated  lawyer, 
was  b.  in  Cardiganshire,  1608.  From 
Christ-church  college,  Oxford,  he  re- 
moved to  the  Imier  Temple,  where  he 
contracted  an  intimacy  witli  Selden,  who 
made  him  one  of  his  executors.  During 
the  civil  war  he  lived  in  retirement,  but, 
in  1G6S,  he  was  made  chief  justice  of 
the  common  pleas.  D.  1674. — Sir  John, 
one  of  the  judges  of  the  court  of  comnioa 
pleas.  He  was  called  to  the  bar  in  his 
twenty-fourth  year,  and  in  seven  years 
more  had  so  greatly  distinguished  him- 
self that  he  was  made  a  serireant.  Ho 
gained  this  rank  at  this  unusually  early 
age,  it  must  be  remembered,  while  Shep 
perd.  Best,  and  Lens  were  in  the  zenith 
of  their  powers  and  reputation  ;  and  ho 
maintained  his  position  subsequently 
with  such  opponents  as  Copley,  (after- 
wards Lord  Lyndhurst,)  Wilde,  and 
Dcnrnan.  He  was  made  a  baron  of  the 
exchequer  in  1827,  and,  in  18o4,  he  be- 
came judge  of  the  eonnnon  pleas  and  a 
privy  councillor.  In  private  he  was  na 
amiable  as  in  public  he  was  able.  B. 
1772;  d.  183'J. — William,  an  iuirenious 
Welsh  poet,  was  b.  in  Caermarthenshire, 
1577  ;  and  was  the  author  of  a  variety 
of  miscellaneous  ])oems,  the  principal  of 
which  are,  "  De  Spha;rarum  Ordine," 
"The  Gohlen  Grove  'Moralized,"  "The 
Golden  Fleece,"  &c.  D.  1640.— George, 
a  graduate  of  Harvard  college  in  1696, 
was  the  son  of  Major  William  Vaughan, 
a  wealthy  merchant  of  Portsmouth,  N. 
H.,  who  was  noted  for  his  public  spirit, 
and  for  the  firmness  with  which  he  re- 
sisted the  claims  of  the  proprietors  of 
that  territory.  After  leaving  college  he 
became  the  agent  of  the  colony  in  En- 
gland,  and,  in  1715,  he  sueeeedell  Usher, 
as  lieutenant-governor  of  it.  But  giving 
olfence  to  the  governor,  the  council,  and 
the  assembly,  he  was  removed  from  of- 
fice in  1717.     D.  1724. 

VAUVENAKGUES,  Luke  de  Cla- 
riER-s,  marquis  of,  an  eminent  French 
writer  on  moral  philosophy,  was  b.  1715, 
at  Aix,  in  Provence,  and  entered  the 
army  at  the  age  of  seventeen.  The  fa- 
tigue which  he  endured  in  the  retreat 
from  Prague,  undermined  his  constitu- 
tion, and  the  small-pox  completed  the 
ruin  of  his  health.  To  soothe  his  con- 
tinual sufferings  he  resorted  to  niedita- 


VKK  I 


CYC'J.Ol'.tUlA    OF     IJKJGRAPllV. 


787 


tion  and  composition.  \'oltairc  was  one 
of  his  wannest  friends.  The  works  of 
Vauvenarijucs  form  tliree  voliinies,  and 
consist  of  Thoughts,  Kcflcetions,  and 
Maxims,  Dialogues,  Characters.  &C.  1), 
1747. 

VAUVILLIEKS,  John  Fhaxcis,  an 
eminent  liellcnist,  was  b.  1737,  at  Paris  ; 
succeeded  his  father  as  Greek  professor 
at  tlic  university  of  that  city,  ami  d.  in 
ISOl,  in  Kussia,  in  which  country  lie 
had  taken  refuirc,  after  being  eondennied 
to  transportation,  as  a  royalist,  in  1707. 

VEGA,  Loi'Ez  i)E  LA,  a  celebrated 
Spanish  poet,  was  b.  at  Madrid,  in  15G2. 
After  studying  at  Alcala,  he  entered 
into  the  service  of  the  duke  of  Alva,  at 
whose  instance  he  wrote  the  heroic  pas- 
toral of  "  Arcadia."  Soon  after  this  he 
married;  but,  on  the  loss  of  his  wife, 
lie  embarked  in  the  Armada,  prepared 
for  the  invasion  of  England.  In  this 
voyage  he  wrote  a  poem,  called  "  Iler- 
mosura  de  Angelica,"  to  which,  when 
published,  he  added  the  "Uraeontea," 
an  invective  against  Drake  and  Queen 
Elizabeth.  In  1590  he  married  a  second 
time,  and  again  became  a  widower,  on 
which  he  entered  the  order  of  St.  Fran- 
cis, lie  still,  however,  cultivated  poetry, 
and  scarcely  a  week  passed  without  see- 
ing a  drama  from  his  prolific  nmse. 
Honors  and  wealth  flowecl  in  upon  him, 
and  he  was  absolutely  idolized  by  the 
whole  nation.  At  his  death,  which 
happened  in  1635,  the  highest  lionors 
were  paid  to  his  remains,  and  all  the 
poets  of  the  age  vied  in  encomiastic 
tributes  to  his  memory. 

VELASQUP;Z,  James  Koderick  de 
SiLVA  Y,  a  celebrated  Spanish  painter, 
was  b.  1509,  at  Seville;  was  a  pupil  of 
llerrera  the  Elder  and  Pachcco ;  was 
patronized  and  liighly  esteemed  by 
rhilip  IIT.  and  IV.';  and  d.  in  1600. 
Amonqr  his  greatest  works  arc,  "The 
Expulsion  of  the  Moors,"  "The  Cruci- 
fixion," "Joseph's  Coat,"  and  Kcvenil 
portraits. 

VELDE,  CiiARLKs  Francis,  vax  dkr, 
a  romance  writer,  who  has  been  called 
the  German  Sir  Walter  Scott,  was  b.  at 
Breslau,  1799.  lie  besran  his  career  in 
1S09,  by  writing  short  pieces  for  the 
journals;  was  afterwards  a  dramatist, 
in  which  he  was  not  successful,  and, 
lastly,  became  a  popular  novelist.  His 
works  form  eishtecn  volumes.  Amontr 
them  are,  "  Arwed  Gvllcnsticrna,"  "Tlic 
Patricians,"  "The  Anabaptists,"  "The 
Hussites,"  "Christina  and  her  Court," 
and  Tales  and  Legends.    D.  lS'2-i. 

VENDOME,  LouB  Joseph,  duke  of 


a  great  general,  and  a  profiigate  man, 
the  grandson  of  Henry  IV'.,  was  b.  1654, 
and  made  his  first  campaign  in  1672,  at 
the  invasion  of  Holland.  After  having 
distinguished  himself  in  Flanders  ana 
Italy,  he  was,  in  16!i5,  appointed  to  com- 
mand the  army  in  Catalonia,  where  he 
reduced  Barcelona  with  extraordinary 
celerity.  From  Italy,  where,  in  the  war 
of  the  succession,  he  was  opposed  to 
Prince  Eucrene,  he  was  recalled,  in  170S, 
to  remedy  the  disasters  which  the  inca- 
pacity of  Villeroi  had  occasioned  in  the 
Netherlands.  He  failed,  however,  to 
accomplish  this,  and  was  defeated  at 
Oudcnarde.  In  1709  he  was  sent  to 
Spain,  where  he  gained  the  decisive  vic- 
tory of  Villa  Viciosa,  and  established 
Philip  on  the  throne.  He  d.  suddenly 
in  1712.  Vendome  possessed  abilities, 
but  he  was  dirty  in  his  liabits,  and  de- 
praved in  his  morals. 

VEXTUKI,  John  Baptist,  an  Italian 
natural  philosopher,  was  b.  1746,  at  Bi- 
biano,  in  the  duchy  of  Kecrgio;  was  suc- 
cessively professor  of  metaphysics  and 
geometry  at  Eeggio,  ensrineer  and  pro- 
fessor of  philosophy  at  Modena,  member 
of  the  legishitive  body  of  the  Cisalpine 
republic,  professor  of  physics  at  Pavia, 
and  envoy  from  the  kingdom  of  Italy  to 
Berne.  Napoleon  gave  him  the  cross 
of  the  lesrion  of  honor  and  of  the  iron 
crown.  Among  his  works  are,  "Com- 
mentaries on  the  History  and  Theory  of 
Optics,"  "On  the  Origin  and  Progress 
of  Artillery,"  and  "An  Essay  on  the 
Phvsico-Matlicmatieal  Works  of  Leon- 
ardo da  Vinci."     D.  1822. 

VERNET,  Ci.Aunius  Joseph,  an  em- 
inent French  painter,  was  b.  in  1714,  at 
Avignon,  and  at  the  aije  of  eijhtecn  he 
visited  Rome,  where  he  studied  under 
Fergioni.  His  voyage  to  Italy  turned 
his  genius  to  marine  paintins',  in  which 
he  acquired  almost  unrivalled  reputa- 
tion. After  an  absence  of  twenty-two 
years  he  returned  to  France.  On  his 
homeward  passage  a  storm  arose,  during 
which  he  ordered  himself  to  be  tied  to 
the  mast,  that  he  might  make  a  faithful 
sketch  of  the  scene.  On  his  return  he 
was  employed  by  Louis  XV.  to  delin- 
eate the  principal  ports,  a  task  which 
occupied  him  lor  ten  years.  His  de- 
scendants have  inherited  his  talents  as 
an  artist.     D.  17S0. 

VERNON,  Edward,  a  British  admi- 
ral, descended  from  a  Statrordshire  fam- 
ily, was  b.  in  16S4,  at  Westminster,  and 
chose  the  naval  profession,  in  opposition 
to  the  wishes  of  his  father,  who  was  sec- 
retary of  state   to  William   III.     After 


788 


CVCLOP.tDIA    OF    BIOGUAPUY, 


[VIK 


havinsr  served  uncli  r  Ilopson,  Eooke, 
and  other  commanders,  lie  rose,  in  1739, 
to  the  rank  of  vicc-admh'al  of  the  blue. 
In  that  year  ho  took  the  town  of  Porto 
Bcllo,  and  destroyed  the  fortifications. 
He  was  less  fortunate  in  1741,  -when,  in 
conjunction  with  Wentworth,  he  failed 
at  Cartliaircna.     D.  1759. 

VEHKOCIIIO,  Andrew,  a  sculptor, 
was  b.  112'J,  at  Florence,  and  d.  in  1488. 
In  bronze  works  he  surpassed  all  his 
coteniporaries.  Among  his  chief  pro- 
ductions are,  a  "Christ  and  St.  Thomas," 
and  an  equestrian  statue  of  Bartholo- 
mew CoUeoni.  He  was  also  an  able 
painter,  and  one  of  the  best  musicians 
of  his  period.  lie  invented  the  method 
of  takinir  the  features  in  a  plaster  mould. 

VEKTUE,  Geokge,  an  able  engraver, 
was  b.  1684,  in  Westminster;  was  ap- 
prenticed to  a  plate  engraver,  and  after- 
wards workea  for  seven  years  \uidcr 
\'andergueht.  In  1709  he  began  busi- 
ness for  himself.  He  was  patronized  by 
Sir  Godfrey  Kncller,  the  earls  of  Ox- 
ford and  Burlington,  and  the  prince  of 
"Wales.  Among  his  engravings,  which 
amount  to  five  hundred,  are  the  heads 
for  Kapin's  "England,"  twelve  heads 
of  distmguished  poets,  and  portraits  of 
Archbishop  Tillotson  and  Geoi'go  I.  It 
■was  principally  from  the  materials  col- 
lected by  Vertuc,  that  Horace  Walpole 
drew  his  "Anecdotes  of  Painting."  D. 
1756. 

VESALIUS,  Andrkw,  an  eminent 
wiatomist,  was  b.  in  1514,  at  Brussels; 
was  educated  at  Louvain  and  Paris,  was 
professor  of  anatomy  at  various  Italian 
universities;  and  afterwards  chief  phy- 
sician to  Charles  V.  and  Philip  II. ;  and 
d.  of  hunger  and  fatigue,  in  1563,  in 
Zante,  on  which  island  he  had  been 
Bhipwrccked  as  he  was  returning  from 
a  pilgrimage  to  Jerusalem.  Vesalius 
displayed  an  extraordinary  predilection 
for  the  science  of  anatomy  at  a  very 
early  period,  and  his  treatise  on  "The 
Formation  of  the  Hunian  Body"  was 
composed  when  he  was  only  eighteen. 

VESPASIAN,  TiTL-s  Flavius,  a  Ko- 
inan  emperor,  was  b.  at  Kieti,  towards 
the  close  of  the  rcitjn  of  Augustus ; 
and,  after  having  been  £cdile,  praetor, 
commander  of  a  legion,  consul,  and  pro- 
consul of  Africa,  and  having  distin- 
guished liimself  in  Germany,  Britain, 
and  Palestine,  was  raised  to  the  empire, 
69.     He  reigned  10  vears,  and  d.  79. 

VESPUCCI,  or  VESPUCIUS,  Ame- 
rigo, an  eminent  navigiitor,  was  b.  in 
1451,  at  Florence;  was  liberally  edu- 
cated, and  was  brought  up  to  connnerce. 


In  1490  he  was  sent  by  his  father  to 
conduct  his  connnercial  affairs  in  Spain. 
Stimulated,  however,  by  the  lionor 
which  Columbus  had  acquired,  Vespucci 
quitted  tratlic,  about  1499,  to  enter  on 
the  career  of  discovery.  He  subse- 
quently made  several  voyages  in  the 
Spanish  and  Portuguese  services,  and 
explored  a  considerable  extent  of  the 
South  American  coast.  He  d.  in  1516. 
By  an  act  of  fiagraut  injiistice  to  Colum- 
bus, the  name  of  one  who  was  only  his 
imitator  was  given  to  the  new  world. 

VICCaMIS,  John,  a  fimatical  writer 
during  the  commonwealth,  was  b.  in 
London,  in  15S2,  and  educated  at  Ox- 
ford. Ills  tirades  against  churcli  and 
king  have  the  following  quaint  titles; 
"God's  Ark  overtopping  the  World's 
Waves,"  "  The  Burning  Bush  not  con- 
sumed," and  "God  in  the  Mount," 
which  were  afterwards  published  to- 
gether, under  the  general  title  of  the 
"Parliamentary  Chronicle."  His  rhap- 
sodies were  satirically  alluded  to  by  the 
author  of  "  Iludibras." 

VICENTE,  Gil,  the  earliest  and  most 
eminent  of  the  Portuguese  comic  poets, 
was  b.  about  1480,  at  Guimaracns,  or  at 
Barcellos  ;  studied  jurisprudence  at  the 
university  of  Lisbon  ;  became  a  popular 
dramatist,  and  brouglit  the  drama  of  his 
country  to  a  much  more  perfect  state, 
and  d.  in  1577.  His  works  vv^ere  pub- 
lished by  his  son  ;  but  complete  copies 
of  them  are  now  imattainable. 

VICQ  D'AZYE,  Felix,  an  able  French 
anatomist  and  physician,  was  b.  1748, 
at  Valogne,  and  lectured  at  Paris  with 
great  success  upon  anatomy;  became 
principal  physician  to  the  queen.  Among 
his  works  are  "A  Treatise  on  Anatomy 
and  Physiology,"  "An  Anatomical 
System  of  Quadrupeds,"  and  "A  Trea- 
tise on  the  Curing  of  Horned  Cattle." 
The  whole  of  his  productions  have  been 
collected  in  six  volumes.     D.  1794. 

VI DA,  Mark  Jerome,  one  of  the 
most  eminent  of  modern  Latin  poets, 
was  b.  1490,  at  Cremona;  studied  ai 
Padua,  Bologna,  and  Mantua;  was 
raised  to  the  bishopric  of  Alba  b}^  Clem- 
ent VII.  as  a  reward  for  having  written 
"The  Christiad,"  and  d.  156G.  His 
works  form  two  quarto  volumes.  Among 
them  are  "  The  Art  of  Poctrv," 
"Chess,"  "The  Christiad,"  "The  Silk- 
worm," "  Hymns,"  and  other  poems. 

VIP]N,  Joseph  Mary,  an  eminent 
French  painter,  was  b.  1716,  at  Mont- 
pcllicr;  studied  at  Paris,  under  Natoire, 
and  at  Kome ;  was  received  a  member 
of  the  Academy,  in  1745,  and  became 


VINJ 


CVCLOIMiUIA    OK    UICXiKAPH V.- 


(89 


puccossivcly  professor,  rector,  and  di- 
rector; and  d.  in  180;i.  AiTioncr  Ids  best 
works  arc,  "St.  Denis  proiichinjj,"  a 
"Slccpiii^r  Ilerndl,"  "The  I'artinfr  of 
Hector  and  Andromaclie,"  and  "Jlector 
exhorting  Paris  to  arm  himself."  David 
and  Vincent  were  pupils  of  Vien. — Ma- 
IJIA,  his  wife,  who  d.  1805,  a£fed  seventy- 
seven,  was  an  excellent  painter  of  birds, 
shells,  and  flowers. 

VIGEE,  Louis  WiLLiAir  I'kknard 
Steimien,  a  French  poet  and  dramatist, 
was  b.  1755,  at  Paris,  and  d.  in  1820, 
reader  to  Louis  XVIII.  lie  is  tlie  au- 
thor of  many  poems,  a  "Course  of 
Literature,"  delivered  at  the  Athcncenm, 
three  comedies,  and  the  "  Pro  and  Con," 
a  religious,  moral,  political,  and  literary 
dialogue. 

VIGNOLA,  James,  whose  real  name 
was  Barozzio,  a  celebrated  arclutect, 
was  b..l507,  .at  Vienola,  in  the  Modenese 
territory,  and  relinquished  painting  for 
arcliitecture.  He  constructed  various 
magnificent  edifices  at  Bologna,  Parma, 
Perugia,  and  Kome;  but  his  niaster- 
piece  is  the  Caprarola  pahice,  and  he 
^vas  intrusted  with  tlie  management  of 
the  works  at  St.  Peter's  after  the  death 
of  Michael  Angelo.  For  the  king  of 
Spain  he  drew  the  designs  of  tlie  Escu- 
rial ;  and  in  this  instance  liis  plans  were 
preferred  to  those  of  twenty-two  other 
artists.     D.  1573. 

VILLANI,  John,  a  celebrated  Italian 
historian,  was  b.  before  the  close  of  the 
ISth  century,  at  Florence,  travelled  on 
various  parts  cf  the  Continent ;  filled 
several  imporUuit  otTices  in  liis  native 
country,  and  d.  of  the  plague  in  13-18. 
His  "  History  of  Florence"  was  con- 
tinued by  his  brother  Mattuew  and  liis 
nephew  PiiiLir,  the  latter  of  wdiom  is 
also  the  author  of  "Lives  of  Illustrious 
Florentines." 

VILLAKET,  Claudius,  a  French  his- 
torian, was  b.  about  1715,  at  Paris,  and 
was  brought  up  to  the  bar,  but  quitted 
it  for  literature,  and  ti:cn  went  upon  the 
sta<re,  on  which  lie  remained  till  17.'itj. 
He  subsequently  obtaineil  a  place  in  the 
ehamlier  of  accounts,  and  was  intrusted 
with  tlie  arrangement  of  the  archives  of 
tiiat  ollice — a  task  which  led  him  to 
examine  into  the  sources  of  French  his- 
tory. In  consequence  of  this,  he  was 
employed  to  continue  the  work  of 
Velly,  and  he  is  allowed  to  have  sur- 
passed his  predecessor.  His  portion  of 
the  "History"  extends  from  1320  to 
1469.  His  other  productions  are  for- 
gotten.    D.  1700. 

VILLAES,  Louis   IIectok,  marshal, 


duke  of,  one  of  the  most  cmi.icnt  of  the 
I  French  generals,  was  b.  in  1053,  at 
Moulins.  He  served  his  apprenticesliip 
to  the  art  of  war  under  Tureiine,  Conde, 
Luxembourg,  and  Crequi.  Soon  after 
the  peace  of  Niincguep,  he  was  sent 
ambassador  to  Vienna.  In  the  war 
which  was  terminated  by  the  treaty  of 
Kyswick,  he  distinguished  himself,  and 
particularly  at  the  combat  of  Lciize.  In 
lO'jy  he  was  again  appointed  ambassa- 
dor at  Vienna,  and  in  this  situation  he 
displayed  infinite  diplomatic  skill.  Du- 
ring the  war  of  the  succession  he  was 
commander-in-chief  in  various  quarters, 
and  by  nnmorous  splendid  achieve- 
ments acquired  a  right  to  be  considered 
as  one  of  the  greatest  generals  of  the 
age.  He  closed,  in  1732,  his  military 
career,  by  the  conquest  of  the  Milanese 
and  the  Mantuan.  D.  1734. — Montfau- 
coN  DE,  a  French  abbc^'-,  was  b.  1635,  in 
the  neigliborhood  of  Toulouse ;  and 
acquired  great  reputation  at  Paris  as  a 
preacher,  but  was  proliibited  from 
]ireachin£r  in  consequence  of  his  pub- 
lishing "The  Count  de  Gabalis,"  which 
his  enemies  pretended  to  be  an  irreli- 
gious ■'vork.  He  was  assassinated  in 
1075.  The  idea  of  the  sylphid  machin- 
ery of  the  "  Ka])o  of  the  Lock"  is  bor- 
rowed from  the  "Count  de  Gabalis." 

yiLLEHAIIDOUlX,  Geoffrey  de, 
a  French  chronicler,  was  b.  in  1107,  near 
Areissur  Aube  ;  held  the  office  of  mar- 
shal of  Champagne;  took  a  part  in  tbo 
crusade  of  11!)S,  and  was  present  at  the 
capture  of  Constantinojile  ;  was  appoint- 
ed marshal  of  Romania,  and  d.  about 
1213.  He  wrote  a  "History  of  the 
Events  from  1198  to  1207." 

VILLERS,  Charles  Francis  Do- 
minic, a  French  writer,  was  b.  in  1767, 
at  Boulay,  in  Lorraine ;  served  as  a  cap- 
tain of  artillery,  but  emicrated  in  1792, 
and  joined  the  army  of  Conde;  subse- 
quently abandoned  military  for  literary 
pursuits,  settled  in  Gennany,  and  be'- 
came  professor  of  French  literature  at 
Gottingen;  and  d.  1815.  His  principal 
work  is  "An  Essay  on  the  Spirit  and 
Influence  of  the  Reformation  brought 
about  liy  Luther." 

\'INCENT,  William,  an  able  critic 
and  divine,  was  b.  1739,  in  London, 
was  educated  at  'Westminster  school, 
and  at  Trinity  college,  Cambridge,  was 
successively  usher,  second  master,  and 
head  master,  of  the  fiMiiier  seminary, 
and  prebend  and  dean  of  Westminster, 
and  d.  in  ISl.'i.  His  principal  works 
are,  "The Commerce  and  Navigation  of 
the   Ancients   in   the    Indian    Ocean," 


790 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGKAPHY. 


[vol 


"Sermons,"  "The  Conjugation  of  the 
Greek  Verb,"  aud  "A  Defence  of  Pub- 
lic Etlueatiou." 

N'lNCI,  Leonardo  da,  a  celebrated 
Italiuu  painter,  the  natural  son  of  a 
notary,  was  b.  in  1452,  at  a  castle  near 
Florence,  whence  he  derived  his  name. 
To  the  personal  gifts  which  he  received 
from  nature  v.'ere  ioined  tlie  advantages 
of  an  excellent  eciucation,  aud  he  earlv 
acquired  an  extensive  knowledge  of 
mathematics  and  other  branches  of 
science.  Verocchio  was  his  preceptor 
in  painting,  and  Da  Vinci  soon  surpass- 
ed him.  In  l-iS'J  he  was  invited  to 
Milan,  by  Duke  Louis  Sforza,  and  he 
resided  there  fur  many  years,  acting  at 
once  as  engineer,  mechanist,  sculptor, 
architect,  and  painter.  During  the 
period  of  his  abode  tliere  he  executed 
his  great  work,  the  "  Last  Supper," 
and  formed  the  canal  of  Martesana.  lie 
was  subsequently  employed  at  Florence 
and  at  liome.  In  1515  he  accepted  an 
invitation  from  Francis  I.  to  visit  France, 
aud  lie  d.  in  that  country  in  1519.  The 
story  that  he  expired  in  the  arms  of 
Francis  appears  to  be  a  lieMon.  Da 
Vinci  is  the  author  of  a  "  Treatise  ou 
Fainting,"  and  of  some  unpublished 
works. 

VINER,  Charles,  an  English  law 
writer,  was  b.  about  16S0,  at  Aldershot, 
in  Hampshire,  spent  a  considerable  part 
of  his  life  in  compiling  the  well-known 
"General  Abridgment  of  Law  and 
Equity,"  endowed  several  fellowships 
and  scholarships,  and  founded  the  law 
professorship,  at  Oxford.     D.  1756. 

VIRGIL,  or  FcBLius  VmoiLius  M^vko, 
the  greatest  of  the  lioman  poets,  was  b. 
70  B.  c,  at  Andes,  near  Mantua,  and 
studied  at  Cremona,  Milan,  and  Naples. 
It  appears  to  have  been  in  his  SOtii  year 
that  fie  first  visited  Koine.  His  object 
was,  to  obtain  restitution  of  his  lands, 
of  which  the  soldiers  of  Octavius  had 
taken  possession  after  the  battle  of  Phi- 
lippi.  Tlirough  the  interest  of  Varus 
and  PoUio  he  obtained  from  Augustus 
the  desired  order;  but,  when  he  re- 
turned with  it,  the  military  usurper 
compelled  him  to  save  his  life  by  swim- 
ming over  the  Mincio.  A  second  man- 
date, iiowever,  had  the  wislied-for  ctt'ect. 
The  rest  of  his  life  was  devoted  to  liter- 
ature, and  was  cheered  by  the  friendship 
of  Augustus,  Maecenas,  and  all  tlie  other 
eminent  men  of  the  age.  The  fame 
which  he  acquired  by  his  "Eclogues," 
and  "The  Georgies,''  he  crowned  by 
"The  ^neid,"  to  wliieh  last  work, 
however,  he  did   not  live   to   put   the 


finishing  touches.  On  nis  return  from 
meeting  Augustus,  at  Athens,  he  d.  at 
Brundusium,  19  b.  c. 

VISCONTI,  John-  Baptist  Anthoxv, 
a  learned  Italian  antiquary,  was  b.  1722, 
at  Vernazza,  in  the  Genoese  territory, 
was  educated  at  Koine,  succeeded 
Winckelman  as  commissary  of  antiqui- 
ties there,  had  a  large  share  in  the  tbr- 
mation  of  the  Pio-Clementine  museum, 
and  d.  in  1784:. — Ennius  QiriKixrs,  tiic 
eldest  son  of  the  foregoing,  and  more 
than  his  equal  in  archieological  knowl- 
edge, was  b.  1751,  at  Rome,  displayed 
uncommon  precocity  of  talent,  was  ap- 
pointed conservator  of  the  museum  of 
the  capitol  by  Pius  VI.,  was  minister  of 
the  home  department,  and  subsequently 
one  of  the  consuls,  of  the  short-lived 
Roman  republic,  was  in  consequence 
compelled  to  seek  an  asylum  in  France, 
and  became  there  a  member  of  the  in- 
stitute, professor  of  archroology,  and 
administrator  of  the  museum.  Among 
his  numerous  works  are,  "The  De- 
scription of  the  Pio-Clementinc  Mu- 
seum," "Grecian  Iconography,"  and 
"  Roman  Iconography."     D.  1818. 

VITELLIUS,  AuLus,  one  of  the  most 
contemptible  of  the  Roman  emperors, 
was  b.  15,  at  Rome,  rose  to  greatness  by 
being  subservient  to  the  vices  of  his 
imperial  masters,  was  at  the  he.ad  of  the 
legions  in  Lower  Germany  when  Galba 
died,  was  raised  to  the  throne  by  his 
soldiers,  and  obtained  full  possession 
of  it  on  the  fall  of  Otho;  and  was  put 
to  death,  a.  d.  60,  after  a  disgraceful 
reign  of  only  eight  months.  His  inor- 
dinate crluttonv  was  his  least  vice. 

VITKUVIU'S  POLLIO,  Marcus,  a  cel- 
ebrated Roman  writer  on  architecture, 
is  supposed  to  have  been  b.  at  Formal, 
in  Campania,  to  have  flourished  under 
Julius  Cassar  and  Augustus,  and  to 
have  lived  to  a  very  advanced  age.  Ho 
wrote  an  able  work,  on  "  Architecture." 

VOITUKE,  ViN'CENT,  a  French  wit 
and  poet,  was  the  son  of  a  wine  mer- 
cliant,  and  was  b.  in  1598,  at  Amiens. 
His  manners  and  talents  conciliated  to 
him  the  kindness  of  the  great,  and  he 
became  a  favorite  at  the  hotel  de  Ram 
bouillet  and  at  court.  Gaston,  duke  of 
Orleans,  was  much  attached  to  him,  and 
made  him  his  master  of  the  ceremonies. 
Under  the  administration  of  Cardinal 
Mazarin,  Voiture  was  in  the  zenith  of 
his  reputation,  and  enjoyed  large  pen- 
sions, but  women  an<l  gambling  kept 
him  poor.  In  private  life  his  cliaracter 
Was  amiable.  His  best  poem  is  an 
"  Epistle  to  the  Prince  of  Condd."     His 


CVCLOPitDIA    OF    HIOGRAPIiy. 


'91 


"Letters,"  which  wore  onee  considered 
as  inimitable,  are  now  iilmost  wholly 
ne.'lected. 

VOLXEY,         CONSTANTIXE        FUAXCIS 

CiiASSF.BCEUF,  couut  dc,  ail  eminent 
French  writer,  was  b.  in  17')7,  at  Craon, 
in  Britany.  lie  was  educated  at  An- 
gers, and  tor  tlirce  years  studied  medi- 
cine at  Paris,  hut  eomincr  into  possession 
of  a  small  estiite  he  was  enabled  to  in- 
dulge his  ardent  desire  of  travcllino'. 
He  spent  three  years  in  Syria  and  E.irypt, 
•and  on  his  return  published,  in  1787, 
his  "Travels,"  which  established  his 
reputation.  lie  was  elected  a  member 
of  the  states-sfcneral,  was  confined  for 
ten  months  during  the  reign  of  terror, 
was  appointed  professor  of  history  at 
the  Normal  school  in  1704,  and  in  1705 
made  a  voyage  to  the  United  States, 
whence  he  did  not  return  till  170S.  Na- 
poleon created  him  a  senator  and  a 
count.  In  all  circumstances,  however, 
Volney  was  a  friend  of  freedom.  Amon!r 
his  princtpal  works  are,  "TlicKuins," 
"Lectures  on  History,"'  and  "New 
Researches  on  Ancient  History."  D. 
18-20. 

V(JLTA,  Alexander,  a  celebrated  e.v- 
perimental  philosopher,  wlio  contributed 
largely  to  the  progress  of  science,  was  of 
a  noble  family,  and  was  b.  1745,  at  Como ; 
was  for  30  years  professor  of  natural  phi- 
losophy at  Pavia ;  was  made  an  Italian 
count  and  senator  by  Napoleon ;  and 
■was  a  member  of  many  learned  bodies. 
Electricity  was  the  first  object  to  which 
Volta  turned  his  attention ;  and  he  in- 
vented the  perpetual  electrophorus  and 
the  condenser.  But  the  great  invention 
which  immortalizes  his  name  is  the  Vol- 
taic pile,  to  which  we  are  indebted  for 
80  many  important  philosophical  and 
chemical  discoveries.     D.  182G. 

VOLTAIRE,  Marie  Francis  Arouet 
DE,  the  most  universal  of  French  wri- 
ters, was  b.  Feb.  20,  1604,  at  Chatenay, 
near  Sceaux,  and  was  educated  with 
great  care  at  the  Jesuits'  college,  Paris. 
One  of  his  tutors  predicted  that  he 
would  be  the  Coryphaeus  of  deism  in 
France ;  and  the  society  which  the 
vouthful  poet  frequented — clcfirant,  but 
irreligious — did  not  tend  to  falsify  the 
prediction.  Ilis  father  destined  him  for 
the  magistracy,  but  the  literary  propen- 
sity of  the  son  was  unconquerable.  In 
hi.s  22d  year  he  was  sent  to  the  Bastille, 
by  the  regent,  on  the  unfounded  sus- 
picion of  his  being  the  author  of  a  libel, 
and  while  he  was  in  prison  he  formed 
the  plan  of  "  The  Henriade,"  and  com- 
pleted the  tragedy  cf  "CEdipus."    The 


tragedy  was  represented  in  1718  with 
distinguished  success.  Two  others,  by 
which  it  was  succeeded,  were  less  for- 
tunate. A  second  unjust  confinement 
in  the  Bastille  induced  him  to  take  up 
his  residence  in  England  for  tiiree 
vears,  where  he  was  favorably  received 
W  many  illustrious  characters,  and  ob- 
tained a  largo  subscription  for  "The 
Henriade."  In  172S  he  returned  to 
France,  and  between  that  year  and  1749 
he  produced  his  tragedies  of  "  Zara," 
"Alzira,"  "Mahomet,"  "  Merope,"  and 
many  other  works;  was  admitted  into 
the  French  Academy;  and  was  appoint- 
ed gentleman  of  the  king's  chamber  in 
ordinary,  and  historiographer  of  France. 
In  1750  he  accepted  the  invitation  of  the 
king  of  Prussia  to  Berlin.  For  a  while 
the  sovereign  and  the  poet  were  on  the 
most  amicable  terms;  but  in  1750  their 
friendship  was  broken,  and  Voltaire 
quitted  the  Prussian  dominions.  Paris, 
in  consequence  of  the  intrigues  of  his 
enemies,  being  no  loncrer  an  eligible 
abode  for  him,  he  lived  for  short  peri- 
ods at  Geneva  and  other  places,  and  at 
leugtli  purchased  an  estate  at  Ferney,  in 
the  Pays  de  Gex,  on  which  he  finally 
settled.  There,  in  possession  of  a  larire 
fortune,  and  surrounded  l)y  friends,  he 
gave  free  scope  to  his  indefatigable  pen. 
In  April,  1778,  he  went  once  more  to 
Paris,  after  an  absence  of  nearly  30 
years.  He  was  received  with  enthusi- 
asm, his  bust  was  crowned  on  the  stage, 
and  was  placed  by  the  Academicians 
next  to  that  of  Corneille ;  but  he  did  not 
long  enjoy  these  honors,  for  he  expired 
on  the  Sbth  of  May,  and  his  death  is 
supposed  to  have  been  hastened  by  an 
overdose  of  laudanum,  which  he  took  to 
calm  the  pain  occasioned  by  strangury, 
and  to  procure  sleep,  of  which  he  had 
long  been  deprived.  His  collected  works, 
in  the  edition  of  Beaumarchais,  form 
70  volumes.  "He  was,"  says  a  French 
author  "  one  of  our  greatest  poets ;  the 
most  brilliant,  the  most  elegant,  the 
most  fertile,  of  our  prose  writers.  There 
is  not,  in  the  literature  of  any  country, 
either  in  verse  or  in  prose,  an  author 
who  has  written  on  so  many  opposite 
kinds  of  subjects,  and  has  so  constantly 
displayed  a  superiority  in  all  of  them.'' 
VONDEL,  Justus  Vanden,  a  Dutch 
poet,  was  b.  1587,  at  Cologne,  but  his 
parents  settled  in  Holland  while  he  was 
a  child.  He  was  by  trade  a  hosier,  but 
lie  left  business  almost  wholly  to  his 
wife,  that  he  might  cultivate"  poetry, 
and  at  length  he  obtained  an  office  un 
der  government.     D.  1697. 


792 


CVCLOl'.EUIA    OF    IJIOGRAl'HY. 


[WAK 


VOSS.  John  Henky,  a  German  poet 
and  critio,  was  b.  in  1751,  at  Sommers- 
dorf,  and  was  educated  at  Gottingen. 
In  177'>  ho  bciinn  to  edit  tlic  "Almanac 
of  the  Mnscs,"  and  lie  conducted  it  till 
ISOO.  lie  was  appointeil  rector  of  the 
college  of  Ottendorf,  in  1778,  whence  he 
■was  "removed  to  fill  the  same  ottice  at 
Eutin.  At  the  latter  place  he  remained 
for  23  j'cars.  The  grand-dulve  of  Baden 
invited  liim,  in  1705,  to  Heidelberg. 
Voss  wrote  '"Louisa,"  a  poem,  "  Idylls," 
''Miscellaneous  Poems,"  "Letters  on 
Mythology,"  and  other  works;  and 
translated  Homer,  Hesiod,  Theocritus, 
Virgil,  Horace,  and  several  other  Greek 
and  Eoman  poets.    D.  182(;. 

V03SIUS,  (iERAP.D  John,  an  eminent 
critic  and  philologist,  was  b.  in  1577, 
near  Heidelberg;  studied  at  Dort  and 
Leyden ;  was  removed  from  the  profes- 
sorship of  riietorie  and  chronology  at 
Leyden,  in  consequence  of  his  favoring 
the  remonstrants  ;  obtained  a  prebend 


in  Canterbury  cathedral,  through  the 
influence  of  Laud,  with  a  dispensation 
from  residence  in  England  ;  and  d.  1653, 
professor  of  history  at  Amsterdam. — 
Isaac,  son  of  the  Ibresroing,  was  b.  1618, 
at  Leyden,  and  acquired  reputation  by 
publishinir,  at  the  age  of  21,  an  edition 
of  the  "Periplus  of  Scylax,"  with  a 
Latin  version  and  notes.  After  having 
remained  some  time  at  Stockholm,  to 
which  capital  he  was  invited  by  Chris- 
tina, and  subsequently  in  liis  own  coun- 
try, he  settled  in.  England,  in  1670,  and 
was  made  canon  of  Windsor.  D.  in 
1688. 

VOUET,  Simon,  a  French  painter,  was 
b.  1582, -at  Paris  ;  learned  the  rudiments 
of  art  from  his  father,  who  was  alsoa 
painter;  resided  for  several  years  in 
Italy;  was  recalled  by  Louis  Xtll.,  who 
employed  him  in  the  Louvre  and  Lux- 
embourg palaces ;  and  d.  1649.  Lcbrun, 
Lc  Sueur,  Mignard,  and  other  eminent 
artists,  were  his  pupils. 


w. 


"WADHAM,  N10HOL.V.S,  the  founder 
of  the  college  which  bears  his  name  at 
Oxlbrd,  was  b.  about  1536,  in  Somerset- 
shire, and  was  educated  at  Christ-church 
collcire.     D.  1610. 

WAGHORN,  Thomas,  whose  name 
will  be  for  ever  associated  with  the 
achievement  of  steam  communication 
between  England  and  India,  was  b.  at 
Chatham,  ISUO.  At  12  years  of  age  he 
was  appointed  a  midshipman,  and  be- 
fore ho  had  completed  his  17th  year  he 
passed  in  navigation  for  lieutenant. 
After  a  short  cruise  lie  volunteered  for 
the  Arracan  war,  and  having  received 
the  command  of  the  East  India  Compa- 
ny's cutter.  Matchless,  and  seen  much 
service  hy  land  and  sea,  he  returned  to 
Calcutta  m  1827.  From  this  period  he 
turned  his  attention  to  the  great  project 
lie  had  had  long  secretly  at  heart — a 
Hteain  commniiication  between  England 
and  India;  and  the  ardor,  j)ersoverance, 
and  firmness  with  which  lie  worked  it 
to  completion,  have  gained  him  a  name 
among  tho  benefactors  of  hi.'j  race.  D. 
1850. 

WAILLY,  Charles  nr,,  an  eminent 
architect,  was  b.  1720,  at  Paris;  studied 
his  art  under  Blonde!,  Lejay,  and  Ser- 
vandoni,  and  at  Koine ;  was  a  member 
of  tlic  Institute,  and  the  founder  of  the 
society  of  the  Friends  of  the  Arts.    His 


principal  works  are,  the  Spinola  palace 
at  Genoa,  the  mansion  of  Ormes  in 
Tonraine,  and  the  hotel  of  Argenson, 
and  the  Odcon,  at  Paris.  The  Odeon 
was  the  joint  production  of  Waillv  and 
Peyre.     D.  1798. 

WAKE,  William,  a  learned  and  pious 
prelate,  was  b.  1627,  at  Bluntbrd,  in  Dor- 
setshire, and  was  educated  at  Christ- 
church,  Oxford.  After  leaving  college, 
he  was  successively  chaplain  to  the 
British  embassy  at  Paris,  preacher  at 
(iray's  Inn,  king's  chaplain  to  William 
III.,  and  deputy  clerk  of  the  closet, 
rector  of  St.  James's,  Westminster,  and 
dean  of  Exeter.  He  also  distinguished 
himself  as  a  controversalist  against  the 
Catholics,  particularly  in  reply  to  Bos- 
suet,  and  had  the  rare  merit  of  contro- 
verting without  acrimony.  In  1705  he 
was  raised  to  the  see  of  Lincoln,  whence 
in  1716  he  was  translated  to  Canterbury. 
1).  1737. 

WAKEFIELD,  Gilbert,  a  scholar 
and  critic,  was  b.  1756,  at  Nottingham,, 
and  was  educated  at  Jesus  college,  Ox- 
ford. After  having  been  a  curate  at 
Stockport,  and  also  near  Liverpool,  he 
fiuittcd  the  church,  and  became  classi- 
cal tutor  at  the  Warrington  dissenting 
academy.  In  17'JO  he  was  a]i]>ointcil  to 
tlie  same  office  in  Hackney  college,  but 
held  it  only  a  year.    Being  a  warm  friend 


wal] 


CYCLUI'JCUIA    OF    BIOUKAPIlli 


793 


to  the  Ftciioh  revolution,  niid  as  warmly 
hostile  to  the  war  against  the  republic, 
he  took  a  decided  ]iart  in  the  angry 
politics  of  that  disturbed  period.  In 
1798  he  was  prosecuted  tor  a  "  Reply  to 
the  Bishop  of  LlandatY's  Address  to  the 
People  of  Great  Britain,"  and  was  sen- 
tenced to  an  imprisonment  of  two  years 
in  Dorchester  jail.  During  his  captivity 
a  subscription  amounting  to  £5000  was 
raised  for  liim.  D.  1801,  soon  after  his 
liberation.  Among  his  works  are,  liis 
own  "  Memoirs,"  a  translation  of  the 
"New  Testament,"  "Silva  Critica,"  a 
"  Beply  to  Painc's  Age  of  Ecason,"  and 
editions  of  various  classics,  and  of  Pope's 
Plomer. — Priscilla,  well  known-  by  the 
many  ingenious  works  which  she  wrote 
to  promote  juvenile  improvement.  She 
was  the  original  promoter  of  banks  for 
the  savings  of  the  poor,  which  are  now 
become  so  general.  She  resided  for 
manv  years  at  Tottenham,  in  Middlesex. 
D.  at  ipswich,  1832. 

WAIjKP^K,  Clemknt,  a  political  wri- 
ter of  the  17th  century,  was  b.  at  Cliffc, 
in  Dorsetshire;  was  educated  at  Christ- 
chureh,  Oxford;  and  became  il.  P.  for 
\Vells.  Being  a  zealous  Presbyterian, 
he  was  violently  hostile  to  the  Indepen- 
dents, against  -whom  he  published,  in 
164S,  "A  History  of  Independency."  He 
also  attacked  the  protector  in  a  treatise 
called  "  Cromwell  s  Slaughter  House." 
He  was  committed  to  the  Tower,  and  d. 
there  in  1G51. — Adam,  an  astronomical 
lecturer  and  miscellaneous  writer,  was 
b.  1731,  in  AVestmoreland,  and  very 
early  displayed  a  turn  for  mechanics. 
While  following  his  father's  business 
of  a  woollen  manufacturer,  he  used  to 
amuse  liimself  with  making  models  of 
mills.  He  was,  in  succession,  an  usher, 
a  mathematical  teacher,  a  tradesman, 
and  the  master  of  an  academy ;  and  at 
last  became,  and  continued  through  life, 
a  highly  popular  lecturer  on  astronomy. 
Among  his  works  are,  "  A  System  of 
Familiar  Philosophy,"  "  Lectures  on 
Experimental  Philosophy,"  "  A  Trea- 
tise on  Geography,"  and  two  "Tours." 
D.  1821. — Joiix,  a  lexicographer,  was  b. 
in  1732,  at  Friern  Barnet,  m  Hertford- 
shire ;  was,  at  first,  master  of  an  acad- 
emy, and,  subsequently,  a  lecturer  on 
elocution;  and' d.  1807".  His  principal 
works  are,  "A  Pronouncing  Dictionary," 
a  *'  Rb;vming  Dictionary."  "  Elements 
of  Elocution,"  and  a  "  Khetorical  Gram- 
mar."— JouN,  a  physician  and  geograph- 
ical writer,  was  b.  17.')'.i,  at  Cockermouth, 
and  d.  1S30.  This  singular  character 
passed  through  the  various  occupations 
67 


of  engraver,  smith,  one  of  the  crew  of  a 
privateer,  schoolinastcr,  and  medical 
practitioner.  In  the  latter  capacity  he 
contributed  greatly  to  ditTuse  vaccina- 
tion, and  at  the  time  of  his  decease  ho 
was  at  the  head  of  the  Vaccine  institu- 
tion. He  published  a  "  Gazetteer"  and 
"Atlas." 

WALLACE,  Sir  William,  a  Scottish 
patriot  and  hero,  the  younger  son  of  Sir 
Malcolm  Wallace  of  EUerslie,  in  Een- 
frcwshire,  was  b.  1276.  Indignant  at 
seeing  his  country  enslaved  by  Edward 
I.  he  resolved  to  undertake  its  libera- 
tion. His  success  at  the  head  of  a  small 
band  of  followers  induced  many  of  the 
barons  to  join  him,  and  he  gained  a 
splendid  victory  over  Earl  Warenne,  at 
Cambuskenneth.  He  was  appointed 
regent,  but  his  elevation  having  excited 
jealousy  among  the  nobles,  he  resigned 
the  office.  The  defeat  of  the  Scots,  at 
Falkirk,  compelled  Wallace  to  resort  to 
his  original  system  of  predatory  warfare, 
and  for  seven  years  he  continued  to 
harass  the  invaders;  but,  in  1305,  ho 
was  betrayed  into  the  hands  of  J'dward 
by  Sir  John  Monteith,  and  the  monarch 
stained  his  character  by  executing  his 
captive  as  a  traitor. 

WALLENSTEIN,  Albeut  Vexces- 
LAus  El'skbius,  duke  of  Friedland,  a 
celebrated  German  general,  was  b.  15S3, 
in  Bohemia,  and  began  life  as  page  to 
the  margrave  of  Burgau,  son  of  the 
Archduke  Ferdinand.  After  having 
travelled  over  nearly  the  whole  of  Eu- 
rope, he  married  a  widow  possessed  of 
immense  riches,  who  let!  him  a  widower 
at  the  end  of  four  years.  At  the  head 
of  a  formidable  army  raised  by  him  for 
the  service  of  the  emperor,  and  paid 
from  his  own  resources  and  from  un- 
limited plunder,  he,  for  several  years, 
distinguished  himself  by  his  successes 
in  Moravia,  Bohemia,  and  Northern 
(xcrmany,  and  was  rewarded  with  the 
dukedoms  of  Meeklenburgh  and  Fried- 
land.  His  enemies  at  length  succeeded 
in  procuring  his  dismission,  and  he  re- 
tired to  Prague,  where  he  lived  with  all 
the  state  of  a  sovereign.  The  progress 
of  Gustavus  Adolpluis  compelled  the 
emperor,  in  1(532,  to  place  ^^  allenstein 
again  in  command  of  liis  forces,  with 
almost  regal  authority.  He  foiled  Gus- 
tavus at  Nuremberg,  but  was  defeated 
at  Leipsic.  ^\t  length  he  was  accused 
of  treason,  and  his  commission  was  re- 
voked ;  and,  while  he  was  meditating 
iirojects  of  revenge,  he  was  assassinated, 
m  i03-i,  by  some  of  his  own  officers. 

WALLER,  Sir  Willlvm,  an  eminent 


75)1 


CYCLOP-EDIA  Ot    BIOGRAPHY. 


[aval 


pavliamcntary  geueriil,  was  b.  in  1597 
ill  Ivent,  aiurwas  educated  at  Matrdaleu 
college  and  Hart  hall,  Oxford.     On  his 
rctuniiug  from  serving  as  a  volunteer  in 
Germany,  against  the  emperor,  he  was 
clei-ted  for  Andovcr  as  a  member  of  the 
lon^  parliament.   Ilci)pposed  the  court, 
and,  on   the  breaking  out  of  the  war, 
was  made  second  in  eonunand  under 
tlie  carl  of  Essex.     He  fought  chiefly  in 
the  west  of  England,  and"  with  varied 
fortune.      The  "self-denying  ordinance 
excluded  him  from  service,  and  he  be- 
came so  much  an  object  of  suspicion  to 
the  republicans,  that  he  was  twice  im- 
prisoned.    D.  16SS. — Edmund,   an  ele- 
gant poet,  was  b.  in  1608,  at  Coleshill, 
in  Warwickshire,  and  was  educated  at 
Eton,  and  at  King's  college,  Cambridge. 
In  his  H'ltli  or  ITtii  year  he  sat  in  parlia- 
ment, and  in  his  I'sth  he  betran  to  dis- 
play his  poetical  talents.     His  already 
wrirc  fortune  he  increased  by  a  marriage 
witli  a  rich  heiress,  who  soon  left  him  a 
widower,  and   he   then    unsuccessfully 
paid  court   to  Lady  Dorotliea  Sidney, 
the   Sacharissa  of  his   verses.     In  the 
long  parliament  he  was  a  moderate  op- 
ponent of  tiie  court,  and  he  was  one  of 
the   commissioners   appointed   to  treat 
with  the  king  at  Oxford.    lie  was  either 
already  a  secret  royalist,  or  was  con- 
verted   by    his     intercourse    with    the 
monarch  ;   for,    soon   after  his  visit  to 
Oxtbrd,   he  entered   into  a  conspiracy 
acraiiist  the  house  of  counnons.     It  was 
discovered ;  but  Waller  saved  his  life, 
though  at  the  expense  of  suc!i  cowardice, 
treac'liery,  and  cunning,  as  thoroughly 
disgracecl  him.     He  was  fined  ten  tliou- 
eand  pounds,  and  banished.    Cromwell, 
however,  permitted  him  to  return,  and 
treated  him  with  favor ;  and  the  grati- 
tude of  the   poet  was  displayed  by  a 
splendid  panegyric,  and,  subsequently, 
by  the  less  qtiestionable  tribute  of  an 
elegy   on   the   death   of  the   protector. 
During  tlic  rei'^ms  of  Charles  II.  and 
James  II.  he  was  highly  distinguished 
fit  court,  and  was  generally  a<lmircd  for 
his  abilities  and  his  wit.     "l).  1087. 

WALLIS,  John,  an  eminent  matbe- 
niatii-ian  and  divine,  was  b.  in  KUG,  at 
Aflhford.  in  Kent  ;  was  educated  at 
Emanuel  colletre,  Cambridge;  obtained, 
in  164:;,  the  living  of  St.  Gabriel,  Fen- 
cliurch-strcet ;  was  chosen,  in  KJlli,  Sa- 
vilian  professor  of  geometry  at  Oxford  ; 
was  made  keeper  of  the  archives  there, 
in]6">8;  retained  his  offices  at  the  res- 
toration, iin<l  was  appointed  one  of  the 
roy:d  chaplains:  was  one  of  the  earliest 
meinbera  of  the  Koyal  Society ;  and  d. 


1703.  \Vallis  haa  consummate  skill  in 
the  art  of  deciphering,  and  his  talents 
were  much  called  into  use  by  the  repub- 
lican and  succeeding  regal  goverments. 
He  was  also  one  of  the  first  who  gave 
the  power  of  speech  to  the  deaf  and 
dumb.  As  a  mathematician  his  fame 
stands  high  both  in  England  and  on 
the  Continent.  His  mathematical  works 
form  three  volumes,  and  his  theological 
a  fourth. 

WALN,  KoBERT,  a  miscellaneous  wri- 
ter, was  b.  in  I'hiladelphia,  and  M'as 
liberally  educated,  but  adopted  no  pro- 
fession. He  was  the  author  of  "  Tlie 
Hermit  in  Philadelphia,"  a  satire  ;  "The 
American  Bards,"  a  satire;  ''Sisyphi 
Opus,  or  Touches  at  the  Times,"  a 
"History  of  China,"  some  of  the  lives 
in  tiie  "Biography  of  the  Signers  of  the 
Declaration  of  Independence,"  a  "  Life 
of  Lafayette,"  and  an  account  of  the 
"Quaker  Hospital,  at  Frankfort,  near 
Philadelphia."     D.  1824. 

WALPOLE,  EoBERT,  earl  of  Orford, 
a  statesman,  was  b.  1676,  at  Houghton, 
his  father's  seat,  in  Norfolk,  and  was 
educated  at  Eton,  and  at  King's  college, 
Cambridge.  He  first  sat  in  parliament, 
in  1701,  as  member  for  Castle  Rising; 
but  in  the  following  year  he  was  elected 
for  Lynn,  which  he  thenceforth  contin- 
ued to  represent.  As  a  senator  he  soon 
distinguished  himself  among  the  Whigs. 
In  1708  he  was  appointed  secretary  at 
war;  in  17o0  treasurer  of  the  navy;  and 
in  1710  one  of  the  managers  of  Sach- 
everell's  trial ;  but,  on  the  triumph  of 
tiio  Tories,  he  lost  his  offices,  and  waa 
expelled  the  house,  and  committed  to 
the  Tower,  on  an  unproved  charge  of 
breach  of  trust  and  corruption.  The 
accession  of  George  I.  restored  the  as- 
cendency of  Walpole's  party,  and  he 
was  made  paymaster  of  the  forces,  and, 
subsequently,  prime  minister.  Disputes 
with  his  colleagues,  however,  induced 
hini  to  resisn,  in  1717,  and  ho  remained 
in  opposition  till  1720,  when  he  once 
more  became  paymaster  of  the  forces. 
On  the  retirement  of  Lord  Sunderland, 
W^alpole  was  again  raised  to  the  high 
situation  of  premier,  and  that  situation 
he  retained  tor  two  and  twenty  years,  in 
spite  of  incessant  attacks  from  political 
enemies  of  splendid  talcilts.  To  main- 
tain peace  was  one  of  the  main  objects 
of  his  administration.  In  1742  he  re- 
signed, and  was  creuted  carl  of  Ortbrd. 
I).  174-5. — HojjATio,  Lord,  brother  of  the 
foreiroing,  was  b.  in  1678;  held  various 
otfices  under  the  government;  was  em- 
ployed as  ambassador  to  Franco  and 


CYCLOP/KDIA    OK    BIOUKAI'JI  V. 


195 


Holland;  was  created  a  peer  in  17")6  ; 
nnd  d.  in  1757.  lie  wrote  an  answer  to 
"  Bolingbroke's  Letters  on  History;" 
and  sonic  politieal  pamphlets. — Hokace, 
earl  of  Ortbrd,  the  younsjest  son  of  Sir 
Kobert,  a  man  of  varied  and  brilliant 
talents,  was  b.  1718,  and  was  educated 
at  Eton,  and  at  King's  college,  Cam- 
bridge. In  1741  he  entered  parliament 
as  member  for  Callington,  and  he  after- 
wards represented  Castle  Kising  and 
Lynn.  He  was  a  steady  Whig  and  an 
independent  senator,  but  took  no  active 
part  in  the  business  of  the  legislature  ; 
and  in  1708  retired  wholly  from  it.  Lit- 
erature and  virtu  were  the  grcit  occu- 
pations of  his  life  ;  and  much  of  his  ex- 
istence was  dedicated  to  embellishing 
his  villa  at  Strawberry  hill,  near  Twick- 
enham, and  forming  a  collection  there. 
At  that  place  lie  also  established  a  pri- 
vate press,  and  printed  several  works. 
In  1791  he  succeeded  to  the  earldom  ; 
an  accession  of  dignity  which  ho  would 
have  been  slad  to  have  avoided.  D.  1797. 
\V  ALSINGIIAJSI,  Sir  Fisancis,  an  em- 
inent statesman,  was  b.  lo3d,  at  Chisel- 
hurst,  in  Kent.  After  having  been 
ambassador  to  France,  lie  was,  in  1573, 
appointed  one  of  the  secretaries  of  state, 
and  was  knighted.  In  1581  he  was  a 
second  time  sent  to  France,  and  in  1583 
to  Scotland.  In  the  final  proceedings 
against  Mary  queen  of  Scots  he  acted  a 
conspicuous  part.     D.  1590. 

WALTEE,  .ToHN,  whose  name  is  in- 
separably connected  with  the  gigantic 
aehieven'ients  of  the  press  in  modern 
times,  was  the  son  of  Mr.  John  Walter, 
printer  to  the  customs,  and  for  many 
years  chief  proprietor  of  the  "  Times" 
nevvspai>er.  He  was  b.  in  1773,  and 
having,  on  the  completion  oHm  educa- 
tion, made  himself  acquainted  with  all 
the  technicalities  and  routine  of  a  large 
printing  establishment,  he,  in  1803,  be- 
came a  joint  proprietor  and  exclusive 
manager'of  the  "  Times  ;"  and  from  this 
period,  during  the  long  course  of  44 
yeais,  he  devoted  liimsetf  to  the  moral 
and  material  improvement  of  what  has 
been  so  justly  termed  "  the  fourtli 
estate"  of  the  realm.     D.  1847. 

WALTON,  IzAAK,  was  b.  1593,  in 
Stafford,  and  kept  a  linen-draper's  shop 
in  London,  first  in  the  Royal  Exchange, 
and  lastly  in  Fleet-street,' at  the  corner 
of  Chancery-lane.  About  1643  he  quit- 
ted the  metropolis,  and  he  d.  at  Win- 
chester in  1683.  His  "Complete  Ansler" 
has  long  afforded  delight  not,  only  to 
those  who  are  fond  of  angling,  but  to 
general  readers  of  taste,  and  has  passed 


through  numerous  editions.  His  Lives 
of  Hooker,  Sanderson,  W(jtton,  Donne, 
and  Herbert  exhibit  him  in  a  highly  fa- 
voraVjIe  light  as  a  biographer.  Words- 
worth says  of  them, 


'  Tlie  fcntlicr  whence  the 
rl  t 
Dropped  from  an  titigi 


Wns  ehnpcfl  that  triicc-d  the  li' 


ite 


ae  good  men 


At  a  very  advanced  age  Walton  publish- 
ed, under  the  name  of  Chalkhill,  "  Tlie- 
alma  and  Clearehus,  a  Pastoral  History." 
— (Jeokg?:,  a  signer  of  the  declaration  of 
independence,  was  b.  in  Frederic  coun- 
ty, \  irginia,  about  the  year  1740.  He 
was  early  apprenticed  to  a  carpenter,  but 
at  the  expiration  of  his  apprenticeship 
he  removed  to  Georgia,  and  entered  the 
otKce  of  an  attorney  at  law.  In  1776  he 
was  elected  to  the  continental  congress. 
At  the  siege  of  Savannah  he  was  wound- 
ed and  taken  prisoner,  but  was  ex- 
changed in  September,  1779.  In  the 
following  month  he  was  appointed  gov- 
ernor of  the  state,  and  in  tiie  succeeding 
January  he  was  elected  a  member  of 
congress  for  two  years. 

WAEBPX'K,  Petek,  or  Perkin,  an 
individual  whose  real  history  has  been 
the  subject  of  much  speculation,  made 
his  appearance  in  England,  in  the  reign 
of  Henry  VII.,  and  assumed  the  char- 
acter and  title  of  Eichurd  duke  of  York, 
the  younger  son  of  Edward  IV.,  sup- 
posed to  have  been  murdered  in  the 
Tower,  toLretlicr  with  his  brother,  by 
order  of  Eidiard  III.  Having  been  ac- 
knowledged by  ilargaret,  duchess  of 
Burgundy,  as  her  nephew,  he  proceeded 
to  claim  tiie  crown  of  England,  and, 
landing  in  Cornwall,  was  joined  by  some 
thousands  of  insurgents.  He  laid  siege 
to  Exeter:  but,  on  the  approach  of  tlie 
royal  army,  he  fled  to  Beaulieu  abbey, 
in  Hampshire,  which  sanctuary  he  was 
induced  to  quit,  under  the  promise  of  a 
pardon,  and  he  was  sent  in  custody  to 
the  Tower  of  London.  He  was  there 
treated  as  an  impostor,  and  eventually, 
in  1499,  was  hanged,  drawn,  and  quar- 
tered. Henry  VII.  published  an  alleged 
confession  of  the  captive,  j>urpoiting 
that  he  was  the  son  of  one  Warbeck  or 
Osbeck,  a  corfverted  Jew  of  Tournny ; 
but  many  have  asserted  that  he  was  an 
illegitimate  son  of  Edward  IV. 

WARBUET()X,Wn,i,iAM.  an  eminent 
prelate  and  writer,  was  b.  169^:,  at  New- 
ark. After  having  been  educated  at 
Oakham  and  Newark  schools,  he  served 
his  clerkship  to  an  attorney,  and  was 
admitted  to  practice.  Tiring,  however, 
of  the  law,  he  turned  to  the  church,  and 
took  deacon's  orders  in  1723.     In  1726 


•96 


CVCLOP.EDIA    OF    JJIOGRAPHr. 


[war 


he  obtnined  tho  vicarajro  of  Grcasley, 
and  ill  17'Ji)  the  rectory  ot'l>rant  Brouyli- 
toii.  Between  1723  and  1729  he  pub- 
lished "  MisceUaneous  Tnuishvtions," 
"  An  Inquiry  into  the  Causes  of  Prod- 
ijries  and  Miracles,"  and  "  A  Treatise 
un  the  Lecfal  Judicature  of  Chancery." 
Tliese  were  preludes  to  liis  crreat  works, 
"  Tile  Alliance  between  Church  and 
Stale,"  which  appeared  in  1738,  and  the 
first  volume  of  his  "Divine  Le^-ation," 
which  was  irivcii  to  the  world  in  1738. 
His  "  Vindication  of  Pope's  Essay  on 
Man"  acquired  for  him  the  friendship 
of  that  poet.  He  rose  successively  to  be 
kiiiu'"s  chaplain,  prebend  of  Durham, 
dean  of  Bristol,  and  bishop  of  Glouces- 
ter ;  to  the  last  of  these  dignities  he  at- 
tained in  17.")'J.     D.  1779. 

WARD,  KoBERT  Plu-mki;,  the  well- 
known  author  of  "  Trcmainc,"  was  b. 
iu  London,  1705.  He  was  called  to  the 
bar  by  the  society  of  the  Inner  Temple, 
in  1790.  For  some  years  he  went  tiie 
western  circuit,  spendincr  his  louij  vaca- 
tions at  the  Jiouse  of  his  elder  and  only 
survivinsf  brother  in  the  Isle  of  Wij^ht; 
and  there  he  wrote  his  "  Inquiry  into  the 
Foundation  and  History  of  the  Law  of 
Nations  in  Europe,"  &e.,  whicli  was 
published  in  179-5,  and  ])roved  success- 
lul  both  as  .  work  of  literature  and  as  a 
profcssionjl  speculation.  He  was  now 
frequently  employed  in  cases  before  the 
privy  council ;  and  afterwards  entered 
parliament,  and  held  office  under  Pitt. 
On  the  death  of  Mr.  Pitt,  180S,  he  re- 
tired into  the  country,  and  occupied 
himself  in  rural  pursuits  ;  but  on  the 
formation  of  the  Portland  ministry,  in 
1807,  he  was  made  one  of  the  lords  of 
the  admiralty,  exchangin;?  this  office  in 
1811  for  the  clerkship  of  the  ordn.'inee, 
which  he  held  till  1823.  He  then 
retired  from  parliament,  and  wrote 
"  Trcmaine,"  wliieli,  though  published 
anonymously,  produced  a  great  sensa- 
tion in  literary  circles,  and  became  ex- 
eeediiiLfly  nopular.  This  was  followed, 
in  1827,  oy  "  De  Vcre,"  which  was 
hardly  less  successful ;  and  after  some 
years  spent  in  retirement  and  on  the 
Continent,  he  returned  to  his  literaiy 
labors,  and  published  successively  his 
"Illustrations  of  Human  Lifi;,"  "Pic- 
tures of  the  World,"  "  Historical  Essay 
on  the  Revolution  of  1688,"  and  "  De 
Clitford."     I).  1846. 

WAKUEN,  .losEPH,  a  patriot  of  the 
revoluti  111,  was  b.  -n  Ro.vbury,  near 
Boston,  1741,  and  wius  graduated  at 
Harvard  college  in  1759.  Ho  pur- 
sued the  profe.s.sion  of  medicine,  and 


soon  after  commencing  tlij  practice 
distinguished  himself  by  his  successful 
treatment  of  tho  small  pox.  Early  en- 
gaging in  politics,  he  obtained  great  in- 
liucnce,  and  rendered  efficient  service 
by  his  writings  and  addresses.  He  was 
twice  electeci  to  deliver  the  oration  iu 
commemoration  of  the  massacre  on 
the  tifth  of  March.  In  June,  1775,  the 
provincial  congress  of  Massachusetts, 
of  which  he  was  at  this  time  president, 
made  him  a  major-general  of  their 
forces.  At  the  battle  of  Bunker  hill  he 
fought  as  a  volunteer,  and  was  slain 
within  a  few  yards  of  the  breastwork 
as  he  was  among  the  last  slowly  retiring 
from  it.  He  was  a  man  of  the  most 
generous  and  intrepid  spirit,  much  ele- 
gance of  manners,  and  of  commanding 
eloquence.  His  loss  was  deeply  felt 
and  regretted.  In  1776  his  remains 
were  removed  from  the  battle-ground, 
and  interred  in  Boston. — .James,  was  b. 
at  Plymouth  in  1726,  and  was  graduated 
at  Harvard  college,  in  1745.  He  took 
an  early  and  active  part  in  the  cause  of 
the  colonies  against  the  aggressions  of 
the  mother  country,  was  a  member  of 
the  general  court,  proposed  the  estab- 
lishment of  committees  of  correspond- 
ence, and  after  the  death  of  General 
Warren,  was  appointed  president  of  the 
provincial  congress.  He  was  afterwarils 
appointed  a  major- general  of  the  militia. 
On  the  adoption  of  the  constitution  of 
^lasssacluisetts,  he  was  for  many  years 
speaker  of  the  house  of  representatives. 
D.  1808. — Mercy,  the  wife  of  General 
James,  was  the  author  of  a  valuable 
"  History  of  the  American  Revolution," 
"The  A.lulator,"  and  "The  Group," 
two  political  pieces  before  the  revolu- 
tion, and  a  volume  of  poems.  D.  1814. 
— .JoHX,  a  celebrated  physician,  was  b. 
in  1763,  at  Roxbury,  Mass.,  and  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  collet^e.  He  de- 
livered the  first  course  of  lectures  on 
anatomy,  ever  given  in  New  England, 
and  was  appointed  professor  on  the 
foundation  of  Dr.  Hersey.  Through 
life,  he  enjoyed  a  very  high  reputation 
as  a  phvsician  and  anatomist.  He  d.  ii 
1815. 

WARTON,  Joseph,  a  poet  and  critic, 
was  b.  in  1722,  at  Dunsfold,  in  Surrey . 
was  educated  at  Winchester  school,  and 
at  Oriel  college,  Oxford  ;  held  at  vari- 
ous periods,  the  livings  of  Winslade, 
Tamworth,  Tliorley,  Easton,  and  Wick- 
liiuii,  and  prebends  of  St.  Paul's  and 
Winehcster,  and  was  head-master  of 
Winchester  school  from  1766  to  1793 
D.  1800.    Ho  wrote  poerns,  and  "An 


was] 


CVCLOP-EUIA    OK    BIOGRAPHY. 


797 


Essay  on  Popo,"  contributed  to-  the 
"Adventurer,  translated  tlic  "Eclotrues 
and  Georirics  ;"  and  edited  the  worl<s  of 
Drvden  and  Pope. — Tno.\r.\s,  :\  poet, 
critic,  and  iniscellaneous  writer,  brotlier 
of  tlie  fore;join2,  was  b.  in  17'-'8,  at  Bas- 
sinustoko  ;  and  was  educated  at  Win- 
chester scliool,  and  at  Trinity  collcije, 
Oxford.  His  first  j)oetical  work  was 
"The Triumph  of  Isis,"  the  next,  "The 
Progress  of  Discontent."  As  a  poet  he 
was  much  superior  to  his  brotlier.  In 
1757  he  was  chosen  poetry  professor  at 
Oxford,  in  1771  obtained  the  livinj  of 
Kiddington,  in  17Sl  that  of  Hill  Far- 
rance;  and  in  17S.")  was  appointed 
Camden  professor  of  history  and  poet 
laureate.  His  principal  works  are, 
poems,  "  Observations  on  the  Faerie 
Queen,"  and  "The  History  of  English 
Poetry."  Of  the  last  work  an  elegant 
and  enlarged  edition  was  published  a 
few  years  since  bv  Mr.  Price.     D.  1790. 

Washington,  Geouge,  the  illus- 
trious founder  of  American  independ- 
ence, was  b.  1702,  in  the  county  of 
Fairfax,  in  Virginia,  where  Ins  father 
was  possessed  of  ffrcat  landed  property. 
He  was  educated  under  the  care  of 
a  private  tutor,  and  paid  nnich  atten- 
tion to  the  study  of  mathematics  and 
engineering.  He  was  first  employed 
ofTicially  by  General  Dinwiddle,  in  1735, 
in  remonstrating  to  the  French  com- 
mander on  the  Ohio  for  the  infraction 
of  the  treaty  between  the  two  nations. 
He  subsequently  negotiated  a  treaty  of 
amity  with  tlie  Indians  on  the  back  set- 
tlements, and  for  his  honorable  services 
received  the  thanks  of  the  British  gov- 
ernment. In  the  unfortunate  expedition 
of  General  Braddock  ho  served  as  aid- 
dc-camp,  and  on  the  fall  of  that  brave 
but  rash  commander,  he  conducted  the 
retreat  to  the  corps  under  Colonel  Dun- 
bar in  a  manner  that  displayed  great 
military  talent.  He  retired  from  the 
service  with  the  rank  of  colonel ;  but 
wiiile  engaged  in  agriculture  at  his  fa- 
vorite seat  of  Mount  Vernon,  he  was 
elected  senator  in  the  national  council 
for  Frederic  county,  and  afterwards  lor 
Fairfax.  At  the  commencement  of  the 
revolutionary  war,  he  was  selected  as 
the  most  proper  person  to  take  the 
chief  command  of  the  provincial  troops. 
From  the  moment  of  taking  upon  him- 
self this  important  olKcc,  in  .June,  1775, 
he  employed  the  srcat  powers  of  his 
mind  to  liis  favorite  object,  and  by  his 
prudence,  his  valor,  and  presence  of 
mind  he  deserved  and  obtained  the 
confidence  and  gratitude  of  his  country, 
67* 


and  finally  triumphed  ovei  all  opposition. 
The  record  of  his  .services  is  the  liistory 
of  the  whole  war.  He  joined  the  army 
at  Cambridge  in  July,  1755.  On  the 
evacuation  of  Boston  m  March,  1776,  he  -_ 
proceeded  to  New  York.  The  battle  of  ^ 
Long  Island  was  fouirht  on  the  27tli  of 
August,  and  the  battle  of  White-plains 
on  the  2Slh  of  October.  On  the  25111 
of  December  he  crossed  the  Delaware, 
and  soon  jrained  the  victories  at  Tren- 
ton and  Princeton.  The  battle  of  Bran- 
dywine  was  tbu<rht  on  September  11th, 
1777;  of  Gormantown,  October  4th  ;  of 
Mimmouth,  February  28th,  1778.  In 
1779  and  1780  he  continued  in  the 
vicinity  of  New  York,  and  closed  the 
important  military  operations  of  the 
war  by  the  capture  of  Cornwallis,  at 
Yorktown,  in  1781.  When  the  inde- 
pendence of  his  country  was  establish- 
ed by  the  treaty  of  peace,  Washimjton 
resio-ncd  his  hiijh  office  to  the  congress, 
and  followed  by  the  applause  and  the 
grateful  admiration  of  ids  fellow-citi- 
zens, retired  into  private  life.  His  hi^h 
character  and  services  naturally  entitled 
him  to  the  highest  gifts  his  country 
could  bestow,  and  on  the  orofanization 
of  the  government  he  was  called  upon 
to  be  the  first  president  of  the  states 
which  he  had  preserved  and  establish- 
ed. It  was  a  period  of  great  difficulty 
and  danjrer.  The  unsubdued  spirit  of 
liberty  had  been  roused  and  kindled  by 
the  revolution  of  France,  and  many 
Americans  were  eager  that  the  freedom 
and  cnuality  which  they  themselves 
enjoyed  should  be  extended  to  the  sub- 
jects of  the  French  monarch.  Wash- 
ington anticipated  the  plans  of  tho 
tactions,  and  by  prudence  and  firmness 
subdued  insurrection,  and  silenced  dis- 
content, till  the  parties,  which  the  in- 
trigues of  Genet,  the  French  envoy,  had 
roused  to  rebellion,  were  convinced  of 
the  wildness  of  their  measures  and  of 
the  wisdom  of  their  governor.  The 
president  completed,  in  1795,  the  busi- 
ness of  his  otfice  by  siirning  a  commer- 
cial treaty  with  Great  Britain,  and  then 
voluntarily  resii,'ncd  his  power  at  a  mo- 
ment when  all  hands  and  all  hearts  were 
nnitetl  again  to  confer  upon  him  tho 
sovereignty  of  tho  country.  Eestored 
to  tho  peaceful  retirement  of  Mount 
Vernon,  he  devoted  himself  to  tho  pur- 
suits of  agriculture ;  and  thouirh  ho 
accepted  the  command  of  the  army  in 
1798^  it  was  merely  to  unite  the  affec- 
tions of  his  fellow-citizens  to  tbe  gen- 
eral good,  and  was  oni!  more  s.acrifice  to 
his  hUA\  sense  of  dntv.     D.  after  a 


798 


C'VC1.01^E1)IA     UF    I3IOGHA1MIV, 


[wAT 


short  illness  on  the  14tli  of  December, 
ITt'l.'. — Bf.siinoD,  an  eminent  juiln:c,  was 
b.  in  Westmoreland  county,  Virsinui, 
and  was  educated  at  William  and  ^tar\  's 
coUeijc.  lie  pui-sued  the  study  of  tlie 
law  in  the  olliec  of  Mr.  Wilson,  of  Phil- 
adelphia, and  commenced  its  pvacliec 
with  (jrreat  success  in  his  native  county. 
In  17S1  he  was  a  member  of  the  honse 
of  delegates  of  Virginia.  He  after- 
wards removed  to  Alexandria,  and 
thence  to  Kichmond,  where  he  pub- 
lished two  volumes  of  the  decisions  of 
the  supreme  court  of  Virginia.  In  179S 
he  was  appointed  an  associate  jusiice  of 
the  supreme  court  of  the  United  States, 
and  continued  to  hold  this  situation  till 
his  death  in  November,  1S29.  He  was 
the  favorite  nephew  of  President  Wash- 
ington, and  was  the  devisee  of  Mount 
Vernon. 

WATERLAND,  Daxiel,  a  learned 
divine  and  controversitilist,  was  b.  16S3, 
at  Wasuly,  in  Lincolnshire,  and  was 
educated  at  Lincoln  free  school,  and  at 
Magdalen  college,  Cambridge,  of  the 
last"  of  wliieh  seminaries  he  became 
master.  He  was  also  chancellor  of 
York,  archdeacon  of  Middlesex,  canon 
of  Windsor,  and  vicar  of  Twickenham. 
Amonir  his  works  are,  "  A  History  of 
the  Athanasian  Creed,"  "  Scripture 
Vindicated,"  "A  Defence  of  Christ's 
Divinity,"  "  A  Review  of  the  Doctrine 
of  the  Eueliarist,"  and  "  Remarks  on 
Dr.  Clarke's  Exposition  of  the  Church 
Catechism."     D.  1740. 

WATSON,  Henry,  a  celebrated  en- 
gineer, the  son  of  a  grazier,  was  b.  about 
1737,  at  Holbeach,  in  Lincolnshire;  was 
one  of  the  most  reuiarkal)le  mathematical 
contributors  to  the  "  Lady's  Diary"  at 
tlie  age  of  10;  completed  his  education 
at  tlic  royal  academy  at  Woolwich  ;  and 
obtained  a  commission  in  the  corps  of 
engineers.  He  so  mucli  distinguished 
himself  at  the  sieges  of  Bclleisle  and  the 
Havaima,  that  Lord  Clive  took  him  to 
Bengal,  as  chief  engineer.  Among  the 
works  which  Watson  executed  are  the 
fortifications  of  Fort  William,  and  those 
at  Biidfje  Uudtre  and  Melanclioly  Point. 
D.  US'). — Richard,  an  eminent  prelate 
and  writer,  was  b.  1737,  at  Haversliam, 
in  Westmoreland.  He  commenced  liis 
education  under  his  father,  who  was 
master  of  the  free  grammar  school  at  his 
nitivc  place,  and  he  completed  it  at 
Trinity  college,  Cambridge,  wliei-o  lie 
studied  with  unremitting  ap|>lic;4ion. 
In  1701  he  was  chosen  professor  of  chem- 
istry, and,  in  1771,  regius  professor  of 
divinity.     In  politics  he  was  of  the  lib- 


eral school,  and  he  made  a  fidl  avowal  of 
his  opinions  in  a  sermon,  called  "The 
Principles  of  the  Revolution  vindicated," 
which  he  jireaehed  before  the  university 
in  1776,  and  which  excited  much  com- 
ment. In  the  same  year  he  published 
his  "  Apology  for  Christianity,"  in  an- 
swer to  Gibbon.  In  17S'2  he'was  made 
bishop  of  Llandalf;  but  George  III. 
having  imbibed  a  prejudice  against  him, 
lie  obtained  no '  further  promotion. 
Among  his  other  works  are,  "Chemical 
Essays,"  "  Apology  for  the  Bible,"  and 
his  own  "  Memoirs."     D.  1816. 

WATT,  James,  a  celebrated  natural 
philosopher  and  enorincer,  the  son  of  a 
tradesman,  was  b.  1736,  at  Greenock,  in 
Scotland,  and  began  life  as  a  mathemati- 
cal instrument  maker.  In  that  capacity 
he  was  employed  by  the  university  of 
his  native  place  from  1757  to  1763.  It 
was,  in  1764,  while  he  was  engaged  in 
repairing  the  model  of  a  steam-engine, 
that  the  idea  of  improving  the  construc- 
tion arose  in  his  mind.  Ilis  first  dis- 
covery was  that  of  the  inode  of  avoiding 
the  enormous  loss  of  power  occasioned 
by  cooling  the  cylinder;  his  next  was 
the  substitution  of  the  expansive  power 
of  steam  instead  of  the  atmospheric  pres- 
sure. To  these  he  subsequently  added 
many  others,  which  brought  the  steam 
engine  to  its  present  state  of  perfection. 
In  1774  he  entered  into  partnership  with 
Mr.  Bolton,  of  Birmingliam.  His  sub- 
sequent life  was  cheered  by  extensive 
fame  and  ample  fortune.  Among  his 
other  inventions  are  a  micrometer,  a 
copying  machine,  and  a  machine  for 
making  drawings  in  perspective.  Watt 
possessed  an  extraordinary  memory,  a 
more  than  superficial  acquaintance  with 
many  sciences  and  arts,  and  a  knowl- 
edge of  several  modern  languages.  Some 
of  his  chetnieal  papers  are  printed  in  the 
"  Philosophical  Transactions."  D.  1819. 
WATTE AU,  Anthony,  a  French  art- 
ist, was  b.  1034,  at  Valenciennes.  Ho 
received  little  instruction,  and  began  by 
being  a  scene-painter  at  Paris,  but  his 
admirable  genius  soon  raised  him  above 
that  humble  occupation.  He  gained  the 
prize  of  the  Academy  for  a  picture,  aiid 
thenceforth  continued  to  increase  in 
fame.  The  engravings  from  liis  compo- 
sitions, to  the  number  of  .i63,  form  three 
volumes.  Comic  conversations,  move- 
ments of  armies,  landscapes,  and  gro- 
tesques, arc  liis  principal  subjects.  D 
1721. 

WATTS,  Isaac,  a  nonconformist  di- 
vine, b.  1074,  at  Southampton,  and  was 
educated  at  the  free  school  there,  and 


UV0LOP.'I':i)IA    OK    lilOCilt.Vl'llV. 


90 


also  at  a  dissenting  academy  in  London. 
In  his  22d  year  lie  became  tutor  to  tlie 
sou  ofSir  John  Ilartopp,  aiid  in  170'2  lie 
Biiceeeded  Dr.  Cliaiincey  as  minister  of 
a  conffrcsriition  in  the  metropolis.  Nearly 
the  last  forty  years  of  his  blameless  lite 
were  spent  in  the  family  of  his  friund, 
Sir  Tlmmas  Abiiey,  at  Stoke  Ncwing- 
ton.  His  tlicoloijieal  and  miscellaneous 
works  form  six  quarto  volumes,  and 
many  of  them  are  still  popular. — J.vne, 
an  accomplished  female,  whose  maiden 
name  was  Wnldie,  was  b.  1792,  at  Ilen- 
dersyde  Park,  in  Koxbiirghshirc  ;  dis- 
played precocious  talents  ;  acquired  mu- 
sic, French,  Italian,  Spanish,  and  Latin, 
without  assistance,  and  painting  with 
very  little ;  gave  proof  of  superior  lit- 
erary powers  in  her  "  Sketches  of  Italy," 
"Journal  of  a  Tour  in  Flanders,"  and 
many  smaller  pieces;  and  d.  18'2(i. 

WAYNE,  Anthony,  maior-general  in 
the  army  of  the  United  States,  was  b. 
1745,  in  Chester  county,  Pennsylvania, 
lie  entered  the  army  as  colonel,  in  1775, 
served  under  Gates,  at  Ticonderoga,  and 
was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  brigadier- 
general.  He  was  engaged  in  the  battles 
of  Brandy  wine,  Germantown,  ;ind  Mon- 
mouth, in  1779  captured  the  fortress  at 
Stony  Point,  and  rendered  other  im- 
portant services  during  the  war.  In 
1787  he  was  a  member  of  the  Pennsyl- 
vania convention  wliich  ratified  the 
constitution  of  the  United  States.  In 
1792  iie  succeeded  St.  Clair  in  the  com- 
mand of  the  western  army,  and  gained 
a  complete  victorv  at  the  battle  of  the 
Miamis.  in  1794.   'D.  179(j. 

WEBBE,  Samuel,  an  eminent  musi- 
cian, particularly  celebrated  for  his  glees, 
was  b.  1740.  His  mother  being  left  des- 
titute, he  was  bound  apprentice  to  a 
cabinet-maker,  bat,  when  his  term  of 
servitude  expired,  he  abandoned  his 
trade,  and  gained  a  subsistence  by  copy- 
ing music.  By  dint  of  incessant  study 
he  became  an  excellent  composer,  and 
also  acquired  several  languaijes  and  ele- 
gant aceomplishnients.  Ho  d.  1816. 
His  glees  and  part  songs  form  three 
volumes. 

WEBBEK,  Samuel,  president  of  Har- 
vard college,  was  b.  in  Byfleld,  Massa- 
chusetts, and  was  educated  at  the 
college  of  which  he  afterwards  became 
the  head.  He  disjilaycd  an  early  fond- 
ness for  mathematics,  and  in  1789  be- 
came professor  of  mathematics  and 
natural  history.  In  ISO!  he  was  raised 
to  the  presidency  of  Harvard  college, 
and  discharged  the  duties  of  this  office 
till  his  death,  in  1810.     He  published. 


in  1801,  a  system  of  mathematics,  in- 
tended as  atext-liook  for  the  university. 

WEBEH,  IIkxry  Willl\.m,  an  archa;- 
ologist  and  editor,  was  b.  178:^,  at  St. 
Petersburg,  of  (icrnian  parents;  stud- 
ied medicine  at  KdiuburLrh  aiul  at  Jena; 
settled  in  Scotland,  and  devoted  himself 
to  literary  pursuits;  and  d.  in  181'<,  after 
having  for  some  time  been  disordered 
in  his  intellect.  Among  his  publica- 
tions are,  "Metrical  Komanccs  of  the 
Thirteenth,  Fourteenth,  and  Fifteenth 
Centuries,"  "The  Battle  of  Floddcn 
Field,"  a  poetn  of  the  lOth  century; 
and  editions  of  Ford  and  Beaumont  and 
Fletcher,  of  which  the  last  two  sub- 
jected hiin  to  severe  criticism. — Carl 
Maria  von,  one  of  the  most  eminent  of 
modern  composers,  was  b.  in  1780.  at 
Eutin,  in  Holstein,  and  was  liberally 
educated.  To  music  he  displayed  the 
warmest  attachment  at  an  early  age. 
His  instructors  in  the  science  were  Heu- 
schcl,  Michael  Haydn,  Valesi,  Kalcher, 
and  the  Abb<5  Vogler,  For  a  while, 
however,  he  abandoned  his  favorite  art 
to  practise  that  of  lithonrraphy,  but  he 
soon  returned  to  it.  His  first  operas 
were  "  Das  Waldmunehcn,"  and  "Peter 
Sehmoll,"  the  first  of  which  was  pro- 
duced in  1800.  He  made  professional 
tours  through  various  parts  of  Germany, 
and  was,  successively,  chapel-master  "at 
Breslan  and  at  Carlsruhe,  and  conduc- 
tor of  the  opera  of  Prague.  In  1816  he 
was  invited  to  Dresden  by  the  elector 
of  Saxony,  to  form  a  national  opera,  and 
was  appointed  director  of  music  to  the 
conrt.  His  "  Freischittz"  M-as  brought 
out  in  1821,  at  Berlin,  and  rapidly  be- 
came popular  throughout  Europe.  In 
1826  he  visited  London,  and  brought 
out  the  opera  of  "  Oberon ;"  but  his 
health  was  now  completely  broken,  and 
he  d.  suddenly,  on  the  3d  of  June. 
AVeber  left  a  prose  work  in  manuscript, 
called  "Lives  of  Artists,"  which  pos- 
sesses considerable  merit. 

WEBSTER,  Noah,  was  b.  in  West 
Hartford,  1758.  His  ancestor,  John 
AVebster,  was  one  of  the  earliest  En- 
glish settlers  in  Hartford,  and  was 
subsequently  governor  of  Connecticut. 
Noah,  his  father,  and  two  more  Web- 
sters,  were  in  the  army  on  the  occasion 
of  Burgoyne's  expedition  to  Canada. 
Restored  to  more  peaceful  pursuits,  lie 
continued  his  studies,  and  in  1781  was 
called  to  the  bar.  Thouirh  he  had  con- 
siderable professional  employment,  his 
active  mind  could  not  be  satisfied  with- 
out ditfusing  some  portion  of  its  ener- 
gies through  the  medium  of  the  press. 


800 


CVCLOP-EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[wES 


and  ho  puo  ii?iied  the  "Fii-st  Part  of  a 
Gramiuatical  Institute,"  "Sketches  of 
American  rolicy,"  and  several  other 
works,  and  also  established  and  con- 
ducted a  daily  paper  in  New  York.  But 
idl  these  labors  are  coin]iaratively  insig- 
nificant when  contrasted  with  his  elab- 
orate "  EnLrlisli  Dictionary,"  which, 
notwithstanding  it  contains  some  very 
serious  mistakes  on  the  subjects  of  ety- 
mology and  the  analogy  of  languages,  is 
a  stupendous  monument  of  industry. 
D.  1^4:3. 

WEDGE\YOOD,  JosLvn,  an  eminent 
nmnufacturer  of  pottery,  was  b.  17S0. 
lie  succeeded  to  the  business  of  his 
father,  and,  in  1760,  began  his  improve- 
ments in  porcelain  and  earthenware, 
which  have  changed  tlic  current  of  trade 
in  those  articles,  and  rendered  England 
an  extensive  exporting  instead  of  an  im- 
porting country.  lie  invented  the  ware 
which  bears  the  name  of  the  queen,  and 
various  other  kinds.  Wedgewood  was 
also  the  inventor  of  the  pvrometer,  and 
the  projector  of  the  Grand  Trunk  canal. 
D.  ITli.i. 

WEISSE,  Christian  Felix,  a  German 
j)oet  and  dramatist,  was  b.  1720,  at  An- 
nabcrg,  in  Saxony;  was  educated  at 
Altenberg  and  Leijisic ;  established  and 
conducted  two  periodicals  named  the 
"  Library  of  Elegant  Literature,"  and 
"The  Ciiildren"s"Friend,"  from  which 
latter  work  Berquin  borrowed  his  plan 
and  part  of  his  materials  ;  succeeded  in 
17^0  to  a  good  estate  ;  and  d.  1804. 

WELLS,  William  Charles,  a  physi- 
cian, was  b.  1753,  at  Charleston,  in  South 
Carolina.  His  parents  were  Scotch,  and 
lie  was  cducatea  at  Dumfries  and  Edin- 
burgh, after  which  he  returned  to  his 
native  province.  Being  a  loyalist,  he 
quitted  America  at  the  close  of  the  war, 
and  settled  in  London,  where  he  d.  in 
1817.  lie  is  tlie  author  of  "  An  Essay 
on  Single  Vision  with  Two  Eyes,"  and 
of  some  valuable  papers  on  the  forma- 
tion of  dew,  for  which  he  received  the 
gold  and  .silver  medals  of  the  Koyal 
Society. 

WEKNER,  Abraiiam  Gottleib,  one 
of  the  most  eminent  of  modern  miner- 
alogists, was  b.  in  1750,  at  Wehlau,  in 
Upper  Lusatia.  lie  studied  at  the  min- 
cralogical  school  of  Frcyberg,  in  Saxony, 
and  at  Leipsic;  and,  in  his  21:th  year, 
he  published  an  excellent  treatise  on 
the  "Ciiaracters  of  Minerals."  In  1775 
he  was  appointed  lecturer  on  mineraloiry 
at  Freyberg,  and  inspector  of  the  cabi- 
net of  mines.  His  lectures  Boon  extend- 
ed his  reputation  throughout  Europe. 


Among  his  works  aiC;  "  A  New  Theory 
of  Veins,"  with  its  application  to  the 
art  of  working  mines;  "  Ciassifieatioii 
and  Distribution  of  Mountains,"  and  a 
translation  of  "  Cronstadt's  Mineralo- 
gy." His  system  is  now  very  generally 
received.  D.  1817. — Frederic  Louis 
Zaciiariah,  a  German  poet  and  drama- 
tist, was  b.  1863,  at  Koenigsborg,  in 
Prussia;  held  for  some  years  an  em- 
ployment under  the  Prussian  govern- 
ment; abjured  Protestantism,  and  went 
to  Vienna,  where  he  became  a  popular 
preacher,  and  d.  IS'23.  Among  his 
works  are,  Confessions,  Poems,  and 
Tragedies. 

AVESLEY,  Samuel,  a  divine  and  poet, 
was  b.  1662,  at  Whitchurch,  in  Dorset- 
shire :  was  educated  at  Exeter  college, 
Oxford;  obtained  the  living  of  South 
Ormesby,  and  subsequently  the  rectories 
of  Epworth  and  "\\  root.  lie  wrote  a 
volume  of  poems,  with  the  title  of 
"Maggots;"  "The  Life  of  Christ,"  in 
verse;  "The  Histories  of  the  Old  and 
New  Testament,"  in  verse ;  "  Elegies 
on  Queen  Mary  and  Archbishop  Tillot- 
son;"  and  "Dissertations  on  the  Book 
of  Job."  D.  1735. — Jon.\,  second  son 
of  the  foregoing,  the  founder  of  the  sect 
of  the  Methodists,  was  b.  June  17, 1703, 
at  Epworth.  He  was  educated  at  the 
Charter  house,  and  Christ-church,  Ox- 
ford, and  was  ordained  in  1725.  Natu- 
rally of  a  serious  disposition,  he  was 
rendered  still  more  so  by  the  reading  of 
devotional  treatises  ;  and,  inconjiuiction 
with  his  brother  Charles  and  some 
friends,  he  formed  a  religious  society; 
to  the  members  of  which,  with  reference 
to  a  sect  of  Koman  physicians,  his  gay 
fellow-collegians  gave  the  name  of 
Methodists.  In  1735,  with  Charles  Wes- 
ley and  other  missionaries,  he  went  to 
Georgia  to  convert  the  Indians  ;  but, 
after  a  residence  of  less  than  two  years 
in  the  colony,  during  which  he  was  ex- 
tremely unpo[)ular,  he  returned  to  En- 
gland. In  1738  he  began  those  public 
labors  which  ultimately  produced  such 
a  mighty  ctfect,  and  in  1739  the  first 
meeting-house  was  built  at  Bristol.  For 
some  time  he  acted  in  conjunction  with 
Whitetield,  but  the  radical  difference  in 
their  tenets  at  length  produced  a  sepa- 
ration. Over  the  sect  which  he  had 
founded,  Wesley  obtained  an  unbound- 
ed influence ;  and  it  must  be  owned  that 
he  earned  it  by  his  zeal  and  his  unwea- 
ried and  astonishing  exertions.  Two 
sermons  he  usually  preached  every  day, 
and  often  four  or  five.  In  the  cour.se  of 
his   peregrinations  he  is   said  to   have 


WETJ 


CYCLOP.'EDIA    OF    niOGRAPIIV, 


801 


preached  more  than  forty  thousand  ser- 
mons, and  to  have  travelled  three  hun- 
dred thousand  miles,  or  nearly  fifteen 
times  the  circumference  of  the  globe  ! 
On  the  ntli  of  February,  1791,  he  took 
cold,  after  preacl)in>:f  at  Lambeth.  For 
some  days  lie  struijgled  ai-uinst  an  in- 
creasing fever,  and  continued  to  preach 
until  the  "Wednesday  following,  when 
lie  delivered  liis  last  sermon.  From 
that  time  he  became  daily  weaker  and 
more  lethargic.  He  d.  on  the  2d  of 
March,  17'.»1,  being  in  the  8Sth  year  of 
his  age,  and  the  65th  of  his  ministry. 
He  published  the  "Christian  Library; 
or.  Extracts  and  Abridgments,  &c.,  from 
various  Writers ;''  "  The  Arminian 
Magazine  ;"  a  monthly  publication,  now 
continued  under  the  title  of  "  Tlie  Meth- 
odist ^Magazine,"  &c.,  &c. — Charles,  his 
brother  and  fellow-laborer,  was  b.  in 
IVuS,  at  Epworth  ;  was  educated  at  "West- 
niinsler  school  and  at  Christ-church  ; 
and  d.  1788.  Ho  wrote  hynms,  poems, 
and  sermons. — SAiiria.,  a  son  of  the  lat- 
ter, was  a  distinguished  musician.  D. 
1837. 

WEST,  Gilbert,  a  poet  and  miscel- 
laneous writer,  was  b.  ni  1706  ;  was  ed- 
ucated at  Eton  and  at  Christ-church, 
Oxford  ;  obtained,  through  the  influence 
of  his  friend  Mr.  Pitt,  the  otlices  of  clerk 
to  the  privy  council,  and  treasurer  of 
Chelsea  college  :  and  d.  1756.  He  wrote 
poems ;  and  "  Observations  on  the 
Kesurreetion ;"  and  translated  Pindar. 
— Benjamin,  an  eminent  painter,  was  b. 
in  1738,  at  Springfield,  near  Philadel- 
phia, of  Quaker  parents.  At  the  age  of 
seven  years  he  began  to  manifest;  his 
pictorial  talents  by  sketching  with  pen 
and  ink  an  infant  sleeping  in  a  cradle. 
From  some  Indians  he  obtained  red  and 
yellow,  and  his  mother  gave  him  apiece 
of  indigo ;  and  as  eainel's-hair  pencils 
were  wanting,  he  supplied  the  want  by 
clipping  the  fur  of  the  cat.  Improving, 
as  he  advancetl  in  years,  he  became  a 
portrait  painter  of  considerable  repute, 
and  produced  sonic  meritorious  histori- 
cal pictures.  In  his  22d  year  he  visited 
Italy,  where  he  remained  for  some  time. 
In  i763  he  settled  in  Englan<l,  where  he 
soon  acquired  reputation.  Amon?  his 
patrons  was  Archoishop  Druminond  of 
York,  by  whose  means  he  was  intro- 
duced to  George  III.,  who  itnmeiliatoly 
gave  him  a  commission  to  paint  "The 
Death  ot'  Re^uhis,"  and  continued  ever 
afterwards  to  employ  him.  In  17iil  he 
was  chosen  president  of  the  Royal  Acad- 
emy. Among  his  last,  and  perhaps  his 
best  works,   arc,  "  Death    on  the  Pale 


Horse,"  and  "  Christ  healing  the  Sick." 
He  d.  March  IS,  1820. 

WESTALL,  KicuARD,  a  draughtsman 
and  designer,  I).  176."),  was  apprenticed 
to  an  eiiLrraver  in  heraldry  on  silver, 
<fec.  ;  but  his  genius  soared  higher  than 
this  humble  department  of  the  arts,  and 
having  studied  at  the  Koyal  Academy,  in 
1786  he  commenced  his  splendid  career, 
imparting  to  his  water-color  paintings  a 
brilliance  and  vi^or  before  unknown. 
About  this  time  lie  formed  a  friendly 
intercourse  with  Sir  Thomas  Lawrence, 
which  continued  through  life.  Mr. 
Westall  produced  many  excellent  his- 
torical paintings  ;  but  he  is  best  known 
as  the  designer  of  Boydell's  superb  edi- 
tions of  Milton  and  Shakspeare,  and  as 
the  illustrator  of  numerous  other  works. 
D.  1836. — William,  a  younurer  brother 
of  the  preceding,  and  like  him  an  emi- 
nent artist,  was  b.  1782.  In  early  life  he 
accompanied  Captain  Flinders  in  his 
voyage  round  the  world,  on  his  return 
from  which  he  illustrated  Captain  Flin- 
ders' work,  and  opened  an  exhibition 
in  Brook-street,  consisting  of  represent- 
ations of  the  chief  objects  he  had  wit- 
nessed when  abroad.  In  1813  he  was 
elected  an  associate  of  the  Royal  Acad- 
emy. Among  many  works  which  he 
pulilishcd  may  be  mentioned.  "  A  Series 
of  Views  of  Picturesque  and  Romantic 
Scenery  in  Madeira,  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope,"  &c.,  "  Views  of  the  Caves  near 
Inafleton,  &c.,  in  Yorkshire,"  "Britan- 
nia delineata,"  "  Views  in  London  and 
its  J^nvirons  ;"  "  Picturesque  Tour  of 
the  Thames,"  &c.     D.  1850. 

WETSTEIN,  JonN  James,  a  learned 
Swiss,  was  b.  in  1693,  at  Basle;  was  a 
pupil  of  the  younger  Bernouilli ;  enter- 
ed tlie  church,  but  wms  compelled  by 
persecution  to  (|uit  his  country;  settled 
m  Holland,  where  he  became  professor 
of  theoloury  and  ecclesiastical  history  at 
Amsterdam ;  and  d.  there  in  1754. 
Anion?  his  works  is  an  edition  of  the 
New  Testament,  with  the  various  read- 
in<j:s  wliich  he  collected  from  numerous 
manuscripts. 

WETHERELL,  Sir  Chakles,  a  dis- 
tinguished chancery  lawyer,  was  the  son 
of  the  learned  dean  of  Hereford,  wiio 
for  more  than  half  a  century  was  master 
of  University  college,  Oxford.  He  was 
b.  1770,  received  his  education  at  Mas:- 
dalen  college,  and  in  179 1  was  called  to 
the  bar.  In  1818  he  obtained  a  scat  in 
parliament  as  member  for  Shaftesbury  ; 
and  though  he  displayed  much  talent 
and  energy  in  debate,  "  his  slovenly 
attire,    uncouth     gestures,     patchwork 


80-: 


CVCLOP.EDIA    OF    IJIOnRAPMY. 


[wrn 


phraseology,  fanciful  illustrations,  odd 
llicorics,  recondite  allusions,  and  old- 
foshioned  .iokes,  tempted  men  to  call 
him  a  butfocn  when  llicy  ouLfht  to  liave 
admired  his  inijcnuity,  reverenced  his 
learninET,  and  honored  liis  consistency." 
From  1820  to  1826  he  represented  the 
city  of  Oxford  ;  subsequently  he  sat  tor 
riympton ;  and  in  1830  he  was  elected 
for  Borouirhbridire,  which  was  disfran- 
chised by  the  reform  act.  In  1824  his 
just  ambition  was  ^'ratified  in  being  ap- 
pointed solicitor -general,  and  receiving 
the  honor  of  knighthood.  Tliree  years 
afterwards  he  succeeded  Sir  John  Cop- 
ley as  attorney-general,  but  on  Mr.  Can- 
ning assuming  the  reins  of  government 
lie  resiifued.  He  again,  however,  came 
into  office  in  1828,  "under  the  duke  of 
Wellington.  la  1831  he  was  mobbed 
for  his  anti-eatholic  bigotrv.     D.  1846. 

AVIIAKTON,  Philip,  duke  of,  whom 
Pope  has  so  admirably  characterized  in 
his  "Epistle  on  the  Knowledfre  and 
Characters  of  Men,"  was  b.  166'.>,  and 
very  early  gave  signs  of  those  talents 
which  he  afterwards  displayed  and  dis- 
graced. After  having,  during  his  trav- 
els, accepted  the  title  of  duke  from  the 
Eretender,  lie  returned  to  England,  and 
ecame  a  warm  champion  of  the  exist- 
ing government.  Having  dissipated  his 
fortune,  he  changed  his  politics  again, 
retired  to  the  Continent,  intrigued  with 
the  Stuarts,  entered  into  the  Spanish 
service,  and  d.  in  indigence,  in  Spain,  in 
1731. 

WIIEATON,  Henry,  was  b.  in  Prov- 
idence, 17S.J.  lie  entered  Brown  uni- 
versity in  1798,  and  graduated  in  18ii2. 
He  studied  law  in  the  office  of  Nathaniel 
Searle,  and  in  1804,  while  yet  a  student 
of  law,  he  went  to  France,  where  he  re- 
sided a  yc.-ir  and  a  half,  engaged  in  tiie 
study  of  the  French  language  and  lit- 
erature ;  and  on  his  return  to  Rhode 
Island  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar.  In 
1812  ho  removed  to  New  York,  and  be- 
came the  editor  of  the  "  National 
Advocate."  In  New  York  he  was  ap- 
pointed judge  of  the  marine  court, 
continuing  in  the  practice  of  iiis  pro- 
fession as  a  chamber  counsellor.  He 
was  also  elected  a  member  of  the  legis- 
lature, and  was  a  prcnuinent  member  of 
the  constitutional  convention  of  1820. 
In  1815  he  was  appointed  reporter  of 
the  supreme  court  of  tlie  United  States. 
In  1S27  lie  was  appointed  char^je-d'af- 
faires  to  Copcnhafrcn.  In  1S36  he  was 
transferred  to  Berlin,  and  the  year  after 
was  raised  to  the  rank  of  minister  pleni- 
potentiary.   In  Prussia  his  services  were 


long  and  eminent.  On  his  return  home, 
he  "accepted  the  chair  of  professor  of 
international  law  in  Harvard  univei>ity, 
and  was  about  to  commence  the  duties 
of  the  appointment  when  he  was  at- 
tacked witli  tlie  illness  which  resulted 
in  his  death.  Mr.  Wheatou's  principal 
works  are  a  •'  Treatise  upon  the  Law  of 
Captures,"  "Elements  of  International 
Law,"  "Sketch  of  the  Law  of  Nations 
from  the  Peace  of  Westphalia,"  an 
"  Essay  on  the  Right  of  Search,"  twelve 
volumes  of  "Reports,"  and  a  "  Digest 
of  the  Reports,"  the  "Life  of  William 
Pinckney,"  and  a  "  History  of  the 
Northmen."     D.  1848. 

WIIEELOCK,  John,  was  b.  at  Leba- 
non, Connecticut,  in  1754.  During  the 
revolution  he  held  the  conunission  of 
lieutenant-colonel,  and  obtained  some 
military  reputation.  In  1779  he  became 
president  of  Dartmouth  college,  New 
Hampshire,  and  in  1782  visited  Europe 
to  obtain  contributions  for  that  semi- 
nary. He  remained  in  that  office  for  86 
years.     D.  1817. 

WHIPPLE,  WiLLLWi,  a  signer  of  the 
declaration  of  American  independence, 
was  b.  in  Maine,  1730,  and  engaged  in 
commercial  pursuits.  He  took  an  early 
part  in  the  controversy  with  Great 
Britain,  and  in  1776  was  Sent  as  a  dele- 
gate from  New  Hampshire  to  the  con- 
tinental congress.  He  was  afterwards 
brigadier-general  of  the  troops  of  that 
state,  and  held  several  civil  offices  of 
importance.     D.  1785. 

WIIISTON,  WiLLi-Yxr,  an  eminent 
divine  and  mathematician,  was  b.  in 
1667,  at  Norton,  in  Leicestershire,  and 
was  educated  at  Tarn  worth  school,  and 
at  Clare  hall,  Cambridge.  In  1698^  ha 
obtained  the  living  of  Lowestoff,  in  Suf- 
folk, which  he  resigned,  in  1703,  when 
he  succeeded  Sir  Isaac  Newton  in  the 
mathematical  professorship  at  Cam- 
bridge. At  length  he  adopted  Arian 
principles,  in  consequence  of  which  he 
was  expelled  from  the  university  in  1710, 
lost  his  offices  of  professor  and  cate- 
chetical lecturer,  and  was  even  pros- 
ecuted as  a  heretic.  Late  in  lil'e  he 
became  a  Baptist.  Among  his  works 
are,  "  A  Theorj;  of  the  Earth,"  "  Ser- 
mons," "Priinitive  Christianity  Re- 
vived," and  a  translation  of  Josephus. 
D.  1752. 

WIHTAKER,  .John,  a  divine,  critic, 
antiquary,  and  historian,  was  b.  1735,  at 
Manches"tcr;  was  educated  at  the  free 
school  of  that  place,  and  at  Corpus 
Christi  college,  Oxford,  and  d.  in  1808, 
rector  of  Ruan  Lanvhorue,  in  Cornwall. 


WHiJ 


rVC'LOP.KIMA     UK     lUnClKAI'lIV 


803 


His  principal  work.J  arc,  "  Tlio  History  of 
M!iiichc.'=ter,"  "  A  Vindication  of  Miiry, 
Queen  of  Scots,"  "Tlic  Course  of  Han- 
nibal over  the  Alps,"  "Criticisms  on 
Gibbon's  History,"  "The  Ancient  Ca- 
thedral of  Cornwull,"  and  "ThcOri^rin 
of  Government."  He  also  contributed 
largely  to  "Tlie  British  Critic,"  and  the 
Entrlish  and  Antijacobin  reviews. 

WHITBY,  Daniel,  a  learned  divine, 
was  b.  1638,  at  Kushdcn,  in  Nortliainp- 
tonshire,  and  was  ethicated  at  Trinity 
college,  Oxford.  His  controversial  zeal 
against  the  Catholics  gained  for  him  the 
patronage  of  Bishop  Ward,  who  gave 
him  a  "prebend  of  Salisbury,  and  the 
rectory  of  St.  Edmund  in  that  city,  with 
tlie  precentorship.  Hi  his  latter  days 
he  became  an  Anan.  His  greatest  work 
is  a  "Paraphrase  and  Commentary  on 
the  New  Testament."     D.  172(5. 

WHITE,  Sir  Thomas,  a  native  of 
Reading,  was  b.  141)2 ;  acquired  a  for- 
tune by  trade  in  London,  and  served 
the  office  of  lord  mayor ;  was  knighted 
for  his  conduct  in  Wyatt's  rebellion, 
and  d.  in  1566.  He  was  the  founder  of 
St.  John's  college,  Oxford,  the  patent 
for  which  he  obtained  in  1.557. — Thomas, 
a  divine,  was  b.  in  the  16th  century,  at 
Bristol,  and  was  educated  at  Mairdalen 
hall,  Oxford.  He  obtained  considerable 
church  preferment,  among  which  were 
a  prebend  of  St.  Paul's^  and  canonrics 
of  Christ-church  and  ^\  indsor;  and  d. 
in  1623.  He  founded  Siou  college,  in 
the  metropolis,  and  an  hospital  at  Bris- 
tol, and  was  a  benefactor  to  Magdalen 
college,  Oxford. — Gilbert,  a  naturalist 
and  antiquary,  was  b.  1720,  at  Selborue, 
in  Hampshire  ;  and  was  educated  at 
Basingstoke  school,  and  at  Oriel  col- 
lege, Oxford.  After  having  taken  a 
master's  degree,  and  been  senior  jiroctor 
of  the  university,  he  retired  to  reside  on 
his  property  in  his  native  village ;  nor 
could  he  be  tempted  to  ([uit  it  by  the 
otter  of  valuable  church  preferment. 
He  wrote  the  "  Natural  History^  and 
Antiquities  of  Selborue,"  one  of  the 
most  amusing  of  books ;  "  The  Natural- 
ist's Calendar  ;"  and  "  Miscellaneous 
Observations."  D.  1703. — Joseph,  an 
eminent  divine  and  oriental  scholar,  the 
son  of  a  weaver,  was  b.  1746,  at  Stroud, 
in  Gloucestershire,  and  received  his 
education  at  Gloucester  school,  and 
Wadham  college.  Oxford.  In  1755  he 
was  appointed  Lnmlian  professor  of 
Arabic,  and  in  1783  he  delivered  the 
Bampton  lecture.  In  the  composition 
of  the  lectures  he  was  assisted  by  Dr. 
Parr  and  Mr.  Bad'-ock.     He  obtained  a 


prebend  of  Gloucester,  and  the  rectory 
of  Melton,  in  Suffolk;  and  d.  in  1814. 
Among  his  works  are,  "  /Egyptiaca." 
"  Diatcssaron,"  and  editions  of  the 
Philoxenic  Syrian  versions  of  the  four 
Gospels,  and  of  Griesbach's  Greek  Tes- 
tament.— Hemjy  Kikke,  a  poet,  was  b. 
1785,  at  Nottingham,  and  was  the  son 
of  a  butcher.  His  delicate  health  pro- 
tected him  from  being  brought  up  to 
his  father's  trade,  and  he  was  placed 
w  ith  a  stocking  weaver,  but  was  subse- 
qiicntly  removed  to  an  attorney's  otfice. 
lie  produced  several  prose  and  verse 
compositions  at  an  early  age,  and  de- 
voted his  leisure  hours  to  reading,  and 
to  the  study  of  Greek  and  Latin.  To 
obtain  a  university  education,  for  the 
purpose  of  entering  into  the  church, 
was  the  main  object  of  his  wishes.  By 
the  generosity  of  Mr.  Wilberforce  and 
some  other  friends,  he  was  at  length 
enabled  to  become  a  student  at  St. 
John's  college,  Cambridge.  His  pro- 
gress was  rapid,  liut  his  intense  appli- 
cation destroyed  the  vital  powers,  and 
he  d.  in  1806.  He  published  "Clifton 
Grove,"  with  other  poems  ;  and  his 
"  Remains"  were  edited  by  Southey. — 
Blanco,  a  miscellaneous  writer,  b.  in 
Spain,  but  the  greater  part  of  whose  life 
was  passed  in  England.  He  was  a  sin- 
gularly sincere  and  earnest  religious 
inquirer,  the  friend  of  Channing,  Cole- 
ridge, Arnold,  &c.,  and  whose  memoirs, 
in  which  the  struggles  of  his  mind  are 
unfolded,  are  of  the  deepest  interest. 
— William,  b.  at  Philadelphia,  in  1747, 
was  the  first  bishop  of  the  Protest- 
ant Episcopal  church,  who  lived  to  ii 
venerable  age.  He  was  chaplain  to  the 
congress  of  1777,  was  mauily  instru- 
mental in  framing  the  constitution  of 
the  American  clnirch,  compiled  the 
liturgy  and  the  canons,  and  wrote  sev- 
eral ai)lc  works,  chiefly  on  religious  top- 
ics.    D.  1S36. 

WHITEFIELD,  Geokoe,  a  celebrated 
divine,  the  Ibunder  of  the  Calvinistic 
Methodists,  was  b.  1714,  at  Gloucester, 
where  his  father  kept  the  Bell  inn.  He 
was  educated  at  the  Cr>i>t  school  of  his 
native  city,  and  at  Pembroke  college, 
Oxford.  At  the  university  he  was  one 
of  the  members  of  the  society  formed 
by  Wesley,  and  inflicted  on  himself 
many  ascetic  privations.  He  was  or- 
dained a  deacon  in  1736,  and  his  pulpit 
eloquence  soon  became  higlily  popular. 
In  1737  he  sailed  to  Georgia,  and  he  re- 
mained in  the  colony  for  nearly  two 
years.  He  returned  to  America  in  1739, 
made   a  tour    through   several   of   tlia 


804 


CY('LOl^^i:DI.\  of  biogkapiiv. 


[wio 


provinces,  and  resided  in  Georrria  till 
1741 ;  and  he  subsequently  made  five 
visits  to  that  quarter  of  the  globe.  The 
IbunJution  of  tiie  orphan  liouse  was  one 
of  the  benefits  whieli  Whiteliekl  con- 
ferred on  Georgia.  In  England  he  first 
introduced,  in  1739,  the  practice  of 
preaching  in  the  open  air,  and  the  effect 
of  his  oratory  M'as  astonisliiiig.  The 
tabernacles  in  Moorfields  and  Totten- 
ham-court road  were  erected  by  his  fol- 
lowers, and  among  his  converts  was  the 
countess  of  Huntingdon.  In  1741  the 
breach  took  place  between  him  and 
Wesley.  D.  Sept.  30, 1770,  at  Newbury- 
port,  in  New  England. 

WHITEHEAD,  George,  one  of  the 
early  prcacliers  among  the  Quakers,  was 
b.  163(3,  at  Orton,  in  Westmoreland,  and 
was  educated  at  Blenclow  free  scliool, 
in  Cumberland.  At  the  age  of  IS  he 
began  to  propagate  those  rehgious  doc- 
trines which  he  had  embraced,  and  he 
continued  his  labors  in  various  parts  of 
England,  in  spite  of  the  severest  perse- 
cution. After  the  revolution,  his  exer- 
tions procured  from  the  legislature  the 
admission  of  a  Quaker's  affirmation  in- 
stead of  an  oath.  He  d.  generally  re- 
spected, in  1722-3.  He  wrote  his  own 
Memoirs,  and  some  other  works. — 
Paul,  a  poet,  was  b.  1710,  in  Holborn: 
was  apprenticed  to  a  mercer,  but  quitted 
trade  to  study  law  in  the  TemjMC ;  ac- 
cjnircd  considerable  popularity  us  a  sat- 
irist ;  was  appointed  deputy-treasurer 
of  the  exchequer;  and  d.  in  1774.  lie 
wrote  the  "  State  Dunces,"  '•  Manners," 
"Honor,"  "The  Gymnasiad,"  and  other 
poems. — WiLLi.vxr,  a  poet  and  dramatist, 
was  b.  1715,  at  Cambridge,  and  was  the 
son  of  a  baker.  He  was  educated  at 
Winclicster  school,  and  at  Clare  hall, 
Cambridge ;  became  travelling  tutor  to 
Lord  Nuneliain  and  the  earl  of  Jersey's 
eon ;  obtained  the  registrarship  to  tiie 
order  of  the  iJath  ;  and,  on  the  death  of 
Gibber,  was  appointed  poet  laureate.  He 
d.  in  178").  Among  his  works  are  the 
tragedies  of  the  "  lioman  Father"  and 
"Creusa;"  "Tlie  School  of  Lovers,"  a 
comedy;  "I'oems,"  and  some  miscel- 
laneous piecea. 

VVHITEHUKST,  Jonx,  an  eminent 
engineer,  was  b.  1713,  at  Congleton ; 
wius  brouglit  up  to  his  father's  business 
of  a  watchmaker;  followed  that  business 
at  Derby,  and  also  became  celebrated 
for  constructing  phiiosopiiical  instru- 
ments and  hydraulic  maciiines  ;  was  ap- 
pointed, in  1775,  stamper  of  the  money 
weights  in  the  mint ;  and  d.  1788.  He 
wrote   an    "  Inquiry  into   the   Original 


State  and  Formation  of  the  Earth,"  "  A 
Treatise  on  Chimneys,"  "An  Attempt 
towards  obtaining  invariable  Measures 
of  Length,  Capacity,  and  Weight,  from 
the  Mensuration  of  Time,"  and  some 
papers  in  the  "Philosophical  Transac- 
tions." 

WHITELOCKE,  Bulstrode,  was  b. 
IGO.J,  in  London,  and  studied  at  Aler- 
chaut  Tailors'  school,  St.  John's  col- 
lege, Oxford,  and  the  Middle  Temple. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  long  parlia- 
ment, and  espoused  the  popular  cause, 
but  was  moderate  in  his  conduct.  In 
1(J48  he  was  appointed  one  of  the  coun- 
cil of  state,  and  in  1653  was  sent  on  an 
embassy  to  Sweden.  He  wrote  "  Me- 
morials of  English  Aifairs,"  "  Notes  on 
the  King's  W^rit,"  "  An  Account  of  his 
Swedish  Embassy,"  and  "  Labors  re- 
membered in  the  Annals  of  Life."  D. 
1676. 

WHITGIFT,  John,  a  prelate,  was  b. 
1530,  at  Great  Grimsby,  in  Lincolnshire ; 
was  educated  at  Queen's  college,  and 
Pembroke  hall,  Cambridge  ;  was,  suc- 
cessively, made  Margaret  professor  of 
divinity,  queen's  chaplain,  master  of 
Pembroke  hall  and  of  Trinity  college, 
and  dean  of  Lincoln.  In  1577  he  be- 
came bishop  of  Worcester,  and  vice- 
president  ot  the  Welsh  marches,  and, 
in  1583,  was  translated  into  the  arch- 
bishopric of  Canterbury.  As  primate, 
he  distinguished  himself  by  persecuting 
the  Catholics  and  Puritans.     D.  1603. 

WHITTINGTON,  Sir  Pvichard,  a 
citizen  and  mercer,  and  "  thrice  lord 
mayor  of  Loudon,"  was  an  extensive 
benefactor  to  the  metropolis,  though  the 
marvellous  stories  connected  with  his 
name  are  groundless  fictions.  His  alms- 
liouses  for  thirteen  pofir  men  form  an 
interesting  object  on  Higligate  hill,  and 
near  them  stands  the  famous  stone  which 
commemorates  his  return  to  London  at 
the  time  the  churcli  bells  so  invitingly 
recalled  him,  in  tones  which  he  was  fain 
to  believe  assured  him  of  future  civic 
honors.    His  last  mavoralty  was  in  1419. 

WICKLIFF,  WYCLIFFE,  or  W^IC- 
LEF,  John,  a  divine  and  ecclesiastical 
reformer,  who  has  been  called  "  the 
morning  star  of  the  reformation,"  was 
b.  in  1324,  at  a  village  of  the  same  name 
in  Yorkshire.  He  studied  at  Queen's 
and  Merton  colleges,  Oxford,  and  early 
distiniruished  himself  by  o[)posing  the 
mendicant  friars,  and  bv  his  proficiency 
in  school  divinity  and  the  works  oif 
Aristotle.  His  exertions  against  the 
friars  were  rewarded  by  the  mastership 
of  Baliol  college,  and  tlie  wardcnship  or 


wil] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGUAPIIV. 


805 


Trinity.  Of  the  latter  ho  was  deprived 
by  Archbishop  Lanjjliam,  and  the  sen- 
tence was  ratitied  by  the  pope.  Having 
gained  the  favor  of  Juliii  of  Gaunt, 
vVicklitT  was  made  king's  cliaphain,  and 
rector  of  Lutterworth.  He  now  bej^an 
vigorously  to  attack  papal  usurpation 
and  the  abuses  of  the  church;  nor  did 
ho  shicken  his  efforts  till  he  ceased  to 
exist.  The  pope  insisted  on  his  being 
brought  to  trial  as  a  heretic,  but  he  was 
etlcctually  protected  by  his  patron,  tlie 
duke  of  Lancaster.  Ilis  works  are  very 
numerous.  Among  tliem  are,  "  Tri- 
alogus,"  "  "VVickliti''s  Wicket,"  and  a 
version  of  the  Old  and  New  Testament. 
D.  1SS4. 

WIELAND,  CnRisTOpnER  Maeti;^,  a 
German  writer,  who  rivals  Voltaire  in 
universality  of  talent  and  literary  fer- 
tility, was  b.  in  1733,  at  Holtzlieim,  near 
Biberach,  in  Suabia.  lie  was  educated 
by  his  father,  a  clergyman,  and  comple- 
ted his  studies  at  Klosterbergen  and 
Tubingen.  In  his  13th  year  he  began 
to  compose  Latin  and  German  verses. 
His  first  published  work  was  "The  Na- 
ture of  Things,"  in  six  cantos,  which 
appeared  in  1751.  In  the  following  year 
I  he  went  to  reside  in  Switzerland,  whence 
"  ■  in  17 GO  he  returned  to  Biberach,  where 
he  was  appointed  to  a  municipal  office. 
His  productions  in  proso  and  verse, 
whicli  rapidly  succeeded  each  other, 
raised  him  to  the  summit  of  literary 
reputation.  The  elector  of  Mentz  nomi- 
nated him  professor  of  philosophy  and 
belles  lettres  at  Erfurt ;  and,  ni  1772, 
the  duchess  dowager  of  Saxe  Weimar 
gave  him  the  tuition  of  her  two  sons, 
his  original  works  form  42  volumes 
quarto  ;  and  he  translated  Lucian,  Shak- 
speare,  Cicero's  "Epistles,"  and  Hor- 
ace's "Satires."    D.  1813. 

W^IFFEN,  Jeremiah  Holme,  a  cele- 
brated Quaker  poet,  was  b.  1792,  and 
brought  up  to  the  profession  of  a  school- 
master, in  which  he  was  for  some  years 
engaged.  The  work  on  which  his  po- 
etical fame  mainly  rests  is  a  transla- 
tion of  Tasso,  in  which  he  adopted  the 
Spenserian  stanza.  Among  his  other 
productions  we  must  name  "Aonian 
Hours,  and  other  Poems,"  also  a  trans- 
lation of  poems  from  the  Spanish  of  Do 
la  Vega,  a  series  of  stanzas  illustrative 
of  the  portraits  at  Woburn  abbey,  enti- 
tled "Ihe  Eussells,"  and  his  abfc  prose 
work,  "  The  History  of  the  Kussell  Fam- 
ily," which  he  traces  up  (o  the  heathen 
chiefs  three  centuries  before  the  time  of 
the  eonquerino;  Hollo.     1).  1S36. 

WILBEKFOKCE,  William,  n  distin- 
f.8 


guished  philanthropist,  was  b.  1759,  at 
Hull.  He  completed  his  education  at 
Cambridge,  and  there  obtained  the 
friendship  of  Mr.  Pitt.  lie  was  elected 
M.  P.  for  Hull,  and  the  next  year,  1787, 
distinguished  himself  by  his  exertions 
for  the  abolition  of  the  .slave  trade, 
which,  after  a  long  warfare  and  many 
struggles,  was  finally  decreed  by  the 
British  legislature,  in  1807.  He  ap- 
proved the  principles  of  the  French 
revolution,  as  they  exhibited  themselves 
at  its  commencement ;  and,  on  the  mo- 
tion of  M.  Brissot,  in  August,  1792,  was 
voted  the  right  of  French  citizenship. 
But,  in  ISOl,  be  denounced  the  designs 
of  Bonaparte,  and  supported  all  the 
ministerial  measures  or  vigorous  oppo- 
sition to  France.  In  his  exertions  to 
emancipate  the  hapless  African  from 
the  chains  of  slavery,  Mr.  Wilberforce 
never  relaxed,  and  he  lived  to  see  the 
second  reading  of  the  "Emancipation 
Act"  carried  by  the  house  of  commons. 
He  published  a  "  Practical  View  of  tho 
prevailing  Eeligious  Systems  of  Pro- 
fessed Christians,"  and  an  "Apology 
for  the  Christian  Sabbath."     D.  1833. 

W^ILDE,  EiciiARD  Henrv,  was  b.  in 
Baltimore,  but  removed  at  an  early  age 
to  Augusta,  Ga.,  in  which  state  he  was 
admitted  to  the  bar.  The  latter  part  of 
his  life  was  spent  in  New  Orleans.  He 
was  once  .attorney-gener.il  of  Georgia, 
and  at  the  time  of  his  death  was  pro- 
fessor of  law  in  the  universitj-  of  Louis- 
iana. Ho  was  also  distinguished  in 
public  life.  In  1815,  when  barely  above 
the  constitutional  age,  he  was  elected  to 
congress.  At  the  end  of  two  years  ho 
returned  to  his  profession,  but  he  was 
again  a  member  of  congress  in  1825, 
and  from  1827  to  1835.  'Mr.  Wilde  was 
more  generally  known  as  an  accom- 
plished scholar.  He  published  several 
poetical  effusions,  which  gained  him 
credit ;  and  his  researches  in  Italian 
literature,  especially  the  work  on  the 
"  Love,  Gladness,  and  Imprisonment  of 
Tasso,"  have  gained  him  a  high  place 
amouET  men  of  letters.     D.  1847. 

WILFOEI),  Fr.vxcis,  an  eminent  ori- 
entalist, was  b.  about  17G0,  at  Hanover; 
was  tor  man}'  years  in  the  service  of  the 
East  India  Company  in  llindostau ;  and 
d.  1822.  Many  of  iiis  papers  are  print- 
ed in  the  "  Asi.atic  Eesearches." 

AVILKES,  John,  a  celebrated  political 
character,  was  b.  1717.  in  Clrrkenwell, 
and  was  the  son  of  a  rich  distiller.  He 
began  his  public  career  as  member  for 
Aylesbury,  and  lieutenant-colonel  of  the 
Buckinghamshire  militia.  Bysomo  pam- 


806 


CYCLOP.F.DIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[wn 


phlets  which  he  wrote  against  the  Bate 
administration,  in  17C2j  he  gained  repu- 
tation ;  but  it  was  to  liis  periodical  pa- 
per, ''Tlie  Nortli  Briton,"  and  especially 
to  No.  45  of  it,  that  he  was  indebted  for 
his  popularity.  That  number  the  gov- 
ernment determined  to  prosecute,  and, 
accordingly,  a  general  warrant  was  is- 
Bued  against  the  author,  printer,  and 
publisher.  Wilkes  contended  that  the 
warrant  was  illegal ;  obtained  a  decision 
to  that  effect  from  the  court  of  common 
pleas,  and  large  damages  from  the  sec- 
retary of  state  and  his  subordinate  myr- 
midons. Still  bent  on  his  .ruin,  the 
ministry  renewed  the  prosecution  in  a 
regular  manner,  and  commenced  anoth- 
er for  an  obscene  poem.  He  was  also 
dangerously  wounded  in  a  duel  with 
Mr.  Martin,  one  of  their  partisans.  Giv- 
ing way  to  the  storm,  he  retired  to 
France,  upon  which  he  was  outlawed, 
and  expelled  from  his  seat.  In  1768, 
being  elected  for  Middlesex,  he  return- 
ed, and  was  condemned  to  a  fine  of 
£1000,  and  22  months  imprisonment^ 
and  was  subsequently  expelled  a  second 
time  for  a  libel.  Again  he  was  chosen, 
but,  in  utter  contempt  of  aU  right,  the 
house  declared  him  ineligible  to  sit  in 
that  parliament,  and  seated  Colonel 
Luttrell,  who  had  but  a  small  number 
of  votes.  Tliis  infamous  vote  was  after- 
wards expunged  from  the  journals.  In 
1770  he  was  chosen  an  alderman  of  Lon- 
don, in  which  capacity  he  set  at  defiance 
the  mandates  of  the  house.  In  1772  he 
was  sheriff;  in  1774,  lord  mayor;  and 
in  1779  he  became  chamberlain  of  the 
city.  In  1775  he  was  once  more  sent  to 
parliament  by  Middlesex,  and  ho  was  a 
steady  opponent  to  tlic  American  war. 
D.  1707.  Two  collections  of  liis  corre- 
spondence have  been  published. 

WILKIE,  Sir  David,  a  painter  of  dis- 
tinguished merit,  was  b.  near  Cupar,  in 
Fifeshire,  in  1785,  liis  father  being  a 
minister  of  the  Scotch  church.  In  1805 
he  went  to  London,  and  soon  attracted 
notice  by  tlie  excellence  of  his  earliest 
efforts,  his  career  of  fame  commencing 
with  his  "Village  Politicians,"  "  Blind 
Fiddler,"  "Rent  Day,"  &c.  His  repu- 
tation was  now  established,  and  in  1811 
he  was  made  a  royal  academician,  from 
which  period  he  regularly  produced,  and 
as  regularly  sold  at  inereasmfr  prices,  his 
most  celebrated  pictures,  of  which  we 
Bhall  merely  mention  a  few,  as  "Dis- 
training for  Kent,"  "The  Penny  "Wed- 
ding," "  Blind  Man's  Buff,"  "  The  Vil- 
lage Festival,"  "The  Keading  of  the 
Will,"  and  "  Chelsea  Pensioners  Read- 


ing the  Gazette  of  the  Battle  of  Water- 
loo."   D.  1841. 

WILKINS,  Jonx,  a  prelate  and  math- 
ematician, was  b.  in  1614,  at  Fawsley,  in 
Northamptonshire,  and  was  educated  at 
New  Inn  hall,  and  Magdalen  hall,  Ox- 
ford. HavinEr  espoused  the  popular 
cause,  and  being  married  to  Cromwell's 
sister,  he  was  made  warden  of  Wadham 
college,  and,  by  Kichard  Cromwell,  was 
appointed  master  of  Trinity  college. 
The  restoratioji.  deprived  him  of  these 
prefennents,  But  he  soon  obtained  oth- 
ers, and,  in  1668,  was  raised  to  the  bish- 
opric of  Chester.  He  d.  in  1672.  He 
was  the  founder  of  that  association 
which  afterwards  became  the  Eoyal  So- 
ciety. Besides  his  mathematical  works, 
reprinted  in  two  volumes,  he  wrote  an 
"  Essay  towards  a  real  Character  and 
Philosophical  Language,"  and  various 
theological  pieces. 

WILKINSON,  Jemima,  a  bold  and 
artful  religious  impostor,  was  b.  in  Cum- 
berland, E.  I.,  about  the  year  1753.  Ee- 
coveriug  suddenly  from  an  apparent 
suspension  of  life,  in  1773,  she  gave  out 
that  she  had  been  raised  from  the  dead, 
and  laid  claim  to  supernatural  power  and 
authority.  Making  a  few  proselytes,  she 
removed  with  them  to  the  neighborhood 
of  Crooked  Lake,  N.  Y.,  where  she  d.  in 
1819. 

WILLAED,  Samuel,  an  eminent  di- 
vine, was  b.  in  Massachusetts,  and  re- 
ceived his  education  at  Harvard  college, 
where  he  was  graduated  in  1650.  He 
was  settled  over  the  old  south  church 
in  Boston,  and  became  the  most  cele- 
brated among  his  cotemporaries  in  the 
ministry.  In  1701  he  was  made  vice- 
president  of  Harvard  college,  and  con- 
tinued in  this  office  till  his  death,  in 
1707.  He  published  a  large  number  of 
sermons,  and  a  folio  volume  of  divinity. 

WILLIAMS,  Jonx,  a  divine  and 
statesman,  was  b.  in  1582,  at  Abercon- 
way,  in  Wales,  and  was  educated  at  St. 
John's  college,  Cambridge.  After  hav- 
ing held  several  minor  but  valuable 
preferments,  he  was  made  bishop  of 
Lincoln,  and  keeper  of  the  great  seal,  in 
1621.  Of  the  office  of  lord  keeper  ho 
was  deprived  by  Charles  I.,  on  his  ac- 
cession. He  was  subsequently  prosecu- 
ted in  the  star-chamber,  and  sentenced 
to  a  fine  of  £10,000,  and  imprisonment 
in  the  Tower.  The  proeecaings  were, 
however,  rescinded  in  1640,  and  in  the 
following  year  he  was  translated  to  the 
see  of  York.  During  the  civil  war  he 
made  an  ineffectual  attempt  to  hold  out 
Conway  castle  against  the  parliament. 


wil] 


CYCLOPEDIA  OF  BIOGRAPHY. 


807 


D.  1650.  Williams  was  a  strenuous  op- 
ponent to  Laud.  —  Sir  Charles  Han- 
bury,  a  poet  and  diplomatist,  was  b.  in 
1709  ;  was  educated  at  Eton  ;  was  for  a 
considerable  period  one  of  the  members 
for  the  county  of  Monmouth  ;  held  the 
paymastership  of  the  marines  ;  was  cm- 
ployed  as  ambassador  to  Dresden  and 
St.  Petersburg;  and  d.  insane,  in  1759. 
His  poems  arc  spirited  and  witty,  bnt 
licentious. — David,  a  miscellaneous  wri- 
ter, was  b.  in  1738,  ini^'ardiganshire ; 
was  educated  at  a  dissenting  academy; 
and  became  a  dissenting  minister. 
Changing  to  a  deist,  he  opened  a  chapel 
to  diffuse  his  newly  adopted  opinions, 
and  for  some  time  his  hearers  were  nu- 
merous. The  subsequent  part  of  his 
life  was  dedicated  to  literary  pursuits 
and  to  private  teaching.  The  Literary 
Fund  was  founded  by  him.  Amontr  his 
chief  works  are,  "Lectures  on  the  Prin- 
ciples and  Duties  of  Keligion  and  Mor.al- 
ity,"  "  Lectures  on  Education,"  "  Lec- 
tures on  Political  Principles,"  and  a 
"History  of  Monmouthshire."  D.  ISIG. 
— Helen  Marl\,  a  poet  and  miscellane- 
ous writer,  was  b.  in  1762,  in  the  north 
of  England,  and  was  ushered  into  pub- 
lic notice  when  she  was  18,  by  Dr. 
Kinpis.  Between  17S2  and  1788  she 
published  "  Edwin  and  Eltruda,"  a  po- 
em, "Peru,"  a  poem,  and  other  pieces, 
which  were  afterwards  collected  m  two 
volumes.  In  1790  she  settled  in  Paris. 
There  she  became  intimate  with  the 
most  eminent  of  the  Girondists,  and,  in 
1794,  was  imprisoned,  and  nearly  shared 
their  fate.  She  escaped,  and  took  ref- 
uge in  Switzerland,  but  returned  to  the 
French  capital  in  179G,  where  she  con- 
tinued to  reside  till  her  decease,  1827. — 
EoGER,  one  of  the  founders  of  Rhode 
Island,  w.as  b.  in  "Wales,  in  1599,  and 
received  his  education  at  Oxford.  He 
was  for  some  time  a  minister  of  the  es- 
tablished church,  but  dissenting,  he  re- 
moved, in  16S1,  to  New  England,  and 
preached  till  1036  at  Salem"  and  Ply- 
mouth. Being  banished  from  the  colo- 
ny on  account  of  his  religious  opinions, 
he  removed  with  several  others  to  Kiiode 
Island,  and  laid  the  foundation  of  Provi- 
dence. They  there  established  the  lirst 
society  in  which  was  enjoyed  ticrfect 
liberty  of  conscience.  For  several  years 
"Williams  was  president  of  the  colonv. 
D.  1683. — Otho  Holland,  an  officer  in 
the  American  army,  was  b.  in  ^laryland, 
in  1748,  served  in  various  capacities  du- 
ring the  revolutionary  war,  and  fought 
at  the  battles  of  Guilford,  Hobkirk's 
hill,  and  the  Eutaws.    Before  the  dis- 


banding of  the  army  he  was  made 
brigadicr-generiJ.  For  several  years  he 
was  collector  at  Baltimore.  D.  1794. — 
"William,  a  signer  of  the  declaration  of 
AmerioiUi  independence,  was  b.  at  Leb- 
anon, Conn.,  in  1731,  and  was  educated 
at  Harvard  college.  From  the  univer- 
sity he  returned  home,  and  for  some 
time  devoted  himself  to  the  study  of 
theology.  At  an  early  period  of  the 
revolution  he  embarked  in  the  cause 
of  his  country,  and  was  a  delegate  from 
his  native  state  to  the  continental  con- 
gress.   D.  1811. 

WILLIAMSON,  Hugh,  an  American 
physician,  was  b.  in  Pennsylvania,  in 
1785,  and  received  his  education  at  the 
collosre  of  Philadelphia;  but  relinquish- 
ed the  clerical  profession,  for  which  he 
had  been  intended,  and  turned  his  at- 
tention first  to  mathematics,  and  subse- 
quently to  medicine.  After  visiting 
Edinburgh  and  Licyden,  at  which  latter 
university  he  obtained  the  degree  of 
M.  D.,  ho  returned  and  practised  in 
Philadelphia.  He  was  one  of  the  com- 
mittee appointed  by  the  American  Phil- 
osophical Society,  'l769,  to  observe  the 
transit  of  Venus  over  the  solar  disc ; 
and  he  attracted  considerable  attention 
by  his  observations  on  the  remarkable 
comet  which  then  made  its  appearance, 
as  he  came  to  the  conclusion  that  comets, 
instead  of  being  ignited  masses,  are  in- 
habited planets.  He  was  appointed  to 
the  medical  staff  of  the  revolutionary 
army,  and,  at  the  restoration  of  peace, 
he  became  a  member  of  congress. 
Among  his  chief  works  are,  "The  His- 
tory of  North  Carolina,"  and  "  Obser- 
vations on  the  Climate  of  America." 
D.  1819. 

"WILLIS,  Browne,  an  eminent  anti- 
quary, was  b.  in  16S2,  at  Blandford,  in 
Dorsetshire,  studied  at  "Westminster 
school,  and  at  Christ-church,  Oxford ; 
was  elected  M.  P.  for  Buckinghamshire 
in  1705  ;  became  a  member  of  the  society 
of  antiquaries  in  1717,  and  d.  in  1760. 
Willis  was  a  man  of  an  eccentric  char- 
acter. Miss  Talbot,  who  gives  a  ludic- 
rous description  of  him,  declares,  that 
"with  one  of  the  honestest  hearts  in 
the  world  ho  has  one  o*'  the  oddest 
heads  that  ever  dropt  out  of  the  moon." 
His  principal  works  are,  "  Notitia  Par- 
liamentaria,"  "  A  Survey  of  the  Cathe- 
drals of  England,"  "History  of  the 
Mitred  Parliamentary  Abbeys,"  and  "  a 
History  of  Buckintrham." — Francis,  a 
physician,  celebrated  for  his  skill  in 
eases  of  insanity,  was  b.  about  171S,  in 
Lincolnshire,     and   was    educated   at 


808 


CYCLOP-EDIA    OF    BIOUKAPHY. 


[win 


Brazeunose  CDllcge,  Oxford.  Ho  was 
broa2:lit  up  to  the  church,  and  obtained 
a  college  liviu?  in  the  metropolis  ;  but 
subsequently  took  the  degrree  of  il.  D., 
and  practised  as  a  physician.  lie  re- 
stored George  III.  to  sanity,  and  was 
amply  rewarded  by  a  parliamentary 
grant.     D.  1807. 

AVILLUGHBY,  Francis,  an  eminent 
naturalist,  was  b.  1635,  in  Lincolnshire, 
and  was  educated  at  Trinity  college, 
Cambridge.  Kay  was  his  tutor,  and 
was  subsequently  his  fellow-traveller 
ou  the  Continent,  his  frequent  guest, 
and  his  executor.  In  1662  he  became  a 
member  of  the  Eoyal  Society.  lie  d.  in 
1674.  He  wrote  a' Latin  treatise  on  or- 
nithology, another  on  ichthyology,  and 
some  papers  in  the  "  Philosophical 
Transactions."  The  treatises  were  edit- 
ed, after  "Willughby's  death,  by  Ray. 

WILSON,  Alexander,  the  celebrated 
ornitholoo;ist,  was  b.  at  Paisley,  Scot- 
land, and  came  to  Delaware  in  1794. 
Removing  to  Philadelphia  he  became 
acquainted  with  Mr.  Bartram,  the  nat- 
uralist, and  devoted  himself  to  the  cul- 
tivation of  natural  history.  His  great 
work  is  the  "  American  Ornithology," 
splendidly  executed,  and  very  accurate 
and  comprehensive.  He  possessed  con- 
siderable taste  for  literature,  and  pub- 
lished several  small  poems  of  much 
beauty.  D.  1S18. — James,  a  signer  of 
the  declaration  of  independence,  was  b. 
in  Scotland,  about  1742.  He  was  well 
educated,  and  after  completing  his  stud- 
ies emigfated  to  America.  Settling  at 
Philadelphia,  he  received  an  otfer  to 
enter  the  office  of  ilr.  John  Dickinson 
and  pursue  the  study  of  the  law.  He 
soon  distinguished  himself,  and  was 
appointed  a  delegate  to  the  continental 
congress,  where  he  continued  from  1775 
to  1777.  He  was  a  member  of  the  con- 
ventions which  framed  the  constitution 
of  Pennsylvania  and  that  of  the  United 
States,  and  in  1780  was  appointed  one 
of  the  judges  of  the  supreme  court  of 
the  United  States.  In  1797  he  was  made 
professor  of  law  in  the  university  of 
Pennsylvania,  and  in  this  capacity  de- 
livered a  course  of  lectures,  atterwards 
published.  D.  179S. — Thomas,  a  prelate 
eminent  for  piety,  was  b.  1663,  at  Bar- 
ton, in  Cheshire.  He  was  educated  at 
Trinity  college,  Dublin.  The  earl  of 
Derby,  to  wliom  he  was  chaplain,  and 
whose  son  he  accompanied  to  the  Con- 
tinent as  tutor,  nominated  him  in  1007, 
bishop  of  the  Isle  of  Man.  He  held 
the  see  during  fifty-eight  years,  and 
though  his  annual    income    was  only 


three  hundred  pounds,  lie  refused  to 
accept  an  English  bishopric.  Scanty  as 
were  his  means,  he  was  benevolent  to 
the  poor,  built  a  new  chapel  at  Castle- 
ton,  founded  parochial  libraries,  and 
introduced  important  improvements  in 
the  agriculture  of  tiic  island.  D.  1755. 
— EicuARD,  a  celebrated  painter,  was  b. 
1714,  at  Penegos,  in  Montgomeryshire. 
He  received  a  liberal  education,  and, 
having  manifested  a  genius  for  painting 
he  was  placed  under  an  obscure  por- 
trait painter  named  Wright.  He  him- 
self began  his  career  in  the  same  branch 
of  art.  On  his  visiting  Italy,  however, 
he  was  advised  by  Zuccarelli  to  devote 
himself  to  ^ndscape,  and  fortunately,  he 
followed  that  advice.  His  picture  of 
"  Niobe"  was  exhibited  in  1760.  He 
attained  great  reputation,  but  neverthe- 
less, the  latter  part  of  his  life  was  cloud- 
ed by  poverty.  He  d.  in  1782.  Faseli 
declares  that  "  Wilson's  taste  was  so 
exquisite,  and  his  eye  so  chaste,  that 
whatever  came  from  his  easel  bore  the 
stamp  of  elegance  and  truth." 

WINCHESTER,  Elhaxan,  an  Amer- 
ican divine,  who  visited  England  about 
1738,  attempted  to  found  a  Philadel- 
pliian  society,  and  disseminated  his 
peculiar  tenets  by  means  of  preaching, 
and  of  a  Philadelphian  magazine.  He 
succeeded  in  establishing  a  sect  called 
Winchestarians,  or  Universalists,  which 
is  still  in  existence.  His  distinsjuishcd 
tenet  was  the  ultimate  redemption  of  all 
mankind,  and  even  of  the  devils.  Ho 
returned  in  1792  to  his  native  country. 
Among  his  works  are,  "Lectures  on 
the  Prophecies,"  "  The  Universal  Ees- 
storation,"  and  an  heroic  poem  on 
Christ. 

WINCKELMAN,  John  Joachim,  a 
celebrated  German  antiquary,  was  b.  in 
1717,  at  Steindall,  in  Bradenburgh. 
After  having  been  professor  of  the 
belles  lettres  at  Seehausen,  and  libra- 
rian to  Count  Banaii,  he  became  a  Cath- 
olic, and  went  to  Rome,  where  the  pope 
appointed  him  president  of  antiqtiities, 
and  librarian  of  the  Vatican.  lie  was 
murdered  in  1768,  at  Trieste,  while  on 
his  return  from  Germany  to  Italy.  His 
principal  works  are,  "  A  History  of  Art 
ainonsr  the  Ancients,"  "Ancient  ined- 
ited  Monuments,"  "Reflections  on  the 
Imitation  of  the  Productions  of  the 
Greeks  in  Painting  and  Sculpture." 
On  "Allegory,"  and  "Letters  on  Iler- 
culancum." 

WINDER,  William  II.,  an  officer  in 
the  American  array,  was  b.  in  Mary- 
land in  1775,  was  educated  for  the  bar 


^] 


CVCLOi'.tniA    UF    HIOUKAPllV. 


809 


and  pursued  Lis  profession  in  Baltimore 
with  great  success.  In  1812  he  received 
a  coloners  coniinission,  was  promoted 
*o  the  rank  of  brijjadier-irenenil,  and 
nerved  with  reputation  during  the  war 
with  Great  Britain.  lie  connnanded  tlio 
troops  at  tlio  battle  of  Bladensburg.  On 
the  declaration  of  peace  he  resumed  the 
practice  of  his  profession.     1).  lS'2-i. 

WINDHAM,  Wir.i.iAM,  a  statesman, 
was  b.  in  1750,  at  Felbrig,  in  Norfolk, 
and  was  educated  at  Eton,  Glasgow, 
and  University  college,  Oxford.  In 
17S2  he  was  elected  M.  P.  for  Norwich, 
and  for  a  short  time  secretary  to  the 
viceroy  of  Ireland.  lie  continued  to 
act  with  the  "Whirrs  till  IT'J.",  when  he 
adopted  the  sentiments  of  Burke ;  and 
in  the  following  year,  he  was  appointed 
secretary  at  war,  with  a  seat  in  the 
cabinet.  In  1801  lie  resigned.  To  the 
peace  of  Amiens  he  was  strenuously 
hostile.  During  the  brief  possession 
of  power  by  the  Whigs  in  1806,  he  held 
his  former  office.     D.'lSlO. 

WINGATE,  Edwaud,  a  lawyer  and 
mathematician,  was  b.  in  1593,  in  York- 
shire, studied  at  Queen's  college,  Ox- 
ford, and  at  Gray's  Inn ;  was  sent  to 
France  to  instruct  Henrietta  Maria  in 
the  English  language;  took  the  popular 
side  in  the  civil  war,  and  d.  in  1656. 
Among  liis  works  are,  "  Natural  and 
Artificial  Arithmetic,"  "  The  Exact 
Surveyor,"  "  Ludus  Mathematicus," 
"  Ma.xims  of  Reason,"  and  "  an  Abridg- 
ment of  the  Statutes." 

WINSLOW,  Edwakd,  was  b.  in 
Worcestershire,  in  1594.  lie  was  among 
the  first  settlers  of  New  England,  in 
1620,  and  was  repeatedly  elected  govern- 
or of  the  colony  they  founded  at  Ply- 
moutii.  He  went  several  times  as  an 
agent  to  England,  and  in  1655  was  ap- 
pointed a  commissioner  to  superintend 
the  expedition  against  the  Spaniards  in 
the  West  Indies.  D.  near  Jamaica  in 
the  May  of  that  year. — James  Benionus, 
a  celebrated  Danish  anatomist,  was  b. 
in  1669,  at  Odensec  ;  settled  in  France, 
and  in  1699  became  a  Catholic.  In  1743 
he  succeeded  Mr.  Ilunald  as  professor 
of  anatomy  and  physiology  at  theKoyal 
Botanic  Garden.  lie  d.  in  1760.  Win- 
slow  was  a  member  of  several  learned 
bodies.  His  principal  work,  which  still 
preserves  its  reputation  undiminished, 
IS  "An  Anatomical  Exposition  of  the 
Structure  of  the  Human  Body." 

WINSOK,  FuKUKUio  Albkkt,  an  en- 
terprising projector,  to  whom  the  pub- 
lic is   indebted   for  the  beautiful  gas- 
light which  now  illnminatcs  the  streets, 
63* 


&c. ;  made  his  first  public  experiments 
at  the  Lyceum,  in  tlie  Strand,  in  1803. 
He  afterwards  lighted  with  gas  the 
walls  of  Carlton  palace  gardens,  on  the 
king's  birthday  in  1S07  ;  and  during 
1809  and  1810,  he  lighted  one  side  of 
Pall  Mall,  from  the  house  which  he  then 
occupied  in  that  street,  lie  followed 
up  his  object  with  great  perseverance, 
and  at  length  obtained  a  charter  of  in- 
corporation for  a  gas-light  and  coke 
company.  In  conse«iuence,  however, 
of  some  misunderstanding  with  the 
parties  with  whom  he  was  associated  lie 
did  not  obtain  his  expected  remunera- 
tion. In  1815  he  went  to  Paris,  where 
he  also  erected  gas-works,  and  estab- 
lished a  cnnipanv.     D.  1830. 

WINSTANLEY,  Williaxt,  a  literary 
barber  who  wrote  the  "Lives  of  the 
Poets,"  "Select  Lives  of  England's 
Worthies,"  "Historical  Earities,"  &c. 
D.  about  1690. 

WINTER,  Jonv  William  de,  ii 
Dutch  admiral,  was  b.  in  1750.  Having 
been  an  active  partisan  in  the  revolution 
which  broke  out  in  1787,  he  was  obliged 
to  take  refuse  in  France,  when  the  party 
of  the  stadtholder  prevailed.  In  France 
he  entered  the  army,  served  under  Du- 
mouricz  and  Pichegru,  and  in  a  short 
time  rose  to  the  rank  of  general  of 
brigade.  In  1795,  when  Pichegru  in- 
vaded Holland,  De  Winter  returned  to 
his  country,  where  the  states-general 
made  him  vice-admiral  and  commander 
of  the  naval  forces  at  Texel.  Here, 
with  29  vessels,  of  which  16  were  ships 
of  the  line,  he  was  completely  defeated 
bv  Duncan,  Oct.  7,  1797.  D.  1812.— 
Peter  vox,  an  eminent  German  musi- 
cian, b.  at  Munheim,  in  1754,  and  at  the 
acre  of  10  years  was  appointed  a  mem- 
ber of  the  "orchestra  of  the  elector.  He 
composed  a  variety  of  operas,  oratorios, 
and  other  pieces  of  vocal  and  instru- 
mental music,  many  of  which  possess 
verv  considerable  merit.     D.  1825. 

WINTIIROP,  John,  first  governor 
of  Massachusetts,  was  b.  at  Groton, 
England,  in  1587.  He  arrived  with  the 
colonists  in  Salem  in  1630,  haviuLT  a 
commission  as  their  governor,  and  held 
this  office,  with  the  exception  of  six  or 
seven  years,  till  his  dcatli  in  1649.  He 
kept  aminute  journal  of  tlie  alfairs  of 
the  colony,  which  has  been  published, 
and  possesses  much  value. — John,  sou 
of  the  foresroinir,  was  b.  in  Eiiirland, 
1605,  and  received  his  education  at 
Cambridge.  He  came  to  Massachusetts 
in  1633,  "and  subsequently  visiting  En- 
gland, returned  and  established  a  colo- 


810 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGKAPHy. 


[wot 


ny  at  Saybiuok,  Conn,  la  1G57  be  was 
chosen  governor  ot'  that  colony,  and 
rein:rnied  so  till  his  death  in  1676.  He 
w;is  ilistinixuishcd  for  his  love  of  natural 
pliilosiiphy,  and  was  one  of  the  found- 
ers of  tlie"  koyal  Society  of  London. — 
James,  a  mau'of  letters,  was  h.  atCain- 
bridire,  Mass.,  in  17.52,  and  was  grad- 
uated at  Harvard  college.  He  was  for 
twenty  years  librarian  of  that  institu- 
tion. '  liis  acquirements  iu  the  exact 
sciences,  the  ancient  and  modern  lan- 
guiiL'cs,  and  in  biblical  and  polite  litera- 
ture were  extensive.     D.  1821. 

WIRT,  William,  an  eminent  advocate 
and  essayist,  b.  at  Bladeusburg,  Md., 
177-2,  and  studied  law  in  Leesburg,  Va., 
where  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  in 
1792.  He  was  appointed  chancellor  of 
the  eastern  district  of  Virginia  in  1802, 
and  district  attorney  iu  181(3.  The  part 
he  took  iu  the  famous  trial  of  Aaron 
Burr  gave  him  his  greatest  distinction 
as  an  eloquent  pleader.  His  "Letters 
of  the  British  Spy,"  first  published  in  a 
Klchmond  paper';  the  "  Old  Bachelor," 
and  a  "Life  of  Patrick  Henry;"  the 
latter,  written  in  a  highly  florid  style, 
enjoved  great  popularity  in  their  day. 
U.  1835. 

WISHAKT,  Geokge,  a  Scotch  martyr, 
was  b.  at  the  commencement  of  the  16th 
century.  Little  is  known  of  his  early 
life ;  but  lie  is  said  to  have  embraced 
the  Protestant  faith  while  travelling  in 
Germany;  to  have  resided  for  some 
years  at  Cambridge ;  and  to  have  taught 
at  Benct  college.  In  1544  he  returned 
to  liis  native  land,  and  exerted  himself 
zealously  in  preaching  the  doctrines  of 
the  Reformation.  In  1546  he  was  seized 
by  Cardinal  Beaton,  was  brought  to  trial, 
and  was  mercilessly  condemned  to  the 
flames. 

WISTAR,  Caspar,  a  celebrated  physi- 
cian, wa.s  b.  iu  Philadelphia,  1761.  He 
studied  medicine  under  Dr.  John  Red- 
man, and  eomplcteil  his  professional 
course  at  the  schools  in  London  and 
Edinburgh.  Returning  in  1787  to  his 
■native  cit}-,  he  soon  distinguished  him- 
self in  his  profession,  and  in  1789  was 
elected  professor  of  chemistry  in  the  col- 
lege of  Philadelphia.  In  1782  he  became 
adjunct  professorof  a'aitomy,  midwifery, 
ami  surgery,  with  Dr.  Sliippen ;  and  on 
the  decease  of  that  gentleman,  in  1808, 
sole  professor.  Ilia  acquirements  in 
professional  knowledge  were  very  ex- 
tensive, and  he  obtained  much  pop- 
ularity as  a  lecturer.     D.  1818. 

WITHER,  George,  a  poet,  was  b. 
1583,  at  Bentworth  in  llamosnire,  and 


was  educated  at  Magdalen  college,  Ox- 
ford. He  studied  law  at  Lincoln's  Inn, 
but  did  not  practise.  In  1613  he  was 
committed  to  prison  for  his  satires, 
called  "  Abuses  Stript  and  Whipt."  la 
the  civil  war  lie  espoused  the  popular 
cause,  and  rose  to  the  rank  of  major- 
general.  After  the  restoration  he  wa.s 
again  incarcerated  for  his  writings,  and 
remained  for  more  than  three  years  in 
durance.  He  d.  in  1667.  Of  his  numer- 
ous works  many  are  hasty  and  incorrect, 
but  in  his  "Shepherds  Hunting,"  and 
some  of  his  other  pieces,  there  is  much 
of  genuine  poetry. 

WITHEKSPOOX,  John,  a  signer  of 
the  declaration  of  independence,  was  b. 
in  Scotland,  1722,  and  was  educated  at 
the  university  of  Edinburgh.  He  stud- 
ied divinity,  and  became  one  of  the  most 
influential  and  distinguished  of  the  Scot- 
tish clergy.  Being  induced  to  accept  the 
presidency  of  the  college  at  Princeton, 
lie  removed  to  New  Jersey  with  his 
family  in  1768.  In  1776  he  was  ap- 
pointed a  delegate  to  the  continental 
congress,  and  retained  a  seat  there  du- 
ring the  war.  On  the  return  of  peace 
he  resumed  his  duties  at  the  college. 
D.  1794. 

WODHULL,  Michael,  a  poet,  was  b. 
1740,  at  Tlienford,  in  Northamptonshire ; 
was  educated  at  Winchester  school,  and 
at  Brazennose  college,  Oxford  ;  lived  on 
his  paternal  estate,  and  amused  his  lei- 
sure hours  with  literature;  and  d.  in 
1816.  He  wrote  poems,  which  have  a 
considerable  portion  of  merit ;  and  trans- 
lated the  tragedies  of  Euripides. 

WOLCOTT,  John,  a  poet,  better 
known  by  the  name  of  Peter  Pindar, 
was  b.  1738,  at  Dodbrook,  in  Devon- 
shire; was  educated  at  private  semi- 
naries ;  and  was  apprenticed  to  his 
uncle,  an  apothecary  at  Truro,  who  ulti- 
mately left  him  the'bulk  of  his  property. 
Having  taken  a  degree,  he  accompanied 
Sir  William  Trelawney  to  the  govern- 
ment of  Jamaica,  as  physician.  While 
residing  in  that  island  he  took  orders, 
and  was  presented  to  a  living.  On 
his  return  to  England  he  settled  at 
Truro,  whence  he  removed  to  Helstone. 
It  was  while  he  was  living  in  Cornwall 
that  he  drew  from  obscurity  the  painter 
Opic;  and  in  1780  lie  went  with  him  to 
settle  in  London.  Wolcott's  first  publi- 
cation, "An  Papistic  to  the  Reviewers," 
appeared  in  1778.  After  his  arrival  in 
the  metropolis,  his  productions  rapidly 
succeeded  each  other,  and  were  highly 
popular.  Amon^  his  most  finished 
works  are,  "Lyric  Odes  to  the  Royal 


wol] 


cyclopjEO'.a  of  biography. 


811 


Academicians,"  and  "Tlie  Loiisiad." 
In  the  decline  of  life  he  became  blind, 
and  he  d.  January  14,  1819. — Oliver, 
governor  of  Connecticut,  was  b.  1727, 
and  received  his  education  at  Yale  col- 
lege, lie  served  as  captain  in  the  French 
war,  and  studied  medicino  though  he 
never  practised.  lie  v/a?  a  delegate  to 
the  congress  of  177G,  dgned  the  declara- 
tion of  independencG  and  the  articles  of 
confederation,  and  remained  a  member 
till  1785.  In  178o  he  was  elected  deputy 
governor,  and  was  re-elected  till  179G, 
when  he  was  made  governor.    D.  1797. 

WOLF,  FuEDEKio  Augustus,  an  emi- 
nent German  philologist,  was  b.  1759, 
at  Ilaynrode,  in  Ilolstein  ;  was  educated 
at  Gottingen  ;  was  appointed  professor, 
in  1783,  at  the  university  of  Ilalle,  where 
he  remained  for  twenty-three  years ;  had 
a  considerable  share  in  fouudiner  and 
organizing  the  new  university  at  Berlin, 
in  1808,  and  became  professor  of  it ;  and 
d.  in  1824.  He  edited,  and  added  notes 
and  dissertations  to,  many  Greek  and 
Koman  classics;  and  wrote  "A  History 
of  Koman  Literature,"  and  other  works. 

"WOLFE,  Jamks,  a  celebrated  gen- 
eral, the  son  of  a  lieutenant-general,  was 
b.  1726,  at  Westerham,  in"  Kent,  and 
distinguished  himself,  before  he  was-20, 
at  the  battle  of  Lafl'eldt.  lie  increased 
his  reputation  so  much  by  his  conduct 
at  Minden  and  Louisburgh,  that  Pitt 
selected  him  to  command  the  expedition 
against  Quebec.  Wolfe  overcame  all 
obstacles,  scaled  the  heights  of  Abra- 
liam,  and  compelled  the  enemy  to  risk 
the  province  on  the  issue  of  a  battle.  In 
the  moment  of  victory  he  fell,  mortally 
wounded.  Cries  of  "  They  run  !"'  struck 
his  ear.  Rousing  himself  from  tlie  faint- 
ness  of  death,  he  inquired,  "  Who  run  V 
and  being  told  that  it  was  the  French, 
he  exclaimed,  "  Thank  God,  then  I  die 
contented  !"  and  immediately  expired. 
D.  1759. — CnAULKs,  an  Irish  divine  and 
poet,  was  b.  1791,  at  Dublin;  was  edu- 
cated at  Trinity  coliec'o,  Dublin ;  ob- 
tained the  curacy  of  Ballyclog,  which  he 
exchanged  for  that  of  Castle  Caullield ; 
and  d.  of  consumption,  in  February, 
1823.  lie  wrote  the  well-known  "  Ode 
on  the  Death  of  Sir  John  Moore,"  be- 
ginning with,  "  Not  a  drum  was  heard  ;" 
and  the  praise  which,  after  his  decease, 
was  bestowed  upon  that  piece,  induced 
his  friends  to  publish  a  volume  of  his 
"Remains." 

WOLFIUS,  CnRisTi.\N-,  an  eminent 
German  matliematician  and  philosopher, 
who  filled  the  professor's  chair  in  the 
nniversity  of  Halle,  and  was  eventually 


created  a  baron  of  the  empire.  Ilis 
principal  works  are,  "  Elementa  Mathe- 
seo.s  Lni  versa;, "  "A  System  of  Philos- 
ophy," and  a  "  Treatise"  on  the  Law  of 
Nature  and  Nations." — John  Chkisto- 
PHEK,  a  divine  and  philolo^rist,  b.  in 
1GS3.  He  was  author  of  many  works 
on  Hebrew  and  Greek  literature,  and 
bequeathed  a  vast  collection  of  rabbini- 
cal and  oriental  books  to  the  public 
library  at  Hamburgh,  where  he  d.  in 
1739. — Jerome,  an  eminent  critic  and 
classical  scholar,  wlio  d.  at  Augsburg, 
in  15S0. — Jon.v,  an  historical  and  mis- 
cellaneous writer,  who  was  employed  as 
a  diplomatist,  and  at  his  death,  in  1600, 
was  governor  of  Mindelsheim. 

WOLLASTON,  William,  an  ethical 
and  theological  writer,  was  b.  1659,  at 
Cotton  Clanfbrd,  in  Staffordshire ;  was 
educated  at  Sidney  college,  Cambridge ; 
took  orders ;  but  obtained  an  indepen- 
dence whicii  turned  his  views  trom 
church  preferment;  and  d.  1724.  His 
principiil  work  is,  "The  Religion  of  Na- 
ture Delineated." — William  Hyde,  a 
physician  and  experimental  philosopher, 
the  great-grandson  of  the  foregoing,  was 
b.  1766,  and  was  educated  at  Caius  col- 
lege, Cambridge.  Fortunately  for  the 
interests  of  science,  his  want  of  patron- 
asre  as  a  physician,  at  Bury  St.  Edmunds 
and  London,  induced  him  to  give  up  the 
medical  profession  in  disgust,  and  de- 
vote himself  to  scientific  pursuits.  The 
result  was  that  he  became  one  of  the 
most  eminent  chemists  and  experimen- 
talists of  modern  times.  Among  his 
discoveries  are  the  two  metals,  palladium 
and  rhodivmi,  and  the  method  of  render- 
incr  platina  malleable,  by  the  last  of 
which  he  is  said  to  have  gained  thirty 
thousand  pounds.  Among  his  inven- 
tions arc,  a  sliding  scale  of  chemical 
equivalents,  a  goniometer,  and  the  cam- 
era lucida.  His  papers  in  the  "Philo- 
sophical Transactions"  are  numerous. 
D.  1S2?. 

WOLSEY,  Thom.vs,  Cardinal,  an  emi- 
nent prelate  and  statesman,  the  son  of  a 
butcher,  was  b.  1471,  at  Ipswich.  Ho 
was  educated  at  Magdalen  eollcje,  Ox- 
ford. His  first  preferment  of  import- 
ance was  that  of  cnaplain  to  Henry  VII., 
who  gave  him  the  deanery  of  Lincoln,  as 
a  reward  for  his  expeditious  execution 
of  some  di}>lomatic  business.  Being 
introduced  to  Henry  VIII.  by  Fox, 
bishop  of  Winchester,  he  made  a  rapid 
progress  in  the  royal  favor,  till  at  length 
he  reached  the  hiirhest  pitch  of  power  to 
I  which  a  subject  can  aspire.  He  lived  in 
!  princely  state ;  and  his  train  consisted 


812 


CYCLOP.EDIA    OF    BIOGRAI'HV. 


[woo 


of  eight  hundred  persons,  of  whom 
muuy  were  kninrhts  and  gentlemen. 
Charles  V.  and  Francis  I.  were  suitors 
for  his  influence  witii  his  master,  and 
hought  it  by  pensions  and  professions 
of  respect,  liis  great  ambition  was,  to 
fill  the  papal  chair,  but  in  this  he  was 
disai)pointed.  At  length  his  capricious 
sovereign  became  his  enemy.  The  con- 
duct ot  Wolscy  relative  to  the  divorce 
from  Catharine  of  Aragon  was  the  first 
cause  of  otfencc.  In  15-29  he  was  de- 
prived of  the  seals,  a  part  of  his  property 
was  seized,  and  he  was  impeachect.  A 
full  pardon,  however  was  granted  to 
him,  and  in  1530  he  retired  to  Cawvvood 
castle.  There,  in  the  autumn  of  that 
year,  he  was  again  arrested,  on  a  charge 
of  high  treason,  and  he  d.  at  Leicester, 
on  his  way  to  London,  on  the  28th  of 
November.  lie  founded  a  collegiate 
school  at  Ipswich,  and  the  college  of 
Christ-church,  and  several  lecturesliips, 
at  Oxford. 

WOOD,  A>-TH0NY,  a  biographer  and 
antiquary,  was  b.  1632  at  Oxford,  and 
was  educated  at  Merton  college.  The 
perusal  of  some  works  on  heraldry,  and 
of Duardale's  "Warwickshire,"  inspired 
in  him  a  taste  for  antiquarian  lore.  His 
"  History  and  Antiquities  of  Oxford," 
which  was  translated  into  Latin  by  Dr. 
Fell,  appeared  in  1774-,  and  his  "Athe- 
nae  Oxonienscs"  was  published  in  1691. 
An  attack  upon  Lord  Clarendon,  in  the 
last  of  these  works,  subjected  him  to  a 
sentence  of  expulsion,  and  his  Jaeobiti- 
cal  pirejudices  rendered  him  an  object 
of  hatred  to  the  Whig  party.  D.  1095. 
— KoBERT,  a  scholar  and  a  man  of  taste, 
was  b.  in  171G,  at  Kiverstown,  in  the 
Irish  county  of  Meath  ;  made  the  tour 
of  Greece,  Egypt,  and  Palestine,  in 
1751 ;  was  appointed  under-seeretary  of 
state  in  1759  ;  and  d.  1771.  He  wrote  a 
"  Description  of  the  Kuins  of  Balbec," 
"The  Kuins  of  Palmyra,"  and  an  "  f>s- 
say  on  the  Life  and  Writings  of  Ho- 
mer." 

WOODBURY,  Levi,  was  b.  at  Fran- 
cestown,  N.  IL,  about  the  year  1790, 
was  graduated  at  Dartmouth  college  in 
18ii9,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1812.  In  1S16  lie  was  appointed  secre- 
tary of  state,  and  at  the  commencement 
of  the  next  year  a  judj;e  of  the  superior 
court.  la  1819  he  removed  to  Ports- 
mouth ;  he  was  elected  governor  in 
1832.  lie  was  elected  to  the  United 
States  senate,  in  which  body  he  served 
from  1824:  to  1831.  In  the  spring  of 
1331  lie  was  appointed  secretary  of  the 
navy  by  General  Jackson.    After  hold- 


ing that  office  for  several  years,  he  was 
nominated  to  the  post  of  secretary  of 
the  treasury,  by  General  Jackson,  afte! 
the  rejection  of  Mr.  Taney,  by  the  sen- 
ate, lie  left  the  cabinet  at  the  end  of 
Mr.  Van  Buren's  administration,  in 
1841,  after  having  belonged  to  it  about 
10  years.  He  was  immediately  elected 
to  the  United  States  senate,  by  the  "le- 
gislature of  New  Hampshire,  and  re- 
mained there  until  he  was  appointed 
one  of  the  justices  of  the  supreme 
court,  by  President  Polk,  who  had  pre- 
viously otfered  him  the  oflB.ce  of  minis- 
ter to  England.    D.  1851. 

WOODDESON,  PvicHARD,  an  eminent 
civilian,  was  b.  in  1745,  at  Kingston,  in 
Surrey  ;  was  educated  at  Kingston  gram- 
mar school,  and  at  Pembroke  and  Mag- 
dalen colleges,  Oxford ;  was  chosen 
Vincrian  professor,  on  the  resignation 
of  Sir  Eobert  Chambers;  and  d.  1822. 
He  wrote  "  Elements  of  Jurisprudence," 
"  A  Systematic  View  of  the  Laws  of  En- 
gland," and  a  "  Brief  Vindication  of  the 
Eights  of  the  British  Legislature,"  ia 
reply  to  Mr.  Eeeves. 

WOODFALL,  a  printer  and  parlia- 
mentary reporter,  was  b.  about  1745, 
and  was  the  son  of  a  printer  who  was 
proprietor  of  "  The  Daily  Advertiser." 
He  was  brought  up  to  his  father's  occu- 
pation, but  was  so  fond  of  the  stage 
that  for  a  short  time  he  was  an  actor, 
and,  to  the  close  of  his  life,  never  missed 
being  present  at  the  coming  out  of  a 
new  piece.  He  was  successivelv  editor 
of  "The  London  Packet,"  and  "The 
Morning  Chronicle,"  and  editor  and 
owner  of  the  "Diary."  Woodfall  had 
an  astonishingly  retentive  memory,  and 
was  the  first  who  gave  a  full  and  imme- 
diate detail  of  the  proceedings  of  the 
legislature.     D.  1803. 

WOODHOUSE,  Eobert,  an  eminent 
mathematician ;  was  educated  at  Cam- 
bridge ;  was  Plumian  professor  in  1822, 
and  keeper  of  tlie  observatory  in  1824. 
He  wrote  "  Tiie  Principles  of  Analytical 
Calculation,"  a  "Treatise  on  Trigonom- 
etry," a  "Treatise  on  Isoperimetrical 
Problems,"  an  "  Elementary  Treatise 
on  Plane  Astronomy,"  and  several  p.a- 
pers  in  the  "  Phildsophical  Transac- 
tions."    D.  1757. 

WOOLSTON,  THOM.VS,  a  deistical 
writer,  was  b.  1669,  at  Northampton, 
and  was  educated  at  Sidney  collcgo, 
Cambrid|3re.  The  perusal  of  the  wri- 
tings of  Origen  gave  him  a  fondness  for 
allegorizing,  and  his  first  work,  "  The 
Old  Apology  for  the  Truth  of  the  Chris- 
tian Eeligion  revived,"  was  meant  to 


wot] 


CVCLOP.KniA    OF    BIOGKAPIIV. 


813 


prove  that  the  actions  of  Moses  -were  | 
typical  of  Clirist  and  tlio  church.  He 
pnulually  becamo  a  deist,  and  nt  length 
Iiis  "Six  Discourses  on  iliracles,"  and 
his  "Defence  of  tlie  Discourses," 
broufrht  upon  liim  a  prosecution  for 
bhisphemy,  and  lie  was  iiiicd  and  im- 
nrisoned.  D.  witliin  the  rules  of  the 
Jvinir's  Bench,  in  173:2. 

WORCESTEK,  Edward  Somerset, 
marquis  of,  a  man  of  liii^hly  inventive 
talents,  was  b.  about  lO'j"  ;  was  employ- 
ed, when  earl  of  Glamortfan,  by  Clirrles 
T.  to  nejjotiate  with  the  Irish  Catholics ; 
and  d.  in  l(iG7.  In  16(53  he  published 
his  curious  pamphlet  called  "  The  Scant- 
ling:s  of  One  Hundred  Inventions." 
Among  tliosc  inventions  is  the  steam- 
engine,  though  described,  like  all  the 
rest  of  the  articles,  in  a  somewhat  enig- 
matical maimer.  He  afterwards  put 
forth  a  tract,  which  he  called  "  An  Ex- 
act and  True  Definition  of  the  most 
stupendous  "Water-conimanding  En- 
gine." AValpole,  who  was  ignorant 
upon  the  subject,  calls  him  "  a  fantastic 
mechanic,"  and  some  later  writers  have 
endeavored  to  depreciate  his  merit; 
but  the  feasibility  of  many  of  his  pro- 
jects has  been  aiiiply  proved. —  Noah, 
an  eminent  divine  of  Massachusetts, 
whose  devotion  to  the  cause  of  peace 
acquired  ibr  him  the  name  of  the  Apos- 
tle of  Peace.  lie  was  the  secretary  of 
the  first  peace  society,  and  by  his 
"Calm  Keview  of  the  Custom  of  War," 
and  other  works,  he  succeeded  in  at- 
tracting a  large  sliare  of  public  atten- 
tion to  the  subject.  Dr.  Channing,  in 
his  "  Sermon  on  the  Fliilanthropist," 
makes  a  beautiful  allusion  to  his  life. 
D.  1837. 

WOKDSWORTII,  "William,  was  b. 
at  Cockcrmouth,  in  Cumberland,  April 
7th,  1770.  He  received  the  rudiments 
of  his  mental  culture  at  Ilawkshead 
school,  and  in  the  year  17S7  was  entered 
at  St.  .John's  college,  Cambridge.  Hav- 
ing completed  his  studies  and  taken  his 
academical  decree,  he  made  the  tour  of 
France  and  Switzerland,  at  a  period 
when  the  revolution  in  France  had  at- 
tained its  grand  crisis  ;  and  its  influence 
upon  the  fiery  imagination  and  sensitive 
mind  of  Wordsworth  was  no  less  forci- 
ble than  that  ju-odueed  upon  those  of 
his  friends  and  frequent  coniiianions, 
Coleridge,  Southcy,  and  Lloyd.  The 
earnest  thoughts  that  had  been  genera- 
ted by  his  continued  meditations  upon 
this  theme  found  an  utterance  in  his 
"'Descriptive  Sketches"  and  "Evening 
Walk,"  DOth  of  which  made  their  ap- 


pearance in  1793.  In  1797  he  had  con- 
ceived a  jilan  for  the  regeneration  of 
English  poetry.  In  179S  lie  published, 
in  conjunction  with  Cl)leridce,  a  collec- 
tion of  "Lyrical  Ballads."  The  majori- 
ty of  these  productions  were  from  his 
own  pen.  This  book,  so  far  from  ma- 
king converts  to  Wordsworth's  jieculiar 
way  of  thinking,  met  everywhere  with 
the  bitterest  contempt  and  ridicule. 
Still  many  of  his  readers  sympathized 
with  his  views,  and  through  tlieir  en- 
couragement he  was  induced  to  publish 
two  other  volumes  of  poetry  in  1S07. 
In  1814  appeared  his  great  work,  "The 
Excursion."  Several  works  followed 
this,  among  which  may  be  mentioned 
"  The  White  Doe  of  Rylstone  ;"  and  in 
1842  appeared  a  volume  containing  sev- 
eral poems  written  in  the  poet's  early 
youth,  accompanied  by  others  written 
"in  his  old  age.  In  1843  he  succeeded 
his  friend  Southey  as  poet-laureate. 
For  many  years  Wordsworth  enjoyed 
the  privilege  of  receiving  that  guerdon 
of  love  and  admiration,  while  living, 
which  are  too  frequently  only  scattered 
like  gar^nds  upon  tiie  tomb  of  genius. 
Thousands  of  his  admirers  made  a  pil- 
grimage to  the  poet's  sanctuary,  Rydal 
Mount;  and  not  a  few  crossed  over  from 
other  lands  to  catch  a  glimpse  of  that 
great  man  who  has  filled  the  world  with 
his  fame.  D.  18o0.  His  noble  autobio- 
graphical poem,  "The  Prelude,  or  the 
Growth  of  a  Poet's  Mind,"  was  a  post- 
humous publication. 

WORMIUS,  Glaus,  an  able  Danish 
physician  and  autiauary,  was  b.  in  1588, 
at  Aarhusen,  in  Jutland ;  studied  ctt 
Marpurg,  Strasburgh,  and  Basle ;  was 
successively  professor  of  belles  lettres, 
Greek  literature,  and  physic,  at  Copen- 
hagen, and  was  made  a  canon  ot  the 
cathedral  of  Lunden  by  Christiern  IV., 
as  a  reward  for  his  medical  services. 
D.  lGn4. 

WOTTON,  Sir  IIenrv,  a  diplomatist 
and    miscellaneous    writer,    was   b.    in 
1568,  at  Broughton  hall,  in  Kent,  and 
was  educated  at  Winchester  scliool,  and 
at  Kew  college  and  Queen's  colle<re,  Ox- 
ford.     After    having    visited    France, 
Germany,  and  Italy,  he  was  appointed 
I  secretary  to  the  carl  of  Essex,  wlioni  he 
i  accompanied  on  liis  exjicilition  nL'ainst 
i  the  Spaniards,  and  into  Irt-land,  On  the 
i  fall  of  that  nobleman,  AVotton  went  to 
I  reside  at  Florence.    James  I.  employed 
!  him  as  ambassador  at  Venice,  and  oa 
various  missions  to  Italian  and  German 
princes.     He  was  made  provost  of  Eton 
college  in  1024.    He  wrote  "Elements 


814 


CYCLOP.EDIA    OF    UIOGRAPIIY. 


[WRI 


of  Architecture,"  "The  State  of  Chris- 
teiulom,"  and  "  Reliquiaj  Wottonianfe." 
Some  of  his  poems  arc  spirited  aud  ele- 
gant.    D.  lt;o9. 

WOULFE,  Peteu,  an  eminent  chem- 
ist, who  d.  1805.  His  character  was 
marked  by  great  eccentricity.  He  was 
a  firm  believer  in  alchemy.  His  apart- 
ments were  so  filled  wich  furnaces,  and 
the  articles  of  a  laboratory  that  his  fire- 
side was  not  easily  reached.  He  break- 
fasted at  four  in  the  morning;  and  his 
mode  of  curing  any  serious  indisposi- 
tion was  to  take  a  place  in  the  mail  to 
Edinburgh,  and  immediately  return 
from  that  city.  He  invented  an  appa- 
ratus for  experiments  on  gases ;  and 
contributed  several  papers  to  the  "  Phil- 
osophical Transactions.'' 

WOUVEKMANS,  Philip,  an  eminent 
artist,  the  son  of  an  indificrent  histori- 
cal painter,  was  b.  in  1G20,  at  Haerlem, 
and  was  a  pupil  of  Wynants  ;  but  much 
improved  himself  by  an  indefatigable 
study  of  nature.  Great  as  was  his 
merit,  he  was  so  poorly  patronized  as  to 
be  always  in  narrow  circuuistauces ; 
and,  before  his  death,  he  ordei^d  a  box 
filled  with  liis  designs  to  be  burned, 
that  his  son  might  not  be  allured  to 
embrace  "so  uncertain  and  miserable  a 
profession."     D.  1668. 

WRAGG,  William,  was  b.  in  South 
Carolina,  in  1714,  and  was  educated  in 
England,  where  he  studied  law  and  en- 
tered upon  its  practice.  Not  long  after- 
wards he  returned  to  his  native  coun- 
try, in  1573  was  made  one  of  the  kiuir's 
council  for  tlic  province,  and  in  1769 
was  offered  the  seat  of  chief  justice, 
which  he  declined.  When  the  revolu- 
tion commenced  he  maintained  a  con- 
scientious opposition  to  the  measures  of 
the  colonies,  and  determined  to  return 
to  England.  He  embarked  for  tiiat 
country  and  was  wrecked  in  a  violent 
storm  on  the  coast  of  Holland,  in  Sep- 
tember, 1777.  A  monument  is  erected 
to  ills  memory  in  Westminster  abbey. 

WUAXALL,  Sir  NAxnANiEL  William, 
baronet,  an  eminent  traveller  and  his- 
torical writer,  was  b.  at  Bristol,  in  17")1. 
He  entered  into  the  civil  service  of  the 
East  India  Company,  aitid  in  1771  acted 
as  judge-advocate  and  paymaster  of  the 
forces  for  the  presidency  of  Bombay. 
Next  year  he  returned  to  I'^ngland,  and 
then  travelled  on  tlie  Continent,,  visiting 
almost  every  country  from  Naples  to 
Lipland.  He'publishecl  several  "Tours," 
the  "  History  of  the  House  of  Valois," 
"  Memoirs  of  the  Courts  of  Berlin,  Dres- 
den, Warsaw,  and  Vienna,"  "  The  His- 


tory of  France,"  &c.  In  1813  he  was 
created  a  baronet ;  and,  in  1815,  he 
published  his  last  work,  "  Historical 
Memoirs  of  his  Own  Time."  In  these 
memoirs,  which  contain  a  fund  of  anec- 
dote, was  a  libel  on  Count  Woronzow, 
the  Russian  ambassador,  for  which  Sir 
Nathaniel  was  sentenced  to  a  fine  and 
six  months'  imprisonment.  D.  at  Dover, 
while  on  his  way  to  Naples,  in  1831. 

WREN,  Sir  Christopher,  a  celebrated 
architect  and  mathematician,  son  of  the 
dean  of  Windsor,  was  b.  1632,  at  East 
Knoyle,  in  Wiltshire,  and  was  educated 
at  Wadham  college,  Oxford.  His  math- 
ematical talents  were  precociously  mani- 
fested ;  in  his  13th  year  he  invented  an 
astronomical  instrument  and  a  pneu- 
matic machine;  and  at  15  lie  wrote  "A 
New  System  of  Spherical  Trigonom- 
etry." He  was  one  of  the  earliest  mem- 
bers of  the  philosophical  society  at  Ox- 
ford, which  afterwards  ripened  into  the 
Royal  Society.  In  1657  he  was  chosen 
Grcsham  professor  of  astronomy,  and 
in  16G1  Savilian  professor  at  Oxford. 
During  this  period  he  made  many  curi- 
ous discoveries  in  astronomy,  natural 
philosophy,  and  other  sciences.  It  was 
in  1663  that  his  architectural  talents 
were  first  called  into  action,  when  he 
was  commissioned  to  prepare  desii^ns 
for  the  restoration  of  St.  Paul's  cathe- 
dral. The  fire  of  London,  however, 
soon  opened  to  him  a  wider  sphere. 
Between  1668  and  1718,  he  built  St. 
Paul's,  (which  was  begun  in  1675,)  the 
Monument,  the  hospitals  of  Chelsea  and 
Greenwich,  various  edifices  at  Oxford 
and  Cambridge,  Winchester  castle,  the 
new  part  of  Hampton  court,  and  nearly 
sixty  churches.  In  1680  he  was  chosen 
president  of  the  Royal  Society.  In  1718 
political  intrigue  unworthily  deprived 
Iiim  of  the  survcyor-ffeneralship  of  his 
majesty's  works,  which  he  had  held 
durincr  half  a  century.     D.  1723. 

WRIGHT,  Edward,  a  mathematician, 
was  b.  at  Garveston,  in  Norfolk,  in  the 
latter  end  of  the  16th  century;  was  edu- 
cated at  Caius  college,  Cambridge;  ac- 
companied the  earl  of  Cumberland  in 
his  voyages;  and  was  appointed  mathe- 
matical lecturer  to  the  East  India  Com- 
pany. The  true  method  of  dividinj'  the 
meridian  line  was  first  discovered  by 
him.  He  wrote  "  The  Correction  of 
certain  Errors  in  Naviijation,"  and 
"  The  Haven  finding,'  Art."  D.  1615.— 
Joseph,  an  eminent  painter,  commonly 
known  as  Wright  of  Derby,  was  b.  in 
that  town,  in  1734,  and  was  a  pupil  of 
Hudson,  after  which  ho  studied  in  Italy. 


WYX] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


815 


On  retiirninff  to  England  he  resided  for 
two  yours  at  Bath,  and  then  pettlod  at 
Derby,  where  he  d.  1797.  lie  displayed 
no  common  talents  in  portrait,  land- 
scape, and  historical  painting.     Among 


is  principal  works  are,  "  The  Eruption 
of  Vesuvius,"  "Tlie  Head  of  Ulleswater 
Lake,"  "The  Dead  Soldier,"  "TlieDe- 
Ptruetion  of  the  Floating  Batteries  at 
Gibraltar,"  "Belshazzar's Feast,"  "Hero 
and  Leauder,"  and  "  The  Lady  in  Co- 
mus." — Silas,  was  b.  at  Amherst,  Mass., 
on  the  24th  of  May,  1795,  was  graduated 
at  Middlebury  college,  1S15,  and  a  few 
vcars  afterwards  was  admitted  to  the 
oar  in  the  state  of  New  York.  In  1S25 
he  was  elected  to  the  senate  of  the  state, 
where  he  soon  distinguished  liimself 
for  sagacity  and  talent.  Tiie  next  year 
he  was  chosen  a  member  of  congress. 
In  1829  he  was  made  comptroller  of  tlie 
f»tate  ;  and,  in  1833,  a  senator  of  the 
United  States.  His  position  there  was 
early  assumed,  and  long  maintained 
with  the  utmost  integrity  and  power. 
D.  1847. 

WYAT,  Sir  Thomas,  a  statesman  and 
poet,  was  b.  in  loOo,  at  Allinirton,  in 
Kent;  was  educated  at  St.  .Jolui's  col- 
lege, Cambridge,  and  at  Oxford  ;  was  a 
tlivorite  of  Henry  VIII. ;  was  employed 
on  various  diplomatic  missions;  and  d. 
in  1541.  His  poems  have  very  consid- 
erable merit,  and  were  printed  with 
those  of  his  friend,  the  accomplished 
earl  of  Surrey. 

W Y ATT,  James,  an  eminent  architect, 
was  b.  about  1743,  at  Burton,  in  Stafford- 
shire ;  studied  architecture  and  painting 
at  Rome  ;  succeeded  Sir  AVilliam  Cham- 
bers as  surveyor  of  the  board  of  works  ; 
was  for  a  wliiie  president  of  the  Royal 
Academy ;  and  was  killed,  September 
5,  1813,  by  the  overturning  of  a  carriage. 
Among  his  works  are,  the  Pantheon, 
Kcw  palace,  Fonthill  abbey,  various 
improvements  at  Windsor,  'Westmin- 
ster, and  Salisbury,  and  the  winsrs 
to  the  duke  of  Devonshire's  villa 
at  Chiswick. — R.  J.,  an  accomplished 
sculptor,  was  b.  in  1795,  in  Oxford- 
street,  London,  where  his  father,  Ed- 
ward Wyatt,  was  then  settled.  At  an 
early  as'c  he  was  articled  to  Charles 
Rossi,  for  the  term  of  seven  years  ;  and 
during  that  term  his  services  at  the 
Royal  Academy  were  so  successfully 
prosecuted,  as  to  entitle  him  to  the 
award  of  two  medals  upon  ditferent  oc- 
casions. At  the  time  Wyatt  was  under 
the  tuition  of  Rossi,  he  executed  a  mon- 
ument in  the  church  of  Eshcr,  in  mem- 
ory of  Mrs.  Hughes,  and  another  in  tho 


chapel  fit  St.  John's  Wood.  When 
Canova  visited  England,  he  became  so 
far  interested  in  Wyatt,  as  at  once  to 
promise  him  his  protection  and  the  per- 
mission to  work  in  his  studio  at  Rome. 
Thither  he  proceeded  in  the  early  part 
of  the  year  1821,  after  having  spent 
some  time  in  Paris  under  the  celebrated 
Italian  sculptor  Bozio  ;  and  so  devotedly 
did  he  prosecute  the  labors  of  his  pro- 
fession, that  only  once  in  this  lengthened 
term  of  nearly  30  years  did  he  revisit 
his  native  country,  and  that  occasion 
was  in  the  year  1841,  when  he  was 
honored  by  tlie  qnccn  with  a  commis- 
sion for  his  statue  of  Penelope,  which 
in  Rome  was  considered  the  best  of  his 
works.  His  group  of  "  Ino  and  the  In- 
fant Bacchus,"  a  statue  of  "Glycera," 
"Musidora,"  a  statue;  two  statues  of 
Nymphs,  and  "  Penelope,"  a  charming 
statue,  the  property  of  lier  majesty,  are 
all  works  oi  hi<rh  merit.     D.  1850. 

WYCHERLEY,  William,  a  wit  and 
dramatist,  was  b.  about  1640,  at  Cleve 
in  Shropshire.  He  studied  at  Queen's 
college,  Oxford,  and  the  Middle  Temple, 
but  paid  little  attention  to  law.  Ills 
"  Love  in  a  Wood,"  which  was  acted 
in  1672,  gave  him  popularity,  and  he 
became  a  favorite  of  Charles  11.  and  the 
duke  of  Buckingham.  His  marriage 
with  the  countess  of  Drogheda,  how- 
ever, deprived  him  of  the  smiles  of  tho 
sovereign,  and  her  jealousy  imbittercd 
his  existence.  After  her  death,  the  suc- 
cession to  her  property  involved  him  in 
lawsuits,  and  he  spent  several  years  in 
prison,  till  he  was  released  by  James  II. 
He  d.  in  1715.  He  wrote,  besides  tho 
comedy  already  mentioned,  "The  Gen- 
tleman Dancing  Master,"  "  The  Country 
Wife,"  "Tlie  Plain  Dealer,"  "Poems," 
and  some  pieces  which  were  published 
after  his  decease. 

WYNDHAM,  Sir  William,  a  cele- 
brated statesman,  was  a  native  of  Somer- 
setshire, and  b.  in  1687.  Havin?  been 
elected  M.  P.  for  the  county,  he  soon 
became  conspicuous  as  one  of  the  ablest 
senators  in  the  house.  He  was  appointed 
secretary  of  war,  and  afterwards  chan- 
cellor of  the  cxoliequer;  but  being  dis- 
placed on  the  death  of  Queen  Anne,  ho 
took  a  leadinir  part  in  opposition,  and 
siirnalizcd  himself  by  his  defence  of  the 
duke  of  Ormond  and  the  carls  of  Ox- 
ford and  Strallbrd,  when  impeached  by 
the  commons.  He  was  committed  to 
the  Tower  in  1715,  on  the  ciiarge  of 
being  concerned  in  the  rebellion  of  the 
oarl  of  Mar,  but  was  never  brought  to 
trial.     D.   1740. — Chables,    his    eldest 


816 


CVCLOr.KDJA    Of    iUOGRAPHY. 


[X 


son,  bcoimie  earl  of  Egremout,  and  d.  iu 
1763.  ^    , 

"WYTHE,  GKor.ai:,  a  signer  of  the 
declaration  of  American  iudcpendeucc, 
was  b.  in  Virginia,  in  1T2G.  His  early 
course  was  dissipated,  bat  at  the  age  of 
80  he  reformed,  turned  his  attention  to 
literature,  btudied  law  and  commenced 
its  practice.  At  the  breaking  out  of  the 
revolution  he  was  a  distinguished  leader 
of  the  popular  party.  He  was  for  some 
time  speaker  ot  the  house  of  burgesseSj 
and  in  1775  was  elected  a  member  ot 
congress.  lie  was  one  of  the  committee 
to  r'evise  the  laws  of  Virginia  in  1776, 
and  had  a  principal  share  in  preparing 
the  code  adopted  in  1779.  Soon  after 
he  was  appointed  one  of  the  three  judges 


of  the  high  court  of  chancery,  and  sub- 
sequently sole  counsellor.  He  wa_a  a, 
member  of  the  convention  of  Virginia 
to  consider  the  constitution  of  the  United 
States,  llis  death,  which  was  attributed 
to  poison,  took  place  in  1806. 

WYTTENBACH,  Daniel,  a  learned 
philolofrist,  was  b.  1746,  at  Berne;  stud- 
ied at  Marburg,  and  atGottingen,  under 
Heyne  ;  and  tecame  professor  of  phi- 
losophy and  literature  at  the  Eeinon- 
strants'  college  at  Amsterdam.  He  was 
subsequently  appointed  philosophical 
professor  at  the  institution  called  the 
Illustrious  Athenffium,  in  the  same  city; 
and,  in  1799,  he  succeeded  Euhnken  at 
Loyilen.  D.  1820.  He  published  an 
edition  of  the  moral  works  of  Plutarch. 


X. 


XAVIER,  St.  Fk.vxcis,  denominated 
the  Apostle  of  the  Indies,  was  b.  1506, 
at  the  castle  of  Xavier,  in  Navarre ; 
studied  at  Paris  ;  became  one  of  the 
first  and  most  zealous  disciples  of  Igna- 
tius Lovola;  was  sent  to  the  East  by 
John  in.  of  Portugal,  to  jiropacjate  the 
gospel ;  performed  his  mission  in  Iliu- 
dostau,  the  Moluccas,  and  Japan;  and 
was  on  the  point  of  landing  in  China, 
when  he  d.  1552. 

XENOCRATES,  a  Greek  philosopher, 
was  b.  4o6  B.  c,  at  Chalcedon  ;  was  a 
disciple  of  Plato  ;  succeeded  Speusippus 
in  the  Platonic  school;  and  d.  about 314 
B.  c.  Such  was  his  command  over  his 
passions,  that  the  beautiful  Phyrnc  iu 
vain  endeavored  to  rouse  them,  though 
she  had  confidently  wagered  upon  her 
success.  His  works  are  lost,  with  the 
exception  of  a  "Treatise  on  Death." 

XENOPILVNES,  a  Greek  philosopher, 
was  b.  in  the  7th  century  b.  c,  at  Colo- 
phon, in  Asia  Minor;  settled  at  Elca  in 
bis  18th  year;  and  d.  there  at  the  age 
of  more  'than  100.  He  founded  the 
Eleatic  sect,  and  his  doctrines  were  de- 
livered in  verse. 

XENOPHON,  a  celebrated  philos- 
opher, historian,  and  general,  a  native 
of  Alliens,  was  b.  about  445  b.  c,  and 
was  a  disciple  of  Socrates.  After  having 
borne  arms  at  the  battle  of  Delium,  and 
in  the  Peloponncsian  war,  he  became 
one  of  the  Dody  of  Greek  au.\iliaries, 
who  fought  on  the  fide  of  the  younger 


Cyrus  against  Artaxerxes.  When  the 
Grecian  leaders  were  treacherously  slain, 
after  the  battle  of  Cuiiaxa,  the  arduous 
task  of  conducting  the  retreat  was  in- 
trusted to  Xenophon,  and  he  performed 
it  with  consummate  skill.  Subsequently 
he  served  under  the  banners  of  Thrace 
and  of  Lacedtemon.     D.  at  Corinth,  860 

'XIMENES  DE  CISXEROS,  Cardinal 
Fk.vncis,  an  eminent  Spanish  statesman, 
was  b.  iu  1437,  at  Torrelaguna,  in  Old 
Castile,  and  was  educated  at  Alcala  and 
Salamanca.  After  having  filled  various 
benefices,  he  became  a  monk  of  the 
Franciscan  order,  and  obtained  great 
reputation  as  a  preacher.  In  his  56th 
year.  Queen  Isabella  made  him  her  con- 
fessor, and,  two  years  afterwards,  he 
was  niised  to  the  archbishopric  of  Toledo. 
It  was  not,  however,  till  he  received  the 
express  injunction  of  the  pope  that  he 
would  accept  the  archiopiscopal  dignity, 
and  he  continued  to  preserve  the  austere 
habits  of  a  Franciscan.  He  subsequently 
became  prime  minister,  and  a  cardinal, 
and  Ferdinand,  on  his  death-bed,  ap- 
pointed him  regent  till  the  arrival  of 
Charles  V.     D.  1517. 

XYLANDER,- WiLLUM,  a  learned 
critic,  whose  real-  name  was  Holtze- 
MANN,  was  b.  1532,.at  Augsburgh;  dis- 
played a  profounc^  knowledge  of  the 
classics  at  an  early-  age  ;  was  chosen 
Greek  professor  at  Heidelberg,  in  1558; 
and  d.  1576. 


TOUJ 


CTCLOP.EDIA   OF    BIOGKAPHT. 


817 


Y. 


YALDEN,  TiioMiVS,  a  divine  and 
poet  wa3  b.  1671,  at  Exeter;  was  edu- 
cated at  Maijdalcn  college,  Oxford ; 
obtained,  suceessively,  tlie  livinifs  of 
WMlloughby,  Chalton,  and  Clantield, 
and  tliu  preachersliip  of  Bridewell  lios- 
pital ;  was  implicated  with  Bishop  At- 
terbury,  but  was  soon  released,  and  d. 
in  173G.  His  poems  have  been  admitted 
into  the  collected  works  of  the  British 
poets. 

YATES,  Fkedekio  Henry,  a  popu- 
lar and  versatile  actor,  first  made  his 
appearance  on  the  stajfe  in  a  piece  called 
"  The  Actor  of  All  AV^ork,"  in  1817.  In 
the  following  year  lie  was  engaged  at 
Covent-garden,  subsequently  may  be 
said  to  have  performed  in  every  line  of 
character  from  Shakspeare's  tragedy  to 
the  broadest  farce,  and  it  was  not  easy 
to  decide  whether  his  pathos  or  his 
liumor  were  most  acunirable.  As 
manager  of  the  Adelphi  theatre  his 
taste  and  skill  were  also  xmiversally  al- 
lowed. D.  1842. — Richard,  a  comic  ac- 
tor, who  for  many  years  was  a  public 
fiivorite  in  Fondlewife,  in  the  "Old 
Bachelor,"  and  similar  eliaracters.  D. 
1796. — Anna  Makia,  his  wife,  was  a 
tragic  actress  of  great  ability ;  and  on 
the  death  of  Mrs.  Gibber,  in  1765,  she 
for  a  time  became  the  unrivalled  heroine 
of  the  stage.     D.  1787. 

YEARSLEY,  Anne,  a  writer  of 
poems,  novels,  and  dramas,  was  b. 
about  17.')6,  at  Bristol,  and  was  origin- 
ally a  milkwoman.  Some  of  lier  verses 
obtained  for  her  the  patronage  of  Miss 
Hannah  More,  under  whose  auspices  a 
volume  of  her  productions  was  pub- 
lished by  subscription  in  1785.  The 
f)rofits  enabled  her  to  open  a  circulating 
ibrary  at  the  Hot  AVells.  Among  her 
works  are,  "Poems,"  "  Earl  Godwyn," 
a  tragedy,  and  "  The  Royal  Captives," 
a  romance.    D.  1806. 

YORK,  FitEDEnic,  duke  of,  second 
sou  of  George  III.,  was  b.  in  1763,  at 
Buckinghani-honse,  Westminster.  In 
1784  he  received  the  title  which  he  bore 
till  the  end  of  his  life,  and  in  1787  he 
took  his  seat  in  the  upper  hou^c.  Ho 
narrowly  escaped  death  in  1780,  in  a 
duel  with  Colonel  Lenox.  In  1791  ho 
married  the  eldest  daughter  of  the  king 
of  Prussia,  lie  wa?  placed  at  the  head 
of  the  British  army  in  Flanders  in  1793, 
and,  after  alternate  success,  was  expelled 
C'J 


from  that  country  by  the  Fiench.  Nor 
was  he  more  fortunate  in  1799,  when  he 
was  employed  in  Holland,  he  being  un- 
der the  necessity  of  signing  u  disad- 
vantageous convention.  His  office  of 
commander-in-chief,  to  which  he  was 
appointed  in  1795,  he  resigned  in  1809, 
in  consequence  of  the  charges  wliich 
were  brought  against  him  by  Colonel 
Wardle.  Ho  was,  however,  reinstated 
by  the  prince-regent,  and  held  it  till  his 
decease,  on  the  5th  of  January,  1827. 
It  is  but  justice  to  say  that  he  adminis- 
tered it  in  a  manner  which  was  highly 
beneficial  to  the  army. 

YOUNG,  Edward,  a  poet  and  miscel- 
laneous writer,  was  h.  1681,  or,  accord- 
ing to  some,  in  1679,  at  Upham,  in 
Hants,  and  was  educated  at  Winchester 
school,  and  at  New  college,  Oxford.  He 
was  designed  for  the  law,  and  took  his 
degree  of  doctor,  but  ho  at  length  chose 
the  clerical  profession,  and,  in  1728, 
was  ordained,  and  appointed  chaplain 
to  the  king.  His  poetical  reputation  he 
had  already  established  by  the  poems 
of  "  The  Last  Day,"  "  The  Force  of  Re- 
Migion,"  and  "The  Love  of  Fame,"  and 
the  tragedies  of  "  The  Revenge,"  and 
"  Busirls."  In  1730  he  obtained  the 
living  of  Welwyn,  and  though  for  sev- 
eral years  he  (to  use  his  own  words) 
"  besieged  court  favor,"  he  received  no 
further  church  promotion.  His  "Night 
Tlioughts"  are  supposed  to  have  been 
prompted  by  the  death  of  his  wife 
whom  he  lost  in  1741.  He  d.  in  17|5.  6 
His  poetical  and  prose  works  form  four 
vols. — AiJTHUR,  an  eminent  agricultural 
writer,  was  b.  1741,  at  Bradfield,  in 
Suffolk.  He  was  apprenticed  to  a  wine 
merchant,  at  Lynn,  in  Norfolk;  but 
quitted  th:iX  business  to  engage  in  tiirm- 
ing.  In  furtherance  of  his  wish  to 
improve  the  husbandry  of  his  country, 
he  not  only  made  innumerable  experi- 
ments on  his  own  land,  but  also  trav- 
elled over  the  greatest  part  of  the 
British  islands,  and  in  France,  Spain, 
and  Italy.  In  1770  he  ]Miblishea  his 
"  Farmer's  Calendar,"  which  became  a 
popular  work ;  and  in  1774  he  estab- 
lished "  The  Annals  of  Agriculture." 
On  the  establishment  of  the  board  of 
agriculture  he  was  appointed  secretary, 
an  office  which  he  held  till  his  decease 
in  1820.  Among  his  principal  works, 
besides   those   already   mentioned,   are 


818 


CYCLOPAEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[ZBN 


his  "Tours  in  Enn:land,  Ireland,  and 
France." — Matthew,  a  nuitliematician 
and  divine,  was  b.  1750,  in  the  county 
of  Koseonunon  ;  was  educated  at  Trin- 
ity college,  Dublin,  at  which,  in  1786, 
he  became  professor  of  philosophy; 
was  raised  to  the  see  of  Clonfert  by 
Marquis  Coruwallis,  and  d.  in  ISOO.  He 
wrote  "An  Essay  on  Sounds,"  "An 
Analysis  of  the  Principles  of  Natural 
Pliilo'sophy,"  and  "Tlie  Method  of 
prime  and  ultimate  Ratios." — Sir  Wil- 
liam, a  miscellaneous  writer,  was  b.  in 
1750,  at  Charlton-house,  near  Canter- 
bury, was  educated  at  Eton,  Clare-hall, 
Cambridge,  and  University  college,  Ox- 
ford ;  was  M.  P.  for  St.  Mawes,  in  1783, 
and  d.  1SI5,  governor  of  Tobago.  His 
principal  works  are,  "The  History  of 
Atiiens,"  and  "  Tlie  West  India  Com- 
mon Place  Book." — Thomas,  an  eminent 
S'lilosopher  and  physician,  a  nephew  of 
r.  Brocklesby,  was  b.  1774,  was  edu- 
cated at  Gottingen  and  Edinburgh,  and 
was  pliysician  to  St.  George's  hospital, 
and  foreign  secretary  to  the  Eoyiu  So- 
ciety. Besides  contributing  a  great 
number  of  valuable  papers  to  th.e  sup- 
plement to  tlie  "  Encycloptedia  Britr.n- 
uica,"  and  to  many  .scieutiflc  periodicals, 
he  wrote  several  works,  of  which  the 
chief  are,  "A  Course  of  Lectures  on 
Natural  Philosophy,"   "An  Introduc- 


tion to  Medical  Literature,"  a  "Practical 
and  Historical  Treatise  on  Consumptive 
Disease,"  and  "Elementary  Illustration 
of  the  Celestial  Mechanics  of  La  Plact." 
To  Dr.  Young  belongs  the  merit,  which 
has  been  claimed  for  M.  Champollion, 
of  having  discovered  the  means  of  de- 
ciphering the  Egyptian  hieroglyphics. 
D.  1S27. 

YPSILANTI,  Prince  Alexander,  son 
of  Demetrius,  liospodar  of  Wallachia,  in 
1802,  accompanied  his  father  when  he 
took  refuge  in  Russia.  He  entered  into 
the  Russian  army,  attained  the  rank  of 
major-general,  and  was  made  aid-de- 
camp to  the  emperor.  When  the  Greek 
revolution  broke  out  he  was  chosen  to 
hoist  the  standard  of  freedom  in  Walla- 
chia and  Moldavia.  He  was,  liowever, 
routed  by  the  Turks,  and  was  forced  to 
fly  into  Austria,  where  he  was  long  held 
captive  in  the  fortress  of  Mongatz.  D. 
at  Vienna,  1821. 

YRIARTE,  Don  Thomas  de,  an  emi- 
nent Spanish  poet,  was  b.  about  1760,  at 
TeneritFe ;  studied  at  Madrid  ;  held  office 
under  goveruiuunt,  and  was  made  edi- 
tor of  the  "  Mii-lvid  Mercury."  Of  hia 
works,  which  form  eight  volumes,  the 
principal  are,  ''Comedies,"  "Music," 
a  poem,  "Literary  Fables,"  "Moral 
Epistles,"  and  "  Miscellanies."  D.  in 
1791. 


ZABAGLIA,  Nicholas,  an  architect, 
■was  b.  1674,  at  Rome,  and  d.  there  in 
1750.  His  first  occupation  was  that  of  a 
carpenter  at  the  Vatican ;  but  the  vari- 
ous masterly  mechanical  engines  which 
he  invented,  and  the  abilities  which  he 
displayed,  caused  him  to  be  appointed 
nrctiitect  of  St.  Peter's.  Zabaglia  is  the 
inventor  of  the  method  by  which  fresco 
paintings  are  transferred  from  the  plas- 
ter on  which  they  were  originally  execu- 
ted. 

ZACCARIA,  Francis  Anthony,  a 
Jesuit,  was  b.  1714,  at  Venice;  succeed- 
ed Muratori  as  librarian  at  Modena;  re- 
tired to  Rome  after  the  dissolution  of 
his  order;  and  d.  there,  in  1795,  pro- 
fessor of  ecclesiastical  history  at  the 
Sapienza  college.  Of  his  106  printed 
works,  the  most  important  arc,  "Lit- 
erary History  of  Italy,"  "  Litorury  An- 
nals of  Italy,"  "Anecdotes  of  the 
Middle  Ages,"  and  "  Numismatic  Insti- 
tations." 


ZACHARIA,  Justus  Frederio  Wil- 
liam, a  German  poet,  was  b.  1726,  at 
Frankenhauscn,  in  Thuringia;  was  edu- 
cated at  Lcipsic ;  was  appointed  profes- 
sor of  poetry  in  the  Caroline  college,  at 
Brunswick  ;  and  d.  1777.  His  poems — 
among  the  best  of  which  are,  "  Phae- 
ton," "  The  Four  Parts  of  the  Day," 
and  "  Woman  in  the  Four  Stages  of  her 
Life" — form  nine  volumes  octavo. 

ZARCO,  John  Gonzales,  a  Portu- 
guese navigator  of  the  15th  century,  lie 
discovered,  in  1417  and  1419,  the  islands 
of  Porto  Santo  and  Madeira.  In  1421 
he  was  made  governor  of  a  part  of  the 
latter  island,  and  founded  Funchal. 
Zarco  is  said  to  have  introduced  the  use 
of  artillery  in  ships. 

ZKNDRINI,  Bernard,  an  eminent 
Italian  mathematician,  but  especially 
celebrated  for  his  skill  in  hydraulics, 
was  b.  in  1G79,  at  Saviore ;  stutlied  at 
Padua ;  and  settled  at  Venice  as  a  phy- 
sician.   His  profound  knowledge  of  the 


cin] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    niOtJRAPHT. 


819 


Bubjcct  onused  him  to  be  nppointod  chief 
hydraulic  engineer  at  Fcrnira,  and  tlie 
pamo  office,  with  the  superintendence  of 
all  the  waters,  river:",  and  ports,  was 
afterward?  conferred  on  him  by  the  Ve- 
netian republic.  lie  was  also  employed 
by  the  Austrian  government  and  the 
republic  of  Lncca.  Many  works  of 
great  importance  were  executed  by  him. 
D.  1747. 

ZENO,  OF  Elea,  a  pliilosophcr,  was 
b.  about  463  B.C.,  at  Elea,  in  Magna 
Gra;cia,  and  was  a  disciple  of  Parme- 
nides.  The  invention  of  dialectics  is 
ascribed  to  him.  His  native  city  having 
fallen  under  the  dominion  of  a  despot, 
he  endeavored  to  deliver  it,  but  failed  ; 
and,  bciuff  put  to  the  torture,  he  is  said 
to  have  bitten  off  his  tongue,  ami  spit  it 
into  the  face  of  the  tyrant. — The  founder 
of  the  sect  of  the  Stoics,  was  b.  about 
862  B.  c,  at  Citium,  in  the  isle  ofCyprus, 
and  quitted  mercantile  pursuits  to  be- 
come a  philosopher.  After  having  re- 
ceived tlio  lessons  of  Crates,  Stilpo, 
Xcnocrates,  and  I'olemon,  he  himself 
opened  a  school  of  philosopliy  in  the 
Stoa,  or  painted  portico,  whence  his 
followers  were  called  Stoics.  He  taught 
for  nearly  fifty  years;  was  higlily  re- 
spected by  the  Athenians  ;  and  d.  264 
B.  c.  —  Nicholas  and  Anthony,  two 
brothers,  natives  of  Venice,  who,  about 
1388,  are  believed  to  have  discovered  the 
Feroc  islands,  Greenland,  and  New- 
foundland. Their  voyages  were  first 
"published,  in  15SS,  by  Mercolini. — 
Apostolo,  an  eminent  Italian  writer, 
'A'as  b.  in'l66S,  at  Venice.  In  1691  he 
ibunded  the  academy  "degli  Animosi," 
p.nd  in  1710  he  beiran  "The  Literary 
yournal,"  of  which  the  first  20  volumes 
are  from  his  pen  ;  the  remainder  being 
Mie  composition  of  his  brotlior.  Having 
jbtained  reputation  by  his  dramatic 
oomnositious,  Charles  VI.,  in  171S,  in- 
^itea  him  to  Vienna,  and  appointed  him 
ris  historiographer  and  laureate.  Zeno 
esided  for  eleven  years  at  the  imperial 
jourt,  and  produced  nearly  forty  jiieces. 
ie  ret\irued  to  his  own  country  in  1731, 
md  d.  in  1750.  His  theatrical  compo- 
iitions  form  ten  volumes;  and  his  Let- 
ters, and  other  prose  compositions,  near- 
y  twenty. 

ZENO'BI A,  Sei'tima,  queen  of  Palmy- 
a,  was  descended  from  the  Ptolemies, 
tnd  her  mind  was  cultivated  by  the  les- 
ions of  Longinus.  After  the  death  of 
Odenatus.  in  whose  labors  of  war  and 
jTOvcrnment  she  had  participated,  she 
assumed  the  title  of  Queen  of  the  East, 
pushed  her  conquests  in  various  direc- 


tions, and  rendered  Palmyra  one  of  the 
most  sfilendid  of  oriental  cities.  Aure- 
lian  made  war  against  her,  and,  after 
having  gained  two  battles,  laid  siege  to 
Palmyra.  Sho  was  taken  while  attempt- 
ing to  escape  ;  was  carried  to  Komc  to 
grace  his  triumph  ;  and  d.  tlicre,  in  pri- 
vate life,  about  300. 

ZEUXIS,  a  celebrated  painter  of  an- 
tiquity, is  believed  to  have  been  b.  about 
497  B.'c,  and  to  have  d.  about  400  b.  c. 
He  was  a  native  of  Heraclea,  but  of 
which  of  the  cities  bearing  that  name  is 
not  known,  though  it  is  supposed  to  be 
the  Heraclea  of  Magna  Grajcia.  Ho 
brought  to  pertcction  the  management 
of  lii^ht  and  sliade.  Of  his  own  merit  lio 
had  a  sulliciently  lofty  idea  ;  for,  having 
become  rich,  he  gave  away  his  pictures, 
on  the  ground  that  no  price  was  equal 
4o  their  wortli. 

ZIMMERMAN,  John  Geokoe,  a  phy- 
sician and  miscellaneous  writer,  was  b. 
1728,  at  Brugtr,  in  the  canton  of  Berne  ; 
studied  medicine  under  Ilaller  in  Got- 
tingen  ;  practised  for  some  years  at  his 
native  place ;  was  appointed,  in  1768, 
cliief  physician  to  the  kine  of  England 
at  Hanover;  attended  Frederic  of  Prus- 
sia on  his  death-bed;  was  a  violent  lit- 
erary opponent  of  the  lUuminati  and  the 
French  revolutionists ;  and  d.,  in  179o, 
a  victim  to  hypochondriac  disease. 
Among  his  works  are,  "  A  Treatise  on 
Solitude,"  (once  hisfhly  popular  ;)  "  An 
Essay  on  National  Pride ;"'  and  "  A 
Treatise  on  the  Experience  of  Medicine." 
— Eberhakd  Augustus  William  von,  a 
German  naturalist,  was  b.  at  AVeltzcn, 
1743  ;  studied  at  Gottingen  and  Leydcn ; 
and  obtained  the  professorship  of  natu- 
ral philosophy  at  the  Caroline  college  at 
Brunswick.  His  first  work  was  a  trea- 
tise on  the  "  Analysis  of  Curves  ;"  and 
in  1777  he  publislieil  "Specimen  Zoo- 
lo?ia^,"  the  outline  of  his  "  Geographi- 
cal History  of  Man  and  Quadrupeds." 
He  visited  England  three  times,  and 
printed  there,  in  1787,  his  "  Political  Sur- 
vey of  the  Present  State  of  Europe  ;" 
and  he  subsequently  employed  his  pen 
in  opposing  the  revolutionary  statesmen 
of  France;  for  which  he  was  eunob'ed 
by  the  Emperor  Leooold  II.  After 
this  he  published  several  geosraphlcal 
works,  one  of  the  best  of  whicii  was 
a  "  General  Survey  of  France  and  ot 
the  United  States  of  America."  D.  in 
ISIT). 

ZINCKE,  Christian  Frederic,  a  Gor- 
man painter,  was  b.  about  1684,  at  Dres- 
den ;  studied  under  Boit ;  settled  ii. 
England  in  his  22d  year ;  became  justly 


820 


CVCLOP.EDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


[zuc 


celebrated  for  the  beauty  of  his  enamel 
portraits  ;  and  d.  in  1767. 

ZINZENDOKF,  NicnoL.vs  Louis, 
Count,  the  restorer  of  the  Moravian 
sect,  was  b.  in  1700,  at  Dresden ;  was  a 
son  of  the  elector  of  Saxony's  chamber- 
iain;  and  studied  at  Halle  and  Witten- 
beriT.  lie  early  manifested  an  enthusi- 
astic turn  of  mind  with  respect  _  to 
religious  concerns.  In  1721,  having 
given  an  asylum  on  his  estate  to  some 
of  the  persecuted  Moravian  brethren,  he 
espoused  tlicir  doctrines,  and  became 
the  liead  of  their  church.  To  spread 
those  doctrines,  and  procure  toleration 
for  the  professors  of  them,  he  travelled 
over  a  large  part  of  Europe,  visited  En- 
gland, and  even  made  two  voyages  to 
America.  He  d.  in  17G0.  The  ]Sioravi- 
ans,  and  their  head,  were  long  the  sub-^ 
jcct  of  many  gross  calumnies,  from* 
which,  however,  their  meritorious  con- 
duct has  amply  vindicated  them. 

ZISCA,  Jonx,  a  celebrated  Bohemian 
warrior,  was  b.  about  1380,  of  a  noble 
family.  His  real  name  was  TiiocnzNOW, 
but  he  received  the  appellation  of  Zisca, 
or  one-eyed,  after  having  lost  an  eye  in 
battle.  When  the  Hussites  rose  in  arms 
to  oppose  the  succession  of  Sigismund 
to  the  crown  of  Bohemia,  they  placed 
Zisca  at  their  head,  and  lie  justltied  their 
jlioice  by  numerous  victories  over  the 
enemy.  Though  he  lost  his  other  eye 
during  the  contest,  he  compelled  Sigis- 
mund to  submit  to  humiliating  terms  of 
peace.     D.  1424. 

ZOEGA,  Gkouoe,  an  eminent  Danish 
archteologist,  was  b.  1755,  at  Dahler, 
in  Jutland;  was  educated  at  Altona  and 
Gottingen;  resided  for  many  years  at 
Kome,  as  consul  for  Denmark,  and  was 
much  esteemed  by  Pius  VI.,  and  d.  in 
1809.  Among  his  works  are,  "  A  Trea- 
tise do  Origine  et  Usu  Obeliscorum ;" 
"Numi  iEgyptii ;"  and  the  "Ancient 
Basso  Kelievoes  of  Rome." 

ZULLIKOFFER,  Gkokoe  Joachim,  a 
Swiss  divine,  was  b.  1730,  at  St.  Gall ; 
was  educated  at  Bremen  and  Utrecht; 
was,  successively,  a  minister  in  the  Tays 
de  Vaud,  the  (Jrisons,  and  at  Leipsic; 
and  d.  in  170S.  Of  his  "Sermons," 
wliich  form  fifteen  volumes,  a  part  have 
been  translated  into  Eii'^lish. 

ZOROASTER,  an  ancient  philosopher, 
of  whose  history  little  or  nothing  that  is 
authentic  Is  known.  There  arc  supposed 
to  liave  been  several  of  the  name.  The 
most  celebrated,  however,  the  Zerdusht 
of  the  Persians,  is  believed  to  have  been 
the  reformer  of  the  Magian  system  of 
religion,  and  the  anthor  of  the  Zenda- 


vesta,  which  contains  the  doctrines  that 
he  taught.  Irreconcilable  ditferences 
exist  among  the  learned  as  to  the  time 
in  which  he  flourished.  Volney  fixes 
his  birth  1250  B.C. 

ZOUCII,  Richard,  a  distinguished 
civilian,  was  b.  about  1500,  at  Anstey,  in 
Wiltshire  ;  was  educated  at  Winchester 
school,  and  at  New  college,  Oxford;  be- 
came regius  professor  of  law  at  Oxford, 
principal  of  St.  Alban's  hall,  warden  of 
the  cinque  ports,  and  judge  of  the  admi- 
ralty ;  and  d.  in  1660.  His  numerous 
works  in  civil,  military,  and  maritime 
jurisprudence,  all  of  them  in  Latin,  are 
still  esteemed. — Thomas,  a  divine  and 
biographer,  was  b.  1737,  at  Sandal,  in 
Yorkshire ;  was  educated  at  Trinity 
college,  Cambridge;  and  d.  in  1806, 
rector  of  Serayingham,  and  prebendary 
of  Durham.  Late  in  life  the  bishopric 
of  Carlisle  was  offered  to  him,  but  he 
refused  it.  Among  his  works  are,  mem- 
oirs of  Sir  P.  Sidney,  of  Dean  Sudbury, 
andof  Sir  George  Wilder;  "An  Inquiry 
into  the  Prophetic  Character  of  the  Ro- 
mans," and  "The  Crueifl.xion,"  a  Sea- 
tonian  prize  poem. 

ZSCIiOKkE,  HEiNnicri,  whose  name 
occupies  an  important  place  in  the  annals 
of  German  literature  and  Swiss  history, 
was  b.  at  Magdeburg,  1771.  He  coin 
menced  life  as  a  strolling  player,  but 
afterwards  found  means  to  study  phi- 
losophy and  divinity  at  Frankfort-on- 
the-Oder;  and,  after  many  years  of 
travels  and  varied  adventures,  he  de- 
voted himself  to  the  education  of  youth, 
and  fixed  his  residence  in  Switzerland, 
in  17'J2.  Here  he  rendered  great  politi- 
cal services  to  his  adopted  country  ;  and 
for  more  than  forty  years  sent  forth,  at 
intervals,  from  his  peaceful  retreat  at 
Aarau,  various  works  of  philosophy, 
history,  criticism,  and  fiction ;  displaj- 
ing  at'once  the  versatility  of  his  acquire- 
ments, his  fertile  imagination,  and  a 
power  and  felicity  of  exjiression  attained 
by  few.  His  checkered  life  had  given 
him  a  deep  insight  into  the  springs  of 
human  action;  and  few  writers  have 
more  largely  contributed  to  entertain 
and  improve  their  fellow-men.  His 
chief  productions  are,  "Miscellen  fiir 
die  ncucste  Wcltkunde,"  "History  of 
Switzerland,"  "BilderausdcrSchweitz," 
"Das  Goldmacherdorf,"  "  Stunden  dcr 
Andacht,"  &c.  His  works  have  been 
collected  in  forty  volumes,  including  his 
autobiography,  and  tales,  which  have 
been  translated  into  English.  D.  in 
1843. 
ZUCCARELLI,  Fe^ncis,  a  celebrated 


zwi] 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF    BIOGRAPHY. 


821 


Italian  painter,  b.  at  Florence,  1710.  Ho 
went  to  England  about  l!M,  and  met 
with  such  eiicouracfenient,  that  he  saved 
a  handsome  indepeiulenee,  and  rc;turned 
to  his  own  counlrv,  where  he  d.  1788. 

ZUCCHEKO,  Taddeo,  an  eminent 
Italian  jjainter,  b.  at  Urbino,  in  1521>, 
who  attained  to  preat  proficiency  in  the 
art,  and  d.  in  his  27tli  year. — Fuedekico, 
Lis  younger  brother,  h.  ir)43,  resided 
several  years  in  England,  where  he 
grew  into  high  repute,  and  painted  the 
portrait  of  Queen  Eruabetli.  Previous 
to  his  going  to  that  country  he  had 
given  great  oti'cnce  to  Pope  Gregory 
XIII.  by  caricaturing  several  distin- 
guished persons  connected  with  the 
papal  court;  but  his  friends  in  England 
succeeded  in  restoring  him  to  favor  at 
Eome;  and,  on  his  return,  he  estab- 
lished an  academy  of  painting  in  that 
city,  which  he  continued  to  superintend 
tilf  his  death,  in  1(509. 

ZUMBO,  Gaetano  Julhts,  a  celebra- 
ted modeller  in  wax,  was  b.  IGSfi,  at  Sy- 
racuse, in  Sicily ;  and  d.  at  Paris,  in 
1701.  For  the  grand  duke  of  Tuscany 
ho  executed,  in  colored  wax,  several 
admirable  works.  The  most  celebrated 
of  these  bears  the  name  of  the  "Putre- 
faction." It  exhibits  live  figures — a  dy- 
ing person,  a  dead  body,  a  corpse  in  a 
state  of  incipient  corruption,  one  half 
corrupted,  and  another  in  the  last  stage 
ot  corruption  and  a  prey  to  worms,  llis 
masterpieces,  a  Nativity  and  a  Descent 
from  the  Cross,  are  at  Genoa. 

ZUKITA,  Jekom,  a  Spanish  historian, 
was  b.  1512,  at  Sarago^sa,  and,  after 
69* 


having  been  employed  in  various  offices 
at  home,  and  on  a  mission  to  Germany, 
was  appointed  liistoriographer  of  Ara- 
gon.  lie  d.in  1531.  His  greatest  work 
IS  "Annals  of  the  Crown  of  Aragon," 
in  seven  folio  volumes. 

ZWINGLI,  or  ZUINGLIUS,  Ulric, 
one  of  the  most  enlightened  and  tolerant 
of  the  Protestant  reformers,  was  b. 
in  1484,  at  "Wildhaus,  in  Switzerland, 
and  was  educated  at  IJasle,  Berne,  and 
Vienna.  On  his  return  to  Basle,  he  was 
appointed  a  classical  teacher  when  he 
was  only  18.  In  150G  he  took  the  de- 
gree of  M.A.,  and  was  chosen  minister 
of  Glaris.  In  1512  and  1515  he  accom- 
panied the  auxiliary  Swiss  troops  to 
Italy,  and  was  present  at  the  disastrous 
battle  of  Mariguan ;  a  circumstance 
which  inspired  or  increased  bis  abhor- 
rence of  all  war  except  that  which  is 
undertaken  for  the  defence  of  our  native 
land.  In  1516  he  was  made  preacher  at 
Einseidlen,  and  it  was  at  that  period 
that  he  entered  upon  the  career  of  ec- 
clesiastical reformation.  In  1513  he 
became  rector  of  Zurich.  Steadily  but 
prudently  be  pursued  bis  course  of 
reform,  and,  in  1524,  had  the  gratifica- 
tion of  seeing  his  doctrines  adopted  by 
the  great  council  of  Zurich.  His  in- 
fluence among  the  Swiss  Protestants 
continued  to  be  powerful  during  the 
remainder  of  his  life.  In  1531,  war 
having  broken  out  between  the  Catholic 
and  Protestant  cantons,  Zuiiiglius  was 
ordered  by  the  senate  to  accompany  the 
troops,  and  was  unfortunately  slaiu  in 
the  skirmish,  at  Cappel. 


T  H  K     K  Nl>. 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  AT  LOS  ANGELES 

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OCT  2  4 1950 

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Form  L-9 
siim-ia.'so.'.Tase) 


i^-pTf;^ 


iJiRsrnr  Of' cAiiB^^ 


CT 

103 

G54C 


UC  SnilTHFRN  RFGinNAl  I  IRRARY  FAriLITY 


Jl  II    ill    ill    llll  I  III  I  ll    ll  I  I  llll    ll 

AA    000  812  850    6 


